Linguifex - User contributions [en]

User:Vrianne

2026-03-15T01:46:35Z

Vrianne: /* Conlangs */

==Vrianne==
===Alternative forms===
*Vrih (superseded)
*Vreya
*Vrianna
*Vrienna
===Etymology===
Lengthened from earlier '''''Vreya''''', derived from [[w:Dutch language|Dutch]] ''[[wikt:vrijen#Dutch|vrijen]]'', supplanting earlier '''''Vrih''''', a corruption of ''[[wikt:bruh#English|bruh]]''.
====Pronunciation====
* (''[[w:British English|UK]], [[w:American English|US]]'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]([[wikt:Appendix:English_pronunciation|key]]): <big>/vɹiˈæn/</big>
* Rhyme: <big>[[wikt:Rhymes:English/æn|-æn]]</big>

====Proper Noun====
'''Vrianne'''
# ''that's me!''

=====About me=====
Hi! I have no formal education in linguistics and just like to conlang as a hobby. The vast majority of the conlangs I make are ''[[w:Constructed_language#A_posteriori_language|a posteriori]]'', wherein I take a (Proto-)language, shove it somewhere completely different relatively, and construct lore around it.

=====Conlangs=====
Here's a list of some conlangs I made that are '''''actually good''''':
*'''''Indo-European'''''
**''Germanic''
***[[File:Gothevian Flag.png|15px|frameless]] '''[[Gothevian]]''' ('''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gušk}}''') (''[[w:Germanic languages|Germanic language]] in the Balkans'') [[File:Star 2.png|24px|frameless]] my magnum opus, the most complete out of all of them
**''Italic''
***[[File:Jovlish Flag.png|15px|frameless]] '''[[Jovlish]]''' ('''{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Öggeş}}''') (''[[w:Old English|Old English]] descendent in Anatolia'')
***[[File:Flag of the Republic of Valtamia.png|15px|frameless]] '''[[Valtamic]]''' ('''Äljämhar''') (''[[w:Italic languages|Italic language]] in the Baltic'')
*'''''Afro-Asiatic'''''
**''Semitic''
***[[File:Flag of the Principality of Smyrna.png|15px|frameless]] '''[[Phrygian (Semitic)|Phrygian]]''' ('''ƞpɛ́ucɑı''') (''[[w:Semitic languages|Semitic language]] in Western Anatolia'')

User:Vrianne

2026-03-15T01:45:54Z

Vrianne: /* Conlangs */

==Vrianne==
===Alternative forms===
*Vrih (superseded)
*Vreya
*Vrianna
*Vrienna
===Etymology===
Lengthened from earlier '''''Vreya''''', derived from [[w:Dutch language|Dutch]] ''[[wikt:vrijen#Dutch|vrijen]]'', supplanting earlier '''''Vrih''''', a corruption of ''[[wikt:bruh#English|bruh]]''.
====Pronunciation====
* (''[[w:British English|UK]], [[w:American English|US]]'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]([[wikt:Appendix:English_pronunciation|key]]): <big>/vɹiˈæn/</big>
* Rhyme: <big>[[wikt:Rhymes:English/æn|-æn]]</big>

====Proper Noun====
'''Vrianne'''
# ''that's me!''

=====About me=====
Hi! I have no formal education in linguistics and just like to conlang as a hobby. The vast majority of the conlangs I make are ''[[w:Constructed_language#A_posteriori_language|a posteriori]]'', wherein I take a (Proto-)language, shove it somewhere completely different relatively, and construct lore around it.

=====Conlangs=====
Here's a list of some conlangs I made that are '''''actually good''''':
*'''''Indo-European'''''
**''Germanic''
***[[File:Gothevian Flag.png|15px|frameless]] '''[[Gothevian]]''' ('''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gušk}}''') (''[[w:Germanic languages|Germanic language]] in the Balkans'')
***[[File:Jovlish Flag.png|15px|frameless]] '''[[Jovlish]]''' ('''{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|Öggeş}}''') (''[[w:Old English|Old English]] descendent in Anatolia'') [[File:Star 2.png|24px|frameless]] my magnum opus, the most complete out of all of them
**''Italic''
***[[File:Flag of the Republic of Valtamia.png|15px|frameless]] '''[[Valtamic]]''' ('''Äljämhar''') (''[[w:Italic languages|Italic language]] in the Baltic'')
*'''''Afro-Asiatic'''''
**''Semitic''
***[[File:Flag of the Principality of Smyrna.png|15px|frameless]] '''[[Phrygian (Semitic)|Phrygian]]''' ('''ƞpɛ́ucɑı''') (''[[w:Semitic languages|Semitic language]] in Western Anatolia'')

Seventh Linguifex Relay

2026-02-07T00:24:44Z

Vrianne: /* Signup */

{{Relay_navigation_sidebar}}

{{Relaynotice|deadline=20250609042000}}

The '''{{PAGENAME}}''' is an ongoing conlang relay, a game of conlingual telephone, on Linguifex.

==Rules==
The game is similar to [[w:Chinese whispers|Chinese whispers]]. The procedure is simple: you will receive a conlang text, a ''whisper'' or ''torch'', from the previous ''seat'' with an interlinear/gloss which you are to translate into your own conlang and add information so that the next person can decipher it and make a new translation. You will have '''48''' hours from the time of having received the whisper to prepare a translation of it into your conlang, gloss it and then send it to the next person in the chain. You are free to include either a glossary and grammar notes or an interlinear (or both!). The choice is up to you, but it is always recommended to at least add an interlinear.

In the event that you fail to whisper within your allotted 48 hours, the turn will skip your seat and go to the next participant.

The relaymaster reserves the right to determine when a relay is to start; you can sign up freely until then. Everyone is welcome to partake, but for reasons of convenience, an account on Linguifex is required. Every person is restricted to one entry, but the choice of conlang is up to them. In the case that two people chose the same language, a first-come first-served basis will be adopted (unless, say, the language creator chooses to join in).

==Signup==
===Seats===

The final seat will be a retranslation into the source conlang, as well as the first translation into English. In conjunction, the original text will be published in English.
*'''Seat 0''' - [[User:Учхљёная|Учхљёная]], with '''[[Dãterške]]''' [[/Dãterške|✔️]]
*'''Seat 1''' - [[User:Dillon|Dillon]], with '''[[Soc'ul']]''' [[/Soc'ul'|✔️]]
*<s>'''Seat 2''' - [[User:Nicomega|Nicomega]], with '''[[Tulvan]]'''</s> 🔄
*<s>'''Seat 3''' - [[User:Samstag|Samstag]], with '''[[Azkali]]'''</s> ❌
*<s>'''Seat 4''' - [[User:Anyar|Anyar]], with '''[[Minhast]]'''</s> ❌
*<s>'''Seat 5''' - [[User:Val-Zho|Val-Zho]], with '''[[Kryptonian]]'''</s> ❌
*'''Seat 6''' - [[User:Lëtzelúcia|Lëtzelúcia]], with '''[[Luthic]]''' [[/Luthic|✔️]]
*'''Seat 7''' - [[User:Hazer|Hazer]], with '''[[Natalician]]''' [[/Natalician|✔️]]
*'''Seat 8''' - [[User:Helperman|Helperman]], with '''[[Cybertronian]]''' [[/Cybertronian|✔️]]
*'''Seat 9''' - [[User:Lili21|Lili21]], with '''[[Dundulanyä]]''' [[/Dundulanyä|✔️]]
*<s>'''Seat 10''' - [[User:Jukethatbox|Jukethatbox]] with '''[[Bemé]]'''</s> ❌
*<s>'''Seat 11''' - [[User:Nicomega|Nicomega]], with '''[[Tulvan]]'''</s> ❌
*'''Seat 12''' - [[User:Saqvareli|Saqvareli]], with '''[[Xodec]]'''
*'''Seat 13''' - [[User:SleepyAks|SleepyAks]], with '''[[Vonurustrusty]]'''
*<s>'''Seat 14''' - [[User:Vrianne|Vrianne]], with '''[[Gothevian]]'''</s> ❌
*'''Seat 15''' - [[User:ManuStorm|ManuStorm]], with '''[[Lęga Lecna]]'''
*'''Final seat''' - Retranslation into the original language and English. The original text will be published in English as well.

==How-to==
Once you've received the conlang text with glosses and all, create a page using the button below:

<inputbox>
type=create
break=no
prefix={{FULLPAGENAME}}/
placeholder=Name of your language
</inputbox>

Translate and gloss the text into your conlang (try to include an interlinear gloss), and check the '''Seats''' list on this page: Take a look who's next after you and go to their talk page and create a new topic called "{{PAGENAME}}"; and link the page where you keep your translation.

[[Category:Relays]]

User talk:Karous

2026-01-27T17:50:07Z

Vrianne: /* East-Germanic conlang comparison thing ^-^ */ new section

== East-Germanic conlang comparison thing ^-^ ==

hi! I'm doing an East-Germanic conlang comparison thing. If it isn't much of a hassle could you translate this 4-sentence paragraph into one of your conlangs ^-^

<blockquote>Both of us[dual] can see this:
The ship is at Venice, and men wait for food.

Water is then drunk, and bread is eaten.

We[dual/plural] choose to also follow them.</blockquote>

User talk:Shariifka

2026-01-27T17:45:57Z

Vrianne: /* East Germanic Conlang Comparison Thing ^-^ */ new section

{{welcome}}

== Essanian is awesome ==

I wanted to express my appreciation for the detailed and comprehensive overview provided in the article about the Romance language conlang Essanian. The article effectively covers the linguistic features.
But there's a problem,like,I decided to test your conlang and it's good, here's an example:

Mo senhor Ibrahim,
¡Oh,tú,weme dulce!
Anda-te pa mi.
Per la nueit.
Si non,si non queres,
Iré pa ti.
Di-me ob encontrar-te.
Another example with different scripts:
«Tanto amar,tanto amar,amat,tanto amar! "Enfermarón [los miyos] welhén brilhantos ed dolén tanto»
"תַנְת אַמַר,תַנְתָ אַמַר,אַמַת,תַנְתָ אַמַר!
"אֵנְפֵרְמַרָן [לָס מִיָס] וֵלֶּן ברִלַּנְתָס אֵד דָלֶן תַנְתָ""
«تَنتۆ آمَر،تَنتۆ آمَر،آمَت،تَنتۆ آمَر!
«ێنْفێرْمَرۆن [لۆس مِیۆس] وێڵێّن برِڵَنْتۆس ێد دۆلێن تَنْتۆ»

The problem is that I don't know how the prepositions work and we don't have the prepositions,you could edit your article and add more new things to the conlang,like,in what zone do they speak it and its dialects,the syntax and etc.

Adieu!. [[User:Nogosako9|Nogosako9]] ([[User talk:Nogosako9|talk]]) 19:15, 19 November 2023 (UTC)

== East Germanic Conlang Comparison Thing ^-^ ==

hi! I'm doing an East-Germanic conlang comparison thing. If it isn't much of a hassle could you translate this 4-sentence paragraph into one of your conlangs ^-^

<blockquote>Both of us[dual] can see this:
The ship is at Venice, and men wait for food.

Water is then drunk, and bread is eaten.

We[dual/plural] choose to also follow them.</blockquote>

Gothevian

2026-01-26T21:25:35Z

Vrianne: /* Phrasebook */

[[Category: Indo-European_languages]][[Category: Germanic languages]][[Category: East Germanic languages]][[Category: Languages]][[Category: Conlangs]][[Category: A_posteriori]][[Category:Gothevian]]
{{private}}
{{Infobox language
|image = Gothevian Flag.png
|imagesize = 185px
|imagecaption = Flag of the Republic of Gothevia
|name = Gothevian
|nativename = {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gušk}}
|pronunciation = ɡuʃk
|states = Gothevia
|setting = Earth
|created = 2024
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam2 = [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic]]
|fam3 = [[w:East Germanic languages|East Germanic]]
|fam4 = [[w:Gothic language|Gothic]]
|creator = User:Vrianne
|stand1 = Standard Central Gothevian
|dia1 = Central dialects
|dia2 = Eastern dialects
|dia3 = Southern Dialects
|dia4 = Northern dialects
|dia5 = Western Dialects
|dia6 = Pyre Dialects
|script1 = Gthv
|nation = Gothevia
|minority = [[w:Bulgaria|Bulgaria]], [[w:Greece|Greece]], [[w:Serbia|Serbia]]
|agency = Institute for the Gothevian Language
|map = Gothevian Speaker map.png
|mapsize = 280px
|mapcaption = Map of areas where Gothevian is spoken
{{legend|#0080FE|...as a majority language}}
{{legend|#88C4FE|...as a minority language}}
|notice = IPA
|ethnicity = Gothevian
|ancestor = [[w:Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]]
|ancestor2 = [[w:Proto-Germanic language|Proto-Germanic]]
|ancestor3 = [[w:Gothic language|Gothic]]
|ancestor4 = Old Gothevian
|ancestor5 = Middle Gothevian
}}
{{Contains Gothevian}}
'''Gothevian''' ('''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gušk}}''', '''''gušk''''' [ɡuʃk], formally '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|róždun gúškun}}''', '''''róždun gúškun''''' [ˈrwɤ̞ʒdun ˈɡuʃkun]) is an [[w:East Germanic languages|East Germanic]] language descendant from [[w:Gothic language|Gothic]] or a language mutually intelligible with it. Its speakers mainly reside within the borders of [[Gothevia]], though there exist significant Gothevian-speaking communities in [[w:Bulgaria|Bulgaria]], [[w:Greece|Greece]], and [[w:Serbia|Serbia]]. it is the only surviving member of the East Germanic branch of the [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic languages]], though with being a member of [[w:Balkan sprachbund|Balkan sprachbund]], it has evolved to be quite distinct in some aspects of its structure compared to other Germanic languages, with features such as [[w:evidentiality|evidentiality]] and the eradication of the [[w:Germanic strong verb|Germanic strong verb]].

Old Gothevian shares most of its features with [[w:Ulfilas|Wulfilan]] Gothic, likely being descendent from dialects mutually intelligible with it. It was written in a descendant of the [[w:Gothic alphabet|Gothic script]], which modern Gothevian still uses. Gothevian, however, would begin to diverge from Wulfilan Gothic, with the biggest drivers being the [[w:Balkan sprachbund|Balkan sprachbund]] and [[w:Old Church Slavonic|Slavonic]] and [[w:Greek language|Greek]] [[w:Stratum_(linguistics)#Superstratum|superstrata]].
==Classification==
Gothevian is an [[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European language]] that belongs to the [[w:East Germanic languages|East Germanic]] branch of the [[:Germanic languages|Germanic languages]]. It is the only surviving member of the East Germanic languages, with its closest living relatives being from other Branches of Germanic, such as [[w:Dutch language|Dutch]], [[w:English language|English]], [[w:German language|German]], and [[w:Icelandic language|Icelandic]]. Within the East Germanic branch, its closest relative is [[w:Gothic language|Gothic]], followed by other East Germanic languages such as [[w:Vandalic language|Vandalic]], [[w:Burgundians#Language|Burgundian]], and likely [[w:Crimean Gothic|Crimean Gothic]].

Due to being located within the core [[w:Balkans|Balkan region]], it has features that set it apart from other Germanic languages. Such features include post-fixed articles, syncretism of locative and directional expressions, a future-tense particle, an inferential mood, among others. Gothevian was also under [[w:Greek language|Greek]] and [[w:South Slavic languages|Slavic]] language influence for most of its history. This influence came with many lexical borrowings, but also several grammatical influences, such as the retention of a synthetic [[w:Modern_Greek_grammar#Grammatical_voice|passive voice]] and creation of a synthetic [[w:aorist|aorist]].
==History==
The history of Gothevian can be divided into several periods.
* '''The Migratory period''' (6th-8th century)...
* '''Old Gothevian''' (9th–12th century)...
* '''Middle Gothevian''' (13th–16th century)...
* '''Modern Gothevian''' (17th century–present)...

==Etymology==
The exonym "Gothevian" is a [[w:Medieval Latin|Latinized borrowing]] of the [[w:Koine Greek|Koine Greek]] term "Γότθευικος" (Góttheuikos), itself a variant of older "Γότθευδικος" (Góttheudikos), a borrowing from "𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃" (gutþiudisks), from "[[wikt:𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰|𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰]]" (gutþiuda) + "[[wikt:-𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃|-𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃]]" (-isks), thus meaning "of the Goths". The endonym {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gušk}} (gušk) is a cognate of the Latin exonym, being a simplification of earlier {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gútsišk}} (gútsišk), from Old Gothevian {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gútsiudišk}} (gutþiudisk).

==Phonology==
===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! style="vertical-align:middle;" |
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[w:Front vowel|Front]]
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[w:Central vowel|Central]]
! [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|- style="vertical-align:middle;"
! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]]
| rowspan="2" | [[w:Close central unrounded vowel|ɨ]]~[[w:Mid central vowel|ə]]~[[w:Near-open central vowel|ɐ]]
| [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]]
|- style="vertical-align:middle;"
! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:mid vowel|Mid]]
| [[w:Mid front unrounded vowel|e]]
| [[w:Mid front unrounded vowel|o]]
|- style="vertical-align:middle;"
! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
|
| [[w:Open central unrounded vowel|a]]
|
|}
* Gothevian lacks a phonemic length distinction, but vowels in stressed syllables may allophonically be slightly lengthened.
* Mid vowels /e, o/ are mostly [[w:mid vowel|true-mid]] [e̞, o̞]. They may be allophonically pronounced closer to open-mid [e, o] in the vicinity of open vowels /i, u/, or closer to open-mid [ɛ, ɔ] in the vicinity of central vowels /a, ɨ/.
* /o/ consistently unrounds to [ɤ̞] when near [w]. This behavior rarely applies to /u/ however.
* The open vowel /a/ is [[w:Central vowel|true-central]] [ä].
* The non-open central vowel (notated here on out as /ɨ/) takes on a couple of realizations. In stressed positions it is commonly [ɨ]. In unstressed positions it is either also [ɨ], [ə], or, particularly in eastern and far-western dialects, [ɐ].

===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! colspan="2" |
! [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
! colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
| [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar nasals|n]]
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]
| [[w:Voiceless bilabial plosive|p]]
| [[w:Voiceless dental and alveolar plosives|t]]
| [[w:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|t͡ʃ]]
| [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|k]]
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:voicing (phonetics)|voiced]]
| [[w:Voiced bilabial plosive|b]]
| [[w:Voiced dental and alveolar plosives|d]]
| [[w:Voiced postalveolar affricate|d͡ʒ]]
| [[w:Voiced velar plosive|ɡ]]
|-
! rowspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]
| [[w:Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]]
| [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]]
| [[w:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]]
| [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|x]]
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:voicing (phonetics)|voiced]]
| [[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]~[[w:Voiced labiodental approximant|ʋ]]
| [[w:Voiced alveolar fricative|z]]
| [[w:Voiced postalveolar fricative|ʒ]]
|
|-
! colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
| [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills|r]]
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|
| [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants|l]]
| [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]
| ([[w:Voiced labial–velar approximant|w]])
|}
* /p, t, k/ are unaspirated [p, t, k].
* /s, z/ are denti-alveolar [s̟, z̟].
* /v/ may be a true fricative [v] or an approximant [ʋ].
* /r/ may be pronounced as either a trill [r] or a tap [ɾ]. The trilled pronunciation is commonplace when it is followed by a glide, such as in ⟨[[Contionary:róždy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|róždy}}]]⟩ [ˈ'''r'''wɤ̞ʒdə ~ ˈ'''r'''ʷɤ̞ʒdə].
* In eastern dialects, /l/ is velarized [ɫ].
* Consonant-Glide clusters /Cj, Cw/ may coalesce into a palatalized/labialized consonant /Cʲ, Cʷ/.
* [w] is an allophone of /v/ when directly preceded or followed by a consonant. Compare ⟨[[Contionary:oš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|oš}}]]⟩ ['''v'''o̞ʃ] and ⟨[[Contionary:šoš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šoš}}]]⟩ [ʃ'''w'''ɤ̞ʃ ~ ʃ'''ʷ'''ɤ̞ʃ].

===Stress===
===Historical evolution===
====From Classical Gothic to Pre-Gothevian====
* /ɸ/ shifts to /θ/ before a coronal consonant.
*: Got. {{l|got|flōdus}} /ˈfloː.ðus/ → P-G ''þlṓdus ~ þlōþs'' /ˈθloː.ðus ~ θloːθs/ ("river")
*: Got. {{l|got|*lifnan}} /ˈlif.nan/ → P-G ''*líþnan'' /ˈliθ.nan/ ("to leave")
*: Got. {{l|got|afta}} /ˈaɸ.ta/ → P-G ''*áþta'' /ˈaθ.ta/ ("behind")
* /h/, /w/ fortify into /k/, /p/ before /l/, /r/.
*: Got. {{l|got|wlits}} /wlits/ → P-G ''plits'' /plits/ ("face")
*: Got. {{l|got|hrōþs}} /hroːθs/ → P-G ''krōþs'' /kroːθs/ ("glory")
* /β/ merges into /w/ intervocalically.
*: Got. {{l|got|gabei}} /ˈɡa.βiː/ → P-G ''gáwɛi(n)'' /ˈɡa.wiː(n)/ ("wealth")
* /β/, /ɣ/ merge into /w/ before /m/.
*: Got. ''*sib(u)m'' /ˈsi.β(u)m/ → P-G ''siwm'' /siwm/ ("seven")

====From Pre-Gothevian to Old Gothevian====
* /t, d/, /k, ɡ/ palatalize to /c/, /ɟ/ respectively before /i(ː)/, /eː/, /j/. /kʷ/, /ɡ(ː)ʷ/ are unaffected.
*: P-G ''tɛíhan'' /ˈtiː.han/ → OG ''cɛíhan'' /ˈciː.han/ ("to show")
*: P-G ''gílþa'' /ˈɡil.θa/ → early OG ''đílþa'' /ˈɟil.θa/ ("sickle")
* /ɣ/ is elided intervocalically or in syllable codas if followed by another consonant, without compensatory lengthening of the previous vowel.
*: P-G ''*ígil'' /ˈi.ɣil/ → OG ''íǥil, íil'' /ˈi.il ~ iːl/ ("hedgehog")
*: P-G ''rign'' /riɣn/ → OG ''rin'' /rin/ ("rain")
* /ɣr/, /rɣ/ coalesce into /ɣː/.
*: P-G ''baírgan'' /ˈbɛr.ɣan/ → OG ''bɛ́ǥǥan'' /ˈbɛɣ.ɣan/ ("to keep")
* /ɸ/, /β/ develop into /f/, /v/.
* /l/ is elided in syllable codas if followed by another consonant, with compensatory lengthening of the previous vowel, if short.
*: early OG ''đílþa'' /ˈɟil.θa/ → OG ''đɛíþa'' /ˈɟiː.θa/ ("sickle")
* /h/ is elided in syllable codas, with compensatory lengthening of the previous vowel, if short. If /h/ is followed by a consonant, then that consonant is geminated too.
*: P-G ''módah'' /ˈmoː.dah/ → OG ''módah, módaa'' /ˈmoː.daː/ ("angry")
*: P-G ''naht'' /naht/ → OG ''nahtt, naatt'' /naːtt/ ("night")
* /ɟː/ causes nearby non-front vowels /a(ː)/, /ɔ(ː)/, /oː/, /u(ː)/ to front into /ɛ(ː)/, /œ(ː)/, /øː/, /y(ː)/. Non-geminate /ɟ/ does not trigger this shift.
*: P-G ''wadj'' /waɟɟ/ → OG ''wɛdj'' /wɛɟɟ/ ("wall")
* /kʷ/, /ɡ(ː)ʷ/, /ʍ/ cause nearby unrounded vowels /a(ː)/, /ɛ(ː)/, /eː/, /i(ː)/ to round into /ɔ(ː)/, /œ(ː)/, /øː/, /y(ː)/.
*: P-G ''qen'' /kʷeːn/ → OG ''qen'' /kʷøːn/ ("woman")

====From Old Gothevian to Middle Gothevian====
* /θ/, /ð/ fortify to /t/, /d/ when directly followed by another consonant that is not a glide or a plosive.
*: OG ''þrɛi'' /θri(ː)/ → early MG ''trɛi'' /tri(ː)/ ("three")
*: OG ''þloþ'' /θloːθ/ → early MG ''tloþ'' /tloːθ/ ("river")
* One of /θ, ð/, /s, z/ retracts to /s, z/, /ʃ, ʒ/ respectively, triggering a chain shift that causes the second to also retract.
*: OG ''síwþan'' /ˈsiw.θan/ → MG ''šíwsan'' /ˈʃiw.sɨn/ ("to boil")
*: OG ''seþ'' /seːθ/ → early MG ''šes'' /ʃeːs/ ("seed")
*: OG ''raz'' /raz/ → MG ''raž'' /raʒ/ ("house")
* /ŋk, ŋɡ/, /ŋkʷ, ŋɡʷ/ coalesce into /nː/, /wː/ respectively.
*: OG ''drínkan'' /ˈdriŋ.kan/ → early MG ''drínnan'' /ˈdrin.nan/ ("to drink")
*: OG ''síngwan'' /ˈsiŋ.ɡʷan/ → early MG ''šíwwan'' /ˈʃiw.wan/ ("to sing")
* /kʷ/, /ɡʷ/, /ʍ/ lose their labialization and merge with /k/, /ɡ/, /h/.
*: OG ''qen'' /kʷøːn/ → early MG ''qen'' /køːn/ ("woman")
*: OG ''ƕass'' /ʍɔss/ → early MG ''ƕašš'' /hɔʃʃ/ ("sharp")
* /ɣ/, /w/ are elided before back vowels /u(ː)/, /oː/.
*: OG ''wulkán'' /wul.ˈkan/ → MG ''ulkán'' /ul.ˈkan/ ("volcano")
* Geminate consonants lose their gemination.
* /œ/, /y/ merge into /ɨ~ə/. Unstressed /a/ also develops into /ɨ~ə/. Other short unstressed vowels may also sporadically develop into /ɨ~ə/.
*: OG ''smýrna'' /ˈsmyr.na/ → MG ''šmýrna, šmýrny'' /ˈʃmɨr.nə/ ("myrrh")
* Vowels preceding a nasal consonant coalesce into a long nasalized vowel if followed by a fricative or a liquid. These nasalized vowels lose their nasalization shortly after. /ẽː/, /ø̃ː/, /õː/ develop into /aː/ during this process.
*: OG ''swinþ'' /swinθ/ → early MG ''šwins, *šwɛis'' /ʃwiːs/ ("strong")
*: late OG ''ξanθ'' /skanθ ~ ksanθ/ → early MG ''ξanθ, ξanþ'' /ʃkaːs/ ("blond")
* /iː, eː/, /yː, øː/, /uː, oː/ develop into /je̞/, /we̞/, /wo̞/ respectively.
*: early MG ''fimf'' /fiːf/ → MG ''fimf, fɛif'' /fjef/ ("five")
*: early MG ''dówẅa'' /ˈduː.a/ → MG ''dow, *do'' /dwo/ ("dove; bird")
*: early MG ''qen'' /køːn/ → MG ''qen'' /kwen/ ("woman")
*: early MG ''šes'' /ʃeːs/ → MG ''šes'' /ʃjes/ ("seed")
*: early MG ''bóka'' /ˈboː.ka/ → MG ''bóka'' /ˈbwo.kɨ/ ("book")
* /ɛː/, /œː/, /ɔː/, /aː/ develop into /ja/, /wɨ~wə/, /wa/, /a/ respectively.
*: early MG ''klaif'' /klɛːf/ → MG ''klaif'' /kljaf/ ("bread")
*: early MG ''qain'' /kœːn/ → MG ''qain'' /kwɨn/ ("wail")
*: early MG ''šawjl'' /ʃɔːjl/ → MG ''šawjl'' /ʃwajl/ ("sun")
*: early MG ''ahš, aašš'' /aːʃʃ/ → MG ''aašš, ašš'' /aʃ/ ("hand, ear of corn")
* /iu̯/ merges into /wɨ/.
*: early MG ''niwm'' /niu̯m/ → MG ''niwm'' /nwɨm/ ("nine")
*: early MG ''biwž'' /biu̯ʒ/ → MG ''biwž'' /bwɨʒ/ ("beer")
* /ɛ/, /ɔ/ develop into /e̞/, /o̞/.
* /tj, kj, cj/, /dj, ɡj, ɟj/, /sj, zj/, /wj, jw/ coalesce into /c/, /ɟ/, /ʃ, ʒ/, /j, w/.
*: MG ''twai'' /twja/ → late MG ''twai, cai, cwai'' /ca/ ("two")
*: MG ''wínsišk, wɛísišk'' /wje.siʃk/ → late MG ''wínsišk, wɛísišk'' /je.siʃk/ ("Macedonian Slav")

====From Middle Gothevian to Modern Gothevian====
* /h/ is completely lost.
* /c/, /ɟ/ affricate to /t͡ʃ/, /d͡ʒ/.
*: early mod. Gthv ''đíštry'' /ˈɟiʃt.rɨ/ → Gthv ''[[Contionary:đíštry|đíštry]]'' /ˈd͡ʒiʃt.rɨ/ ("tomorrow")
*: early mod. Gthv ''mécyry'' /ˈmje.cɨ.rɨ/ → early mod. Gthv ''mécyry'' /ˈmje.t͡ʃɨ.rɨ/ ("sword")
* /t͡ʃ/, /d͡ʒ/ de-affricate in unstressed and/or coda positions.
*: early mod. Gthv ''mécyry'' /ˈmje.t͡ʃɨ.rɨ/ → Gthv ''[[Contionary:mécyry|mécyry]]'' /ˈmje.ʃɨ.rɨ/ ("sword")
*: early mod. Gthv ''kácky'' /ˈkat͡ʃ.kɨ/ → Gthv ''[[Contionary:kácky|kácky]]'' /ˈkaʃ.kɨ/ ("spoon")
* /sc/, /ʃc/ develop into /st/, /ʃt/.
*: early mod. Gthv ''šcányn'' /ʃca.nɨn/ → Gthv ''[[Contionary:šcányn|šcányn]]'' /ʃta.nɨn/ ("to shine")
* /w/, /ɣ/ merge into /v/, except when within a consonant cluster, then they merge into /w/.
* Final fricatives devoice.

==Orthography==
Gothevian is written primarily in the '''Gothevian script'''. It is an [[w:alphabet|alphabet]] and at its core a variant of the Wulfilan [[w:Gothic alphabet|Gothic alphabet]], augmented by letters borrowed from the nearby [[w:Greek alphabet|Greek]] and [[w:Early Cyrillic alphabet|Cyrillic]] scripts. The modern Gothevian spelling convention is based on the reformed Central Gothevian literary norms, and as such the Modern Gothevian Script contains some archaic features, such as the vowel-modifying consonants ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|q, ƕ}}⟩ (q, ƕ), and ditched others, such as the obsolete letters ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|θ, ξ, ψ}}⟩ ([[w:theta|θ]], [[w:xi|ξ]], [[w:psi|ψ]]).

The modern Gothevian script contains 31 letters in common use. Most letters are mapped to a single phoneme, with a few others mapped onto more than one phoneme but in regular and predictable contexts.
<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Letter
! Translit.
! Name
! IPA
! Source
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|a}}
| a
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áfy}} (áfy)
| /a/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌰]] (a)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|b}}
| b
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|béty}} (béty)
| /b/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌱]] (b)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|g}}
| g
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gámy}} (gámy)
| /ɡ/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌲]] (g)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|d}}
| d
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|déty}} (déty)
| /d/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌳]] (d)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛ}}
| ɛ
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ècy}} (ɛ́cy)
| /e/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌴]] (ē)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|q}}
| q
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qèrsy}} (qɛ́rsy)
| /k/1
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌵]] (q)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ž}}
| ž
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|žéty}} (žéty)
| /ʒ/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌶]] (z)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|z}}
| z
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|zéty}} (zéty)
| /z/
| Cyrillic [[w:Ze (Cyrillic)|З]] (z)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|e}}
| e
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|éty}} (éty)
| /je/
| Greek [[w:Eta|Η]] (ē)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|đ}}
| đ
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|đèty}} (đɛ́ty)
| /d͡ʒ/, /ʒ/2
| see below
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|h}}
| h
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|hály}} (hály)
| /Ø/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌷]] (h)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}}
| s
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|séty}} (séty)
| /s/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌸]] (þ)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|i}}
| i
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|íöty}} (íöty)
| /i/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌹]] (i)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|k}}
| k
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|kápy}} (kápy)
| /k/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌺]] (k)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|l}}
| l
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|léty}} (léty)
| /l/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌻]] (l)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m}}
| m
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|mvɛ}} (mvɛ)
| /m/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌼]] (m)
|}
</div>
<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Letter
! Translit.
! Name
! IPA
! Source
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}}
| n
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nvɛ}} (nvɛ)
| /n/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌽]] (n)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|j}}
| j
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|éry}} (éry)
| /j/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌾]] (j)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɔ}}
| ɔ
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|òmy}} (ɔ́my)
| /o/
| Greek or Cyrillic [[w:Omicron|Ο]] (o)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|u}}
| u
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|úry}} (úry)
| /u/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌿]] (u)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|p}}
| p
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|pe}} (pe)
| /p/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐍀]] (p)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|r}}
| r
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ro}} (ro)
| /r/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐍂]] (r)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}
| š
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šíwmy}} (šíwmy)
| /ʃ/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐍃]] (s)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|t}}
| t
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|taw}} (taw)
| /t/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐍄]] (t)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|y}}
| y
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ýcy}} (ýcy)
| /ɨ/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐍅]] (w)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|v}}
| v
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vècy}} (vɛ́cy)
| /v~w/
| derived from {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|y}} (y)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|f}}
| f
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|fe}} (fe)
| /f/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐍆]] (f)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|x}}
| x
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|xe}} (xe)
| /x/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐍇]] (x)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕ}}
| ƕ
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕaíry}} (ƕaíry)
| /Ø/1
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐍈]] (ƕ)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|c}}
| c
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|cèty}} (cɛ́ty)
| /t͡ʃ/, /ʃ/2
| see below
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}}
| o
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ómy}} (ómy)
| /vo~wo/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐍉]] (ō)
|}
</div>
# Qɛ́rsy and ƕaíry are pronounced identically to kápy and hály respectively but alter the pronunciation of the following vowel ([[#Digraphs_and_Trigraphs|see below]]).
# Đɛ́ty and cɛ́ty are pronounced as /ʒ/ and /ʃ/ in unstressed and/or coda positions.
Apart from zéty ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|z}}⟩, éty ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|e}}), đɛ́ty ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|đ}}⟩, ɔ́my ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɔ}}⟩, and cɛ́ty ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|c}}⟩, all Gothevian letters can be directly traced to a Gothic-script source. The source of đɛ́ty and cɛ́ty specifically is a point of contention, as no unambigious source has been identified. The many theories include the following:
# Current mainstream theories argue for a [[w:Coptic_script|Coptic]] source for cɛ́ty, citing [[wikt:ϭ#Coptic|čima]] ⟨ϭ⟩ as the most likely candidate, followed by [[wikt:ϯ#Coptic|ti]] ⟨ϯ⟩. A Coptic source for đɛ́ty is more dubious, with the likeliest candidate, [[wikt:ϫ#Coptic|janjia]] ⟨ϫ⟩, bearing less of a resemblance than the candidates for cɛ́ty.
# Likewise, đɛ́ty is near-unanimously believed to be derived from a Cyrillic source, with most mainstream theories putting forward [[w:Tse (Cyrillic)|tse]] ⟨ц⟩ or [[w:Che (Cyrillic)|che]] ⟨ч⟩ as probable sources. Less supported theories instead propose [[w:Djerv|djerv]] ⟨ꙉ⟩ due to its alphabetical order being nearer to that of đɛ́ty. Djerv has also been proposed as a source for cɛ́ty as a more fringe position, alongside an adaptation of a [[wikt:yer|yer]] ⟨ь~ъ⟩.
# A popular yet unsupported theory proposes [[w:Gothic alphabet|Gothic]] [[wikt:𐍁|𐍁]] (90) based wholly on its similar form. This comes with a host of unexplained inconsistencies, such as its sudden shift in alphabetical and numeric order, and its missing usage as a numeral. Others point to [[wikt:𐍊|𐍊]] (900) as another Gothic source, but those are even less supported and outright rejected.
# Cɛ́ty is also sometimes argued to be a simplification of a ligature, such as ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|tj}}⟩ (tj), though this is not backed by historic manuscripts.
# An Armenian source can also be argued for, with letters such as [[w:Tsa (Armenian letter)|tsa]] ⟨ծ⟩ and [[w:Che (Armenian letter)|che]] ⟨ճ⟩ being put forward for cɛ́ty, and [[w:Cha (Armenian letter)|cha]] ⟨չ⟩ and [[w:Je (Armenian letter)|je]] ⟨ջ⟩ for đɛ́ty.
===Digraphs and letter combinations===
Additionally, Gothevian contains several letter combinations that have phonetic values different from those of their single components. These include vocalic digraphs from historic long vowels and consonants that modify certain vowels.

Vocalic diphthongs take the form ⟨'''{{abbtip|vowel - glide/approximant|VG}}'''⟩ and phonetically represent /'''{{abbtip|glide/approximant - vowel|GV}}'''/ sequences. Most of these formerly represented long vowels /Vː/ which had later broken up into their current forms.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Letter
! Translit.
! IPA
! IPA (hist.)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}
| ai
| /ja/
| /ɛː/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}}
| aw
| /va~wa/
| /ɔː/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛi}}
| ɛi
| /je/
| /iː/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iw}}
| iw
| /vɨ~wɨ/
| /iu̯/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ow}}
| ow
| ''deprecated''
| /uː/
|}

The letters qɛ́rsy ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|q}}⟩ and ƕaíry ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕ}}⟩ can also alter the pronunciation of certain vowels when directly preceding them. Qɛ́rsy and ƕaíry formerly represented labialized consonants /kʷ, ʍ/ and as such triggered the rounding of unrounded vowels, causing them to diverge from their unaffected counterparts.

<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Letter
! Translit.
! IPA
! IPA (hist.)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qa}}
| qa
| /kwa/
| /k(ʷ)ɔː/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qai}}
| qai
| /kwɨ/
| /k(ʷ)œː/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qɛ}}
| qɛ
| /kɨ/
| /k(ʷ)œ/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qɛi}}
| qɛi
| rowspan="2" | /kwe/
| /k(ʷ)yː/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qe}}
| qe
| /k(ʷ)øː/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qi}}
| qi
| /kɨ/
| /k(ʷ)y/
|}
</div>
<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Letter
! Translit.
! IPA
! IPA (hist.)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕa}}
| ƕa
| /va~wa/
| /h(ʷ)ɔː/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕai}}
| ƕai
| /vɨ~wɨ/
| /h(ʷ)œː/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɛ}}
| ƕɛ
| /ɨ/
| /h(ʷ)œ/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɛi}}
| ƕɛi
| rowspan="2" | /ve~we/
| /h(ʷ)yː/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕe}}
| ƕe
| /h(ʷ)øː/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕi}}
| ƕi
| /ɨ/
| /h(ʷ)y/
|}
</div>

===Obsolete letters===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Letter
! Translit.
! Name
! IPA
! Source
! Replaced by
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|θ}}
| θ
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|θéty}} (θéty)
| /t, s/
| Greek [[w:Theta|θ]] (th)
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|t}} (t), {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} (s)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ξ}}
| ξ
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ξe}} (ξe)
| /kʃ, ʃk, ks/
| Greek [[w:Xi|ξ]] (x)
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|kš}} (kš), {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šk}} (šk), {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ks}} (ks)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ψ}}
| ψ
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ψe}} (ψe)
| /pʃ, ʃp, ps/
| Greek [[w:Psi|ψ]] (ps)
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|pš}} (pš), {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šp}} (šp), {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ps}} (ps)
|}

===History===
By the time of the first standardization of the Gothevian script based on the [[w:Stobi|Štoven]] Dialect, influence from literary Greek had taken its course on vowel glyphs. {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛ}} would be remapped onto short ''e'', with ''ē'' becoming represented by {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|e}} taken from Greek [[w:eta|eta]] (η). A similar system came about for the mid-back vowels, using native {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}} for ''ō'', due to the perceived similarity of its written form to Greek [[w:omega|omega]] (ω), and Hellenic {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɔ}} for ''o''. Other long vowels would become disambiguated using the digraphs {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛi, ow, ai, aw,}} and rarely {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aa}} for ''ī, ū, ɛ̄, ɔ̄,'' and ''ā'' respectively. A monotonic system would also be adopted, with vowels in stressed syllables gaining an [[w:Acute accent|acute]] (◌́) and vowels in [[w:Vowel hiatus|hiatus]] gaining a [[w:Diaeresis (diacritic)|diaeresis]] (◌̈). {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|θ, ξ, ψ}} (th, ks, ps) would also begin their usage during this period.

...

==Grammar==
===Syntax===
The predominant word order in Gothevian is [[w:Subject–verb–object word order|subject–verb–object]] (SVO), but in practice, word order exhibits a high degree of flexibility without much ambiguity.
====General features====
Adjectives commonly precede the noun.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škázɛiny}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bóky}}''' — '''‘leather book’'''
They can however follow the noun when marked for emphasis.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ížy}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bóky}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škázɛiny}}''' — '''‘that ''leather'' book’'''
Although not present in the standard variety, a common feature of southern dialects is placing all adjectives ''after'' the noun.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bóky}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škázɛiny}}''' — '''‘leather book’'''
Possessors commonly follow the noun.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bóky}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|my}}''' — '''‘my book’'''
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bóky}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|zy}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Myxaílen}}''' — '''‘Mykhail’s book’'''
For pronominal emphasis however, a genitive phrase with a dative pronoun is used.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bókun}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|zy}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|min}}''' — '''‘the book of me’'''
Possessors are allowed to go before the noun for poetic license without any loss of meaning.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šcánijus}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}}-{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dáprun}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|uf}}''' — '''‘overshone, our bravery’'''
Subject pronouns are normally [[w:pro-drop language|dropped]], as they can be inferred from verbal endings.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šócija}}''' — '''‘I saw’'''
Though they can be included to emphasize the subject.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ci}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šócija}}''' — '''‘''I'' saw’'''
Verbs go before participles in compound tenses.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšynɔvis}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|túklivyn}}''' — '''‘he was arrested [reportedly]’'''
===Morphology===
Gothevian is a largely [[w:synthetic language|synthetic language]], in some aspects more so than others. However, it also heavily displays [[w:analytic language|analytic]] features. Nominal declension was heavily reduced, while verbal conjugation was expanded upon. Most of these innovations were due to the Balkan sprachbund, among them are:
* Lack of an infinitive. Contexts where English would use an infinitive are typically formed with either [[w:Finite verb|finite forms]] or participles.
* Innovation of a post-fixed declining article. The [[w:Gothic_declension#The_weak_declension|weak adjective declension]] was re-analyzed and spread to nouns via the old [[w:Gothic_declension#Weak_noun_declensions_(n-stems)|n-stem declensions]].
* Syncretism of the dative and genitive cases. Particles are used to form distinct dative and genitive constructions.
* reshaped and expanded compound tenses. The future and perfect tenses were reshaped to be more in line with those of their neighbors. A synthetic [[w:aorist|aorist]] was later analogically innovated, and analytic [[w:evidentiality|evidential forms]] later followed.
* Loss of synthetic comparative and superlative forms. The original method of deriving degrees of comparison using suffixation fell out of use in favor of analytic preposed markers.
===Nominals===
====Nouns====
Gothevian nouns decline for two cases ([[w:direct case|direct]], [[w:dative case|dative]]), three genders ([[w:Grammatical gender|masculine]], [[w:Grammatical gender|feminine]], [[w:Grammatical gender|neuter]]), two numbers ([[w:Grammatical number|singular]], [[w:Grammatical number|plural]]), and two states ([[w:definiteness|indefinite]], [[w:definiteness|definite]]). The original Gothic four cases in nouns synchronized into two cases (nominative-accusative → direct; dative-genitive → dative), and the six strong declensions levelled into three declension, largely correlating with the three genders. The weak declensions were re-analyzed as indicating definiteness and were subsequently joined with the indefinite strong declensions.
=====Masculine declension=====
This declension is completely made up of masculine nouns. It came about from a merger of nearly all of the Gothic strong declensions except for the [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-ō_declension|-ō declension]], which is the predecessor to the feminine declension.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:normal; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the masculine declension|MASC}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the feminine declension|FEM}} {{abbtip|endings that appear in both masculine and feminine declensions|BOTH}}'''
! colspan="4" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Contionary:šal|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šal}}]] (''šal'', "room")
! rowspan="5" |
! colspan="4" | [[Contionary:klaif|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|klaif}}]] (''klaif'', "bread")
! rowspan="5" |
! colspan="4" | [[Contionary:ško|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ško}}]] (''ško'', "shoe")
|-
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | singular
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | plural
! colspan="2" | singular
! colspan="2" | plural
! colspan="2" | singular
! colspan="2" | plural
|-
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | direct
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šal}} ''šal''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šál}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}} ''šályn''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šal}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''šalš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šál}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}} ''šálaš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|klaif}} ''klaif''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|klaív}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}} ''klaívyn''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|klaif}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''klaifš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|klaív}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}} ''klaívaš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ško}} ''ško''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škó}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ÿn}} ''škóÿn''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ško}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''škoš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škó}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äš}} ''škóäš''
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | dative
| style="color:#333333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šál}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''šályš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šál}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|e}} ''šále''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šál}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}} ''šálen''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|klaív}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''klaívyš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|klaív}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|e}} ''klaíve''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|klaív}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}} ''klaíven''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škó}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ÿš}} ''škóÿš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škó}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ë}} ''škóë''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škó}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ën}} ''škóën''
|}
=====Feminine declension=====
This declension is completely made up of feminine nouns. It evolved directly from the Gothic [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-ō_declension|-ō declension]]. As such, all feminine nouns that originally belonged to the -ō declension alongside later-derived nouns end with {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|-y}} (-y ← -a). All [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-ōn_declension|-ōn declension]] and [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-ein_declension|-ein declension]] nouns later transitioned into Gothevian feminine declension nouns, gaining the {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|-y}} (-y) ending as well. A small subset of feminine nouns however lacks the ending.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:normal; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the masculine declension|MASC}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the feminine declension|FEM}} {{abbtip|endings that appear in both masculine and feminine declensions|BOTH}}'''
! colspan="4" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Contionary:bóky|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bóky}}]] (''bóky'', "book")
! rowspan="5" |
! colspan="4" | [[Contionary:as|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|as}}]] (''as'', "age")
! rowspan="5" |
! colspan="4" | [[Contionary:do|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|do}}]] (''do'', "bird")
|-
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | singular
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | plural
! colspan="2" | singular
! colspan="2" | plural
! colspan="2" | singular
! colspan="2" | plural
|-
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | direct
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bóky}} ''bóky''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bók}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|un}} ''bókun''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bok}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''bokš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bók}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}} ''bókaš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|as}} ''as''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|un}} ''ázun''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''ázyš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}} ''ázaš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|do}} ''do''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dó}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ün}} ''dóün''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|do}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''doš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dó}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äš}} ''dóäš''
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | dative
| style="color:#333333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bók}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|uš}} ''bókuš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bók}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}} ''bóko''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bók}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}} ''bóken''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|uš}} ''ázuš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}} ''ázo''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}} ''ázen''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dó}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|üš}} ''dóüš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dó}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ö}} ''dóö''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dó}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ën}} ''dóën''
|}
======Anomalous feminine declension======
A closed class of feminine nouns declines according to the masculine declension instead of the feminine declension. This is the result of the Gothic [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-i_declension|-i declension]] and [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-jō_declension|-jō declension]] ultimately merging into the Gothevian masculine declension, with the feminine nouns of those declensions adopting the same endings.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:normal; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the masculine declension|MASC}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the feminine declension|FEM}} {{abbtip|endings that appear in both masculine and feminine declensions|BOTH}}'''
! colspan="4" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Contionary:qen|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qen}}]] (''qen'', "woman")
! rowspan="5" |
! colspan="4" | [[Contionary:šɛs|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šɛs}}]] (''šɛs'', "seed")
! rowspan="5" |
! colspan="4" | [[Contionary:škaft|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škaft}}]] (''škaft'', "animal")
|-
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | singular
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | plural
! colspan="2" | singular
! colspan="2" | plural
! colspan="2" | singular
! colspan="2" | plural
|-
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | direct
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qen}} ''qen''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qén}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}} ''qényn''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qen}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''qenš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qén}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}} ''qénaš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šɛs}} ''šɛs''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šèz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}} ''šɛ́zyn''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šèz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''šɛ́zyš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šèz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}} ''šɛ́zaš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škaft}} ''škaft''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škáft}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}} ''škáftyn''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škaft}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''škaftš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škáft}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}} ''škáftaš''
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | dative
| style="color:#333333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qén}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''qényš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qén}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|e}} ''qéne''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qén}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}} ''qénen''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šèz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''šɛ́zyš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šèz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|e}} ''šɛ́ze''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šèz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}} ''šɛ́zen''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škáft}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''škáftyš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škáft}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|e}} ''škáfte''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škáft}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}} ''škáften''
|}
=====Neuter declension=====
This declension is completely made up of neuter nouns. It evolved directly from the neuter [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-a_declension|-a declension]], [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-ja_declension|-ja declension]], and [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-u_declension|-u declension]]. It mirrors the masculine declension in the indefinite singular, but mirrors the feminine indefinite singular direct and plural dative in its indefinite plurals. It also mirrors the feminine declension in the definite singular.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:normal; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the masculine declension|MASC}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the feminine declension|FEM}} {{abbtip|endings that appear in both masculine and feminine declensions|BOTH}}'''
! colspan="4" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Contionary:hairt|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|hairt}}]] (''hairt'', "heart")
! rowspan="5" |
! colspan="4" | [[Contionary:biwš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|biwš}}]] (''biwš'', "beer")
! rowspan="5" |
! colspan="4" | [[Contionary:raš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|raš}}]] (''raš'', "house")
|-
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | singular
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | plural
! colspan="2" | singular
! colspan="2" | plural
! colspan="2" | singular
! colspan="2" | plural
|-
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | direct
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|hairt}} ''hairt''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|haírt}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|un}} ''haírtun''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|haírt}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|y}} ''haírty''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|haírt}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}} ''haírtaš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|biwš}} ''biwš''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bíwž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|un}} ''bíwžun''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=bíwž|klaif}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|y}} ''bíwžy''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bíwž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}} ''bíwžaš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|raš}} ''raš''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ráž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|un}} ''rážun''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ráž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|y}} ''rážy''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ráž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}} ''rážaš''
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | dative
| style="color:#333333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|haírt}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''haírtyš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|haírt}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}} ''haírto''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|haírt}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}} ''haírten''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bíwž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''bíwžyš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bíwž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}} ''bíwžo''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bíwž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}} ''bíwžen''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ráž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''rážyš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ráž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}} ''rážo''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ráž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}} ''rážen''
|}
====Adjectives====
====Pronouns====
=====Personal pronouns=====
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
! number
! colspan="2" | person
! nominative
! accusative (long)
! dative (long)
! acc./dat./poss. (short)
|-
! rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | singular
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | first
| [[Contionary:ci|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ci}}]] ''ci''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|mic}} ''mic''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|min}} ''min''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|my}} ''my''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | second
| [[Contionary:so|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|so}}]] ''so''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|suk}} ''suk''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|sun}} ''sun''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|sy}} ''sy''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | third
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | masculine
| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:ša|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ša}}]] ''ša''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šic}} ''šic''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šin}} ''šin''
| rowspan="3" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šy}} ''šy''
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | neuter
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | feminine
| colspan="2" | [[Contionary:šo|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šo}}]] ''šo''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šɛj}} ''šɛj''
|-
! rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | plural
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | first
| [[Contionary:ɛiš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛiš}}]] ''ɛiš''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|oš}} ''oš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}} ''o''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | second
| [[Contionary:oš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|oš}}]] ''oš''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛiš}} ''ɛiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛi}} ''ɛi''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | third
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | masculine
| colspan="4" | [[Contionary:šai|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šai}}]] ''šai''
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | neuter
| rowspan="2" colspan="3" | [[Contionary:šoš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šoš}}]] ''šoš''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šo}} ''šo''
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | feminine
|}
=====Demonstrative and relative pronouns=====
{| class="wikitable" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
|-
! number
! gender
! proximal (''this'')
! distal (''that'')
|-
! rowspan="3" | singular
! masculine
| rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" | [[Contionary:iš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iš}}]] ''iš''
| rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" | [[Contionary:ai|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}]] ''ai''
|- style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;"
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | neuter
|- style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;"
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | feminine
| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:ížy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ížy}}]] ''ížy''
| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:aíny|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíny}}]] ''aíny''
|-
! rowspan="3" | plural
! masculine
|- style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;"
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | neuter
| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:ížo|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ížo}}]] ''ížo''
| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:aíno|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíno}}]] ''aíno''
|-
! feminine
|}
=====Interrogative pronouns=====
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
! gender
! personal (''who'')
! possessive (''whose'')
! for quality (''what; what kind'')
! for quantity (''how much; how many'')
! for size (''how big'')
! for place/source (''where; from where'')
! for destination (''where to'')
! for manner (''why'')
! for manner (''how'')
! for time (''when'')
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | masculine
| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:ƕɔn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɔn}}]] ''ƕɔn''
| rowspan="3" | [[Contionary:ƕiš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕiš}}]] ''ƕiš''
| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:ƕɔr|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɔr}}]] ''ƕɔr''
| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:ƕaf|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕaf}}]] ''ƕaf''
| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:ƕel|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕel}}]] ''ƕel''
| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:ƕɔrs|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɔrs}}]] ''ƕɔrs''
| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:ƕɔrs|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɔt}}]] ''ƕɔt''
| rowspan="3" | [[Contionary:ƕe|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕe}}]] ''ƕe''
| rowspan="3" | [[Contionary:ƕɔm|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɔm}}]] ''ƕɔm''
| rowspan="3" | [[Contionary:ƕɔmán|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɔmán}}]] ''ƕɔmán''
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | neuter
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | feminine
| [[Contionary:ƕin|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕin}}]] ''ƕin''
| [[Contionary:ƕòry|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕòry}}]] ''ƕɔ́ry''
| [[Contionary:ƕávy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕávy}}]] ''ƕávy''
| [[Contionary:ƕély|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕély}}]] ''ƕély''
| [[Contionary:ƕòrzy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕòrzy}}]] ''ƕɔ́rzy''
| [[Contionary:ƕòty|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕòty}}]] ''ƕɔ́ty''
|}
=====Indefinite pronouns=====

===Prepositions and particles===
====Particles====
Gothevian employs the use of particles for various purposes.
=====Function particles=====
Function particles in Gothevian are grammaticalized particles that form multiword constructions, aiding with tenses and moods, and take on the uses of auxiliary verbs. Unlike discourse particles, they cannot be left out of a sentence. Below are some function particles.

'''[[Contionary:dy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dy}}]] (dy, "dative particle")''' — Placed before a noun to mark it as an [[wikt:indirect object|indirect object]] of a verb.
* {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gycáhiva}} '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|d'}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Ášto}}''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|cánty my}} — ‘I showed my bag '''to Ášty'''’
'''[[Contionary:zy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|zy}}]] (zy, "possessive/partitive particle")''' — Placed before a noun to express [[w:Possession (linguistics)|possession]], origin, or [[w:Partitive|partitivity]], or [[w:Compound (linguistics)|attributively]] in relation to the noun preceding it.
* {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iš i}} '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|katt}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|zy}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Somáë}}''' — ‘that is '''Somá’s cat'''’
'''[[Contionary:vy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vy}}]] (vy, "interrogative particle")''' — Placed after the main verb to form a [[w:Yes/no question|yes–no question]].
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dránnivɛš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vy}}''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vat?}} — ‘'''have you drunk''' water'''?'''’
'''[[Contionary:ny|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ny}}]] (ny, "negation particle")''' — Placed before a noun, verb, adjective, or another particle to [[w:Affirmation_and_negation#Negation|negate]] its meaning.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n'}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yrèš}}''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dɛ suk!}} — ‘'''I don’t like''' you!’
* {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|oš'ƕɔn qízɛis jy,}} '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ny}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šɛísyn}}'''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|?}} — ‘who's talking, '''the not-strong'''?’
'''[[Contionary:o|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}}]] (o, "vocative particle")''' — Placed before a noun to form a [[w:Vocative expression|vocative expression]].
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o'}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Ázlyfe}}'''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|! aš èly!}} — ‘'''O Ázlyf'''! Come here!’
'''[[Contionary:ɛísy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛísy}}]] (ɛísy, "optative particle")''' — Placed before a verb in the subjunctive to express wish, hope, or desire. Also placed before a verb in the indicative to express general want or desire.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛísy}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕaílaw}}''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dot Iwrópo}} — ‘'''I wish to travel''' around Europe’
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛísy}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕail}}''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dot Iwrópo}} — ‘'''I want to travel''' around Europe’
'''[[Contionary:ma|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ma}}]] (ma, "dynamic particle")''' — Placed before a verb in the indicative to express ability. Also placed before a verb in the subjunctive to express permission.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ma}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|kawš}}''' — ‘'''I can try'''’
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ma}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|káwšaw}}''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vy?}} — ‘'''may I try'''?’
'''[[Contionary:á|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}]] (á, "hortative particle")''' — Placed before a verb in the subjunctive to form a [[w:Hortative|hortative expression]].
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á-}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|žepaiš}}''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|, saíƕyniš mójivyn}} — ‘'''it'd be better if you sleep''', you look tired’
'''[[Contionary:daw|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|daw}}]] (daw, "affection particle")''' — Placed before a verb to express habitual enjoyment or affection.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|daw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šívɛis}}''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áđby}} '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|žóvvivny}}''' — ‘'''I heard she used to like to draw'''’
'''[[Contionary:sar|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|sar}}]] (sar, "jussive particle")''' — Placed before a verb in the indicative to express requirement, necessity, or urgency. Also placed before a verb in the subjunctive to express a more urgent or prioritized [[w:Hortative|hortative expression]].
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|sar}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vándɛiš}}'''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|!}} — ‘'''you have to leave'''!’
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|sar}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vándaiš}}''' — ‘'''you probably should leave'''’
'''[[Contionary:aw|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}}]] (aw, "desiderative particle")''' — Placed before a verb in the subjunctive to express desire towards the verb. Also placed before a verb in the indicative to express general want or desire.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m'ai búđaw}}''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|'aparátyn}} — ‘'''I would love to be able to buy''' the camera’
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|buđ}}''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|'aparátyn}} — ‘'''I want to buy''' the camera’

=====Discourse particles=====
Discourse particles in Gothevian are contextual, optional particles used to highlight the mood or the attitude of the speaker or to highlight the sentence's focus. These particles are mainly present in spoken, informal standard Gothevian or throughout its many dialects. In formal, written contexts, they are mostly seen as unprofessional. Below are some discourse particles.

'''[[Contionary:jy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jy}}]] (jy)''' — Used as a general intensifying particle.
* ...
'''[[Contionary:ɛi|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛi}}]] (ɛi)''' — Used to indicate that the utterance happened as a consequence to an earlier even or action.
* ...
'''[[Contionary:nušt|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nušt}}]] (nušt)''' — Used to indicate something is being offered to the listener.
* ...
'''[[Contionary:níjy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|níjy}}]] (níjy)''' — Used to intensify a negative or opposing utterance. Also used before nouns, adjectives, adverbs, or verbs for stronger negation.
* ...
'''[[Contionary:aš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}}]] (aš)''' — Used to intensify imperatives.
* ...
'''[[Contionary:dɛ|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dɛ}}]] (dɛ)''' — Used as indicate haste or urgency. Also used to indicate the speaker is in a state of haste, or in a state of anger or hatred towards the listener or a third party.
* ...
'''[[Contionary:mis|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|mis}}]] (mis)''' — Used to intensify adjectives and adverbs.
* ...
'''[[Contionary:hax|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|hax}}]] (hax)''' — Used as a indicate a sudden shift or deviation of topic.
* ...
'''[[Contionary:áđby|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áđby}}]] (áđby)''' — Used to indicate that the speaker has been ignorant of newly-provided information or fact.
* ...
'''[[Contionary:ɛx|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛx}}]] (ɛx)''' — Used to indicate dissatisfaction or disgust.
* ...
'''[[Contionary:óšy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|óšy}}]] (óšy)''' — Used to add a sense indeterminateness to interrogative pronouns or to add a sense greater indeterminateness to indefinite pronouns. Also used insultingly to add a sense of diminutivity.
* ...
'''[[Contionary:bɛ|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bɛ}}]] (bɛ)''' — Used to indicate frustration or anger.
* ...

=====Lexical particles=====

====Prepositions====

===Verbs===
Gothevian lost many of the complex verbal conjugations it inherited from [[w:Gothic verbs|Gothic]], such as [[w:Dual (grammatical number)|dual]] forms, the old passive conjugation, and [[w:Germanic strong verb|strong verb classes]]. Nevertheless, Gothevian verb conjugation is the most complex out of any surviving Germanic language, due to the acquisition of an [[w:aorist|aorist]], a new synthetic passive, and other analytic moods such as the [[w:Inferential mood|inferential]] and [[w:Conditional mood|conditional]] moods.
====Irregular stems====
Irregular verbs in Gothevian are verbs whose stems either slightly alter or completely change across the paradigm. These changes mostly occur across tense-aspect-mood forms, but two verbs (''to have, to be'') also alter their stems depending on person.

While most strong verbs would regularize by applying one form throughout the whole paradigm, some common verbs would retain reduced stem vowel alternation in their "past" (''imperfect and aorist'') conjugations. These verbs include {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ícyn}} (ícyn, "to eat") (past stem {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|éc-}}, éc-), {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qízyn}} (qízyn, "to talk") (past stem {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qòz-}}, qɔ́z-), {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qímyn}} (qímyn, "to come") (past stem {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qòm-}}, qɔ́m-), and {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ályn}} (ályn, "to grow") (past stem {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ól-}}, ól-).

Another source of irregular verbs are Gothic [[w:Gothic_verbs#Irregular_weak_verbs|weak irregular verbs]] that have also resisted full regularization. Instead, these verbs underwent partial regularization, by reforming the present stems with the consonantism of the past stem (which mostly would have followed a ''CV̄̆ht-'' pattern) and the vocalism of the present stem, thus in a way appearing to mimic the previous class of irregular verbs. These verbs include {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|sútyn}} (sútyn, "to seem") (past stem {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|sót-}}, sót-), {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bútyn}} (bútyn, "to buy") (past stem {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|báwt-}}, báwt-), and {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vòtyn}} (vɔ́tyn, "to make") (past stem {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vát-}}, vát-), alongside the verb {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|drítyn}} (drítyn, "to drink") (past stem {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|drɛít-}}, drɛít-).

The last category of irregular verbs, specifically the two verbs {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} (ain, "to have") and {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn}} (víšyn, "to be") use multiple different stems throughout their paradigm ({{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aí-, á-, aíc-}}; {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|v-, š-, ší-}}).
====Synthetic forms====
Approximately one third of verbal conjugations in Gothevian are synthetic, meaning they indicate grammatical information via [[w:Bound and free morphemes|bound affixation]] rather than by [[w:Bound and free morphemes|unbound morphemes]]. With the exception of participles and the aorist, synthetic forms all represent direct evolutions from old Gothic conjugations.
=====Participles=====
Gothevian verbs have five participles based on aspect and voice, declining for 2 gender categories (''masculine-neuter, feminine'').
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:left;"
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="5" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | [[Contionary:šócyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šócyn}}]] ''(šócyn, "to see")''
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! present active participle
! present passive participle
! imperfect active participle
! imperfect passive participle
! aorist participle
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | masculine (+ neuter)
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}} ''šócyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynyn}} ''šócynyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''šócis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|inɔs}} ''šócinɔs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivyn}} ''šócivyn''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | feminine
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ny}} ''šócny''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyny}} ''šócnyny''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''šócizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|inɔzy}} ''šócinɔzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivny}} ''šócivny''
|}
=====Present=====
The present tense is used for:
* Events happening in the present,
* Current states of being,
* Facts that are always true.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|+ Present Indicative
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|ACT}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|PASS}}'''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''
! rowspan="7" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gaf}} ''gaf''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}} ''gávyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}} ''ɛ́ö''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} ''ɛ́ön''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}} ''ai''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|av}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} ''avn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|im}} ''im''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ši}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} ''šin''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛiš}} ''gávɛiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yniš}} ''gávyniš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|êiš}} ''ɛ́öɛ̈iš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} ''ɛ́öniš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''aiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} ''avniš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iš}} ''iš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} ''šiniš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛis}} ''gávɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynis}} ''gávynis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|êis}} ''ɛ́öɛ̈is''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} ''ɛ́önis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} ''ais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} ''avnis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|i}} ''i''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} ''šinis''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ym}} ''gávym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynym}} ''gávynym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m}} ''ɛ́öm''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}} ''ɛ́önym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m}} ''aim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}} ''avnym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šam}} ''šam''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}} ''šinym''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''gávyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynyš}} ''gávynyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''ɛ́öš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} ''ɛ́önyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''ajš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} ''avnyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šu}} ''šu''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} ''šinyš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}} ''gávyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynyn}} ''gávynyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} ''ɛ́ön''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} ''ɛ́önyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} ''ain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} ''avnyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šan}} ''šan''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} ''šinyn''
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|+ Present Subjunctive
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|ACT}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|PASS}}'''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''
! rowspan="7" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} ''gávaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynaw}} ''gávynaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äw}} ''ɛ́öäw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}} ''ɛ́önaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} ''aícaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}} ''ávnaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} ''šaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}} ''šínaw''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} ''gávaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynaiš}} ''gávynaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äiš}} ''ɛ́öäiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} ''ɛ́önaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} ''aícaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} ''ávnaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} ''šaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} ''šínaiš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} ''gávais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynais}} ''gávynais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äis}} ''ɛ́öäis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} ''ɛ́önais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} ''aícais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} ''ávnais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} ''šais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} ''šínais''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}} ''gávaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynaim}} ''gávynaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äim}} ''ɛ́öäim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}} ''ɛ́önaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}} ''aícaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}} ''ávnaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}} ''šaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}} ''šínaim''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} ''gávawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynawš}} ''gávynawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äwš}} ''ɛ́öäwš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} ''ɛ́önawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} ''aícawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} ''ávnawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} ''šawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} ''šínawš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} ''gávain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynain}} ''gávynain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äin}} ''ɛ́öäin''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} ''ɛ́önain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} ''aícain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} ''ávnain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} ''šain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} ''šínain''
|}
=====Imperfect=====
The [[w:Imperfect|Imperfect]] fuses the [[w:Past tense|past tense]] (and marginally the present tense) with [[w:Imperfective aspect|imperfective aspect]] and is used for:
* Ongoing events that happened in the past,
* States of being in the past that still have some sort of effect in the present,
* Events or states of being that started in the past and are still ongoing in the present, if context is clear.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|+ Imperfect Indicative
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|ACT}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|PASS}}'''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''
! rowspan="7" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ija}} ''gávija''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔva}} ''gávynɔva''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïja}} ''ɛ́öïja''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔva}} ''ɛ́önɔva''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ja}} ''ája''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔva}} ''avnɔva''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vam}} ''vam''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ja}} ''šija''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ijɛš}} ''gávijɛš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvɛš}} ''gávynɔvɛš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïjɛš}} ''ɛ́öïjɛš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛš}} ''ɛ́önɔvɛš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jɛš}} ''ájɛš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛš}} ''avnɔvɛš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vam}} ''vaš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jɛš}} ''šijɛš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ijus}} ''gávijus''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvus}} ''gávynɔvus''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïjus}} ''ɛ́öïjus''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvus}} ''ɛ́önɔvus''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jus}} ''ájus''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvus}} ''avnɔvus''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vam}} ''vas''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jus}} ''šijus''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ijym}} ''gávijym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvym}} ''gávynɔvym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïjym}} ''ɛ́öïjym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvym}} ''ɛ́önɔvym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jym}} ''ájym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvym}} ''avnɔvym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vam}} ''éšym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jym}} ''šijym''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ijyš}} ''gávijyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvyš}} ''gávynɔvyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïjyš}} ''ɛ́öïjyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvyš}} ''ɛ́önɔvyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jyš}} ''ájyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvyš}} ''avnɔvyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vam}} ''éšyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jyš}} ''šijyš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ijyn}} ''gávijyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvyn}} ''gávynɔvyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïjyn}} ''ɛ́öïjyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvyn}} ''ɛ́önɔvyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jyn}} ''ájyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvyn}} ''avnɔvyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vam}} ''éšyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jyn}} ''šijyn''
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|+ Imperfect Subjunctive
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|ACT}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|PASS}}'''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''
! rowspan="7" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ija}} ''gávija''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvaw}} ''gávynɔvaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïja}} ''ɛ́öïja''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvaw}} ''ɛ́önɔvaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ija}} ''aícija''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvaw}} ''avnɔvaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|íja}} ''šíja''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvaw}} ''šinɔvaw''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iêiš}} ''gáviɛ̈iš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvɛiš}} ''gávynɔvɛiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïêiš}} ''ɛ́öïɛ̈iš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛiš}} ''ɛ́önɔvɛiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iêiš}} ''aíciɛ̈iš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛiš}} ''avnɔvɛiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|íêiš}} ''šíɛ̈iš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛiš}} ''šinɔvɛiš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iêis}} ''gáviɛ̈is''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvis}} ''gávynɔvis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïêis}} ''ɛ́öïɛ̈is''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvis}} ''ɛ́önɔvis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iêis}} ''aíciɛ̈is''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvis}} ''avnɔvis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|íêis}} ''šíɛ̈is''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvis}} ''šinɔvis''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iêim}} ''gáviɛ̈im''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvɛim}} ''gávynɔvɛim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïêim}} ''ɛ́öïɛ̈im''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛim}} ''ɛ́önɔvɛim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iêim}} ''aíciɛ̈im''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛim}} ''avnɔvɛim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|íêim}} ''šíɛ̈im''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛim}} ''šinɔvɛim''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iöš}} ''gáviöš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvoš}} ''gávynɔvoš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïöš}} ''ɛ́öïöš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvoš}} ''ɛ́önɔvoš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iöš}} ''aíciöš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvoš}} ''avnɔvoš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|íöš}} ''šíöš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvoš}} ''šinɔvoš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iêin}} ''gáviɛ̈in''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvɛin}} ''gávynɔvɛin''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïêin}} ''ɛ́öïɛ̈in''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛin}} ''ɛ́önɔvɛin''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iêin}} ''aíciɛ̈in''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛin}} ''avnɔvɛin''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|íêin}} ''šíɛ̈in''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛin}} ''šinɔvɛin''
|}

=====Aorist=====
The [[w:Aorist|Aorist]] differs from the imperfect in that is expresses the [[w:perfective aspect|perfective aspect]]. It is used for:
* Event that began and ended in the past, viewed as a single whole rather than a process,
* States of being in the past that do not have any effect in the present,
* Events or states of being that are fully contained within a certain timeframe, such as when storytelling.

The Gothevian aorist has no passive forms. Instead, imperfect or perfect passives may be used.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|+ Aorist Indicative
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|ACT}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|PASS}}'''
! [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''
! [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''
! rowspan="7" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
! [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''
! [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iva}} ''gáviva''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïva}} ''ɛ́öïva''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|va}} ''áva''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|íva}} ''šíva''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivɛš}} ''gávivɛš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvɛš}} ''ɛ́öïvɛš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛš}} ''ávɛš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívɛš}} ''šívɛš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivus}} ''gávivus''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvus}} ''ɛ́öïvus''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vus}} ''ávus''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívus}} ''šívus''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivym}} ''gávivym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvym}} ''ɛ́öïvym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vym}} ''ávym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívym}} ''šívym''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivyš}} ''gávivyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvyš}} ''ɛ́öïvyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vyš}} ''ávyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívyš}} ''šívyš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivyn}} ''gávivyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvyn}} ''ɛ́öïvyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vyn}} ''ávyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívyn}} ''šívyn''
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|+ Aorist Subjunctive
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|ACT}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|PASS}}'''
! [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''
! [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''
! rowspan="7" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
! [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''
! [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivaw}} ''gávivaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvaw}} ''ɛ́öïvaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivaw}} ''aícivaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívaw}} ''šívaw''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivɛiš}} ''gávivɛiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvɛiš}} ''ɛ́öïvɛiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivɛiš}} ''aícivɛiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívɛiš}} ''šívɛiš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivɛis}} ''gávivɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvɛis}} ''ɛ́öïvɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivɛis}} ''aícivɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívɛis}} ''šívɛis''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivɛim}} ''gávivɛim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvɛim}} ''ɛ́öïvɛim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivɛim}} ''aícivɛim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívɛim}} ''šívɛim''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivoš}} ''gávivoš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvoš}} ''ɛ́öïvoš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivoš}} ''aícivoš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívoš}} ''šívoš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivɛin}} ''gávivɛin''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvɛin}} ''ɛ́öïvɛin''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivɛin}} ''aícivɛin''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívɛin}} ''šívɛin''
|}

====Analytic forms====
The other two thirds of verbal conjugations in Gothevian are analytic, meaning they are contructed via [[w:Bound and free morphemes|unbound particles]] accompanying the main verb.
=====Future=====
The future tense is used for events or states of being occurring in the future. It is formed by adding the particle [[Contionary:šta|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}]] (šta) directly before the simple present form of a verb.

In less formal speech or writing, {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} may contract to {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|št'}} (št'). This is especially prevalent if the main verb begins with a vowel ({{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta èö}} → {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|št'èö}}).
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|+ Future Indicative
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|ACT}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|PASS}}'''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''
! rowspan="7" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gaf}} ''šta gaf''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}} ''šta gávyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}} ''šta ɛ́ö''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} ''šta ɛ́ön''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}} ''šta ai''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|av}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} ''šta avn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|im}} ''šta im''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ši}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} ''šta šin''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛiš}} ''šta gávɛiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yniš}} ''šta gávyniš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|êiš}} ''šta ɛ́öɛ̈iš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} ''šta ɛ́öniš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''šta aiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} ''šta avniš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iš}} ''šta iš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} ''šta šiniš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛis}} ''šta gávɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynis}} ''šta gávynis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|êis}} ''šta ɛ́öɛ̈is''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} ''šta ɛ́önis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} ''šta ais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} ''šta avnis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|i}} ''šta i''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} ''šta šinis''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ym}} ''šta gávym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynym}} ''šta gávynym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m}} ''šta ɛ́öm''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}} ''šta ɛ́önym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m}} ''šta aim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}} ''šta avnym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šam}} ''šta šam''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}} ''šta šinym''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''šta gávyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynyš}} ''šta gávynyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''šta ɛ́öš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} ''šta ɛ́önyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''šta ajš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} ''šta avnyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šu}} ''šta šu''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} ''šta šinyš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}} ''šta gávyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynyn}} ''šta gávynyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} ''šta ɛ́ön''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} ''šta ɛ́önyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} ''šta ain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} ''šta avnyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šan}} ''šta šan''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} ''šta šinyn''
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|+ Future Subjunctive
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|ACT}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|PASS}}'''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''
! rowspan="7" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} ''šta gávaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynaw}} ''šta gávynaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äw}} ''šta ɛ́öäw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}} ''šta ɛ́önaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} ''šta aícaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}} ''šta ávnaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} ''šta šaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}} ''šta šínaw''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} ''šta gávaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynaiš}} ''šta gávynaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äiš}} ''šta ɛ́öäiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} ''šta ɛ́önaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} ''šta aícaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} ''šta ávnaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} ''šta šaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} ''šta šínaiš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} ''šta gávais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynais}} ''šta gávynais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äis}} ''šta ɛ́öäis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} ''šta ɛ́önais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} ''šta aícais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} ''šta ávnais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} ''šta šais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} ''šta šínais''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}} ''šta gávaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynaim}} ''šta gávynaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äim}} ''šta ɛ́öäim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}} ''šta ɛ́önaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}} ''šta aícaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}} ''šta ávnaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}} ''šta šaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}} ''šta šínaim''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} ''šta gávawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynawš}} ''šta gávynawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äwš}} ''šta ɛ́öäwš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} ''šta ɛ́önawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} ''šta aícawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} ''šta ávnawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} ''šta šawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} ''šta šínawš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} ''šta gávain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynain}} ''šta gávynain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äin}} ''šta ɛ́öäin''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} ''šta ɛ́önain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} ''šta aícain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} ''šta ávnain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} ''šta šain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} ''šta šínain''
|}
=====Present Perfect=====
The present perfect tense is used for events or states of being occurring wholly in the past, viewed as a single whole, with a lasting effect on the present state. It also refers to a past event that happened fully before another event in the present. It is formed by using the simple present tense of [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}}]] (ain, "to have") alongside the imperfect active participle of the main verb. Both active and passive constructions use the imperfect active participle, with the voice distinction being codified into the auxiliary's conjugation.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|+ Present Perfect Indicative
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|ACT}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|PASS}}'''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''
! rowspan="12" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''
|-
! rowspan="5" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ai gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|av}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''avn gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ai ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|av}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''avn ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ai ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|av}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''avn ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ai vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|av}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''avn vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person masculine/neuter
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''aiš gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávniš gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''aiš ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávniš ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aiš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávniš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aiš vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávniš vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person feminine
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''aiš gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''ávniš gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''aiš ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''ávniš ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aiš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávniš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aiš vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávniš vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person masculine/neuter
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ais gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávnis gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ais ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávnis ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ais ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnis ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ais vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnis vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person feminine
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''ais gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''ávnis gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''ais ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''ávnis ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ais ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnis ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ais vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnis vɛis''
|-
! rowspan="5" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''aim gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávnym gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''aim ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávnym ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aim ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnym ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aim vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnym vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person masculine/neuter
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''aiš gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávnyš gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''aiš ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávnyš ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aiš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnyš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aiš vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnyš vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person feminine
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''aiš gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''ávnyš gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''aiš ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''ávnyš ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aiš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnyš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aiš vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnyš vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person masculine/neuter
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ain gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávnyn gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ain ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávnyn ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ain ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnyn ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ain vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnyn vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person feminine
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''ain gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''ávnyn gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''ain ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''ávnyn ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ain ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnyn ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ain vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnyn vɛis''
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|+ Present Perfect Subjunctive
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|ACT}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|PASS}}'''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''
! rowspan="12" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''
|-
! rowspan="5" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''aícaw gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávnaw gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''aícaw ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávnaw ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aícaw ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnaw ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aícaw vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnaw vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person masculine/neuter
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''aícaiš gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávnaiš gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''aícaiš ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávnaiš ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aícaiš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnaiš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aícaiš vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnaiš vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person feminine
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''aícaiš gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''ávnaiš gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''aícaiš ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''ávnaiš ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aícaiš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnaiš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aícaiš vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnaiš vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person masculine/neuter
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''aícais gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávnais gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''aícais ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávnais ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aícais ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnais ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aícais vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnais vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person feminine
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''aícais gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''ávnais gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''aícais ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''ávnais ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aícais ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnais ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aícais vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnais vɛis''
|-
! rowspan="5" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''aícaim gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávnaim gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''aícaim ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávnaim ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aícaim ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnaim ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aícaim vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnaim vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person masculine/neuter
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''aícawš gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávnawš gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''aícawš ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávnawš ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aícawš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnawš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aícawš vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnawš vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person feminine
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''aícawš gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''ávnawš gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''aícawš ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''ávnawš ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aícawš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnawš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aícawš vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnawš vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person masculine/neuter
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''aícain gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávnain gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''aícain ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávnain ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aícain ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnain ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aícain vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnain vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person feminine
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''aícain gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''ávnain gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''aícain ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''ávnain ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aícain ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnain ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aícain vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnain vɛis''
|}
=====Past Perfect=====
=====Future Perfect=====
====Inferential====

==Vocabulary==
===Phrasebook===
<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! colspan="3" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Greetings
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! Gothevian
! English
! Usage notes
|-
| [[Contionary:vɛl qòmivyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛl qòmivyn/qòmivny}}]] (vɛl qɔ́mivyn/qɔ́mivny)
| welcome
| style="font-style:italic;" | must agree in gender
|-
| [[Contionary:vèly mòvvy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vèly mòvvy}}]] (vɛ́ly mɔ́vvy)
| good morning
| rowspan="4" style="font-style:italic;" | fairly formal in usage
|-
| [[Contionary:vɛl lix|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛl lix/yslíx}}]] (vɛl lix/yslíx)
| good evening
|-
| [[Contionary:vɛl daf|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛl daf}}]] (vɛl daf)
| good day
|-
| [[Contionary:yn aršóc|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn aršóc}}]] (yn aršóc)
| farewell, goodbye
|-
| [[Contionary:hail sy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|hail sy/ɛi}}]] (hail sy/ɛi)
| rowspan="2" | hello
| rowspan="2" style="font-style:italic;" | must agree in formality, formal-leaning
|-
| [[Contionary:đan sy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|đan sy/ɛi}}]] (đan sy/ɛi)
|-
| [[Contionary:hail|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|hai(l)}}]] (hai(l))
| rowspan="2" | hello, hi
| rowspan="2" style="font-style:italic;" | casual, forms without the final consonant are very informal
|-
| [[Contionary:đan|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|đa(n)}}]] (đa(n))
|-
| [[Contionary:álɔ|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|álɔ}}]] (álɔ)
| hello
| style="font-style:italic;" | used when answering the (tele)phone
|-
| [[Contionary:cáü|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|cáü}}]] (cáü)
| goodbye
| style="font-style:italic;" | fairly casual in usage
|-
| [[Contionary:cy-cáü|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|cy-cáü}}]] (cy-cáü)
| bye
| style="font-style:italic;" | very informal in usage
|}
</div>
<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! colspan="3" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Introductions
|- style="font-style:normal; font-weight:bold;"
! Gothevian
! English
! Usage notes
|-
| style="font-style:normal;" | [[Contionary:ƕɔm|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɔm}}]] [[Contionary:haítyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|haítyniš/haítynyš}}]]{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|?}} (ƕɔm haítyniš/haítynyš?)
| what is your name? ''(lit. "what are you called?")''
| must agree in formality
|-
| style="font-style:normal;" | [[Contionary:haítyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|haítyn}}]]{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|...}} (haítyn...)
| my name is... ''(lit. "I am called...")''
|
|-
| style="font-style:normal;" | [[Contionary:ƕɔm|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɔm}}]] [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iš/šu}}]]{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|?}} (ƕɔm iš/šu?)
| how are you?
| rowspan="5" | must agree in formality
|-
| style="font-style:normal;" | [[Contionary:ƕɔm|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɔm}}]] [[Contionary:šun|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|súêiš/šuš}}]]{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|?}} (ƕɔm súɛ̈iš/šuš?)
| how are you? ''(lit. "how do you?")''
|-
| style="font-style:normal;" | [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|im}}]] [[Contionary:bac|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bac}}]], [[Contionary:i|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|i}}]] [[Contionary:so|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|so}}]]{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|/}}[[Contionary:oš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|oš}}]]{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|?}} (im bac, i so/oš?)
| I am fine, and you?
|-
| style="font-style:normal;" | [[Contionary:šun|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šu}}]] [[Contionary:vɛl|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛl}}]], [[Contionary:i|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|i}}]] [[Contionary:so|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|so}}]]{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|/}}[[Contionary:oš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|oš}}]]{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|?}} (šu vɛl, i so/oš?)
| I am fine, and you? ''(lit. "I do well, and you?")''
|-
| style="font-style:normal;" | [[Contionary:ƕɔrs|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɔrs}}]] [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iš/šu}}]]{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|?}} (ƕɔrs iš/šu?)
| where are you from?
|-
| style="font-style:normal;" | [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|im}}]] [[Contionary:yf|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yf}}]]{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|...}} (im yf...)
| I am from...
|
|}
</div>

===Numerals===
===Swadesh list===
===Colors===
===Units of time===
====Times of day====
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! colspan="8" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|mélaš zy dávyn}} (''mélaš zy dávyn'')
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[File:Gothevian Flag.png|24px|frameless]]
| [[Contionary:natt|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|natt}}]] ''natt''
| [[Contionary:óttvy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|óttvy}}]] ''óttvy''
| [[Contionary:mòvvy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|mòvvy}}]] ''mɔ́vvy''
| [[Contionary:pland|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|pland}}]] ''pland''
| [[Contionary:ysmáty|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ysmáty}}]] ''ysmáty''
| [[Contionary:lix|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|lix}}]] ''lix''
| [[Contionary:yslíx|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yslíx}}]] ''yslíx''
|-
! colspan="8" style="font-weight:bold;" |
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[File:Flag of the United Kingdom (1-2).svg|24px|frameless]]
| ''night''
| ''dawn''
| ''morning''
| ''noon''
| ''afternoon''
| ''dusk''
| ''evening''
|}
====Weekdays====
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! colspan="8" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vícɛinaš dávaš}} (''vícɛinaš dávaš'')
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[File:Gothevian Flag.png|24px|frameless]]
| [[Contionary:Lúndy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Lúndy}}]] ''Lúndy''
| [[Contionary:Márty|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Márty}}]] ''Márty''
| [[Contionary:Mɛrkòdy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Mɛrkòdy}}]] ''Mɛrkɔ́dy''
| [[Contionary:Đvódy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Đvódy}}]] ''Đvódy''
| [[Contionary:Vɛnèrdy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Vɛnèrdy}}]] ''Vɛnɛ́rdy''
| [[Contionary:Šambáty|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Šambáty}}]] ''Šambáty''
| [[Contionary:Rèišty|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Rèišty}}]] ''Rɛ́išty''
|-
! colspan="8" style="font-weight:bold;" |
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[File:Flag of the United Kingdom (1-2).svg|24px|frameless]]
| ''Monday''
| ''Tuesday''
| ''Wednesday''
| ''Thursday''
| ''Friday''
| ''Saturday''
| ''Sunday''
|}
====Months====
====Seasons====

==Sample texts==
===''The Cold Winter is Near''===
{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! [[File:Gothevian Flag.png|24px|frameless]] Gothevian
!
! [[File:Flag of the United Kingdom (1-2).svg|24px|frameless]] English
|-
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Kádun žímun i nƕe, rytúny šta qímɛis.}} ''(Kádun žímun i nƕe, rytúny šta qímɛis.)''
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | The cold winter is near, a blizzard will come. 
|-
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Á-ɛl' ɛi nušt ínyn žèškyš rážyš my, o játɛl.}} ''(Á-ɛl' ɛi nušt ínyn žɛ́škyš rážyš my, o játɛl.)''
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | Come in my warm house, o' friend. 
|-
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Vɛl qòm'vyn! D'hírɛi, šívvɛi i tánsɛi aš, ícɛi i drítɛi!}} ''(Vɛl qɔ́m'vyn! D'hírɛi, šívvɛi i tánsɛi aš, ícɛi i drítɛi!)''
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | Welcome! Come here, sing and dance, eat and drink! 
|-
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Iš i plan my.}} ''(Iš i plan my.)''
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | That is my plan. 
|-
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Aim nušt vat, biwš, i niw milk yf qáwyn.}} ''(Aim nušt vat, biwš, i niw milk yf qáwyn.)''
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | We have water, beer, and fresh milk from the cow. 
|-
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Ax, i žèšky còbry!}} ''(Ax, i žɛ́šky cɔ́bry!)''
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | Oh, and warm soup! 
|}

===''The North Wind and the Sun''===
{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! [[File:Gothevian Flag.png|24px|frameless]] Gothevian
!
! [[File:Flag of the United Kingdom (1-2).svg|24px|frameless]] English
|-
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Nòsryn i Šáwjlun ynšókynɔvyn ƕɔn zy cèđaš vas iw-šés, jaj raízar sɛrqímijus, bynsènđivyn ínyn žèškuš paízuš.}} ''(Nɔ́sryn i Šáwjlun ynšókynɔvyn ƕɔn zy cɛ́đaš vas iw-šés, jaj raízar sɛrqímijus, bynsɛ́nđivyn ínyn žɛ́škuš paízuš.)''
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | The North Wind and the Sun were disputing who of the two was stronger, when a traveler came along, wrapped around in a warm cloak. 
|-
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Ynjánynɔvyn, ƕònuviš ma i byvándivyn raízaryn iš unšácais paízy šy, sar šta gydómynis ɛi iw-šés aj ásyryn.}} ''(Ynjánynɔvyn, ƕɔ́nuviš ma i byvándivyn raízaryn iš unšácais paízy šy, sar šta gydómynis ɛi iw-šés aj ásyryn.)''
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | They agreed, that whoever can force the traveler, so that he takes off his cloak, will then have to be deemed stronger than the other. 
|-
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Nòsryn èöïjus san saf m'ájus, úžyf dy sávyš èöïjus, maížyš raízaryn házijus iw-bí paízy šy byn šɛ, i dygávijus ástumy.}} ''(Nɔ́sryn ɛ́öïjus san saf m'ájus, úžyf dy sávyš ɛ́öïjus, maížyš raízaryn házijus iw-bí paízy šy byn šɛ, i dygávijus ástumy.)''
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | The North Wind then blew as hard as he could, but the more he blew, the more closely did the traveler hold his cloak around himself, and at last he gave up. 
|-
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Šáwjlun šcánijus san žèšky, i raízaryn unšácijus tríggy paízy šy.}} ''(Šáwjlun šcánijus san žɛ́šky, i raízaryn unšácijus tríggy paízy šy.)''
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | The Sun then shone warmly, and the traveler immediately took off his cloak. 
|-
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Nòsryn sar ynèhaitijus ɛi, iš Šáwjlun vas iw-šézun.}} ''(Nɔ́sryn sar ynɛ́haitijus ɛi, iš Šáwjlun vas iw-šézun.)''
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | The North Wind was then obliged to confess that the Sun was the stronger [of the two]. 
|}

==See also==

Gothevian

2026-01-26T18:26:21Z

Vrianne: /* Vocabulary */

[[Category: Indo-European_languages]][[Category: Germanic languages]][[Category: East Germanic languages]][[Category: Languages]][[Category: Conlangs]][[Category: A_posteriori]][[Category:Gothevian]]
{{private}}
{{Infobox language
|image = Gothevian Flag.png
|imagesize = 185px
|imagecaption = Flag of the Republic of Gothevia
|name = Gothevian
|nativename = {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gušk}}
|pronunciation = ɡuʃk
|states = Gothevia
|setting = Earth
|created = 2024
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam2 = [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic]]
|fam3 = [[w:East Germanic languages|East Germanic]]
|fam4 = [[w:Gothic language|Gothic]]
|creator = User:Vrianne
|stand1 = Standard Central Gothevian
|dia1 = Central dialects
|dia2 = Eastern dialects
|dia3 = Southern Dialects
|dia4 = Northern dialects
|dia5 = Western Dialects
|dia6 = Pyre Dialects
|script1 = Gthv
|nation = Gothevia
|minority = [[w:Bulgaria|Bulgaria]], [[w:Greece|Greece]], [[w:Serbia|Serbia]]
|agency = Institute for the Gothevian Language
|map = Gothevian Speaker map.png
|mapsize = 280px
|mapcaption = Map of areas where Gothevian is spoken
{{legend|#0080FE|...as a majority language}}
{{legend|#88C4FE|...as a minority language}}
|notice = IPA
|ethnicity = Gothevian
|ancestor = [[w:Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]]
|ancestor2 = [[w:Proto-Germanic language|Proto-Germanic]]
|ancestor3 = [[w:Gothic language|Gothic]]
|ancestor4 = Old Gothevian
|ancestor5 = Middle Gothevian
}}
{{Contains Gothevian}}
'''Gothevian''' ('''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gušk}}''', '''''gušk''''' [ɡuʃk], formally '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|róždun gúškun}}''', '''''róždun gúškun''''' [ˈrwɤ̞ʒdun ˈɡuʃkun]) is an [[w:East Germanic languages|East Germanic]] language descendant from [[w:Gothic language|Gothic]] or a language mutually intelligible with it. Its speakers mainly reside within the borders of [[Gothevia]], though there exist significant Gothevian-speaking communities in [[w:Bulgaria|Bulgaria]], [[w:Greece|Greece]], and [[w:Serbia|Serbia]]. it is the only surviving member of the East Germanic branch of the [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic languages]], though with being a member of [[w:Balkan sprachbund|Balkan sprachbund]], it has evolved to be quite distinct in some aspects of its structure compared to other Germanic languages, with features such as [[w:evidentiality|evidentiality]] and the eradication of the [[w:Germanic strong verb|Germanic strong verb]].

Old Gothevian shares most of its features with [[w:Ulfilas|Wulfilan]] Gothic, likely being descendent from dialects mutually intelligible with it. It was written in a descendant of the [[w:Gothic alphabet|Gothic script]], which modern Gothevian still uses. Gothevian, however, would begin to diverge from Wulfilan Gothic, with the biggest drivers being the [[w:Balkan sprachbund|Balkan sprachbund]] and [[w:Old Church Slavonic|Slavonic]] and [[w:Greek language|Greek]] [[w:Stratum_(linguistics)#Superstratum|superstrata]].
==Classification==
Gothevian is an [[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European language]] that belongs to the [[w:East Germanic languages|East Germanic]] branch of the [[:Germanic languages|Germanic languages]]. It is the only surviving member of the East Germanic languages, with its closest living relatives being from other Branches of Germanic, such as [[w:Dutch language|Dutch]], [[w:English language|English]], [[w:German language|German]], and [[w:Icelandic language|Icelandic]]. Within the East Germanic branch, its closest relative is [[w:Gothic language|Gothic]], followed by other East Germanic languages such as [[w:Vandalic language|Vandalic]], [[w:Burgundians#Language|Burgundian]], and likely [[w:Crimean Gothic|Crimean Gothic]].

Due to being located within the core [[w:Balkans|Balkan region]], it has features that set it apart from other Germanic languages. Such features include post-fixed articles, syncretism of locative and directional expressions, a future-tense particle, an inferential mood, among others. Gothevian was also under [[w:Greek language|Greek]] and [[w:South Slavic languages|Slavic]] language influence for most of its history. This influence came with many lexical borrowings, but also several grammatical influences, such as the retention of a synthetic [[w:Modern_Greek_grammar#Grammatical_voice|passive voice]] and creation of a synthetic [[w:aorist|aorist]].
==History==
The history of Gothevian can be divided into several periods.
* '''The Migratory period''' (6th-8th century)...
* '''Old Gothevian''' (9th–12th century)...
* '''Middle Gothevian''' (13th–16th century)...
* '''Modern Gothevian''' (17th century–present)...

==Etymology==
The exonym "Gothevian" is a [[w:Medieval Latin|Latinized borrowing]] of the [[w:Koine Greek|Koine Greek]] term "Γότθευικος" (Góttheuikos), itself a variant of older "Γότθευδικος" (Góttheudikos), a borrowing from "𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃" (gutþiudisks), from "[[wikt:𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰|𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰]]" (gutþiuda) + "[[wikt:-𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃|-𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃]]" (-isks), thus meaning "of the Goths". The endonym {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gušk}} (gušk) is a cognate of the Latin exonym, being a simplification of earlier {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gútsišk}} (gútsišk), from Old Gothevian {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gútsiudišk}} (gutþiudisk).

==Phonology==
===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! style="vertical-align:middle;" |
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[w:Front vowel|Front]]
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[w:Central vowel|Central]]
! [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|- style="vertical-align:middle;"
! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]]
| rowspan="2" | [[w:Close central unrounded vowel|ɨ]]~[[w:Mid central vowel|ə]]~[[w:Near-open central vowel|ɐ]]
| [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]]
|- style="vertical-align:middle;"
! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:mid vowel|Mid]]
| [[w:Mid front unrounded vowel|e]]
| [[w:Mid front unrounded vowel|o]]
|- style="vertical-align:middle;"
! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
|
| [[w:Open central unrounded vowel|a]]
|
|}
* Gothevian lacks a phonemic length distinction, but vowels in stressed syllables may allophonically be slightly lengthened.
* Mid vowels /e, o/ are mostly [[w:mid vowel|true-mid]] [e̞, o̞]. They may be allophonically pronounced closer to open-mid [e, o] in the vicinity of open vowels /i, u/, or closer to open-mid [ɛ, ɔ] in the vicinity of central vowels /a, ɨ/.
* /o/ consistently unrounds to [ɤ̞] when near [w]. This behavior rarely applies to /u/ however.
* The open vowel /a/ is [[w:Central vowel|true-central]] [ä].
* The non-open central vowel (notated here on out as /ɨ/) takes on a couple of realizations. In stressed positions it is commonly [ɨ]. In unstressed positions it is either also [ɨ], [ə], or, particularly in eastern and far-western dialects, [ɐ].

===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! colspan="2" |
! [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
! colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
| [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar nasals|n]]
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]
| [[w:Voiceless bilabial plosive|p]]
| [[w:Voiceless dental and alveolar plosives|t]]
| [[w:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|t͡ʃ]]
| [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|k]]
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:voicing (phonetics)|voiced]]
| [[w:Voiced bilabial plosive|b]]
| [[w:Voiced dental and alveolar plosives|d]]
| [[w:Voiced postalveolar affricate|d͡ʒ]]
| [[w:Voiced velar plosive|ɡ]]
|-
! rowspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]
| [[w:Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]]
| [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]]
| [[w:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]]
| [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|x]]
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:voicing (phonetics)|voiced]]
| [[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]~[[w:Voiced labiodental approximant|ʋ]]
| [[w:Voiced alveolar fricative|z]]
| [[w:Voiced postalveolar fricative|ʒ]]
|
|-
! colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
| [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills|r]]
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|
| [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants|l]]
| [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]
| ([[w:Voiced labial–velar approximant|w]])
|}
* /p, t, k/ are unaspirated [p, t, k].
* /s, z/ are denti-alveolar [s̟, z̟].
* /v/ may be a true fricative [v] or an approximant [ʋ].
* /r/ may be pronounced as either a trill [r] or a tap [ɾ]. The trilled pronunciation is commonplace when it is followed by a glide, such as in ⟨[[Contionary:róždy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|róždy}}]]⟩ [ˈ'''r'''wɤ̞ʒdə ~ ˈ'''r'''ʷɤ̞ʒdə].
* In eastern dialects, /l/ is velarized [ɫ].
* Consonant-Glide clusters /Cj, Cw/ may coalesce into a palatalized/labialized consonant /Cʲ, Cʷ/.
* [w] is an allophone of /v/ when directly preceded or followed by a consonant. Compare ⟨[[Contionary:oš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|oš}}]]⟩ ['''v'''o̞ʃ] and ⟨[[Contionary:šoš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šoš}}]]⟩ [ʃ'''w'''ɤ̞ʃ ~ ʃ'''ʷ'''ɤ̞ʃ].

===Stress===
===Historical evolution===
====From Classical Gothic to Pre-Gothevian====
* /ɸ/ shifts to /θ/ before a coronal consonant.
*: Got. {{l|got|flōdus}} /ˈfloː.ðus/ → P-G ''þlṓdus ~ þlōþs'' /ˈθloː.ðus ~ θloːθs/ ("river")
*: Got. {{l|got|*lifnan}} /ˈlif.nan/ → P-G ''*líþnan'' /ˈliθ.nan/ ("to leave")
*: Got. {{l|got|afta}} /ˈaɸ.ta/ → P-G ''*áþta'' /ˈaθ.ta/ ("behind")
* /h/, /w/ fortify into /k/, /p/ before /l/, /r/.
*: Got. {{l|got|wlits}} /wlits/ → P-G ''plits'' /plits/ ("face")
*: Got. {{l|got|hrōþs}} /hroːθs/ → P-G ''krōþs'' /kroːθs/ ("glory")
* /β/ merges into /w/ intervocalically.
*: Got. {{l|got|gabei}} /ˈɡa.βiː/ → P-G ''gáwɛi(n)'' /ˈɡa.wiː(n)/ ("wealth")
* /β/, /ɣ/ merge into /w/ before /m/.
*: Got. ''*sib(u)m'' /ˈsi.β(u)m/ → P-G ''siwm'' /siwm/ ("seven")

====From Pre-Gothevian to Old Gothevian====
* /t, d/, /k, ɡ/ palatalize to /c/, /ɟ/ respectively before /i(ː)/, /eː/, /j/. /kʷ/, /ɡ(ː)ʷ/ are unaffected.
*: P-G ''tɛíhan'' /ˈtiː.han/ → OG ''cɛíhan'' /ˈciː.han/ ("to show")
*: P-G ''gílþa'' /ˈɡil.θa/ → early OG ''đílþa'' /ˈɟil.θa/ ("sickle")
* /ɣ/ is elided intervocalically or in syllable codas if followed by another consonant, without compensatory lengthening of the previous vowel.
*: P-G ''*ígil'' /ˈi.ɣil/ → OG ''íǥil, íil'' /ˈi.il ~ iːl/ ("hedgehog")
*: P-G ''rign'' /riɣn/ → OG ''rin'' /rin/ ("rain")
* /ɣr/, /rɣ/ coalesce into /ɣː/.
*: P-G ''baírgan'' /ˈbɛr.ɣan/ → OG ''bɛ́ǥǥan'' /ˈbɛɣ.ɣan/ ("to keep")
* /ɸ/, /β/ develop into /f/, /v/.
* /l/ is elided in syllable codas if followed by another consonant, with compensatory lengthening of the previous vowel, if short.
*: early OG ''đílþa'' /ˈɟil.θa/ → OG ''đɛíþa'' /ˈɟiː.θa/ ("sickle")
* /h/ is elided in syllable codas, with compensatory lengthening of the previous vowel, if short. If /h/ is followed by a consonant, then that consonant is geminated too.
*: P-G ''módah'' /ˈmoː.dah/ → OG ''módah, módaa'' /ˈmoː.daː/ ("angry")
*: P-G ''naht'' /naht/ → OG ''nahtt, naatt'' /naːtt/ ("night")
* /ɟː/ causes nearby non-front vowels /a(ː)/, /ɔ(ː)/, /oː/, /u(ː)/ to front into /ɛ(ː)/, /œ(ː)/, /øː/, /y(ː)/. Non-geminate /ɟ/ does not trigger this shift.
*: P-G ''wadj'' /waɟɟ/ → OG ''wɛdj'' /wɛɟɟ/ ("wall")
* /kʷ/, /ɡ(ː)ʷ/, /ʍ/ cause nearby unrounded vowels /a(ː)/, /ɛ(ː)/, /eː/, /i(ː)/ to round into /ɔ(ː)/, /œ(ː)/, /øː/, /y(ː)/.
*: P-G ''qen'' /kʷeːn/ → OG ''qen'' /kʷøːn/ ("woman")

====From Old Gothevian to Middle Gothevian====
* /θ/, /ð/ fortify to /t/, /d/ when directly followed by another consonant that is not a glide or a plosive.
*: OG ''þrɛi'' /θri(ː)/ → early MG ''trɛi'' /tri(ː)/ ("three")
*: OG ''þloþ'' /θloːθ/ → early MG ''tloþ'' /tloːθ/ ("river")
* One of /θ, ð/, /s, z/ retracts to /s, z/, /ʃ, ʒ/ respectively, triggering a chain shift that causes the second to also retract.
*: OG ''síwþan'' /ˈsiw.θan/ → MG ''šíwsan'' /ˈʃiw.sɨn/ ("to boil")
*: OG ''seþ'' /seːθ/ → early MG ''šes'' /ʃeːs/ ("seed")
*: OG ''raz'' /raz/ → MG ''raž'' /raʒ/ ("house")
* /ŋk, ŋɡ/, /ŋkʷ, ŋɡʷ/ coalesce into /nː/, /wː/ respectively.
*: OG ''drínkan'' /ˈdriŋ.kan/ → early MG ''drínnan'' /ˈdrin.nan/ ("to drink")
*: OG ''síngwan'' /ˈsiŋ.ɡʷan/ → early MG ''šíwwan'' /ˈʃiw.wan/ ("to sing")
* /kʷ/, /ɡʷ/, /ʍ/ lose their labialization and merge with /k/, /ɡ/, /h/.
*: OG ''qen'' /kʷøːn/ → early MG ''qen'' /køːn/ ("woman")
*: OG ''ƕass'' /ʍɔss/ → early MG ''ƕašš'' /hɔʃʃ/ ("sharp")
* /ɣ/, /w/ are elided before back vowels /u(ː)/, /oː/.
*: OG ''wulkán'' /wul.ˈkan/ → MG ''ulkán'' /ul.ˈkan/ ("volcano")
* Geminate consonants lose their gemination.
* /œ/, /y/ merge into /ɨ~ə/. Unstressed /a/ also develops into /ɨ~ə/. Other short unstressed vowels may also sporadically develop into /ɨ~ə/.
*: OG ''smýrna'' /ˈsmyr.na/ → MG ''šmýrna, šmýrny'' /ˈʃmɨr.nə/ ("myrrh")
* Vowels preceding a nasal consonant coalesce into a long nasalized vowel if followed by a fricative or a liquid. These nasalized vowels lose their nasalization shortly after. /ẽː/, /ø̃ː/, /õː/ develop into /aː/ during this process.
*: OG ''swinþ'' /swinθ/ → early MG ''šwins, *šwɛis'' /ʃwiːs/ ("strong")
*: late OG ''ξanθ'' /skanθ ~ ksanθ/ → early MG ''ξanθ, ξanþ'' /ʃkaːs/ ("blond")
* /iː, eː/, /yː, øː/, /uː, oː/ develop into /je̞/, /we̞/, /wo̞/ respectively.
*: early MG ''fimf'' /fiːf/ → MG ''fimf, fɛif'' /fjef/ ("five")
*: early MG ''dówẅa'' /ˈduː.a/ → MG ''dow, *do'' /dwo/ ("dove; bird")
*: early MG ''qen'' /køːn/ → MG ''qen'' /kwen/ ("woman")
*: early MG ''šes'' /ʃeːs/ → MG ''šes'' /ʃjes/ ("seed")
*: early MG ''bóka'' /ˈboː.ka/ → MG ''bóka'' /ˈbwo.kɨ/ ("book")
* /ɛː/, /œː/, /ɔː/, /aː/ develop into /ja/, /wɨ~wə/, /wa/, /a/ respectively.
*: early MG ''klaif'' /klɛːf/ → MG ''klaif'' /kljaf/ ("bread")
*: early MG ''qain'' /kœːn/ → MG ''qain'' /kwɨn/ ("wail")
*: early MG ''šawjl'' /ʃɔːjl/ → MG ''šawjl'' /ʃwajl/ ("sun")
*: early MG ''ahš, aašš'' /aːʃʃ/ → MG ''aašš, ašš'' /aʃ/ ("hand, ear of corn")
* /iu̯/ merges into /wɨ/.
*: early MG ''niwm'' /niu̯m/ → MG ''niwm'' /nwɨm/ ("nine")
*: early MG ''biwž'' /biu̯ʒ/ → MG ''biwž'' /bwɨʒ/ ("beer")
* /ɛ/, /ɔ/ develop into /e̞/, /o̞/.
* /tj, kj, cj/, /dj, ɡj, ɟj/, /sj, zj/, /wj, jw/ coalesce into /c/, /ɟ/, /ʃ, ʒ/, /j, w/.
*: MG ''twai'' /twja/ → late MG ''twai, cai, cwai'' /ca/ ("two")
*: MG ''wínsišk, wɛísišk'' /wje.siʃk/ → late MG ''wínsišk, wɛísišk'' /je.siʃk/ ("Macedonian Slav")

====From Middle Gothevian to Modern Gothevian====
* /h/ is completely lost.
* /c/, /ɟ/ affricate to /t͡ʃ/, /d͡ʒ/.
*: early mod. Gthv ''đíštry'' /ˈɟiʃt.rɨ/ → Gthv ''[[Contionary:đíštry|đíštry]]'' /ˈd͡ʒiʃt.rɨ/ ("tomorrow")
*: early mod. Gthv ''mécyry'' /ˈmje.cɨ.rɨ/ → early mod. Gthv ''mécyry'' /ˈmje.t͡ʃɨ.rɨ/ ("sword")
* /t͡ʃ/, /d͡ʒ/ de-affricate in unstressed and/or coda positions.
*: early mod. Gthv ''mécyry'' /ˈmje.t͡ʃɨ.rɨ/ → Gthv ''[[Contionary:mécyry|mécyry]]'' /ˈmje.ʃɨ.rɨ/ ("sword")
*: early mod. Gthv ''kácky'' /ˈkat͡ʃ.kɨ/ → Gthv ''[[Contionary:kácky|kácky]]'' /ˈkaʃ.kɨ/ ("spoon")
* /sc/, /ʃc/ develop into /st/, /ʃt/.
*: early mod. Gthv ''šcányn'' /ʃca.nɨn/ → Gthv ''[[Contionary:šcányn|šcányn]]'' /ʃta.nɨn/ ("to shine")
* /w/, /ɣ/ merge into /v/, except when within a consonant cluster, then they merge into /w/.
* Final fricatives devoice.

==Orthography==
Gothevian is written primarily in the '''Gothevian script'''. It is an [[w:alphabet|alphabet]] and at its core a variant of the Wulfilan [[w:Gothic alphabet|Gothic alphabet]], augmented by letters borrowed from the nearby [[w:Greek alphabet|Greek]] and [[w:Early Cyrillic alphabet|Cyrillic]] scripts. The modern Gothevian spelling convention is based on the reformed Central Gothevian literary norms, and as such the Modern Gothevian Script contains some archaic features, such as the vowel-modifying consonants ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|q, ƕ}}⟩ (q, ƕ), and ditched others, such as the obsolete letters ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|θ, ξ, ψ}}⟩ ([[w:theta|θ]], [[w:xi|ξ]], [[w:psi|ψ]]).

The modern Gothevian script contains 31 letters in common use. Most letters are mapped to a single phoneme, with a few others mapped onto more than one phoneme but in regular and predictable contexts.
<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Letter
! Translit.
! Name
! IPA
! Source
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|a}}
| a
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áfy}} (áfy)
| /a/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌰]] (a)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|b}}
| b
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|béty}} (béty)
| /b/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌱]] (b)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|g}}
| g
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gámy}} (gámy)
| /ɡ/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌲]] (g)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|d}}
| d
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|déty}} (déty)
| /d/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌳]] (d)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛ}}
| ɛ
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ècy}} (ɛ́cy)
| /e/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌴]] (ē)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|q}}
| q
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qèrsy}} (qɛ́rsy)
| /k/1
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌵]] (q)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ž}}
| ž
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|žéty}} (žéty)
| /ʒ/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌶]] (z)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|z}}
| z
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|zéty}} (zéty)
| /z/
| Cyrillic [[w:Ze (Cyrillic)|З]] (z)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|e}}
| e
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|éty}} (éty)
| /je/
| Greek [[w:Eta|Η]] (ē)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|đ}}
| đ
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|đèty}} (đɛ́ty)
| /d͡ʒ/, /ʒ/2
| see below
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|h}}
| h
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|hály}} (hály)
| /Ø/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌷]] (h)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}}
| s
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|séty}} (séty)
| /s/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌸]] (þ)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|i}}
| i
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|íöty}} (íöty)
| /i/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌹]] (i)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|k}}
| k
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|kápy}} (kápy)
| /k/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌺]] (k)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|l}}
| l
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|léty}} (léty)
| /l/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌻]] (l)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m}}
| m
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|mvɛ}} (mvɛ)
| /m/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌼]] (m)
|}
</div>
<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Letter
! Translit.
! Name
! IPA
! Source
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}}
| n
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nvɛ}} (nvɛ)
| /n/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌽]] (n)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|j}}
| j
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|éry}} (éry)
| /j/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌾]] (j)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɔ}}
| ɔ
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|òmy}} (ɔ́my)
| /o/
| Greek or Cyrillic [[w:Omicron|Ο]] (o)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|u}}
| u
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|úry}} (úry)
| /u/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌿]] (u)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|p}}
| p
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|pe}} (pe)
| /p/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐍀]] (p)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|r}}
| r
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ro}} (ro)
| /r/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐍂]] (r)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}
| š
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šíwmy}} (šíwmy)
| /ʃ/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐍃]] (s)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|t}}
| t
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|taw}} (taw)
| /t/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐍄]] (t)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|y}}
| y
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ýcy}} (ýcy)
| /ɨ/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐍅]] (w)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|v}}
| v
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vècy}} (vɛ́cy)
| /v~w/
| derived from {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|y}} (y)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|f}}
| f
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|fe}} (fe)
| /f/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐍆]] (f)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|x}}
| x
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|xe}} (xe)
| /x/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐍇]] (x)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕ}}
| ƕ
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕaíry}} (ƕaíry)
| /Ø/1
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐍈]] (ƕ)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|c}}
| c
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|cèty}} (cɛ́ty)
| /t͡ʃ/, /ʃ/2
| see below
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}}
| o
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ómy}} (ómy)
| /vo~wo/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐍉]] (ō)
|}
</div>
# Qɛ́rsy and ƕaíry are pronounced identically to kápy and hály respectively but alter the pronunciation of the following vowel ([[#Digraphs_and_Trigraphs|see below]]).
# Đɛ́ty and cɛ́ty are pronounced as /ʒ/ and /ʃ/ in unstressed and/or coda positions.
Apart from zéty ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|z}}⟩, éty ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|e}}), đɛ́ty ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|đ}}⟩, ɔ́my ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɔ}}⟩, and cɛ́ty ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|c}}⟩, all Gothevian letters can be directly traced to a Gothic-script source. The source of đɛ́ty and cɛ́ty specifically is a point of contention, as no unambigious source has been identified. The many theories include the following:
# Current mainstream theories argue for a [[w:Coptic_script|Coptic]] source for cɛ́ty, citing [[wikt:ϭ#Coptic|čima]] ⟨ϭ⟩ as the most likely candidate, followed by [[wikt:ϯ#Coptic|ti]] ⟨ϯ⟩. A Coptic source for đɛ́ty is more dubious, with the likeliest candidate, [[wikt:ϫ#Coptic|janjia]] ⟨ϫ⟩, bearing less of a resemblance than the candidates for cɛ́ty.
# Likewise, đɛ́ty is near-unanimously believed to be derived from a Cyrillic source, with most mainstream theories putting forward [[w:Tse (Cyrillic)|tse]] ⟨ц⟩ or [[w:Che (Cyrillic)|che]] ⟨ч⟩ as probable sources. Less supported theories instead propose [[w:Djerv|djerv]] ⟨ꙉ⟩ due to its alphabetical order being nearer to that of đɛ́ty. Djerv has also been proposed as a source for cɛ́ty as a more fringe position, alongside an adaptation of a [[wikt:yer|yer]] ⟨ь~ъ⟩.
# A popular yet unsupported theory proposes [[w:Gothic alphabet|Gothic]] [[wikt:𐍁|𐍁]] (90) based wholly on its similar form. This comes with a host of unexplained inconsistencies, such as its sudden shift in alphabetical and numeric order, and its missing usage as a numeral. Others point to [[wikt:𐍊|𐍊]] (900) as another Gothic source, but those are even less supported and outright rejected.
# Cɛ́ty is also sometimes argued to be a simplification of a ligature, such as ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|tj}}⟩ (tj), though this is not backed by historic manuscripts.
# An Armenian source can also be argued for, with letters such as [[w:Tsa (Armenian letter)|tsa]] ⟨ծ⟩ and [[w:Che (Armenian letter)|che]] ⟨ճ⟩ being put forward for cɛ́ty, and [[w:Cha (Armenian letter)|cha]] ⟨չ⟩ and [[w:Je (Armenian letter)|je]] ⟨ջ⟩ for đɛ́ty.
===Digraphs and letter combinations===
Additionally, Gothevian contains several letter combinations that have phonetic values different from those of their single components. These include vocalic digraphs from historic long vowels and consonants that modify certain vowels.

Vocalic diphthongs take the form ⟨'''{{abbtip|vowel - glide/approximant|VG}}'''⟩ and phonetically represent /'''{{abbtip|glide/approximant - vowel|GV}}'''/ sequences. Most of these formerly represented long vowels /Vː/ which had later broken up into their current forms.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Letter
! Translit.
! IPA
! IPA (hist.)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}
| ai
| /ja/
| /ɛː/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}}
| aw
| /va~wa/
| /ɔː/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛi}}
| ɛi
| /je/
| /iː/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iw}}
| iw
| /vɨ~wɨ/
| /iu̯/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ow}}
| ow
| ''deprecated''
| /uː/
|}

The letters qɛ́rsy ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|q}}⟩ and ƕaíry ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕ}}⟩ can also alter the pronunciation of certain vowels when directly preceding them. Qɛ́rsy and ƕaíry formerly represented labialized consonants /kʷ, ʍ/ and as such triggered the rounding of unrounded vowels, causing them to diverge from their unaffected counterparts.

<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Letter
! Translit.
! IPA
! IPA (hist.)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qa}}
| qa
| /kwa/
| /k(ʷ)ɔː/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qai}}
| qai
| /kwɨ/
| /k(ʷ)œː/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qɛ}}
| qɛ
| /kɨ/
| /k(ʷ)œ/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qɛi}}
| qɛi
| rowspan="2" | /kwe/
| /k(ʷ)yː/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qe}}
| qe
| /k(ʷ)øː/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qi}}
| qi
| /kɨ/
| /k(ʷ)y/
|}
</div>
<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Letter
! Translit.
! IPA
! IPA (hist.)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕa}}
| ƕa
| /va~wa/
| /h(ʷ)ɔː/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕai}}
| ƕai
| /vɨ~wɨ/
| /h(ʷ)œː/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɛ}}
| ƕɛ
| /ɨ/
| /h(ʷ)œ/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɛi}}
| ƕɛi
| rowspan="2" | /ve~we/
| /h(ʷ)yː/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕe}}
| ƕe
| /h(ʷ)øː/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕi}}
| ƕi
| /ɨ/
| /h(ʷ)y/
|}
</div>

===Obsolete letters===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Letter
! Translit.
! Name
! IPA
! Source
! Replaced by
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|θ}}
| θ
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|θéty}} (θéty)
| /t, s/
| Greek [[w:Theta|θ]] (th)
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|t}} (t), {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} (s)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ξ}}
| ξ
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ξe}} (ξe)
| /kʃ, ʃk, ks/
| Greek [[w:Xi|ξ]] (x)
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|kš}} (kš), {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šk}} (šk), {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ks}} (ks)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ψ}}
| ψ
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ψe}} (ψe)
| /pʃ, ʃp, ps/
| Greek [[w:Psi|ψ]] (ps)
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|pš}} (pš), {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šp}} (šp), {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ps}} (ps)
|}

===History===
By the time of the first standardization of the Gothevian script based on the [[w:Stobi|Štoven]] Dialect, influence from literary Greek had taken its course on vowel glyphs. {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛ}} would be remapped onto short ''e'', with ''ē'' becoming represented by {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|e}} taken from Greek [[w:eta|eta]] (η). A similar system came about for the mid-back vowels, using native {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}} for ''ō'', due to the perceived similarity of its written form to Greek [[w:omega|omega]] (ω), and Hellenic {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɔ}} for ''o''. Other long vowels would become disambiguated using the digraphs {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛi, ow, ai, aw,}} and rarely {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aa}} for ''ī, ū, ɛ̄, ɔ̄,'' and ''ā'' respectively. A monotonic system would also be adopted, with vowels in stressed syllables gaining an [[w:Acute accent|acute]] (◌́) and vowels in [[w:Vowel hiatus|hiatus]] gaining a [[w:Diaeresis (diacritic)|diaeresis]] (◌̈). {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|θ, ξ, ψ}} (th, ks, ps) would also begin their usage during this period.

...

==Grammar==
===Syntax===
The predominant word order in Gothevian is [[w:Subject–verb–object word order|subject–verb–object]] (SVO), but in practice, word order exhibits a high degree of flexibility without much ambiguity.
====General features====
Adjectives commonly precede the noun.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škázɛiny}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bóky}}''' — '''‘leather book’'''
They can however follow the noun when marked for emphasis.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ížy}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bóky}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škázɛiny}}''' — '''‘that ''leather'' book’'''
Although not present in the standard variety, a common feature of southern dialects is placing all adjectives ''after'' the noun.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bóky}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škázɛiny}}''' — '''‘leather book’'''
Possessors commonly follow the noun.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bóky}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|my}}''' — '''‘my book’'''
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bóky}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|zy}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Myxaílen}}''' — '''‘Mykhail’s book’'''
For pronominal emphasis however, a genitive phrase with a dative pronoun is used.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bókun}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|zy}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|min}}''' — '''‘the book of me’'''
Possessors are allowed to go before the noun for poetic license without any loss of meaning.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šcánijus}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}}-{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dáprun}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|uf}}''' — '''‘overshone, our bravery’'''
Subject pronouns are normally [[w:pro-drop language|dropped]], as they can be inferred from verbal endings.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šócija}}''' — '''‘I saw’'''
Though they can be included to emphasize the subject.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ci}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šócija}}''' — '''‘''I'' saw’'''
Verbs go before participles in compound tenses.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšynɔvis}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|túklivyn}}''' — '''‘he was arrested [reportedly]’'''
===Morphology===
Gothevian is a largely [[w:synthetic language|synthetic language]], in some aspects more so than others. However, it also heavily displays [[w:analytic language|analytic]] features. Nominal declension was heavily reduced, while verbal conjugation was expanded upon. Most of these innovations were due to the Balkan sprachbund, among them are:
* Lack of an infinitive. Contexts where English would use an infinitive are typically formed with either [[w:Finite verb|finite forms]] or participles.
* Innovation of a post-fixed declining article. The [[w:Gothic_declension#The_weak_declension|weak adjective declension]] was re-analyzed and spread to nouns via the old [[w:Gothic_declension#Weak_noun_declensions_(n-stems)|n-stem declensions]].
* Syncretism of the dative and genitive cases. Particles are used to form distinct dative and genitive constructions.
* reshaped and expanded compound tenses. The future and perfect tenses were reshaped to be more in line with those of their neighbors. A synthetic [[w:aorist|aorist]] was later analogically innovated, and analytic [[w:evidentiality|evidential forms]] later followed.
* Loss of synthetic comparative and superlative forms. The original method of deriving degrees of comparison using suffixation fell out of use in favor of analytic preposed markers.
===Nominals===
====Nouns====
Gothevian nouns decline for two cases ([[w:direct case|direct]], [[w:dative case|dative]]), three genders ([[w:Grammatical gender|masculine]], [[w:Grammatical gender|feminine]], [[w:Grammatical gender|neuter]]), two numbers ([[w:Grammatical number|singular]], [[w:Grammatical number|plural]]), and two states ([[w:definiteness|indefinite]], [[w:definiteness|definite]]). The original Gothic four cases in nouns synchronized into two cases (nominative-accusative → direct; dative-genitive → dative), and the six strong declensions levelled into three declension, largely correlating with the three genders. The weak declensions were re-analyzed as indicating definiteness and were subsequently joined with the indefinite strong declensions.
=====Masculine declension=====
This declension is completely made up of masculine nouns. It came about from a merger of nearly all of the Gothic strong declensions except for the [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-ō_declension|-ō declension]], which is the predecessor to the feminine declension.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:normal; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the masculine declension|MASC}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the feminine declension|FEM}} {{abbtip|endings that appear in both masculine and feminine declensions|BOTH}}'''
! colspan="4" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Contionary:šal|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šal}}]] (''šal'', "room")
! rowspan="5" |
! colspan="4" | [[Contionary:klaif|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|klaif}}]] (''klaif'', "bread")
! rowspan="5" |
! colspan="4" | [[Contionary:ško|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ško}}]] (''ško'', "shoe")
|-
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | singular
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | plural
! colspan="2" | singular
! colspan="2" | plural
! colspan="2" | singular
! colspan="2" | plural
|-
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | direct
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šal}} ''šal''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šál}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}} ''šályn''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šal}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''šalš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šál}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}} ''šálaš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|klaif}} ''klaif''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|klaív}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}} ''klaívyn''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|klaif}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''klaifš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|klaív}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}} ''klaívaš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ško}} ''ško''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škó}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ÿn}} ''škóÿn''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ško}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''škoš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škó}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äš}} ''škóäš''
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | dative
| style="color:#333333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šál}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''šályš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šál}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|e}} ''šále''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šál}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}} ''šálen''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|klaív}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''klaívyš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|klaív}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|e}} ''klaíve''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|klaív}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}} ''klaíven''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škó}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ÿš}} ''škóÿš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škó}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ë}} ''škóë''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škó}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ën}} ''škóën''
|}
=====Feminine declension=====
This declension is completely made up of feminine nouns. It evolved directly from the Gothic [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-ō_declension|-ō declension]]. As such, all feminine nouns that originally belonged to the -ō declension alongside later-derived nouns end with {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|-y}} (-y ← -a). All [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-ōn_declension|-ōn declension]] and [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-ein_declension|-ein declension]] nouns later transitioned into Gothevian feminine declension nouns, gaining the {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|-y}} (-y) ending as well. A small subset of feminine nouns however lacks the ending.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:normal; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the masculine declension|MASC}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the feminine declension|FEM}} {{abbtip|endings that appear in both masculine and feminine declensions|BOTH}}'''
! colspan="4" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Contionary:bóky|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bóky}}]] (''bóky'', "book")
! rowspan="5" |
! colspan="4" | [[Contionary:as|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|as}}]] (''as'', "age")
! rowspan="5" |
! colspan="4" | [[Contionary:do|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|do}}]] (''do'', "bird")
|-
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | singular
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | plural
! colspan="2" | singular
! colspan="2" | plural
! colspan="2" | singular
! colspan="2" | plural
|-
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | direct
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bóky}} ''bóky''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bók}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|un}} ''bókun''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bok}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''bokš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bók}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}} ''bókaš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|as}} ''as''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|un}} ''ázun''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''ázyš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}} ''ázaš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|do}} ''do''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dó}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ün}} ''dóün''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|do}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''doš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dó}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äš}} ''dóäš''
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | dative
| style="color:#333333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bók}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|uš}} ''bókuš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bók}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}} ''bóko''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bók}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}} ''bóken''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|uš}} ''ázuš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}} ''ázo''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}} ''ázen''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dó}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|üš}} ''dóüš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dó}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ö}} ''dóö''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dó}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ën}} ''dóën''
|}
======Anomalous feminine declension======
A closed class of feminine nouns declines according to the masculine declension instead of the feminine declension. This is the result of the Gothic [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-i_declension|-i declension]] and [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-jō_declension|-jō declension]] ultimately merging into the Gothevian masculine declension, with the feminine nouns of those declensions adopting the same endings.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:normal; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the masculine declension|MASC}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the feminine declension|FEM}} {{abbtip|endings that appear in both masculine and feminine declensions|BOTH}}'''
! colspan="4" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Contionary:qen|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qen}}]] (''qen'', "woman")
! rowspan="5" |
! colspan="4" | [[Contionary:šɛs|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šɛs}}]] (''šɛs'', "seed")
! rowspan="5" |
! colspan="4" | [[Contionary:škaft|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škaft}}]] (''škaft'', "animal")
|-
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | singular
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | plural
! colspan="2" | singular
! colspan="2" | plural
! colspan="2" | singular
! colspan="2" | plural
|-
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | direct
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qen}} ''qen''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qén}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}} ''qényn''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qen}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''qenš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qén}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}} ''qénaš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šɛs}} ''šɛs''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šèz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}} ''šɛ́zyn''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šèz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''šɛ́zyš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šèz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}} ''šɛ́zaš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škaft}} ''škaft''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škáft}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}} ''škáftyn''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škaft}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''škaftš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škáft}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}} ''škáftaš''
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | dative
| style="color:#333333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qén}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''qényš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qén}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|e}} ''qéne''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qén}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}} ''qénen''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šèz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''šɛ́zyš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šèz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|e}} ''šɛ́ze''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šèz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}} ''šɛ́zen''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škáft}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''škáftyš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škáft}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|e}} ''škáfte''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škáft}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}} ''škáften''
|}
=====Neuter declension=====
This declension is completely made up of neuter nouns. It evolved directly from the neuter [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-a_declension|-a declension]], [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-ja_declension|-ja declension]], and [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-u_declension|-u declension]]. It mirrors the masculine declension in the indefinite singular, but mirrors the feminine indefinite singular direct and plural dative in its indefinite plurals. It also mirrors the feminine declension in the definite singular.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:normal; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the masculine declension|MASC}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the feminine declension|FEM}} {{abbtip|endings that appear in both masculine and feminine declensions|BOTH}}'''
! colspan="4" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Contionary:hairt|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|hairt}}]] (''hairt'', "heart")
! rowspan="5" |
! colspan="4" | [[Contionary:biwš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|biwš}}]] (''biwš'', "beer")
! rowspan="5" |
! colspan="4" | [[Contionary:raš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|raš}}]] (''raš'', "house")
|-
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | singular
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | plural
! colspan="2" | singular
! colspan="2" | plural
! colspan="2" | singular
! colspan="2" | plural
|-
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | direct
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|hairt}} ''hairt''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|haírt}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|un}} ''haírtun''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|haírt}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|y}} ''haírty''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|haírt}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}} ''haírtaš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|biwš}} ''biwš''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bíwž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|un}} ''bíwžun''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=bíwž|klaif}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|y}} ''bíwžy''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bíwž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}} ''bíwžaš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|raš}} ''raš''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ráž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|un}} ''rážun''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ráž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|y}} ''rážy''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ráž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}} ''rážaš''
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | dative
| style="color:#333333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|haírt}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''haírtyš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|haírt}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}} ''haírto''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|haírt}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}} ''haírten''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bíwž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''bíwžyš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bíwž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}} ''bíwžo''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bíwž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}} ''bíwžen''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ráž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''rážyš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ráž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}} ''rážo''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ráž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}} ''rážen''
|}
====Adjectives====
====Pronouns====
=====Personal pronouns=====
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
! number
! colspan="2" | person
! nominative
! accusative (long)
! dative (long)
! acc./dat./poss. (short)
|-
! rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | singular
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | first
| [[Contionary:ci|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ci}}]] ''ci''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|mic}} ''mic''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|min}} ''min''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|my}} ''my''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | second
| [[Contionary:so|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|so}}]] ''so''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|suk}} ''suk''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|sun}} ''sun''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|sy}} ''sy''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | third
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | masculine
| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:ša|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ša}}]] ''ša''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šic}} ''šic''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šin}} ''šin''
| rowspan="3" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šy}} ''šy''
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | neuter
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | feminine
| colspan="2" | [[Contionary:šo|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šo}}]] ''šo''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šɛj}} ''šɛj''
|-
! rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | plural
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | first
| [[Contionary:ɛiš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛiš}}]] ''ɛiš''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|oš}} ''oš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}} ''o''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | second
| [[Contionary:oš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|oš}}]] ''oš''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛiš}} ''ɛiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛi}} ''ɛi''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | third
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | masculine
| colspan="4" | [[Contionary:šai|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šai}}]] ''šai''
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | neuter
| rowspan="2" colspan="3" | [[Contionary:šoš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šoš}}]] ''šoš''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šo}} ''šo''
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | feminine
|}
=====Demonstrative and relative pronouns=====
{| class="wikitable" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
|-
! number
! gender
! proximal (''this'')
! distal (''that'')
|-
! rowspan="3" | singular
! masculine
| rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" | [[Contionary:iš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iš}}]] ''iš''
| rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" | [[Contionary:ai|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}]] ''ai''
|- style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;"
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | neuter
|- style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;"
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | feminine
| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:ížy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ížy}}]] ''ížy''
| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:aíny|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíny}}]] ''aíny''
|-
! rowspan="3" | plural
! masculine
|- style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;"
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | neuter
| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:ížo|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ížo}}]] ''ížo''
| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:aíno|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíno}}]] ''aíno''
|-
! feminine
|}
=====Interrogative pronouns=====
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
! gender
! personal (''who'')
! possessive (''whose'')
! for quality (''what; what kind'')
! for quantity (''how much; how many'')
! for size (''how big'')
! for place/source (''where; from where'')
! for destination (''where to'')
! for manner (''why'')
! for manner (''how'')
! for time (''when'')
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | masculine
| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:ƕɔn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɔn}}]] ''ƕɔn''
| rowspan="3" | [[Contionary:ƕiš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕiš}}]] ''ƕiš''
| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:ƕɔr|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɔr}}]] ''ƕɔr''
| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:ƕaf|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕaf}}]] ''ƕaf''
| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:ƕel|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕel}}]] ''ƕel''
| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:ƕɔrs|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɔrs}}]] ''ƕɔrs''
| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:ƕɔrs|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɔt}}]] ''ƕɔt''
| rowspan="3" | [[Contionary:ƕe|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕe}}]] ''ƕe''
| rowspan="3" | [[Contionary:ƕɔm|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɔm}}]] ''ƕɔm''
| rowspan="3" | [[Contionary:ƕɔmán|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɔmán}}]] ''ƕɔmán''
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | neuter
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | feminine
| [[Contionary:ƕin|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕin}}]] ''ƕin''
| [[Contionary:ƕòry|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕòry}}]] ''ƕɔ́ry''
| [[Contionary:ƕávy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕávy}}]] ''ƕávy''
| [[Contionary:ƕély|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕély}}]] ''ƕély''
| [[Contionary:ƕòrzy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕòrzy}}]] ''ƕɔ́rzy''
| [[Contionary:ƕòty|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕòty}}]] ''ƕɔ́ty''
|}
=====Indefinite pronouns=====

===Prepositions and particles===
====Particles====
Gothevian employs the use of particles for various purposes.
=====Function particles=====
Function particles in Gothevian are grammaticalized particles that form multiword constructions, aiding with tenses and moods, and take on the uses of auxiliary verbs. Unlike discourse particles, they cannot be left out of a sentence. Below are some function particles.

'''[[Contionary:dy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dy}}]] (dy, "dative particle")''' — Placed before a noun to mark it as an [[wikt:indirect object|indirect object]] of a verb.
* {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gycáhiva}} '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|d'}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Ášto}}''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|cánty my}} — ‘I showed my bag '''to Ášty'''’
'''[[Contionary:zy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|zy}}]] (zy, "possessive/partitive particle")''' — Placed before a noun to express [[w:Possession (linguistics)|possession]], origin, or [[w:Partitive|partitivity]], or [[w:Compound (linguistics)|attributively]] in relation to the noun preceding it.
* {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iš i}} '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|katt}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|zy}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Somáë}}''' — ‘that is '''Somá’s cat'''’
'''[[Contionary:vy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vy}}]] (vy, "interrogative particle")''' — Placed after the main verb to form a [[w:Yes/no question|yes–no question]].
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dránnivɛš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vy}}''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vat?}} — ‘'''have you drunk''' water'''?'''’
'''[[Contionary:ny|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ny}}]] (ny, "negation particle")''' — Placed before a noun, verb, adjective, or another particle to [[w:Affirmation_and_negation#Negation|negate]] its meaning.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n'}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yrèš}}''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dɛ suk!}} — ‘'''I don’t like''' you!’
* {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|oš'ƕɔn qízɛis jy,}} '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ny}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šɛísyn}}'''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|?}} — ‘who's talking, '''the not-strong'''?’
'''[[Contionary:o|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}}]] (o, "vocative particle")''' — Placed before a noun to form a [[w:Vocative expression|vocative expression]].
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o'}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Ázlyfe}}'''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|! aš èly!}} — ‘'''O Ázlyf'''! Come here!’
'''[[Contionary:ɛísy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛísy}}]] (ɛísy, "optative particle")''' — Placed before a verb in the subjunctive to express wish, hope, or desire. Also placed before a verb in the indicative to express general want or desire.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛísy}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕaílaw}}''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dot Iwrópo}} — ‘'''I wish to travel''' around Europe’
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛísy}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕail}}''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dot Iwrópo}} — ‘'''I want to travel''' around Europe’
'''[[Contionary:ma|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ma}}]] (ma, "dynamic particle")''' — Placed before a verb in the indicative to express ability. Also placed before a verb in the subjunctive to express permission.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ma}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|kawš}}''' — ‘'''I can try'''’
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ma}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|káwšaw}}''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vy?}} — ‘'''may I try'''?’
'''[[Contionary:á|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}]] (á, "hortative particle")''' — Placed before a verb in the subjunctive to form a [[w:Hortative|hortative expression]].
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á-}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|žepaiš}}''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|, saíƕyniš mójivyn}} — ‘'''it'd be better if you sleep''', you look tired’
'''[[Contionary:daw|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|daw}}]] (daw, "affection particle")''' — Placed before a verb to express habitual enjoyment or affection.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|daw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šívɛis}}''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áđby}} '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|žóvvivny}}''' — ‘'''I heard she used to like to draw'''’
'''[[Contionary:sar|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|sar}}]] (sar, "jussive particle")''' — Placed before a verb in the indicative to express requirement, necessity, or urgency. Also placed before a verb in the subjunctive to express a more urgent or prioritized [[w:Hortative|hortative expression]].
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|sar}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vándɛiš}}'''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|!}} — ‘'''you have to leave'''!’
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|sar}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vándaiš}}''' — ‘'''you probably should leave'''’
'''[[Contionary:aw|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}}]] (aw, "desiderative particle")''' — Placed before a verb in the subjunctive to express desire towards the verb. Also placed before a verb in the indicative to express general want or desire.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m'ai búđaw}}''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|'aparátyn}} — ‘'''I would love to be able to buy''' the camera’
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|buđ}}''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|'aparátyn}} — ‘'''I want to buy''' the camera’

=====Discourse particles=====
Discourse particles in Gothevian are contextual, optional particles used to highlight the mood or the attitude of the speaker or to highlight the sentence's focus. These particles are mainly present in spoken, informal standard Gothevian or throughout its many dialects. In formal, written contexts, they are mostly seen as unprofessional. Below are some discourse particles.

'''[[Contionary:jy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jy}}]] (jy)''' — Used as a general intensifying particle.
* ...
'''[[Contionary:ɛi|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛi}}]] (ɛi)''' — Used to indicate that the utterance happened as a consequence to an earlier even or action.
* ...
'''[[Contionary:nušt|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nušt}}]] (nušt)''' — Used to indicate something is being offered to the listener.
* ...
'''[[Contionary:níjy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|níjy}}]] (níjy)''' — Used to intensify a negative or opposing utterance. Also used before nouns, adjectives, adverbs, or verbs for stronger negation.
* ...
'''[[Contionary:aš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}}]] (aš)''' — Used to intensify imperatives.
* ...
'''[[Contionary:dɛ|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dɛ}}]] (dɛ)''' — Used as indicate haste or urgency. Also used to indicate the speaker is in a state of haste, or in a state of anger or hatred towards the listener or a third party.
* ...
'''[[Contionary:mis|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|mis}}]] (mis)''' — Used to intensify adjectives and adverbs.
* ...
'''[[Contionary:hax|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|hax}}]] (hax)''' — Used as a indicate a sudden shift or deviation of topic.
* ...
'''[[Contionary:áđby|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áđby}}]] (áđby)''' — Used to indicate that the speaker has been ignorant of newly-provided information or fact.
* ...
'''[[Contionary:ɛx|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛx}}]] (ɛx)''' — Used to indicate dissatisfaction or disgust.
* ...
'''[[Contionary:óšy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|óšy}}]] (óšy)''' — Used to add a sense indeterminateness to interrogative pronouns or to add a sense greater indeterminateness to indefinite pronouns. Also used insultingly to add a sense of diminutivity.
* ...
'''[[Contionary:bɛ|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bɛ}}]] (bɛ)''' — Used to indicate frustration or anger.
* ...

=====Lexical particles=====

====Prepositions====

===Verbs===
Gothevian lost many of the complex verbal conjugations it inherited from [[w:Gothic verbs|Gothic]], such as [[w:Dual (grammatical number)|dual]] forms, the old passive conjugation, and [[w:Germanic strong verb|strong verb classes]]. Nevertheless, Gothevian verb conjugation is the most complex out of any surviving Germanic language, due to the acquisition of an [[w:aorist|aorist]], a new synthetic passive, and other analytic moods such as the [[w:Inferential mood|inferential]] and [[w:Conditional mood|conditional]] moods.
====Irregular stems====
Irregular verbs in Gothevian are verbs whose stems either slightly alter or completely change across the paradigm. These changes mostly occur across tense-aspect-mood forms, but two verbs (''to have, to be'') also alter their stems depending on person.

While most strong verbs would regularize by applying one form throughout the whole paradigm, some common verbs would retain reduced stem vowel alternation in their "past" (''imperfect and aorist'') conjugations. These verbs include {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ícyn}} (ícyn, "to eat") (past stem {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|éc-}}, éc-), {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qízyn}} (qízyn, "to talk") (past stem {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qòz-}}, qɔ́z-), {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qímyn}} (qímyn, "to come") (past stem {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qòm-}}, qɔ́m-), and {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ályn}} (ályn, "to grow") (past stem {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ól-}}, ól-).

Another source of irregular verbs are Gothic [[w:Gothic_verbs#Irregular_weak_verbs|weak irregular verbs]] that have also resisted full regularization. Instead, these verbs underwent partial regularization, by reforming the present stems with the consonantism of the past stem (which mostly would have followed a ''CV̄̆ht-'' pattern) and the vocalism of the present stem, thus in a way appearing to mimic the previous class of irregular verbs. These verbs include {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|sútyn}} (sútyn, "to seem") (past stem {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|sót-}}, sót-), {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bútyn}} (bútyn, "to buy") (past stem {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|báwt-}}, báwt-), and {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vòtyn}} (vɔ́tyn, "to make") (past stem {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vát-}}, vát-), alongside the verb {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|drítyn}} (drítyn, "to drink") (past stem {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|drɛít-}}, drɛít-).

The last category of irregular verbs, specifically the two verbs {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} (ain, "to have") and {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn}} (víšyn, "to be") use multiple different stems throughout their paradigm ({{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aí-, á-, aíc-}}; {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|v-, š-, ší-}}).
====Synthetic forms====
Approximately one third of verbal conjugations in Gothevian are synthetic, meaning they indicate grammatical information via [[w:Bound and free morphemes|bound affixation]] rather than by [[w:Bound and free morphemes|unbound morphemes]]. With the exception of participles and the aorist, synthetic forms all represent direct evolutions from old Gothic conjugations.
=====Participles=====
Gothevian verbs have five participles based on aspect and voice, declining for 2 gender categories (''masculine-neuter, feminine'').
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:left;"
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="5" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | [[Contionary:šócyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šócyn}}]] ''(šócyn, "to see")''
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! present active participle
! present passive participle
! imperfect active participle
! imperfect passive participle
! aorist participle
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | masculine (+ neuter)
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}} ''šócyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynyn}} ''šócynyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''šócis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|inɔs}} ''šócinɔs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivyn}} ''šócivyn''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | feminine
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ny}} ''šócny''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyny}} ''šócnyny''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''šócizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|inɔzy}} ''šócinɔzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivny}} ''šócivny''
|}
=====Present=====
The present tense is used for:
* Events happening in the present,
* Current states of being,
* Facts that are always true.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|+ Present Indicative
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|ACT}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|PASS}}'''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''
! rowspan="7" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gaf}} ''gaf''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}} ''gávyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}} ''ɛ́ö''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} ''ɛ́ön''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}} ''ai''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|av}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} ''avn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|im}} ''im''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ši}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} ''šin''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛiš}} ''gávɛiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yniš}} ''gávyniš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|êiš}} ''ɛ́öɛ̈iš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} ''ɛ́öniš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''aiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} ''avniš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iš}} ''iš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} ''šiniš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛis}} ''gávɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynis}} ''gávynis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|êis}} ''ɛ́öɛ̈is''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} ''ɛ́önis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} ''ais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} ''avnis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|i}} ''i''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} ''šinis''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ym}} ''gávym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynym}} ''gávynym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m}} ''ɛ́öm''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}} ''ɛ́önym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m}} ''aim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}} ''avnym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šam}} ''šam''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}} ''šinym''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''gávyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynyš}} ''gávynyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''ɛ́öš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} ''ɛ́önyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''ajš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} ''avnyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šu}} ''šu''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} ''šinyš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}} ''gávyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynyn}} ''gávynyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} ''ɛ́ön''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} ''ɛ́önyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} ''ain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} ''avnyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šan}} ''šan''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} ''šinyn''
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|+ Present Subjunctive
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|ACT}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|PASS}}'''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''
! rowspan="7" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} ''gávaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynaw}} ''gávynaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äw}} ''ɛ́öäw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}} ''ɛ́önaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} ''aícaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}} ''ávnaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} ''šaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}} ''šínaw''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} ''gávaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynaiš}} ''gávynaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äiš}} ''ɛ́öäiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} ''ɛ́önaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} ''aícaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} ''ávnaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} ''šaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} ''šínaiš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} ''gávais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynais}} ''gávynais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äis}} ''ɛ́öäis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} ''ɛ́önais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} ''aícais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} ''ávnais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} ''šais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} ''šínais''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}} ''gávaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynaim}} ''gávynaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äim}} ''ɛ́öäim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}} ''ɛ́önaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}} ''aícaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}} ''ávnaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}} ''šaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}} ''šínaim''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} ''gávawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynawš}} ''gávynawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äwš}} ''ɛ́öäwš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} ''ɛ́önawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} ''aícawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} ''ávnawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} ''šawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} ''šínawš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} ''gávain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynain}} ''gávynain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äin}} ''ɛ́öäin''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} ''ɛ́önain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} ''aícain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} ''ávnain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} ''šain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} ''šínain''
|}
=====Imperfect=====
The [[w:Imperfect|Imperfect]] fuses the [[w:Past tense|past tense]] (and marginally the present tense) with [[w:Imperfective aspect|imperfective aspect]] and is used for:
* Ongoing events that happened in the past,
* States of being in the past that still have some sort of effect in the present,
* Events or states of being that started in the past and are still ongoing in the present, if context is clear.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|+ Imperfect Indicative
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|ACT}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|PASS}}'''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''
! rowspan="7" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ija}} ''gávija''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔva}} ''gávynɔva''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïja}} ''ɛ́öïja''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔva}} ''ɛ́önɔva''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ja}} ''ája''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔva}} ''avnɔva''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vam}} ''vam''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ja}} ''šija''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ijɛš}} ''gávijɛš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvɛš}} ''gávynɔvɛš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïjɛš}} ''ɛ́öïjɛš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛš}} ''ɛ́önɔvɛš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jɛš}} ''ájɛš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛš}} ''avnɔvɛš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vam}} ''vaš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jɛš}} ''šijɛš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ijus}} ''gávijus''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvus}} ''gávynɔvus''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïjus}} ''ɛ́öïjus''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvus}} ''ɛ́önɔvus''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jus}} ''ájus''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvus}} ''avnɔvus''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vam}} ''vas''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jus}} ''šijus''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ijym}} ''gávijym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvym}} ''gávynɔvym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïjym}} ''ɛ́öïjym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvym}} ''ɛ́önɔvym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jym}} ''ájym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvym}} ''avnɔvym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vam}} ''éšym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jym}} ''šijym''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ijyš}} ''gávijyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvyš}} ''gávynɔvyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïjyš}} ''ɛ́öïjyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvyš}} ''ɛ́önɔvyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jyš}} ''ájyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvyš}} ''avnɔvyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vam}} ''éšyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jyš}} ''šijyš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ijyn}} ''gávijyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvyn}} ''gávynɔvyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïjyn}} ''ɛ́öïjyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvyn}} ''ɛ́önɔvyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jyn}} ''ájyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvyn}} ''avnɔvyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vam}} ''éšyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jyn}} ''šijyn''
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|+ Imperfect Subjunctive
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|ACT}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|PASS}}'''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''
! rowspan="7" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ija}} ''gávija''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvaw}} ''gávynɔvaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïja}} ''ɛ́öïja''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvaw}} ''ɛ́önɔvaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ija}} ''aícija''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvaw}} ''avnɔvaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|íja}} ''šíja''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvaw}} ''šinɔvaw''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iêiš}} ''gáviɛ̈iš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvɛiš}} ''gávynɔvɛiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïêiš}} ''ɛ́öïɛ̈iš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛiš}} ''ɛ́önɔvɛiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iêiš}} ''aíciɛ̈iš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛiš}} ''avnɔvɛiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|íêiš}} ''šíɛ̈iš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛiš}} ''šinɔvɛiš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iêis}} ''gáviɛ̈is''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvis}} ''gávynɔvis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïêis}} ''ɛ́öïɛ̈is''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvis}} ''ɛ́önɔvis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iêis}} ''aíciɛ̈is''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvis}} ''avnɔvis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|íêis}} ''šíɛ̈is''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvis}} ''šinɔvis''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iêim}} ''gáviɛ̈im''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvɛim}} ''gávynɔvɛim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïêim}} ''ɛ́öïɛ̈im''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛim}} ''ɛ́önɔvɛim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iêim}} ''aíciɛ̈im''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛim}} ''avnɔvɛim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|íêim}} ''šíɛ̈im''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛim}} ''šinɔvɛim''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iöš}} ''gáviöš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvoš}} ''gávynɔvoš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïöš}} ''ɛ́öïöš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvoš}} ''ɛ́önɔvoš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iöš}} ''aíciöš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvoš}} ''avnɔvoš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|íöš}} ''šíöš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvoš}} ''šinɔvoš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iêin}} ''gáviɛ̈in''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvɛin}} ''gávynɔvɛin''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïêin}} ''ɛ́öïɛ̈in''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛin}} ''ɛ́önɔvɛin''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iêin}} ''aíciɛ̈in''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛin}} ''avnɔvɛin''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|íêin}} ''šíɛ̈in''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛin}} ''šinɔvɛin''
|}

=====Aorist=====
The [[w:Aorist|Aorist]] differs from the imperfect in that is expresses the [[w:perfective aspect|perfective aspect]]. It is used for:
* Event that began and ended in the past, viewed as a single whole rather than a process,
* States of being in the past that do not have any effect in the present,
* Events or states of being that are fully contained within a certain timeframe, such as when storytelling.

The Gothevian aorist has no passive forms. Instead, imperfect or perfect passives may be used.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|+ Aorist Indicative
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|ACT}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|PASS}}'''
! [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''
! [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''
! rowspan="7" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
! [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''
! [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iva}} ''gáviva''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïva}} ''ɛ́öïva''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|va}} ''áva''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|íva}} ''šíva''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivɛš}} ''gávivɛš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvɛš}} ''ɛ́öïvɛš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛš}} ''ávɛš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívɛš}} ''šívɛš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivus}} ''gávivus''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvus}} ''ɛ́öïvus''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vus}} ''ávus''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívus}} ''šívus''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivym}} ''gávivym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvym}} ''ɛ́öïvym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vym}} ''ávym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívym}} ''šívym''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivyš}} ''gávivyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvyš}} ''ɛ́öïvyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vyš}} ''ávyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívyš}} ''šívyš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivyn}} ''gávivyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvyn}} ''ɛ́öïvyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vyn}} ''ávyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívyn}} ''šívyn''
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|+ Aorist Subjunctive
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|ACT}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|PASS}}'''
! [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''
! [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''
! rowspan="7" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
! [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''
! [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivaw}} ''gávivaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvaw}} ''ɛ́öïvaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivaw}} ''aícivaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívaw}} ''šívaw''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivɛiš}} ''gávivɛiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvɛiš}} ''ɛ́öïvɛiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivɛiš}} ''aícivɛiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívɛiš}} ''šívɛiš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivɛis}} ''gávivɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvɛis}} ''ɛ́öïvɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivɛis}} ''aícivɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívɛis}} ''šívɛis''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivɛim}} ''gávivɛim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvɛim}} ''ɛ́öïvɛim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivɛim}} ''aícivɛim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívɛim}} ''šívɛim''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivoš}} ''gávivoš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvoš}} ''ɛ́öïvoš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivoš}} ''aícivoš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívoš}} ''šívoš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivɛin}} ''gávivɛin''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvɛin}} ''ɛ́öïvɛin''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivɛin}} ''aícivɛin''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívɛin}} ''šívɛin''
|}

====Analytic forms====
The other two thirds of verbal conjugations in Gothevian are analytic, meaning they are contructed via [[w:Bound and free morphemes|unbound particles]] accompanying the main verb.
=====Future=====
The future tense is used for events or states of being occurring in the future. It is formed by adding the particle [[Contionary:šta|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}]] (šta) directly before the simple present form of a verb.

In less formal speech or writing, {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} may contract to {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|št'}} (št'). This is especially prevalent if the main verb begins with a vowel ({{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta èö}} → {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|št'èö}}).
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|+ Future Indicative
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|ACT}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|PASS}}'''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''
! rowspan="7" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gaf}} ''šta gaf''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}} ''šta gávyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}} ''šta ɛ́ö''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} ''šta ɛ́ön''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}} ''šta ai''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|av}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} ''šta avn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|im}} ''šta im''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ši}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} ''šta šin''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛiš}} ''šta gávɛiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yniš}} ''šta gávyniš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|êiš}} ''šta ɛ́öɛ̈iš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} ''šta ɛ́öniš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''šta aiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} ''šta avniš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iš}} ''šta iš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} ''šta šiniš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛis}} ''šta gávɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynis}} ''šta gávynis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|êis}} ''šta ɛ́öɛ̈is''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} ''šta ɛ́önis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} ''šta ais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} ''šta avnis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|i}} ''šta i''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} ''šta šinis''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ym}} ''šta gávym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynym}} ''šta gávynym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m}} ''šta ɛ́öm''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}} ''šta ɛ́önym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m}} ''šta aim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}} ''šta avnym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šam}} ''šta šam''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}} ''šta šinym''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''šta gávyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynyš}} ''šta gávynyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''šta ɛ́öš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} ''šta ɛ́önyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''šta ajš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} ''šta avnyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šu}} ''šta šu''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} ''šta šinyš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}} ''šta gávyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynyn}} ''šta gávynyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} ''šta ɛ́ön''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} ''šta ɛ́önyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} ''šta ain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} ''šta avnyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šan}} ''šta šan''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} ''šta šinyn''
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|+ Future Subjunctive
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|ACT}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|PASS}}'''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''
! rowspan="7" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} ''šta gávaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynaw}} ''šta gávynaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äw}} ''šta ɛ́öäw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}} ''šta ɛ́önaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} ''šta aícaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}} ''šta ávnaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} ''šta šaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}} ''šta šínaw''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} ''šta gávaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynaiš}} ''šta gávynaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äiš}} ''šta ɛ́öäiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} ''šta ɛ́önaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} ''šta aícaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} ''šta ávnaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} ''šta šaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} ''šta šínaiš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} ''šta gávais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynais}} ''šta gávynais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äis}} ''šta ɛ́öäis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} ''šta ɛ́önais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} ''šta aícais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} ''šta ávnais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} ''šta šais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} ''šta šínais''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}} ''šta gávaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynaim}} ''šta gávynaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äim}} ''šta ɛ́öäim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}} ''šta ɛ́önaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}} ''šta aícaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}} ''šta ávnaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}} ''šta šaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}} ''šta šínaim''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} ''šta gávawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynawš}} ''šta gávynawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äwš}} ''šta ɛ́öäwš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} ''šta ɛ́önawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} ''šta aícawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} ''šta ávnawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} ''šta šawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} ''šta šínawš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} ''šta gávain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynain}} ''šta gávynain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äin}} ''šta ɛ́öäin''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} ''šta ɛ́önain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} ''šta aícain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} ''šta ávnain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} ''šta šain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} ''šta šínain''
|}
=====Present Perfect=====
The present perfect tense is used for events or states of being occurring wholly in the past, viewed as a single whole, with a lasting effect on the present state. It also refers to a past event that happened fully before another event in the present. It is formed by using the simple present tense of [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}}]] (ain, "to have") alongside the imperfect active participle of the main verb. Both active and passive constructions use the imperfect active participle, with the voice distinction being codified into the auxiliary's conjugation.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|+ Present Perfect Indicative
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|ACT}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|PASS}}'''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''
! rowspan="12" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''
|-
! rowspan="5" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ai gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|av}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''avn gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ai ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|av}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''avn ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ai ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|av}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''avn ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ai vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|av}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''avn vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person masculine/neuter
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''aiš gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávniš gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''aiš ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávniš ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aiš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávniš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aiš vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávniš vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person feminine
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''aiš gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''ávniš gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''aiš ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''ávniš ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aiš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávniš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aiš vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávniš vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person masculine/neuter
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ais gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávnis gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ais ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávnis ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ais ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnis ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ais vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnis vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person feminine
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''ais gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''ávnis gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''ais ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''ávnis ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ais ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnis ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ais vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnis vɛis''
|-
! rowspan="5" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''aim gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávnym gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''aim ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávnym ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aim ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnym ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aim vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnym vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person masculine/neuter
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''aiš gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávnyš gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''aiš ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávnyš ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aiš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnyš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aiš vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnyš vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person feminine
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''aiš gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''ávnyš gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''aiš ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''ávnyš ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aiš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnyš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aiš vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnyš vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person masculine/neuter
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ain gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávnyn gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ain ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávnyn ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ain ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnyn ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ain vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnyn vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person feminine
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''ain gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''ávnyn gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''ain ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''ávnyn ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ain ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnyn ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ain vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnyn vɛis''
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|+ Present Perfect Subjunctive
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|ACT}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|PASS}}'''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''
! rowspan="12" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''
|-
! rowspan="5" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''aícaw gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávnaw gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''aícaw ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávnaw ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aícaw ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnaw ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aícaw vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnaw vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person masculine/neuter
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''aícaiš gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávnaiš gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''aícaiš ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávnaiš ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aícaiš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnaiš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aícaiš vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnaiš vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person feminine
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''aícaiš gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''ávnaiš gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''aícaiš ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''ávnaiš ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aícaiš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnaiš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aícaiš vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnaiš vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person masculine/neuter
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''aícais gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávnais gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''aícais ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávnais ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aícais ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnais ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aícais vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnais vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person feminine
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''aícais gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''ávnais gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''aícais ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''ávnais ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aícais ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnais ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aícais vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnais vɛis''
|-
! rowspan="5" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''aícaim gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávnaim gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''aícaim ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávnaim ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aícaim ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnaim ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aícaim vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnaim vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person masculine/neuter
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''aícawš gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávnawš gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''aícawš ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávnawš ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aícawš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnawš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aícawš vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnawš vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person feminine
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''aícawš gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''ávnawš gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''aícawš ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''ávnawš ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aícawš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnawš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aícawš vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnawš vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person masculine/neuter
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''aícain gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávnain gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''aícain ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávnain ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aícain ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnain ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aícain vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnain vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person feminine
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''aícain gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''ávnain gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''aícain ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''ávnain ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aícain ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnain ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aícain vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnain vɛis''
|}
=====Past Perfect=====
=====Future Perfect=====
====Inferential====

==Vocabulary==
===Phrasebook===
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! colspan="3" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | Greetings
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! Gothevian
! English
! Usage notes
|-
| [[Contionary:vɛl qòmivyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛl qòmivyn/qòmivny}}]] (vɛl qɔ́mivyn/qɔ́mivny)
| welcome
| style="font-style:italic;" | must agree in gender
|-
| [[Contionary:vèly mòvvy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vèly mòvvy}}]] (vɛ́ly mɔ́vvy)
| good morning
| rowspan="4" style="font-style:italic;" | fairly formal in usage
|-
| [[Contionary:vɛl lix|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛl lix/yslíx}}]] (vɛl lix/yslíx)
| good evening
|-
| [[Contionary:vɛl daf|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛl daf}}]] (vɛl daf)
| good day
|-
| [[Contionary:yn aršóc|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn aršóc}}]] (yn aršóc)
| farewell, goodbye
|-
| [[Contionary:hail sy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|hail sy/ɛi}}]] (hail sy/ɛi)
| rowspan="2" | hello
| rowspan="2" style="font-style:italic;" | must agree in formality, formal-leaning
|-
| [[Contionary:đan sy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|đan sy/ɛi}}]] (đan sy/ɛi)
|-
| [[Contionary:hail|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|hai(l)}}]] (hai(l))
| rowspan="2" | hello, hi
| rowspan="2" style="font-style:italic;" | casual, forms without the final consonant are very informal
|-
| [[Contionary:đan|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|đa(n)}}]] (đa(n))
|-
| [[Contionary:álɔ|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|álɔ}}]] (álɔ)
| hello
| style="font-style:italic;" | used when answering the (tele)phone
|-
| [[Contionary:cáü|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|cáü}}]] (cáü)
| goodbye
| style="font-style:italic;" | fairly casual in usage
|-
| [[Contionary:cy-cáü|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|cy-cáü}}]] (cy-cáü)
| bye
| style="font-style:italic;" | very informal in usage
|}
===Numerals===
===Swadesh list===
===Colors===
===Units of time===
====Times of day====
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! colspan="8" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|mélaš zy dávyn}} (''mélaš zy dávyn'')
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[File:Gothevian Flag.png|24px|frameless]]
| [[Contionary:natt|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|natt}}]] ''natt''
| [[Contionary:óttvy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|óttvy}}]] ''óttvy''
| [[Contionary:mòvvy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|mòvvy}}]] ''mɔ́vvy''
| [[Contionary:pland|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|pland}}]] ''pland''
| [[Contionary:ysmáty|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ysmáty}}]] ''ysmáty''
| [[Contionary:lix|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|lix}}]] ''lix''
| [[Contionary:yslíx|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yslíx}}]] ''yslíx''
|-
! colspan="8" style="font-weight:bold;" |
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[File:Flag of the United Kingdom (1-2).svg|24px|frameless]]
| ''night''
| ''dawn''
| ''morning''
| ''noon''
| ''afternoon''
| ''dusk''
| ''evening''
|}
====Weekdays====
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! colspan="8" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vícɛinaš dávaš}} (''vícɛinaš dávaš'')
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[File:Gothevian Flag.png|24px|frameless]]
| [[Contionary:Lúndy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Lúndy}}]] ''Lúndy''
| [[Contionary:Márty|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Márty}}]] ''Márty''
| [[Contionary:Mɛrkòdy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Mɛrkòdy}}]] ''Mɛrkɔ́dy''
| [[Contionary:Đvódy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Đvódy}}]] ''Đvódy''
| [[Contionary:Vɛnèrdy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Vɛnèrdy}}]] ''Vɛnɛ́rdy''
| [[Contionary:Šambáty|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Šambáty}}]] ''Šambáty''
| [[Contionary:Rèišty|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Rèišty}}]] ''Rɛ́išty''
|-
! colspan="8" style="font-weight:bold;" |
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[File:Flag of the United Kingdom (1-2).svg|24px|frameless]]
| ''Monday''
| ''Tuesday''
| ''Wednesday''
| ''Thursday''
| ''Friday''
| ''Saturday''
| ''Sunday''
|}
====Months====
====Seasons====

==Sample texts==
===''The Cold Winter is Near''===
{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! [[File:Gothevian Flag.png|24px|frameless]] Gothevian
!
! [[File:Flag of the United Kingdom (1-2).svg|24px|frameless]] English
|-
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Kádun žímun i nƕe, rytúny šta qímɛis.}} ''(Kádun žímun i nƕe, rytúny šta qímɛis.)''
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | The cold winter is near, a blizzard will come. 
|-
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Á-ɛl' ɛi nušt ínyn žèškyš rážyš my, o játɛl.}} ''(Á-ɛl' ɛi nušt ínyn žɛ́škyš rážyš my, o játɛl.)''
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | Come in my warm house, o' friend. 
|-
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Vɛl qòm'vyn! D'hírɛi, šívvɛi i tánsɛi aš, ícɛi i drítɛi!}} ''(Vɛl qɔ́m'vyn! D'hírɛi, šívvɛi i tánsɛi aš, ícɛi i drítɛi!)''
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | Welcome! Come here, sing and dance, eat and drink! 
|-
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Iš i plan my.}} ''(Iš i plan my.)''
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | That is my plan. 
|-
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Aim nušt vat, biwš, i niw milk yf qáwyn.}} ''(Aim nušt vat, biwš, i niw milk yf qáwyn.)''
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | We have water, beer, and fresh milk from the cow. 
|-
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Ax, i žèšky còbry!}} ''(Ax, i žɛ́šky cɔ́bry!)''
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | Oh, and warm soup! 
|}

===''The North Wind and the Sun''===
{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! [[File:Gothevian Flag.png|24px|frameless]] Gothevian
!
! [[File:Flag of the United Kingdom (1-2).svg|24px|frameless]] English
|-
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Nòsryn i Šáwjlun ynšókynɔvyn ƕɔn zy cèđaš vas iw-šés, jaj raízar sɛrqímijus, bynsènđivyn ínyn žèškuš paízuš.}} ''(Nɔ́sryn i Šáwjlun ynšókynɔvyn ƕɔn zy cɛ́đaš vas iw-šés, jaj raízar sɛrqímijus, bynsɛ́nđivyn ínyn žɛ́škuš paízuš.)''
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | The North Wind and the Sun were disputing who of the two was stronger, when a traveler came along, wrapped around in a warm cloak. 
|-
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Ynjánynɔvyn, ƕònuviš ma i byvándivyn raízaryn iš unšácais paízy šy, sar šta gydómynis ɛi iw-šés aj ásyryn.}} ''(Ynjánynɔvyn, ƕɔ́nuviš ma i byvándivyn raízaryn iš unšácais paízy šy, sar šta gydómynis ɛi iw-šés aj ásyryn.)''
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | They agreed, that whoever can force the traveler, so that he takes off his cloak, will then have to be deemed stronger than the other. 
|-
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Nòsryn èöïjus san saf m'ájus, úžyf dy sávyš èöïjus, maížyš raízaryn házijus iw-bí paízy šy byn šɛ, i dygávijus ástumy.}} ''(Nɔ́sryn ɛ́öïjus san saf m'ájus, úžyf dy sávyš ɛ́öïjus, maížyš raízaryn házijus iw-bí paízy šy byn šɛ, i dygávijus ástumy.)''
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | The North Wind then blew as hard as he could, but the more he blew, the more closely did the traveler hold his cloak around himself, and at last he gave up. 
|-
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Šáwjlun šcánijus san žèšky, i raízaryn unšácijus tríggy paízy šy.}} ''(Šáwjlun šcánijus san žɛ́šky, i raízaryn unšácijus tríggy paízy šy.)''
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | The Sun then shone warmly, and the traveler immediately took off his cloak. 
|-
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Nòsryn sar ynèhaitijus ɛi, iš Šáwjlun vas iw-šézun.}} ''(Nɔ́sryn sar ynɛ́haitijus ɛi, iš Šáwjlun vas iw-šézun.)''
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | The North Wind was then obliged to confess that the Sun was the stronger [of the two]. 
|}

==See also==

Gothevian

2026-01-26T15:56:33Z

Vrianne: /* Vocabulary */

[[Category: Indo-European_languages]][[Category: Germanic languages]][[Category: East Germanic languages]][[Category: Languages]][[Category: Conlangs]][[Category: A_posteriori]][[Category:Gothevian]]
{{private}}
{{Infobox language
|image = Gothevian Flag.png
|imagesize = 185px
|imagecaption = Flag of the Republic of Gothevia
|name = Gothevian
|nativename = {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gušk}}
|pronunciation = ɡuʃk
|states = Gothevia
|setting = Earth
|created = 2024
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam2 = [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic]]
|fam3 = [[w:East Germanic languages|East Germanic]]
|fam4 = [[w:Gothic language|Gothic]]
|creator = User:Vrianne
|stand1 = Standard Central Gothevian
|dia1 = Central dialects
|dia2 = Eastern dialects
|dia3 = Southern Dialects
|dia4 = Northern dialects
|dia5 = Western Dialects
|dia6 = Pyre Dialects
|script1 = Gthv
|nation = Gothevia
|minority = [[w:Bulgaria|Bulgaria]], [[w:Greece|Greece]], [[w:Serbia|Serbia]]
|agency = Institute for the Gothevian Language
|map = Gothevian Speaker map.png
|mapsize = 280px
|mapcaption = Map of areas where Gothevian is spoken
{{legend|#0080FE|...as a majority language}}
{{legend|#88C4FE|...as a minority language}}
|notice = IPA
|ethnicity = Gothevian
|ancestor = [[w:Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]]
|ancestor2 = [[w:Proto-Germanic language|Proto-Germanic]]
|ancestor3 = [[w:Gothic language|Gothic]]
|ancestor4 = Old Gothevian
|ancestor5 = Middle Gothevian
}}
{{Contains Gothevian}}
'''Gothevian''' ('''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gušk}}''', '''''gušk''''' [ɡuʃk], formally '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|róždun gúškun}}''', '''''róždun gúškun''''' [ˈrwɤ̞ʒdun ˈɡuʃkun]) is an [[w:East Germanic languages|East Germanic]] language descendant from [[w:Gothic language|Gothic]] or a language mutually intelligible with it. Its speakers mainly reside within the borders of [[Gothevia]], though there exist significant Gothevian-speaking communities in [[w:Bulgaria|Bulgaria]], [[w:Greece|Greece]], and [[w:Serbia|Serbia]]. it is the only surviving member of the East Germanic branch of the [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic languages]], though with being a member of [[w:Balkan sprachbund|Balkan sprachbund]], it has evolved to be quite distinct in some aspects of its structure compared to other Germanic languages, with features such as [[w:evidentiality|evidentiality]] and the eradication of the [[w:Germanic strong verb|Germanic strong verb]].

Old Gothevian shares most of its features with [[w:Ulfilas|Wulfilan]] Gothic, likely being descendent from dialects mutually intelligible with it. It was written in a descendant of the [[w:Gothic alphabet|Gothic script]], which modern Gothevian still uses. Gothevian, however, would begin to diverge from Wulfilan Gothic, with the biggest drivers being the [[w:Balkan sprachbund|Balkan sprachbund]] and [[w:Old Church Slavonic|Slavonic]] and [[w:Greek language|Greek]] [[w:Stratum_(linguistics)#Superstratum|superstrata]].
==Classification==
Gothevian is an [[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European language]] that belongs to the [[w:East Germanic languages|East Germanic]] branch of the [[:Germanic languages|Germanic languages]]. It is the only surviving member of the East Germanic languages, with its closest living relatives being from other Branches of Germanic, such as [[w:Dutch language|Dutch]], [[w:English language|English]], [[w:German language|German]], and [[w:Icelandic language|Icelandic]]. Within the East Germanic branch, its closest relative is [[w:Gothic language|Gothic]], followed by other East Germanic languages such as [[w:Vandalic language|Vandalic]], [[w:Burgundians#Language|Burgundian]], and likely [[w:Crimean Gothic|Crimean Gothic]].

Due to being located within the core [[w:Balkans|Balkan region]], it has features that set it apart from other Germanic languages. Such features include post-fixed articles, syncretism of locative and directional expressions, a future-tense particle, an inferential mood, among others. Gothevian was also under [[w:Greek language|Greek]] and [[w:South Slavic languages|Slavic]] language influence for most of its history. This influence came with many lexical borrowings, but also several grammatical influences, such as the retention of a synthetic [[w:Modern_Greek_grammar#Grammatical_voice|passive voice]] and creation of a synthetic [[w:aorist|aorist]].
==History==
The history of Gothevian can be divided into several periods.
* '''The Migratory period''' (6th-8th century)...
* '''Old Gothevian''' (9th–12th century)...
* '''Middle Gothevian''' (13th–16th century)...
* '''Modern Gothevian''' (17th century–present)...

==Etymology==
The exonym "Gothevian" is a [[w:Medieval Latin|Latinized borrowing]] of the [[w:Koine Greek|Koine Greek]] term "Γότθευικος" (Góttheuikos), itself a variant of older "Γότθευδικος" (Góttheudikos), a borrowing from "𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃" (gutþiudisks), from "[[wikt:𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰|𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰]]" (gutþiuda) + "[[wikt:-𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃|-𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃]]" (-isks), thus meaning "of the Goths". The endonym {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gušk}} (gušk) is a cognate of the Latin exonym, being a simplification of earlier {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gútsišk}} (gútsišk), from Old Gothevian {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gútsiudišk}} (gutþiudisk).

==Phonology==
===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! style="vertical-align:middle;" |
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[w:Front vowel|Front]]
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[w:Central vowel|Central]]
! [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|- style="vertical-align:middle;"
! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]]
| rowspan="2" | [[w:Close central unrounded vowel|ɨ]]~[[w:Mid central vowel|ə]]~[[w:Near-open central vowel|ɐ]]
| [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]]
|- style="vertical-align:middle;"
! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:mid vowel|Mid]]
| [[w:Mid front unrounded vowel|e]]
| [[w:Mid front unrounded vowel|o]]
|- style="vertical-align:middle;"
! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
|
| [[w:Open central unrounded vowel|a]]
|
|}
* Gothevian lacks a phonemic length distinction, but vowels in stressed syllables may allophonically be slightly lengthened.
* Mid vowels /e, o/ are mostly [[w:mid vowel|true-mid]] [e̞, o̞]. They may be allophonically pronounced closer to open-mid [e, o] in the vicinity of open vowels /i, u/, or closer to open-mid [ɛ, ɔ] in the vicinity of central vowels /a, ɨ/.
* /o/ consistently unrounds to [ɤ̞] when near [w]. This behavior rarely applies to /u/ however.
* The open vowel /a/ is [[w:Central vowel|true-central]] [ä].
* The non-open central vowel (notated here on out as /ɨ/) takes on a couple of realizations. In stressed positions it is commonly [ɨ]. In unstressed positions it is either also [ɨ], [ə], or, particularly in eastern and far-western dialects, [ɐ].

===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! colspan="2" |
! [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
! colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
| [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar nasals|n]]
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]
| [[w:Voiceless bilabial plosive|p]]
| [[w:Voiceless dental and alveolar plosives|t]]
| [[w:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|t͡ʃ]]
| [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|k]]
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:voicing (phonetics)|voiced]]
| [[w:Voiced bilabial plosive|b]]
| [[w:Voiced dental and alveolar plosives|d]]
| [[w:Voiced postalveolar affricate|d͡ʒ]]
| [[w:Voiced velar plosive|ɡ]]
|-
! rowspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]
| [[w:Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]]
| [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]]
| [[w:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]]
| [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|x]]
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:voicing (phonetics)|voiced]]
| [[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]~[[w:Voiced labiodental approximant|ʋ]]
| [[w:Voiced alveolar fricative|z]]
| [[w:Voiced postalveolar fricative|ʒ]]
|
|-
! colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
| [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills|r]]
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|
| [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants|l]]
| [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]
| ([[w:Voiced labial–velar approximant|w]])
|}
* /p, t, k/ are unaspirated [p, t, k].
* /s, z/ are denti-alveolar [s̟, z̟].
* /v/ may be a true fricative [v] or an approximant [ʋ].
* /r/ may be pronounced as either a trill [r] or a tap [ɾ]. The trilled pronunciation is commonplace when it is followed by a glide, such as in ⟨[[Contionary:róždy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|róždy}}]]⟩ [ˈ'''r'''wɤ̞ʒdə ~ ˈ'''r'''ʷɤ̞ʒdə].
* In eastern dialects, /l/ is velarized [ɫ].
* Consonant-Glide clusters /Cj, Cw/ may coalesce into a palatalized/labialized consonant /Cʲ, Cʷ/.
* [w] is an allophone of /v/ when directly preceded or followed by a consonant. Compare ⟨[[Contionary:oš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|oš}}]]⟩ ['''v'''o̞ʃ] and ⟨[[Contionary:šoš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šoš}}]]⟩ [ʃ'''w'''ɤ̞ʃ ~ ʃ'''ʷ'''ɤ̞ʃ].

===Stress===
===Historical evolution===
====From Classical Gothic to Pre-Gothevian====
* /ɸ/ shifts to /θ/ before a coronal consonant.
*: Got. {{l|got|flōdus}} /ˈfloː.ðus/ → P-G ''þlṓdus ~ þlōþs'' /ˈθloː.ðus ~ θloːθs/ ("river")
*: Got. {{l|got|*lifnan}} /ˈlif.nan/ → P-G ''*líþnan'' /ˈliθ.nan/ ("to leave")
*: Got. {{l|got|afta}} /ˈaɸ.ta/ → P-G ''*áþta'' /ˈaθ.ta/ ("behind")
* /h/, /w/ fortify into /k/, /p/ before /l/, /r/.
*: Got. {{l|got|wlits}} /wlits/ → P-G ''plits'' /plits/ ("face")
*: Got. {{l|got|hrōþs}} /hroːθs/ → P-G ''krōþs'' /kroːθs/ ("glory")
* /β/ merges into /w/ intervocalically.
*: Got. {{l|got|gabei}} /ˈɡa.βiː/ → P-G ''gáwɛi(n)'' /ˈɡa.wiː(n)/ ("wealth")
* /β/, /ɣ/ merge into /w/ before /m/.
*: Got. ''*sib(u)m'' /ˈsi.β(u)m/ → P-G ''siwm'' /siwm/ ("seven")

====From Pre-Gothevian to Old Gothevian====
* /t, d/, /k, ɡ/ palatalize to /c/, /ɟ/ respectively before /i(ː)/, /eː/, /j/. /kʷ/, /ɡ(ː)ʷ/ are unaffected.
*: P-G ''tɛíhan'' /ˈtiː.han/ → OG ''cɛíhan'' /ˈciː.han/ ("to show")
*: P-G ''gílþa'' /ˈɡil.θa/ → early OG ''đílþa'' /ˈɟil.θa/ ("sickle")
* /ɣ/ is elided intervocalically or in syllable codas if followed by another consonant, without compensatory lengthening of the previous vowel.
*: P-G ''*ígil'' /ˈi.ɣil/ → OG ''íǥil, íil'' /ˈi.il ~ iːl/ ("hedgehog")
*: P-G ''rign'' /riɣn/ → OG ''rin'' /rin/ ("rain")
* /ɣr/, /rɣ/ coalesce into /ɣː/.
*: P-G ''baírgan'' /ˈbɛr.ɣan/ → OG ''bɛ́ǥǥan'' /ˈbɛɣ.ɣan/ ("to keep")
* /ɸ/, /β/ develop into /f/, /v/.
* /l/ is elided in syllable codas if followed by another consonant, with compensatory lengthening of the previous vowel, if short.
*: early OG ''đílþa'' /ˈɟil.θa/ → OG ''đɛíþa'' /ˈɟiː.θa/ ("sickle")
* /h/ is elided in syllable codas, with compensatory lengthening of the previous vowel, if short. If /h/ is followed by a consonant, then that consonant is geminated too.
*: P-G ''módah'' /ˈmoː.dah/ → OG ''módah, módaa'' /ˈmoː.daː/ ("angry")
*: P-G ''naht'' /naht/ → OG ''nahtt, naatt'' /naːtt/ ("night")
* /ɟː/ causes nearby non-front vowels /a(ː)/, /ɔ(ː)/, /oː/, /u(ː)/ to front into /ɛ(ː)/, /œ(ː)/, /øː/, /y(ː)/. Non-geminate /ɟ/ does not trigger this shift.
*: P-G ''wadj'' /waɟɟ/ → OG ''wɛdj'' /wɛɟɟ/ ("wall")
* /kʷ/, /ɡ(ː)ʷ/, /ʍ/ cause nearby unrounded vowels /a(ː)/, /ɛ(ː)/, /eː/, /i(ː)/ to round into /ɔ(ː)/, /œ(ː)/, /øː/, /y(ː)/.
*: P-G ''qen'' /kʷeːn/ → OG ''qen'' /kʷøːn/ ("woman")

====From Old Gothevian to Middle Gothevian====
* /θ/, /ð/ fortify to /t/, /d/ when directly followed by another consonant that is not a glide or a plosive.
*: OG ''þrɛi'' /θri(ː)/ → early MG ''trɛi'' /tri(ː)/ ("three")
*: OG ''þloþ'' /θloːθ/ → early MG ''tloþ'' /tloːθ/ ("river")
* One of /θ, ð/, /s, z/ retracts to /s, z/, /ʃ, ʒ/ respectively, triggering a chain shift that causes the second to also retract.
*: OG ''síwþan'' /ˈsiw.θan/ → MG ''šíwsan'' /ˈʃiw.sɨn/ ("to boil")
*: OG ''seþ'' /seːθ/ → early MG ''šes'' /ʃeːs/ ("seed")
*: OG ''raz'' /raz/ → MG ''raž'' /raʒ/ ("house")
* /ŋk, ŋɡ/, /ŋkʷ, ŋɡʷ/ coalesce into /nː/, /wː/ respectively.
*: OG ''drínkan'' /ˈdriŋ.kan/ → early MG ''drínnan'' /ˈdrin.nan/ ("to drink")
*: OG ''síngwan'' /ˈsiŋ.ɡʷan/ → early MG ''šíwwan'' /ˈʃiw.wan/ ("to sing")
* /kʷ/, /ɡʷ/, /ʍ/ lose their labialization and merge with /k/, /ɡ/, /h/.
*: OG ''qen'' /kʷøːn/ → early MG ''qen'' /køːn/ ("woman")
*: OG ''ƕass'' /ʍɔss/ → early MG ''ƕašš'' /hɔʃʃ/ ("sharp")
* /ɣ/, /w/ are elided before back vowels /u(ː)/, /oː/.
*: OG ''wulkán'' /wul.ˈkan/ → MG ''ulkán'' /ul.ˈkan/ ("volcano")
* Geminate consonants lose their gemination.
* /œ/, /y/ merge into /ɨ~ə/. Unstressed /a/ also develops into /ɨ~ə/. Other short unstressed vowels may also sporadically develop into /ɨ~ə/.
*: OG ''smýrna'' /ˈsmyr.na/ → MG ''šmýrna, šmýrny'' /ˈʃmɨr.nə/ ("myrrh")
* Vowels preceding a nasal consonant coalesce into a long nasalized vowel if followed by a fricative or a liquid. These nasalized vowels lose their nasalization shortly after. /ẽː/, /ø̃ː/, /õː/ develop into /aː/ during this process.
*: OG ''swinþ'' /swinθ/ → early MG ''šwins, *šwɛis'' /ʃwiːs/ ("strong")
*: late OG ''ξanθ'' /skanθ ~ ksanθ/ → early MG ''ξanθ, ξanþ'' /ʃkaːs/ ("blond")
* /iː, eː/, /yː, øː/, /uː, oː/ develop into /je̞/, /we̞/, /wo̞/ respectively.
*: early MG ''fimf'' /fiːf/ → MG ''fimf, fɛif'' /fjef/ ("five")
*: early MG ''dówẅa'' /ˈduː.a/ → MG ''dow, *do'' /dwo/ ("dove; bird")
*: early MG ''qen'' /køːn/ → MG ''qen'' /kwen/ ("woman")
*: early MG ''šes'' /ʃeːs/ → MG ''šes'' /ʃjes/ ("seed")
*: early MG ''bóka'' /ˈboː.ka/ → MG ''bóka'' /ˈbwo.kɨ/ ("book")
* /ɛː/, /œː/, /ɔː/, /aː/ develop into /ja/, /wɨ~wə/, /wa/, /a/ respectively.
*: early MG ''klaif'' /klɛːf/ → MG ''klaif'' /kljaf/ ("bread")
*: early MG ''qain'' /kœːn/ → MG ''qain'' /kwɨn/ ("wail")
*: early MG ''šawjl'' /ʃɔːjl/ → MG ''šawjl'' /ʃwajl/ ("sun")
*: early MG ''ahš, aašš'' /aːʃʃ/ → MG ''aašš, ašš'' /aʃ/ ("hand, ear of corn")
* /iu̯/ merges into /wɨ/.
*: early MG ''niwm'' /niu̯m/ → MG ''niwm'' /nwɨm/ ("nine")
*: early MG ''biwž'' /biu̯ʒ/ → MG ''biwž'' /bwɨʒ/ ("beer")
* /ɛ/, /ɔ/ develop into /e̞/, /o̞/.
* /tj, kj, cj/, /dj, ɡj, ɟj/, /sj, zj/, /wj, jw/ coalesce into /c/, /ɟ/, /ʃ, ʒ/, /j, w/.
*: MG ''twai'' /twja/ → late MG ''twai, cai, cwai'' /ca/ ("two")
*: MG ''wínsišk, wɛísišk'' /wje.siʃk/ → late MG ''wínsišk, wɛísišk'' /je.siʃk/ ("Macedonian Slav")

====From Middle Gothevian to Modern Gothevian====
* /h/ is completely lost.
* /c/, /ɟ/ affricate to /t͡ʃ/, /d͡ʒ/.
*: early mod. Gthv ''đíštry'' /ˈɟiʃt.rɨ/ → Gthv ''[[Contionary:đíštry|đíštry]]'' /ˈd͡ʒiʃt.rɨ/ ("tomorrow")
*: early mod. Gthv ''mécyry'' /ˈmje.cɨ.rɨ/ → early mod. Gthv ''mécyry'' /ˈmje.t͡ʃɨ.rɨ/ ("sword")
* /t͡ʃ/, /d͡ʒ/ de-affricate in unstressed and/or coda positions.
*: early mod. Gthv ''mécyry'' /ˈmje.t͡ʃɨ.rɨ/ → Gthv ''[[Contionary:mécyry|mécyry]]'' /ˈmje.ʃɨ.rɨ/ ("sword")
*: early mod. Gthv ''kácky'' /ˈkat͡ʃ.kɨ/ → Gthv ''[[Contionary:kácky|kácky]]'' /ˈkaʃ.kɨ/ ("spoon")
* /sc/, /ʃc/ develop into /st/, /ʃt/.
*: early mod. Gthv ''šcányn'' /ʃca.nɨn/ → Gthv ''[[Contionary:šcányn|šcányn]]'' /ʃta.nɨn/ ("to shine")
* /w/, /ɣ/ merge into /v/, except when within a consonant cluster, then they merge into /w/.
* Final fricatives devoice.

==Orthography==
Gothevian is written primarily in the '''Gothevian script'''. It is an [[w:alphabet|alphabet]] and at its core a variant of the Wulfilan [[w:Gothic alphabet|Gothic alphabet]], augmented by letters borrowed from the nearby [[w:Greek alphabet|Greek]] and [[w:Early Cyrillic alphabet|Cyrillic]] scripts. The modern Gothevian spelling convention is based on the reformed Central Gothevian literary norms, and as such the Modern Gothevian Script contains some archaic features, such as the vowel-modifying consonants ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|q, ƕ}}⟩ (q, ƕ), and ditched others, such as the obsolete letters ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|θ, ξ, ψ}}⟩ ([[w:theta|θ]], [[w:xi|ξ]], [[w:psi|ψ]]).

The modern Gothevian script contains 31 letters in common use. Most letters are mapped to a single phoneme, with a few others mapped onto more than one phoneme but in regular and predictable contexts.
<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Letter
! Translit.
! Name
! IPA
! Source
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|a}}
| a
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áfy}} (áfy)
| /a/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌰]] (a)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|b}}
| b
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|béty}} (béty)
| /b/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌱]] (b)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|g}}
| g
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gámy}} (gámy)
| /ɡ/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌲]] (g)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|d}}
| d
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|déty}} (déty)
| /d/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌳]] (d)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛ}}
| ɛ
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ècy}} (ɛ́cy)
| /e/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌴]] (ē)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|q}}
| q
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qèrsy}} (qɛ́rsy)
| /k/1
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌵]] (q)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ž}}
| ž
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|žéty}} (žéty)
| /ʒ/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌶]] (z)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|z}}
| z
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|zéty}} (zéty)
| /z/
| Cyrillic [[w:Ze (Cyrillic)|З]] (z)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|e}}
| e
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|éty}} (éty)
| /je/
| Greek [[w:Eta|Η]] (ē)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|đ}}
| đ
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|đèty}} (đɛ́ty)
| /d͡ʒ/, /ʒ/2
| see below
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|h}}
| h
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|hály}} (hály)
| /Ø/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌷]] (h)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}}
| s
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|séty}} (séty)
| /s/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌸]] (þ)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|i}}
| i
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|íöty}} (íöty)
| /i/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌹]] (i)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|k}}
| k
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|kápy}} (kápy)
| /k/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌺]] (k)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|l}}
| l
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|léty}} (léty)
| /l/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌻]] (l)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m}}
| m
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|mvɛ}} (mvɛ)
| /m/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌼]] (m)
|}
</div>
<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Letter
! Translit.
! Name
! IPA
! Source
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}}
| n
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nvɛ}} (nvɛ)
| /n/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌽]] (n)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|j}}
| j
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|éry}} (éry)
| /j/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌾]] (j)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɔ}}
| ɔ
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|òmy}} (ɔ́my)
| /o/
| Greek or Cyrillic [[w:Omicron|Ο]] (o)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|u}}
| u
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|úry}} (úry)
| /u/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌿]] (u)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|p}}
| p
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|pe}} (pe)
| /p/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐍀]] (p)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|r}}
| r
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ro}} (ro)
| /r/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐍂]] (r)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}
| š
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šíwmy}} (šíwmy)
| /ʃ/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐍃]] (s)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|t}}
| t
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|taw}} (taw)
| /t/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐍄]] (t)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|y}}
| y
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ýcy}} (ýcy)
| /ɨ/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐍅]] (w)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|v}}
| v
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vècy}} (vɛ́cy)
| /v~w/
| derived from {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|y}} (y)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|f}}
| f
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|fe}} (fe)
| /f/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐍆]] (f)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|x}}
| x
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|xe}} (xe)
| /x/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐍇]] (x)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕ}}
| ƕ
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕaíry}} (ƕaíry)
| /Ø/1
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐍈]] (ƕ)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|c}}
| c
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|cèty}} (cɛ́ty)
| /t͡ʃ/, /ʃ/2
| see below
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}}
| o
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ómy}} (ómy)
| /vo~wo/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐍉]] (ō)
|}
</div>
# Qɛ́rsy and ƕaíry are pronounced identically to kápy and hály respectively but alter the pronunciation of the following vowel ([[#Digraphs_and_Trigraphs|see below]]).
# Đɛ́ty and cɛ́ty are pronounced as /ʒ/ and /ʃ/ in unstressed and/or coda positions.
Apart from zéty ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|z}}⟩, éty ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|e}}), đɛ́ty ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|đ}}⟩, ɔ́my ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɔ}}⟩, and cɛ́ty ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|c}}⟩, all Gothevian letters can be directly traced to a Gothic-script source. The source of đɛ́ty and cɛ́ty specifically is a point of contention, as no unambigious source has been identified. The many theories include the following:
# Current mainstream theories argue for a [[w:Coptic_script|Coptic]] source for cɛ́ty, citing [[wikt:ϭ#Coptic|čima]] ⟨ϭ⟩ as the most likely candidate, followed by [[wikt:ϯ#Coptic|ti]] ⟨ϯ⟩. A Coptic source for đɛ́ty is more dubious, with the likeliest candidate, [[wikt:ϫ#Coptic|janjia]] ⟨ϫ⟩, bearing less of a resemblance than the candidates for cɛ́ty.
# Likewise, đɛ́ty is near-unanimously believed to be derived from a Cyrillic source, with most mainstream theories putting forward [[w:Tse (Cyrillic)|tse]] ⟨ц⟩ or [[w:Che (Cyrillic)|che]] ⟨ч⟩ as probable sources. Less supported theories instead propose [[w:Djerv|djerv]] ⟨ꙉ⟩ due to its alphabetical order being nearer to that of đɛ́ty. Djerv has also been proposed as a source for cɛ́ty as a more fringe position, alongside an adaptation of a [[wikt:yer|yer]] ⟨ь~ъ⟩.
# A popular yet unsupported theory proposes [[w:Gothic alphabet|Gothic]] [[wikt:𐍁|𐍁]] (90) based wholly on its similar form. This comes with a host of unexplained inconsistencies, such as its sudden shift in alphabetical and numeric order, and its missing usage as a numeral. Others point to [[wikt:𐍊|𐍊]] (900) as another Gothic source, but those are even less supported and outright rejected.
# Cɛ́ty is also sometimes argued to be a simplification of a ligature, such as ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|tj}}⟩ (tj), though this is not backed by historic manuscripts.
# An Armenian source can also be argued for, with letters such as [[w:Tsa (Armenian letter)|tsa]] ⟨ծ⟩ and [[w:Che (Armenian letter)|che]] ⟨ճ⟩ being put forward for cɛ́ty, and [[w:Cha (Armenian letter)|cha]] ⟨չ⟩ and [[w:Je (Armenian letter)|je]] ⟨ջ⟩ for đɛ́ty.
===Digraphs and letter combinations===
Additionally, Gothevian contains several letter combinations that have phonetic values different from those of their single components. These include vocalic digraphs from historic long vowels and consonants that modify certain vowels.

Vocalic diphthongs take the form ⟨'''{{abbtip|vowel - glide/approximant|VG}}'''⟩ and phonetically represent /'''{{abbtip|glide/approximant - vowel|GV}}'''/ sequences. Most of these formerly represented long vowels /Vː/ which had later broken up into their current forms.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Letter
! Translit.
! IPA
! IPA (hist.)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}
| ai
| /ja/
| /ɛː/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}}
| aw
| /va~wa/
| /ɔː/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛi}}
| ɛi
| /je/
| /iː/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iw}}
| iw
| /vɨ~wɨ/
| /iu̯/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ow}}
| ow
| ''deprecated''
| /uː/
|}

The letters qɛ́rsy ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|q}}⟩ and ƕaíry ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕ}}⟩ can also alter the pronunciation of certain vowels when directly preceding them. Qɛ́rsy and ƕaíry formerly represented labialized consonants /kʷ, ʍ/ and as such triggered the rounding of unrounded vowels, causing them to diverge from their unaffected counterparts.

<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Letter
! Translit.
! IPA
! IPA (hist.)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qa}}
| qa
| /kwa/
| /k(ʷ)ɔː/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qai}}
| qai
| /kwɨ/
| /k(ʷ)œː/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qɛ}}
| qɛ
| /kɨ/
| /k(ʷ)œ/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qɛi}}
| qɛi
| rowspan="2" | /kwe/
| /k(ʷ)yː/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qe}}
| qe
| /k(ʷ)øː/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qi}}
| qi
| /kɨ/
| /k(ʷ)y/
|}
</div>
<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Letter
! Translit.
! IPA
! IPA (hist.)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕa}}
| ƕa
| /va~wa/
| /h(ʷ)ɔː/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕai}}
| ƕai
| /vɨ~wɨ/
| /h(ʷ)œː/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɛ}}
| ƕɛ
| /ɨ/
| /h(ʷ)œ/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɛi}}
| ƕɛi
| rowspan="2" | /ve~we/
| /h(ʷ)yː/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕe}}
| ƕe
| /h(ʷ)øː/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕi}}
| ƕi
| /ɨ/
| /h(ʷ)y/
|}
</div>

===Obsolete letters===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Letter
! Translit.
! Name
! IPA
! Source
! Replaced by
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|θ}}
| θ
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|θéty}} (θéty)
| /t, s/
| Greek [[w:Theta|θ]] (th)
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|t}} (t), {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} (s)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ξ}}
| ξ
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ξe}} (ξe)
| /kʃ, ʃk, ks/
| Greek [[w:Xi|ξ]] (x)
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|kš}} (kš), {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šk}} (šk), {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ks}} (ks)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ψ}}
| ψ
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ψe}} (ψe)
| /pʃ, ʃp, ps/
| Greek [[w:Psi|ψ]] (ps)
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|pš}} (pš), {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šp}} (šp), {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ps}} (ps)
|}

===History===
By the time of the first standardization of the Gothevian script based on the [[w:Stobi|Štoven]] Dialect, influence from literary Greek had taken its course on vowel glyphs. {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛ}} would be remapped onto short ''e'', with ''ē'' becoming represented by {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|e}} taken from Greek [[w:eta|eta]] (η). A similar system came about for the mid-back vowels, using native {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}} for ''ō'', due to the perceived similarity of its written form to Greek [[w:omega|omega]] (ω), and Hellenic {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɔ}} for ''o''. Other long vowels would become disambiguated using the digraphs {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛi, ow, ai, aw,}} and rarely {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aa}} for ''ī, ū, ɛ̄, ɔ̄,'' and ''ā'' respectively. A monotonic system would also be adopted, with vowels in stressed syllables gaining an [[w:Acute accent|acute]] (◌́) and vowels in [[w:Vowel hiatus|hiatus]] gaining a [[w:Diaeresis (diacritic)|diaeresis]] (◌̈). {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|θ, ξ, ψ}} (th, ks, ps) would also begin their usage during this period.

...

==Grammar==
===Syntax===
The predominant word order in Gothevian is [[w:Subject–verb–object word order|subject–verb–object]] (SVO), but in practice, word order exhibits a high degree of flexibility without much ambiguity.
====General features====
Adjectives commonly precede the noun.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škázɛiny}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bóky}}''' — '''‘leather book’'''
They can however follow the noun when marked for emphasis.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ížy}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bóky}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škázɛiny}}''' — '''‘that ''leather'' book’'''
Although not present in the standard variety, a common feature of southern dialects is placing all adjectives ''after'' the noun.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bóky}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škázɛiny}}''' — '''‘leather book’'''
Possessors commonly follow the noun.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bóky}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|my}}''' — '''‘my book’'''
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bóky}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|zy}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Myxaílen}}''' — '''‘Mykhail’s book’'''
For pronominal emphasis however, a genitive phrase with a dative pronoun is used.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bókun}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|zy}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|min}}''' — '''‘the book of me’'''
Possessors are allowed to go before the noun for poetic license without any loss of meaning.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šcánijus}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}}-{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dáprun}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|uf}}''' — '''‘overshone, our bravery’'''
Subject pronouns are normally [[w:pro-drop language|dropped]], as they can be inferred from verbal endings.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šócija}}''' — '''‘I saw’'''
Though they can be included to emphasize the subject.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ci}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šócija}}''' — '''‘''I'' saw’'''
Verbs go before participles in compound tenses.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšynɔvis}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|túklivyn}}''' — '''‘he was arrested [reportedly]’'''
===Morphology===
Gothevian is a largely [[w:synthetic language|synthetic language]], in some aspects more so than others. However, it also heavily displays [[w:analytic language|analytic]] features. Nominal declension was heavily reduced, while verbal conjugation was expanded upon. Most of these innovations were due to the Balkan sprachbund, among them are:
* Lack of an infinitive. Contexts where English would use an infinitive are typically formed with either [[w:Finite verb|finite forms]] or participles.
* Innovation of a post-fixed declining article. The [[w:Gothic_declension#The_weak_declension|weak adjective declension]] was re-analyzed and spread to nouns via the old [[w:Gothic_declension#Weak_noun_declensions_(n-stems)|n-stem declensions]].
* Syncretism of the dative and genitive cases. Particles are used to form distinct dative and genitive constructions.
* reshaped and expanded compound tenses. The future and perfect tenses were reshaped to be more in line with those of their neighbors. A synthetic [[w:aorist|aorist]] was later analogically innovated, and analytic [[w:evidentiality|evidential forms]] later followed.
* Loss of synthetic comparative and superlative forms. The original method of deriving degrees of comparison using suffixation fell out of use in favor of analytic preposed markers.
===Nominals===
====Nouns====
Gothevian nouns decline for two cases ([[w:direct case|direct]], [[w:dative case|dative]]), three genders ([[w:Grammatical gender|masculine]], [[w:Grammatical gender|feminine]], [[w:Grammatical gender|neuter]]), two numbers ([[w:Grammatical number|singular]], [[w:Grammatical number|plural]]), and two states ([[w:definiteness|indefinite]], [[w:definiteness|definite]]). The original Gothic four cases in nouns synchronized into two cases (nominative-accusative → direct; dative-genitive → dative), and the six strong declensions levelled into three declension, largely correlating with the three genders. The weak declensions were re-analyzed as indicating definiteness and were subsequently joined with the indefinite strong declensions.
=====Masculine declension=====
This declension is completely made up of masculine nouns. It came about from a merger of nearly all of the Gothic strong declensions except for the [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-ō_declension|-ō declension]], which is the predecessor to the feminine declension.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:normal; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the masculine declension|MASC}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the feminine declension|FEM}} {{abbtip|endings that appear in both masculine and feminine declensions|BOTH}}'''
! colspan="4" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Contionary:šal|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šal}}]] (''šal'', "room")
! rowspan="5" |
! colspan="4" | [[Contionary:klaif|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|klaif}}]] (''klaif'', "bread")
! rowspan="5" |
! colspan="4" | [[Contionary:ško|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ško}}]] (''ško'', "shoe")
|-
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | singular
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | plural
! colspan="2" | singular
! colspan="2" | plural
! colspan="2" | singular
! colspan="2" | plural
|-
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | direct
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šal}} ''šal''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šál}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}} ''šályn''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šal}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''šalš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šál}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}} ''šálaš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|klaif}} ''klaif''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|klaív}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}} ''klaívyn''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|klaif}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''klaifš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|klaív}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}} ''klaívaš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ško}} ''ško''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škó}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ÿn}} ''škóÿn''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ško}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''škoš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škó}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äš}} ''škóäš''
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | dative
| style="color:#333333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šál}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''šályš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šál}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|e}} ''šále''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šál}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}} ''šálen''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|klaív}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''klaívyš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|klaív}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|e}} ''klaíve''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|klaív}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}} ''klaíven''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škó}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ÿš}} ''škóÿš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škó}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ë}} ''škóë''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škó}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ën}} ''škóën''
|}
=====Feminine declension=====
This declension is completely made up of feminine nouns. It evolved directly from the Gothic [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-ō_declension|-ō declension]]. As such, all feminine nouns that originally belonged to the -ō declension alongside later-derived nouns end with {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|-y}} (-y ← -a). All [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-ōn_declension|-ōn declension]] and [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-ein_declension|-ein declension]] nouns later transitioned into Gothevian feminine declension nouns, gaining the {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|-y}} (-y) ending as well. A small subset of feminine nouns however lacks the ending.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:normal; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the masculine declension|MASC}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the feminine declension|FEM}} {{abbtip|endings that appear in both masculine and feminine declensions|BOTH}}'''
! colspan="4" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Contionary:bóky|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bóky}}]] (''bóky'', "book")
! rowspan="5" |
! colspan="4" | [[Contionary:as|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|as}}]] (''as'', "age")
! rowspan="5" |
! colspan="4" | [[Contionary:do|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|do}}]] (''do'', "bird")
|-
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | singular
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | plural
! colspan="2" | singular
! colspan="2" | plural
! colspan="2" | singular
! colspan="2" | plural
|-
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | direct
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bóky}} ''bóky''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bók}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|un}} ''bókun''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bok}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''bokš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bók}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}} ''bókaš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|as}} ''as''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|un}} ''ázun''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''ázyš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}} ''ázaš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|do}} ''do''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dó}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ün}} ''dóün''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|do}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''doš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dó}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äš}} ''dóäš''
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | dative
| style="color:#333333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bók}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|uš}} ''bókuš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bók}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}} ''bóko''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bók}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}} ''bóken''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|uš}} ''ázuš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}} ''ázo''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}} ''ázen''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dó}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|üš}} ''dóüš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dó}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ö}} ''dóö''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dó}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ën}} ''dóën''
|}
======Anomalous feminine declension======
A closed class of feminine nouns declines according to the masculine declension instead of the feminine declension. This is the result of the Gothic [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-i_declension|-i declension]] and [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-jō_declension|-jō declension]] ultimately merging into the Gothevian masculine declension, with the feminine nouns of those declensions adopting the same endings.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:normal; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the masculine declension|MASC}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the feminine declension|FEM}} {{abbtip|endings that appear in both masculine and feminine declensions|BOTH}}'''
! colspan="4" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Contionary:qen|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qen}}]] (''qen'', "woman")
! rowspan="5" |
! colspan="4" | [[Contionary:šɛs|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šɛs}}]] (''šɛs'', "seed")
! rowspan="5" |
! colspan="4" | [[Contionary:škaft|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škaft}}]] (''škaft'', "animal")
|-
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | singular
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | plural
! colspan="2" | singular
! colspan="2" | plural
! colspan="2" | singular
! colspan="2" | plural
|-
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | direct
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qen}} ''qen''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qén}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}} ''qényn''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qen}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''qenš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qén}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}} ''qénaš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šɛs}} ''šɛs''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šèz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}} ''šɛ́zyn''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šèz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''šɛ́zyš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šèz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}} ''šɛ́zaš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škaft}} ''škaft''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škáft}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}} ''škáftyn''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škaft}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''škaftš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škáft}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}} ''škáftaš''
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | dative
| style="color:#333333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qén}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''qényš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qén}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|e}} ''qéne''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qén}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}} ''qénen''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šèz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''šɛ́zyš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šèz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|e}} ''šɛ́ze''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šèz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}} ''šɛ́zen''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škáft}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''škáftyš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škáft}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|e}} ''škáfte''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škáft}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}} ''škáften''
|}
=====Neuter declension=====
This declension is completely made up of neuter nouns. It evolved directly from the neuter [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-a_declension|-a declension]], [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-ja_declension|-ja declension]], and [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-u_declension|-u declension]]. It mirrors the masculine declension in the indefinite singular, but mirrors the feminine indefinite singular direct and plural dative in its indefinite plurals. It also mirrors the feminine declension in the definite singular.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:normal; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the masculine declension|MASC}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the feminine declension|FEM}} {{abbtip|endings that appear in both masculine and feminine declensions|BOTH}}'''
! colspan="4" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Contionary:hairt|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|hairt}}]] (''hairt'', "heart")
! rowspan="5" |
! colspan="4" | [[Contionary:biwš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|biwš}}]] (''biwš'', "beer")
! rowspan="5" |
! colspan="4" | [[Contionary:raš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|raš}}]] (''raš'', "house")
|-
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | singular
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | plural
! colspan="2" | singular
! colspan="2" | plural
! colspan="2" | singular
! colspan="2" | plural
|-
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | direct
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|hairt}} ''hairt''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|haírt}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|un}} ''haírtun''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|haírt}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|y}} ''haírty''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|haírt}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}} ''haírtaš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|biwš}} ''biwš''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bíwž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|un}} ''bíwžun''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=bíwž|klaif}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|y}} ''bíwžy''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bíwž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}} ''bíwžaš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|raš}} ''raš''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ráž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|un}} ''rážun''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ráž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|y}} ''rážy''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ráž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}} ''rážaš''
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | dative
| style="color:#333333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|haírt}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''haírtyš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|haírt}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}} ''haírto''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|haírt}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}} ''haírten''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bíwž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''bíwžyš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bíwž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}} ''bíwžo''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bíwž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}} ''bíwžen''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ráž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''rážyš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ráž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}} ''rážo''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ráž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}} ''rážen''
|}
====Adjectives====
====Pronouns====
=====Personal pronouns=====
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
! number
! colspan="2" | person
! nominative
! accusative (long)
! dative (long)
! acc./dat./poss. (short)
|-
! rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | singular
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | first
| [[Contionary:ci|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ci}}]] ''ci''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|mic}} ''mic''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|min}} ''min''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|my}} ''my''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | second
| [[Contionary:so|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|so}}]] ''so''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|suk}} ''suk''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|sun}} ''sun''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|sy}} ''sy''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | third
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | masculine
| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:ša|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ša}}]] ''ša''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šic}} ''šic''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šin}} ''šin''
| rowspan="3" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šy}} ''šy''
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | neuter
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | feminine
| colspan="2" | [[Contionary:šo|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šo}}]] ''šo''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šɛj}} ''šɛj''
|-
! rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | plural
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | first
| [[Contionary:ɛiš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛiš}}]] ''ɛiš''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|oš}} ''oš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}} ''o''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | second
| [[Contionary:oš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|oš}}]] ''oš''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛiš}} ''ɛiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛi}} ''ɛi''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | third
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | masculine
| colspan="4" | [[Contionary:šai|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šai}}]] ''šai''
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | neuter
| rowspan="2" colspan="3" | [[Contionary:šoš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šoš}}]] ''šoš''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šo}} ''šo''
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | feminine
|}
=====Demonstrative and relative pronouns=====
{| class="wikitable" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
|-
! number
! gender
! proximal (''this'')
! distal (''that'')
|-
! rowspan="3" | singular
! masculine
| rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" | [[Contionary:iš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iš}}]] ''iš''
| rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" | [[Contionary:ai|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}]] ''ai''
|- style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;"
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | neuter
|- style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;"
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | feminine
| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:ížy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ížy}}]] ''ížy''
| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:aíny|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíny}}]] ''aíny''
|-
! rowspan="3" | plural
! masculine
|- style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;"
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | neuter
| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:ížo|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ížo}}]] ''ížo''
| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:aíno|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíno}}]] ''aíno''
|-
! feminine
|}
=====Interrogative pronouns=====
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
! gender
! personal (''who'')
! possessive (''whose'')
! for quality (''what; what kind'')
! for quantity (''how much; how many'')
! for size (''how big'')
! for place/source (''where; from where'')
! for destination (''where to'')
! for manner (''why'')
! for manner (''how'')
! for time (''when'')
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | masculine
| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:ƕɔn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɔn}}]] ''ƕɔn''
| rowspan="3" | [[Contionary:ƕiš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕiš}}]] ''ƕiš''
| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:ƕɔr|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɔr}}]] ''ƕɔr''
| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:ƕaf|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕaf}}]] ''ƕaf''
| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:ƕel|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕel}}]] ''ƕel''
| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:ƕɔrs|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɔrs}}]] ''ƕɔrs''
| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:ƕɔrs|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɔt}}]] ''ƕɔt''
| rowspan="3" | [[Contionary:ƕe|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕe}}]] ''ƕe''
| rowspan="3" | [[Contionary:ƕɔm|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɔm}}]] ''ƕɔm''
| rowspan="3" | [[Contionary:ƕɔmán|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɔmán}}]] ''ƕɔmán''
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | neuter
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | feminine
| [[Contionary:ƕin|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕin}}]] ''ƕin''
| [[Contionary:ƕòry|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕòry}}]] ''ƕɔ́ry''
| [[Contionary:ƕávy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕávy}}]] ''ƕávy''
| [[Contionary:ƕély|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕély}}]] ''ƕély''
| [[Contionary:ƕòrzy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕòrzy}}]] ''ƕɔ́rzy''
| [[Contionary:ƕòty|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕòty}}]] ''ƕɔ́ty''
|}
=====Indefinite pronouns=====

===Prepositions and particles===
====Particles====
Gothevian employs the use of particles for various purposes.
=====Function particles=====
Function particles in Gothevian are grammaticalized particles that form multiword constructions, aiding with tenses and moods, and take on the uses of auxiliary verbs. Unlike discourse particles, they cannot be left out of a sentence. Below are some function particles.

'''[[Contionary:dy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dy}}]] (dy, "dative particle")''' — Placed before a noun to mark it as an [[wikt:indirect object|indirect object]] of a verb.
* {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gycáhiva}} '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|d'}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Ášto}}''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|cánty my}} — ‘I showed my bag '''to Ášty'''’
'''[[Contionary:zy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|zy}}]] (zy, "possessive/partitive particle")''' — Placed before a noun to express [[w:Possession (linguistics)|possession]], origin, or [[w:Partitive|partitivity]], or [[w:Compound (linguistics)|attributively]] in relation to the noun preceding it.
* {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iš i}} '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|katt}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|zy}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Somáë}}''' — ‘that is '''Somá’s cat'''’
'''[[Contionary:vy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vy}}]] (vy, "interrogative particle")''' — Placed after the main verb to form a [[w:Yes/no question|yes–no question]].
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dránnivɛš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vy}}''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vat?}} — ‘'''have you drunk''' water'''?'''’
'''[[Contionary:ny|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ny}}]] (ny, "negation particle")''' — Placed before a noun, verb, adjective, or another particle to [[w:Affirmation_and_negation#Negation|negate]] its meaning.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n'}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yrèš}}''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dɛ suk!}} — ‘'''I don’t like''' you!’
* {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|oš'ƕɔn qízɛis jy,}} '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ny}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šɛísyn}}'''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|?}} — ‘who's talking, '''the not-strong'''?’
'''[[Contionary:o|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}}]] (o, "vocative particle")''' — Placed before a noun to form a [[w:Vocative expression|vocative expression]].
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o'}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Ázlyfe}}'''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|! aš èly!}} — ‘'''O Ázlyf'''! Come here!’
'''[[Contionary:ɛísy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛísy}}]] (ɛísy, "optative particle")''' — Placed before a verb in the subjunctive to express wish, hope, or desire. Also placed before a verb in the indicative to express general want or desire.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛísy}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕaílaw}}''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dot Iwrópo}} — ‘'''I wish to travel''' around Europe’
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛísy}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕail}}''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dot Iwrópo}} — ‘'''I want to travel''' around Europe’
'''[[Contionary:ma|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ma}}]] (ma, "dynamic particle")''' — Placed before a verb in the indicative to express ability. Also placed before a verb in the subjunctive to express permission.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ma}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|kawš}}''' — ‘'''I can try'''’
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ma}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|káwšaw}}''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vy?}} — ‘'''may I try'''?’
'''[[Contionary:á|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}]] (á, "hortative particle")''' — Placed before a verb in the subjunctive to form a [[w:Hortative|hortative expression]].
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á-}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|žepaiš}}''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|, saíƕyniš mójivyn}} — ‘'''it'd be better if you sleep''', you look tired’
'''[[Contionary:daw|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|daw}}]] (daw, "affection particle")''' — Placed before a verb to express habitual enjoyment or affection.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|daw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šívɛis}}''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áđby}} '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|žóvvivny}}''' — ‘'''I heard she used to like to draw'''’
'''[[Contionary:sar|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|sar}}]] (sar, "jussive particle")''' — Placed before a verb in the indicative to express requirement, necessity, or urgency. Also placed before a verb in the subjunctive to express a more urgent or prioritized [[w:Hortative|hortative expression]].
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|sar}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vándɛiš}}'''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|!}} — ‘'''you have to leave'''!’
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|sar}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vándaiš}}''' — ‘'''you probably should leave'''’
'''[[Contionary:aw|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}}]] (aw, "desiderative particle")''' — Placed before a verb in the subjunctive to express desire towards the verb. Also placed before a verb in the indicative to express general want or desire.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m'ai búđaw}}''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|'aparátyn}} — ‘'''I would love to be able to buy''' the camera’
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|buđ}}''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|'aparátyn}} — ‘'''I want to buy''' the camera’

=====Discourse particles=====
Discourse particles in Gothevian are contextual, optional particles used to highlight the mood or the attitude of the speaker or to highlight the sentence's focus. These particles are mainly present in spoken, informal standard Gothevian or throughout its many dialects. In formal, written contexts, they are mostly seen as unprofessional. Below are some discourse particles.

'''[[Contionary:jy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jy}}]] (jy)''' — Used as a general intensifying particle.
* ...
'''[[Contionary:ɛi|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛi}}]] (ɛi)''' — Used to indicate that the utterance happened as a consequence to an earlier even or action.
* ...
'''[[Contionary:nušt|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nušt}}]] (nušt)''' — Used to indicate something is being offered to the listener.
* ...
'''[[Contionary:níjy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|níjy}}]] (níjy)''' — Used to intensify a negative or opposing utterance. Also used before nouns, adjectives, adverbs, or verbs for stronger negation.
* ...
'''[[Contionary:aš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}}]] (aš)''' — Used to intensify imperatives.
* ...
'''[[Contionary:dɛ|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dɛ}}]] (dɛ)''' — Used as indicate haste or urgency. Also used to indicate the speaker is in a state of haste, or in a state of anger or hatred towards the listener or a third party.
* ...
'''[[Contionary:mis|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|mis}}]] (mis)''' — Used to intensify adjectives and adverbs.
* ...
'''[[Contionary:hax|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|hax}}]] (hax)''' — Used as a indicate a sudden shift or deviation of topic.
* ...
'''[[Contionary:áđby|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áđby}}]] (áđby)''' — Used to indicate that the speaker has been ignorant of newly-provided information or fact.
* ...
'''[[Contionary:ɛx|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛx}}]] (ɛx)''' — Used to indicate dissatisfaction or disgust.
* ...
'''[[Contionary:óšy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|óšy}}]] (óšy)''' — Used to add a sense indeterminateness to interrogative pronouns or to add a sense greater indeterminateness to indefinite pronouns. Also used insultingly to add a sense of diminutivity.
* ...
'''[[Contionary:bɛ|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bɛ}}]] (bɛ)''' — Used to indicate frustration or anger.
* ...

=====Lexical particles=====

====Prepositions====

===Verbs===
Gothevian lost many of the complex verbal conjugations it inherited from [[w:Gothic verbs|Gothic]], such as [[w:Dual (grammatical number)|dual]] forms, the old passive conjugation, and [[w:Germanic strong verb|strong verb classes]]. Nevertheless, Gothevian verb conjugation is the most complex out of any surviving Germanic language, due to the acquisition of an [[w:aorist|aorist]], a new synthetic passive, and other analytic moods such as the [[w:Inferential mood|inferential]] and [[w:Conditional mood|conditional]] moods.
====Irregular stems====
Irregular verbs in Gothevian are verbs whose stems either slightly alter or completely change across the paradigm. These changes mostly occur across tense-aspect-mood forms, but two verbs (''to have, to be'') also alter their stems depending on person.

While most strong verbs would regularize by applying one form throughout the whole paradigm, some common verbs would retain reduced stem vowel alternation in their "past" (''imperfect and aorist'') conjugations. These verbs include {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ícyn}} (ícyn, "to eat") (past stem {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|éc-}}, éc-), {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qízyn}} (qízyn, "to talk") (past stem {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qòz-}}, qɔ́z-), {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qímyn}} (qímyn, "to come") (past stem {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qòm-}}, qɔ́m-), and {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ályn}} (ályn, "to grow") (past stem {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ól-}}, ól-).

Another source of irregular verbs are Gothic [[w:Gothic_verbs#Irregular_weak_verbs|weak irregular verbs]] that have also resisted full regularization. Instead, these verbs underwent partial regularization, by reforming the present stems with the consonantism of the past stem (which mostly would have followed a ''CV̄̆ht-'' pattern) and the vocalism of the present stem, thus in a way appearing to mimic the previous class of irregular verbs. These verbs include {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|sútyn}} (sútyn, "to seem") (past stem {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|sót-}}, sót-), {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bútyn}} (bútyn, "to buy") (past stem {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|báwt-}}, báwt-), and {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vòtyn}} (vɔ́tyn, "to make") (past stem {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vát-}}, vát-), alongside the verb {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|drítyn}} (drítyn, "to drink") (past stem {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|drɛít-}}, drɛít-).

The last category of irregular verbs, specifically the two verbs {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} (ain, "to have") and {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn}} (víšyn, "to be") use multiple different stems throughout their paradigm ({{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aí-, á-, aíc-}}; {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|v-, š-, ší-}}).
====Synthetic forms====
Approximately one third of verbal conjugations in Gothevian are synthetic, meaning they indicate grammatical information via [[w:Bound and free morphemes|bound affixation]] rather than by [[w:Bound and free morphemes|unbound morphemes]]. With the exception of participles and the aorist, synthetic forms all represent direct evolutions from old Gothic conjugations.
=====Participles=====
Gothevian verbs have five participles based on aspect and voice, declining for 2 gender categories (''masculine-neuter, feminine'').
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:left;"
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="5" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | [[Contionary:šócyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šócyn}}]] ''(šócyn, "to see")''
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! present active participle
! present passive participle
! imperfect active participle
! imperfect passive participle
! aorist participle
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | masculine (+ neuter)
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}} ''šócyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynyn}} ''šócynyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''šócis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|inɔs}} ''šócinɔs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivyn}} ''šócivyn''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | feminine
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ny}} ''šócny''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyny}} ''šócnyny''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''šócizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|inɔzy}} ''šócinɔzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivny}} ''šócivny''
|}
=====Present=====
The present tense is used for:
* Events happening in the present,
* Current states of being,
* Facts that are always true.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|+ Present Indicative
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|ACT}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|PASS}}'''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''
! rowspan="7" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gaf}} ''gaf''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}} ''gávyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}} ''ɛ́ö''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} ''ɛ́ön''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}} ''ai''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|av}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} ''avn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|im}} ''im''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ši}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} ''šin''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛiš}} ''gávɛiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yniš}} ''gávyniš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|êiš}} ''ɛ́öɛ̈iš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} ''ɛ́öniš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''aiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} ''avniš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iš}} ''iš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} ''šiniš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛis}} ''gávɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynis}} ''gávynis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|êis}} ''ɛ́öɛ̈is''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} ''ɛ́önis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} ''ais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} ''avnis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|i}} ''i''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} ''šinis''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ym}} ''gávym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynym}} ''gávynym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m}} ''ɛ́öm''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}} ''ɛ́önym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m}} ''aim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}} ''avnym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šam}} ''šam''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}} ''šinym''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''gávyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynyš}} ''gávynyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''ɛ́öš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} ''ɛ́önyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''ajš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} ''avnyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šu}} ''šu''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} ''šinyš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}} ''gávyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynyn}} ''gávynyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} ''ɛ́ön''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} ''ɛ́önyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} ''ain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} ''avnyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šan}} ''šan''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} ''šinyn''
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|+ Present Subjunctive
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|ACT}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|PASS}}'''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''
! rowspan="7" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} ''gávaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynaw}} ''gávynaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äw}} ''ɛ́öäw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}} ''ɛ́önaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} ''aícaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}} ''ávnaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} ''šaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}} ''šínaw''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} ''gávaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynaiš}} ''gávynaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äiš}} ''ɛ́öäiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} ''ɛ́önaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} ''aícaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} ''ávnaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} ''šaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} ''šínaiš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} ''gávais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynais}} ''gávynais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äis}} ''ɛ́öäis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} ''ɛ́önais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} ''aícais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} ''ávnais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} ''šais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} ''šínais''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}} ''gávaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynaim}} ''gávynaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äim}} ''ɛ́öäim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}} ''ɛ́önaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}} ''aícaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}} ''ávnaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}} ''šaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}} ''šínaim''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} ''gávawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynawš}} ''gávynawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äwš}} ''ɛ́öäwš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} ''ɛ́önawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} ''aícawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} ''ávnawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} ''šawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} ''šínawš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} ''gávain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynain}} ''gávynain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äin}} ''ɛ́öäin''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} ''ɛ́önain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} ''aícain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} ''ávnain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} ''šain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} ''šínain''
|}
=====Imperfect=====
The [[w:Imperfect|Imperfect]] fuses the [[w:Past tense|past tense]] (and marginally the present tense) with [[w:Imperfective aspect|imperfective aspect]] and is used for:
* Ongoing events that happened in the past,
* States of being in the past that still have some sort of effect in the present,
* Events or states of being that started in the past and are still ongoing in the present, if context is clear.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|+ Imperfect Indicative
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|ACT}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|PASS}}'''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''
! rowspan="7" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ija}} ''gávija''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔva}} ''gávynɔva''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïja}} ''ɛ́öïja''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔva}} ''ɛ́önɔva''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ja}} ''ája''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔva}} ''avnɔva''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vam}} ''vam''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ja}} ''šija''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ijɛš}} ''gávijɛš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvɛš}} ''gávynɔvɛš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïjɛš}} ''ɛ́öïjɛš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛš}} ''ɛ́önɔvɛš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jɛš}} ''ájɛš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛš}} ''avnɔvɛš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vam}} ''vaš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jɛš}} ''šijɛš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ijus}} ''gávijus''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvus}} ''gávynɔvus''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïjus}} ''ɛ́öïjus''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvus}} ''ɛ́önɔvus''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jus}} ''ájus''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvus}} ''avnɔvus''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vam}} ''vas''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jus}} ''šijus''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ijym}} ''gávijym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvym}} ''gávynɔvym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïjym}} ''ɛ́öïjym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvym}} ''ɛ́önɔvym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jym}} ''ájym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvym}} ''avnɔvym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vam}} ''éšym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jym}} ''šijym''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ijyš}} ''gávijyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvyš}} ''gávynɔvyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïjyš}} ''ɛ́öïjyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvyš}} ''ɛ́önɔvyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jyš}} ''ájyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvyš}} ''avnɔvyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vam}} ''éšyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jyš}} ''šijyš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ijyn}} ''gávijyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvyn}} ''gávynɔvyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïjyn}} ''ɛ́öïjyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvyn}} ''ɛ́önɔvyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jyn}} ''ájyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvyn}} ''avnɔvyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vam}} ''éšyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jyn}} ''šijyn''
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|+ Imperfect Subjunctive
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|ACT}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|PASS}}'''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''
! rowspan="7" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ija}} ''gávija''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvaw}} ''gávynɔvaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïja}} ''ɛ́öïja''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvaw}} ''ɛ́önɔvaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ija}} ''aícija''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvaw}} ''avnɔvaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|íja}} ''šíja''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvaw}} ''šinɔvaw''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iêiš}} ''gáviɛ̈iš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvɛiš}} ''gávynɔvɛiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïêiš}} ''ɛ́öïɛ̈iš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛiš}} ''ɛ́önɔvɛiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iêiš}} ''aíciɛ̈iš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛiš}} ''avnɔvɛiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|íêiš}} ''šíɛ̈iš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛiš}} ''šinɔvɛiš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iêis}} ''gáviɛ̈is''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvis}} ''gávynɔvis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïêis}} ''ɛ́öïɛ̈is''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvis}} ''ɛ́önɔvis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iêis}} ''aíciɛ̈is''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvis}} ''avnɔvis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|íêis}} ''šíɛ̈is''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvis}} ''šinɔvis''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iêim}} ''gáviɛ̈im''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvɛim}} ''gávynɔvɛim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïêim}} ''ɛ́öïɛ̈im''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛim}} ''ɛ́önɔvɛim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iêim}} ''aíciɛ̈im''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛim}} ''avnɔvɛim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|íêim}} ''šíɛ̈im''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛim}} ''šinɔvɛim''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iöš}} ''gáviöš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvoš}} ''gávynɔvoš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïöš}} ''ɛ́öïöš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvoš}} ''ɛ́önɔvoš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iöš}} ''aíciöš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvoš}} ''avnɔvoš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|íöš}} ''šíöš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvoš}} ''šinɔvoš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iêin}} ''gáviɛ̈in''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvɛin}} ''gávynɔvɛin''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïêin}} ''ɛ́öïɛ̈in''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛin}} ''ɛ́önɔvɛin''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iêin}} ''aíciɛ̈in''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛin}} ''avnɔvɛin''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|íêin}} ''šíɛ̈in''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛin}} ''šinɔvɛin''
|}

=====Aorist=====
The [[w:Aorist|Aorist]] differs from the imperfect in that is expresses the [[w:perfective aspect|perfective aspect]]. It is used for:
* Event that began and ended in the past, viewed as a single whole rather than a process,
* States of being in the past that do not have any effect in the present,
* Events or states of being that are fully contained within a certain timeframe, such as when storytelling.

The Gothevian aorist has no passive forms. Instead, imperfect or perfect passives may be used.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|+ Aorist Indicative
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|ACT}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|PASS}}'''
! [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''
! [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''
! rowspan="7" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
! [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''
! [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iva}} ''gáviva''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïva}} ''ɛ́öïva''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|va}} ''áva''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|íva}} ''šíva''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivɛš}} ''gávivɛš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvɛš}} ''ɛ́öïvɛš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛš}} ''ávɛš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívɛš}} ''šívɛš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivus}} ''gávivus''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvus}} ''ɛ́öïvus''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vus}} ''ávus''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívus}} ''šívus''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivym}} ''gávivym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvym}} ''ɛ́öïvym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vym}} ''ávym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívym}} ''šívym''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivyš}} ''gávivyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvyš}} ''ɛ́öïvyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vyš}} ''ávyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívyš}} ''šívyš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivyn}} ''gávivyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvyn}} ''ɛ́öïvyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vyn}} ''ávyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívyn}} ''šívyn''
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|+ Aorist Subjunctive
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|ACT}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|PASS}}'''
! [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''
! [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''
! rowspan="7" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
! [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''
! [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivaw}} ''gávivaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvaw}} ''ɛ́öïvaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivaw}} ''aícivaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívaw}} ''šívaw''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivɛiš}} ''gávivɛiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvɛiš}} ''ɛ́öïvɛiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivɛiš}} ''aícivɛiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívɛiš}} ''šívɛiš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivɛis}} ''gávivɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvɛis}} ''ɛ́öïvɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivɛis}} ''aícivɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívɛis}} ''šívɛis''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivɛim}} ''gávivɛim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvɛim}} ''ɛ́öïvɛim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivɛim}} ''aícivɛim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívɛim}} ''šívɛim''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivoš}} ''gávivoš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvoš}} ''ɛ́öïvoš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivoš}} ''aícivoš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívoš}} ''šívoš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivɛin}} ''gávivɛin''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvɛin}} ''ɛ́öïvɛin''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivɛin}} ''aícivɛin''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívɛin}} ''šívɛin''
|}

====Analytic forms====
The other two thirds of verbal conjugations in Gothevian are analytic, meaning they are contructed via [[w:Bound and free morphemes|unbound particles]] accompanying the main verb.
=====Future=====
The future tense is used for events or states of being occurring in the future. It is formed by adding the particle [[Contionary:šta|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}]] (šta) directly before the simple present form of a verb.

In less formal speech or writing, {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} may contract to {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|št'}} (št'). This is especially prevalent if the main verb begins with a vowel ({{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta èö}} → {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|št'èö}}).
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|+ Future Indicative
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|ACT}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|PASS}}'''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''
! rowspan="7" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gaf}} ''šta gaf''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}} ''šta gávyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}} ''šta ɛ́ö''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} ''šta ɛ́ön''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}} ''šta ai''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|av}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} ''šta avn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|im}} ''šta im''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ši}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} ''šta šin''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛiš}} ''šta gávɛiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yniš}} ''šta gávyniš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|êiš}} ''šta ɛ́öɛ̈iš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} ''šta ɛ́öniš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''šta aiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} ''šta avniš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iš}} ''šta iš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} ''šta šiniš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛis}} ''šta gávɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynis}} ''šta gávynis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|êis}} ''šta ɛ́öɛ̈is''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} ''šta ɛ́önis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} ''šta ais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} ''šta avnis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|i}} ''šta i''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} ''šta šinis''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ym}} ''šta gávym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynym}} ''šta gávynym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m}} ''šta ɛ́öm''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}} ''šta ɛ́önym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m}} ''šta aim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}} ''šta avnym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šam}} ''šta šam''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}} ''šta šinym''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''šta gávyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynyš}} ''šta gávynyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''šta ɛ́öš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} ''šta ɛ́önyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''šta ajš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} ''šta avnyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šu}} ''šta šu''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} ''šta šinyš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}} ''šta gávyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynyn}} ''šta gávynyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} ''šta ɛ́ön''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} ''šta ɛ́önyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} ''šta ain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} ''šta avnyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šan}} ''šta šan''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} ''šta šinyn''
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|+ Future Subjunctive
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|ACT}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|PASS}}'''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''
! rowspan="7" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} ''šta gávaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynaw}} ''šta gávynaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äw}} ''šta ɛ́öäw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}} ''šta ɛ́önaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} ''šta aícaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}} ''šta ávnaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} ''šta šaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}} ''šta šínaw''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} ''šta gávaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynaiš}} ''šta gávynaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äiš}} ''šta ɛ́öäiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} ''šta ɛ́önaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} ''šta aícaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} ''šta ávnaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} ''šta šaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} ''šta šínaiš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} ''šta gávais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynais}} ''šta gávynais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äis}} ''šta ɛ́öäis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} ''šta ɛ́önais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} ''šta aícais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} ''šta ávnais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} ''šta šais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} ''šta šínais''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}} ''šta gávaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynaim}} ''šta gávynaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äim}} ''šta ɛ́öäim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}} ''šta ɛ́önaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}} ''šta aícaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}} ''šta ávnaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}} ''šta šaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}} ''šta šínaim''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} ''šta gávawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynawš}} ''šta gávynawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äwš}} ''šta ɛ́öäwš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} ''šta ɛ́önawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} ''šta aícawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} ''šta ávnawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} ''šta šawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} ''šta šínawš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} ''šta gávain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynain}} ''šta gávynain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äin}} ''šta ɛ́öäin''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} ''šta ɛ́önain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} ''šta aícain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} ''šta ávnain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} ''šta šain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} ''šta šínain''
|}
=====Present Perfect=====
The present perfect tense is used for events or states of being occurring wholly in the past, viewed as a single whole, with a lasting effect on the present state. It also refers to a past event that happened fully before another event in the present. It is formed by using the simple present tense of [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}}]] (ain, "to have") alongside the imperfect active participle of the main verb. Both active and passive constructions use the imperfect active participle, with the voice distinction being codified into the auxiliary's conjugation.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|+ Present Perfect Indicative
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|ACT}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|PASS}}'''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''
! rowspan="12" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''
|-
! rowspan="5" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ai gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|av}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''avn gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ai ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|av}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''avn ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ai ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|av}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''avn ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ai vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|av}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''avn vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person masculine/neuter
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''aiš gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávniš gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''aiš ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávniš ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aiš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávniš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aiš vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávniš vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person feminine
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''aiš gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''ávniš gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''aiš ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''ávniš ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aiš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávniš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aiš vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávniš vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person masculine/neuter
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ais gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávnis gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ais ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávnis ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ais ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnis ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ais vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnis vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person feminine
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''ais gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''ávnis gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''ais ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''ávnis ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ais ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnis ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ais vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnis vɛis''
|-
! rowspan="5" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''aim gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávnym gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''aim ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávnym ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aim ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnym ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aim vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnym vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person masculine/neuter
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''aiš gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávnyš gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''aiš ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávnyš ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aiš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnyš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aiš vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnyš vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person feminine
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''aiš gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''ávnyš gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''aiš ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''ávnyš ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aiš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnyš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aiš vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnyš vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person masculine/neuter
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ain gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávnyn gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ain ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávnyn ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ain ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnyn ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ain vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnyn vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person feminine
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''ain gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''ávnyn gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''ain ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''ávnyn ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ain ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnyn ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ain vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnyn vɛis''
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|+ Present Perfect Subjunctive
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|ACT}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|PASS}}'''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''
! rowspan="12" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''
|-
! rowspan="5" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''aícaw gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávnaw gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''aícaw ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávnaw ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aícaw ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnaw ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aícaw vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnaw vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person masculine/neuter
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''aícaiš gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávnaiš gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''aícaiš ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávnaiš ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aícaiš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnaiš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aícaiš vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnaiš vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person feminine
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''aícaiš gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''ávnaiš gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''aícaiš ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''ávnaiš ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aícaiš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnaiš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aícaiš vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnaiš vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person masculine/neuter
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''aícais gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávnais gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''aícais ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávnais ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aícais ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnais ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aícais vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnais vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person feminine
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''aícais gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''ávnais gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''aícais ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''ávnais ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aícais ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnais ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aícais vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnais vɛis''
|-
! rowspan="5" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''aícaim gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávnaim gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''aícaim ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávnaim ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aícaim ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnaim ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aícaim vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnaim vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person masculine/neuter
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''aícawš gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávnawš gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''aícawš ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávnawš ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aícawš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnawš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aícawš vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnawš vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person feminine
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''aícawš gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''ávnawš gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''aícawš ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''ávnawš ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aícawš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnawš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aícawš vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnawš vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person masculine/neuter
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''aícain gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávnain gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''aícain ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávnain ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aícain ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnain ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aícain vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnain vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person feminine
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''aícain gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''ávnain gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''aícain ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''ávnain ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aícain ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnain ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aícain vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnain vɛis''
|}
=====Past Perfect=====
=====Future Perfect=====
====Inferential====

==Vocabulary==
===Phrasebook===

===Numerals===
===Swadesh list===
===Colors===
===Units of time===
====Times of day====
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! colspan="8" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|mélaš zy dávyn}} (''mélaš zy dávyn'')
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[File:Gothevian Flag.png|24px|frameless]]
| [[Contionary:natt|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|natt}}]] ''natt''
| [[Contionary:óttvy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|óttvy}}]] ''óttvy''
| [[Contionary:mòvvy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|mòvvy}}]] ''mɔ́vvy''
| [[Contionary:pland|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|pland}}]] ''pland''
| [[Contionary:ysmáty|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ysmáty}}]] ''ysmáty''
| [[Contionary:lix|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|lix}}]] ''lix''
| [[Contionary:yslíx|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yslíx}}]] ''yslíx''
|-
! colspan="8" style="font-weight:bold;" |
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[File:Flag of the United Kingdom (1-2).svg|24px|frameless]]
| ''night''
| ''dawn''
| ''morning''
| ''noon''
| ''afternoon''
| ''dusk''
| ''evening''
|}
====Weekdays====
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! colspan="8" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vícɛinaš dávaš}} (''vícɛinaš dávaš'')
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[File:Gothevian Flag.png|24px|frameless]]
| [[Contionary:Lúndy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Lúndy}}]] ''Lúndy''
| [[Contionary:Márty|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Márty}}]] ''Márty''
| [[Contionary:Mɛrkòdy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Mɛrkòdy}}]] ''Mɛrkɔ́dy''
| [[Contionary:Đvódy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Đvódy}}]] ''Đvódy''
| [[Contionary:Vɛnèrdy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Vɛnèrdy}}]] ''Vɛnɛ́rdy''
| [[Contionary:Šambáty|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Šambáty}}]] ''Šambáty''
| [[Contionary:Rèišty|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Rèišty}}]] ''Rɛ́išty''
|-
! colspan="8" style="font-weight:bold;" |
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[File:Flag of the United Kingdom (1-2).svg|24px|frameless]]
| ''Monday''
| ''Tuesday''
| ''Wednesday''
| ''Thursday''
| ''Friday''
| ''Saturday''
| ''Sunday''
|}
====Months====
====Seasons====

==Sample texts==
===''The Cold Winter is Near''===
{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! [[File:Gothevian Flag.png|24px|frameless]] Gothevian
!
! [[File:Flag of the United Kingdom (1-2).svg|24px|frameless]] English
|-
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Kádun žímun i nƕe, rytúny šta qímɛis.}} ''(Kádun žímun i nƕe, rytúny šta qímɛis.)''
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | The cold winter is near, a blizzard will come. 
|-
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Á-ɛl' ɛi nušt ínyn žèškyš rážyš my, o játɛl.}} ''(Á-ɛl' ɛi nušt ínyn žɛ́škyš rážyš my, o játɛl.)''
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | Come in my warm house, o' friend. 
|-
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Vɛl qòm'vyn! D'hírɛi, šívvɛi i tánsɛi aš, ícɛi i drítɛi!}} ''(Vɛl qɔ́m'vyn! D'hírɛi, šívvɛi i tánsɛi aš, ícɛi i drítɛi!)''
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | Welcome! Come here, sing and dance, eat and drink! 
|-
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Iš i plan my.}} ''(Iš i plan my.)''
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | That is my plan. 
|-
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Aim nušt vat, biwš, i niw milk yf qáwyn.}} ''(Aim nušt vat, biwš, i niw milk yf qáwyn.)''
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | We have water, beer, and fresh milk from the cow. 
|-
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Ax, i žèšky còbry!}} ''(Ax, i žɛ́šky cɔ́bry!)''
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | Oh, and warm soup! 
|}

===''The North Wind and the Sun''===
{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! [[File:Gothevian Flag.png|24px|frameless]] Gothevian
!
! [[File:Flag of the United Kingdom (1-2).svg|24px|frameless]] English
|-
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Nòsryn i Šáwjlun ynšókynɔvyn ƕɔn zy cèđaš vas iw-šés, jaj raízar sɛrqímijus, bynsènđivyn ínyn žèškuš paízuš.}} ''(Nɔ́sryn i Šáwjlun ynšókynɔvyn ƕɔn zy cɛ́đaš vas iw-šés, jaj raízar sɛrqímijus, bynsɛ́nđivyn ínyn žɛ́škuš paízuš.)''
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | The North Wind and the Sun were disputing who of the two was stronger, when a traveler came along, wrapped around in a warm cloak. 
|-
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Ynjánynɔvyn, ƕònuviš ma i byvándivyn raízaryn iš unšácais paízy šy, sar šta gydómynis ɛi iw-šés aj ásyryn.}} ''(Ynjánynɔvyn, ƕɔ́nuviš ma i byvándivyn raízaryn iš unšácais paízy šy, sar šta gydómynis ɛi iw-šés aj ásyryn.)''
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | They agreed, that whoever can force the traveler, so that he takes off his cloak, will then have to be deemed stronger than the other. 
|-
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Nòsryn èöïjus san saf m'ájus, úžyf dy sávyš èöïjus, maížyš raízaryn házijus iw-bí paízy šy byn šɛ, i dygávijus ástumy.}} ''(Nɔ́sryn ɛ́öïjus san saf m'ájus, úžyf dy sávyš ɛ́öïjus, maížyš raízaryn házijus iw-bí paízy šy byn šɛ, i dygávijus ástumy.)''
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | The North Wind then blew as hard as he could, but the more he blew, the more closely did the traveler hold his cloak around himself, and at last he gave up. 
|-
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Šáwjlun šcánijus san žèšky, i raízaryn unšácijus tríggy paízy šy.}} ''(Šáwjlun šcánijus san žɛ́šky, i raízaryn unšácijus tríggy paízy šy.)''
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | The Sun then shone warmly, and the traveler immediately took off his cloak. 
|-
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Nòsryn sar ynèhaitijus ɛi, iš Šáwjlun vas iw-šézun.}} ''(Nɔ́sryn sar ynɛ́haitijus ɛi, iš Šáwjlun vas iw-šézun.)''
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | The North Wind was then obliged to confess that the Sun was the stronger [of the two]. 
|}

==See also==

Gothevian

2026-01-26T02:17:52Z

Vrianne: /* Vocabulary */

[[Category: Indo-European_languages]][[Category: Germanic languages]][[Category: East Germanic languages]][[Category: Languages]][[Category: Conlangs]][[Category: A_posteriori]][[Category:Gothevian]]
{{private}}
{{Infobox language
|image = Gothevian Flag.png
|imagesize = 185px
|imagecaption = Flag of the Republic of Gothevia
|name = Gothevian
|nativename = {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gušk}}
|pronunciation = ɡuʃk
|states = Gothevia
|setting = Earth
|created = 2024
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam2 = [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic]]
|fam3 = [[w:East Germanic languages|East Germanic]]
|fam4 = [[w:Gothic language|Gothic]]
|creator = User:Vrianne
|stand1 = Standard Central Gothevian
|dia1 = Central dialects
|dia2 = Eastern dialects
|dia3 = Southern Dialects
|dia4 = Northern dialects
|dia5 = Western Dialects
|dia6 = Pyre Dialects
|script1 = Gthv
|nation = Gothevia
|minority = [[w:Bulgaria|Bulgaria]], [[w:Greece|Greece]], [[w:Serbia|Serbia]]
|agency = Institute for the Gothevian Language
|map = Gothevian Speaker map.png
|mapsize = 280px
|mapcaption = Map of areas where Gothevian is spoken
{{legend|#0080FE|...as a majority language}}
{{legend|#88C4FE|...as a minority language}}
|notice = IPA
|ethnicity = Gothevian
|ancestor = [[w:Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]]
|ancestor2 = [[w:Proto-Germanic language|Proto-Germanic]]
|ancestor3 = [[w:Gothic language|Gothic]]
|ancestor4 = Old Gothevian
|ancestor5 = Middle Gothevian
}}
{{Contains Gothevian}}
'''Gothevian''' ('''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gušk}}''', '''''gušk''''' [ɡuʃk], formally '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|róždun gúškun}}''', '''''róždun gúškun''''' [ˈrwɤ̞ʒdun ˈɡuʃkun]) is an [[w:East Germanic languages|East Germanic]] language descendant from [[w:Gothic language|Gothic]] or a language mutually intelligible with it. Its speakers mainly reside within the borders of [[Gothevia]], though there exist significant Gothevian-speaking communities in [[w:Bulgaria|Bulgaria]], [[w:Greece|Greece]], and [[w:Serbia|Serbia]]. it is the only surviving member of the East Germanic branch of the [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic languages]], though with being a member of [[w:Balkan sprachbund|Balkan sprachbund]], it has evolved to be quite distinct in some aspects of its structure compared to other Germanic languages, with features such as [[w:evidentiality|evidentiality]] and the eradication of the [[w:Germanic strong verb|Germanic strong verb]].

Old Gothevian shares most of its features with [[w:Ulfilas|Wulfilan]] Gothic, likely being descendent from dialects mutually intelligible with it. It was written in a descendant of the [[w:Gothic alphabet|Gothic script]], which modern Gothevian still uses. Gothevian, however, would begin to diverge from Wulfilan Gothic, with the biggest drivers being the [[w:Balkan sprachbund|Balkan sprachbund]] and [[w:Old Church Slavonic|Slavonic]] and [[w:Greek language|Greek]] [[w:Stratum_(linguistics)#Superstratum|superstrata]].
==Classification==
Gothevian is an [[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European language]] that belongs to the [[w:East Germanic languages|East Germanic]] branch of the [[:Germanic languages|Germanic languages]]. It is the only surviving member of the East Germanic languages, with its closest living relatives being from other Branches of Germanic, such as [[w:Dutch language|Dutch]], [[w:English language|English]], [[w:German language|German]], and [[w:Icelandic language|Icelandic]]. Within the East Germanic branch, its closest relative is [[w:Gothic language|Gothic]], followed by other East Germanic languages such as [[w:Vandalic language|Vandalic]], [[w:Burgundians#Language|Burgundian]], and likely [[w:Crimean Gothic|Crimean Gothic]].

Due to being located within the core [[w:Balkans|Balkan region]], it has features that set it apart from other Germanic languages. Such features include post-fixed articles, syncretism of locative and directional expressions, a future-tense particle, an inferential mood, among others. Gothevian was also under [[w:Greek language|Greek]] and [[w:South Slavic languages|Slavic]] language influence for most of its history. This influence came with many lexical borrowings, but also several grammatical influences, such as the retention of a synthetic [[w:Modern_Greek_grammar#Grammatical_voice|passive voice]] and creation of a synthetic [[w:aorist|aorist]].
==History==
The history of Gothevian can be divided into several periods.
* '''The Migratory period''' (6th-8th century)...
* '''Old Gothevian''' (9th–12th century)...
* '''Middle Gothevian''' (13th–16th century)...
* '''Modern Gothevian''' (17th century–present)...

==Etymology==
The exonym "Gothevian" is a [[w:Medieval Latin|Latinized borrowing]] of the [[w:Koine Greek|Koine Greek]] term "Γότθευικος" (Góttheuikos), itself a variant of older "Γότθευδικος" (Góttheudikos), a borrowing from "𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃" (gutþiudisks), from "[[wikt:𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰|𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰]]" (gutþiuda) + "[[wikt:-𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃|-𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃]]" (-isks), thus meaning "of the Goths". The endonym {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gušk}} (gušk) is a cognate of the Latin exonym, being a simplification of earlier {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gútsišk}} (gútsišk), from Old Gothevian {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gútsiudišk}} (gutþiudisk).

==Phonology==
===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! style="vertical-align:middle;" |
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[w:Front vowel|Front]]
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[w:Central vowel|Central]]
! [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|- style="vertical-align:middle;"
! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]]
| rowspan="2" | [[w:Close central unrounded vowel|ɨ]]~[[w:Mid central vowel|ə]]~[[w:Near-open central vowel|ɐ]]
| [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]]
|- style="vertical-align:middle;"
! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:mid vowel|Mid]]
| [[w:Mid front unrounded vowel|e]]
| [[w:Mid front unrounded vowel|o]]
|- style="vertical-align:middle;"
! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
|
| [[w:Open central unrounded vowel|a]]
|
|}
* Gothevian lacks a phonemic length distinction, but vowels in stressed syllables may allophonically be slightly lengthened.
* Mid vowels /e, o/ are mostly [[w:mid vowel|true-mid]] [e̞, o̞]. They may be allophonically pronounced closer to open-mid [e, o] in the vicinity of open vowels /i, u/, or closer to open-mid [ɛ, ɔ] in the vicinity of central vowels /a, ɨ/.
* /o/ consistently unrounds to [ɤ̞] when near [w]. This behavior rarely applies to /u/ however.
* The open vowel /a/ is [[w:Central vowel|true-central]] [ä].
* The non-open central vowel (notated here on out as /ɨ/) takes on a couple of realizations. In stressed positions it is commonly [ɨ]. In unstressed positions it is either also [ɨ], [ə], or, particularly in eastern and far-western dialects, [ɐ].

===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! colspan="2" |
! [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
! colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
| [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar nasals|n]]
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]
| [[w:Voiceless bilabial plosive|p]]
| [[w:Voiceless dental and alveolar plosives|t]]
| [[w:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|t͡ʃ]]
| [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|k]]
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:voicing (phonetics)|voiced]]
| [[w:Voiced bilabial plosive|b]]
| [[w:Voiced dental and alveolar plosives|d]]
| [[w:Voiced postalveolar affricate|d͡ʒ]]
| [[w:Voiced velar plosive|ɡ]]
|-
! rowspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]
| [[w:Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]]
| [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]]
| [[w:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]]
| [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|x]]
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:voicing (phonetics)|voiced]]
| [[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]~[[w:Voiced labiodental approximant|ʋ]]
| [[w:Voiced alveolar fricative|z]]
| [[w:Voiced postalveolar fricative|ʒ]]
|
|-
! colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
| [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills|r]]
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|
| [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants|l]]
| [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]
| ([[w:Voiced labial–velar approximant|w]])
|}
* /p, t, k/ are unaspirated [p, t, k].
* /s, z/ are denti-alveolar [s̟, z̟].
* /v/ may be a true fricative [v] or an approximant [ʋ].
* /r/ may be pronounced as either a trill [r] or a tap [ɾ]. The trilled pronunciation is commonplace when it is followed by a glide, such as in ⟨[[Contionary:róždy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|róždy}}]]⟩ [ˈ'''r'''wɤ̞ʒdə ~ ˈ'''r'''ʷɤ̞ʒdə].
* In eastern dialects, /l/ is velarized [ɫ].
* Consonant-Glide clusters /Cj, Cw/ may coalesce into a palatalized/labialized consonant /Cʲ, Cʷ/.
* [w] is an allophone of /v/ when directly preceded or followed by a consonant. Compare ⟨[[Contionary:oš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|oš}}]]⟩ ['''v'''o̞ʃ] and ⟨[[Contionary:šoš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šoš}}]]⟩ [ʃ'''w'''ɤ̞ʃ ~ ʃ'''ʷ'''ɤ̞ʃ].

===Stress===
===Historical evolution===
====From Classical Gothic to Pre-Gothevian====
* /ɸ/ shifts to /θ/ before a coronal consonant.
*: Got. {{l|got|flōdus}} /ˈfloː.ðus/ → P-G ''þlṓdus ~ þlōþs'' /ˈθloː.ðus ~ θloːθs/ ("river")
*: Got. {{l|got|*lifnan}} /ˈlif.nan/ → P-G ''*líþnan'' /ˈliθ.nan/ ("to leave")
*: Got. {{l|got|afta}} /ˈaɸ.ta/ → P-G ''*áþta'' /ˈaθ.ta/ ("behind")
* /h/, /w/ fortify into /k/, /p/ before /l/, /r/.
*: Got. {{l|got|wlits}} /wlits/ → P-G ''plits'' /plits/ ("face")
*: Got. {{l|got|hrōþs}} /hroːθs/ → P-G ''krōþs'' /kroːθs/ ("glory")
* /β/ merges into /w/ intervocalically.
*: Got. {{l|got|gabei}} /ˈɡa.βiː/ → P-G ''gáwɛi(n)'' /ˈɡa.wiː(n)/ ("wealth")
* /β/, /ɣ/ merge into /w/ before /m/.
*: Got. ''*sib(u)m'' /ˈsi.β(u)m/ → P-G ''siwm'' /siwm/ ("seven")

====From Pre-Gothevian to Old Gothevian====
* /t, d/, /k, ɡ/ palatalize to /c/, /ɟ/ respectively before /i(ː)/, /eː/, /j/. /kʷ/, /ɡ(ː)ʷ/ are unaffected.
*: P-G ''tɛíhan'' /ˈtiː.han/ → OG ''cɛíhan'' /ˈciː.han/ ("to show")
*: P-G ''gílþa'' /ˈɡil.θa/ → early OG ''đílþa'' /ˈɟil.θa/ ("sickle")
* /ɣ/ is elided intervocalically or in syllable codas if followed by another consonant, without compensatory lengthening of the previous vowel.
*: P-G ''*ígil'' /ˈi.ɣil/ → OG ''íǥil, íil'' /ˈi.il ~ iːl/ ("hedgehog")
*: P-G ''rign'' /riɣn/ → OG ''rin'' /rin/ ("rain")
* /ɣr/, /rɣ/ coalesce into /ɣː/.
*: P-G ''baírgan'' /ˈbɛr.ɣan/ → OG ''bɛ́ǥǥan'' /ˈbɛɣ.ɣan/ ("to keep")
* /ɸ/, /β/ develop into /f/, /v/.
* /l/ is elided in syllable codas if followed by another consonant, with compensatory lengthening of the previous vowel, if short.
*: early OG ''đílþa'' /ˈɟil.θa/ → OG ''đɛíþa'' /ˈɟiː.θa/ ("sickle")
* /h/ is elided in syllable codas, with compensatory lengthening of the previous vowel, if short. If /h/ is followed by a consonant, then that consonant is geminated too.
*: P-G ''módah'' /ˈmoː.dah/ → OG ''módah, módaa'' /ˈmoː.daː/ ("angry")
*: P-G ''naht'' /naht/ → OG ''nahtt, naatt'' /naːtt/ ("night")
* /ɟː/ causes nearby non-front vowels /a(ː)/, /ɔ(ː)/, /oː/, /u(ː)/ to front into /ɛ(ː)/, /œ(ː)/, /øː/, /y(ː)/. Non-geminate /ɟ/ does not trigger this shift.
*: P-G ''wadj'' /waɟɟ/ → OG ''wɛdj'' /wɛɟɟ/ ("wall")
* /kʷ/, /ɡ(ː)ʷ/, /ʍ/ cause nearby unrounded vowels /a(ː)/, /ɛ(ː)/, /eː/, /i(ː)/ to round into /ɔ(ː)/, /œ(ː)/, /øː/, /y(ː)/.
*: P-G ''qen'' /kʷeːn/ → OG ''qen'' /kʷøːn/ ("woman")

====From Old Gothevian to Middle Gothevian====
* /θ/, /ð/ fortify to /t/, /d/ when directly followed by another consonant that is not a glide or a plosive.
*: OG ''þrɛi'' /θri(ː)/ → early MG ''trɛi'' /tri(ː)/ ("three")
*: OG ''þloþ'' /θloːθ/ → early MG ''tloþ'' /tloːθ/ ("river")
* One of /θ, ð/, /s, z/ retracts to /s, z/, /ʃ, ʒ/ respectively, triggering a chain shift that causes the second to also retract.
*: OG ''síwþan'' /ˈsiw.θan/ → MG ''šíwsan'' /ˈʃiw.sɨn/ ("to boil")
*: OG ''seþ'' /seːθ/ → early MG ''šes'' /ʃeːs/ ("seed")
*: OG ''raz'' /raz/ → MG ''raž'' /raʒ/ ("house")
* /ŋk, ŋɡ/, /ŋkʷ, ŋɡʷ/ coalesce into /nː/, /wː/ respectively.
*: OG ''drínkan'' /ˈdriŋ.kan/ → early MG ''drínnan'' /ˈdrin.nan/ ("to drink")
*: OG ''síngwan'' /ˈsiŋ.ɡʷan/ → early MG ''šíwwan'' /ˈʃiw.wan/ ("to sing")
* /kʷ/, /ɡʷ/, /ʍ/ lose their labialization and merge with /k/, /ɡ/, /h/.
*: OG ''qen'' /kʷøːn/ → early MG ''qen'' /køːn/ ("woman")
*: OG ''ƕass'' /ʍɔss/ → early MG ''ƕašš'' /hɔʃʃ/ ("sharp")
* /ɣ/, /w/ are elided before back vowels /u(ː)/, /oː/.
*: OG ''wulkán'' /wul.ˈkan/ → MG ''ulkán'' /ul.ˈkan/ ("volcano")
* Geminate consonants lose their gemination.
* /œ/, /y/ merge into /ɨ~ə/. Unstressed /a/ also develops into /ɨ~ə/. Other short unstressed vowels may also sporadically develop into /ɨ~ə/.
*: OG ''smýrna'' /ˈsmyr.na/ → MG ''šmýrna, šmýrny'' /ˈʃmɨr.nə/ ("myrrh")
* Vowels preceding a nasal consonant coalesce into a long nasalized vowel if followed by a fricative or a liquid. These nasalized vowels lose their nasalization shortly after. /ẽː/, /ø̃ː/, /õː/ develop into /aː/ during this process.
*: OG ''swinþ'' /swinθ/ → early MG ''šwins, *šwɛis'' /ʃwiːs/ ("strong")
*: late OG ''ξanθ'' /skanθ ~ ksanθ/ → early MG ''ξanθ, ξanþ'' /ʃkaːs/ ("blond")
* /iː, eː/, /yː, øː/, /uː, oː/ develop into /je̞/, /we̞/, /wo̞/ respectively.
*: early MG ''fimf'' /fiːf/ → MG ''fimf, fɛif'' /fjef/ ("five")
*: early MG ''dówẅa'' /ˈduː.a/ → MG ''dow, *do'' /dwo/ ("dove; bird")
*: early MG ''qen'' /køːn/ → MG ''qen'' /kwen/ ("woman")
*: early MG ''šes'' /ʃeːs/ → MG ''šes'' /ʃjes/ ("seed")
*: early MG ''bóka'' /ˈboː.ka/ → MG ''bóka'' /ˈbwo.kɨ/ ("book")
* /ɛː/, /œː/, /ɔː/, /aː/ develop into /ja/, /wɨ~wə/, /wa/, /a/ respectively.
*: early MG ''klaif'' /klɛːf/ → MG ''klaif'' /kljaf/ ("bread")
*: early MG ''qain'' /kœːn/ → MG ''qain'' /kwɨn/ ("wail")
*: early MG ''šawjl'' /ʃɔːjl/ → MG ''šawjl'' /ʃwajl/ ("sun")
*: early MG ''ahš, aašš'' /aːʃʃ/ → MG ''aašš, ašš'' /aʃ/ ("hand, ear of corn")
* /iu̯/ merges into /wɨ/.
*: early MG ''niwm'' /niu̯m/ → MG ''niwm'' /nwɨm/ ("nine")
*: early MG ''biwž'' /biu̯ʒ/ → MG ''biwž'' /bwɨʒ/ ("beer")
* /ɛ/, /ɔ/ develop into /e̞/, /o̞/.
* /tj, kj, cj/, /dj, ɡj, ɟj/, /sj, zj/, /wj, jw/ coalesce into /c/, /ɟ/, /ʃ, ʒ/, /j, w/.
*: MG ''twai'' /twja/ → late MG ''twai, cai, cwai'' /ca/ ("two")
*: MG ''wínsišk, wɛísišk'' /wje.siʃk/ → late MG ''wínsišk, wɛísišk'' /je.siʃk/ ("Macedonian Slav")

====From Middle Gothevian to Modern Gothevian====
* /h/ is completely lost.
* /c/, /ɟ/ affricate to /t͡ʃ/, /d͡ʒ/.
*: early mod. Gthv ''đíštry'' /ˈɟiʃt.rɨ/ → Gthv ''[[Contionary:đíštry|đíštry]]'' /ˈd͡ʒiʃt.rɨ/ ("tomorrow")
*: early mod. Gthv ''mécyry'' /ˈmje.cɨ.rɨ/ → early mod. Gthv ''mécyry'' /ˈmje.t͡ʃɨ.rɨ/ ("sword")
* /t͡ʃ/, /d͡ʒ/ de-affricate in unstressed and/or coda positions.
*: early mod. Gthv ''mécyry'' /ˈmje.t͡ʃɨ.rɨ/ → Gthv ''[[Contionary:mécyry|mécyry]]'' /ˈmje.ʃɨ.rɨ/ ("sword")
*: early mod. Gthv ''kácky'' /ˈkat͡ʃ.kɨ/ → Gthv ''[[Contionary:kácky|kácky]]'' /ˈkaʃ.kɨ/ ("spoon")
* /sc/, /ʃc/ develop into /st/, /ʃt/.
*: early mod. Gthv ''šcányn'' /ʃca.nɨn/ → Gthv ''[[Contionary:šcányn|šcányn]]'' /ʃta.nɨn/ ("to shine")
* /w/, /ɣ/ merge into /v/, except when within a consonant cluster, then they merge into /w/.
* Final fricatives devoice.

==Orthography==
Gothevian is written primarily in the '''Gothevian script'''. It is an [[w:alphabet|alphabet]] and at its core a variant of the Wulfilan [[w:Gothic alphabet|Gothic alphabet]], augmented by letters borrowed from the nearby [[w:Greek alphabet|Greek]] and [[w:Early Cyrillic alphabet|Cyrillic]] scripts. The modern Gothevian spelling convention is based on the reformed Central Gothevian literary norms, and as such the Modern Gothevian Script contains some archaic features, such as the vowel-modifying consonants ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|q, ƕ}}⟩ (q, ƕ), and ditched others, such as the obsolete letters ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|θ, ξ, ψ}}⟩ ([[w:theta|θ]], [[w:xi|ξ]], [[w:psi|ψ]]).

The modern Gothevian script contains 31 letters in common use. Most letters are mapped to a single phoneme, with a few others mapped onto more than one phoneme but in regular and predictable contexts.
<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Letter
! Translit.
! Name
! IPA
! Source
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|a}}
| a
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áfy}} (áfy)
| /a/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌰]] (a)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|b}}
| b
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|béty}} (béty)
| /b/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌱]] (b)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|g}}
| g
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gámy}} (gámy)
| /ɡ/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌲]] (g)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|d}}
| d
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|déty}} (déty)
| /d/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌳]] (d)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛ}}
| ɛ
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ècy}} (ɛ́cy)
| /e/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌴]] (ē)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|q}}
| q
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qèrsy}} (qɛ́rsy)
| /k/1
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌵]] (q)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ž}}
| ž
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|žéty}} (žéty)
| /ʒ/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌶]] (z)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|z}}
| z
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|zéty}} (zéty)
| /z/
| Cyrillic [[w:Ze (Cyrillic)|З]] (z)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|e}}
| e
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|éty}} (éty)
| /je/
| Greek [[w:Eta|Η]] (ē)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|đ}}
| đ
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|đèty}} (đɛ́ty)
| /d͡ʒ/, /ʒ/2
| see below
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|h}}
| h
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|hály}} (hály)
| /Ø/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌷]] (h)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}}
| s
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|séty}} (séty)
| /s/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌸]] (þ)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|i}}
| i
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|íöty}} (íöty)
| /i/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌹]] (i)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|k}}
| k
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|kápy}} (kápy)
| /k/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌺]] (k)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|l}}
| l
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|léty}} (léty)
| /l/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌻]] (l)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m}}
| m
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|mvɛ}} (mvɛ)
| /m/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌼]] (m)
|}
</div>
<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Letter
! Translit.
! Name
! IPA
! Source
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}}
| n
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nvɛ}} (nvɛ)
| /n/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌽]] (n)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|j}}
| j
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|éry}} (éry)
| /j/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌾]] (j)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɔ}}
| ɔ
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|òmy}} (ɔ́my)
| /o/
| Greek or Cyrillic [[w:Omicron|Ο]] (o)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|u}}
| u
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|úry}} (úry)
| /u/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌿]] (u)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|p}}
| p
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|pe}} (pe)
| /p/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐍀]] (p)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|r}}
| r
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ro}} (ro)
| /r/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐍂]] (r)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}
| š
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šíwmy}} (šíwmy)
| /ʃ/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐍃]] (s)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|t}}
| t
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|taw}} (taw)
| /t/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐍄]] (t)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|y}}
| y
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ýcy}} (ýcy)
| /ɨ/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐍅]] (w)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|v}}
| v
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vècy}} (vɛ́cy)
| /v~w/
| derived from {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|y}} (y)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|f}}
| f
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|fe}} (fe)
| /f/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐍆]] (f)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|x}}
| x
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|xe}} (xe)
| /x/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐍇]] (x)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕ}}
| ƕ
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕaíry}} (ƕaíry)
| /Ø/1
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐍈]] (ƕ)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|c}}
| c
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|cèty}} (cɛ́ty)
| /t͡ʃ/, /ʃ/2
| see below
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}}
| o
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ómy}} (ómy)
| /vo~wo/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐍉]] (ō)
|}
</div>
# Qɛ́rsy and ƕaíry are pronounced identically to kápy and hály respectively but alter the pronunciation of the following vowel ([[#Digraphs_and_Trigraphs|see below]]).
# Đɛ́ty and cɛ́ty are pronounced as /ʒ/ and /ʃ/ in unstressed and/or coda positions.
Apart from zéty ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|z}}⟩, éty ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|e}}), đɛ́ty ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|đ}}⟩, ɔ́my ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɔ}}⟩, and cɛ́ty ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|c}}⟩, all Gothevian letters can be directly traced to a Gothic-script source. The source of đɛ́ty and cɛ́ty specifically is a point of contention, as no unambigious source has been identified. The many theories include the following:
# Current mainstream theories argue for a [[w:Coptic_script|Coptic]] source for cɛ́ty, citing [[wikt:ϭ#Coptic|čima]] ⟨ϭ⟩ as the most likely candidate, followed by [[wikt:ϯ#Coptic|ti]] ⟨ϯ⟩. A Coptic source for đɛ́ty is more dubious, with the likeliest candidate, [[wikt:ϫ#Coptic|janjia]] ⟨ϫ⟩, bearing less of a resemblance than the candidates for cɛ́ty.
# Likewise, đɛ́ty is near-unanimously believed to be derived from a Cyrillic source, with most mainstream theories putting forward [[w:Tse (Cyrillic)|tse]] ⟨ц⟩ or [[w:Che (Cyrillic)|che]] ⟨ч⟩ as probable sources. Less supported theories instead propose [[w:Djerv|djerv]] ⟨ꙉ⟩ due to its alphabetical order being nearer to that of đɛ́ty. Djerv has also been proposed as a source for cɛ́ty as a more fringe position, alongside an adaptation of a [[wikt:yer|yer]] ⟨ь~ъ⟩.
# A popular yet unsupported theory proposes [[w:Gothic alphabet|Gothic]] [[wikt:𐍁|𐍁]] (90) based wholly on its similar form. This comes with a host of unexplained inconsistencies, such as its sudden shift in alphabetical and numeric order, and its missing usage as a numeral. Others point to [[wikt:𐍊|𐍊]] (900) as another Gothic source, but those are even less supported and outright rejected.
# Cɛ́ty is also sometimes argued to be a simplification of a ligature, such as ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|tj}}⟩ (tj), though this is not backed by historic manuscripts.
# An Armenian source can also be argued for, with letters such as [[w:Tsa (Armenian letter)|tsa]] ⟨ծ⟩ and [[w:Che (Armenian letter)|che]] ⟨ճ⟩ being put forward for cɛ́ty, and [[w:Cha (Armenian letter)|cha]] ⟨չ⟩ and [[w:Je (Armenian letter)|je]] ⟨ջ⟩ for đɛ́ty.
===Digraphs and letter combinations===
Additionally, Gothevian contains several letter combinations that have phonetic values different from those of their single components. These include vocalic digraphs from historic long vowels and consonants that modify certain vowels.

Vocalic diphthongs take the form ⟨'''{{abbtip|vowel - glide/approximant|VG}}'''⟩ and phonetically represent /'''{{abbtip|glide/approximant - vowel|GV}}'''/ sequences. Most of these formerly represented long vowels /Vː/ which had later broken up into their current forms.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Letter
! Translit.
! IPA
! IPA (hist.)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}
| ai
| /ja/
| /ɛː/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}}
| aw
| /va~wa/
| /ɔː/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛi}}
| ɛi
| /je/
| /iː/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iw}}
| iw
| /vɨ~wɨ/
| /iu̯/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ow}}
| ow
| ''deprecated''
| /uː/
|}

The letters qɛ́rsy ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|q}}⟩ and ƕaíry ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕ}}⟩ can also alter the pronunciation of certain vowels when directly preceding them. Qɛ́rsy and ƕaíry formerly represented labialized consonants /kʷ, ʍ/ and as such triggered the rounding of unrounded vowels, causing them to diverge from their unaffected counterparts.

<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Letter
! Translit.
! IPA
! IPA (hist.)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qa}}
| qa
| /kwa/
| /k(ʷ)ɔː/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qai}}
| qai
| /kwɨ/
| /k(ʷ)œː/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qɛ}}
| qɛ
| /kɨ/
| /k(ʷ)œ/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qɛi}}
| qɛi
| rowspan="2" | /kwe/
| /k(ʷ)yː/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qe}}
| qe
| /k(ʷ)øː/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qi}}
| qi
| /kɨ/
| /k(ʷ)y/
|}
</div>
<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Letter
! Translit.
! IPA
! IPA (hist.)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕa}}
| ƕa
| /va~wa/
| /h(ʷ)ɔː/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕai}}
| ƕai
| /vɨ~wɨ/
| /h(ʷ)œː/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɛ}}
| ƕɛ
| /ɨ/
| /h(ʷ)œ/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɛi}}
| ƕɛi
| rowspan="2" | /ve~we/
| /h(ʷ)yː/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕe}}
| ƕe
| /h(ʷ)øː/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕi}}
| ƕi
| /ɨ/
| /h(ʷ)y/
|}
</div>

===Obsolete letters===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Letter
! Translit.
! Name
! IPA
! Source
! Replaced by
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|θ}}
| θ
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|θéty}} (θéty)
| /t, s/
| Greek [[w:Theta|θ]] (th)
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|t}} (t), {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} (s)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ξ}}
| ξ
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ξe}} (ξe)
| /kʃ, ʃk, ks/
| Greek [[w:Xi|ξ]] (x)
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|kš}} (kš), {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šk}} (šk), {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ks}} (ks)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ψ}}
| ψ
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ψe}} (ψe)
| /pʃ, ʃp, ps/
| Greek [[w:Psi|ψ]] (ps)
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|pš}} (pš), {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šp}} (šp), {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ps}} (ps)
|}

===History===
By the time of the first standardization of the Gothevian script based on the [[w:Stobi|Štoven]] Dialect, influence from literary Greek had taken its course on vowel glyphs. {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛ}} would be remapped onto short ''e'', with ''ē'' becoming represented by {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|e}} taken from Greek [[w:eta|eta]] (η). A similar system came about for the mid-back vowels, using native {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}} for ''ō'', due to the perceived similarity of its written form to Greek [[w:omega|omega]] (ω), and Hellenic {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɔ}} for ''o''. Other long vowels would become disambiguated using the digraphs {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛi, ow, ai, aw,}} and rarely {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aa}} for ''ī, ū, ɛ̄, ɔ̄,'' and ''ā'' respectively. A monotonic system would also be adopted, with vowels in stressed syllables gaining an [[w:Acute accent|acute]] (◌́) and vowels in [[w:Vowel hiatus|hiatus]] gaining a [[w:Diaeresis (diacritic)|diaeresis]] (◌̈). {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|θ, ξ, ψ}} (th, ks, ps) would also begin their usage during this period.

...

==Grammar==
===Syntax===
The predominant word order in Gothevian is [[w:Subject–verb–object word order|subject–verb–object]] (SVO), but in practice, word order exhibits a high degree of flexibility without much ambiguity.
====General features====
Adjectives commonly precede the noun.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škázɛiny}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bóky}}''' — '''‘leather book’'''
They can however follow the noun when marked for emphasis.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ížy}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bóky}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škázɛiny}}''' — '''‘that ''leather'' book’'''
Although not present in the standard variety, a common feature of southern dialects is placing all adjectives ''after'' the noun.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bóky}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škázɛiny}}''' — '''‘leather book’'''
Possessors commonly follow the noun.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bóky}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|my}}''' — '''‘my book’'''
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bóky}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|zy}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Myxaílen}}''' — '''‘Mykhail’s book’'''
For pronominal emphasis however, a genitive phrase with a dative pronoun is used.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bókun}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|zy}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|min}}''' — '''‘the book of me’'''
Possessors are allowed to go before the noun for poetic license without any loss of meaning.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šcánijus}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}}-{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dáprun}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|uf}}''' — '''‘overshone, our bravery’'''
Subject pronouns are normally [[w:pro-drop language|dropped]], as they can be inferred from verbal endings.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šócija}}''' — '''‘I saw’'''
Though they can be included to emphasize the subject.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ci}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šócija}}''' — '''‘''I'' saw’'''
Verbs go before participles in compound tenses.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšynɔvis}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|túklivyn}}''' — '''‘he was arrested [reportedly]’'''
===Morphology===
Gothevian is a largely [[w:synthetic language|synthetic language]], in some aspects more so than others. However, it also heavily displays [[w:analytic language|analytic]] features. Nominal declension was heavily reduced, while verbal conjugation was expanded upon. Most of these innovations were due to the Balkan sprachbund, among them are:
* Lack of an infinitive. Contexts where English would use an infinitive are typically formed with either [[w:Finite verb|finite forms]] or participles.
* Innovation of a post-fixed declining article. The [[w:Gothic_declension#The_weak_declension|weak adjective declension]] was re-analyzed and spread to nouns via the old [[w:Gothic_declension#Weak_noun_declensions_(n-stems)|n-stem declensions]].
* Syncretism of the dative and genitive cases. Particles are used to form distinct dative and genitive constructions.
* reshaped and expanded compound tenses. The future and perfect tenses were reshaped to be more in line with those of their neighbors. A synthetic [[w:aorist|aorist]] was later analogically innovated, and analytic [[w:evidentiality|evidential forms]] later followed.
* Loss of synthetic comparative and superlative forms. The original method of deriving degrees of comparison using suffixation fell out of use in favor of analytic preposed markers.
===Nominals===
====Nouns====
Gothevian nouns decline for two cases ([[w:direct case|direct]], [[w:dative case|dative]]), three genders ([[w:Grammatical gender|masculine]], [[w:Grammatical gender|feminine]], [[w:Grammatical gender|neuter]]), two numbers ([[w:Grammatical number|singular]], [[w:Grammatical number|plural]]), and two states ([[w:definiteness|indefinite]], [[w:definiteness|definite]]). The original Gothic four cases in nouns synchronized into two cases (nominative-accusative → direct; dative-genitive → dative), and the six strong declensions levelled into three declension, largely correlating with the three genders. The weak declensions were re-analyzed as indicating definiteness and were subsequently joined with the indefinite strong declensions.
=====Masculine declension=====
This declension is completely made up of masculine nouns. It came about from a merger of nearly all of the Gothic strong declensions except for the [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-ō_declension|-ō declension]], which is the predecessor to the feminine declension.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:normal; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the masculine declension|MASC}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the feminine declension|FEM}} {{abbtip|endings that appear in both masculine and feminine declensions|BOTH}}'''
! colspan="4" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Contionary:šal|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šal}}]] (''šal'', "room")
! rowspan="5" |
! colspan="4" | [[Contionary:klaif|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|klaif}}]] (''klaif'', "bread")
! rowspan="5" |
! colspan="4" | [[Contionary:ško|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ško}}]] (''ško'', "shoe")
|-
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | singular
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | plural
! colspan="2" | singular
! colspan="2" | plural
! colspan="2" | singular
! colspan="2" | plural
|-
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | direct
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šal}} ''šal''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šál}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}} ''šályn''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šal}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''šalš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šál}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}} ''šálaš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|klaif}} ''klaif''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|klaív}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}} ''klaívyn''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|klaif}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''klaifš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|klaív}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}} ''klaívaš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ško}} ''ško''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škó}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ÿn}} ''škóÿn''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ško}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''škoš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škó}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äš}} ''škóäš''
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | dative
| style="color:#333333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šál}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''šályš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šál}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|e}} ''šále''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šál}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}} ''šálen''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|klaív}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''klaívyš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|klaív}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|e}} ''klaíve''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|klaív}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}} ''klaíven''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škó}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ÿš}} ''škóÿš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škó}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ë}} ''škóë''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škó}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ën}} ''škóën''
|}
=====Feminine declension=====
This declension is completely made up of feminine nouns. It evolved directly from the Gothic [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-ō_declension|-ō declension]]. As such, all feminine nouns that originally belonged to the -ō declension alongside later-derived nouns end with {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|-y}} (-y ← -a). All [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-ōn_declension|-ōn declension]] and [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-ein_declension|-ein declension]] nouns later transitioned into Gothevian feminine declension nouns, gaining the {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|-y}} (-y) ending as well. A small subset of feminine nouns however lacks the ending.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:normal; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the masculine declension|MASC}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the feminine declension|FEM}} {{abbtip|endings that appear in both masculine and feminine declensions|BOTH}}'''
! colspan="4" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Contionary:bóky|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bóky}}]] (''bóky'', "book")
! rowspan="5" |
! colspan="4" | [[Contionary:as|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|as}}]] (''as'', "age")
! rowspan="5" |
! colspan="4" | [[Contionary:do|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|do}}]] (''do'', "bird")
|-
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | singular
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | plural
! colspan="2" | singular
! colspan="2" | plural
! colspan="2" | singular
! colspan="2" | plural
|-
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | direct
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bóky}} ''bóky''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bók}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|un}} ''bókun''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bok}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''bokš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bók}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}} ''bókaš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|as}} ''as''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|un}} ''ázun''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''ázyš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}} ''ázaš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|do}} ''do''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dó}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ün}} ''dóün''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|do}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''doš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dó}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äš}} ''dóäš''
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | dative
| style="color:#333333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bók}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|uš}} ''bókuš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bók}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}} ''bóko''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bók}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}} ''bóken''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|uš}} ''ázuš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}} ''ázo''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}} ''ázen''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dó}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|üš}} ''dóüš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dó}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ö}} ''dóö''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dó}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ën}} ''dóën''
|}
======Anomalous feminine declension======
A closed class of feminine nouns declines according to the masculine declension instead of the feminine declension. This is the result of the Gothic [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-i_declension|-i declension]] and [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-jō_declension|-jō declension]] ultimately merging into the Gothevian masculine declension, with the feminine nouns of those declensions adopting the same endings.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:normal; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the masculine declension|MASC}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the feminine declension|FEM}} {{abbtip|endings that appear in both masculine and feminine declensions|BOTH}}'''
! colspan="4" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Contionary:qen|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qen}}]] (''qen'', "woman")
! rowspan="5" |
! colspan="4" | [[Contionary:šɛs|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šɛs}}]] (''šɛs'', "seed")
! rowspan="5" |
! colspan="4" | [[Contionary:škaft|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škaft}}]] (''škaft'', "animal")
|-
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | singular
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | plural
! colspan="2" | singular
! colspan="2" | plural
! colspan="2" | singular
! colspan="2" | plural
|-
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | direct
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qen}} ''qen''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qén}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}} ''qényn''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qen}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''qenš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qén}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}} ''qénaš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šɛs}} ''šɛs''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šèz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}} ''šɛ́zyn''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šèz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''šɛ́zyš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šèz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}} ''šɛ́zaš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škaft}} ''škaft''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škáft}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}} ''škáftyn''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škaft}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''škaftš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škáft}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}} ''škáftaš''
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | dative
| style="color:#333333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qén}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''qényš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qén}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|e}} ''qéne''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qén}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}} ''qénen''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šèz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''šɛ́zyš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šèz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|e}} ''šɛ́ze''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šèz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}} ''šɛ́zen''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škáft}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''škáftyš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škáft}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|e}} ''škáfte''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škáft}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}} ''škáften''
|}
=====Neuter declension=====
This declension is completely made up of neuter nouns. It evolved directly from the neuter [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-a_declension|-a declension]], [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-ja_declension|-ja declension]], and [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-u_declension|-u declension]]. It mirrors the masculine declension in the indefinite singular, but mirrors the feminine indefinite singular direct and plural dative in its indefinite plurals. It also mirrors the feminine declension in the definite singular.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:normal; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the masculine declension|MASC}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the feminine declension|FEM}} {{abbtip|endings that appear in both masculine and feminine declensions|BOTH}}'''
! colspan="4" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Contionary:hairt|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|hairt}}]] (''hairt'', "heart")
! rowspan="5" |
! colspan="4" | [[Contionary:biwš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|biwš}}]] (''biwš'', "beer")
! rowspan="5" |
! colspan="4" | [[Contionary:raš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|raš}}]] (''raš'', "house")
|-
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | singular
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | plural
! colspan="2" | singular
! colspan="2" | plural
! colspan="2" | singular
! colspan="2" | plural
|-
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | direct
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|hairt}} ''hairt''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|haírt}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|un}} ''haírtun''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|haírt}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|y}} ''haírty''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|haírt}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}} ''haírtaš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|biwš}} ''biwš''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bíwž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|un}} ''bíwžun''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=bíwž|klaif}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|y}} ''bíwžy''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bíwž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}} ''bíwžaš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|raš}} ''raš''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ráž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|un}} ''rážun''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ráž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|y}} ''rážy''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ráž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}} ''rážaš''
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | dative
| style="color:#333333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|haírt}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''haírtyš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|haírt}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}} ''haírto''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|haírt}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}} ''haírten''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bíwž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''bíwžyš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bíwž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}} ''bíwžo''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bíwž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}} ''bíwžen''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ráž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''rážyš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ráž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}} ''rážo''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ráž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}} ''rážen''
|}
====Adjectives====
====Pronouns====
=====Personal pronouns=====
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
! number
! colspan="2" | person
! nominative
! accusative (long)
! dative (long)
! acc./dat./poss. (short)
|-
! rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | singular
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | first
| [[Contionary:ci|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ci}}]] ''ci''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|mic}} ''mic''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|min}} ''min''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|my}} ''my''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | second
| [[Contionary:so|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|so}}]] ''so''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|suk}} ''suk''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|sun}} ''sun''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|sy}} ''sy''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | third
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | masculine
| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:ša|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ša}}]] ''ša''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šic}} ''šic''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šin}} ''šin''
| rowspan="3" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šy}} ''šy''
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | neuter
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | feminine
| colspan="2" | [[Contionary:šo|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šo}}]] ''šo''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šɛj}} ''šɛj''
|-
! rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | plural
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | first
| [[Contionary:ɛiš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛiš}}]] ''ɛiš''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|oš}} ''oš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}} ''o''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | second
| [[Contionary:oš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|oš}}]] ''oš''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛiš}} ''ɛiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛi}} ''ɛi''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | third
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | masculine
| colspan="4" | [[Contionary:šai|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šai}}]] ''šai''
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | neuter
| rowspan="2" colspan="3" | [[Contionary:šoš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šoš}}]] ''šoš''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šo}} ''šo''
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | feminine
|}
=====Demonstrative and relative pronouns=====
{| class="wikitable" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
|-
! number
! gender
! proximal (''this'')
! distal (''that'')
|-
! rowspan="3" | singular
! masculine
| rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" | [[Contionary:iš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iš}}]] ''iš''
| rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" | [[Contionary:ai|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}]] ''ai''
|- style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;"
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | neuter
|- style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;"
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | feminine
| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:ížy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ížy}}]] ''ížy''
| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:aíny|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíny}}]] ''aíny''
|-
! rowspan="3" | plural
! masculine
|- style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;"
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | neuter
| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:ížo|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ížo}}]] ''ížo''
| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:aíno|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíno}}]] ''aíno''
|-
! feminine
|}
=====Interrogative pronouns=====
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
! gender
! personal (''who'')
! possessive (''whose'')
! for quality (''what; what kind'')
! for quantity (''how much; how many'')
! for size (''how big'')
! for place/source (''where; from where'')
! for destination (''where to'')
! for manner (''why'')
! for manner (''how'')
! for time (''when'')
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | masculine
| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:ƕɔn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɔn}}]] ''ƕɔn''
| rowspan="3" | [[Contionary:ƕiš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕiš}}]] ''ƕiš''
| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:ƕɔr|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɔr}}]] ''ƕɔr''
| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:ƕaf|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕaf}}]] ''ƕaf''
| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:ƕel|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕel}}]] ''ƕel''
| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:ƕɔrs|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɔrs}}]] ''ƕɔrs''
| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:ƕɔrs|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɔt}}]] ''ƕɔt''
| rowspan="3" | [[Contionary:ƕe|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕe}}]] ''ƕe''
| rowspan="3" | [[Contionary:ƕɔm|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɔm}}]] ''ƕɔm''
| rowspan="3" | [[Contionary:ƕɔmán|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɔmán}}]] ''ƕɔmán''
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | neuter
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | feminine
| [[Contionary:ƕin|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕin}}]] ''ƕin''
| [[Contionary:ƕòry|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕòry}}]] ''ƕɔ́ry''
| [[Contionary:ƕávy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕávy}}]] ''ƕávy''
| [[Contionary:ƕély|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕély}}]] ''ƕély''
| [[Contionary:ƕòrzy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕòrzy}}]] ''ƕɔ́rzy''
| [[Contionary:ƕòty|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕòty}}]] ''ƕɔ́ty''
|}
=====Indefinite pronouns=====

===Prepositions and particles===
====Particles====
Gothevian employs the use of particles for various purposes.
=====Function particles=====
Function particles in Gothevian are grammaticalized particles that form multiword constructions, aiding with tenses and moods, and take on the uses of auxiliary verbs. Unlike discourse particles, they cannot be left out of a sentence. Below are some function particles.

'''[[Contionary:dy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dy}}]] (dy, "dative particle")''' — Placed before a noun to mark it as an [[wikt:indirect object|indirect object]] of a verb.
* {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gycáhiva}} '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|d'}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Ášto}}''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|cánty my}} — ‘I showed my bag '''to Ášty'''’
'''[[Contionary:zy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|zy}}]] (zy, "possessive/partitive particle")''' — Placed before a noun to express [[w:Possession (linguistics)|possession]], origin, or [[w:Partitive|partitivity]], or [[w:Compound (linguistics)|attributively]] in relation to the noun preceding it.
* {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iš i}} '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|katt}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|zy}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Somáë}}''' — ‘that is '''Somá’s cat'''’
'''[[Contionary:vy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vy}}]] (vy, "interrogative particle")''' — Placed after the main verb to form a [[w:Yes/no question|yes–no question]].
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dránnivɛš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vy}}''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vat?}} — ‘'''have you drunk''' water'''?'''’
'''[[Contionary:ny|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ny}}]] (ny, "negation particle")''' — Placed before a noun, verb, adjective, or another particle to [[w:Affirmation_and_negation#Negation|negate]] its meaning.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n'}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yrèš}}''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dɛ suk!}} — ‘'''I don’t like''' you!’
* {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|oš'ƕɔn qízɛis jy,}} '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ny}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šɛísyn}}'''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|?}} — ‘who's talking, '''the not-strong'''?’
'''[[Contionary:o|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}}]] (o, "vocative particle")''' — Placed before a noun to form a [[w:Vocative expression|vocative expression]].
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o'}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Ázlyfe}}'''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|! aš èly!}} — ‘'''O Ázlyf'''! Come here!’
'''[[Contionary:ɛísy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛísy}}]] (ɛísy, "optative particle")''' — Placed before a verb in the subjunctive to express wish, hope, or desire. Also placed before a verb in the indicative to express general want or desire.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛísy}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕaílaw}}''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dot Iwrópo}} — ‘'''I wish to travel''' around Europe’
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛísy}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕail}}''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dot Iwrópo}} — ‘'''I want to travel''' around Europe’
'''[[Contionary:ma|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ma}}]] (ma, "dynamic particle")''' — Placed before a verb in the indicative to express ability. Also placed before a verb in the subjunctive to express permission.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ma}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|kawš}}''' — ‘'''I can try'''’
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ma}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|káwšaw}}''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vy?}} — ‘'''may I try'''?’
'''[[Contionary:á|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}]] (á, "hortative particle")''' — Placed before a verb in the subjunctive to form a [[w:Hortative|hortative expression]].
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á-}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|žepaiš}}''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|, saíƕyniš mójivyn}} — ‘'''it'd be better if you sleep''', you look tired’
'''[[Contionary:daw|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|daw}}]] (daw, "affection particle")''' — Placed before a verb to express habitual enjoyment or affection.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|daw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šívɛis}}''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áđby}} '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|žóvvivny}}''' — ‘'''I heard she used to like to draw'''’
'''[[Contionary:sar|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|sar}}]] (sar, "jussive particle")''' — Placed before a verb in the indicative to express requirement, necessity, or urgency. Also placed before a verb in the subjunctive to express a more urgent or prioritized [[w:Hortative|hortative expression]].
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|sar}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vándɛiš}}'''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|!}} — ‘'''you have to leave'''!’
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|sar}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vándaiš}}''' — ‘'''you probably should leave'''’
'''[[Contionary:aw|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}}]] (aw, "desiderative particle")''' — Placed before a verb in the subjunctive to express desire towards the verb. Also placed before a verb in the indicative to express general want or desire.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m'ai búđaw}}''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|'aparátyn}} — ‘'''I would love to be able to buy''' the camera’
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|buđ}}''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|'aparátyn}} — ‘'''I want to buy''' the camera’

=====Discourse particles=====
Discourse particles in Gothevian are contextual, optional particles used to highlight the mood or the attitude of the speaker or to highlight the sentence's focus. These particles are mainly present in spoken, informal standard Gothevian or throughout its many dialects. In formal, written contexts, they are mostly seen as unprofessional. Below are some discourse particles.

'''[[Contionary:jy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jy}}]] (jy)''' — Used as a general intensifying particle.
* ...
'''[[Contionary:ɛi|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛi}}]] (ɛi)''' — Used to indicate that the utterance happened as a consequence to an earlier even or action.
* ...
'''[[Contionary:nušt|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nušt}}]] (nušt)''' — Used to indicate something is being offered to the listener.
* ...
'''[[Contionary:níjy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|níjy}}]] (níjy)''' — Used to intensify a negative or opposing utterance. Also used before nouns, adjectives, adverbs, or verbs for stronger negation.
* ...
'''[[Contionary:aš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}}]] (aš)''' — Used to intensify imperatives.
* ...
'''[[Contionary:dɛ|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dɛ}}]] (dɛ)''' — Used as indicate haste or urgency. Also used to indicate the speaker is in a state of haste, or in a state of anger or hatred towards the listener or a third party.
* ...
'''[[Contionary:mis|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|mis}}]] (mis)''' — Used to intensify adjectives and adverbs.
* ...
'''[[Contionary:hax|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|hax}}]] (hax)''' — Used as a indicate a sudden shift or deviation of topic.
* ...
'''[[Contionary:áđby|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áđby}}]] (áđby)''' — Used to indicate that the speaker has been ignorant of newly-provided information or fact.
* ...
'''[[Contionary:ɛx|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛx}}]] (ɛx)''' — Used to indicate dissatisfaction or disgust.
* ...
'''[[Contionary:óšy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|óšy}}]] (óšy)''' — Used to add a sense indeterminateness to interrogative pronouns or to add a sense greater indeterminateness to indefinite pronouns. Also used insultingly to add a sense of diminutivity.
* ...
'''[[Contionary:bɛ|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bɛ}}]] (bɛ)''' — Used to indicate frustration or anger.
* ...

=====Lexical particles=====

====Prepositions====

===Verbs===
Gothevian lost many of the complex verbal conjugations it inherited from [[w:Gothic verbs|Gothic]], such as [[w:Dual (grammatical number)|dual]] forms, the old passive conjugation, and [[w:Germanic strong verb|strong verb classes]]. Nevertheless, Gothevian verb conjugation is the most complex out of any surviving Germanic language, due to the acquisition of an [[w:aorist|aorist]], a new synthetic passive, and other analytic moods such as the [[w:Inferential mood|inferential]] and [[w:Conditional mood|conditional]] moods.
====Irregular stems====
Irregular verbs in Gothevian are verbs whose stems either slightly alter or completely change across the paradigm. These changes mostly occur across tense-aspect-mood forms, but two verbs (''to have, to be'') also alter their stems depending on person.

While most strong verbs would regularize by applying one form throughout the whole paradigm, some common verbs would retain reduced stem vowel alternation in their "past" (''imperfect and aorist'') conjugations. These verbs include {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ícyn}} (ícyn, "to eat") (past stem {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|éc-}}, éc-), {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qízyn}} (qízyn, "to talk") (past stem {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qòz-}}, qɔ́z-), {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qímyn}} (qímyn, "to come") (past stem {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qòm-}}, qɔ́m-), and {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ályn}} (ályn, "to grow") (past stem {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ól-}}, ól-).

Another source of irregular verbs are Gothic [[w:Gothic_verbs#Irregular_weak_verbs|weak irregular verbs]] that have also resisted full regularization. Instead, these verbs underwent partial regularization, by reforming the present stems with the consonantism of the past stem (which mostly would have followed a ''CV̄̆ht-'' pattern) and the vocalism of the present stem, thus in a way appearing to mimic the previous class of irregular verbs. These verbs include {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|sútyn}} (sútyn, "to seem") (past stem {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|sót-}}, sót-), {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bútyn}} (bútyn, "to buy") (past stem {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|báwt-}}, báwt-), and {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vòtyn}} (vɔ́tyn, "to make") (past stem {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vát-}}, vát-), alongside the verb {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|drítyn}} (drítyn, "to drink") (past stem {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|drɛít-}}, drɛít-).

The last category of irregular verbs, specifically the two verbs {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} (ain, "to have") and {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn}} (víšyn, "to be") use multiple different stems throughout their paradigm ({{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aí-, á-, aíc-}}; {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|v-, š-, ší-}}).
====Synthetic forms====
Approximately one third of verbal conjugations in Gothevian are synthetic, meaning they indicate grammatical information via [[w:Bound and free morphemes|bound affixation]] rather than by [[w:Bound and free morphemes|unbound morphemes]]. With the exception of participles and the aorist, synthetic forms all represent direct evolutions from old Gothic conjugations.
=====Participles=====
Gothevian verbs have five participles based on aspect and voice, declining for 2 gender categories (''masculine-neuter, feminine'').
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:left;"
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="5" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | [[Contionary:šócyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šócyn}}]] ''(šócyn, "to see")''
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! present active participle
! present passive participle
! imperfect active participle
! imperfect passive participle
! aorist participle
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | masculine (+ neuter)
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}} ''šócyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynyn}} ''šócynyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''šócis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|inɔs}} ''šócinɔs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivyn}} ''šócivyn''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | feminine
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ny}} ''šócny''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyny}} ''šócnyny''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''šócizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|inɔzy}} ''šócinɔzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivny}} ''šócivny''
|}
=====Present=====
The present tense is used for:
* Events happening in the present,
* Current states of being,
* Facts that are always true.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|+ Present Indicative
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|ACT}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|PASS}}'''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''
! rowspan="7" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gaf}} ''gaf''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}} ''gávyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}} ''ɛ́ö''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} ''ɛ́ön''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}} ''ai''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|av}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} ''avn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|im}} ''im''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ši}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} ''šin''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛiš}} ''gávɛiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yniš}} ''gávyniš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|êiš}} ''ɛ́öɛ̈iš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} ''ɛ́öniš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''aiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} ''avniš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iš}} ''iš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} ''šiniš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛis}} ''gávɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynis}} ''gávynis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|êis}} ''ɛ́öɛ̈is''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} ''ɛ́önis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} ''ais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} ''avnis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|i}} ''i''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} ''šinis''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ym}} ''gávym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynym}} ''gávynym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m}} ''ɛ́öm''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}} ''ɛ́önym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m}} ''aim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}} ''avnym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šam}} ''šam''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}} ''šinym''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''gávyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynyš}} ''gávynyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''ɛ́öš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} ''ɛ́önyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''ajš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} ''avnyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šu}} ''šu''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} ''šinyš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}} ''gávyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynyn}} ''gávynyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} ''ɛ́ön''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} ''ɛ́önyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} ''ain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} ''avnyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šan}} ''šan''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} ''šinyn''
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|+ Present Subjunctive
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|ACT}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|PASS}}'''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''
! rowspan="7" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} ''gávaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynaw}} ''gávynaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äw}} ''ɛ́öäw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}} ''ɛ́önaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} ''aícaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}} ''ávnaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} ''šaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}} ''šínaw''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} ''gávaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynaiš}} ''gávynaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äiš}} ''ɛ́öäiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} ''ɛ́önaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} ''aícaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} ''ávnaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} ''šaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} ''šínaiš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} ''gávais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynais}} ''gávynais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äis}} ''ɛ́öäis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} ''ɛ́önais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} ''aícais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} ''ávnais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} ''šais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} ''šínais''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}} ''gávaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynaim}} ''gávynaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äim}} ''ɛ́öäim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}} ''ɛ́önaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}} ''aícaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}} ''ávnaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}} ''šaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}} ''šínaim''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} ''gávawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynawš}} ''gávynawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äwš}} ''ɛ́öäwš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} ''ɛ́önawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} ''aícawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} ''ávnawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} ''šawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} ''šínawš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} ''gávain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynain}} ''gávynain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äin}} ''ɛ́öäin''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} ''ɛ́önain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} ''aícain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} ''ávnain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} ''šain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} ''šínain''
|}
=====Imperfect=====
The [[w:Imperfect|Imperfect]] fuses the [[w:Past tense|past tense]] (and marginally the present tense) with [[w:Imperfective aspect|imperfective aspect]] and is used for:
* Ongoing events that happened in the past,
* States of being in the past that still have some sort of effect in the present,
* Events or states of being that started in the past and are still ongoing in the present, if context is clear.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|+ Imperfect Indicative
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|ACT}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|PASS}}'''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''
! rowspan="7" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ija}} ''gávija''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔva}} ''gávynɔva''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïja}} ''ɛ́öïja''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔva}} ''ɛ́önɔva''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ja}} ''ája''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔva}} ''avnɔva''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vam}} ''vam''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ja}} ''šija''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ijɛš}} ''gávijɛš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvɛš}} ''gávynɔvɛš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïjɛš}} ''ɛ́öïjɛš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛš}} ''ɛ́önɔvɛš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jɛš}} ''ájɛš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛš}} ''avnɔvɛš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vam}} ''vaš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jɛš}} ''šijɛš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ijus}} ''gávijus''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvus}} ''gávynɔvus''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïjus}} ''ɛ́öïjus''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvus}} ''ɛ́önɔvus''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jus}} ''ájus''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvus}} ''avnɔvus''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vam}} ''vas''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jus}} ''šijus''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ijym}} ''gávijym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvym}} ''gávynɔvym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïjym}} ''ɛ́öïjym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvym}} ''ɛ́önɔvym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jym}} ''ájym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvym}} ''avnɔvym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vam}} ''éšym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jym}} ''šijym''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ijyš}} ''gávijyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvyš}} ''gávynɔvyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïjyš}} ''ɛ́öïjyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvyš}} ''ɛ́önɔvyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jyš}} ''ájyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvyš}} ''avnɔvyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vam}} ''éšyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jyš}} ''šijyš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ijyn}} ''gávijyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvyn}} ''gávynɔvyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïjyn}} ''ɛ́öïjyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvyn}} ''ɛ́önɔvyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jyn}} ''ájyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvyn}} ''avnɔvyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vam}} ''éšyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jyn}} ''šijyn''
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|+ Imperfect Subjunctive
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|ACT}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|PASS}}'''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''
! rowspan="7" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ija}} ''gávija''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvaw}} ''gávynɔvaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïja}} ''ɛ́öïja''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvaw}} ''ɛ́önɔvaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ija}} ''aícija''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvaw}} ''avnɔvaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|íja}} ''šíja''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvaw}} ''šinɔvaw''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iêiš}} ''gáviɛ̈iš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvɛiš}} ''gávynɔvɛiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïêiš}} ''ɛ́öïɛ̈iš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛiš}} ''ɛ́önɔvɛiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iêiš}} ''aíciɛ̈iš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛiš}} ''avnɔvɛiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|íêiš}} ''šíɛ̈iš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛiš}} ''šinɔvɛiš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iêis}} ''gáviɛ̈is''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvis}} ''gávynɔvis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïêis}} ''ɛ́öïɛ̈is''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvis}} ''ɛ́önɔvis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iêis}} ''aíciɛ̈is''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvis}} ''avnɔvis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|íêis}} ''šíɛ̈is''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvis}} ''šinɔvis''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iêim}} ''gáviɛ̈im''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvɛim}} ''gávynɔvɛim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïêim}} ''ɛ́öïɛ̈im''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛim}} ''ɛ́önɔvɛim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iêim}} ''aíciɛ̈im''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛim}} ''avnɔvɛim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|íêim}} ''šíɛ̈im''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛim}} ''šinɔvɛim''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iöš}} ''gáviöš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvoš}} ''gávynɔvoš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïöš}} ''ɛ́öïöš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvoš}} ''ɛ́önɔvoš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iöš}} ''aíciöš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvoš}} ''avnɔvoš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|íöš}} ''šíöš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvoš}} ''šinɔvoš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iêin}} ''gáviɛ̈in''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvɛin}} ''gávynɔvɛin''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïêin}} ''ɛ́öïɛ̈in''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛin}} ''ɛ́önɔvɛin''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iêin}} ''aíciɛ̈in''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛin}} ''avnɔvɛin''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|íêin}} ''šíɛ̈in''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛin}} ''šinɔvɛin''
|}

=====Aorist=====
The [[w:Aorist|Aorist]] differs from the imperfect in that is expresses the [[w:perfective aspect|perfective aspect]]. It is used for:
* Event that began and ended in the past, viewed as a single whole rather than a process,
* States of being in the past that do not have any effect in the present,
* Events or states of being that are fully contained within a certain timeframe, such as when storytelling.

The Gothevian aorist has no passive forms. Instead, imperfect or perfect passives may be used.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|+ Aorist Indicative
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|ACT}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|PASS}}'''
! [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''
! [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''
! rowspan="7" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
! [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''
! [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iva}} ''gáviva''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïva}} ''ɛ́öïva''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|va}} ''áva''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|íva}} ''šíva''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivɛš}} ''gávivɛš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvɛš}} ''ɛ́öïvɛš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛš}} ''ávɛš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívɛš}} ''šívɛš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivus}} ''gávivus''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvus}} ''ɛ́öïvus''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vus}} ''ávus''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívus}} ''šívus''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivym}} ''gávivym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvym}} ''ɛ́öïvym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vym}} ''ávym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívym}} ''šívym''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivyš}} ''gávivyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvyš}} ''ɛ́öïvyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vyš}} ''ávyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívyš}} ''šívyš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivyn}} ''gávivyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvyn}} ''ɛ́öïvyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vyn}} ''ávyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívyn}} ''šívyn''
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|+ Aorist Subjunctive
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|ACT}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|PASS}}'''
! [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''
! [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''
! rowspan="7" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
! [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''
! [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivaw}} ''gávivaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvaw}} ''ɛ́öïvaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivaw}} ''aícivaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívaw}} ''šívaw''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivɛiš}} ''gávivɛiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvɛiš}} ''ɛ́öïvɛiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivɛiš}} ''aícivɛiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívɛiš}} ''šívɛiš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivɛis}} ''gávivɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvɛis}} ''ɛ́öïvɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivɛis}} ''aícivɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívɛis}} ''šívɛis''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivɛim}} ''gávivɛim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvɛim}} ''ɛ́öïvɛim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivɛim}} ''aícivɛim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívɛim}} ''šívɛim''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivoš}} ''gávivoš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvoš}} ''ɛ́öïvoš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivoš}} ''aícivoš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívoš}} ''šívoš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivɛin}} ''gávivɛin''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvɛin}} ''ɛ́öïvɛin''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivɛin}} ''aícivɛin''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívɛin}} ''šívɛin''
|}

====Analytic forms====
The other two thirds of verbal conjugations in Gothevian are analytic, meaning they are contructed via [[w:Bound and free morphemes|unbound particles]] accompanying the main verb.
=====Future=====
The future tense is used for events or states of being occurring in the future. It is formed by adding the particle [[Contionary:šta|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}]] (šta) directly before the simple present form of a verb.

In less formal speech or writing, {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} may contract to {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|št'}} (št'). This is especially prevalent if the main verb begins with a vowel ({{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta èö}} → {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|št'èö}}).
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|+ Future Indicative
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|ACT}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|PASS}}'''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''
! rowspan="7" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gaf}} ''šta gaf''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}} ''šta gávyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}} ''šta ɛ́ö''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} ''šta ɛ́ön''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}} ''šta ai''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|av}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} ''šta avn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|im}} ''šta im''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ši}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} ''šta šin''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛiš}} ''šta gávɛiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yniš}} ''šta gávyniš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|êiš}} ''šta ɛ́öɛ̈iš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} ''šta ɛ́öniš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''šta aiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} ''šta avniš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iš}} ''šta iš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} ''šta šiniš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛis}} ''šta gávɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynis}} ''šta gávynis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|êis}} ''šta ɛ́öɛ̈is''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} ''šta ɛ́önis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} ''šta ais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} ''šta avnis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|i}} ''šta i''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} ''šta šinis''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ym}} ''šta gávym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynym}} ''šta gávynym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m}} ''šta ɛ́öm''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}} ''šta ɛ́önym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m}} ''šta aim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}} ''šta avnym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šam}} ''šta šam''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}} ''šta šinym''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''šta gávyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynyš}} ''šta gávynyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''šta ɛ́öš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} ''šta ɛ́önyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''šta ajš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} ''šta avnyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šu}} ''šta šu''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} ''šta šinyš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}} ''šta gávyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynyn}} ''šta gávynyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} ''šta ɛ́ön''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} ''šta ɛ́önyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} ''šta ain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} ''šta avnyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šan}} ''šta šan''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} ''šta šinyn''
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|+ Future Subjunctive
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|ACT}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|PASS}}'''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''
! rowspan="7" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} ''šta gávaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynaw}} ''šta gávynaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äw}} ''šta ɛ́öäw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}} ''šta ɛ́önaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} ''šta aícaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}} ''šta ávnaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} ''šta šaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}} ''šta šínaw''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} ''šta gávaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynaiš}} ''šta gávynaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äiš}} ''šta ɛ́öäiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} ''šta ɛ́önaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} ''šta aícaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} ''šta ávnaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} ''šta šaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} ''šta šínaiš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} ''šta gávais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynais}} ''šta gávynais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äis}} ''šta ɛ́öäis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} ''šta ɛ́önais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} ''šta aícais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} ''šta ávnais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} ''šta šais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} ''šta šínais''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}} ''šta gávaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynaim}} ''šta gávynaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äim}} ''šta ɛ́öäim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}} ''šta ɛ́önaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}} ''šta aícaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}} ''šta ávnaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}} ''šta šaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}} ''šta šínaim''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} ''šta gávawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynawš}} ''šta gávynawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äwš}} ''šta ɛ́öäwš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} ''šta ɛ́önawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} ''šta aícawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} ''šta ávnawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} ''šta šawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} ''šta šínawš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} ''šta gávain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynain}} ''šta gávynain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äin}} ''šta ɛ́öäin''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} ''šta ɛ́önain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} ''šta aícain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} ''šta ávnain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} ''šta šain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} ''šta šínain''
|}
=====Present Perfect=====
The present perfect tense is used for events or states of being occurring wholly in the past, viewed as a single whole, with a lasting effect on the present state. It also refers to a past event that happened fully before another event in the present. It is formed by using the simple present tense of [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}}]] (ain, "to have") alongside the imperfect active participle of the main verb. Both active and passive constructions use the imperfect active participle, with the voice distinction being codified into the auxiliary's conjugation.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|+ Present Perfect Indicative
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|ACT}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|PASS}}'''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''
! rowspan="12" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''
|-
! rowspan="5" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ai gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|av}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''avn gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ai ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|av}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''avn ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ai ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|av}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''avn ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ai vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|av}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''avn vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person masculine/neuter
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''aiš gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávniš gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''aiš ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávniš ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aiš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávniš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aiš vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávniš vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person feminine
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''aiš gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''ávniš gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''aiš ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''ávniš ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aiš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávniš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aiš vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávniš vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person masculine/neuter
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ais gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávnis gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ais ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávnis ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ais ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnis ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ais vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnis vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person feminine
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''ais gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''ávnis gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''ais ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''ávnis ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ais ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnis ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ais vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnis vɛis''
|-
! rowspan="5" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''aim gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávnym gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''aim ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávnym ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aim ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnym ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aim vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnym vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person masculine/neuter
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''aiš gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávnyš gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''aiš ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávnyš ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aiš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnyš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aiš vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnyš vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person feminine
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''aiš gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''ávnyš gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''aiš ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''ávnyš ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aiš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnyš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aiš vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnyš vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person masculine/neuter
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ain gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávnyn gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ain ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávnyn ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ain ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnyn ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ain vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnyn vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person feminine
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''ain gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''ávnyn gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''ain ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''ávnyn ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ain ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnyn ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ain vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnyn vɛis''
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|+ Present Perfect Subjunctive
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|ACT}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|PASS}}'''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''
! rowspan="12" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''
|-
! rowspan="5" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''aícaw gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávnaw gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''aícaw ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávnaw ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aícaw ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnaw ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aícaw vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnaw vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person masculine/neuter
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''aícaiš gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávnaiš gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''aícaiš ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávnaiš ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aícaiš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnaiš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aícaiš vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnaiš vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person feminine
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''aícaiš gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''ávnaiš gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''aícaiš ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''ávnaiš ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aícaiš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnaiš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aícaiš vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnaiš vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person masculine/neuter
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''aícais gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávnais gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''aícais ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávnais ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aícais ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnais ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aícais vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnais vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person feminine
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''aícais gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''ávnais gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''aícais ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''ávnais ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aícais ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnais ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aícais vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnais vɛis''
|-
! rowspan="5" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''aícaim gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávnaim gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''aícaim ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávnaim ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aícaim ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnaim ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aícaim vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnaim vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person masculine/neuter
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''aícawš gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávnawš gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''aícawš ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávnawš ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aícawš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnawš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aícawš vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnawš vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person feminine
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''aícawš gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''ávnawš gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''aícawš ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''ávnawš ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aícawš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnawš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aícawš vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnawš vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person masculine/neuter
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''aícain gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávnain gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''aícain ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávnain ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aícain ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnain ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aícain vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnain vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person feminine
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''aícain gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''ávnain gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''aícain ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''ávnain ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aícain ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnain ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aícain vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnain vɛis''
|}
=====Past Perfect=====
=====Future Perfect=====
====Inferential====

==Vocabulary==
===Numerals===
===Swadesh list===
===Colors===
===Units of time===
====Times of day====
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! colspan="8" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|mélaš zy dávyn}} (''mélaš zy dávyn'')
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[File:Gothevian Flag.png|24px|frameless]]
| [[Contionary:natt|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|natt}}]] ''natt''
| [[Contionary:óttvy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|óttvy}}]] ''óttvy''
| [[Contionary:mòvvy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|mòvvy}}]] ''mɔ́vvy''
| [[Contionary:pland|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|pland}}]] ''pland''
| [[Contionary:ysmáty|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ysmáty}}]] ''ysmáty''
| [[Contionary:lix|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|lix}}]] ''lix''
| [[Contionary:yslíx|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yslíx}}]] ''yslíx''
|-
! colspan="8" style="font-weight:bold;" |
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[File:Flag of the United Kingdom (1-2).svg|24px|frameless]]
| ''night''
| ''dawn''
| ''morning''
| ''noon''
| ''afternoon''
| ''dusk''
| ''evening''
|}
====Weekdays====
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! colspan="8" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vícɛinaš dávaš}} (''vícɛinaš dávaš'')
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[File:Gothevian Flag.png|24px|frameless]]
| [[Contionary:Lúndy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Lúndy}}]] ''Lúndy''
| [[Contionary:Márty|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Márty}}]] ''Márty''
| [[Contionary:Mɛrkòdy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Mɛrkòdy}}]] ''Mɛrkɔ́dy''
| [[Contionary:Đvódy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Đvódy}}]] ''Đvódy''
| [[Contionary:Vɛnèrdy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Vɛnèrdy}}]] ''Vɛnɛ́rdy''
| [[Contionary:Šambáty|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Šambáty}}]] ''Šambáty''
| [[Contionary:Rèišty|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Rèišty}}]] ''Rɛ́išty''
|-
! colspan="8" style="font-weight:bold;" |
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[File:Flag of the United Kingdom (1-2).svg|24px|frameless]]
| ''Monday''
| ''Tuesday''
| ''Wednesday''
| ''Thursday''
| ''Friday''
| ''Saturday''
| ''Sunday''
|}
====Months====
====Seasons====

==Sample texts==
===''The Cold Winter is Near''===
{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! [[File:Gothevian Flag.png|24px|frameless]] Gothevian
!
! [[File:Flag of the United Kingdom (1-2).svg|24px|frameless]] English
|-
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Kádun žímun i nƕe, rytúny šta qímɛis.}} ''(Kádun žímun i nƕe, rytúny šta qímɛis.)''
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | The cold winter is near, a blizzard will come. 
|-
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Á-ɛl' ɛi nušt ínyn žèškyš rážyš my, o játɛl.}} ''(Á-ɛl' ɛi nušt ínyn žɛ́škyš rážyš my, o játɛl.)''
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | Come in my warm house, o' friend. 
|-
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Vɛl qòm'vyn! D'hírɛi, šívvɛi i tánsɛi aš, ícɛi i drítɛi!}} ''(Vɛl qɔ́m'vyn! D'hírɛi, šívvɛi i tánsɛi aš, ícɛi i drítɛi!)''
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | Welcome! Come here, sing and dance, eat and drink! 
|-
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Iš i plan my.}} ''(Iš i plan my.)''
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | That is my plan. 
|-
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Aim nušt vat, biwš, i niw milk yf qáwyn.}} ''(Aim nušt vat, biwš, i niw milk yf qáwyn.)''
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | We have water, beer, and fresh milk from the cow. 
|-
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Ax, i žèšky còbry!}} ''(Ax, i žɛ́šky cɔ́bry!)''
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | Oh, and warm soup! 
|}

===''The North Wind and the Sun''===
{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! [[File:Gothevian Flag.png|24px|frameless]] Gothevian
!
! [[File:Flag of the United Kingdom (1-2).svg|24px|frameless]] English
|-
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Nòsryn i Šáwjlun ynšókynɔvyn ƕɔn zy cèđaš vas iw-šés, jaj raízar sɛrqímijus, bynsènđivyn ínyn žèškuš paízuš.}} ''(Nɔ́sryn i Šáwjlun ynšókynɔvyn ƕɔn zy cɛ́đaš vas iw-šés, jaj raízar sɛrqímijus, bynsɛ́nđivyn ínyn žɛ́škuš paízuš.)''
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | The North Wind and the Sun were disputing who of the two was stronger, when a traveler came along, wrapped around in a warm cloak. 
|-
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Ynjánynɔvyn, ƕònuviš ma i byvándivyn raízaryn iš unšácais paízy šy, sar šta gydómynis ɛi iw-šés aj ásyryn.}} ''(Ynjánynɔvyn, ƕɔ́nuviš ma i byvándivyn raízaryn iš unšácais paízy šy, sar šta gydómynis ɛi iw-šés aj ásyryn.)''
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | They agreed, that whoever can force the traveler, so that he takes off his cloak, will then have to be deemed stronger than the other. 
|-
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Nòsryn èöïjus san saf m'ájus, úžyf dy sávyš èöïjus, maížyš raízaryn házijus iw-bí paízy šy byn šɛ, i dygávijus ástumy.}} ''(Nɔ́sryn ɛ́öïjus san saf m'ájus, úžyf dy sávyš ɛ́öïjus, maížyš raízaryn házijus iw-bí paízy šy byn šɛ, i dygávijus ástumy.)''
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | The North Wind then blew as hard as he could, but the more he blew, the more closely did the traveler hold his cloak around himself, and at last he gave up. 
|-
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Šáwjlun šcánijus san žèšky, i raízaryn unšácijus tríggy paízy šy.}} ''(Šáwjlun šcánijus san žɛ́šky, i raízaryn unšácijus tríggy paízy šy.)''
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | The Sun then shone warmly, and the traveler immediately took off his cloak. 
|-
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Nòsryn sar ynèhaitijus ɛi, iš Šáwjlun vas iw-šézun.}} ''(Nɔ́sryn sar ynɛ́haitijus ɛi, iš Šáwjlun vas iw-šézun.)''
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | The North Wind was then obliged to confess that the Sun was the stronger [of the two]. 
|}

==See also==

Literature:The cold winter is near

2026-01-25T01:21:45Z

Vrianne: /* Gothevian */

{{Library translation sidebar}}
'''The cold winter is near''' is an example text for [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic]] languages written by YouTuber [https://www.youtube.com/@lamkingming King Ming Lam]. It aims to use as much partially or completely mutually intelligible vocabulary between North and West Germanic languages to construct a text that can be understood, if vaguely, by any speaker of a mainstream Germanic language, such as English or German.

{{List translations}}
{{Text translation widget}}

==English==
<blockquote>The cold winter is near, a snowstorm will come. Come in my warm house, my friend. Welcome! Come here, sing and dance, eat and drink. That is my plan. We have water, beer, and milk fresh from the cow. Oh, and warm soup!</blockquote>

==Dutch==
<blockquote>De koude winter is nabij, een sneeuwstorm zal komen. Kom in mijn warme huis, mijn vriend. Welkom! Kom hier, zing en dans, eet en drink. Dat is mijn plan. We hebben water, bier, en melk vers van de koe. Oh, en warme soep!</blockquote>

==German==
<blockquote>Der kalte Winter ist nahe, ein Schneesturm wird kommen. Komm in mein warmes Haus, mein Freund. Willkommen! Komm her, sing und tanz, iss und trink. Das ist mein Plan. Wir haben Wasser, Bier und Milch frisch von der Kuh. Oh, und warme Suppe! </blockquote>

==Danish==
<blockquote>Den kolde vinter er nær, en snestorm vil komme. Kom ind i mit varme hus, min ven. Velkommen! Kom her, syng og dans, spis og drik. Det er min plan. Vi har vand, øl og mælk frisk fra koen. Åh, og varm suppe!</blockquote>

==Norwegian==
<blockquote>Den kalde vinteren er nær, en snøstorm vil komme. Kom inn i mitt varme hus, min venn. Velkommen! Kom her, syng og dans, et og drikk. Dette er min plan. Vi har vann, øl og melk fersk fra kua. Åh, og varm suppe!</blockquote>

==Swedish==
<blockquote>Den kalla vintern är nära, en snöstorm kommer. Kom in i mitt varma hus, min vän. Välkommen! Kom hit, sjung och dansa, ät och drick. Det är min plan. Vi har vatten, öl och mjölk färsk från kon. Åh, och varm soppa!</blockquote>
[[Category:Translation exercises]]

== Lāgsmān ==

<blockquote>Ta gāld vintur ē nēg, en snugoßa fuer khomunui. Khomun 'e mu vēre gurs, mu vrēin. Vunkhomunui! Khomun ger, sēngh in denßa, ēte in drenk. Tat ē mu spiß. Vē gabein wuße, bir in mulgh frēs vo ghu. Ō, in vēre sup!</blockquote>

== Dogrish ==

<blockquote>'''Formal Dogrish''' 
Kólðen vintern ert nere, en snåstorm skyljet komma. Kommt varmt husið mítt inní, vennen mínn. Velkommad! Kommt hjer, singt og danset, et og drykket. Þett ert plannen mítt. Ví hæver vann, öl, og mjölk frisk av kuena. Ó, og varma suppa!</blockquote>

<blockquote>'''Valley Dogrish''' 
Kólðen vintern ært nære, en snåstorm skyljet komma. Kommt varmt husið mítt inní, vænnen mínn. Vælkommad! Kommt hjær, singt og danset, et og drykket. Þæt ært plannen mítt. Ví hær vann, öl, og mjölk frisk af kuena. Ó, og varma suppa!</blockquote>

==[[Gothevian]]==
<blockquote>{{Contains Gothevian}}
{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Kádun žímun i nƕe, rytúny šta qímɛis. Á-ɛl' ɛi nušt ínyn žèškyš rážyš my, o játɛl. Vɛl qòm'vyn! D'hírɛi, šívvɛi i tánsɛi aš, ícɛi i drítɛi! Iš i plan my. Aim nušt vat, biwš, i niw milk yf qáwyn. Ax, i žèšky còbry!}} ''(Kádun žímun i nƕe, rytúny šta qímɛis. Á-ɛl' ɛi nušt ínyn žɛ́škyš rážyš my, o játɛl. Vɛl qɔ́m'vyn! D'hírɛi, šívvɛi i tánsɛi aš, ícɛi i drítɛi! Iš i plan my. Aim nušt vat, biwš, i niw milk yf qáwyn. Ax, i žɛ́šky cɔ́bry!)''</blockquote>

==[[Jovlish]]==
<blockquote>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|İşőjī veçıl bē jahī, smıvbüqén kumēvī. Mvēqmī köştdın küm, mfrīn. Bövküm! segg& koş, huq& drekk. Hīs mplan jahī. Feh, jol& kōvēqm mēqk obé. Ó, &şīkī joşt!}} ''(İşőjī veçıl bē jahī, smıvbüqén kumēvī. Mvēqmī köştdın küm, mfrīn. Bövküm! seggor koş, huqor drekk. Hīs mplan jahī. Feh, jolor kōvēqm mēqk obé. Ó, orşīkī joşt!)''</blockquote>

==[[Cleepoyish]]==
<blockquote>Þo kåld wintyr ist nee, oi snäiwinskuro beuð quimo. Quim in þot hoitån boþel ut miz, wįrin. Wylkomǫz! Quim wårð, sing jåå dǫz, it jåå drink. Sů ist þot plan ut miz. Wiiz håvem wåtor, ålùð jåå milx, frisk fån þii kǫ̈. Ah, jåå hoit sùpoo!</blockquote>

== Avendonian ==
<blockquote>El vintro culo bi nare, uno snevosturmo verdo cumare. Cuma en la uso varmo mede, frinde mede. Vilicume! Cuma ecie, singa e leca, eta e drinca. Eco bi el [] mede. Vi abemos vatro, biro e miluce frisca de la cue. O, e brodo varmo!</blockquote>

== Luthic ==

<blockquote> Il caldu vintru è vicinu, aenu snaevosturmu qerrâ. Qemâ gia meina rasna varma, fregiondu meinu. Beneqemutu! Qemâ har, segguâ e danzâ, mangiâ e dregcâ. S’è i’ meinu pianu. Vi abbiamo vadna, biure, e meluco fresco da vacca. Ah, e zuppa varma!</blockquote>

[[Category:Translated works in Luthic]]

== Vandalon ==

Du guintre chaud est naeu, un étorgne d'éniege combra. Comme tu mon hous gargne, mon guin. Guellecomme! Comme hier, seins et dance, his êt drincs. Dit est mon ré. À ons est êt vaine, êt beux, avec du meux chervée où du coue. Ah, avec du soupe gargne!

== Old Ponish ==

Se ċeald winter is nēahw, ain snaiwsturm wiell cwimd. Cwim in mīn wearm hūs mīn win. Welċem! Cwim hēr, siew and sealta, et and drinc. Þat is mīn rād. Wi habbiāþ water, beor, and meluc hwilīċ is frisċ frām þan ca, O, and wearm sopa!
[[Category:Translated works in Old Ponish]]

== Ponish ==

Se ceaud winter is neeahw, ain snaiwsturm waill cwimb. Cwimb in miin wearm huus miin win. Welcem! Cwimb heer, saiw and daans, et and drinc, Þat is miin plan, Wi habjaaþ water, beor and meulc hwiliic is frisc fraam þan ca, Oo, and wearm sopa!
[[Category:Translated works in Ponish]]

== Fou Tong ==

An ǎn yīng káo nao, an gǔ shāo-cóng bi kuang. Min rǒu hù yáng yin kuang zao, yun min. Yāo-kuang! Kuang zao, xìng le ang zao, è zhing ang zao. Zi er min bì rē. Yun er wǎn, biáo, miu ku wù pǐ. A, pù yáng ang.

== Enventian ==

Re kalte wintar est när, än snästrom wer komen. Kom inns mén wjarme haüsne, mén fröjnd. Wilkome! Kom hír, seng, dans, etj an drinkj. Rét est mén plan. Wé haben watjaren, bjüren an mjelken fresc fra ra kó. Ohj, an wjarman soupan!

Literature:The North Wind and the Sun

2026-01-25T01:21:03Z

Vrianne: /* Gothevian */

{{Library translation sidebar}}

{{List translations}}
{{Text translation widget}}

==English==
<big>The North Wind and the Sun</big>

The North Wind and the Sun disputed as to which was the most powerful and agreed that he should be declared the victor who could first strip a way-faring man of his clothes. The North Wind first tried his power and blew with all his might, but the keener his blasts, the closer the Traveller wrapped his cloak around him, until at last, resigning all hope of victory, the Wind called upon the Sun to see what he could do. The Sun suddenly shone out with all his warmth. The Traveller no sooner felt his genial rays than he took off one garment after another and at last, fairly overcome with heat, undressed and bathed in a stream that lay in his path.

Persuasion is better than force.

[[Category:Translation exercises]]
[[Category:Fables]]
[[Category:Translated works in Takkenit]]
[[Category:Knašta literature]]
[[Category:Translated works in SamSkandinavisk]]
[[Category:Translated world in Cyrmanian]]
[[Category:Translated world in Al Bakiyye]]
[[Category:Translated works in Soc'ul']]
[[Category:Translated works in Luthic]]

== [[Takkenit]] ==
*Takkenkikle:
Kiwerkawi Kajna ku tupewkatkamit je-wujmumeja, kuti pekleja tulmu kerkawna taŋkenute tamejneki. Pewkakmitejte, jeti ikta para tatekkatejle peklejam tekijunkele kerkawtem lukirken, kenittekepa wujmumekija. Tekute Kiwerkawi putinkaleleti je-wankat, le minkemu putinkati minkemu pekleja kerkawtem peltutteka ŋalku ekaljate; jellu ku Kiwerkawi kewtanutem ikarjaketteka. Tekute Kajna tulmakentuttele, pekleja ku iknekku kerkawtem lukirkakti. Kuje Kiwerkawi tejkat pekanitteken Kajnam je-wujmumekija.

== [[Knašta]] ==

[[File:Sé Sůflatsjon Norð és sé Sol.ogg]]

Sé Sůflatsjon Norð és sé Sol sen-kómpfa-link onas kí sen-ǰis sé plosa fortsa, kwen al ňosvwažatsí-ský sen-parvjensta sen-rapta orok šoda. Sen-vjenstakalí ẁakoàtsjon drast sé oní premjeska kí sen-sůxé omůsťenatsjon ňosvwažatsí-ský-ins el ofprensta íl-ins rok devrinska ǰis sen-konsídéra plosa forsta drast sé otré. Den sé Sůflatsjon Norð sen-sůfla koma důra-las kom'íl sen-kanel, mas sé plosa drast íl sen-sůfla sé plosa drast sé ňosvwažatsí-ský sen-plíà sé rok rønd íl; és otempesťa sé Sůflatsjon Norð sen-otadonek. Den sé Sol sen-glínatsí šoda-las, és momentsí-las sé ňosvwažatsí-ský sen-ofprensta íl-ins rok. Ðuzo sé Sůflatsjon Norð sen-ǰis sen-můsťen el konfetsek drast sé Sol sen-ǰis sé plosa fortsa dwo-ins.

== [[SamSkandinavisk]] ==

''Nordvinden ok Solen på SamSka''

''Nordvinden ok Solen bestred om hvem var sterkere, då kåm en reisende förbi som klädde sig i en varm kappe. De stemmde at den som först kunne vålde reisenden at tage af sin kappe skulle anses sterkere enn den andre. Då blåsede Nordvinden så hardt som han kunne, men jo mer han blåsede, desto tettere reisenden hyljede kappen omkring sig; ok til sidst uppgav Nordvinden forsöket. Då skinede Solen varmt, ok straks tog reisenden af kappen. Så måtte Nordvinden erkenne at var Solen den sterkere af dem.''

== [[Cyrmanian]] ==

'''Ichrît a Nuyf y chi Norot au d'Aoz yn aomi dhet a mi gâvor, au ilôat a mîar y lhi ngaofar ûn. Ziget mine y mo net y mi gâvor, isôadh yn uyda mo na vîar yn igôath a chaofar.'''

''The North Wind and the Sun were disputing which was the strongest, and then a man wearing a warm cloak came. They said that the one who could make the man take off his cloak was the strongest.''

== [[Hurayca]] ([[Al Bakiyye]])==

'''Lâ Kuzey Yel mi Kün'''

Lâ Kuzey Yel mi Kün wurden şuğulerti kio kon ist enbatup or wurde ollar muunerterti lâ Ğazlam ber Yutman kio ken ol zeşglava ey özi Geyuat Çuklam olwan yolman. El Kuzey Yel wurde sınaerti bertal or gümerti ol tümbatulen. Jedox Nû kal olın Gümuat ist Kescan kalol eyol. Dem Bay Cayran tüm lâ Umuat-iatkol wurde el Yel seserti zu el Kün. El Kün wurde alunerti Lârp mit tüm lâ İssi Řiyol. Ya Yolman wurde hesserti ya issi Mutanurungat Gavuanrakfi aks ol wurde çıpawerti or ist lâ Cıbıl in ber ya Sukend or aks wurde ol yunawerti.

Glavung ist eyrak el Batufin.

== [[Avendonian]] ==

El nordvinto e la suna astridaban ci era el starcior, cando uno resetore encamo uleto en uno mantelo varmo.

== ǂA Ṇṵĩ ==
Ʇaula Nǃo̰õ Uǃqʼa maã ǂṵʼu aje ǂu eɬǁa iñi ɴʇum ṉui ʼḛe sʇaʇau ǁṵuṇa. Ṭurra, loõṇi ʇxoi oɴʇʼa oǃʼo qʼañi. Maã aje ǂu ɴǃʼoirre ṉui ʼḛe ǂa ʼa qʼañi ku ɴǁo̰i upa ʇxoi ṭḛe, uɴʇu sʇaʇau tɬḭi šǃu ṉui. Nǃo̰õ Uǃqʼa maã ǂa̰uʼa ṭre ra ṯṵu ɴʘaã, ṇam cha uji ṯṵu maã, qʼañi ku ʼa ṭḛe oɴʇʼa ǃqʼaṯi ɴǃṵu. ʼai Uǃqʼa maã eña ṣǂqʼo. ʼai ʼai, loõṇi ra chḭichi ǂṵʼu aje, ʼai ǂu ku uǃqʼo ʇxoi ṭḛe. Nǃo̰õ Uǃqʼa maã ɬǁa sʇaʇau ǂṵʼu aje.

== Ayeri ==
{{Contains Ayeri|page}}
ANF mN rnoYnF Adauyi piMtemisF nj perinF,ENoY mikoY sinaaYNF lug toy,liNY si lugy Asaaː‌yNF si sitNF/njkonaaYNF koNF tovy mto.skMtoNF,ENoNoY mikoY dnaaYsF pluNF mennNF sirii ANF phoNY Asaay tovlej yn.ANF gihyo piMtemisF miNneri/henF yon.nj gihyoNF mikoY nj mikoY/ENF,nj ANF d/njkonY rdo nj rdo/ENF Asaay tovlej yn.subFroY dermYmF ANF piMtemisF.kuYnoY mkymF mto EpNF ANF perinF,nj ANF phY EdauyiknF Asaay tovlej yn.kd ru_a bNoY ANF piMtemisF,ANF ENoY mikoY kuYymF perinF lug toy smF.

Ang manga ranyon adauyi Pintemis nay Perin, engyo mico sinyāng luga toya, lingya si lugaya asāyāng si sitang-naykonyāng kong tovaya mato. Sakantong, engongyo mico danyās palung menanang sirī ang pahongya asāya tovaley yana. Ang gihayo Pintemis minganeri-hen yona. Nay gihayong mico nay mico-eng, nay ang da-naykonya rado nay rado-eng asāya tovaley yana. Subryo deramyam ang Pintemis. Cunyo makayam mato epang ang Perin, nay ang pahya edauyikan asāya tovaley yana. Kada rua bengyo ang Pintemis, ang engyo mico cuyam Perin luga toya sam.

== Soc'ul' ==

'''<big>R'úx Nivih Tumyan</big>

'''Aíxahian R'úx Nivih Tumyan āhcéjí céjí xad, xil eý āhr'ūño xauan āhhanzeyan'iý maíuas tnír'.
'''Aímeuyux un' xad āhieite hez'i jál íúhūzax xauan maíuas nu uc' āhteiríý céjí céjí ej je.
'''Jál eý aípfū R'úx Nivih cual c'e c'e aíún', í pfi aípfū pfi hansial xauan maíuas hazen ne;
'''coz āhxōñiý R'úx Nivih ez'e caru.
'''Jál eý aítum tnír' Tumyan, āhhanzeyan' cudix xauan maíuas nu.
'''C'ez aíxihce aípmeié R'úx Nivih āhaícéjí céjí Tumyan ej ne.

{{interlinear
|Aí-xahian R'úx Nivih Tumyan āh-cé-jí céjí xad, {xil eý} āh-r'ūño xauan āh-han-zeyan'-(i)ý maíuas tnír'.
|CL1>CL1-argue wind north sun REL-strong-ADJ.VBZ REDUP {{gcl|PFRM|pro-form}} when REL-pass traveler REL-CL2>CL3-wrap-PASS cloak warm
||display-messages=no|italics2=no|italics3=no}}
 
{{interlinear
|Aí-meuyux un' xad āh-ieite hez'i jál íúh-ūz-ax xauan maíuas nu uc' āh-teirí-(i)ý cé-jí céjí ej je.
|CL1>CL1-agree COP.CL5>CL5 {{gcl|PFRM|pro-form}} REL-succeed {{gcl|ADVZ|adverbializer}} one CL1>CL2-remove-CAUS traveler cloak CL2.POSS SUBJ REL-deem-PASS strong-ADJ.VBZ REDUP other to
||display-messages=no|italics1=yes|italics2=no|italics3=no}}
 
{{interlinear
|{Jál eý} aí-pfū R'úx Nivih cual c'e c'e aíún', í pfi aí-pfū pfi han-sial xauan maíuas hazen ne;
|then CL1>CL1-IDEO wind north as {{gcl|ABIL|abilitative}} REDUP COP.CL1>CL1 but so CL1>CL1-IDEO so CL2>CL3-fold traveler cloak COP.CL2>CL2 around
||display-messages=no|italics1=yes|italics2=no|italics3=no}}
 
{{interlinear
|coz āh-xōñi-(i)ý R'úx Nivih ez'e caru.
|TERM.{{gcl|RES|resultative}} REL-defeat-PASS wind north NZ attempt
||display-messages=no|italics1=yes|italics2=no|italics3=no}}
 
{{interlinear
|{Jál eý} aí-tum tnír' Tumyan, āh-han-zeyan' cudix xauan maíuas nu.
|then CL1>CL1-shine warm sun REL-CL2>CL3-remove urgent traveler cloak CL2.POSS
||display-messages=no|italics1=yes|italics2=no|italics3=no}}
 
{{interlinear
|C'ez aí-xihce aí-pmeié R'úx Nivih āh-aí-cé-jí céjí Tumyan ej ne.
|{{gcl|RES|resultative}} CL1>CL1-require CL1>CL1-confess wind north REl-CL1>CL1-strong-ADJ.VBZ REDUP sun two between
||display-messages=no|italics1=yes|italics2=no|italics3=no}}

==Luthic==
<big>Il Vendu Trabaergna e ta Sauilo</big>

: Il vendu trabaergna e ta sauilo giucavando carge era il fortesu, can aenu pellegrinu qemava avvoltu hacola varma ana. I tvi diciderondo ei, il fromu a rimuovere lo hacolo pellegrina saria il fortesu anþera. Il vendu trabaergna dustoggi a soffiare violenza, ac ta maese is soffiava, ta maese il pellegrinu striggeva hacol; tantu ei, allo angio il vendu desistae da seina sforza. Ta sauilo allora sceinau varmamente nallo hemen, e þan il pellegrinu rimuovae lo hacol immediatamente. Þan il vendu trabaergna obbligauða ad andaetare ei, ta sauilo era ta forteso tvoro.

==[[Gothevian]]==
{{Contains Gothevian}}
{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Nòsryn i Šáwjlun ynšókynɔvyn ƕɔn zy cèđaš vas iw-šés, jaj raízar sɛrqímijus, bynsènđivyn ínyn žèškuš paízuš. Ynjánynɔvyn, ƕònuviš ma i byvándivyn raízaryn iš unšácais paízy šy, sar šta gydómynis ɛi iw-šés aj ásyryn. Nòsryn èöïjus san saf m'ájus, úžyf dy sávyš èöïjus, maížyš raízaryn házijus iw-bí paízy šy byn šɛ, i dygávijus ástumy. Šáwjlun šcánijus san žèšky, i raízaryn unšácijus tríggy paízy šy. Nòsryn sar ynèhaitijus ɛi, iš Šáwjlun vas iw-šézun.}} ''(Nɔ́sryn i Šáwjlun ynšókynɔvyn ƕɔn zy cɛ́đaš vas iw-šés, jaj raízar sɛrqímijus, bynsɛ́nđivyn ínyn žɛ́škuš paízuš. Ynjánynɔvyn, ƕɔ́nuviš ma i byvándivyn raízaryn iš unšácais paízy šy, sar šta gydómynis ɛi iw-šés aj ásyryn. Nɔ́sryn ɛ́öïjus san saf m'ájus, úžyf dy sávyš ɛ́öïjus, maížyš raízaryn házijus iw-bí paízy šy byn šɛ, i dygávijus ástumy. Šáwjlun šcánijus san žɛ́šky, i raízaryn unšácijus tríggy paízy šy. Nɔ́sryn sar ynɛ́haitijus ɛi, iš Šáwjlun vas iw-šézun.)''

Literature:The cold winter is near

2026-01-25T01:20:55Z

Vrianne: /* Gothevian */

{{Library translation sidebar}}
'''The cold winter is near''' is an example text for [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic]] languages written by YouTuber [https://www.youtube.com/@lamkingming King Ming Lam]. It aims to use as much partially or completely mutually intelligible vocabulary between North and West Germanic languages to construct a text that can be understood, if vaguely, by any speaker of a mainstream Germanic language, such as English or German.

{{List translations}}
{{Text translation widget}}

==English==
<blockquote>The cold winter is near, a snowstorm will come. Come in my warm house, my friend. Welcome! Come here, sing and dance, eat and drink. That is my plan. We have water, beer, and milk fresh from the cow. Oh, and warm soup!</blockquote>

==Dutch==
<blockquote>De koude winter is nabij, een sneeuwstorm zal komen. Kom in mijn warme huis, mijn vriend. Welkom! Kom hier, zing en dans, eet en drink. Dat is mijn plan. We hebben water, bier, en melk vers van de koe. Oh, en warme soep!</blockquote>

==German==
<blockquote>Der kalte Winter ist nahe, ein Schneesturm wird kommen. Komm in mein warmes Haus, mein Freund. Willkommen! Komm her, sing und tanz, iss und trink. Das ist mein Plan. Wir haben Wasser, Bier und Milch frisch von der Kuh. Oh, und warme Suppe! </blockquote>

==Danish==
<blockquote>Den kolde vinter er nær, en snestorm vil komme. Kom ind i mit varme hus, min ven. Velkommen! Kom her, syng og dans, spis og drik. Det er min plan. Vi har vand, øl og mælk frisk fra koen. Åh, og varm suppe!</blockquote>

==Norwegian==
<blockquote>Den kalde vinteren er nær, en snøstorm vil komme. Kom inn i mitt varme hus, min venn. Velkommen! Kom her, syng og dans, et og drikk. Dette er min plan. Vi har vann, øl og melk fersk fra kua. Åh, og varm suppe!</blockquote>

==Swedish==
<blockquote>Den kalla vintern är nära, en snöstorm kommer. Kom in i mitt varma hus, min vän. Välkommen! Kom hit, sjung och dansa, ät och drick. Det är min plan. Vi har vatten, öl och mjölk färsk från kon. Åh, och varm soppa!</blockquote>
[[Category:Translation exercises]]

== Lāgsmān ==

<blockquote>Ta gāld vintur ē nēg, en snugoßa fuer khomunui. Khomun 'e mu vēre gurs, mu vrēin. Vunkhomunui! Khomun ger, sēngh in denßa, ēte in drenk. Tat ē mu spiß. Vē gabein wuße, bir in mulgh frēs vo ghu. Ō, in vēre sup!</blockquote>

== Dogrish ==

<blockquote>'''Formal Dogrish''' 
Kólðen vintern ert nere, en snåstorm skyljet komma. Kommt varmt husið mítt inní, vennen mínn. Velkommad! Kommt hjer, singt og danset, et og drykket. Þett ert plannen mítt. Ví hæver vann, öl, og mjölk frisk av kuena. Ó, og varma suppa!</blockquote>

<blockquote>'''Valley Dogrish''' 
Kólðen vintern ært nære, en snåstorm skyljet komma. Kommt varmt husið mítt inní, vænnen mínn. Vælkommad! Kommt hjær, singt og danset, et og drykket. Þæt ært plannen mítt. Ví hær vann, öl, og mjölk frisk af kuena. Ó, og varma suppa!</blockquote>

==[[Gothevian]]==
{{Contains Gothevian}}
<blockquote>{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Kádun žímun i nƕe, rytúny šta qímɛis. Á-ɛl' ɛi nušt ínyn žèškyš rážyš my, o játɛl. Vɛl qòm'vyn! D'hírɛi, šívvɛi i tánsɛi aš, ícɛi i drítɛi! Iš i plan my. Aim nušt vat, biwš, i niw milk yf qáwyn. Ax, i žèšky còbry!}} ''(Kádun žímun i nƕe, rytúny šta qímɛis. Á-ɛl' ɛi nušt ínyn žɛ́škyš rážyš my, o játɛl. Vɛl qɔ́m'vyn! D'hírɛi, šívvɛi i tánsɛi aš, ícɛi i drítɛi! Iš i plan my. Aim nušt vat, biwš, i niw milk yf qáwyn. Ax, i žɛ́šky cɔ́bry!)''</blockquote>

==[[Jovlish]]==
<blockquote>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|İşőjī veçıl bē jahī, smıvbüqén kumēvī. Mvēqmī köştdın küm, mfrīn. Bövküm! segg& koş, huq& drekk. Hīs mplan jahī. Feh, jol& kōvēqm mēqk obé. Ó, &şīkī joşt!}} ''(İşőjī veçıl bē jahī, smıvbüqén kumēvī. Mvēqmī köştdın küm, mfrīn. Bövküm! seggor koş, huqor drekk. Hīs mplan jahī. Feh, jolor kōvēqm mēqk obé. Ó, orşīkī joşt!)''</blockquote>

==[[Cleepoyish]]==
<blockquote>Þo kåld wintyr ist nee, oi snäiwinskuro beuð quimo. Quim in þot hoitån boþel ut miz, wįrin. Wylkomǫz! Quim wårð, sing jåå dǫz, it jåå drink. Sů ist þot plan ut miz. Wiiz håvem wåtor, ålùð jåå milx, frisk fån þii kǫ̈. Ah, jåå hoit sùpoo!</blockquote>

== Avendonian ==
<blockquote>El vintro culo bi nare, uno snevosturmo verdo cumare. Cuma en la uso varmo mede, frinde mede. Vilicume! Cuma ecie, singa e leca, eta e drinca. Eco bi el [] mede. Vi abemos vatro, biro e miluce frisca de la cue. O, e brodo varmo!</blockquote>

== Luthic ==

<blockquote> Il caldu vintru è vicinu, aenu snaevosturmu qerrâ. Qemâ gia meina rasna varma, fregiondu meinu. Beneqemutu! Qemâ har, segguâ e danzâ, mangiâ e dregcâ. S’è i’ meinu pianu. Vi abbiamo vadna, biure, e meluco fresco da vacca. Ah, e zuppa varma!</blockquote>

[[Category:Translated works in Luthic]]

== Vandalon ==

Du guintre chaud est naeu, un étorgne d'éniege combra. Comme tu mon hous gargne, mon guin. Guellecomme! Comme hier, seins et dance, his êt drincs. Dit est mon ré. À ons est êt vaine, êt beux, avec du meux chervée où du coue. Ah, avec du soupe gargne!

== Old Ponish ==

Se ċeald winter is nēahw, ain snaiwsturm wiell cwimd. Cwim in mīn wearm hūs mīn win. Welċem! Cwim hēr, siew and sealta, et and drinc. Þat is mīn rād. Wi habbiāþ water, beor, and meluc hwilīċ is frisċ frām þan ca, O, and wearm sopa!
[[Category:Translated works in Old Ponish]]

== Ponish ==

Se ceaud winter is neeahw, ain snaiwsturm waill cwimb. Cwimb in miin wearm huus miin win. Welcem! Cwimb heer, saiw and daans, et and drinc, Þat is miin plan, Wi habjaaþ water, beor and meulc hwiliic is frisc fraam þan ca, Oo, and wearm sopa!
[[Category:Translated works in Ponish]]

== Fou Tong ==

An ǎn yīng káo nao, an gǔ shāo-cóng bi kuang. Min rǒu hù yáng yin kuang zao, yun min. Yāo-kuang! Kuang zao, xìng le ang zao, è zhing ang zao. Zi er min bì rē. Yun er wǎn, biáo, miu ku wù pǐ. A, pù yáng ang.

== Enventian ==

Re kalte wintar est när, än snästrom wer komen. Kom inns mén wjarme haüsne, mén fröjnd. Wilkome! Kom hír, seng, dans, etj an drinkj. Rét est mén plan. Wé haben watjaren, bjüren an mjelken fresc fra ra kó. Ohj, an wjarman soupan!

Literature:The North Wind and the Sun

2026-01-25T01:19:34Z

Vrianne:

{{Library translation sidebar}}

{{List translations}}
{{Text translation widget}}

==English==
<big>The North Wind and the Sun</big>

The North Wind and the Sun disputed as to which was the most powerful and agreed that he should be declared the victor who could first strip a way-faring man of his clothes. The North Wind first tried his power and blew with all his might, but the keener his blasts, the closer the Traveller wrapped his cloak around him, until at last, resigning all hope of victory, the Wind called upon the Sun to see what he could do. The Sun suddenly shone out with all his warmth. The Traveller no sooner felt his genial rays than he took off one garment after another and at last, fairly overcome with heat, undressed and bathed in a stream that lay in his path.

Persuasion is better than force.

[[Category:Translation exercises]]
[[Category:Fables]]
[[Category:Translated works in Takkenit]]
[[Category:Knašta literature]]
[[Category:Translated works in SamSkandinavisk]]
[[Category:Translated world in Cyrmanian]]
[[Category:Translated world in Al Bakiyye]]
[[Category:Translated works in Soc'ul']]
[[Category:Translated works in Luthic]]

== [[Takkenit]] ==
*Takkenkikle:
Kiwerkawi Kajna ku tupewkatkamit je-wujmumeja, kuti pekleja tulmu kerkawna taŋkenute tamejneki. Pewkakmitejte, jeti ikta para tatekkatejle peklejam tekijunkele kerkawtem lukirken, kenittekepa wujmumekija. Tekute Kiwerkawi putinkaleleti je-wankat, le minkemu putinkati minkemu pekleja kerkawtem peltutteka ŋalku ekaljate; jellu ku Kiwerkawi kewtanutem ikarjaketteka. Tekute Kajna tulmakentuttele, pekleja ku iknekku kerkawtem lukirkakti. Kuje Kiwerkawi tejkat pekanitteken Kajnam je-wujmumekija.

== [[Knašta]] ==

[[File:Sé Sůflatsjon Norð és sé Sol.ogg]]

Sé Sůflatsjon Norð és sé Sol sen-kómpfa-link onas kí sen-ǰis sé plosa fortsa, kwen al ňosvwažatsí-ský sen-parvjensta sen-rapta orok šoda. Sen-vjenstakalí ẁakoàtsjon drast sé oní premjeska kí sen-sůxé omůsťenatsjon ňosvwažatsí-ský-ins el ofprensta íl-ins rok devrinska ǰis sen-konsídéra plosa forsta drast sé otré. Den sé Sůflatsjon Norð sen-sůfla koma důra-las kom'íl sen-kanel, mas sé plosa drast íl sen-sůfla sé plosa drast sé ňosvwažatsí-ský sen-plíà sé rok rønd íl; és otempesťa sé Sůflatsjon Norð sen-otadonek. Den sé Sol sen-glínatsí šoda-las, és momentsí-las sé ňosvwažatsí-ský sen-ofprensta íl-ins rok. Ðuzo sé Sůflatsjon Norð sen-ǰis sen-můsťen el konfetsek drast sé Sol sen-ǰis sé plosa fortsa dwo-ins.

== [[SamSkandinavisk]] ==

''Nordvinden ok Solen på SamSka''

''Nordvinden ok Solen bestred om hvem var sterkere, då kåm en reisende förbi som klädde sig i en varm kappe. De stemmde at den som först kunne vålde reisenden at tage af sin kappe skulle anses sterkere enn den andre. Då blåsede Nordvinden så hardt som han kunne, men jo mer han blåsede, desto tettere reisenden hyljede kappen omkring sig; ok til sidst uppgav Nordvinden forsöket. Då skinede Solen varmt, ok straks tog reisenden af kappen. Så måtte Nordvinden erkenne at var Solen den sterkere af dem.''

== [[Cyrmanian]] ==

'''Ichrît a Nuyf y chi Norot au d'Aoz yn aomi dhet a mi gâvor, au ilôat a mîar y lhi ngaofar ûn. Ziget mine y mo net y mi gâvor, isôadh yn uyda mo na vîar yn igôath a chaofar.'''

''The North Wind and the Sun were disputing which was the strongest, and then a man wearing a warm cloak came. They said that the one who could make the man take off his cloak was the strongest.''

== [[Hurayca]] ([[Al Bakiyye]])==

'''Lâ Kuzey Yel mi Kün'''

Lâ Kuzey Yel mi Kün wurden şuğulerti kio kon ist enbatup or wurde ollar muunerterti lâ Ğazlam ber Yutman kio ken ol zeşglava ey özi Geyuat Çuklam olwan yolman. El Kuzey Yel wurde sınaerti bertal or gümerti ol tümbatulen. Jedox Nû kal olın Gümuat ist Kescan kalol eyol. Dem Bay Cayran tüm lâ Umuat-iatkol wurde el Yel seserti zu el Kün. El Kün wurde alunerti Lârp mit tüm lâ İssi Řiyol. Ya Yolman wurde hesserti ya issi Mutanurungat Gavuanrakfi aks ol wurde çıpawerti or ist lâ Cıbıl in ber ya Sukend or aks wurde ol yunawerti.

Glavung ist eyrak el Batufin.

== [[Avendonian]] ==

El nordvinto e la suna astridaban ci era el starcior, cando uno resetore encamo uleto en uno mantelo varmo.

== ǂA Ṇṵĩ ==
Ʇaula Nǃo̰õ Uǃqʼa maã ǂṵʼu aje ǂu eɬǁa iñi ɴʇum ṉui ʼḛe sʇaʇau ǁṵuṇa. Ṭurra, loõṇi ʇxoi oɴʇʼa oǃʼo qʼañi. Maã aje ǂu ɴǃʼoirre ṉui ʼḛe ǂa ʼa qʼañi ku ɴǁo̰i upa ʇxoi ṭḛe, uɴʇu sʇaʇau tɬḭi šǃu ṉui. Nǃo̰õ Uǃqʼa maã ǂa̰uʼa ṭre ra ṯṵu ɴʘaã, ṇam cha uji ṯṵu maã, qʼañi ku ʼa ṭḛe oɴʇʼa ǃqʼaṯi ɴǃṵu. ʼai Uǃqʼa maã eña ṣǂqʼo. ʼai ʼai, loõṇi ra chḭichi ǂṵʼu aje, ʼai ǂu ku uǃqʼo ʇxoi ṭḛe. Nǃo̰õ Uǃqʼa maã ɬǁa sʇaʇau ǂṵʼu aje.

== Ayeri ==
{{Contains Ayeri|page}}
ANF mN rnoYnF Adauyi piMtemisF nj perinF,ENoY mikoY sinaaYNF lug toy,liNY si lugy Asaaː‌yNF si sitNF/njkonaaYNF koNF tovy mto.skMtoNF,ENoNoY mikoY dnaaYsF pluNF mennNF sirii ANF phoNY Asaay tovlej yn.ANF gihyo piMtemisF miNneri/henF yon.nj gihyoNF mikoY nj mikoY/ENF,nj ANF d/njkonY rdo nj rdo/ENF Asaay tovlej yn.subFroY dermYmF ANF piMtemisF.kuYnoY mkymF mto EpNF ANF perinF,nj ANF phY EdauyiknF Asaay tovlej yn.kd ru_a bNoY ANF piMtemisF,ANF ENoY mikoY kuYymF perinF lug toy smF.

Ang manga ranyon adauyi Pintemis nay Perin, engyo mico sinyāng luga toya, lingya si lugaya asāyāng si sitang-naykonyāng kong tovaya mato. Sakantong, engongyo mico danyās palung menanang sirī ang pahongya asāya tovaley yana. Ang gihayo Pintemis minganeri-hen yona. Nay gihayong mico nay mico-eng, nay ang da-naykonya rado nay rado-eng asāya tovaley yana. Subryo deramyam ang Pintemis. Cunyo makayam mato epang ang Perin, nay ang pahya edauyikan asāya tovaley yana. Kada rua bengyo ang Pintemis, ang engyo mico cuyam Perin luga toya sam.

== Soc'ul' ==

'''<big>R'úx Nivih Tumyan</big>

'''Aíxahian R'úx Nivih Tumyan āhcéjí céjí xad, xil eý āhr'ūño xauan āhhanzeyan'iý maíuas tnír'.
'''Aímeuyux un' xad āhieite hez'i jál íúhūzax xauan maíuas nu uc' āhteiríý céjí céjí ej je.
'''Jál eý aípfū R'úx Nivih cual c'e c'e aíún', í pfi aípfū pfi hansial xauan maíuas hazen ne;
'''coz āhxōñiý R'úx Nivih ez'e caru.
'''Jál eý aítum tnír' Tumyan, āhhanzeyan' cudix xauan maíuas nu.
'''C'ez aíxihce aípmeié R'úx Nivih āhaícéjí céjí Tumyan ej ne.

{{interlinear
|Aí-xahian R'úx Nivih Tumyan āh-cé-jí céjí xad, {xil eý} āh-r'ūño xauan āh-han-zeyan'-(i)ý maíuas tnír'.
|CL1>CL1-argue wind north sun REL-strong-ADJ.VBZ REDUP {{gcl|PFRM|pro-form}} when REL-pass traveler REL-CL2>CL3-wrap-PASS cloak warm
||display-messages=no|italics2=no|italics3=no}}
 
{{interlinear
|Aí-meuyux un' xad āh-ieite hez'i jál íúh-ūz-ax xauan maíuas nu uc' āh-teirí-(i)ý cé-jí céjí ej je.
|CL1>CL1-agree COP.CL5>CL5 {{gcl|PFRM|pro-form}} REL-succeed {{gcl|ADVZ|adverbializer}} one CL1>CL2-remove-CAUS traveler cloak CL2.POSS SUBJ REL-deem-PASS strong-ADJ.VBZ REDUP other to
||display-messages=no|italics1=yes|italics2=no|italics3=no}}
 
{{interlinear
|{Jál eý} aí-pfū R'úx Nivih cual c'e c'e aíún', í pfi aí-pfū pfi han-sial xauan maíuas hazen ne;
|then CL1>CL1-IDEO wind north as {{gcl|ABIL|abilitative}} REDUP COP.CL1>CL1 but so CL1>CL1-IDEO so CL2>CL3-fold traveler cloak COP.CL2>CL2 around
||display-messages=no|italics1=yes|italics2=no|italics3=no}}
 
{{interlinear
|coz āh-xōñi-(i)ý R'úx Nivih ez'e caru.
|TERM.{{gcl|RES|resultative}} REL-defeat-PASS wind north NZ attempt
||display-messages=no|italics1=yes|italics2=no|italics3=no}}
 
{{interlinear
|{Jál eý} aí-tum tnír' Tumyan, āh-han-zeyan' cudix xauan maíuas nu.
|then CL1>CL1-shine warm sun REL-CL2>CL3-remove urgent traveler cloak CL2.POSS
||display-messages=no|italics1=yes|italics2=no|italics3=no}}
 
{{interlinear
|C'ez aí-xihce aí-pmeié R'úx Nivih āh-aí-cé-jí céjí Tumyan ej ne.
|{{gcl|RES|resultative}} CL1>CL1-require CL1>CL1-confess wind north REl-CL1>CL1-strong-ADJ.VBZ REDUP sun two between
||display-messages=no|italics1=yes|italics2=no|italics3=no}}

==Luthic==
<big>Il Vendu Trabaergna e ta Sauilo</big>

: Il vendu trabaergna e ta sauilo giucavando carge era il fortesu, can aenu pellegrinu qemava avvoltu hacola varma ana. I tvi diciderondo ei, il fromu a rimuovere lo hacolo pellegrina saria il fortesu anþera. Il vendu trabaergna dustoggi a soffiare violenza, ac ta maese is soffiava, ta maese il pellegrinu striggeva hacol; tantu ei, allo angio il vendu desistae da seina sforza. Ta sauilo allora sceinau varmamente nallo hemen, e þan il pellegrinu rimuovae lo hacol immediatamente. Þan il vendu trabaergna obbligauða ad andaetare ei, ta sauilo era ta forteso tvoro.

==[[Gothevian]]==
{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Nòsryn i Šáwjlun ynšókynɔvyn ƕɔn zy cèđaš vas iw-šés, jaj raízar sɛrqímijus, bynsènđivyn ínyn žèškuš paízuš. Ynjánynɔvyn, ƕònuviš ma i byvándivyn raízaryn iš unšácais paízy šy, sar šta gydómynis ɛi iw-šés aj ásyryn. Nòsryn èöïjus san saf m'ájus, úžyf dy sávyš èöïjus, maížyš raízaryn házijus iw-bí paízy šy byn šɛ, i dygávijus ástumy. Šáwjlun šcánijus san žèšky, i raízaryn unšácijus tríggy paízy šy. Nòsryn sar ynèhaitijus ɛi, iš Šáwjlun vas iw-šézun.}} ''(Nɔ́sryn i Šáwjlun ynšókynɔvyn ƕɔn zy cɛ́đaš vas iw-šés, jaj raízar sɛrqímijus, bynsɛ́nđivyn ínyn žɛ́škuš paízuš. Ynjánynɔvyn, ƕɔ́nuviš ma i byvándivyn raízaryn iš unšácais paízy šy, sar šta gydómynis ɛi iw-šés aj ásyryn. Nɔ́sryn ɛ́öïjus san saf m'ájus, úžyf dy sávyš ɛ́öïjus, maížyš raízaryn házijus iw-bí paízy šy byn šɛ, i dygávijus ástumy. Šáwjlun šcánijus san žɛ́šky, i raízaryn unšácijus tríggy paízy šy. Nɔ́sryn sar ynɛ́haitijus ɛi, iš Šáwjlun vas iw-šézun.)''

Literature:The cold winter is near

2026-01-25T01:13:25Z

Vrianne:

{{Library translation sidebar}}
'''The cold winter is near''' is an example text for [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic]] languages written by YouTuber [https://www.youtube.com/@lamkingming King Ming Lam]. It aims to use as much partially or completely mutually intelligible vocabulary between North and West Germanic languages to construct a text that can be understood, if vaguely, by any speaker of a mainstream Germanic language, such as English or German.

{{List translations}}
{{Text translation widget}}

==English==
<blockquote>The cold winter is near, a snowstorm will come. Come in my warm house, my friend. Welcome! Come here, sing and dance, eat and drink. That is my plan. We have water, beer, and milk fresh from the cow. Oh, and warm soup!</blockquote>

==Dutch==
<blockquote>De koude winter is nabij, een sneeuwstorm zal komen. Kom in mijn warme huis, mijn vriend. Welkom! Kom hier, zing en dans, eet en drink. Dat is mijn plan. We hebben water, bier, en melk vers van de koe. Oh, en warme soep!</blockquote>

==German==
<blockquote>Der kalte Winter ist nahe, ein Schneesturm wird kommen. Komm in mein warmes Haus, mein Freund. Willkommen! Komm her, sing und tanz, iss und trink. Das ist mein Plan. Wir haben Wasser, Bier und Milch frisch von der Kuh. Oh, und warme Suppe! </blockquote>

==Danish==
<blockquote>Den kolde vinter er nær, en snestorm vil komme. Kom ind i mit varme hus, min ven. Velkommen! Kom her, syng og dans, spis og drik. Det er min plan. Vi har vand, øl og mælk frisk fra koen. Åh, og varm suppe!</blockquote>

==Norwegian==
<blockquote>Den kalde vinteren er nær, en snøstorm vil komme. Kom inn i mitt varme hus, min venn. Velkommen! Kom her, syng og dans, et og drikk. Dette er min plan. Vi har vann, øl og melk fersk fra kua. Åh, og varm suppe!</blockquote>

==Swedish==
<blockquote>Den kalla vintern är nära, en snöstorm kommer. Kom in i mitt varma hus, min vän. Välkommen! Kom hit, sjung och dansa, ät och drick. Det är min plan. Vi har vatten, öl och mjölk färsk från kon. Åh, och varm soppa!</blockquote>
[[Category:Translation exercises]]

== Lāgsmān ==

<blockquote>Ta gāld vintur ē nēg, en snugoßa fuer khomunui. Khomun 'e mu vēre gurs, mu vrēin. Vunkhomunui! Khomun ger, sēngh in denßa, ēte in drenk. Tat ē mu spiß. Vē gabein wuße, bir in mulgh frēs vo ghu. Ō, in vēre sup!</blockquote>

== Dogrish ==

<blockquote>'''Formal Dogrish''' 
Kólðen vintern ert nere, en snåstorm skyljet komma. Kommt varmt husið mítt inní, vennen mínn. Velkommad! Kommt hjer, singt og danset, et og drykket. Þett ert plannen mítt. Ví hæver vann, öl, og mjölk frisk av kuena. Ó, og varma suppa!</blockquote>

<blockquote>'''Valley Dogrish''' 
Kólðen vintern ært nære, en snåstorm skyljet komma. Kommt varmt husið mítt inní, vænnen mínn. Vælkommad! Kommt hjær, singt og danset, et og drykket. Þæt ært plannen mítt. Ví hær vann, öl, og mjölk frisk af kuena. Ó, og varma suppa!</blockquote>

==[[Gothevian]]==
<blockquote>{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Kádun žímun i nƕe, rytúny šta qímɛis. Á-ɛl' ɛi nušt ínyn žèškyš rážyš my, o játɛl. Vɛl qòm'vyn! D'hírɛi, šívvɛi i tánsɛi aš, ícɛi i drítɛi! Iš i plan my. Aim nušt vat, biwš, i niw milk yf qáwyn. Ax, i žèšky còbry!}} ''(Kádun žímun i nƕe, rytúny šta qímɛis. Á-ɛl' ɛi nušt ínyn žɛ́škyš rážyš my, o játɛl. Vɛl qɔ́m'vyn! D'hírɛi, šívvɛi i tánsɛi aš, ícɛi i drítɛi! Iš i plan my. Aim nušt vat, biwš, i niw milk yf qáwyn. Ax, i žɛ́šky cɔ́bry!)''</blockquote>

==[[Jovlish]]==
<blockquote>{{lang|jovl|sc=Jovl|İşőjī veçıl bē jahī, smıvbüqén kumēvī. Mvēqmī köştdın küm, mfrīn. Bövküm! segg& koş, huq& drekk. Hīs mplan jahī. Feh, jol& kōvēqm mēqk obé. Ó, &şīkī joşt!}} ''(İşőjī veçıl bē jahī, smıvbüqén kumēvī. Mvēqmī köştdın küm, mfrīn. Bövküm! seggor koş, huqor drekk. Hīs mplan jahī. Feh, jolor kōvēqm mēqk obé. Ó, orşīkī joşt!)''</blockquote>

==[[Cleepoyish]]==
<blockquote>Þo kåld wintyr ist nee, oi snäiwinskuro beuð quimo. Quim in þot hoitån boþel ut miz, wįrin. Wylkomǫz! Quim wårð, sing jåå dǫz, it jåå drink. Sů ist þot plan ut miz. Wiiz håvem wåtor, ålùð jåå milx, frisk fån þii kǫ̈. Ah, jåå hoit sùpoo!</blockquote>

== Avendonian ==
<blockquote>El vintro culo bi nare, uno snevosturmo verdo cumare. Cuma en la uso varmo mede, frinde mede. Vilicume! Cuma ecie, singa e leca, eta e drinca. Eco bi el [] mede. Vi abemos vatro, biro e miluce frisca de la cue. O, e brodo varmo!</blockquote>

== Luthic ==

<blockquote> Il caldu vintru è vicinu, aenu snaevosturmu qerrâ. Qemâ gia meina rasna varma, fregiondu meinu. Beneqemutu! Qemâ har, segguâ e danzâ, mangiâ e dregcâ. S’è i’ meinu pianu. Vi abbiamo vadna, biure, e meluco fresco da vacca. Ah, e zuppa varma!</blockquote>

[[Category:Translated works in Luthic]]

== Vandalon ==

Du guintre chaud est naeu, un étorgne d'éniege combra. Comme tu mon hous gargne, mon guin. Guellecomme! Comme hier, seins et dance, his êt drincs. Dit est mon ré. À ons est êt vaine, êt beux, avec du meux chervée où du coue. Ah, avec du soupe gargne!

== Old Ponish ==

Se ċeald winter is nēahw, ain snaiwsturm wiell cwimd. Cwim in mīn wearm hūs mīn win. Welċem! Cwim hēr, siew and sealta, et and drinc. Þat is mīn rād. Wi habbiāþ water, beor, and meluc hwilīċ is frisċ frām þan ca, O, and wearm sopa!
[[Category:Translated works in Old Ponish]]

== Ponish ==

Se ceaud winter is neeahw, ain snaiwsturm waill cwimb. Cwimb in miin wearm huus miin win. Welcem! Cwimb heer, saiw and daans, et and drinc, Þat is miin plan, Wi habjaaþ water, beor and meulc hwiliic is frisc fraam þan ca, Oo, and wearm sopa!
[[Category:Translated works in Ponish]]

== Fou Tong ==

An ǎn yīng káo nao, an gǔ shāo-cóng bi kuang. Min rǒu hù yáng yin kuang zao, yun min. Yāo-kuang! Kuang zao, xìng le ang zao, è zhing ang zao. Zi er min bì rē. Yun er wǎn, biáo, miu ku wù pǐ. A, pù yáng ang.

== Enventian ==

Re kalte wintar est när, än snästrom wer komen. Kom inns mén wjarme haüsne, mén fröjnd. Wilkome! Kom hír, seng, dans, etj an drinkj. Rét est mén plan. Wé haben watjaren, bjüren an mjelken fresc fra ra kó. Ohj, an wjarman soupan!

Gothevian

2026-01-25T01:10:14Z

Vrianne: /* Sample texts */

[[Category: Indo-European_languages]][[Category: Germanic languages]][[Category: East Germanic languages]][[Category: Languages]][[Category: Conlangs]][[Category: A_posteriori]][[Category:Gothevian]]
{{private}}
{{Infobox language
|image = Gothevian Flag.png
|imagesize = 185px
|imagecaption = Flag of the Republic of Gothevia
|name = Gothevian
|nativename = {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gušk}}
|pronunciation = ɡuʃk
|states = Gothevia
|setting = Earth
|created = 2024
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam2 = [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic]]
|fam3 = [[w:East Germanic languages|East Germanic]]
|fam4 = [[w:Gothic language|Gothic]]
|creator = User:Vrianne
|stand1 = Standard Central Gothevian
|dia1 = Central dialects
|dia2 = Eastern dialects
|dia3 = Southern Dialects
|dia4 = Northern dialects
|dia5 = Western Dialects
|dia6 = Pyre Dialects
|script1 = Gthv
|nation = Gothevia
|minority = [[w:Bulgaria|Bulgaria]], [[w:Greece|Greece]], [[w:Serbia|Serbia]]
|agency = Institute for the Gothevian Language
|map = Gothevian Speaker map.png
|mapsize = 280px
|mapcaption = Map of areas where Gothevian is spoken
{{legend|#0080FE|...as a majority language}}
{{legend|#88C4FE|...as a minority language}}
|notice = IPA
|ethnicity = Gothevian
|ancestor = [[w:Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]]
|ancestor2 = [[w:Proto-Germanic language|Proto-Germanic]]
|ancestor3 = [[w:Gothic language|Gothic]]
|ancestor4 = Old Gothevian
|ancestor5 = Middle Gothevian
}}
{{Contains Gothevian}}
'''Gothevian''' ('''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gušk}}''', '''''gušk''''' [ɡuʃk], formally '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|róždun gúškun}}''', '''''róždun gúškun''''' [ˈrwɤ̞ʒdun ˈɡuʃkun]) is an [[w:East Germanic languages|East Germanic]] language descendant from [[w:Gothic language|Gothic]] or a language mutually intelligible with it. Its speakers mainly reside within the borders of [[Gothevia]], though there exist significant Gothevian-speaking communities in [[w:Bulgaria|Bulgaria]], [[w:Greece|Greece]], and [[w:Serbia|Serbia]]. it is the only surviving member of the East Germanic branch of the [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic languages]], though with being a member of [[w:Balkan sprachbund|Balkan sprachbund]], it has evolved to be quite distinct in some aspects of its structure compared to other Germanic languages, with features such as [[w:evidentiality|evidentiality]] and the eradication of the [[w:Germanic strong verb|Germanic strong verb]].

Old Gothevian shares most of its features with [[w:Ulfilas|Wulfilan]] Gothic, likely being descendent from dialects mutually intelligible with it. It was written in a descendant of the [[w:Gothic alphabet|Gothic script]], which modern Gothevian still uses. Gothevian, however, would begin to diverge from Wulfilan Gothic, with the biggest drivers being the [[w:Balkan sprachbund|Balkan sprachbund]] and [[w:Old Church Slavonic|Slavonic]] and [[w:Greek language|Greek]] [[w:Stratum_(linguistics)#Superstratum|superstrata]].
==Classification==
Gothevian is an [[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European language]] that belongs to the [[w:East Germanic languages|East Germanic]] branch of the [[:Germanic languages|Germanic languages]]. It is the only surviving member of the East Germanic languages, with its closest living relatives being from other Branches of Germanic, such as [[w:Dutch language|Dutch]], [[w:English language|English]], [[w:German language|German]], and [[w:Icelandic language|Icelandic]]. Within the East Germanic branch, its closest relative is [[w:Gothic language|Gothic]], followed by other East Germanic languages such as [[w:Vandalic language|Vandalic]], [[w:Burgundians#Language|Burgundian]], and likely [[w:Crimean Gothic|Crimean Gothic]].

Due to being located within the core [[w:Balkans|Balkan region]], it has features that set it apart from other Germanic languages. Such features include post-fixed articles, syncretism of locative and directional expressions, a future-tense particle, an inferential mood, among others. Gothevian was also under [[w:Greek language|Greek]] and [[w:South Slavic languages|Slavic]] language influence for most of its history. This influence came with many lexical borrowings, but also several grammatical influences, such as the retention of a synthetic [[w:Modern_Greek_grammar#Grammatical_voice|passive voice]] and creation of a synthetic [[w:aorist|aorist]].
==History==
The history of Gothevian can be divided into several periods.
* '''The Migratory period''' (6th-8th century)...
* '''Old Gothevian''' (9th–12th century)...
* '''Middle Gothevian''' (13th–16th century)...
* '''Modern Gothevian''' (17th century–present)...

==Etymology==
The exonym "Gothevian" is a [[w:Medieval Latin|Latinized borrowing]] of the [[w:Koine Greek|Koine Greek]] term "Γότθευικος" (Góttheuikos), itself a variant of older "Γότθευδικος" (Góttheudikos), a borrowing from "𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃" (gutþiudisks), from "[[wikt:𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰|𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰]]" (gutþiuda) + "[[wikt:-𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃|-𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃]]" (-isks), thus meaning "of the Goths". The endonym {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gušk}} (gušk) is a cognate of the Latin exonym, being a simplification of earlier {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gútsišk}} (gútsišk), from Old Gothevian {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gútsiudišk}} (gutþiudisk).

==Phonology==
===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! style="vertical-align:middle;" |
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[w:Front vowel|Front]]
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[w:Central vowel|Central]]
! [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|- style="vertical-align:middle;"
! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]]
| rowspan="2" | [[w:Close central unrounded vowel|ɨ]]~[[w:Mid central vowel|ə]]~[[w:Near-open central vowel|ɐ]]
| [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]]
|- style="vertical-align:middle;"
! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:mid vowel|Mid]]
| [[w:Mid front unrounded vowel|e]]
| [[w:Mid front unrounded vowel|o]]
|- style="vertical-align:middle;"
! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
|
| [[w:Open central unrounded vowel|a]]
|
|}
* Gothevian lacks a phonemic length distinction, but vowels in stressed syllables may allophonically be slightly lengthened.
* Mid vowels /e, o/ are mostly [[w:mid vowel|true-mid]] [e̞, o̞]. They may be allophonically pronounced closer to open-mid [e, o] in the vicinity of open vowels /i, u/, or closer to open-mid [ɛ, ɔ] in the vicinity of central vowels /a, ɨ/.
* /o/ consistently unrounds to [ɤ̞] when near [w]. This behavior rarely applies to /u/ however.
* The open vowel /a/ is [[w:Central vowel|true-central]] [ä].
* The non-open central vowel (notated here on out as /ɨ/) takes on a couple of realizations. In stressed positions it is commonly [ɨ]. In unstressed positions it is either also [ɨ], [ə], or, particularly in eastern and far-western dialects, [ɐ].

===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! colspan="2" |
! [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
! colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
| [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar nasals|n]]
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]
| [[w:Voiceless bilabial plosive|p]]
| [[w:Voiceless dental and alveolar plosives|t]]
| [[w:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|t͡ʃ]]
| [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|k]]
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:voicing (phonetics)|voiced]]
| [[w:Voiced bilabial plosive|b]]
| [[w:Voiced dental and alveolar plosives|d]]
| [[w:Voiced postalveolar affricate|d͡ʒ]]
| [[w:Voiced velar plosive|ɡ]]
|-
! rowspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]
| [[w:Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]]
| [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]]
| [[w:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]]
| [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|x]]
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:voicing (phonetics)|voiced]]
| [[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]~[[w:Voiced labiodental approximant|ʋ]]
| [[w:Voiced alveolar fricative|z]]
| [[w:Voiced postalveolar fricative|ʒ]]
|
|-
! colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
| [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills|r]]
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|
| [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants|l]]
| [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]
| ([[w:Voiced labial–velar approximant|w]])
|}
* /p, t, k/ are unaspirated [p, t, k].
* /s, z/ are denti-alveolar [s̟, z̟].
* /v/ may be a true fricative [v] or an approximant [ʋ].
* /r/ may be pronounced as either a trill [r] or a tap [ɾ]. The trilled pronunciation is commonplace when it is followed by a glide, such as in ⟨[[Contionary:róždy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|róždy}}]]⟩ [ˈ'''r'''wɤ̞ʒdə ~ ˈ'''r'''ʷɤ̞ʒdə].
* In eastern dialects, /l/ is velarized [ɫ].
* Consonant-Glide clusters /Cj, Cw/ may coalesce into a palatalized/labialized consonant /Cʲ, Cʷ/.
* [w] is an allophone of /v/ when directly preceded or followed by a consonant. Compare ⟨[[Contionary:oš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|oš}}]]⟩ ['''v'''o̞ʃ] and ⟨[[Contionary:šoš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šoš}}]]⟩ [ʃ'''w'''ɤ̞ʃ ~ ʃ'''ʷ'''ɤ̞ʃ].

===Stress===
===Historical evolution===
====From Classical Gothic to Pre-Gothevian====
* /ɸ/ shifts to /θ/ before a coronal consonant.
*: Got. {{l|got|flōdus}} /ˈfloː.ðus/ → P-G ''þlṓdus ~ þlōþs'' /ˈθloː.ðus ~ θloːθs/ ("river")
*: Got. {{l|got|*lifnan}} /ˈlif.nan/ → P-G ''*líþnan'' /ˈliθ.nan/ ("to leave")
*: Got. {{l|got|afta}} /ˈaɸ.ta/ → P-G ''*áþta'' /ˈaθ.ta/ ("behind")
* /h/, /w/ fortify into /k/, /p/ before /l/, /r/.
*: Got. {{l|got|wlits}} /wlits/ → P-G ''plits'' /plits/ ("face")
*: Got. {{l|got|hrōþs}} /hroːθs/ → P-G ''krōþs'' /kroːθs/ ("glory")
* /β/ merges into /w/ intervocalically.
*: Got. {{l|got|gabei}} /ˈɡa.βiː/ → P-G ''gáwɛi(n)'' /ˈɡa.wiː(n)/ ("wealth")
* /β/, /ɣ/ merge into /w/ before /m/.
*: Got. ''*sib(u)m'' /ˈsi.β(u)m/ → P-G ''siwm'' /siwm/ ("seven")

====From Pre-Gothevian to Old Gothevian====
* /t, d/, /k, ɡ/ palatalize to /c/, /ɟ/ respectively before /i(ː)/, /eː/, /j/. /kʷ/, /ɡ(ː)ʷ/ are unaffected.
*: P-G ''tɛíhan'' /ˈtiː.han/ → OG ''cɛíhan'' /ˈciː.han/ ("to show")
*: P-G ''gílþa'' /ˈɡil.θa/ → early OG ''đílþa'' /ˈɟil.θa/ ("sickle")
* /ɣ/ is elided intervocalically or in syllable codas if followed by another consonant, without compensatory lengthening of the previous vowel.
*: P-G ''*ígil'' /ˈi.ɣil/ → OG ''íǥil, íil'' /ˈi.il ~ iːl/ ("hedgehog")
*: P-G ''rign'' /riɣn/ → OG ''rin'' /rin/ ("rain")
* /ɣr/, /rɣ/ coalesce into /ɣː/.
*: P-G ''baírgan'' /ˈbɛr.ɣan/ → OG ''bɛ́ǥǥan'' /ˈbɛɣ.ɣan/ ("to keep")
* /ɸ/, /β/ develop into /f/, /v/.
* /l/ is elided in syllable codas if followed by another consonant, with compensatory lengthening of the previous vowel, if short.
*: early OG ''đílþa'' /ˈɟil.θa/ → OG ''đɛíþa'' /ˈɟiː.θa/ ("sickle")
* /h/ is elided in syllable codas, with compensatory lengthening of the previous vowel, if short. If /h/ is followed by a consonant, then that consonant is geminated too.
*: P-G ''módah'' /ˈmoː.dah/ → OG ''módah, módaa'' /ˈmoː.daː/ ("angry")
*: P-G ''naht'' /naht/ → OG ''nahtt, naatt'' /naːtt/ ("night")
* /ɟː/ causes nearby non-front vowels /a(ː)/, /ɔ(ː)/, /oː/, /u(ː)/ to front into /ɛ(ː)/, /œ(ː)/, /øː/, /y(ː)/. Non-geminate /ɟ/ does not trigger this shift.
*: P-G ''wadj'' /waɟɟ/ → OG ''wɛdj'' /wɛɟɟ/ ("wall")
* /kʷ/, /ɡ(ː)ʷ/, /ʍ/ cause nearby unrounded vowels /a(ː)/, /ɛ(ː)/, /eː/, /i(ː)/ to round into /ɔ(ː)/, /œ(ː)/, /øː/, /y(ː)/.
*: P-G ''qen'' /kʷeːn/ → OG ''qen'' /kʷøːn/ ("woman")

====From Old Gothevian to Middle Gothevian====
* /θ/, /ð/ fortify to /t/, /d/ when directly followed by another consonant that is not a glide or a plosive.
*: OG ''þrɛi'' /θri(ː)/ → early MG ''trɛi'' /tri(ː)/ ("three")
*: OG ''þloþ'' /θloːθ/ → early MG ''tloþ'' /tloːθ/ ("river")
* One of /θ, ð/, /s, z/ retracts to /s, z/, /ʃ, ʒ/ respectively, triggering a chain shift that causes the second to also retract.
*: OG ''síwþan'' /ˈsiw.θan/ → MG ''šíwsan'' /ˈʃiw.sɨn/ ("to boil")
*: OG ''seþ'' /seːθ/ → early MG ''šes'' /ʃeːs/ ("seed")
*: OG ''raz'' /raz/ → MG ''raž'' /raʒ/ ("house")
* /ŋk, ŋɡ/, /ŋkʷ, ŋɡʷ/ coalesce into /nː/, /wː/ respectively.
*: OG ''drínkan'' /ˈdriŋ.kan/ → early MG ''drínnan'' /ˈdrin.nan/ ("to drink")
*: OG ''síngwan'' /ˈsiŋ.ɡʷan/ → early MG ''šíwwan'' /ˈʃiw.wan/ ("to sing")
* /kʷ/, /ɡʷ/, /ʍ/ lose their labialization and merge with /k/, /ɡ/, /h/.
*: OG ''qen'' /kʷøːn/ → early MG ''qen'' /køːn/ ("woman")
*: OG ''ƕass'' /ʍɔss/ → early MG ''ƕašš'' /hɔʃʃ/ ("sharp")
* /ɣ/, /w/ are elided before back vowels /u(ː)/, /oː/.
*: OG ''wulkán'' /wul.ˈkan/ → MG ''ulkán'' /ul.ˈkan/ ("volcano")
* Geminate consonants lose their gemination.
* /œ/, /y/ merge into /ɨ~ə/. Unstressed /a/ also develops into /ɨ~ə/. Other short unstressed vowels may also sporadically develop into /ɨ~ə/.
*: OG ''smýrna'' /ˈsmyr.na/ → MG ''šmýrna, šmýrny'' /ˈʃmɨr.nə/ ("myrrh")
* Vowels preceding a nasal consonant coalesce into a long nasalized vowel if followed by a fricative or a liquid. These nasalized vowels lose their nasalization shortly after. /ẽː/, /ø̃ː/, /õː/ develop into /aː/ during this process.
*: OG ''swinþ'' /swinθ/ → early MG ''šwins, *šwɛis'' /ʃwiːs/ ("strong")
*: late OG ''ξanθ'' /skanθ ~ ksanθ/ → early MG ''ξanθ, ξanþ'' /ʃkaːs/ ("blond")
* /iː, eː/, /yː, øː/, /uː, oː/ develop into /je̞/, /we̞/, /wo̞/ respectively.
*: early MG ''fimf'' /fiːf/ → MG ''fimf, fɛif'' /fjef/ ("five")
*: early MG ''dówẅa'' /ˈduː.a/ → MG ''dow, *do'' /dwo/ ("dove; bird")
*: early MG ''qen'' /køːn/ → MG ''qen'' /kwen/ ("woman")
*: early MG ''šes'' /ʃeːs/ → MG ''šes'' /ʃjes/ ("seed")
*: early MG ''bóka'' /ˈboː.ka/ → MG ''bóka'' /ˈbwo.kɨ/ ("book")
* /ɛː/, /œː/, /ɔː/, /aː/ develop into /ja/, /wɨ~wə/, /wa/, /a/ respectively.
*: early MG ''klaif'' /klɛːf/ → MG ''klaif'' /kljaf/ ("bread")
*: early MG ''qain'' /kœːn/ → MG ''qain'' /kwɨn/ ("wail")
*: early MG ''šawjl'' /ʃɔːjl/ → MG ''šawjl'' /ʃwajl/ ("sun")
*: early MG ''ahš, aašš'' /aːʃʃ/ → MG ''aašš, ašš'' /aʃ/ ("hand, ear of corn")
* /iu̯/ merges into /wɨ/.
*: early MG ''niwm'' /niu̯m/ → MG ''niwm'' /nwɨm/ ("nine")
*: early MG ''biwž'' /biu̯ʒ/ → MG ''biwž'' /bwɨʒ/ ("beer")
* /ɛ/, /ɔ/ develop into /e̞/, /o̞/.
* /tj, kj, cj/, /dj, ɡj, ɟj/, /sj, zj/, /wj, jw/ coalesce into /c/, /ɟ/, /ʃ, ʒ/, /j, w/.
*: MG ''twai'' /twja/ → late MG ''twai, cai, cwai'' /ca/ ("two")
*: MG ''wínsišk, wɛísišk'' /wje.siʃk/ → late MG ''wínsišk, wɛísišk'' /je.siʃk/ ("Macedonian Slav")

====From Middle Gothevian to Modern Gothevian====
* /h/ is completely lost.
* /c/, /ɟ/ affricate to /t͡ʃ/, /d͡ʒ/.
*: early mod. Gthv ''đíštry'' /ˈɟiʃt.rɨ/ → Gthv ''[[Contionary:đíštry|đíštry]]'' /ˈd͡ʒiʃt.rɨ/ ("tomorrow")
*: early mod. Gthv ''mécyry'' /ˈmje.cɨ.rɨ/ → early mod. Gthv ''mécyry'' /ˈmje.t͡ʃɨ.rɨ/ ("sword")
* /t͡ʃ/, /d͡ʒ/ de-affricate in unstressed and/or coda positions.
*: early mod. Gthv ''mécyry'' /ˈmje.t͡ʃɨ.rɨ/ → Gthv ''[[Contionary:mécyry|mécyry]]'' /ˈmje.ʃɨ.rɨ/ ("sword")
*: early mod. Gthv ''kácky'' /ˈkat͡ʃ.kɨ/ → Gthv ''[[Contionary:kácky|kácky]]'' /ˈkaʃ.kɨ/ ("spoon")
* /sc/, /ʃc/ develop into /st/, /ʃt/.
*: early mod. Gthv ''šcányn'' /ʃca.nɨn/ → Gthv ''[[Contionary:šcányn|šcányn]]'' /ʃta.nɨn/ ("to shine")
* /w/, /ɣ/ merge into /v/, except when within a consonant cluster, then they merge into /w/.
* Final fricatives devoice.

==Orthography==
Gothevian is written primarily in the '''Gothevian script'''. It is an [[w:alphabet|alphabet]] and at its core a variant of the Wulfilan [[w:Gothic alphabet|Gothic alphabet]], augmented by letters borrowed from the nearby [[w:Greek alphabet|Greek]] and [[w:Early Cyrillic alphabet|Cyrillic]] scripts. The modern Gothevian spelling convention is based on the reformed Central Gothevian literary norms, and as such the Modern Gothevian Script contains some archaic features, such as the vowel-modifying consonants ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|q, ƕ}}⟩ (q, ƕ), and ditched others, such as the obsolete letters ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|θ, ξ, ψ}}⟩ ([[w:theta|θ]], [[w:xi|ξ]], [[w:psi|ψ]]).

The modern Gothevian script contains 31 letters in common use. Most letters are mapped to a single phoneme, with a few others mapped onto more than one phoneme but in regular and predictable contexts.
<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Letter
! Translit.
! Name
! IPA
! Source
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|a}}
| a
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áfy}} (áfy)
| /a/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌰]] (a)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|b}}
| b
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|béty}} (béty)
| /b/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌱]] (b)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|g}}
| g
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gámy}} (gámy)
| /ɡ/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌲]] (g)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|d}}
| d
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|déty}} (déty)
| /d/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌳]] (d)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛ}}
| ɛ
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ècy}} (ɛ́cy)
| /e/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌴]] (ē)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|q}}
| q
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qèrsy}} (qɛ́rsy)
| /k/1
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌵]] (q)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ž}}
| ž
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|žéty}} (žéty)
| /ʒ/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌶]] (z)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|z}}
| z
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|zéty}} (zéty)
| /z/
| Cyrillic [[w:Ze (Cyrillic)|З]] (z)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|e}}
| e
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|éty}} (éty)
| /je/
| Greek [[w:Eta|Η]] (ē)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|đ}}
| đ
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|đèty}} (đɛ́ty)
| /d͡ʒ/, /ʒ/2
| see below
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|h}}
| h
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|hály}} (hály)
| /Ø/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌷]] (h)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}}
| s
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|séty}} (séty)
| /s/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌸]] (þ)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|i}}
| i
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|íöty}} (íöty)
| /i/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌹]] (i)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|k}}
| k
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|kápy}} (kápy)
| /k/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌺]] (k)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|l}}
| l
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|léty}} (léty)
| /l/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌻]] (l)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m}}
| m
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|mvɛ}} (mvɛ)
| /m/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌼]] (m)
|}
</div>
<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Letter
! Translit.
! Name
! IPA
! Source
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}}
| n
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nvɛ}} (nvɛ)
| /n/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌽]] (n)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|j}}
| j
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|éry}} (éry)
| /j/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌾]] (j)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɔ}}
| ɔ
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|òmy}} (ɔ́my)
| /o/
| Greek or Cyrillic [[w:Omicron|Ο]] (o)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|u}}
| u
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|úry}} (úry)
| /u/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌿]] (u)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|p}}
| p
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|pe}} (pe)
| /p/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐍀]] (p)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|r}}
| r
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ro}} (ro)
| /r/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐍂]] (r)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}
| š
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šíwmy}} (šíwmy)
| /ʃ/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐍃]] (s)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|t}}
| t
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|taw}} (taw)
| /t/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐍄]] (t)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|y}}
| y
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ýcy}} (ýcy)
| /ɨ/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐍅]] (w)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|v}}
| v
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vècy}} (vɛ́cy)
| /v~w/
| derived from {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|y}} (y)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|f}}
| f
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|fe}} (fe)
| /f/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐍆]] (f)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|x}}
| x
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|xe}} (xe)
| /x/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐍇]] (x)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕ}}
| ƕ
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕaíry}} (ƕaíry)
| /Ø/1
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐍈]] (ƕ)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|c}}
| c
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|cèty}} (cɛ́ty)
| /t͡ʃ/, /ʃ/2
| see below
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}}
| o
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ómy}} (ómy)
| /vo~wo/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐍉]] (ō)
|}
</div>
# Qɛ́rsy and ƕaíry are pronounced identically to kápy and hály respectively but alter the pronunciation of the following vowel ([[#Digraphs_and_Trigraphs|see below]]).
# Đɛ́ty and cɛ́ty are pronounced as /ʒ/ and /ʃ/ in unstressed and/or coda positions.
Apart from zéty ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|z}}⟩, éty ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|e}}), đɛ́ty ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|đ}}⟩, ɔ́my ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɔ}}⟩, and cɛ́ty ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|c}}⟩, all Gothevian letters can be directly traced to a Gothic-script source. The source of đɛ́ty and cɛ́ty specifically is a point of contention, as no unambigious source has been identified. The many theories include the following:
# Current mainstream theories argue for a [[w:Coptic_script|Coptic]] source for cɛ́ty, citing [[wikt:ϭ#Coptic|čima]] ⟨ϭ⟩ as the most likely candidate, followed by [[wikt:ϯ#Coptic|ti]] ⟨ϯ⟩. A Coptic source for đɛ́ty is more dubious, with the likeliest candidate, [[wikt:ϫ#Coptic|janjia]] ⟨ϫ⟩, bearing less of a resemblance than the candidates for cɛ́ty.
# Likewise, đɛ́ty is near-unanimously believed to be derived from a Cyrillic source, with most mainstream theories putting forward [[w:Tse (Cyrillic)|tse]] ⟨ц⟩ or [[w:Che (Cyrillic)|che]] ⟨ч⟩ as probable sources. Less supported theories instead propose [[w:Djerv|djerv]] ⟨ꙉ⟩ due to its alphabetical order being nearer to that of đɛ́ty. Djerv has also been proposed as a source for cɛ́ty as a more fringe position, alongside an adaptation of a [[wikt:yer|yer]] ⟨ь~ъ⟩.
# A popular yet unsupported theory proposes [[w:Gothic alphabet|Gothic]] [[wikt:𐍁|𐍁]] (90) based wholly on its similar form. This comes with a host of unexplained inconsistencies, such as its sudden shift in alphabetical and numeric order, and its missing usage as a numeral. Others point to [[wikt:𐍊|𐍊]] (900) as another Gothic source, but those are even less supported and outright rejected.
# Cɛ́ty is also sometimes argued to be a simplification of a ligature, such as ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|tj}}⟩ (tj), though this is not backed by historic manuscripts.
# An Armenian source can also be argued for, with letters such as [[w:Tsa (Armenian letter)|tsa]] ⟨ծ⟩ and [[w:Che (Armenian letter)|che]] ⟨ճ⟩ being put forward for cɛ́ty, and [[w:Cha (Armenian letter)|cha]] ⟨չ⟩ and [[w:Je (Armenian letter)|je]] ⟨ջ⟩ for đɛ́ty.
===Digraphs and letter combinations===
Additionally, Gothevian contains several letter combinations that have phonetic values different from those of their single components. These include vocalic digraphs from historic long vowels and consonants that modify certain vowels.

Vocalic diphthongs take the form ⟨'''{{abbtip|vowel - glide/approximant|VG}}'''⟩ and phonetically represent /'''{{abbtip|glide/approximant - vowel|GV}}'''/ sequences. Most of these formerly represented long vowels /Vː/ which had later broken up into their current forms.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Letter
! Translit.
! IPA
! IPA (hist.)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}
| ai
| /ja/
| /ɛː/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}}
| aw
| /va~wa/
| /ɔː/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛi}}
| ɛi
| /je/
| /iː/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iw}}
| iw
| /vɨ~wɨ/
| /iu̯/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ow}}
| ow
| ''deprecated''
| /uː/
|}

The letters qɛ́rsy ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|q}}⟩ and ƕaíry ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕ}}⟩ can also alter the pronunciation of certain vowels when directly preceding them. Qɛ́rsy and ƕaíry formerly represented labialized consonants /kʷ, ʍ/ and as such triggered the rounding of unrounded vowels, causing them to diverge from their unaffected counterparts.

<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Letter
! Translit.
! IPA
! IPA (hist.)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qa}}
| qa
| /kwa/
| /k(ʷ)ɔː/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qai}}
| qai
| /kwɨ/
| /k(ʷ)œː/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qɛ}}
| qɛ
| /kɨ/
| /k(ʷ)œ/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qɛi}}
| qɛi
| rowspan="2" | /kwe/
| /k(ʷ)yː/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qe}}
| qe
| /k(ʷ)øː/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qi}}
| qi
| /kɨ/
| /k(ʷ)y/
|}
</div>
<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Letter
! Translit.
! IPA
! IPA (hist.)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕa}}
| ƕa
| /va~wa/
| /h(ʷ)ɔː/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕai}}
| ƕai
| /vɨ~wɨ/
| /h(ʷ)œː/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɛ}}
| ƕɛ
| /ɨ/
| /h(ʷ)œ/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɛi}}
| ƕɛi
| rowspan="2" | /ve~we/
| /h(ʷ)yː/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕe}}
| ƕe
| /h(ʷ)øː/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕi}}
| ƕi
| /ɨ/
| /h(ʷ)y/
|}
</div>

===Obsolete letters===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Letter
! Translit.
! Name
! IPA
! Source
! Replaced by
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|θ}}
| θ
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|θéty}} (θéty)
| /t, s/
| Greek [[w:Theta|θ]] (th)
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|t}} (t), {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} (s)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ξ}}
| ξ
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ξe}} (ξe)
| /kʃ, ʃk, ks/
| Greek [[w:Xi|ξ]] (x)
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|kš}} (kš), {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šk}} (šk), {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ks}} (ks)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ψ}}
| ψ
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ψe}} (ψe)
| /pʃ, ʃp, ps/
| Greek [[w:Psi|ψ]] (ps)
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|pš}} (pš), {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šp}} (šp), {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ps}} (ps)
|}

===History===
By the time of the first standardization of the Gothevian script based on the [[w:Stobi|Štoven]] Dialect, influence from literary Greek had taken its course on vowel glyphs. {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛ}} would be remapped onto short ''e'', with ''ē'' becoming represented by {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|e}} taken from Greek [[w:eta|eta]] (η). A similar system came about for the mid-back vowels, using native {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}} for ''ō'', due to the perceived similarity of its written form to Greek [[w:omega|omega]] (ω), and Hellenic {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɔ}} for ''o''. Other long vowels would become disambiguated using the digraphs {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛi, ow, ai, aw,}} and rarely {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aa}} for ''ī, ū, ɛ̄, ɔ̄,'' and ''ā'' respectively. A monotonic system would also be adopted, with vowels in stressed syllables gaining an [[w:Acute accent|acute]] (◌́) and vowels in [[w:Vowel hiatus|hiatus]] gaining a [[w:Diaeresis (diacritic)|diaeresis]] (◌̈). {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|θ, ξ, ψ}} (th, ks, ps) would also begin their usage during this period.

...

==Grammar==
===Syntax===
The predominant word order in Gothevian is [[w:Subject–verb–object word order|subject–verb–object]] (SVO), but in practice, word order exhibits a high degree of flexibility without much ambiguity.
====General features====
Adjectives commonly precede the noun.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škázɛiny}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bóky}}''' — '''‘leather book’'''
They can however follow the noun when marked for emphasis.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ížy}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bóky}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škázɛiny}}''' — '''‘that ''leather'' book’'''
Although not present in the standard variety, a common feature of southern dialects is placing all adjectives ''after'' the noun.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bóky}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škázɛiny}}''' — '''‘leather book’'''
Possessors commonly follow the noun.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bóky}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|my}}''' — '''‘my book’'''
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bóky}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|zy}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Myxaílen}}''' — '''‘Mykhail’s book’'''
For pronominal emphasis however, a genitive phrase with a dative pronoun is used.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bókun}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|zy}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|min}}''' — '''‘the book of me’'''
Possessors are allowed to go before the noun for poetic license without any loss of meaning.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šcánijus}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}}-{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dáprun}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|uf}}''' — '''‘overshone, our bravery’'''
Subject pronouns are normally [[w:pro-drop language|dropped]], as they can be inferred from verbal endings.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šócija}}''' — '''‘I saw’'''
Though they can be included to emphasize the subject.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ci}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šócija}}''' — '''‘''I'' saw’'''
Verbs go before participles in compound tenses.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšynɔvis}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|túklivyn}}''' — '''‘he was arrested [reportedly]’'''
===Morphology===
Gothevian is a largely [[w:synthetic language|synthetic language]], in some aspects more so than others. However, it also heavily displays [[w:analytic language|analytic]] features. Nominal declension was heavily reduced, while verbal conjugation was expanded upon. Most of these innovations were due to the Balkan sprachbund, among them are:
* Lack of an infinitive. Contexts where English would use an infinitive are typically formed with either [[w:Finite verb|finite forms]] or participles.
* Innovation of a post-fixed declining article. The [[w:Gothic_declension#The_weak_declension|weak adjective declension]] was re-analyzed and spread to nouns via the old [[w:Gothic_declension#Weak_noun_declensions_(n-stems)|n-stem declensions]].
* Syncretism of the dative and genitive cases. Particles are used to form distinct dative and genitive constructions.
* reshaped and expanded compound tenses. The future and perfect tenses were reshaped to be more in line with those of their neighbors. A synthetic [[w:aorist|aorist]] was later analogically innovated, and analytic [[w:evidentiality|evidential forms]] later followed.
* Loss of synthetic comparative and superlative forms. The original method of deriving degrees of comparison using suffixation fell out of use in favor of analytic preposed markers.
===Nominals===
====Nouns====
Gothevian nouns decline for two cases ([[w:direct case|direct]], [[w:dative case|dative]]), three genders ([[w:Grammatical gender|masculine]], [[w:Grammatical gender|feminine]], [[w:Grammatical gender|neuter]]), two numbers ([[w:Grammatical number|singular]], [[w:Grammatical number|plural]]), and two states ([[w:definiteness|indefinite]], [[w:definiteness|definite]]). The original Gothic four cases in nouns synchronized into two cases (nominative-accusative → direct; dative-genitive → dative), and the six strong declensions levelled into three declension, largely correlating with the three genders. The weak declensions were re-analyzed as indicating definiteness and were subsequently joined with the indefinite strong declensions.
=====Masculine declension=====
This declension is completely made up of masculine nouns. It came about from a merger of nearly all of the Gothic strong declensions except for the [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-ō_declension|-ō declension]], which is the predecessor to the feminine declension.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:normal; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the masculine declension|MASC}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the feminine declension|FEM}} {{abbtip|endings that appear in both masculine and feminine declensions|BOTH}}'''
! colspan="4" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Contionary:šal|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šal}}]] (''šal'', "room")
! rowspan="5" |
! colspan="4" | [[Contionary:klaif|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|klaif}}]] (''klaif'', "bread")
! rowspan="5" |
! colspan="4" | [[Contionary:ško|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ško}}]] (''ško'', "shoe")
|-
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | singular
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | plural
! colspan="2" | singular
! colspan="2" | plural
! colspan="2" | singular
! colspan="2" | plural
|-
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | direct
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šal}} ''šal''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šál}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}} ''šályn''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šal}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''šalš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šál}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}} ''šálaš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|klaif}} ''klaif''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|klaív}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}} ''klaívyn''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|klaif}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''klaifš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|klaív}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}} ''klaívaš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ško}} ''ško''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škó}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ÿn}} ''škóÿn''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ško}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''škoš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škó}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äš}} ''škóäš''
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | dative
| style="color:#333333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šál}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''šályš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šál}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|e}} ''šále''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šál}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}} ''šálen''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|klaív}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''klaívyš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|klaív}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|e}} ''klaíve''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|klaív}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}} ''klaíven''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škó}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ÿš}} ''škóÿš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škó}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ë}} ''škóë''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škó}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ën}} ''škóën''
|}
=====Feminine declension=====
This declension is completely made up of feminine nouns. It evolved directly from the Gothic [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-ō_declension|-ō declension]]. As such, all feminine nouns that originally belonged to the -ō declension alongside later-derived nouns end with {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|-y}} (-y ← -a). All [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-ōn_declension|-ōn declension]] and [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-ein_declension|-ein declension]] nouns later transitioned into Gothevian feminine declension nouns, gaining the {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|-y}} (-y) ending as well. A small subset of feminine nouns however lacks the ending.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:normal; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the masculine declension|MASC}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the feminine declension|FEM}} {{abbtip|endings that appear in both masculine and feminine declensions|BOTH}}'''
! colspan="4" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Contionary:bóky|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bóky}}]] (''bóky'', "book")
! rowspan="5" |
! colspan="4" | [[Contionary:as|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|as}}]] (''as'', "age")
! rowspan="5" |
! colspan="4" | [[Contionary:do|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|do}}]] (''do'', "bird")
|-
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | singular
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | plural
! colspan="2" | singular
! colspan="2" | plural
! colspan="2" | singular
! colspan="2" | plural
|-
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | direct
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bóky}} ''bóky''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bók}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|un}} ''bókun''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bok}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''bokš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bók}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}} ''bókaš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|as}} ''as''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|un}} ''ázun''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''ázyš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}} ''ázaš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|do}} ''do''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dó}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ün}} ''dóün''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|do}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''doš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dó}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äš}} ''dóäš''
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | dative
| style="color:#333333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bók}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|uš}} ''bókuš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bók}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}} ''bóko''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bók}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}} ''bóken''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|uš}} ''ázuš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}} ''ázo''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}} ''ázen''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dó}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|üš}} ''dóüš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dó}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ö}} ''dóö''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dó}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ën}} ''dóën''
|}
======Anomalous feminine declension======
A closed class of feminine nouns declines according to the masculine declension instead of the feminine declension. This is the result of the Gothic [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-i_declension|-i declension]] and [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-jō_declension|-jō declension]] ultimately merging into the Gothevian masculine declension, with the feminine nouns of those declensions adopting the same endings.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:normal; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the masculine declension|MASC}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the feminine declension|FEM}} {{abbtip|endings that appear in both masculine and feminine declensions|BOTH}}'''
! colspan="4" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Contionary:qen|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qen}}]] (''qen'', "woman")
! rowspan="5" |
! colspan="4" | [[Contionary:šɛs|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šɛs}}]] (''šɛs'', "seed")
! rowspan="5" |
! colspan="4" | [[Contionary:škaft|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škaft}}]] (''škaft'', "animal")
|-
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | singular
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | plural
! colspan="2" | singular
! colspan="2" | plural
! colspan="2" | singular
! colspan="2" | plural
|-
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | direct
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qen}} ''qen''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qén}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}} ''qényn''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qen}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''qenš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qén}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}} ''qénaš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šɛs}} ''šɛs''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šèz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}} ''šɛ́zyn''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šèz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''šɛ́zyš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šèz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}} ''šɛ́zaš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škaft}} ''škaft''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škáft}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}} ''škáftyn''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škaft}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''škaftš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škáft}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}} ''škáftaš''
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | dative
| style="color:#333333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qén}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''qényš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qén}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|e}} ''qéne''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qén}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}} ''qénen''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šèz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''šɛ́zyš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šèz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|e}} ''šɛ́ze''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šèz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}} ''šɛ́zen''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škáft}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''škáftyš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škáft}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|e}} ''škáfte''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škáft}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}} ''škáften''
|}
=====Neuter declension=====
This declension is completely made up of neuter nouns. It evolved directly from the neuter [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-a_declension|-a declension]], [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-ja_declension|-ja declension]], and [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-u_declension|-u declension]]. It mirrors the masculine declension in the indefinite singular, but mirrors the feminine indefinite singular direct and plural dative in its indefinite plurals. It also mirrors the feminine declension in the definite singular.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:normal; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the masculine declension|MASC}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the feminine declension|FEM}} {{abbtip|endings that appear in both masculine and feminine declensions|BOTH}}'''
! colspan="4" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Contionary:hairt|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|hairt}}]] (''hairt'', "heart")
! rowspan="5" |
! colspan="4" | [[Contionary:biwš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|biwš}}]] (''biwš'', "beer")
! rowspan="5" |
! colspan="4" | [[Contionary:raš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|raš}}]] (''raš'', "house")
|-
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | singular
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | plural
! colspan="2" | singular
! colspan="2" | plural
! colspan="2" | singular
! colspan="2" | plural
|-
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | direct
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|hairt}} ''hairt''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|haírt}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|un}} ''haírtun''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|haírt}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|y}} ''haírty''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|haírt}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}} ''haírtaš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|biwš}} ''biwš''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bíwž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|un}} ''bíwžun''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=bíwž|klaif}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|y}} ''bíwžy''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bíwž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}} ''bíwžaš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|raš}} ''raš''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ráž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|un}} ''rážun''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ráž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|y}} ''rážy''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ráž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}} ''rážaš''
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | dative
| style="color:#333333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|haírt}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''haírtyš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|haírt}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}} ''haírto''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|haírt}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}} ''haírten''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bíwž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''bíwžyš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bíwž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}} ''bíwžo''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bíwž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}} ''bíwžen''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ráž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''rážyš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ráž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}} ''rážo''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ráž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}} ''rážen''
|}
====Adjectives====
====Pronouns====
=====Personal pronouns=====
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
! number
! colspan="2" | person
! nominative
! accusative (long)
! dative (long)
! acc./dat./poss. (short)
|-
! rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | singular
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | first
| [[Contionary:ci|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ci}}]] ''ci''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|mic}} ''mic''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|min}} ''min''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|my}} ''my''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | second
| [[Contionary:so|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|so}}]] ''so''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|suk}} ''suk''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|sun}} ''sun''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|sy}} ''sy''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | third
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | masculine
| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:ša|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ša}}]] ''ša''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šic}} ''šic''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šin}} ''šin''
| rowspan="3" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šy}} ''šy''
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | neuter
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | feminine
| colspan="2" | [[Contionary:šo|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šo}}]] ''šo''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šɛj}} ''šɛj''
|-
! rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | plural
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | first
| [[Contionary:ɛiš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛiš}}]] ''ɛiš''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|oš}} ''oš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}} ''o''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | second
| [[Contionary:oš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|oš}}]] ''oš''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛiš}} ''ɛiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛi}} ''ɛi''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | third
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | masculine
| colspan="4" | [[Contionary:šai|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šai}}]] ''šai''
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | neuter
| rowspan="2" colspan="3" | [[Contionary:šoš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šoš}}]] ''šoš''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šo}} ''šo''
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | feminine
|}
=====Demonstrative and relative pronouns=====
{| class="wikitable" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
|-
! number
! gender
! proximal (''this'')
! distal (''that'')
|-
! rowspan="3" | singular
! masculine
| rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" | [[Contionary:iš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iš}}]] ''iš''
| rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" | [[Contionary:ai|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}]] ''ai''
|- style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;"
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | neuter
|- style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;"
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | feminine
| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:ížy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ížy}}]] ''ížy''
| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:aíny|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíny}}]] ''aíny''
|-
! rowspan="3" | plural
! masculine
|- style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;"
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | neuter
| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:ížo|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ížo}}]] ''ížo''
| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:aíno|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíno}}]] ''aíno''
|-
! feminine
|}
=====Interrogative pronouns=====
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
! gender
! personal (''who'')
! possessive (''whose'')
! for quality (''what; what kind'')
! for quantity (''how much; how many'')
! for size (''how big'')
! for place/source (''where; from where'')
! for destination (''where to'')
! for manner (''why'')
! for manner (''how'')
! for time (''when'')
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | masculine
| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:ƕɔn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɔn}}]] ''ƕɔn''
| rowspan="3" | [[Contionary:ƕiš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕiš}}]] ''ƕiš''
| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:ƕɔr|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɔr}}]] ''ƕɔr''
| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:ƕaf|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕaf}}]] ''ƕaf''
| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:ƕel|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕel}}]] ''ƕel''
| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:ƕɔrs|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɔrs}}]] ''ƕɔrs''
| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:ƕɔrs|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɔt}}]] ''ƕɔt''
| rowspan="3" | [[Contionary:ƕe|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕe}}]] ''ƕe''
| rowspan="3" | [[Contionary:ƕɔm|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɔm}}]] ''ƕɔm''
| rowspan="3" | [[Contionary:ƕɔmán|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɔmán}}]] ''ƕɔmán''
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | neuter
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | feminine
| [[Contionary:ƕin|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕin}}]] ''ƕin''
| [[Contionary:ƕòry|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕòry}}]] ''ƕɔ́ry''
| [[Contionary:ƕávy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕávy}}]] ''ƕávy''
| [[Contionary:ƕély|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕély}}]] ''ƕély''
| [[Contionary:ƕòrzy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕòrzy}}]] ''ƕɔ́rzy''
| [[Contionary:ƕòty|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕòty}}]] ''ƕɔ́ty''
|}
=====Indefinite pronouns=====

===Prepositions and particles===
====Particles====
Gothevian employs the use of particles for various purposes.
=====Function particles=====
Function particles in Gothevian are grammaticalized particles that form multiword constructions, aiding with tenses and moods, and take on the uses of auxiliary verbs. Unlike discourse particles, they cannot be left out of a sentence. Below are some function particles.

'''[[Contionary:dy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dy}}]] (dy, "dative particle")''' — Placed before a noun to mark it as an [[wikt:indirect object|indirect object]] of a verb.
* {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gycáhiva}} '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|d'}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Ášto}}''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|cánty my}} — ‘I showed my bag '''to Ášty'''’
'''[[Contionary:zy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|zy}}]] (zy, "possessive/partitive particle")''' — Placed before a noun to express [[w:Possession (linguistics)|possession]], origin, or [[w:Partitive|partitivity]], or [[w:Compound (linguistics)|attributively]] in relation to the noun preceding it.
* {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iš i}} '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|katt}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|zy}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Somáë}}''' — ‘that is '''Somá’s cat'''’
'''[[Contionary:vy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vy}}]] (vy, "interrogative particle")''' — Placed after the main verb to form a [[w:Yes/no question|yes–no question]].
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dránnivɛš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vy}}''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vat?}} — ‘'''have you drunk''' water'''?'''’
'''[[Contionary:ny|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ny}}]] (ny, "negation particle")''' — Placed before a noun, verb, adjective, or another particle to [[w:Affirmation_and_negation#Negation|negate]] its meaning.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n'}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yrèš}}''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dɛ suk!}} — ‘'''I don’t like''' you!’
* {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|oš'ƕɔn qízɛis jy,}} '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ny}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šɛísyn}}'''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|?}} — ‘who's talking, '''the not-strong'''?’
'''[[Contionary:o|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}}]] (o, "vocative particle")''' — Placed before a noun to form a [[w:Vocative expression|vocative expression]].
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o'}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Ázlyfe}}'''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|! aš èly!}} — ‘'''O Ázlyf'''! Come here!’
'''[[Contionary:ɛísy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛísy}}]] (ɛísy, "optative particle")''' — Placed before a verb in the subjunctive to express wish, hope, or desire. Also placed before a verb in the indicative to express general want or desire.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛísy}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕaílaw}}''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dot Iwrópo}} — ‘'''I wish to travel''' around Europe’
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛísy}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕail}}''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dot Iwrópo}} — ‘'''I want to travel''' around Europe’
'''[[Contionary:ma|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ma}}]] (ma, "dynamic particle")''' — Placed before a verb in the indicative to express ability. Also placed before a verb in the subjunctive to express permission.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ma}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|kawš}}''' — ‘'''I can try'''’
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ma}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|káwšaw}}''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vy?}} — ‘'''may I try'''?’
'''[[Contionary:á|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}]] (á, "hortative particle")''' — Placed before a verb in the subjunctive to form a [[w:Hortative|hortative expression]].
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á-}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|žepaiš}}''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|, saíƕyniš mójivyn}} — ‘'''it'd be better if you sleep''', you look tired’
'''[[Contionary:daw|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|daw}}]] (daw, "affection particle")''' — Placed before a verb to express habitual enjoyment or affection.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|daw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šívɛis}}''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áđby}} '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|žóvvivny}}''' — ‘'''I heard she used to like to draw'''’
'''[[Contionary:sar|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|sar}}]] (sar, "jussive particle")''' — Placed before a verb in the indicative to express requirement, necessity, or urgency. Also placed before a verb in the subjunctive to express a more urgent or prioritized [[w:Hortative|hortative expression]].
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|sar}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vándɛiš}}'''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|!}} — ‘'''you have to leave'''!’
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|sar}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vándaiš}}''' — ‘'''you probably should leave'''’
'''[[Contionary:aw|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}}]] (aw, "desiderative particle")''' — Placed before a verb in the subjunctive to express desire towards the verb. Also placed before a verb in the indicative to express general want or desire.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m'ai búđaw}}''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|'aparátyn}} — ‘'''I would love to be able to buy''' the camera’
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|buđ}}''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|'aparátyn}} — ‘'''I want to buy''' the camera’

=====Discourse particles=====
Discourse particles in Gothevian are contextual, optional particles used to highlight the mood or the attitude of the speaker or to highlight the sentence's focus. These particles are mainly present in spoken, informal standard Gothevian or throughout its many dialects. In formal, written contexts, they are mostly seen as unprofessional. Below are some discourse particles.

'''[[Contionary:jy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jy}}]] (jy)''' — Used as a general intensifying particle.
* ...
'''[[Contionary:ɛi|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛi}}]] (ɛi)''' — Used to indicate that the utterance happened as a consequence to an earlier even or action.
* ...
'''[[Contionary:nušt|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nušt}}]] (nušt)''' — Used to indicate something is being offered to the listener.
* ...
'''[[Contionary:níjy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|níjy}}]] (níjy)''' — Used to intensify a negative or opposing utterance. Also used before nouns, adjectives, adverbs, or verbs for stronger negation.
* ...
'''[[Contionary:aš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}}]] (aš)''' — Used to intensify imperatives.
* ...
'''[[Contionary:dɛ|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dɛ}}]] (dɛ)''' — Used as indicate haste or urgency. Also used to indicate the speaker is in a state of haste, or in a state of anger or hatred towards the listener or a third party.
* ...
'''[[Contionary:mis|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|mis}}]] (mis)''' — Used to intensify adjectives and adverbs.
* ...
'''[[Contionary:hax|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|hax}}]] (hax)''' — Used as a indicate a sudden shift or deviation of topic.
* ...
'''[[Contionary:áđby|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áđby}}]] (áđby)''' — Used to indicate that the speaker has been ignorant of newly-provided information or fact.
* ...
'''[[Contionary:ɛx|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛx}}]] (ɛx)''' — Used to indicate dissatisfaction or disgust.
* ...
'''[[Contionary:óšy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|óšy}}]] (óšy)''' — Used to add a sense indeterminateness to interrogative pronouns or to add a sense greater indeterminateness to indefinite pronouns. Also used insultingly to add a sense of diminutivity.
* ...
'''[[Contionary:bɛ|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bɛ}}]] (bɛ)''' — Used to indicate frustration or anger.
* ...

=====Lexical particles=====

====Prepositions====

===Verbs===
Gothevian lost many of the complex verbal conjugations it inherited from [[w:Gothic verbs|Gothic]], such as [[w:Dual (grammatical number)|dual]] forms, the old passive conjugation, and [[w:Germanic strong verb|strong verb classes]]. Nevertheless, Gothevian verb conjugation is the most complex out of any surviving Germanic language, due to the acquisition of an [[w:aorist|aorist]], a new synthetic passive, and other analytic moods such as the [[w:Inferential mood|inferential]] and [[w:Conditional mood|conditional]] moods.
====Irregular stems====
Irregular verbs in Gothevian are verbs whose stems either slightly alter or completely change across the paradigm. These changes mostly occur across tense-aspect-mood forms, but two verbs (''to have, to be'') also alter their stems depending on person.

While most strong verbs would regularize by applying one form throughout the whole paradigm, some common verbs would retain reduced stem vowel alternation in their "past" (''imperfect and aorist'') conjugations. These verbs include {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ícyn}} (ícyn, "to eat") (past stem {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|éc-}}, éc-), {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qízyn}} (qízyn, "to talk") (past stem {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qòz-}}, qɔ́z-), {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qímyn}} (qímyn, "to come") (past stem {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qòm-}}, qɔ́m-), and {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ályn}} (ályn, "to grow") (past stem {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ól-}}, ól-).

Another source of irregular verbs are Gothic [[w:Gothic_verbs#Irregular_weak_verbs|weak irregular verbs]] that have also resisted full regularization. Instead, these verbs underwent partial regularization, by reforming the present stems with the consonantism of the past stem (which mostly would have followed a ''CV̄̆ht-'' pattern) and the vocalism of the present stem, thus in a way appearing to mimic the previous class of irregular verbs. These verbs include {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|sútyn}} (sútyn, "to seem") (past stem {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|sót-}}, sót-), {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bútyn}} (bútyn, "to buy") (past stem {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|báwt-}}, báwt-), and {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vòtyn}} (vɔ́tyn, "to make") (past stem {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vát-}}, vát-), alongside the verb {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|drítyn}} (drítyn, "to drink") (past stem {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|drɛít-}}, drɛít-).

The last category of irregular verbs, specifically the two verbs {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} (ain, "to have") and {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn}} (víšyn, "to be") use multiple different stems throughout their paradigm ({{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aí-, á-, aíc-}}; {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|v-, š-, ší-}}).
====Synthetic forms====
Approximately one third of verbal conjugations in Gothevian are synthetic, meaning they indicate grammatical information via [[w:Bound and free morphemes|bound affixation]] rather than by [[w:Bound and free morphemes|unbound morphemes]]. With the exception of participles and the aorist, synthetic forms all represent direct evolutions from old Gothic conjugations.
=====Participles=====
Gothevian verbs have five participles based on aspect and voice, declining for 2 gender categories (''masculine-neuter, feminine'').
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:left;"
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="5" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | [[Contionary:šócyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šócyn}}]] ''(šócyn, "to see")''
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! present active participle
! present passive participle
! imperfect active participle
! imperfect passive participle
! aorist participle
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | masculine (+ neuter)
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}} ''šócyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynyn}} ''šócynyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''šócis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|inɔs}} ''šócinɔs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivyn}} ''šócivyn''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | feminine
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ny}} ''šócny''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyny}} ''šócnyny''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''šócizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|inɔzy}} ''šócinɔzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivny}} ''šócivny''
|}
=====Present=====
The present tense is used for:
* Events happening in the present,
* Current states of being,
* Facts that are always true.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|+ Present Indicative
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|ACT}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|PASS}}'''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''
! rowspan="7" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gaf}} ''gaf''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}} ''gávyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}} ''ɛ́ö''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} ''ɛ́ön''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}} ''ai''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|av}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} ''avn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|im}} ''im''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ši}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} ''šin''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛiš}} ''gávɛiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yniš}} ''gávyniš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|êiš}} ''ɛ́öɛ̈iš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} ''ɛ́öniš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''aiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} ''avniš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iš}} ''iš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} ''šiniš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛis}} ''gávɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynis}} ''gávynis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|êis}} ''ɛ́öɛ̈is''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} ''ɛ́önis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} ''ais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} ''avnis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|i}} ''i''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} ''šinis''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ym}} ''gávym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynym}} ''gávynym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m}} ''ɛ́öm''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}} ''ɛ́önym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m}} ''aim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}} ''avnym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šam}} ''šam''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}} ''šinym''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''gávyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynyš}} ''gávynyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''ɛ́öš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} ''ɛ́önyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''ajš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} ''avnyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šu}} ''šu''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} ''šinyš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}} ''gávyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynyn}} ''gávynyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} ''ɛ́ön''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} ''ɛ́önyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} ''ain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} ''avnyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šan}} ''šan''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} ''šinyn''
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|+ Present Subjunctive
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|ACT}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|PASS}}'''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''
! rowspan="7" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} ''gávaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynaw}} ''gávynaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äw}} ''ɛ́öäw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}} ''ɛ́önaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} ''aícaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}} ''ávnaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} ''šaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}} ''šínaw''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} ''gávaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynaiš}} ''gávynaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äiš}} ''ɛ́öäiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} ''ɛ́önaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} ''aícaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} ''ávnaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} ''šaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} ''šínaiš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} ''gávais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynais}} ''gávynais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äis}} ''ɛ́öäis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} ''ɛ́önais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} ''aícais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} ''ávnais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} ''šais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} ''šínais''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}} ''gávaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynaim}} ''gávynaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äim}} ''ɛ́öäim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}} ''ɛ́önaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}} ''aícaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}} ''ávnaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}} ''šaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}} ''šínaim''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} ''gávawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynawš}} ''gávynawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äwš}} ''ɛ́öäwš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} ''ɛ́önawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} ''aícawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} ''ávnawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} ''šawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} ''šínawš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} ''gávain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynain}} ''gávynain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äin}} ''ɛ́öäin''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} ''ɛ́önain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} ''aícain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} ''ávnain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} ''šain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} ''šínain''
|}
=====Imperfect=====
The [[w:Imperfect|Imperfect]] fuses the [[w:Past tense|past tense]] (and marginally the present tense) with [[w:Imperfective aspect|imperfective aspect]] and is used for:
* Ongoing events that happened in the past,
* States of being in the past that still have some sort of effect in the present,
* Events or states of being that started in the past and are still ongoing in the present, if context is clear.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|+ Imperfect Indicative
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|ACT}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|PASS}}'''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''
! rowspan="7" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ija}} ''gávija''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔva}} ''gávynɔva''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïja}} ''ɛ́öïja''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔva}} ''ɛ́önɔva''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ja}} ''ája''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔva}} ''avnɔva''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vam}} ''vam''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ja}} ''šija''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ijɛš}} ''gávijɛš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvɛš}} ''gávynɔvɛš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïjɛš}} ''ɛ́öïjɛš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛš}} ''ɛ́önɔvɛš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jɛš}} ''ájɛš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛš}} ''avnɔvɛš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vam}} ''vaš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jɛš}} ''šijɛš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ijus}} ''gávijus''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvus}} ''gávynɔvus''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïjus}} ''ɛ́öïjus''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvus}} ''ɛ́önɔvus''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jus}} ''ájus''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvus}} ''avnɔvus''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vam}} ''vas''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jus}} ''šijus''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ijym}} ''gávijym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvym}} ''gávynɔvym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïjym}} ''ɛ́öïjym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvym}} ''ɛ́önɔvym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jym}} ''ájym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvym}} ''avnɔvym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vam}} ''éšym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jym}} ''šijym''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ijyš}} ''gávijyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvyš}} ''gávynɔvyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïjyš}} ''ɛ́öïjyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvyš}} ''ɛ́önɔvyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jyš}} ''ájyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvyš}} ''avnɔvyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vam}} ''éšyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jyš}} ''šijyš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ijyn}} ''gávijyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvyn}} ''gávynɔvyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïjyn}} ''ɛ́öïjyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvyn}} ''ɛ́önɔvyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jyn}} ''ájyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvyn}} ''avnɔvyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vam}} ''éšyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jyn}} ''šijyn''
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|+ Imperfect Subjunctive
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|ACT}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|PASS}}'''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''
! rowspan="7" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ija}} ''gávija''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvaw}} ''gávynɔvaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïja}} ''ɛ́öïja''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvaw}} ''ɛ́önɔvaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ija}} ''aícija''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvaw}} ''avnɔvaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|íja}} ''šíja''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvaw}} ''šinɔvaw''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iêiš}} ''gáviɛ̈iš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvɛiš}} ''gávynɔvɛiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïêiš}} ''ɛ́öïɛ̈iš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛiš}} ''ɛ́önɔvɛiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iêiš}} ''aíciɛ̈iš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛiš}} ''avnɔvɛiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|íêiš}} ''šíɛ̈iš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛiš}} ''šinɔvɛiš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iêis}} ''gáviɛ̈is''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvis}} ''gávynɔvis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïêis}} ''ɛ́öïɛ̈is''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvis}} ''ɛ́önɔvis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iêis}} ''aíciɛ̈is''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvis}} ''avnɔvis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|íêis}} ''šíɛ̈is''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvis}} ''šinɔvis''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iêim}} ''gáviɛ̈im''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvɛim}} ''gávynɔvɛim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïêim}} ''ɛ́öïɛ̈im''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛim}} ''ɛ́önɔvɛim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iêim}} ''aíciɛ̈im''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛim}} ''avnɔvɛim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|íêim}} ''šíɛ̈im''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛim}} ''šinɔvɛim''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iöš}} ''gáviöš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvoš}} ''gávynɔvoš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïöš}} ''ɛ́öïöš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvoš}} ''ɛ́önɔvoš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iöš}} ''aíciöš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvoš}} ''avnɔvoš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|íöš}} ''šíöš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvoš}} ''šinɔvoš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iêin}} ''gáviɛ̈in''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvɛin}} ''gávynɔvɛin''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïêin}} ''ɛ́öïɛ̈in''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛin}} ''ɛ́önɔvɛin''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iêin}} ''aíciɛ̈in''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛin}} ''avnɔvɛin''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|íêin}} ''šíɛ̈in''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛin}} ''šinɔvɛin''
|}

=====Aorist=====
The [[w:Aorist|Aorist]] differs from the imperfect in that is expresses the [[w:perfective aspect|perfective aspect]]. It is used for:
* Event that began and ended in the past, viewed as a single whole rather than a process,
* States of being in the past that do not have any effect in the present,
* Events or states of being that are fully contained within a certain timeframe, such as when storytelling.

The Gothevian aorist has no passive forms. Instead, imperfect or perfect passives may be used.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|+ Aorist Indicative
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|ACT}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|PASS}}'''
! [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''
! [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''
! rowspan="7" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
! [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''
! [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iva}} ''gáviva''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïva}} ''ɛ́öïva''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|va}} ''áva''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|íva}} ''šíva''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivɛš}} ''gávivɛš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvɛš}} ''ɛ́öïvɛš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛš}} ''ávɛš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívɛš}} ''šívɛš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivus}} ''gávivus''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvus}} ''ɛ́öïvus''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vus}} ''ávus''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívus}} ''šívus''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivym}} ''gávivym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvym}} ''ɛ́öïvym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vym}} ''ávym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívym}} ''šívym''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivyš}} ''gávivyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvyš}} ''ɛ́öïvyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vyš}} ''ávyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívyš}} ''šívyš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivyn}} ''gávivyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvyn}} ''ɛ́öïvyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vyn}} ''ávyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívyn}} ''šívyn''
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|+ Aorist Subjunctive
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|ACT}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|PASS}}'''
! [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''
! [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''
! rowspan="7" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
! [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''
! [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivaw}} ''gávivaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvaw}} ''ɛ́öïvaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivaw}} ''aícivaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívaw}} ''šívaw''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivɛiš}} ''gávivɛiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvɛiš}} ''ɛ́öïvɛiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivɛiš}} ''aícivɛiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívɛiš}} ''šívɛiš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivɛis}} ''gávivɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvɛis}} ''ɛ́öïvɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivɛis}} ''aícivɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívɛis}} ''šívɛis''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivɛim}} ''gávivɛim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvɛim}} ''ɛ́öïvɛim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivɛim}} ''aícivɛim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívɛim}} ''šívɛim''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivoš}} ''gávivoš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvoš}} ''ɛ́öïvoš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivoš}} ''aícivoš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívoš}} ''šívoš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivɛin}} ''gávivɛin''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvɛin}} ''ɛ́öïvɛin''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivɛin}} ''aícivɛin''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívɛin}} ''šívɛin''
|}

====Analytic forms====
The other two thirds of verbal conjugations in Gothevian are analytic, meaning they are contructed via [[w:Bound and free morphemes|unbound particles]] accompanying the main verb.
=====Future=====
The future tense is used for events or states of being occurring in the future. It is formed by adding the particle [[Contionary:šta|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}]] (šta) directly before the simple present form of a verb.

In less formal speech or writing, {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} may contract to {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|št'}} (št'). This is especially prevalent if the main verb begins with a vowel ({{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta èö}} → {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|št'èö}}).
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|+ Future Indicative
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|ACT}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|PASS}}'''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''
! rowspan="7" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gaf}} ''šta gaf''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}} ''šta gávyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}} ''šta ɛ́ö''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} ''šta ɛ́ön''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}} ''šta ai''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|av}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} ''šta avn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|im}} ''šta im''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ši}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} ''šta šin''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛiš}} ''šta gávɛiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yniš}} ''šta gávyniš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|êiš}} ''šta ɛ́öɛ̈iš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} ''šta ɛ́öniš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''šta aiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} ''šta avniš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iš}} ''šta iš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} ''šta šiniš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛis}} ''šta gávɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynis}} ''šta gávynis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|êis}} ''šta ɛ́öɛ̈is''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} ''šta ɛ́önis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} ''šta ais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} ''šta avnis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|i}} ''šta i''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} ''šta šinis''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ym}} ''šta gávym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynym}} ''šta gávynym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m}} ''šta ɛ́öm''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}} ''šta ɛ́önym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m}} ''šta aim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}} ''šta avnym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šam}} ''šta šam''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}} ''šta šinym''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''šta gávyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynyš}} ''šta gávynyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''šta ɛ́öš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} ''šta ɛ́önyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''šta ajš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} ''šta avnyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šu}} ''šta šu''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} ''šta šinyš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}} ''šta gávyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynyn}} ''šta gávynyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} ''šta ɛ́ön''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} ''šta ɛ́önyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} ''šta ain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} ''šta avnyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šan}} ''šta šan''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} ''šta šinyn''
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|+ Future Subjunctive
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|ACT}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|PASS}}'''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''
! rowspan="7" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} ''šta gávaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynaw}} ''šta gávynaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äw}} ''šta ɛ́öäw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}} ''šta ɛ́önaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} ''šta aícaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}} ''šta ávnaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} ''šta šaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}} ''šta šínaw''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} ''šta gávaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynaiš}} ''šta gávynaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äiš}} ''šta ɛ́öäiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} ''šta ɛ́önaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} ''šta aícaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} ''šta ávnaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} ''šta šaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} ''šta šínaiš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} ''šta gávais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynais}} ''šta gávynais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äis}} ''šta ɛ́öäis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} ''šta ɛ́önais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} ''šta aícais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} ''šta ávnais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} ''šta šais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} ''šta šínais''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}} ''šta gávaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynaim}} ''šta gávynaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äim}} ''šta ɛ́öäim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}} ''šta ɛ́önaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}} ''šta aícaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}} ''šta ávnaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}} ''šta šaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}} ''šta šínaim''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} ''šta gávawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynawš}} ''šta gávynawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äwš}} ''šta ɛ́öäwš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} ''šta ɛ́önawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} ''šta aícawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} ''šta ávnawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} ''šta šawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} ''šta šínawš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} ''šta gávain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynain}} ''šta gávynain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äin}} ''šta ɛ́öäin''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} ''šta ɛ́önain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} ''šta aícain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} ''šta ávnain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} ''šta šain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} ''šta šínain''
|}
=====Present Perfect=====
The present perfect tense is used for events or states of being occurring wholly in the past, viewed as a single whole, with a lasting effect on the present state. It also refers to a past event that happened fully before another event in the present. It is formed by using the simple present tense of [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}}]] (ain, "to have") alongside the imperfect active participle of the main verb. Both active and passive constructions use the imperfect active participle, with the voice distinction being codified into the auxiliary's conjugation.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|+ Present Perfect Indicative
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|ACT}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|PASS}}'''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''
! rowspan="12" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''
|-
! rowspan="5" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ai gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|av}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''avn gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ai ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|av}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''avn ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ai ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|av}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''avn ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ai vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|av}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''avn vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person masculine/neuter
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''aiš gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávniš gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''aiš ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávniš ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aiš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávniš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aiš vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávniš vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person feminine
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''aiš gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''ávniš gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''aiš ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''ávniš ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aiš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávniš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aiš vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávniš vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person masculine/neuter
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ais gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávnis gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ais ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávnis ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ais ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnis ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ais vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnis vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person feminine
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''ais gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''ávnis gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''ais ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''ávnis ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ais ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnis ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ais vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnis vɛis''
|-
! rowspan="5" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''aim gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávnym gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''aim ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávnym ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aim ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnym ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aim vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnym vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person masculine/neuter
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''aiš gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávnyš gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''aiš ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávnyš ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aiš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnyš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aiš vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnyš vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person feminine
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''aiš gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''ávnyš gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''aiš ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''ávnyš ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aiš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnyš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aiš vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnyš vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person masculine/neuter
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ain gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávnyn gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ain ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávnyn ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ain ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnyn ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ain vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnyn vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person feminine
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''ain gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''ávnyn gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''ain ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''ávnyn ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ain ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnyn ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ain vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnyn vɛis''
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|+ Present Perfect Subjunctive
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|ACT}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|PASS}}'''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''
! rowspan="12" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''
|-
! rowspan="5" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''aícaw gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávnaw gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''aícaw ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávnaw ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aícaw ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnaw ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aícaw vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnaw vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person masculine/neuter
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''aícaiš gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávnaiš gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''aícaiš ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávnaiš ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aícaiš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnaiš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aícaiš vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnaiš vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person feminine
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''aícaiš gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''ávnaiš gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''aícaiš ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''ávnaiš ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aícaiš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnaiš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aícaiš vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnaiš vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person masculine/neuter
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''aícais gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávnais gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''aícais ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávnais ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aícais ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnais ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aícais vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnais vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person feminine
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''aícais gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''ávnais gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''aícais ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''ávnais ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aícais ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnais ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aícais vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnais vɛis''
|-
! rowspan="5" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''aícaim gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávnaim gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''aícaim ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávnaim ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aícaim ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnaim ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aícaim vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnaim vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person masculine/neuter
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''aícawš gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávnawš gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''aícawš ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávnawš ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aícawš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnawš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aícawš vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnawš vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person feminine
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''aícawš gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''ávnawš gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''aícawš ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''ávnawš ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aícawš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnawš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aícawš vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnawš vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person masculine/neuter
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''aícain gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávnain gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''aícain ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávnain ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aícain ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnain ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aícain vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnain vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person feminine
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''aícain gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''ávnain gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''aícain ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''ávnain ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aícain ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnain ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aícain vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnain vɛis''
|}
=====Past Perfect=====
=====Future Perfect=====
====Inferential====

==Vocabulary==
==Sample texts==
===''The Cold Winter is Near''===
{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! [[File:Gothevian Flag.png|24px|frameless]] Gothevian
!
! [[File:Flag of the United Kingdom (1-2).svg|24px|frameless]] English
|-
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Kádun žímun i nƕe, rytúny šta qímɛis.}} ''(Kádun žímun i nƕe, rytúny šta qímɛis.)''
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | The cold winter is near, a blizzard will come. 
|-
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Á-ɛl' ɛi nušt ínyn žèškyš rážyš my, o játɛl.}} ''(Á-ɛl' ɛi nušt ínyn žɛ́škyš rážyš my, o játɛl.)''
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | Come in my warm house, o' friend. 
|-
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Vɛl qòm'vyn! D'hírɛi, šívvɛi i tánsɛi aš, ícɛi i drítɛi!}} ''(Vɛl qɔ́m'vyn! D'hírɛi, šívvɛi i tánsɛi aš, ícɛi i drítɛi!)''
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | Welcome! Come here, sing and dance, eat and drink! 
|-
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Iš i plan my.}} ''(Iš i plan my.)''
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | That is my plan. 
|-
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Aim nušt vat, biwš, i niw milk yf qáwyn.}} ''(Aim nušt vat, biwš, i niw milk yf qáwyn.)''
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | We have water, beer, and fresh milk from the cow. 
|-
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Ax, i žèšky còbry!}} ''(Ax, i žɛ́šky cɔ́bry!)''
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | Oh, and warm soup! 
|}

===''The North Wind and the Sun''===
{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! [[File:Gothevian Flag.png|24px|frameless]] Gothevian
!
! [[File:Flag of the United Kingdom (1-2).svg|24px|frameless]] English
|-
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Nòsryn i Šáwjlun ynšókynɔvyn ƕɔn zy cèđaš vas iw-šés, jaj raízar sɛrqímijus, bynsènđivyn ínyn žèškuš paízuš.}} ''(Nɔ́sryn i Šáwjlun ynšókynɔvyn ƕɔn zy cɛ́đaš vas iw-šés, jaj raízar sɛrqímijus, bynsɛ́nđivyn ínyn žɛ́škuš paízuš.)''
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | The North Wind and the Sun were disputing who of the two was stronger, when a traveler came along, wrapped around in a warm cloak. 
|-
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Ynjánynɔvyn, ƕònuviš ma i byvándivyn raízaryn iš unšácais paízy šy, sar šta gydómynis ɛi iw-šés aj ásyryn.}} ''(Ynjánynɔvyn, ƕɔ́nuviš ma i byvándivyn raízaryn iš unšácais paízy šy, sar šta gydómynis ɛi iw-šés aj ásyryn.)''
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | They agreed, that whoever can force the traveler, so that he takes off his cloak, will then have to be deemed stronger than the other. 
|-
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Nòsryn èöïjus san saf m'ájus, úžyf dy sávyš èöïjus, maížyš raízaryn házijus iw-bí paízy šy byn šɛ, i dygávijus ástumy.}} ''(Nɔ́sryn ɛ́öïjus san saf m'ájus, úžyf dy sávyš ɛ́öïjus, maížyš raízaryn házijus iw-bí paízy šy byn šɛ, i dygávijus ástumy.)''
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | The North Wind then blew as hard as he could, but the more he blew, the more closely did the traveler hold his cloak around himself, and at last he gave up. 
|-
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Šáwjlun šcánijus san žèšky, i raízaryn unšácijus tríggy paízy šy.}} ''(Šáwjlun šcánijus san žɛ́šky, i raízaryn unšácijus tríggy paízy šy.)''
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | The Sun then shone warmly, and the traveler immediately took off his cloak. 
|-
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Nòsryn sar ynèhaitijus ɛi, iš Šáwjlun vas iw-šézun.}} ''(Nɔ́sryn sar ynɛ́haitijus ɛi, iš Šáwjlun vas iw-šézun.)''
|
| style="font-style:italic;" | The North Wind was then obliged to confess that the Sun was the stronger [of the two]. 
|}

==See also==

Category:Gothevian terms borrowed from Ottoman Turkish

2026-01-20T15:41:47Z

Vrianne: Created page with "Category:Gothevian lemmas"

[[Category:Gothevian lemmas]]

Category:Gothevian terms borrowed from Latin

2026-01-20T15:41:09Z

Vrianne: Created page with "Category:Gothevian lemmas"

[[Category:Gothevian lemmas]]

Category:Gothevian terms borrowed from Old Church Slavonic

2026-01-20T15:41:03Z

Vrianne: Created page with "Category:Gothevian lemmas"

[[Category:Gothevian lemmas]]

Category:Gothevian terms inherited from Gothic

2026-01-20T15:40:05Z

Vrianne: Created page with "Category:Gothevian lemmas"

[[Category:Gothevian lemmas]]

Gothevian

2026-01-11T21:56:19Z

Vrianne: /* From Old Gothevian to Middle Gothevian */

Contionary:náwsyn

2026-01-06T00:35:50Z

Vrianne: Created page with "==Gothevian== {{Contains Gothevian}} ===Etymology=== Borrowed from {{der|p=b|gthv|gkm|νιώθω}}. Compare {{l|el|νιώθω}}. ===Pronunciation=== * IPA: {{IPA|/ˈnwa.sɨn/}} ===Verb=== {{head|gthv|v|third-person singular present|náwsɛis}} # {{lb|gthv|transitive}} to sense, to detect, to perceive # {{lb|gthv|transitive}} to feel (a thing, sensation, emotion) # {{lb|gthv|reflexive|copulative}} to feel (somehow)..."

==[[Gothevian]]==
{{Contains Gothevian}}
===Etymology===
[[wikt:Appendix:Glossary#borrowed|Borrowed]] from {{der|p=b|gthv|gkm|νιώθω}}. Compare {{l|el|νιώθω}}.
===Pronunciation===
* [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|/ˈnwa.sɨn/}}
===Verb===
{{head|gthv|v|third-person singular present|náwsɛis}}
# {{lb|gthv|transitive}} to sense, to detect, to perceive
# {{lb|gthv|transitive}} to feel (a thing, sensation, emotion)
# {{lb|gthv|reflexive|copulative}} to feel (somehow)
# {{lb|gthv|intransitive}} to feel for [''with'' '''[[Contionary:yn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}}]]''' ‘something’]
#: {{syn|gthv|špɛífyn}}
====Conjugation====
{{gthv-v|naws|IPA=nwas|náws|IPA2=ˈnwa.s}}

====Related terms====
{{col|gthv
|misnáwsyn<t:to sympathize with>
|virsnáwsyn<t:to examine>
|virsnáws<t:intuition>
|gynáwsyn<t:to sense by touch>
|naws<t:feeling>
}}

Contionary:èvštry

2026-01-04T13:24:42Z

Vrianne:

==[[Gothevian]]==
{{Contains Gothevian}}
===Etymology 1===
[[wikt:Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from Middle Gothevian {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èwaz, èwandiš}} (èwaz, èwandiš) then remodeled after {{l|gthv|đíštry}}, from {{der|p=i|gthv|got|𐌰𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌸𐍃}}, from {{der|p=i|gthv|gem-pro|*ēbanþs}}. {{cog|gthv|en|evening|nl|avond|de|Abend|is|aftann}}
===Pronunciation===
* [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|/ˈewʃt.rɨ/}}
===Adverb===
{{head|gthv|adv}}
# yesterday; the day before today
#: {{ant|gthv|đíštry}}
# {{lb|gthv|colloquial}} in the past, once ago
#: {{syn|gthv|dy fèrryvrun}}
===Etymology 2===
Formed from the above adverb.
===Noun===
{{head|gthv|n|g=f|plural|èvštryš|definite|èvštrun|relational adjective|èvštrɛin}}
# yesterday; the day before today
#: {{ant|gthv|đíštry}}
====Declension====
{{gthv-n-f-s|IPA=ˈewʃt.rɨ|èvštr|IPA2=ˈewʃt.r}}

Gothevian

2026-01-01T18:24:04Z

Vrianne:

[[Category: Indo-European_languages]][[Category: Germanic languages]][[Category: East Germanic languages]][[Category: Languages]][[Category: Conlangs]][[Category: A_posteriori]][[Category:Gothevian]]
{{private}}
{{Infobox language
|image = Gothevian Flag.png
|imagesize = 185px
|imagecaption = Flag of the Republic of Gothevia
|name = Gothevian
|nativename = {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gušk}}
|pronunciation = ɡuʃk
|states = Gothevia
|setting = Earth
|created = 2024
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam2 = [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic]]
|fam3 = [[w:East Germanic languages|East Germanic]]
|fam4 = [[w:Gothic language|Gothic]]
|creator = User:Vrianne
|stand1 = Standard Central Gothevian
|dia1 = Central dialects
|dia2 = Eastern dialects
|dia3 = Southern Dialects
|dia4 = Northern dialects
|dia5 = Western Dialects
|dia6 = Pyre Dialects
|script1 = Gthv
|nation = Gothevia
|minority = [[w:Bulgaria|Bulgaria]], [[w:Greece|Greece]], [[w:Serbia|Serbia]]
|agency = Institute for the Gothevian Language
|map = Gothevian Speaker map.png
|mapsize = 280px
|mapcaption = Map of areas where Gothevian is spoken
{{legend|#0080FE|...as a majority language}}
{{legend|#88C4FE|...as a minority language}}
|notice = IPA
|ethnicity = Gothevian
|ancestor = [[w:Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]]
|ancestor2 = [[w:Proto-Germanic language|Proto-Germanic]]
|ancestor3 = [[w:Gothic language|Gothic]]
|ancestor4 = Old Gothevian
|ancestor5 = Middle Gothevian
}}
{{Contains Gothevian}}
'''Gothevian''' ('''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gušk}}''', '''''gušk''''' [ɡuʃk], formally '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|róždun gúškun}}''', '''''róždun gúškun''''' [ˈrwɤ̞ʒdun ˈɡuʃkun]) is an [[w:East Germanic languages|East Germanic]] language descendant from [[w:Gothic language|Gothic]] or a language mutually intelligible with it. Its speakers mainly reside within the borders of [[Gothevia]], though there exist significant Gothevian-speaking communities in [[w:Bulgaria|Bulgaria]], [[w:Greece|Greece]], and [[w:Serbia|Serbia]]. it is the only surviving member of the East Germanic branch of the [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic languages]], though with being a member of [[w:Balkan sprachbund|Balkan sprachbund]], it has evolved to be quite distinct in some aspects of its structure compared to other Germanic languages, with features such as [[w:evidentiality|evidentiality]] and the eradication of the [[w:Germanic strong verb|Germanic strong verb]].

Old Gothevian shares most of its features with [[w:Ulfilas|Wulfilan]] Gothic, likely being descendent from dialects mutually intelligible with it. It was written in a descendant of the [[w:Gothic alphabet|Gothic script]], which modern Gothevian still uses. Gothevian, however, would begin to diverge from Wulfilan Gothic, with the biggest drivers being the [[w:Balkan sprachbund|Balkan sprachbund]] and [[w:Old Church Slavonic|Slavonic]] and [[w:Greek language|Greek]] [[w:Stratum_(linguistics)#Superstratum|superstrata]].
==Classification==
Gothevian is an [[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European language]] that belongs to the [[w:East Germanic languages|East Germanic]] branch of the [[:Germanic languages|Germanic languages]]. It is the only surviving member of the East Germanic languages, with its closest living relatives being from other Branches of Germanic, such as [[w:Dutch language|Dutch]], [[w:English language|English]], [[w:German language|German]], and [[w:Icelandic language|Icelandic]]. Within the East Germanic branch, its closest relative is [[w:Gothic language|Gothic]], followed by other East Germanic languages such as [[w:Vandalic language|Vandalic]], [[w:Burgundians#Language|Burgundian]], and likely [[w:Crimean Gothic|Crimean Gothic]].

Due to being located within the core [[w:Balkans|Balkan region]], it has features that set it apart from other Germanic languages. Such features include post-fixed articles, syncretism of locative and directional expressions, a future-tense particle, an inferential mood, among others. Gothevian was also under [[w:Greek language|Greek]] and [[w:South Slavic languages|Slavic]] language influence for most of its history. This influence came with many lexical borrowings, but also several grammatical influences, such as the retention of a synthetic [[w:Modern_Greek_grammar#Grammatical_voice|passive voice]] and creation of a synthetic [[w:aorist|aorist]].
==History==
The history of Gothevian can be divided into several periods.
* '''The Migratory period''' (6th-8th century)...
* '''Old Gothevian''' (9th–12th century)...
* '''Middle Gothevian''' (13th–16th century)...
* '''Modern Gothevian''' (17th century–present)...

==Etymology==
The exonym "Gothevian" is a [[w:Medieval Latin|Latinized borrowing]] of the [[w:Koine Greek|Koine Greek]] term "Γότθευικος" (Góttheuikos), itself a variant of older "Γότθευδικος" (Góttheudikos), a borrowing from "𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃" (gutþiudisks), from "[[wikt:𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰|𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰]]" (gutþiuda) + "[[wikt:-𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃|-𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃]]" (-isks), thus meaning "of the Goths". The endonym {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gušk}} (gušk) is a cognate of the Latin exonym, being a simplification of earlier {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gútsišk}} (gútsišk), from Old Gothevian {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gútsiudišk}} (gutþiudisk).

==Phonology==
===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! style="vertical-align:middle;" |
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[w:Front vowel|Front]]
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[w:Central vowel|Central]]
! [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|- style="vertical-align:middle;"
! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]]
| rowspan="2" | [[w:Close central unrounded vowel|ɨ]]~[[w:Mid central vowel|ə]]~[[w:Near-open central vowel|ɐ]]
| [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]]
|- style="vertical-align:middle;"
! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:mid vowel|Mid]]
| [[w:Mid front unrounded vowel|e]]
| [[w:Mid front unrounded vowel|o]]
|- style="vertical-align:middle;"
! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
|
| [[w:Open central unrounded vowel|a]]
|
|}
* Gothevian lacks a phonemic length distinction, but vowels in stressed syllables may allophonically be slightly lengthened.
* Mid vowels /e, o/ are mostly [[w:mid vowel|true-mid]] [e̞, o̞]. They may be allophonically pronounced closer to open-mid [e, o] in the vicinity of open vowels /i, u/, or closer to open-mid [ɛ, ɔ] in the vicinity of central vowels /a, ɨ/.
* /o/ consistently unrounds to [ɤ̞] when near [w]. This behavior rarely applies to /u/ however.
* The open vowel /a/ is [[w:Central vowel|true-central]] [ä].
* The non-open central vowel (notated here on out as /ɨ/) takes on a couple of realizations. In stressed positions it is commonly [ɨ]. In unstressed positions it is either also [ɨ], [ə], or, particularly in eastern and far-western dialects, [ɐ].

===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! colspan="2" |
! [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
! colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
| [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar nasals|n]]
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]
| [[w:Voiceless bilabial plosive|p]]
| [[w:Voiceless dental and alveolar plosives|t]]
| [[w:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|t͡ʃ]]
| [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|k]]
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:voicing (phonetics)|voiced]]
| [[w:Voiced bilabial plosive|b]]
| [[w:Voiced dental and alveolar plosives|d]]
| [[w:Voiced postalveolar affricate|d͡ʒ]]
| [[w:Voiced velar plosive|ɡ]]
|-
! rowspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]
| [[w:Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]]
| [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]]
| [[w:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]]
| [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|x]]
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:voicing (phonetics)|voiced]]
| [[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]~[[w:Voiced labiodental approximant|ʋ]]
| [[w:Voiced alveolar fricative|z]]
| [[w:Voiced postalveolar fricative|ʒ]]
|
|-
! colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
| [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills|r]]
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|
| [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants|l]]
| [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]
| ([[w:Voiced labial–velar approximant|w]])
|}
* /p, t, k/ are unaspirated [p, t, k].
* /s, z/ are denti-alveolar [s̟, z̟].
* /v/ may be a true fricative [v] or an approximant [ʋ].
* /r/ may be pronounced as either a trill [r] or a tap [ɾ]. The trilled pronunciation is commonplace when it is followed by a glide, such as in ⟨[[Contionary:róždy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|róždy}}]]⟩ [ˈ'''r'''wɤ̞ʒdə ~ ˈ'''r'''ʷɤ̞ʒdə].
* In eastern dialects, /l/ is velarized [ɫ].
* Consonant-Glide clusters /Cj, Cw/ may coalesce into a palatalized/labialized consonant /Cʲ, Cʷ/.
* [w] is an allophone of /v/ when directly preceded or followed by a consonant. Compare ⟨[[Contionary:oš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|oš}}]]⟩ ['''v'''o̞ʃ] and ⟨[[Contionary:šoš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šoš}}]]⟩ [ʃ'''w'''ɤ̞ʃ ~ ʃ'''ʷ'''ɤ̞ʃ].

===Stress===
===Historical evolution===
====From Classical Gothic to Pre-Gothevian====
* /ɸ/ shifts to /θ/ before a coronal consonant.
*: Got. {{l|got|flōdus}} /ˈfloː.ðus/ → P-G ''þlṓdus ~ þlōþs'' /ˈθloː.ðus ~ θloːθs/ ("river")
*: Got. {{l|got|*lifnan}} /ˈlif.nan/ → P-G ''*líþnan'' /ˈliθ.nan/ ("to leave")
*: Got. {{l|got|afta}} /ˈaɸ.ta/ → P-G ''*áþta'' /ˈaθ.ta/ ("behind")
* /h/, /w/ fortify into /k/, /p/ before /l/, /r/.
*: Got. {{l|got|wlits}} /wlits/ → P-G ''plits'' /plits/ ("face")
*: Got. {{l|got|hrōþs}} /hroːθs/ → P-G ''krōþs'' /kroːθs/ ("glory")
* /β/ merges into /w/ intervocalically.
*: Got. {{l|got|gabei}} /ˈɡa.βiː/ → P-G ''gáwɛi(n)'' /ˈɡa.wiː(n)/ ("wealth")
* /β/, /ɣ/ merge into /w/ before /m/.
*: Got. ''*sib(u)m'' /ˈsi.β(u)m/ → P-G ''siwm'' /siwm/ ("seven")

====From Pre-Gothevian to Old Gothevian====
* /t, d/, /k, ɡ/ palatalize to /c/, /ɟ/ respectively before /i(ː)/, /eː/, /j/. /kʷ/, /ɡ(ː)ʷ/ are unaffected.
*: P-G ''tɛíhan'' /ˈtiː.han/ → OG ''cɛíhan'' /ˈciː.han/ ("to show")
*: P-G ''gílþa'' /ˈɡil.θa/ → early OG ''đílþa'' /ˈɟil.θa/ ("sickle")
* /ɣ/ is elided intervocalically or in syllable codas if followed by another consonant, without compensatory lengthening of the previous vowel.
*: P-G ''*ígil'' /ˈi.ɣil/ → OG ''íǥil, íil'' /ˈi.il ~ iːl/ ("hedgehog")
*: P-G ''rign'' /riɣn/ → OG ''rin'' /rin/ ("rain")
* /ɣr/, /rɣ/ coalesce into /ɣː/.
*: P-G ''baírgan'' /ˈbɛr.ɣan/ → OG ''bɛ́ǥǥan'' /ˈbɛɣ.ɣan/ ("to keep")
* /ɸ/, /β/ develop into /f/, /v/.
* /l/ is elided in syllable codas if followed by another consonant, with compensatory lengthening of the previous vowel, if short.
*: early OG ''đílþa'' /ˈɟil.θa/ → OG ''đɛíþa'' /ˈɟiː.θa/ ("sickle")
* /h/ is elided in syllable codas, with compensatory lengthening of the previous vowel, if short. If /h/ is followed by a consonant, then that consonant is geminated too.
*: P-G ''módah'' /ˈmoː.dah/ → OG ''módah, módaa'' /ˈmoː.daː/ ("angry")
*: P-G ''naht'' /naht/ → OG ''nahtt, naatt'' /naːtt/ ("night")
* /ɟː/ causes nearby non-front vowels /a(ː)/, /ɔ(ː)/, /oː/, /u(ː)/ to front into /ɛ(ː)/, /œ(ː)/, /øː/, /y(ː)/. Non-geminate /ɟ/ does not trigger this shift.
*: P-G ''wadj'' /waɟɟ/ → OG ''wɛdj'' /wɛɟɟ/ ("wall")
* /kʷ/, /ɡ(ː)ʷ/, /ʍ/ cause nearby unrounded vowels /a(ː)/, /ɛ(ː)/, /eː/, /i(ː)/ to round into /ɔ(ː)/, /œ(ː)/, /øː/, /y(ː)/.
*: P-G ''qen'' /kʷeːn/ → OG ''qen'' /kʷøːn/ ("woman")

====From Old Gothevian to Middle Gothevian====
* /θ/, /ð/ fortify to /t/, /d/ when directly followed by another consonant that is not a glide or a plosive.
*: OG ''þrɛi'' /θri(ː)/ → early MG ''trɛi'' /tri(ː)/ ("three")
*: OG ''þloþ'' /θloːθ/ → early MG ''tloþ'' /tloːθ/ ("river")
* One of /θ, ð/, /s, z/ retracts to /s, z/, /ʃ, ʒ/ respectively, triggering a chain shift that causes the second to also retract.
*: OG ''síwþan'' /ˈsiw.θan/ → MG ''šíwsan'' /ˈʃiw.sɨn/ ("to boil")
*: OG ''seþ'' /seːθ/ → early MG ''šes'' /ʃeːs/ ("seed")
*: OG ''raz'' /raz/ → MG ''raž'' /raʒ/ ("house")
* /ŋk, ŋɡ/, /ŋkʷ, ŋɡʷ/ coalesce into /nː/, /wː/ respectively.
*: OG ''drínkan'' /ˈdriŋ.kan/ → early MG ''drínnan'' /ˈdrin.nan/ ("to drink")
*: OG ''síngwan'' /ˈsiŋ.ɡʷan/ → early MG ''šíwwan'' /ˈʃiw.wan/ ("to sing")
* /kʷ/, /ɡʷ/, /ʍ/ lose their labialization and merge with /k/, /ɡ/, /h/.
*: OG ''qen'' /kʷøːn/ → early MG ''qen'' /køːn/ ("woman")
*: OG ''ƕass'' /ʍɔss/ → early MG ''ƕašš'' /hɔʃʃ/ ("sharp")
* /ɣ/, /w/ are elided before back vowels /u(ː)/, /oː/.
*: OG ''wulkán'' /wul.ˈkan/ → MG ''ulkán'' /ul.ˈkan/ ("volcano")
* Geminate consonants lose their gemination.
* /œ/, /y/ merge into /ɨ~ə/. Unstressed /a/ also develops into /ɨ~ə/. Other short unstressed vowels may also sporadically develop into /ɨ~ə/.
*: OG ''smýrna'' /ˈsmyr.na/ → MG ''šmýrna, šmýrny'' /ˈʃmɨr.nə/ ("myrrh")
* Vowels preceding a nasal consonant coalesce into a long nasalized vowel if followed by a fricative or a liquid. These nasalized vowels lose their nasalization shortly after. /ẽː/, /ø̃ː/, /õː/ develop into /aː/ during this process.
*: OG ''swinþ'' /swinθ/ → early MG ''šwinþ, *šwɛiþ'' /ʃwiːθ/ ("strong")
*: late OG ''ξanθ'' /skanθ ~ ksanθ/ → early MG ''ξanθ, ξanþ'' /ʃkaːs/ ("blond")
* /iː, eː/, /yː, øː/, /uː, oː/ develop into /je̞/, /we̞/, /wo̞/ respectively.
*: early MG ''fimf'' /fiːf/ → MG ''fimf, fɛif'' /fjef/ ("five")
*: early MG ''dówẅa'' /ˈduː.a/ → MG ''dow, *do'' /dwo/ ("dove; bird")
*: early MG ''qen'' /køːn/ → MG ''qen'' /kwen/ ("woman")
*: early MG ''šes'' /ʃeːs/ → MG ''šes'' /ʃjes/ ("seed")
*: early MG ''bóka'' /ˈboː.ka/ → MG ''bóka'' /ˈbwo.kɨ/ ("book")
* /ɛː/, /œː/, /ɔː/, /aː/ develop into /ja/, /wɨ~wə/, /wa/, /a/ respectively.
*: early MG ''klaif'' /klɛːf/ → MG ''klaif'' /kljaf/ ("bread")
*: early MG ''qain'' /kœːn/ → MG ''qain'' /kwɨn/ ("wail")
*: early MG ''šawjl'' /ʃɔːjl/ → MG ''šawjl'' /ʃwajl/ ("sun")
*: early MG ''ahš, aašš'' /aːʃʃ/ → MG ''aašš, ašš'' /aʃ/ ("hand, ear of corn")
* /iu̯/ merges into /wɨ/.
*: early MG ''niwm'' /niu̯m/ → MG ''niwm'' /nwɨm/ ("nine")
*: early MG ''biwž'' /biu̯ʒ/ → MG ''biwž'' /bwɨʒ/ ("beer")
* /ɛ/, /ɔ/ develop into /e̞/, /o̞/.
* /tj, kj, cj/, /dj, ɡj, ɟj/, /sj, zj/, /wj, jw/ coalesce into /c/, /ɟ/, /ʃ, ʒ/, /j, w/.
*: MG ''twai'' /twja/ → late MG ''twai, cai, cwai'' /ca/ ("two")
*: MG ''wínsišk, wɛísišk'' /wje.siʃk/ → late MG ''wínsišk, wɛísišk'' /je.siʃk/ ("Macedonian Slav")
====From Middle Gothevian to Modern Gothevian====
* /h/ is completely lost.
* /c/, /ɟ/ affricate to /t͡ʃ/, /d͡ʒ/.
*: early mod. Gthv ''đíštry'' /ˈɟiʃt.rɨ/ → Gthv ''[[Contionary:đíštry|đíštry]]'' /ˈd͡ʒiʃt.rɨ/ ("tomorrow")
*: early mod. Gthv ''mécyry'' /ˈmje.cɨ.rɨ/ → early mod. Gthv ''mécyry'' /ˈmje.t͡ʃɨ.rɨ/ ("sword")
* /t͡ʃ/, /d͡ʒ/ de-affricate in unstressed and/or coda positions.
*: early mod. Gthv ''mécyry'' /ˈmje.t͡ʃɨ.rɨ/ → Gthv ''[[Contionary:mécyry|mécyry]]'' /ˈmje.ʃɨ.rɨ/ ("sword")
*: early mod. Gthv ''kácky'' /ˈkat͡ʃ.kɨ/ → Gthv ''[[Contionary:kácky|kácky]]'' /ˈkaʃ.kɨ/ ("spoon")
* /sc/, /ʃc/ develop into /st/, /ʃt/.
*: early mod. Gthv ''šcányn'' /ʃca.nɨn/ → Gthv ''[[Contionary:šcányn|šcányn]]'' /ʃta.nɨn/ ("to shine")
* /w/, /ɣ/ merge into /v/, except when within a consonant cluster, then they merge into /w/.
* Final fricatives devoice.

==Orthography==
Gothevian is written primarily in the '''Gothevian script'''. It is an [[w:alphabet|alphabet]] and at its core a variant of the Wulfilan [[w:Gothic alphabet|Gothic alphabet]], augmented by letters borrowed from the nearby [[w:Greek alphabet|Greek]] and [[w:Early Cyrillic alphabet|Cyrillic]] scripts. The modern Gothevian spelling convention is based on the reformed Central Gothevian literary norms, and as such the Modern Gothevian Script contains some archaic features, such as the vowel-modifying consonants ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|q, ƕ}}⟩ (q, ƕ), and ditched others, such as the obsolete letters ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|θ, ξ, ψ}}⟩ ([[w:theta|θ]], [[w:xi|ξ]], [[w:psi|ψ]]).

The modern Gothevian script contains 31 letters in common use. Most letters are mapped to a single phoneme, with a few others mapped onto more than one phoneme but in regular and predictable contexts.
<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Letter
! Translit.
! Name
! IPA
! Source
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|a}}
| a
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áfy}} (áfy)
| /a/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌰]] (a)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|b}}
| b
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|béty}} (béty)
| /b/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌱]] (b)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|g}}
| g
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gámy}} (gámy)
| /ɡ/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌲]] (g)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|d}}
| d
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|déty}} (déty)
| /d/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌳]] (d)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛ}}
| ɛ
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ècy}} (ɛ́cy)
| /e/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌴]] (ē)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|q}}
| q
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qèrsy}} (qɛ́rsy)
| /k/1
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌵]] (q)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ž}}
| ž
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|žéty}} (žéty)
| /ʒ/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌶]] (z)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|z}}
| z
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|zéty}} (zéty)
| /z/
| Cyrillic [[w:Ze (Cyrillic)|З]] (z)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|e}}
| e
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|éty}} (éty)
| /je/
| Greek [[w:Eta|Η]] (ē)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|đ}}
| đ
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|đèty}} (đɛ́ty)
| /d͡ʒ/, /ʒ/2
| see below
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|h}}
| h
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|hály}} (hály)
| /Ø/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌷]] (h)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}}
| s
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|séty}} (séty)
| /s/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌸]] (þ)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|i}}
| i
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|íöty}} (íöty)
| /i/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌹]] (i)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|k}}
| k
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|kápy}} (kápy)
| /k/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌺]] (k)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|l}}
| l
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|léty}} (léty)
| /l/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌻]] (l)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m}}
| m
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|mvɛ}} (mvɛ)
| /m/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌼]] (m)
|}
</div>
<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Letter
! Translit.
! Name
! IPA
! Source
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}}
| n
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nvɛ}} (nvɛ)
| /n/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌽]] (n)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|j}}
| j
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|éry}} (éry)
| /j/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌾]] (j)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɔ}}
| ɔ
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|òmy}} (ɔ́my)
| /o/
| Greek or Cyrillic [[w:Omicron|Ο]] (o)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|u}}
| u
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|úry}} (úry)
| /u/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌿]] (u)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|p}}
| p
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|pe}} (pe)
| /p/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐍀]] (p)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|r}}
| r
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ro}} (ro)
| /r/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐍂]] (r)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}
| š
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šíwmy}} (šíwmy)
| /ʃ/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐍃]] (s)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|t}}
| t
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|taw}} (taw)
| /t/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐍄]] (t)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|y}}
| y
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ýcy}} (ýcy)
| /ɨ/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐍅]] (w)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|v}}
| v
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vècy}} (vɛ́cy)
| /v~w/
| derived from {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|y}} (y)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|f}}
| f
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|fe}} (fe)
| /f/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐍆]] (f)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|x}}
| x
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|xe}} (xe)
| /x/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐍇]] (x)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕ}}
| ƕ
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕaíry}} (ƕaíry)
| /Ø/1
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐍈]] (ƕ)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|c}}
| c
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|cèty}} (cɛ́ty)
| /t͡ʃ/, /ʃ/2
| see below
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}}
| o
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ómy}} (ómy)
| /vo~wo/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐍉]] (ō)
|}
</div>
# Qɛ́rsy and ƕaíry are pronounced identically to kápy and hály respectively but alter the pronunciation of the following vowel ([[#Digraphs_and_Trigraphs|see below]]).
# Đɛ́ty and cɛ́ty are pronounced as /ʒ/ and /ʃ/ in unstressed and/or coda positions.
Apart from zéty ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|z}}⟩, éty ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|e}}), đɛ́ty ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|đ}}⟩, ɔ́my ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɔ}}⟩, and cɛ́ty ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|c}}⟩, all Gothevian letters can be directly traced to a Gothic-script source. The source of đɛ́ty and cɛ́ty specifically is a point of contention, as no unambigious source has been identified. The many theories include the following:
# Current mainstream theories argue for a [[w:Coptic_script|Coptic]] source for cɛ́ty, citing [[wikt:ϭ#Coptic|čima]] ⟨ϭ⟩ as the most likely candidate, followed by [[wikt:ϯ#Coptic|ti]] ⟨ϯ⟩. A Coptic source for đɛ́ty is more dubious, with the likeliest candidate, [[wikt:ϫ#Coptic|janjia]] ⟨ϫ⟩, bearing less of a resemblance than the candidates for cɛ́ty.
# Likewise, đɛ́ty is near-unanimously believed to be derived from a Cyrillic source, with most mainstream theories putting forward [[w:Tse (Cyrillic)|tse]] ⟨ц⟩ or [[w:Che (Cyrillic)|che]] ⟨ч⟩ as probable sources. Less supported theories instead propose [[w:Djerv|djerv]] ⟨ꙉ⟩ due to its alphabetical order being nearer to that of đɛ́ty. Djerv has also been proposed as a source for cɛ́ty as a more fringe position, alongside an adaptation of a [[wikt:yer|yer]] ⟨ь~ъ⟩.
# A popular yet unsupported theory proposes [[w:Gothic alphabet|Gothic]] [[wikt:𐍁|𐍁]] (90) based wholly on its similar form. This comes with a host of unexplained inconsistencies, such as its sudden shift in alphabetical and numeric order, and its missing usage as a numeral. Others point to [[wikt:𐍊|𐍊]] (900) as another Gothic source, but those are even less supported and outright rejected.
# Cɛ́ty is also sometimes argued to be a simplification of a ligature, such as ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|tj}}⟩ (tj), though this is not backed by historic manuscripts.
# An Armenian source can also be argued for, with letters such as [[w:Tsa (Armenian letter)|tsa]] ⟨ծ⟩ and [[w:Che (Armenian letter)|che]] ⟨ճ⟩ being put forward for cɛ́ty, and [[w:Cha (Armenian letter)|cha]] ⟨չ⟩ and [[w:Je (Armenian letter)|je]] ⟨ջ⟩ for đɛ́ty.
===Digraphs and letter combinations===
Additionally, Gothevian contains several letter combinations that have phonetic values different from those of their single components. These include vocalic digraphs from historic long vowels and consonants that modify certain vowels.

Vocalic diphthongs take the form ⟨'''{{abbtip|vowel - glide/approximant|VG}}'''⟩ and phonetically represent /'''{{abbtip|glide/approximant - vowel|GV}}'''/ sequences. Most of these formerly represented long vowels /Vː/ which had later broken up into their current forms.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Letter
! Translit.
! IPA
! IPA (hist.)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}
| ai
| /ja/
| /ɛː/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}}
| aw
| /va~wa/
| /ɔː/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛi}}
| ɛi
| /je/
| /iː/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iw}}
| iw
| /vɨ~wɨ/
| /iu̯/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ow}}
| ow
| ''deprecated''
| /uː/
|}

The letters qɛ́rsy ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|q}}⟩ and ƕaíry ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕ}}⟩ can also alter the pronunciation of certain vowels when directly preceding them. Qɛ́rsy and ƕaíry formerly represented labialized consonants /kʷ, ʍ/ and as such triggered the rounding of unrounded vowels, causing them to diverge from their unaffected counterparts.

<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Letter
! Translit.
! IPA
! IPA (hist.)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qa}}
| qa
| /kwa/
| /k(ʷ)ɔː/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qai}}
| qai
| /kwɨ/
| /k(ʷ)œː/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qɛ}}
| qɛ
| /kɨ/
| /k(ʷ)œ/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qɛi}}
| qɛi
| rowspan="2" | /kwe/
| /k(ʷ)yː/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qe}}
| qe
| /k(ʷ)øː/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qi}}
| qi
| /kɨ/
| /k(ʷ)y/
|}
</div>
<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Letter
! Translit.
! IPA
! IPA (hist.)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕa}}
| ƕa
| /va~wa/
| /h(ʷ)ɔː/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕai}}
| ƕai
| /vɨ~wɨ/
| /h(ʷ)œː/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɛ}}
| ƕɛ
| /ɨ/
| /h(ʷ)œ/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɛi}}
| ƕɛi
| rowspan="2" | /ve~we/
| /h(ʷ)yː/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕe}}
| ƕe
| /h(ʷ)øː/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕi}}
| ƕi
| /ɨ/
| /h(ʷ)y/
|}
</div>

===Obsolete letters===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Letter
! Translit.
! Name
! IPA
! Source
! Replaced by
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|θ}}
| θ
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|θéty}} (θéty)
| /t, s/
| Greek [[w:Theta|θ]] (th)
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|t}} (t), {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} (s)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ξ}}
| ξ
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ξe}} (ξe)
| /kʃ, ʃk, ks/
| Greek [[w:Xi|ξ]] (x)
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|kš}} (kš), {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šk}} (šk), {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ks}} (ks)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ψ}}
| ψ
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ψe}} (ψe)
| /pʃ, ʃp, ps/
| Greek [[w:Psi|ψ]] (ps)
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|pš}} (pš), {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šp}} (šp), {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ps}} (ps)
|}

===History===
By the time of the first standardization of the Gothevian script based on the [[w:Stobi|Štoven]] Dialect, influence from literary Greek had taken its course on vowel glyphs. {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛ}} would be remapped onto short ''e'', with ''ē'' becoming represented by {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|e}} taken from Greek [[w:eta|eta]] (η). A similar system came about for the mid-back vowels, using native {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}} for ''ō'', due to the perceived similarity of its written form to Greek [[w:omega|omega]] (ω), and Hellenic {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɔ}} for ''o''. Other long vowels would become disambiguated using the digraphs {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛi, ow, ai, aw,}} and rarely {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aa}} for ''ī, ū, ɛ̄, ɔ̄,'' and ''ā'' respectively. A monotonic system would also be adopted, with vowels in stressed syllables gaining an [[w:Acute accent|acute]] (◌́) and vowels in [[w:Vowel hiatus|hiatus]] gaining a [[w:Diaeresis (diacritic)|diaeresis]] (◌̈). {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|θ, ξ, ψ}} (th, ks, ps) would also begin their usage during this period.

...

==Grammar==
===Syntax===
The predominant word order in Gothevian is [[w:Subject–verb–object word order|subject–verb–object]] (SVO), but in practice, word order exhibits a high degree of flexibility without much ambiguity.
====General features====
Adjectives commonly precede the noun.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škázɛiny}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bóky}}''' — '''‘leather book’'''
They can however follow the noun when marked for emphasis.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ížy}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bóky}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škázɛiny}}''' — '''‘that ''leather'' book’'''
Although not present in the standard variety, a common feature of southern dialects is placing all adjectives ''after'' the noun.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bóky}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škázɛiny}}''' — '''‘leather book’'''
Possessors commonly follow the noun.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bóky}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|my}}''' — '''‘my book’'''
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bóky}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|zy}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Myxaílen}}''' — '''‘Mykhail’s book’'''
For pronominal emphasis however, a genitive phrase with a dative pronoun is used.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bókun}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|zy}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|min}}''' — '''‘the book of me’'''
Possessors are allowed to go before the noun for poetic license without any loss of meaning.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šcánijus}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}}-{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dáprun}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|uf}}''' — '''‘overshone, our bravery’'''
Subject pronouns are normally [[w:pro-drop language|dropped]], as they can be inferred from verbal endings.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šócija}}''' — '''‘I saw’'''
Though they can be included to emphasize the subject.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ci}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šócija}}''' — '''‘''I'' saw’'''
Verbs go before participles in compound tenses.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšynɔvis}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|túklivyn}}''' — '''‘he was arrested [reportedly]’'''
===Morphology===
Gothevian is a largely [[w:synthetic language|synthetic language]], in some aspects more so than others. However, it also heavily displays [[w:analytic language|analytic]] features. Nominal declension was heavily reduced, while verbal conjugation was expanded upon. Most of these innovations were due to the Balkan sprachbund, among them are:
* Lack of an infinitive. Contexts where English would use an infinitive are typically formed with either [[w:Finite verb|finite forms]] or participles.
* Innovation of a post-fixed declining article. The [[w:Gothic_declension#The_weak_declension|weak adjective declension]] was re-analyzed and spread to nouns via the old [[w:Gothic_declension#Weak_noun_declensions_(n-stems)|n-stem declensions]].
* Syncretism of the dative and genitive cases. Particles are used to form distinct dative and genitive constructions.
* reshaped and expanded compound tenses. The future and perfect tenses were reshaped to be more in line with those of their neighbors. A synthetic [[w:aorist|aorist]] was later analogically innovated, and analytic [[w:evidentiality|evidential forms]] later followed.
* Loss of synthetic comparative and superlative forms. The original method of deriving degrees of comparison using suffixation fell out of use in favor of analytic preposed markers.
===Nominals===
====Nouns====
Gothevian nouns decline for two cases ([[w:direct case|direct]], [[w:dative case|dative]]), three genders ([[w:Grammatical gender|masculine]], [[w:Grammatical gender|feminine]], [[w:Grammatical gender|neuter]]), two numbers ([[w:Grammatical number|singular]], [[w:Grammatical number|plural]]), and two states ([[w:definiteness|indefinite]], [[w:definiteness|definite]]). The original Gothic four cases in nouns synchronized into two cases (nominative-accusative → direct; dative-genitive → dative), and the six strong declensions levelled into three declension, largely correlating with the three genders. The weak declensions were re-analyzed as indicating definiteness and were subsequently joined with the indefinite strong declensions.
=====Masculine declension=====
This declension is completely made up of masculine nouns. It came about from a merger of nearly all of the Gothic strong declensions except for the [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-ō_declension|-ō declension]], which is the predecessor to the feminine declension.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:normal; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the masculine declension|MASC}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the feminine declension|FEM}} {{abbtip|endings that appear in both masculine and feminine declensions|BOTH}}'''
! colspan="4" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Contionary:šal|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šal}}]] (''šal'', "room")
! rowspan="5" |
! colspan="4" | [[Contionary:klaif|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|klaif}}]] (''klaif'', "bread")
! rowspan="5" |
! colspan="4" | [[Contionary:ško|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ško}}]] (''ško'', "shoe")
|-
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | singular
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | plural
! colspan="2" | singular
! colspan="2" | plural
! colspan="2" | singular
! colspan="2" | plural
|-
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | direct
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šal}} ''šal''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šál}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}} ''šályn''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šal}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''šalš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šál}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}} ''šálaš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|klaif}} ''klaif''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|klaív}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}} ''klaívyn''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|klaif}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''klaifš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|klaív}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}} ''klaívaš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ško}} ''ško''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škó}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ÿn}} ''škóÿn''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ško}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''škoš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škó}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äš}} ''škóäš''
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | dative
| style="color:#333333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šál}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''šályš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šál}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|e}} ''šále''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šál}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}} ''šálen''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|klaív}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''klaívyš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|klaív}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|e}} ''klaíve''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|klaív}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}} ''klaíven''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škó}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ÿš}} ''škóÿš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škó}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ë}} ''škóë''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škó}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ën}} ''škóën''
|}
=====Feminine declension=====
This declension is completely made up of feminine nouns. It evolved directly from the Gothic [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-ō_declension|-ō declension]]. As such, all feminine nouns that originally belonged to the -ō declension alongside later-derived nouns end with {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|-y}} (-y ← -a). All [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-ōn_declension|-ōn declension]] and [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-ein_declension|-ein declension]] nouns later transitioned into Gothevian feminine declension nouns, gaining the {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|-y}} (-y) ending as well. A small subset of feminine nouns however lacks the ending.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:normal; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the masculine declension|MASC}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the feminine declension|FEM}} {{abbtip|endings that appear in both masculine and feminine declensions|BOTH}}'''
! colspan="4" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Contionary:bóky|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bóky}}]] (''bóky'', "book")
! rowspan="5" |
! colspan="4" | [[Contionary:as|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|as}}]] (''as'', "age")
! rowspan="5" |
! colspan="4" | [[Contionary:do|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|do}}]] (''do'', "bird")
|-
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | singular
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | plural
! colspan="2" | singular
! colspan="2" | plural
! colspan="2" | singular
! colspan="2" | plural
|-
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | direct
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bóky}} ''bóky''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bók}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|un}} ''bókun''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bok}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''bokš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bók}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}} ''bókaš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|as}} ''as''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|un}} ''ázun''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''ázyš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}} ''ázaš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|do}} ''do''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dó}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ün}} ''dóün''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|do}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''doš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dó}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äš}} ''dóäš''
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | dative
| style="color:#333333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bók}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|uš}} ''bókuš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bók}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}} ''bóko''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bók}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}} ''bóken''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|uš}} ''ázuš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}} ''ázo''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}} ''ázen''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dó}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|üš}} ''dóüš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dó}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ö}} ''dóö''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dó}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ën}} ''dóën''
|}
======Anomalous feminine declension======
A closed class of feminine nouns declines according to the masculine declension instead of the feminine declension. This is the result of the Gothic [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-i_declension|-i declension]] and [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-jō_declension|-jō declension]] ultimately merging into the Gothevian masculine declension, with the feminine nouns of those declensions adopting the same endings.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:normal; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the masculine declension|MASC}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the feminine declension|FEM}} {{abbtip|endings that appear in both masculine and feminine declensions|BOTH}}'''
! colspan="4" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Contionary:qen|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qen}}]] (''qen'', "woman")
! rowspan="5" |
! colspan="4" | [[Contionary:šɛs|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šɛs}}]] (''šɛs'', "seed")
! rowspan="5" |
! colspan="4" | [[Contionary:škaft|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škaft}}]] (''škaft'', "animal")
|-
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | singular
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | plural
! colspan="2" | singular
! colspan="2" | plural
! colspan="2" | singular
! colspan="2" | plural
|-
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | direct
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qen}} ''qen''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qén}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}} ''qényn''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qen}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''qenš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qén}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}} ''qénaš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šɛs}} ''šɛs''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šèz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}} ''šɛ́zyn''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šèz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''šɛ́zyš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šèz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}} ''šɛ́zaš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škaft}} ''škaft''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škáft}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}} ''škáftyn''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škaft}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''škaftš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škáft}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}} ''škáftaš''
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | dative
| style="color:#333333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qén}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''qényš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qén}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|e}} ''qéne''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qén}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}} ''qénen''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šèz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''šɛ́zyš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šèz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|e}} ''šɛ́ze''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šèz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}} ''šɛ́zen''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škáft}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''škáftyš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škáft}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|e}} ''škáfte''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škáft}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}} ''škáften''
|}
=====Neuter declension=====
This declension is completely made up of neuter nouns. It evolved directly from the neuter [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-a_declension|-a declension]], [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-ja_declension|-ja declension]], and [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-u_declension|-u declension]]. It mirrors the masculine declension in the indefinite singular, but mirrors the feminine indefinite singular direct and plural dative in its indefinite plurals. It also mirrors the feminine declension in the definite singular.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:normal; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the masculine declension|MASC}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the feminine declension|FEM}} {{abbtip|endings that appear in both masculine and feminine declensions|BOTH}}'''
! colspan="4" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Contionary:hairt|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|hairt}}]] (''hairt'', "heart")
! rowspan="5" |
! colspan="4" | [[Contionary:biwš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|biwš}}]] (''biwš'', "beer")
! rowspan="5" |
! colspan="4" | [[Contionary:raš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|raš}}]] (''raš'', "house")
|-
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | singular
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | plural
! colspan="2" | singular
! colspan="2" | plural
! colspan="2" | singular
! colspan="2" | plural
|-
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | direct
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|hairt}} ''hairt''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|haírt}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|un}} ''haírtun''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|haírt}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|y}} ''haírty''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|haírt}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}} ''haírtaš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|biwš}} ''biwš''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bíwž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|un}} ''bíwžun''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=bíwž|klaif}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|y}} ''bíwžy''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bíwž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}} ''bíwžaš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|raš}} ''raš''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ráž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|un}} ''rážun''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ráž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|y}} ''rážy''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ráž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}} ''rážaš''
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | dative
| style="color:#333333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|haírt}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''haírtyš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|haírt}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}} ''haírto''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|haírt}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}} ''haírten''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bíwž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''bíwžyš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bíwž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}} ''bíwžo''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bíwž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}} ''bíwžen''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ráž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''rážyš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ráž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}} ''rážo''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ráž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}} ''rážen''
|}
====Adjectives====
====Pronouns====
=====Personal pronouns=====
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
! number
! colspan="2" | person
! nominative
! accusative (long)
! dative (long)
! acc./dat./poss. (short)
|-
! rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | singular
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | first
| [[Contionary:ci|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ci}}]] ''ci''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|mic}} ''mic''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|min}} ''min''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|my}} ''my''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | second
| [[Contionary:so|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|so}}]] ''so''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|suk}} ''suk''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|sun}} ''sun''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|sy}} ''sy''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | third
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | masculine
| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:ša|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ša}}]] ''ša''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šic}} ''šic''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šin}} ''šin''
| rowspan="3" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šy}} ''šy''
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | neuter
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | feminine
| colspan="2" | [[Contionary:šo|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šo}}]] ''šo''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šɛj}} ''šɛj''
|-
! rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | plural
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | first
| [[Contionary:ɛiš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛiš}}]] ''ɛiš''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|oš}} ''oš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}} ''o''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | second
| [[Contionary:oš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|oš}}]] ''oš''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛiš}} ''ɛiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛi}} ''ɛi''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | third
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | masculine
| colspan="4" | [[Contionary:šai|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šai}}]] ''šai''
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | neuter
| rowspan="2" colspan="3" | [[Contionary:šoš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šoš}}]] ''šoš''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šo}} ''šo''
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | feminine
|}
=====Demonstrative and relative pronouns=====
{| class="wikitable" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
|-
! number
! gender
! proximal (''this'')
! distal (''that'')
|-
! rowspan="3" | singular
! masculine
| rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" | [[Contionary:iš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iš}}]] ''iš''
| rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" | [[Contionary:ai|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}]] ''ai''
|- style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;"
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | neuter
|- style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;"
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | feminine
| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:ížy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ížy}}]] ''ížy''
| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:aíny|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíny}}]] ''aíny''
|-
! rowspan="3" | plural
! masculine
|- style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;"
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | neuter
| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:ížo|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ížo}}]] ''ížo''
| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:aíno|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíno}}]] ''aíno''
|-
! feminine
|}
=====Interrogative pronouns=====
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
! gender
! personal (''who'')
! possessive (''whose'')
! for quality (''what; what kind'')
! for quantity (''how much; how many'')
! for size (''how big'')
! for place/source (''where; from where'')
! for destination (''where to'')
! for manner (''why'')
! for manner (''how'')
! for time (''when'')
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | masculine
| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:ƕɔn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɔn}}]] ''ƕɔn''
| rowspan="3" | [[Contionary:ƕiš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕiš}}]] ''ƕiš''
| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:ƕɔr|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɔr}}]] ''ƕɔr''
| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:ƕaf|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕaf}}]] ''ƕaf''
| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:ƕel|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕel}}]] ''ƕel''
| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:ƕɔrs|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɔrs}}]] ''ƕɔrs''
| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:ƕɔrs|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɔt}}]] ''ƕɔt''
| rowspan="3" | [[Contionary:ƕe|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕe}}]] ''ƕe''
| rowspan="3" | [[Contionary:ƕɔm|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɔm}}]] ''ƕɔm''
| rowspan="3" | [[Contionary:ƕɔmán|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɔmán}}]] ''ƕɔmán''
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | neuter
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | feminine
| [[Contionary:ƕin|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕin}}]] ''ƕin''
| [[Contionary:ƕòry|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕòry}}]] ''ƕɔ́ry''
| [[Contionary:ƕávy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕávy}}]] ''ƕávy''
| [[Contionary:ƕély|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕély}}]] ''ƕély''
| [[Contionary:ƕòrzy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕòrzy}}]] ''ƕɔ́rzy''
| [[Contionary:ƕòty|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕòty}}]] ''ƕɔ́ty''
|}
=====Indefinite pronouns=====

===Prepositions and particles===
====Particles====
Gothevian employs the use of particles for various purposes.
=====Function particles=====
Function particles in Gothevian are grammaticalized particles that form multiword constructions, aiding with tenses and moods, and take on the uses of auxiliary verbs. Unlike discourse particles, they cannot be left out of a sentence. Below are some function particles.

'''[[Contionary:dy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dy}}]] (dy, "dative particle")''' — Placed before a noun to mark it as an [[wikt:indirect object|indirect object]] of a verb.
* {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gycáhiva}} '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|d'}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Ášto}}''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|cánty my}} — ‘I showed my bag '''to Ášty'''’
'''[[Contionary:zy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|zy}}]] (zy, "possessive/partitive particle")''' — Placed before a noun to express [[w:Possession (linguistics)|possession]], origin, or [[w:Partitive|partitivity]], or [[w:Compound (linguistics)|attributively]] in relation to the noun preceding it.
* {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iš i}} '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|katt}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|zy}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Somáë}}''' — ‘that is '''Somá’s cat'''’
'''[[Contionary:vy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vy}}]] (vy, "interrogative particle")''' — Placed after the main verb to form a [[w:Yes/no question|yes–no question]].
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dránnivɛš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vy}}''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vat?}} — ‘'''have you drunk''' water'''?'''’
'''[[Contionary:ny|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ny}}]] (ny, "negation particle")''' — Placed before a noun, verb, adjective, or another particle to [[w:Affirmation_and_negation#Negation|negate]] its meaning.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n'}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yrèš}}''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dɛ suk!}} — ‘'''I don’t like''' you!’
* {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|oš'ƕɔn qízɛis jy,}} '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ny}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šɛísyn}}'''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|?}} — ‘who's talking, '''the not-strong'''?’
'''[[Contionary:o|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}}]] (o, "vocative particle")''' — Placed before a noun to form a [[w:Vocative expression|vocative expression]].
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o'}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Ázlyfe}}'''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|! aš èly!}} — ‘'''O Ázlyf'''! Come here!’
'''[[Contionary:ɛísy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛísy}}]] (ɛísy, "optative particle")''' — Placed before a verb in the subjunctive to express wish, hope, or desire. Also placed before a verb in the indicative to express general want or desire.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛísy}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕaílaw}}''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dot Iwrópo}} — ‘'''I wish to travel''' around Europe’
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛísy}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕail}}''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dot Iwrópo}} — ‘'''I want to travel''' around Europe’
'''[[Contionary:ma|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ma}}]] (ma, "dynamic particle")''' — Placed before a verb in the indicative to express ability. Also placed before a verb in the subjunctive to express permission.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ma}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|kawš}}''' — ‘'''I can try'''’
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ma}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|káwšaw}}''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vy?}} — ‘'''may I try'''?’
'''[[Contionary:á|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}]] (á, "hortative particle")''' — Placed before a verb in the subjunctive to form a [[w:Hortative|hortative expression]].
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á-}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|žepaiš}}''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|, saíƕyniš mójivyn}} — ‘'''it'd be better if you sleep''', you look tired’
'''[[Contionary:daw|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|daw}}]] (daw, "affection particle")''' — Placed before a verb to express habitual enjoyment or affection.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|daw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šívɛis}}''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áđby}} '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|žóvvivny}}''' — ‘'''I heard she used to like to draw'''’
'''[[Contionary:sar|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|sar}}]] (sar, "jussive particle")''' — Placed before a verb in the indicative to express requirement, necessity, or urgency. Also placed before a verb in the subjunctive to express a more urgent or prioritized [[w:Hortative|hortative expression]].
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|sar}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vándɛiš}}'''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|!}} — ‘'''you have to leave'''!’
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|sar}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vándaiš}}''' — ‘'''you probably should leave'''’
'''[[Contionary:aw|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}}]] (aw, "desiderative particle")''' — Placed before a verb in the subjunctive to express desire towards the verb. Also placed before a verb in the indicative to express general want or desire.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m'ai búđaw}}''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|'aparátyn}} — ‘'''I would love to be able to buy''' the camera’
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|buđ}}''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|'aparátyn}} — ‘'''I want to buy''' the camera’

=====Discourse particles=====
Discourse particles in Gothevian are contextual, optional particles used to highlight the mood or the attitude of the speaker or to highlight the sentence's focus. These particles are mainly present in spoken, informal standard Gothevian or throughout its many dialects. In formal, written contexts, they are mostly seen as unprofessional. Below are some discourse particles.

'''[[Contionary:jy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jy}}]] (jy)''' — Used as a general intensifying particle.
* ...
'''[[Contionary:ɛi|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛi}}]] (ɛi)''' — Used to indicate that the utterance happened as a consequence to an earlier even or action.
* ...
'''[[Contionary:nušt|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nušt}}]] (nušt)''' — Used to indicate something is being offered to the listener.
* ...
'''[[Contionary:níjy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|níjy}}]] (níjy)''' — Used to intensify a negative or opposing utterance. Also used before nouns, adjectives, adverbs, or verbs for stronger negation.
* ...
'''[[Contionary:aš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}}]] (aš)''' — Used to intensify imperatives.
* ...
'''[[Contionary:dɛ|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dɛ}}]] (dɛ)''' — Used as indicate haste or urgency. Also used to indicate the speaker is in a state of haste, or in a state of anger or hatred towards the listener or a third party.
* ...
'''[[Contionary:mis|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|mis}}]] (mis)''' — Used to intensify adjectives and adverbs.
* ...
'''[[Contionary:hax|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|hax}}]] (hax)''' — Used as a indicate a sudden shift or deviation of topic.
* ...
'''[[Contionary:áđby|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áđby}}]] (áđby)''' — Used to indicate that the speaker has been ignorant of newly-provided information or fact.
* ...
'''[[Contionary:ɛx|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛx}}]] (ɛx)''' — Used to indicate dissatisfaction or disgust.
* ...
'''[[Contionary:óšy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|óšy}}]] (óšy)''' — Used to add a sense indeterminateness to interrogative pronouns or to add a sense greater indeterminateness to indefinite pronouns. Also used insultingly to add a sense of diminutivity.
* ...
'''[[Contionary:bɛ|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bɛ}}]] (bɛ)''' — Used to indicate frustration or anger.
* ...

=====Lexical particles=====

====Prepositions====

===Verbs===
Gothevian lost many of the complex verbal conjugations it inherited from [[w:Gothic verbs|Gothic]], such as [[w:Dual (grammatical number)|dual]] forms, the old passive conjugation, and [[w:Germanic strong verb|strong verb classes]]. Nevertheless, Gothevian verb conjugation is the most complex out of any surviving Germanic language, due to the acquisition of an [[w:aorist|aorist]], a new synthetic passive, and other analytic moods such as the [[w:Inferential mood|inferential]] and [[w:Conditional mood|conditional]] moods.
====Irregular stems====
Irregular verbs in Gothevian are verbs whose stems either slightly alter or completely change across the paradigm. These changes mostly occur across tense-aspect-mood forms, but two verbs (''to have, to be'') also alter their stems depending on person.

While most strong verbs would regularize by applying one form throughout the whole paradigm, some common verbs would retain reduced stem vowel alternation in their "past" (''imperfect and aorist'') conjugations. These verbs include {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ícyn}} (ícyn, "to eat") (past stem {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|éc-}}, éc-), {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qízyn}} (qízyn, "to talk") (past stem {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qòz-}}, qɔ́z-), {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qímyn}} (qímyn, "to come") (past stem {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qòm-}}, qɔ́m-), and {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ályn}} (ályn, "to grow") (past stem {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ól-}}, ól-).

Another source of irregular verbs are Gothic [[w:Gothic_verbs#Irregular_weak_verbs|weak irregular verbs]] that have also resisted full regularization. Instead, these verbs underwent partial regularization, by reforming the present stems with the consonantism of the past stem (which mostly would have followed a ''CV̄̆ht-'' pattern) and the vocalism of the present stem, thus in a way appearing to mimic the previous class of irregular verbs. These verbs include {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|sútyn}} (sútyn, "to seem") (past stem {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|sót-}}, sót-), {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bútyn}} (bútyn, "to buy") (past stem {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|báwt-}}, báwt-), and {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vòtyn}} (vɔ́tyn, "to make") (past stem {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vát-}}, vát-), alongside the verb {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|drítyn}} (drítyn, "to drink") (past stem {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|drɛít-}}, drɛít-).

The last category of irregular verbs, specifically the two verbs {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} (ain, "to have") and {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn}} (víšyn, "to be") use multiple different stems throughout their paradigm ({{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aí-, á-, aíc-}}; {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|v-, š-, ší-}}).
====Synthetic forms====
Approximately one third of verbal conjugations in Gothevian are synthetic, meaning they indicate grammatical information via [[w:Bound and free morphemes|bound affixation]] rather than by [[w:Bound and free morphemes|unbound morphemes]]. With the exception of participles and the aorist, synthetic forms all represent direct evolutions from old Gothic conjugations.
=====Participles=====
Gothevian verbs have five participles based on aspect and voice, declining for 2 gender categories (''masculine-neuter, feminine'').
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:left;"
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="5" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | [[Contionary:šócyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šócyn}}]] ''(šócyn, "to see")''
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! present active participle
! present passive participle
! imperfect active participle
! imperfect passive participle
! aorist participle
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | masculine (+ neuter)
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}} ''šócyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynyn}} ''šócynyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''šócis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|inɔs}} ''šócinɔs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivyn}} ''šócivyn''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | feminine
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ny}} ''šócny''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyny}} ''šócnyny''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''šócizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|inɔzy}} ''šócinɔzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivny}} ''šócivny''
|}
=====Present=====
The present tense is used for:
* Events happening in the present,
* Current states of being,
* Facts that are always true.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|+ Present Indicative
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|ACT}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|PASS}}'''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''
! rowspan="7" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gaf}} ''gaf''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}} ''gávyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}} ''ɛ́ö''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} ''ɛ́ön''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}} ''ai''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|av}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} ''avn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|im}} ''im''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ši}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} ''šin''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛiš}} ''gávɛiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yniš}} ''gávyniš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|êiš}} ''ɛ́öɛ̈iš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} ''ɛ́öniš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''aiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} ''avniš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iš}} ''iš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} ''šiniš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛis}} ''gávɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynis}} ''gávynis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|êis}} ''ɛ́öɛ̈is''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} ''ɛ́önis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} ''ais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} ''avnis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|i}} ''i''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} ''šinis''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ym}} ''gávym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynym}} ''gávynym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m}} ''ɛ́öm''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}} ''ɛ́önym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m}} ''aim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}} ''avnym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šam}} ''šam''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}} ''šinym''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''gávyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynyš}} ''gávynyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''ɛ́öš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} ''ɛ́önyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''ajš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} ''avnyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šu}} ''šu''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} ''šinyš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}} ''gávyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynyn}} ''gávynyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} ''ɛ́ön''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} ''ɛ́önyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} ''ain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} ''avnyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šan}} ''šan''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} ''šinyn''
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|+ Present Subjunctive
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|ACT}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|PASS}}'''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''
! rowspan="7" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} ''gávaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynaw}} ''gávynaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äw}} ''ɛ́öäw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}} ''ɛ́önaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} ''aícaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}} ''ávnaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} ''šaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}} ''šínaw''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} ''gávaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynaiš}} ''gávynaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äiš}} ''ɛ́öäiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} ''ɛ́önaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} ''aícaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} ''ávnaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} ''šaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} ''šínaiš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} ''gávais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynais}} ''gávynais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äis}} ''ɛ́öäis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} ''ɛ́önais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} ''aícais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} ''ávnais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} ''šais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} ''šínais''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}} ''gávaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynaim}} ''gávynaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äim}} ''ɛ́öäim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}} ''ɛ́önaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}} ''aícaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}} ''ávnaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}} ''šaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}} ''šínaim''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} ''gávawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynawš}} ''gávynawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äwš}} ''ɛ́öäwš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} ''ɛ́önawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} ''aícawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} ''ávnawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} ''šawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} ''šínawš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} ''gávain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynain}} ''gávynain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äin}} ''ɛ́öäin''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} ''ɛ́önain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} ''aícain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} ''ávnain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} ''šain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} ''šínain''
|}
=====Imperfect=====
The [[w:Imperfect|Imperfect]] fuses the [[w:Past tense|past tense]] (and marginally the present tense) with [[w:Imperfective aspect|imperfective aspect]] and is used for:
* Ongoing events that happened in the past,
* States of being in the past that still have some sort of effect in the present,
* Events or states of being that started in the past and are still ongoing in the present, if context is clear.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|+ Imperfect Indicative
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|ACT}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|PASS}}'''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''
! rowspan="7" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ija}} ''gávija''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔva}} ''gávynɔva''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïja}} ''ɛ́öïja''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔva}} ''ɛ́önɔva''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ja}} ''ája''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔva}} ''avnɔva''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vam}} ''vam''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ja}} ''šija''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ijɛš}} ''gávijɛš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvɛš}} ''gávynɔvɛš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïjɛš}} ''ɛ́öïjɛš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛš}} ''ɛ́önɔvɛš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jɛš}} ''ájɛš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛš}} ''avnɔvɛš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vam}} ''vaš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jɛš}} ''šijɛš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ijus}} ''gávijus''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvus}} ''gávynɔvus''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïjus}} ''ɛ́öïjus''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvus}} ''ɛ́önɔvus''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jus}} ''ájus''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvus}} ''avnɔvus''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vam}} ''vas''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jus}} ''šijus''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ijym}} ''gávijym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvym}} ''gávynɔvym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïjym}} ''ɛ́öïjym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvym}} ''ɛ́önɔvym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jym}} ''ájym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvym}} ''avnɔvym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vam}} ''éšym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jym}} ''šijym''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ijyš}} ''gávijyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvyš}} ''gávynɔvyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïjyš}} ''ɛ́öïjyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvyš}} ''ɛ́önɔvyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jyš}} ''ájyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvyš}} ''avnɔvyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vam}} ''éšyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jyš}} ''šijyš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ijyn}} ''gávijyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvyn}} ''gávynɔvyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïjyn}} ''ɛ́öïjyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvyn}} ''ɛ́önɔvyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jyn}} ''ájyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvyn}} ''avnɔvyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vam}} ''éšyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jyn}} ''šijyn''
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|+ Imperfect Subjunctive
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|ACT}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|PASS}}'''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''
! rowspan="7" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ija}} ''gávija''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvaw}} ''gávynɔvaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïja}} ''ɛ́öïja''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvaw}} ''ɛ́önɔvaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ija}} ''aícija''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvaw}} ''avnɔvaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|íja}} ''šíja''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvaw}} ''šinɔvaw''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iêiš}} ''gáviɛ̈iš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvɛiš}} ''gávynɔvɛiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïêiš}} ''ɛ́öïɛ̈iš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛiš}} ''ɛ́önɔvɛiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iêiš}} ''aíciɛ̈iš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛiš}} ''avnɔvɛiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|íêiš}} ''šíɛ̈iš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛiš}} ''šinɔvɛiš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iêis}} ''gáviɛ̈is''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvis}} ''gávynɔvis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïêis}} ''ɛ́öïɛ̈is''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvis}} ''ɛ́önɔvis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iêis}} ''aíciɛ̈is''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvis}} ''avnɔvis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|íêis}} ''šíɛ̈is''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvis}} ''šinɔvis''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iêim}} ''gáviɛ̈im''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvɛim}} ''gávynɔvɛim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïêim}} ''ɛ́öïɛ̈im''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛim}} ''ɛ́önɔvɛim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iêim}} ''aíciɛ̈im''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛim}} ''avnɔvɛim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|íêim}} ''šíɛ̈im''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛim}} ''šinɔvɛim''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iöš}} ''gáviöš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvoš}} ''gávynɔvoš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïöš}} ''ɛ́öïöš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvoš}} ''ɛ́önɔvoš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iöš}} ''aíciöš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvoš}} ''avnɔvoš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|íöš}} ''šíöš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvoš}} ''šinɔvoš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iêin}} ''gáviɛ̈in''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvɛin}} ''gávynɔvɛin''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïêin}} ''ɛ́öïɛ̈in''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛin}} ''ɛ́önɔvɛin''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iêin}} ''aíciɛ̈in''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛin}} ''avnɔvɛin''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|íêin}} ''šíɛ̈in''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛin}} ''šinɔvɛin''
|}

=====Aorist=====
The [[w:Aorist|Aorist]] differs from the imperfect in that is expresses the [[w:perfective aspect|perfective aspect]]. It is used for:
* Event that began and ended in the past, viewed as a single whole rather than a process,
* States of being in the past that do not have any effect in the present,
* Events or states of being that are fully contained within a certain timeframe, such as when storytelling.

The Gothevian aorist has no passive forms. Instead, imperfect or perfect passives may be used.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|+ Aorist Indicative
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|ACT}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|PASS}}'''
! [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''
! [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''
! rowspan="7" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
! [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''
! [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iva}} ''gáviva''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïva}} ''ɛ́öïva''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|va}} ''áva''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|íva}} ''šíva''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivɛš}} ''gávivɛš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvɛš}} ''ɛ́öïvɛš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛš}} ''ávɛš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívɛš}} ''šívɛš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivus}} ''gávivus''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvus}} ''ɛ́öïvus''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vus}} ''ávus''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívus}} ''šívus''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivym}} ''gávivym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvym}} ''ɛ́öïvym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vym}} ''ávym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívym}} ''šívym''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivyš}} ''gávivyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvyš}} ''ɛ́öïvyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vyš}} ''ávyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívyš}} ''šívyš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivyn}} ''gávivyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvyn}} ''ɛ́öïvyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vyn}} ''ávyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívyn}} ''šívyn''
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|+ Aorist Subjunctive
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|ACT}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|PASS}}'''
! [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''
! [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''
! rowspan="7" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
! [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''
! [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivaw}} ''gávivaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvaw}} ''ɛ́öïvaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivaw}} ''aícivaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívaw}} ''šívaw''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivɛiš}} ''gávivɛiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvɛiš}} ''ɛ́öïvɛiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivɛiš}} ''aícivɛiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívɛiš}} ''šívɛiš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivɛis}} ''gávivɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvɛis}} ''ɛ́öïvɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivɛis}} ''aícivɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívɛis}} ''šívɛis''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivɛim}} ''gávivɛim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvɛim}} ''ɛ́öïvɛim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivɛim}} ''aícivɛim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívɛim}} ''šívɛim''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivoš}} ''gávivoš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvoš}} ''ɛ́öïvoš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivoš}} ''aícivoš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívoš}} ''šívoš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivɛin}} ''gávivɛin''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvɛin}} ''ɛ́öïvɛin''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivɛin}} ''aícivɛin''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívɛin}} ''šívɛin''
|}

====Analytic forms====
The other two thirds of verbal conjugations in Gothevian are analytic, meaning they are contructed via [[w:Bound and free morphemes|unbound particles]] accompanying the main verb.
=====Future=====
The future tense is used for events or states of being occurring in the future. It is formed by adding the particle [[Contionary:šta|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}]] (šta) directly before the simple present form of a verb.

In less formal speech or writing, {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} may contract to {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|št'}} (št'). This is especially prevalent if the main verb begins with a vowel ({{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta èö}} → {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|št'èö}}).
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|+ Future Indicative
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|ACT}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|PASS}}'''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''
! rowspan="7" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gaf}} ''šta gaf''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}} ''šta gávyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}} ''šta ɛ́ö''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} ''šta ɛ́ön''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}} ''šta ai''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|av}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} ''šta avn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|im}} ''šta im''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ši}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} ''šta šin''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛiš}} ''šta gávɛiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yniš}} ''šta gávyniš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|êiš}} ''šta ɛ́öɛ̈iš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} ''šta ɛ́öniš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''šta aiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} ''šta avniš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iš}} ''šta iš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} ''šta šiniš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛis}} ''šta gávɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynis}} ''šta gávynis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|êis}} ''šta ɛ́öɛ̈is''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} ''šta ɛ́önis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} ''šta ais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} ''šta avnis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|i}} ''šta i''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} ''šta šinis''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ym}} ''šta gávym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynym}} ''šta gávynym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m}} ''šta ɛ́öm''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}} ''šta ɛ́önym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m}} ''šta aim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}} ''šta avnym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šam}} ''šta šam''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}} ''šta šinym''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''šta gávyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynyš}} ''šta gávynyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''šta ɛ́öš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} ''šta ɛ́önyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''šta ajš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} ''šta avnyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šu}} ''šta šu''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} ''šta šinyš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}} ''šta gávyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynyn}} ''šta gávynyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} ''šta ɛ́ön''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} ''šta ɛ́önyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} ''šta ain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} ''šta avnyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šan}} ''šta šan''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} ''šta šinyn''
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|+ Future Subjunctive
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|ACT}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|PASS}}'''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''
! rowspan="7" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} ''šta gávaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynaw}} ''šta gávynaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äw}} ''šta ɛ́öäw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}} ''šta ɛ́önaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} ''šta aícaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}} ''šta ávnaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} ''šta šaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}} ''šta šínaw''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} ''šta gávaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynaiš}} ''šta gávynaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äiš}} ''šta ɛ́öäiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} ''šta ɛ́önaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} ''šta aícaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} ''šta ávnaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} ''šta šaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} ''šta šínaiš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} ''šta gávais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynais}} ''šta gávynais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äis}} ''šta ɛ́öäis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} ''šta ɛ́önais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} ''šta aícais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} ''šta ávnais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} ''šta šais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} ''šta šínais''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}} ''šta gávaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynaim}} ''šta gávynaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äim}} ''šta ɛ́öäim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}} ''šta ɛ́önaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}} ''šta aícaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}} ''šta ávnaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}} ''šta šaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}} ''šta šínaim''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} ''šta gávawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynawš}} ''šta gávynawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äwš}} ''šta ɛ́öäwš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} ''šta ɛ́önawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} ''šta aícawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} ''šta ávnawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} ''šta šawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} ''šta šínawš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} ''šta gávain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynain}} ''šta gávynain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äin}} ''šta ɛ́öäin''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} ''šta ɛ́önain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} ''šta aícain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} ''šta ávnain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} ''šta šain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} ''šta šínain''
|}
=====Present Perfect=====
The present perfect tense is used for events or states of being occurring wholly in the past, viewed as a single whole, with a lasting effect on the present state. It also refers to a past event that happened fully before another event in the present. It is formed by using the simple present tense of [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}}]] (ain, "to have") alongside the imperfect active participle of the main verb. Both active and passive constructions use the imperfect active participle, with the voice distinction being codified into the auxiliary's conjugation.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|+ Present Perfect Indicative
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|ACT}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|PASS}}'''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''
! rowspan="12" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''
|-
! rowspan="5" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ai gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|av}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''avn gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ai ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|av}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''avn ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ai ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|av}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''avn ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ai vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|av}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''avn vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person masculine/neuter
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''aiš gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávniš gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''aiš ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávniš ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aiš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávniš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aiš vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávniš vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person feminine
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''aiš gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''ávniš gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''aiš ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''ávniš ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aiš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávniš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aiš vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávniš vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person masculine/neuter
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ais gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávnis gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ais ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávnis ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ais ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnis ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ais vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnis vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person feminine
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''ais gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''ávnis gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''ais ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''ávnis ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ais ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnis ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ais vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnis vɛis''
|-
! rowspan="5" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''aim gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávnym gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''aim ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávnym ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aim ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnym ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aim vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnym vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person masculine/neuter
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''aiš gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávnyš gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''aiš ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávnyš ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aiš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnyš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aiš vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnyš vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person feminine
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''aiš gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''ávnyš gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''aiš ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''ávnyš ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aiš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnyš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aiš vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnyš vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person masculine/neuter
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ain gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávnyn gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ain ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávnyn ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ain ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnyn ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ain vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnyn vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person feminine
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''ain gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''ávnyn gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''ain ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''ávnyn ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ain ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnyn ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ain vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnyn vɛis''
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|+ Present Perfect Subjunctive
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|ACT}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|PASS}}'''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''
! rowspan="12" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''
|-
! rowspan="5" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''aícaw gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávnaw gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''aícaw ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávnaw ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aícaw ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnaw ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aícaw vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnaw vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person masculine/neuter
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''aícaiš gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávnaiš gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''aícaiš ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávnaiš ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aícaiš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnaiš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aícaiš vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnaiš vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person feminine
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''aícaiš gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''ávnaiš gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''aícaiš ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''ávnaiš ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aícaiš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnaiš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aícaiš vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnaiš vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person masculine/neuter
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''aícais gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávnais gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''aícais ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávnais ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aícais ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnais ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aícais vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnais vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person feminine
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''aícais gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''ávnais gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''aícais ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''ávnais ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aícais ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnais ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aícais vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnais vɛis''
|-
! rowspan="5" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''aícaim gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávnaim gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''aícaim ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávnaim ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aícaim ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnaim ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aícaim vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnaim vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person masculine/neuter
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''aícawš gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávnawš gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''aícawš ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávnawš ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aícawš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnawš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aícawš vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnawš vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person feminine
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''aícawš gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''ávnawš gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''aícawš ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''ávnawš ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aícawš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnawš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aícawš vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnawš vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person masculine/neuter
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''aícain gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávnain gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''aícain ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávnain ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aícain ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnain ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aícain vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnain vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person feminine
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''aícain gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''ávnain gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''aícain ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''ávnain ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aícain ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnain ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aícain vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnain vɛis''
|}
=====Past Perfect=====
=====Future Perfect=====
====Inferential====

==Vocabulary==
==Sample texts==
==See also==

Contionary:do

2025-09-09T13:57:05Z

Vrianne: /* Gothevian */

==Avendonian==
{{av-num-c|2|t=vigesmo|n=tre|p=uno|o=secondo}}
===Pronunciation===
{{av-IPA|do}}
===Etymology===
{{av-lat|duo|duo}}

===Numeral===
'''do'''
# two

==[[Gothevian]]==
{{Contains Gothevian}}
===Etymology===
[[wikt:Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from {{der|p=i|gthv|got|*𐌳𐌿𐌱𐍉}}.
===Pronunciation===
* [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|/dwo/}}
{{gthv-dial|Štṓvēn=dʷɤ̞
|Pétrik1=dʋo̞|Pétrik2=du
|Šcip1=dʋo̞|Šcip2=du
|Urínnawš1=dʋɔ|Urínnawš2=duʋ], [duf
|Qḗnjy1=dʋo̞|Qḗnjy2=du
|Máreiš1=dʋɔ], [dʋu|Máreiš2=duʋ
|Áškylov1=dʋɔ], [dʋu|Áškylov2=duʋ], [ˈduʋə

|Liwš1=dʷɤ̞|Liwš2=dʷɤ̞
|Ṓšebbov1=d(ʷ)o̞], [d(ʷ)o̞u̯|Ṓšebbov2=do̞u̯
|Dábyr1=dʷɤ̞|Dábyr2=dʷɤ̞
|Prílyp1=d(ʷ)o̞|Prílyp2=d(ʷ)o̞

|Škup1=dʋo̞(ː)], [dʋu(ː)|Škup2=duːʋ
|Gúppov1=dʋo̞(ː)], [dʋu(ː)|Gúppov2=ˈduːʋə
|Játov1=dʋo̞(ː)], [dʋu(ː)|Játov2=ˈduːʋə
|Kyē̈́m1=dʋo̞(ː)|Kyē̈́m2=ˈduːʋə

|Kalk1=ˈdʋo̯(a)|Kalk2=ˈdua
|Álapol1=ˈdʋo̯(a)|Álapol2=ˈdua
|Klérin1=ˈdʋo̯(a)|Klérin2=ˈdua
|Mándōv1=ˈdʋo̯(a)|Mándōv2=ˈdua], [ˈdo̞a

|Evéndypol1=d(ʋ)u|Evéndypol2=du
|Gúcdy1=ˈd(ʋ)u(a)|Gúcdy2=ˈdua

|Bítyl1=d(ʷ)o̞|Bítyl2= duj], [d(ʷ)o̞j
}}
===Noun===
{{head|gthv|n|g=f|plural|doš|definite|dóun|collective|gydó|relational adjective|dóêin}}
# bird
#: {{syn|gthv|ful|q=obsolete}}
====Declension====
{{gthv-n-f-v|IPA=dwo|dó|IPA2=ˈdwo.}}

{{nm-header|dʊ}}
{{nm-got|𐌳𐌿|du}}
===Preposition===
'''do'''
# (''+ accusative'') to, towards
[[Category:Niemish words]][[Category:Niemish prepositions]]

==[[Phrygian (Semitic)|Phrygian]]==
===Etymology===
From Classical Phrygian {{vry-times||sɑ}} (''δa''), {{vry-times||so}} (''δo''), from {{vry-from-pr|Semitic|language|ḏV-}} + [[w:Proto-Semitic_language#Pronouns|''*-a-'']], with contamination from [[w:Proto-Semitic_language#Pronouns|''*-šū̆-'']]. See [[Contionary:δ-|{{vry-times||s(ɛ)-}}]] for more.
====Pronunciation====
* (''Standard Phrygian'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: /dɔ/
** (''Smyrna Phrygian'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: [də]
** (''Attalia Phrygian'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: [dɔ]
** (''Prusa Phrygian'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: [dɔ]
* (''Classical Phrygian'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: /do/

====Pronoun====
{{phr-entry-n-a||s̃o|do|masculine|m||ʌoɯ|feminine||s̃ɛ|do}}
# (''relative'') who, that, which
# ''a {{wikt|resumptive pronoun}}''

====Inflection====
{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left;"
! colspan="5" style="vertical-align:middle; background-color:#BDBBA9;" | '''Declension of''' s̃o '''''(do)'''''
|- style="background-color:#CECBBA;"
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" |
| colspan="2" | '''Singular'''
| colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | '''Plural'''
|- style="background-color:#CECBBA;"
| '''Masculine'''
| '''Feminine'''
| '''Masculine'''
| '''Feminine'''
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9;"
| style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold; background-color:#CECBBA;" | Nominative Oblique
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | s̃o ''do''
| s̃ɛ ''de''
| ʌoɯ ''lom''
| ʌɛï ''leï''
|}

====Related terms====
*[[Contionary:dech|s̃ɛx]]
*[[Contionary:desj|s̃ɛɜ]]

[[Category:Phrygian pronouns]]
[[Category:Phrygian lemmas]]

Contionary:šawjl

2025-09-09T01:13:12Z

Vrianne:

==[[Gothevian]]==
{{Contains Gothevian}}
===Etymology===
[[wikt:Appendix:Glossary#loanword|Inherited]] from {{der|p=i|gthv|got|𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌹𐌻}}. {{cog|gthv|ang|sōl|non|sól}}
===Pronunciation===
* [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|/ʃwajl/}}
{{gthv-dial|Štṓvēn=ʃʷäjl
|Pétrik1=ʃʋäj(u̯)|Pétrik2=ɕäu̯
|Šcip1=ʃʋäjɫ|Šcip2=ɕäɫ
|Urínnawš1=ʃʋɐɥ|Urínnawš2=sʲä], [ɕä
|Qḗnjy1=ʃʋäjɫ|Qḗnjy2=sʲäɫ], [ɕäɫ
|Máreiš1=ʃʋɐjɫ|Máreiš2=sʲɐɫ], [ɕɐɫ
|Áškylov1=ʃʋɐjɫ|Áškylov2=sʲɐɫ], [ɕɐɫ

|Liwš1=ʃʷäjl|Liwš2=ʃʷäj
|Ṓšebbov1=ʃʷäjl], [ʃäɥl|Ṓšebbov2=ʃäu̯l], [ʃäɥl
|Dábyr1=ʃʷäjl|Dábyr2=ʃʷäjl
|Prílyp1=ʃʷäjl|Prílyp2=sʷäj(l)

|Škup1=ʃʋä(ː)(j)lʲ|Škup2=ʃo̞ː(j)lʲ]
|Gúppov1=ˈʃʋä(ː)j(ə)l|Gúppov2=ˈʃo̞ːj(ə)l
|Játov1=ˈʃʋä(ː)j(ə)l|Játov2=ˈʃo̞ːj(ə)l
|Kyē̈́m1=ʃʷäj(əl)|Kyē̈́m2=ʃo̞ːj

|Kalk1=sʋäjɫ], [sʋäɫ|Kalk2=suɫ
|Álapol1=sʋäjɫ|Álapol2=so̞ɫ
|Klérin1=sʋäjɫ], [ʃʋäjɫ|Klérin2=so̞ɫ], [ʃo̞ɫ
|Mándōv1=sʋäɫ|Mándōv2=sʋiɫ

|Evéndypol1=sʋe̞ɥ|Evéndypol2=sʏy̑
|Gúcdy1=sʋe̞ɥ|Gúcdy2=sʏy̑

|Bítyl1=ʃʷäjl|Bítyl2=ʃʷäl], [ʃo̞l
}}
===Noun===
{{head|gthv|n|g=n|plural|šáwjly|definite|šáwjlun|relational adjective|šáwjlɛin}}
# {{lb|gthv|astronomy}} the Sun
# {{lb|gthv|astronomy}} sun (star)
#: {{syn|gthv|štèrn|q=general}}
====Declension====
{{gthv-n-n|IPA=ʃwajl|šáwjl|IPA2=ˈʃwaj.l}}

Template:Gthv-dial

2025-09-09T00:06:40Z

Vrianne:

{| class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|-
! colspan="9" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left;" | realizations across dialects
|-
| colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#aa80c2;" | eastern dialects
| colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#80c2c2;" | central dialects
| colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#8089c2;" | northern dialects
|- style="font-weight:bold; font-size:small; background-color:#dfa9fd;"
| dialect
| realization of standard word
| native cognate
| style="background-color:#acffff;" | dialect
| style="background-color:#acffff;" | realization of standard word
| style="background-color:#acffff;" | native cognate
| style="background-color:#afbafb;" | dialect
| style="background-color:#afbafb;" | realization of standard word
| style="background-color:#afbafb;" | native cognate
|- style="background-color:#f3e1fd;"
| style="background-color:#dfa9fd;" | Pétrik
| [{{{Pétrik1}}}]
| [{{{Pétrik2}}}]
| style="font-weight:bold; font-size:100%; background-color:#acffff;" | Štṓvēn
| colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcffff;" | [{{{Štṓvēn}}}]
| style="background-color:#afbafb;" | Škup
| style="background-color:#e5e9ff;" | [{{{Škup1}}}]
| style="background-color:#e5e9ff;" | [{{{Škup2}}}]
|- style="background-color:#f3e1fd;"
| style="background-color:#dfa9fd;" | Šcip
| [{{{Šcip1}}}]
| [{{{Šcip2}}}]
| style="background-color:#acffff;" | Liwš
| style="background-color:#dcffff;" | [{{{Liwš1}}}]
| style="background-color:#dcffff;" | [{{{Liwš2}}}]
| style="background-color:#afbafb;" | Gúppov
| style="background-color:#e5e9ff;" | [{{{Gúppov1}}}]
| style="background-color:#e5e9ff;" | [{{{Gúppov2}}}]
|- style="background-color:#f3e1fd;"
| style="background-color:#dfa9fd;" | Urínnawš
| [{{{Urínnawš1}}}]
| [{{{Urínnawš2}}}]
| style="background-color:#acffff;" | Ṓšebbov
| style="background-color:#dcffff;" | [{{{Ṓšebbov1}}}]
| style="background-color:#dcffff;" | [{{{Ṓšebbov2}}}]
| style="background-color:#afbafb;" | Játov
| style="background-color:#e5e9ff;" | [{{{Játov1}}}]
| style="background-color:#e5e9ff;" | [{{{Játov2}}}]
|- style="background-color:#f3e1fd;"
| style="background-color:#dfa9fd;" | Qḗnjy
| [{{{Qḗnjy1}}}]
| [{{{Qḗnjy2}}}]
| style="background-color:#acffff;" | Dábyr
| style="background-color:#dcffff;" | [{{{Dábyr1}}}]
| style="background-color:#dcffff;" | [{{{Dábyr2}}}]
| style="background-color:#afbafb;" | Kyē̈́m
| style="background-color:#e5e9ff;" | [{{{Kyē̈́m1}}}]
| style="background-color:#e5e9ff;" | [{{{Kyē̈́m2}}}]
|-
| style="background-color:#dfa9fd;" | Máreiš
| style="background-color:#f3e1fd;" | [{{{Máreiš1}}}]
| style="background-color:#f3e1fd;" | [{{{Máreiš2}}}]
| style="background-color:#acffff;" | Prílyp
| style="background-color:#dcffff;" | [{{{Prílyp1}}}]
| style="background-color:#dcffff;" | [{{{Prílyp2}}}]
| rowspan="2" colspan="3" style="background-color:#9b9b9b;" |
|-
| style="background-color:#dfa9fd;" | Áškylov
| style="background-color:#f3e1fd;" | [{{{Áškylov1}}}]
| style="background-color:#f3e1fd;" | [{{{Áškylov2}}}]
| colspan="3" style="background-color:#9b9b9b;" |
|- style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#C28080;"
| colspan="3" | southern dialects
| colspan="3" style="background-color:#C2BC80;" | Pyre dialects
| colspan="3" style="background-color:#C2A080;" | western dialects
|- style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#f9aeae;"
| dialect
| realization of standard word
| native cognate
| style="background-color:#fff7ac;" | dialect
| style="background-color:#fff7ac;" | realization of standard word
| style="background-color:#fff7ac;" | native cognate
| style="background-color:#f5cda6;" | dialect
| style="background-color:#f5cda6;" | realization of standard word
| style="background-color:#f5cda6;" | native cognate
|- style="background-color:#ffe5e5;"
| style="background-color:#f9aeae;" | Kalk
| [{{{Kalk1}}}]
| [{{{Kalk2}}}]
| style="background-color:#fff7ac;" | Evéndypol
| style="background-color:#fffce3;" | [{{{Evéndypol1}}}]
| style="background-color:#fffce3;" | [{{{Evéndypol2}}}]
| style="background-color:#f5cda6;" | Bítyl
| style="background-color:#fff3e7;" | [{{{Bítyl1}}}]
| style="background-color:#fff3e7;" | [{{{Bítyl2}}}]
|- style="background-color:#9B9B9B;"
| style="background-color:#f9aeae;" | Álapol
| style="background-color:#ffe5e5;" | [{{{Álapol1}}}]
| style="background-color:#ffe5e5;" | [{{{Álapol2}}}]
| style="background-color:#fff7ac;" | Gúcdy
| style="background-color:#fffce3;" | [{{{Gúcdy1}}}]
| style="background-color:#fffce3;" | [{{{Gúcdy2}}}]
| rowspan="3" colspan="3" |
|- style="background-color:#9B9B9B;"
| style="background-color:#f9aeae;" | Klérin
| style="background-color:#ffe5e5;" | [{{{Klérin1}}}]
| style="background-color:#ffe5e5;" | [{{{Klérin2}}}]
| rowspan="2" colspan="3" |
|- style="background-color:#9B9B9B;"
| style="background-color:#f9aeae;" | Mándōv
| style="background-color:#ffe5e5;" | [{{{Mándōv1}}}]
| style="background-color:#ffe5e5;" | [{{{Mándōv2}}}]
|}

Template:Gthv-dial

2025-09-08T23:56:33Z

Vrianne: Created page with "{| class="mw-collapsible collapsed" |- ! colspan="9" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left;" | realizations across dialects |- | colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#aa80c2;" | eastern dialects | colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#80c2c2;" | central dialects | colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#8089c2;" | northern dialects |- style="font-weight:bold; font-size:small; background-color:#dfa9fd;" | dialect | real..."

{| class="mw-collapsible collapsed"
|-
! colspan="9" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:left;" | realizations across dialects
|-
| colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#aa80c2;" | eastern dialects
| colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#80c2c2;" | central dialects
| colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#8089c2;" | northern dialects
|- style="font-weight:bold; font-size:small; background-color:#dfa9fd;"
| dialect
| realization of standard word
| native cognate
| style="background-color:#acffff;" | dialect
| style="background-color:#acffff;" | realization of standard word
| style="background-color:#acffff;" | native cognate
| style="background-color:#afbafb;" | dialect
| style="background-color:#afbafb;" | realization of standard word
| style="background-color:#afbafb;" | native cognate
|- style="background-color:#f3e1fd;"
| style="background-color:#dfa9fd;" | Pétrik
| [{{{Pétrik1}}}]
| [{{{Pétrik2}}}]
| style="font-weight:bold; font-size:100%; background-color:#acffff;" | Štṓvēn
| colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcffff;" | [{{{Štṓvēn}}}]
| style="background-color:#afbafb;" | Škup
| style="background-color:#e5e9ff;" | [{{{Škup1}}}]
| style="background-color:#e5e9ff;" | [{{{Škup2}}}]
|- style="background-color:#f3e1fd;"
| style="background-color:#dfa9fd;" | Šcip
| [{{{Šcip1}}}]
| [{{{Šcip2}}}]
| style="background-color:#acffff;" | Liwš
| style="background-color:#dcffff;" | [{{{Liwš1}}}]
| style="background-color:#dcffff;" | [{{{Liwš2}}}]
| style="background-color:#afbafb;" | Gúppov
| style="background-color:#e5e9ff;" | [{{{Gúppov1}}}]
| style="background-color:#e5e9ff;" | [{{{Gúppov2}}}]
|- style="background-color:#f3e1fd;"
| style="background-color:#dfa9fd;" | Urínnawš
| [{{{Urínnawš1}}}]
| [{{{Urínnawš2}}}]
| style="background-color:#acffff;" | Ṓšebbov
| style="background-color:#dcffff;" | [{{{Ṓšebbov1}}}]
| style="background-color:#dcffff;" | [{{{Ṓšebbov2}}}]
| style="background-color:#afbafb;" | Játov
| style="background-color:#e5e9ff;" | [{{{Játov1}}}]
| style="background-color:#e5e9ff;" | [{{{Játov2}}}]
|- style="background-color:#f3e1fd;"
| style="background-color:#dfa9fd;" | Qḗnjy
| [{{{Qḗnjy1}}}]
| [{{{Qḗnjy2}}}]
| style="background-color:#acffff;" | Dábyr
| style="background-color:#dcffff;" | [{{{Dábyr1}}}]
| style="background-color:#dcffff;" | [{{{Dábyr2}}}]
| style="background-color:#afbafb;" | Kyē̈́m
| style="background-color:#e5e9ff;" | [{{{Kyē̈́m1}}}]
| style="background-color:#e5e9ff;" | [{{{Kyē̈́m2}}}]
|-
| style="background-color:#dfa9fd;" | Máreiš
| style="background-color:#f3e1fd;" | [{{{Máreiš1}}}]
| style="background-color:#f3e1fd;" | [{{{Máreiš2}}}]
| style="background-color:#acffff;" | Prílyp
| style="background-color:#dcffff;" | [{{{Prílyp1}}}]
| style="background-color:#dcffff;" | [{{{Prílyp2}}}]
| rowspan="2" colspan="3" style="background-color:#9b9b9b;" |
|-
| style="background-color:#dfa9fd;" | Áškylov
| style="background-color:#f3e1fd;" | [{{{Áškylov1}}}]
| style="background-color:#f3e1fd;" | [{{{Áškylov2}}}]
| colspan="3" style="background-color:#9b9b9b;" |
|- style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#C28080;"
| colspan="3" | southern dialects
| colspan="3" style="background-color:#C2BC80;" | Pyre dialects
| colspan="3" style="background-color:#C2A080;" | western dialects
|- style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#f9aeae;"
| dialect
| realization of standard word
| native cognate
| style="background-color:#fff7ac;" | dialect
| style="background-color:#fff7ac;" | realization of standard word
| style="background-color:#fff7ac;" | native cognate
| style="background-color:#f5cda6;" | dialect
| style="background-color:#f5cda6;" | realization of standard word
| style="background-color:#f5cda6;" | native cognate
|- style="background-color:#ffe5e5;"
| style="background-color:#f9aeae;" | Kalk
| [{{{Kalk1}}}]
| [{{{Kalk2}}}]
| style="background-color:#fff7ac;" | Evéndypol
| style="background-color:#fffce3;" | [{{{Evéndypol1}}}]
| style="background-color:#fffce3;" | [{{{Evéndypol2}}}]
| style="background-color:#f5cda6;" | Bítyl
| style="background-color:#fff3e7;" | [{{{Bítyl1}}}]
| style="background-color:#fff3e7;" | [{{{Bítyl2}}}]
|- style="background-color:#9B9B9B;"
| style="background-color:#f9aeae;" | Álapol
| style="background-color:#ffe5e5;" | [{{{Álapol1}}}]
| style="background-color:#ffe5e5;" | [{{{Álapol2}}}]
| style="background-color:#fff7ac;" | Gúcdy
| style="background-color:#fffce3;" | [{{{Gúcdy1}}}]
| style="background-color:#fffce3;" | [{{{Gúcdy2}}}]
| rowspan="3" colspan="3" |
|- style="background-color:#9B9B9B;"
| style="background-color:#f9aeae;" | Klérin
| style="background-color:#ffe5e5;" | [{{{Klérin1}}}]
| style="background-color:#ffe5e5;" | [{{{Klérin2}}}]
| rowspan="2" colspan="3" |
|- style="background-color:#9B9B9B;"
| style="background-color:#f9aeae;" | Mándōv
| style="background-color:#ffe5e5;" | [{{{Mándōv1}}}]
| style="background-color:#ffe5e5;" | [{{{Mándōv2}}}]
|}

Gothevian

2025-09-06T22:28:41Z

Vrianne: /* Verbs */

[[Category: Indo-European_languages]][[Category: Germanic languages]][[Category: East Germanic languages]][[Category: Languages]][[Category: Conlangs]][[Category: A_posteriori]][[Category:Gothevian]]
{{private}}{{construction}}
{{Infobox language
|image = Gothevian Flag.png
|imagesize = 185px
|imagecaption = Flag of the Republic of Gothevia
|name = Gothevian
|nativename = {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gušk}}
|pronunciation = ɡuʃk
|states = Gothevia
|setting = Earth
|created = 2024
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam2 = [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic]]
|fam3 = [[w:East Germanic languages|East Germanic]]
|fam4 = [[w:Gothic language|Gothic]]
|creator = User:Vrianne
|stand1 = Standard Central Gothevian
|dia1 = Central dialects
|dia2 = Eastern dialects
|dia3 = Southern Dialects
|dia4 = Northern dialects
|dia5 = Western Dialects
|dia6 = Pyre Dialects
|script1 = Gthv
|nation = Gothevia
|minority = [[w:Bulgaria|Bulgaria]], [[w:Greece|Greece]], [[w:Serbia|Serbia]]
|agency = Institute for the Gothevian Language
|map = Gothevian Speaker map.png
|mapsize = 280px
|mapcaption = Map of areas where Gothevian is spoken
{{legend|#0080FE|...as a majority language}}
{{legend|#88C4FE|...as a minority language}}
|notice = IPA
|ethnicity = Gothevian
|ancestor = [[w:Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]]
|ancestor2 = [[w:Proto-Germanic language|Proto-Germanic]]
|ancestor3 = [[w:Gothic language|Gothic]]
|ancestor4 = Old Gothevian
|ancestor5 = Middle Gothevian
}}
{{Contains Gothevian}}
'''Gothevian''' ('''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gušk}}''', '''''gušk''''' [ɡuʃk], formally '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|róždun gúškun}}''', '''''róždun gúškun''''' [ˈrwɤ̞ʒdun ˈɡuʃkun]) is an [[w:East Germanic languages|East Germanic]] language descendant from [[w:Gothic language|Gothic]] or a language mutually intelligible with it. Its speakers mainly reside within the borders of [[Gothevia]], though there exist significant Gothevian-speaking communities in [[w:Bulgaria|Bulgaria]], [[w:Greece|Greece]], and [[w:Serbia|Serbia]]. it is the only surviving member of the East Germanic branch of the [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic languages]], though with being a member of [[w:Balkan sprachbund|Balkan sprachbund]], it has evolved to be quite distinct in some aspects of its structure compared to other Germanic languages, with features such as [[w:evidentiality|evidentiality]] and the eradication of the [[w:Germanic strong verb|Germanic strong verb]].

Old Gothevian shares most of its features with [[w:Ulfilas|Wulfilan]] Gothic, likely being descendent from dialects mutually intelligible with it. It was written in a descendant of the [[w:Gothic alphabet|Gothic script]], which modern Gothevian still uses. Gothevian, however, would begin to diverge from Wulfilan Gothic, with the biggest drivers being the [[w:Balkan sprachbund|Balkan sprachbund]] and [[w:Old Church Slavonic|Slavonic]] and [[w:Greek language|Greek]] [[w:Stratum_(linguistics)#Superstratum|superstrata]].
==Classification==
Gothevian is an [[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European language]] that belongs to the [[w:East Germanic languages|East Germanic]] branch of the [[:Germanic languages|Germanic languages]]. It is the only surviving member of the East Germanic languages, with its closest living relatives being from other Branches of Germanic, such as [[w:Dutch language|Dutch]], [[w:English language|English]], [[w:German language|German]], and [[w:Icelandic language|Icelandic]]. Within the East Germanic branch, its closest relative is [[w:Gothic language|Gothic]], followed by other East Germanic languages such as [[w:Vandalic language|Vandalic]], [[w:Burgundians#Language|Burgundian]], and likely [[w:Crimean Gothic|Crimean Gothic]].

Due to being located within the core [[w:Balkans|Balkan region]], it has features that set it apart from other Germanic languages. Such features include post-fixed articles, syncretism of locative and directional expressions, a future-tense particle, an inferential mood, among others. Gothevian was also under [[w:Greek language|Greek]] and [[w:South Slavic languages|Slavic]] language influence for most of its history. This influence came with many lexical borrowings, but also several grammatical influences, such as the retention of a synthetic [[w:Modern_Greek_grammar#Grammatical_voice|passive voice]] and creation of a synthetic [[w:aorist|aorist]].
==History==
The history of Gothevian can be divided into several periods.
* '''The Migratory period''' (6th-8th century)...
* '''Old Gothevian''' (9th–12th century)...
* '''Middle Gothevian''' (13th–16th century)...
* '''Modern Gothevian''' (17th century–present)...

==Etymology==
The exonym "Gothevian" is a [[w:Medieval Latin|Latinized borrowing]] of the [[w:Koine Greek|Koine Greek]] term "Γότθευικος" (Góttheuikos), itself a variant of older "Γότθευδικος" (Góttheudikos), a borrowing from "𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃" (gutþiudisks), from "[[wikt:𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰|𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰]]" (gutþiuda) + "[[wikt:-𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃|-𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃]]" (-isks), thus meaning "of the Goths". The endonym {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gušk}} (gušk) is a cognate of the Latin exonym, being a simplification of earlier {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gútsišk}} (gútsišk), from Old Gothevian {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gútsiudišk}} (gutþiudisk).

==Phonology==
===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! style="vertical-align:middle;" |
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[w:Front vowel|Front]]
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[w:Central vowel|Central]]
! [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|- style="vertical-align:middle;"
! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]]
| rowspan="2" | [[w:Close central unrounded vowel|ɨ]]~[[w:Mid central vowel|ə]]~[[w:Near-open central vowel|ɐ]]
| [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]]
|- style="vertical-align:middle;"
! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:mid vowel|Mid]]
| [[w:Mid front unrounded vowel|e]]
| [[w:Mid front unrounded vowel|o]]
|- style="vertical-align:middle;"
! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
|
| [[w:Open central unrounded vowel|a]]
|
|}
* Gothevian lacks a phonemic length distinction, but vowels in stressed syllables may allophonically be slightly lengthened.
* Mid vowels /e, o/ are mostly [[w:mid vowel|true-mid]] [e̞, o̞]. They may be allophonically pronounced closer to open-mid [e, o] in the vicinity of open vowels /i, u/, or closer to open-mid [ɛ, ɔ] in the vicinity of central vowels /a, ɨ/.
* /o/ consistently unrounds to [ɤ̞] when near [w]. This behavior rarely applies to /u/ however.
* The open vowel /a/ is [[w:Central vowel|true-central]] [ä].
* The non-open central vowel (notated here on out as /ɨ/) takes on a couple of realizations. In stressed positions it is commonly [ɨ]. In unstressed positions it is either also [ɨ], [ə], or, particularly in eastern and far-western dialects, [ɐ].

===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! colspan="2" |
! [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
! colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
| [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar nasals|n]]
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]
| [[w:Voiceless bilabial plosive|p]]
| [[w:Voiceless dental and alveolar plosives|t]]
| [[w:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|t͡ʃ]]
| [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|k]]
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:voicing (phonetics)|voiced]]
| [[w:Voiced bilabial plosive|b]]
| [[w:Voiced dental and alveolar plosives|d]]
| [[w:Voiced postalveolar affricate|d͡ʒ]]
| [[w:Voiced velar plosive|ɡ]]
|-
! rowspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:voicelessness|voiceless]]
| [[w:Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]]
| [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]]
| [[w:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]]
| [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|x]]
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:voicing (phonetics)|voiced]]
| [[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]~[[w:Voiced labiodental approximant|ʋ]]
| [[w:Voiced alveolar fricative|z]]
| [[w:Voiced postalveolar fricative|ʒ]]
|
|-
! colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
| [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills|r]]
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;" | [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|
| [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants|l]]
| [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]
| ([[w:Voiced labial–velar approximant|w]])
|}
* /p, t, k/ are unaspirated [p, t, k].
* /s, z/ are denti-alveolar [s̟, z̟].
* /v/ may be a true fricative [v] or an approximant [ʋ].
* /r/ may be pronounced as either a trill [r] or a tap [ɾ]. The trilled pronunciation is commonplace when it is followed by a glide, such as in ⟨[[Contionary:róždy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|róždy}}]]⟩ [ˈ'''r'''wɤ̞ʒdə ~ ˈ'''r'''ʷɤ̞ʒdə].
* In eastern dialects, /l/ is velarized [ɫ].
* Consonant-Glide clusters /Cj, Cw/ may coalesce into a palatalized/labialized consonant /Cʲ, Cʷ/.
* [w] is an allophone of /v/ when directly preceded or followed by a consonant. Compare ⟨[[Contionary:oš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|oš}}]]⟩ ['''v'''o̞ʃ] and ⟨[[Contionary:šoš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šoš}}]]⟩ [ʃ'''w'''ɤ̞ʃ ~ ʃ'''ʷ'''ɤ̞ʃ].

===Stress===
===Historical evolution===
====From Classical Gothic to Pre-Gothevian====
* /ɸ/ shifts to /θ/ before a coronal consonant.
*: Got. {{l|got|flōdus}} /ˈfloː.ðus/ → P-G ''þlṓdus ~ þlōþs'' /ˈθloː.ðus ~ θloːθs/ ("river")
*: Got. {{l|got|*lifnan}} /ˈlif.nan/ → P-G ''*líþnan'' /ˈliθ.nan/ ("to leave")
*: Got. {{l|got|afta}} /ˈaɸ.ta/ → P-G ''*áþta'' /ˈaθ.ta/ ("behind")
* /h/, /w/ fortify into /k/, /p/ before /l/, /r/.
*: Got. {{l|got|wlits}} /wlits/ → P-G ''plits'' /plits/ ("face")
*: Got. {{l|got|hrōþs}} /hroːθs/ → P-G ''krōþs'' /kroːθs/ ("glory")
* /β/ merges into /w/ intervocalically.
*: Got. {{l|got|gabei}} /ˈɡa.βiː/ → P-G ''gáwɛi(n)'' /ˈɡa.wiː(n)/ ("wealth")
* /β/, /ɣ/ merge into /w/ before /m/.
*: Got. ''*sib(u)m'' /ˈsi.β(u)m/ → P-G ''siwm'' /siwm/ ("seven")

====From Pre-Gothevian to Old Gothevian====
* /t, d/, /k, ɡ/ palatalize to /c/, /ɟ/ respectively before /i(ː)/, /eː/, /j/. /kʷ/, /ɡ(ː)ʷ/ are unaffected.
*: P-G ''tɛíhan'' /ˈtiː.han/ → OG ''cɛíhan'' /ˈciː.han/ ("to show")
*: P-G ''gílþa'' /ˈɡil.θa/ → early OG ''đílþa'' /ˈɟil.θa/ ("sickle")
* /ɣ/ is elided intervocalically or in syllable codas if followed by another consonant, without compensatory lengthening of the previous vowel.
*: P-G ''*ígil'' /ˈi.ɣil/ → OG ''íǥil, íil'' /ˈi.il ~ iːl/ ("hedgehog")
*: P-G ''rign'' /riɣn/ → OG ''rin'' /rin/ ("rain")
* /ɣr/, /rɣ/ coalesce into /ɣː/.
*: P-G ''baírgan'' /ˈbɛr.ɣan/ → OG ''bɛ́ǥǥan'' /ˈbɛɣ.ɣan/ ("to keep")
* /ɸ/, /β/ develop into /f/, /v/.
* /l/ is elided in syllable codas if followed by another consonant, with compensatory lengthening of the previous vowel, if short.
*: early OG ''đílþa'' /ˈɟil.θa/ → OG ''đɛíþa'' /ˈɟiː.θa/ ("sickle")
* /h/ is elided in syllable codas, with compensatory lengthening of the previous vowel, if short. If /h/ is followed by a consonant, then that consonant is geminated too.
*: P-G ''módah'' /ˈmoː.dah/ → OG ''módah, módaa'' /ˈmoː.daː/ ("angry")
*: P-G ''naht'' /naht/ → OG ''nahtt, naatt'' /naːtt/ ("night")
* /ɟː/ causes nearby non-front vowels /a(ː)/, /ɔ(ː)/, /oː/, /u(ː)/ to front into /ɛ(ː)/, /œ(ː)/, /øː/, /y(ː)/. Non-geminate /ɟ/ does not trigger this shift.
*: P-G ''wadj'' /waɟɟ/ → OG ''wɛdj'' /wɛɟɟ/ ("wall")
* /kʷ/, /ɡ(ː)ʷ/, /ʍ/ cause nearby unrounded vowels /a(ː)/, /ɛ(ː)/, /eː/, /i(ː)/ to round into /ɔ(ː)/, /œ(ː)/, /øː/, /y(ː)/.
*: P-G ''qen'' /kʷeːn/ → OG ''qen'' /kʷøːn/ ("woman")

====From Old Gothevian to Middle Gothevian====
* /θ/, /ð/ fortify to /t/, /d/ when directly followed by another consonant that is not a glide or a plosive.
*: OG ''þrɛi'' /θri(ː)/ → early MG ''trɛi'' /tri(ː)/ ("three")
*: OG ''þloþ'' /θloːθ/ → early MG ''tloþ'' /tloːθ/ ("river")
* One of /θ, ð/, /s, z/ retracts to /s, z/, /ʃ, ʒ/ respectively, triggering a chain shift that causes the second to also retract.
*: OG ''síwþan'' /ˈsiw.θan/ → MG ''šíwsan'' /ˈʃiw.sɨn/ ("to boil")
*: OG ''seþ'' /seːθ/ → early MG ''šes'' /ʃeːs/ ("seed")
*: OG ''raz'' /raz/ → MG ''raž'' /raʒ/ ("house")
* /ŋk, ŋɡ/, /ŋkʷ, ŋɡʷ/ coalesce into /nː/, /wː/ respectively.
*: OG ''drínkan'' /ˈdriŋ.kan/ → early MG ''drínnan'' /ˈdrin.nan/ ("to drink")
*: OG ''síngwan'' /ˈsiŋ.ɡʷan/ → early MG ''šíwwan'' /ˈʃiw.wan/ ("to sing")
* /kʷ/, /ɡʷ/, /ʍ/ lose their labialization and merge with /k/, /ɡ/, /h/.
*: OG ''qen'' /kʷøːn/ → early MG ''qen'' /køːn/ ("woman")
*: OG ''ƕass'' /ʍɔss/ → early MG ''ƕašš'' /hɔʃʃ/ ("sharp")
* /ɣ/, /w/ are elided before back vowels /u(ː)/, /oː/.
*: OG ''wulkán'' /wul.ˈkan/ → MG ''ulkán'' /ul.ˈkan/ ("volcano")
* Geminate consonants lose their gemination.
* /œ/, /y/ merge into /ɨ~ə/. Unstressed /a/ also develops into /ɨ~ə/. Other short unstressed vowels may also sporadically develop into /ɨ~ə/.
*: OG ''smýrna'' /ˈsmyr.na/ → MG ''šmýrna, šmýrny'' /ˈʃmɨr.nə/ ("myrrh")
* Vowels preceding a nasal consonant coalesce into a long nasalized vowel if followed by a fricative or a liquid. These nasalized vowels lose their nasalization shortly after. /ẽː/, /ø̃ː/, /õː/ develop into /aː/ during this process.
*: OG ''swinþ'' /swinθ/ → early MG ''šwinþ, *šwɛiþ'' /ʃwiːθ/ ("strong")
*: late OG ''ξanθ'' /skanθ ~ ksanθ/ → early MG ''ξanθ, ξanþ'' /ʃkaːs/ ("blond")
* /iː, eː/, /yː, øː/, /uː, oː/ develop into /je̞/, /we̞/, /wo̞/ respectively.
*: early MG ''fimf'' /fiːf/ → MG ''fimf, fɛif'' /fjef/ ("five")
*: early MG ''dówẅa'' /ˈduː.a/ → MG ''dow, *do'' /dwo/ ("dove; bird")
*: early MG ''qen'' /køːn/ → MG ''qen'' /kwen/ ("woman")
*: early MG ''šes'' /ʃeːs/ → MG ''šes'' /ʃjes/ ("seed")
*: early MG ''bóka'' /ˈboː.ka/ → MG ''bóka'' /ˈbwo.kɨ/ ("book")
* /ɛː/, /œː/, /ɔː/, /aː/ develop into /ja/, /wɨ~wə/, /wa/, /a/ respectively.
*: early MG ''klaif'' /klɛːf/ → MG ''klaif'' /kljaf/ ("bread")
*: early MG ''qain'' /kœːn/ → MG ''qain'' /kwɨn/ ("wail")
*: early MG ''šawjl'' /ʃɔːjl/ → MG ''šawjl'' /ʃwajl/ ("sun")
*: early MG ''ahš, aašš'' /aːʃʃ/ → MG ''aašš, ašš'' /aʃ/ ("hand, ear of corn")
* /iu̯/ merges into /wɨ/.
*: early MG ''niwm'' /niu̯m/ → MG ''niwm'' /nwɨm/ ("nine")
*: early MG ''biwž'' /biu̯ʒ/ → MG ''biwž'' /bwɨʒ/ ("beer")
* /ɛ/, /ɔ/ develop into /e̞/, /o̞/.
* /tj, kj, cj/, /dj, ɡj, ɟj/, /sj, zj/, /wj, jw/ coalesce into /c/, /ɟ/, /ʃ, ʒ/, /j, w/.
*: MG ''twai'' /twja/ → late MG ''twai, cai, cwai'' /ca/ ("two")
*: MG ''wínsišk, wɛísišk'' /wje.siʃk/ → late MG ''wínsišk, wɛísišk'' /je.siʃk/ ("Macedonian Slav")
====From Middle Gothevian to Modern Gothevian====
* /h/ is completely lost.
* /c/, /ɟ/ affricate to /t͡ʃ/, /d͡ʒ/.
*: early mod. Gthv ''đíštry'' /ˈɟiʃt.rɨ/ → Gthv ''[[Contionary:đíštry|đíštry]]'' /ˈd͡ʒiʃt.rɨ/ ("tomorrow")
*: early mod. Gthv ''mécyry'' /ˈmje.cɨ.rɨ/ → early mod. Gthv ''mécyry'' /ˈmje.t͡ʃɨ.rɨ/ ("sword")
* /t͡ʃ/, /d͡ʒ/ de-affricate in unstressed and/or coda positions.
*: early mod. Gthv ''mécyry'' /ˈmje.t͡ʃɨ.rɨ/ → Gthv ''[[Contionary:mécyry|mécyry]]'' /ˈmje.ʃɨ.rɨ/ ("sword")
*: early mod. Gthv ''kácky'' /ˈkat͡ʃ.kɨ/ → Gthv ''[[Contionary:kácky|kácky]]'' /ˈkaʃ.kɨ/ ("spoon")
* /sc/, /ʃc/ develop into /st/, /ʃt/.
*: early mod. Gthv ''šcányn'' /ʃca.nɨn/ → Gthv ''[[Contionary:šcányn|šcányn]]'' /ʃta.nɨn/ ("to shine")
* /w/, /ɣ/ merge into /v/, except when within a consonant cluster, then they merge into /w/.
* Final fricatives devoice.

==Orthography==
Gothevian is written primarily in the '''Gothevian script'''. It is an [[w:alphabet|alphabet]] and at its core a variant of the Wulfilan [[w:Gothic alphabet|Gothic alphabet]], augmented by letters borrowed from the nearby [[w:Greek alphabet|Greek]] and [[w:Early Cyrillic alphabet|Cyrillic]] scripts. The modern Gothevian spelling convention is based on the reformed Central Gothevian literary norms, and as such the Modern Gothevian Script contains some archaic features, such as the vowel-modifying consonants ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|q, ƕ}}⟩ (q, ƕ), and ditched others, such as the obsolete letters ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|θ, ξ, ψ}}⟩ ([[w:theta|θ]], [[w:xi|ξ]], [[w:psi|ψ]]).

The modern Gothevian script contains 31 letters in common use. Most letters are mapped to a single phoneme, with a few others mapped onto more than one phoneme but in regular and predictable contexts.
<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Letter
! Translit.
! Name
! IPA
! Source
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|a}}
| a
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áfy}} (áfy)
| /a/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌰]] (a)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|b}}
| b
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|béty}} (béty)
| /b/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌱]] (b)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|g}}
| g
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gámy}} (gámy)
| /ɡ/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌲]] (g)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|d}}
| d
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|déty}} (déty)
| /d/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌳]] (d)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛ}}
| ɛ
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ècy}} (ɛ́cy)
| /e/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌴]] (ē)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|q}}
| q
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qèrsy}} (qɛ́rsy)
| /k/1
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌵]] (q)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ž}}
| ž
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|žéty}} (žéty)
| /ʒ/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌶]] (z)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|z}}
| z
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|zéty}} (zéty)
| /z/
| Cyrillic [[w:Ze (Cyrillic)|З]] (z)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|e}}
| e
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|éty}} (éty)
| /je/
| Greek [[w:Eta|Η]] (ē)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|đ}}
| đ
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|đèty}} (đɛ́ty)
| /d͡ʒ/, /ʒ/2
| see below
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|h}}
| h
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|hály}} (hály)
| /Ø/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌷]] (h)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}}
| s
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|séty}} (séty)
| /s/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌸]] (þ)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|i}}
| i
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|íöty}} (íöty)
| /i/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌹]] (i)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|k}}
| k
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|kápy}} (kápy)
| /k/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌺]] (k)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|l}}
| l
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|léty}} (léty)
| /l/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌻]] (l)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m}}
| m
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|mvɛ}} (mvɛ)
| /m/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌼]] (m)
|}
</div>
<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Letter
! Translit.
! Name
! IPA
! Source
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}}
| n
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nvɛ}} (nvɛ)
| /n/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌽]] (n)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|j}}
| j
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|éry}} (éry)
| /j/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌾]] (j)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɔ}}
| ɔ
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|òmy}} (ɔ́my)
| /o/
| Greek or Cyrillic [[w:Omicron|Ο]] (o)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|u}}
| u
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|úry}} (úry)
| /u/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐌿]] (u)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|p}}
| p
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|pe}} (pe)
| /p/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐍀]] (p)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|r}}
| r
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ro}} (ro)
| /r/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐍂]] (r)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}
| š
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šíwmy}} (šíwmy)
| /ʃ/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐍃]] (s)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|t}}
| t
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|taw}} (taw)
| /t/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐍄]] (t)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|y}}
| y
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ýcy}} (ýcy)
| /ɨ/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐍅]] (w)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|v}}
| v
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vècy}} (vɛ́cy)
| /v~w/
| derived from {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|y}} (y)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|f}}
| f
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|fe}} (fe)
| /f/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐍆]] (f)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|x}}
| x
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|xe}} (xe)
| /x/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐍇]] (x)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕ}}
| ƕ
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕaíry}} (ƕaíry)
| /Ø/1
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐍈]] (ƕ)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|c}}
| c
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|cèty}} (cɛ́ty)
| /t͡ʃ/, /ʃ/2
| see below
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}}
| o
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ómy}} (ómy)
| /vo~wo/
| Gothic [[w:Gothic alphabet|𐍉]] (ō)
|}
</div>
# Qɛ́rsy and ƕaíry are pronounced identically to kápy and hály respectively but alter the pronunciation of the following vowel ([[#Digraphs_and_Trigraphs|see below]]).
# Đɛ́ty and cɛ́ty are pronounced as /ʒ/ and /ʃ/ in unstressed and/or coda positions.
Apart from zéty ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|z}}⟩, éty ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|e}}), đɛ́ty ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|đ}}⟩, ɔ́my ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɔ}}⟩, and cɛ́ty ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|c}}⟩, all Gothevian letters can be directly traced to a Gothic-script source. The source of đɛ́ty and cɛ́ty specifically is a point of contention, as no unambigious source has been identified. The many theories include the following:
# Current mainstream theories argue for a [[w:Coptic_script|Coptic]] source for cɛ́ty, citing [[wikt:ϭ#Coptic|čima]] ⟨ϭ⟩ as the most likely candidate, followed by [[wikt:ϯ#Coptic|ti]] ⟨ϯ⟩. A Coptic source for đɛ́ty is more dubious, with the likeliest candidate, [[wikt:ϫ#Coptic|janjia]] ⟨ϫ⟩, bearing less of a resemblance than the candidates for cɛ́ty.
# Likewise, đɛ́ty is near-unanimously believed to be derived from a Cyrillic source, with most mainstream theories putting forward [[w:Tse (Cyrillic)|tse]] ⟨ц⟩ or [[w:Che (Cyrillic)|che]] ⟨ч⟩ as probable sources. Less supported theories instead propose [[w:Djerv|djerv]] ⟨ꙉ⟩ due to its alphabetical order being nearer to that of đɛ́ty. Djerv has also been proposed as a source for cɛ́ty as a more fringe position, alongside an adaptation of a [[wikt:yer|yer]] ⟨ь~ъ⟩.
# A popular yet unsupported theory proposes [[w:Gothic alphabet|Gothic]] [[wikt:𐍁|𐍁]] (90) based wholly on its similar form. This comes with a host of unexplained inconsistencies, such as its sudden shift in alphabetical and numeric order, and its missing usage as a numeral. Others point to [[wikt:𐍊|𐍊]] (900) as another Gothic source, but those are even less supported and outright rejected.
# Cɛ́ty is also sometimes argued to be a simplification of a ligature, such as ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|tj}}⟩ (tj), though this is not backed by historic manuscripts.
# An Armenian source can also be argued for, with letters such as [[w:Tsa (Armenian letter)|tsa]] ⟨ծ⟩ and [[w:Che (Armenian letter)|che]] ⟨ճ⟩ being put forward for cɛ́ty, and [[w:Cha (Armenian letter)|cha]] ⟨չ⟩ and [[w:Je (Armenian letter)|je]] ⟨ջ⟩ for đɛ́ty.
===Digraphs and letter combinations===
Additionally, Gothevian contains several letter combinations that have phonetic values different from those of their single components. These include vocalic digraphs from historic long vowels and consonants that modify certain vowels.

Vocalic diphthongs take the form ⟨'''{{abbtip|vowel - glide/approximant|VG}}'''⟩ and phonetically represent /'''{{abbtip|glide/approximant - vowel|GV}}'''/ sequences. Most of these formerly represented long vowels /Vː/ which had later broken up into their current forms.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Letter
! Translit.
! IPA
! IPA (hist.)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}
| ai
| /ja/
| /ɛː/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}}
| aw
| /va~wa/
| /ɔː/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛi}}
| ɛi
| /je/
| /iː/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iw}}
| iw
| /vɨ~wɨ/
| /iu̯/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ow}}
| ow
| ''deprecated''
| /uː/
|}

The letters qɛ́rsy ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|q}}⟩ and ƕaíry ⟨{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕ}}⟩ can also alter the pronunciation of certain vowels when directly preceding them. Qɛ́rsy and ƕaíry formerly represented labialized consonants /kʷ, ʍ/ and as such triggered the rounding of unrounded vowels, causing them to diverge from their unaffected counterparts.

<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Letter
! Translit.
! IPA
! IPA (hist.)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qa}}
| qa
| /kwa/
| /k(ʷ)ɔː/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qai}}
| qai
| /kwɨ/
| /k(ʷ)œː/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qɛ}}
| qɛ
| /kɨ/
| /k(ʷ)œ/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qɛi}}
| qɛi
| rowspan="2" | /kwe/
| /k(ʷ)yː/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qe}}
| qe
| /k(ʷ)øː/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qi}}
| qi
| /kɨ/
| /k(ʷ)y/
|}
</div>
<div style=display:inline-grid>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Letter
! Translit.
! IPA
! IPA (hist.)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕa}}
| ƕa
| /va~wa/
| /h(ʷ)ɔː/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕai}}
| ƕai
| /vɨ~wɨ/
| /h(ʷ)œː/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɛ}}
| ƕɛ
| /ɨ/
| /h(ʷ)œ/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɛi}}
| ƕɛi
| rowspan="2" | /ve~we/
| /h(ʷ)yː/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕe}}
| ƕe
| /h(ʷ)øː/
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕi}}
| ƕi
| /ɨ/
| /h(ʷ)y/
|}
</div>

===Obsolete letters===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Letter
! Translit.
! Name
! IPA
! Source
! Replaced by
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|θ}}
| θ
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|θéty}} (θéty)
| /t, s/
| Greek [[w:Theta|θ]] (th)
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|t}} (t), {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} (s)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ξ}}
| ξ
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ξe}} (ξe)
| /kʃ, ʃk, ks/
| Greek [[w:Xi|ξ]] (x)
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|kš}} (kš), {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šk}} (šk), {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ks}} (ks)
|-
! style="font-size:large;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ψ}}
| ψ
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ψe}} (ψe)
| /pʃ, ʃp, ps/
| Greek [[w:Psi|ψ]] (ps)
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|pš}} (pš), {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šp}} (šp), {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ps}} (ps)
|}

===History===
By the time of the first standardization of the Gothevian script based on the [[w:Stobi|Štoven]] Dialect, influence from literary Greek had taken its course on vowel glyphs. {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛ}} would be remapped onto short ''e'', with ''ē'' becoming represented by {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|e}} taken from Greek [[w:eta|eta]] (η). A similar system came about for the mid-back vowels, using native {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}} for ''ō'', due to the perceived similarity of its written form to Greek [[w:omega|omega]] (ω), and Hellenic {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɔ}} for ''o''. Other long vowels would become disambiguated using the digraphs {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛi, ow, ai, aw,}} and rarely {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aa}} for ''ī, ū, ɛ̄, ɔ̄,'' and ''ā'' respectively. A monotonic system would also be adopted, with vowels in stressed syllables gaining an [[w:Acute accent|acute]] (◌́) and vowels in [[w:Vowel hiatus|hiatus]] gaining a [[w:Diaeresis (diacritic)|diaeresis]] (◌̈). {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|θ, ξ, ψ}} (th, ks, ps) would also begin their usage during this period.

...

==Grammar==
===Syntax===
The predominant word order in Gothevian is [[w:Subject–verb–object word order|subject–verb–object]] (SVO), but in practice, word order exhibits a high degree of flexibility without much ambiguity.
====General features====
Adjectives commonly precede the noun.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škázɛiny}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bóky}}''' — '''‘leather book’'''
They can however follow the noun when marked for emphasis.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ížy}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bóky}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škázɛiny}}''' — '''‘that ''leather'' book’'''
Although not present in the standard variety, a common feature of southern dialects is placing all adjectives ''after'' the noun.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bóky}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škázɛiny}}''' — '''‘leather book’'''
Possessors commonly follow the noun.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bóky}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|my}}''' — '''‘my book’'''
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bóky}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|zy}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Myxaílen}}''' — '''‘Mykhail’s book’'''
For pronominal emphasis however, a genitive phrase with a dative pronoun is used.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bókun}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|zy}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|min}}''' — '''‘the book of me’'''
Possessors are allowed to go before the noun for poetic license without any loss of meaning.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šcánijus}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}}-{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dáprun}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|uf}}''' — '''‘overshone, our bravery’'''
Subject pronouns are normally [[w:pro-drop language|dropped]], as they can be inferred from verbal endings.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šócija}}''' — '''‘I saw’'''
Though they can be included to emphasize the subject.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ci}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šócija}}''' — '''‘''I'' saw’'''
Verbs go before participles in compound tenses.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšynɔvis}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|túklivyn}}''' — '''‘he was arrested [reportedly]’'''
===Morphology===
Gothevian is a largely [[w:synthetic language|synthetic language]], in some aspects more so than others. However, it also heavily displays [[w:analytic language|analytic]] features. Nominal declension was heavily reduced, while verbal conjugation was expanded upon. Most of these innovations were due to the Balkan sprachbund, among them are:
* Lack of an infinitive. Contexts where English would use an infinitive are typically formed with either [[w:Finite verb|finite forms]] or participles.
* Innovation of a post-fixed declining article. The [[w:Gothic_declension#The_weak_declension|weak adjective declension]] was re-analyzed and spread to nouns via the old [[w:Gothic_declension#Weak_noun_declensions_(n-stems)|n-stem declensions]].
* Syncretism of the dative and genitive cases. Particles are used to form distinct dative and genitive constructions.
* reshaped and expanded compound tenses. The future and perfect tenses were reshaped to be more in line with those of their neighbors. A synthetic [[w:aorist|aorist]] was later analogically innovated, and analytic [[w:evidentiality|evidential forms]] later followed.
* Loss of synthetic comparative and superlative forms. The original method of deriving degrees of comparison using suffixation fell out of use in favor of analytic preposed markers.
===Nominals===
====Nouns====
Gothevian nouns decline for two cases ([[w:direct case|direct]], [[w:dative case|dative]]), three genders ([[w:Grammatical gender|masculine]], [[w:Grammatical gender|feminine]], [[w:Grammatical gender|neuter]]), two numbers ([[w:Grammatical number|singular]], [[w:Grammatical number|plural]]), and two states ([[w:definiteness|indefinite]], [[w:definiteness|definite]]). The original Gothic four cases in nouns synchronized into two cases (nominative-accusative → direct; dative-genitive → dative), and the six strong declensions levelled into three declension, largely correlating with the three genders. The weak declensions were re-analyzed as indicating definiteness and were subsequently joined with the indefinite strong declensions.
=====Masculine declension=====
This declension is completely made up of masculine nouns. It came about from a merger of nearly all of the Gothic strong declensions except for the [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-ō_declension|-ō declension]], which is the predecessor to the feminine declension.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:normal; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the masculine declension|MASC}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the feminine declension|FEM}} {{abbtip|endings that appear in both masculine and feminine declensions|BOTH}}'''
! colspan="4" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Contionary:šal|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šal}}]] (''šal'', "room")
! rowspan="5" |
! colspan="4" | [[Contionary:klaif|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|klaif}}]] (''klaif'', "bread")
! rowspan="5" |
! colspan="4" | [[Contionary:ško|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ško}}]] (''ško'', "shoe")
|-
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | singular
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | plural
! colspan="2" | singular
! colspan="2" | plural
! colspan="2" | singular
! colspan="2" | plural
|-
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | direct
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šal}} ''šal''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šál}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}} ''šályn''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šal}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''šalš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šál}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}} ''šálaš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|klaif}} ''klaif''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|klaív}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}} ''klaívyn''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|klaif}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''klaifš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|klaív}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}} ''klaívaš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ško}} ''ško''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škó}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ÿn}} ''škóÿn''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ško}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''škoš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škó}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äš}} ''škóäš''
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | dative
| style="color:#333333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šál}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''šályš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šál}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|e}} ''šále''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šál}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}} ''šálen''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|klaív}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''klaívyš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|klaív}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|e}} ''klaíve''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|klaív}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}} ''klaíven''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škó}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ÿš}} ''škóÿš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škó}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ë}} ''škóë''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škó}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ën}} ''škóën''
|}
=====Feminine declension=====
This declension is completely made up of feminine nouns. It evolved directly from the Gothic [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-ō_declension|-ō declension]]. As such, all feminine nouns that originally belonged to the -ō declension alongside later-derived nouns end with {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|-y}} (-y ← -a). All [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-ōn_declension|-ōn declension]] and [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-ein_declension|-ein declension]] nouns later transitioned into Gothevian feminine declension nouns, gaining the {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|-y}} (-y) ending as well. A small subset of feminine nouns however lacks the ending.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:normal; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the masculine declension|MASC}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the feminine declension|FEM}} {{abbtip|endings that appear in both masculine and feminine declensions|BOTH}}'''
! colspan="4" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Contionary:bóky|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bóky}}]] (''bóky'', "book")
! rowspan="5" |
! colspan="4" | [[Contionary:as|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|as}}]] (''as'', "age")
! rowspan="5" |
! colspan="4" | [[Contionary:do|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|do}}]] (''do'', "bird")
|-
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | singular
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | plural
! colspan="2" | singular
! colspan="2" | plural
! colspan="2" | singular
! colspan="2" | plural
|-
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | direct
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bóky}} ''bóky''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bók}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|un}} ''bókun''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bok}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''bokš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bók}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}} ''bókaš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|as}} ''as''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|un}} ''ázun''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''ázyš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}} ''ázaš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|do}} ''do''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dó}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ün}} ''dóün''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|do}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''doš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dó}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äš}} ''dóäš''
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | dative
| style="color:#333333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bók}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|uš}} ''bókuš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bók}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}} ''bóko''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bók}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}} ''bóken''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|uš}} ''ázuš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}} ''ázo''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}} ''ázen''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dó}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|üš}} ''dóüš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dó}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ö}} ''dóö''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dó}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ën}} ''dóën''
|}
======Anomalous feminine declension======
A closed class of feminine nouns declines according to the masculine declension instead of the feminine declension. This is the result of the Gothic [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-i_declension|-i declension]] and [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-jō_declension|-jō declension]] ultimately merging into the Gothevian masculine declension, with the feminine nouns of those declensions adopting the same endings.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:normal; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the masculine declension|MASC}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the feminine declension|FEM}} {{abbtip|endings that appear in both masculine and feminine declensions|BOTH}}'''
! colspan="4" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Contionary:qen|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qen}}]] (''qen'', "woman")
! rowspan="5" |
! colspan="4" | [[Contionary:šɛs|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šɛs}}]] (''šɛs'', "seed")
! rowspan="5" |
! colspan="4" | [[Contionary:škaft|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škaft}}]] (''škaft'', "animal")
|-
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | singular
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | plural
! colspan="2" | singular
! colspan="2" | plural
! colspan="2" | singular
! colspan="2" | plural
|-
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | direct
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qen}} ''qen''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qén}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}} ''qényn''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qen}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''qenš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qén}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}} ''qénaš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šɛs}} ''šɛs''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šèz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}} ''šɛ́zyn''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šèz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''šɛ́zyš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šèz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}} ''šɛ́zaš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škaft}} ''škaft''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škáft}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}} ''škáftyn''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škaft}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''škaftš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škáft}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}} ''škáftaš''
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | dative
| style="color:#333333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qén}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''qényš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qén}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|e}} ''qéne''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qén}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}} ''qénen''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šèz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''šɛ́zyš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šèz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|e}} ''šɛ́ze''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šèz}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}} ''šɛ́zen''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škáft}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''škáftyš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škáft}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|e}} ''škáfte''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|škáft}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}} ''škáften''
|}
=====Neuter declension=====
This declension is completely made up of neuter nouns. It evolved directly from the neuter [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-a_declension|-a declension]], [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-ja_declension|-ja declension]], and [[w:Gothic_declension#The_-u_declension|-u declension]]. It mirrors the masculine declension in the indefinite singular, but mirrors the feminine indefinite singular direct and plural dative in its indefinite plurals. It also mirrors the feminine declension in the definite singular.
{| class="wikitable" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:normal; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the masculine declension|MASC}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the feminine declension|FEM}} {{abbtip|endings that appear in both masculine and feminine declensions|BOTH}}'''
! colspan="4" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[Contionary:hairt|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|hairt}}]] (''hairt'', "heart")
! rowspan="5" |
! colspan="4" | [[Contionary:biwš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|biwš}}]] (''biwš'', "beer")
! rowspan="5" |
! colspan="4" | [[Contionary:raš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|raš}}]] (''raš'', "house")
|-
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | singular
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | plural
! colspan="2" | singular
! colspan="2" | plural
! colspan="2" | singular
! colspan="2" | plural
|-
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
! indefinite
! definite
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | direct
| style="vertical-align:middle;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|hairt}} ''hairt''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|haírt}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|un}} ''haírtun''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|haírt}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|y}} ''haírty''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|haírt}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}} ''haírtaš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|biwš}} ''biwš''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bíwž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|un}} ''bíwžun''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=bíwž|klaif}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|y}} ''bíwžy''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bíwž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}} ''bíwžaš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|raš}} ''raš''
| rowspan="2" style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ráž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|un}} ''rážun''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ráž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|y}} ''rážy''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ráž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}} ''rážaš''
|- style="font-weight:normal;"
! style="vertical-align:middle; font-weight:bold;" | dative
| style="color:#333333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|haírt}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''haírtyš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|haírt}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}} ''haírto''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|haírt}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}} ''haírten''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bíwž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''bíwžyš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bíwž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}} ''bíwžo''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bíwž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}} ''bíwžen''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ráž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''rážyš''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ráž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}} ''rážo''
| style="color:#333;" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ráž}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|en}} ''rážen''
|}
====Adjectives====
====Pronouns====
=====Personal pronouns=====
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
! number
! colspan="2" | person
! nominative
! accusative (long)
! dative (long)
! acc./dat./poss. (short)
|-
! rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | singular
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | first
| [[Contionary:ci|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ci}}]] ''ci''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|mic}} ''mic''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|min}} ''min''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|my}} ''my''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | second
| [[Contionary:so|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|so}}]] ''so''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|suk}} ''suk''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|sun}} ''sun''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|sy}} ''sy''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | third
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | masculine
| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:ša|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ša}}]] ''ša''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šic}} ''šic''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šin}} ''šin''
| rowspan="3" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šy}} ''šy''
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | neuter
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | feminine
| colspan="2" | [[Contionary:šo|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šo}}]] ''šo''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šɛj}} ''šɛj''
|-
! rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | plural
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | first
| [[Contionary:ɛiš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛiš}}]] ''ɛiš''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|oš}} ''oš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}} ''o''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | second
| [[Contionary:oš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|oš}}]] ''oš''
| colspan="2" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛiš}} ''ɛiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛi}} ''ɛi''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | third
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | masculine
| colspan="4" | [[Contionary:šai|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šai}}]] ''šai''
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | neuter
| rowspan="2" colspan="3" | [[Contionary:šoš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šoš}}]] ''šoš''
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šo}} ''šo''
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | feminine
|}
=====Demonstrative and relative pronouns=====
{| class="wikitable" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
|-
! number
! gender
! proximal (''this'')
! distal (''that'')
|-
! rowspan="3" | singular
! masculine
| rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" | [[Contionary:iš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iš}}]] ''iš''
| rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" | [[Contionary:ai|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}]] ''ai''
|- style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;"
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | neuter
|- style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;"
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | feminine
| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:ížy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ížy}}]] ''ížy''
| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:aíny|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíny}}]] ''aíny''
|-
! rowspan="3" | plural
! masculine
|- style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;"
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | neuter
| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:ížo|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ížo}}]] ''ížo''
| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:aíno|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíno}}]] ''aíno''
|-
! feminine
|}
=====Interrogative pronouns=====
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
! gender
! personal (''who'')
! possessive (''whose'')
! for quality (''what; what kind'')
! for quantity (''how much; how many'')
! for size (''how big'')
! for place/source (''where; from where'')
! for destination (''where to'')
! for manner (''why'')
! for manner (''how'')
! for time (''when'')
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | masculine
| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:ƕɔn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɔn}}]] ''ƕɔn''
| rowspan="3" | [[Contionary:ƕiš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕiš}}]] ''ƕiš''
| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:ƕɔr|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɔr}}]] ''ƕɔr''
| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:ƕaf|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕaf}}]] ''ƕaf''
| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:ƕel|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕel}}]] ''ƕel''
| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:ƕɔrs|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɔrs}}]] ''ƕɔrs''
| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:ƕɔrs|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɔt}}]] ''ƕɔt''
| rowspan="3" | [[Contionary:ƕe|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕe}}]] ''ƕe''
| rowspan="3" | [[Contionary:ƕɔm|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɔm}}]] ''ƕɔm''
| rowspan="3" | [[Contionary:ƕɔmán|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɔmán}}]] ''ƕɔmán''
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | neuter
|-
! style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | feminine
| [[Contionary:ƕin|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕin}}]] ''ƕin''
| [[Contionary:ƕòry|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕòry}}]] ''ƕɔ́ry''
| [[Contionary:ƕávy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕávy}}]] ''ƕávy''
| [[Contionary:ƕély|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕély}}]] ''ƕély''
| [[Contionary:ƕòrzy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕòrzy}}]] ''ƕɔ́rzy''
| [[Contionary:ƕòty|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕòty}}]] ''ƕɔ́ty''
|}
=====Indefinite pronouns=====

===Prepositions and particles===
====Particles====
Gothevian employs the use of particles for various purposes.
=====Function particles=====
Function particles in Gothevian are grammaticalized particles that form multiword constructions, aiding with tenses and moods, and take on the uses of auxiliary verbs. Unlike discourse particles, they cannot be left out of a sentence. Below are some function particles.

'''[[Contionary:dy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dy}}]] (dy, "dative particle")''' — Placed before a noun to mark it as an [[wikt:indirect object|indirect object]] of a verb.
* {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gycáhiva}} '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|d'}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Ášto}}''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|cánty my}} — ‘I showed my bag '''to Ášty'''’
'''[[Contionary:zy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|zy}}]] (zy, "possessive/partitive particle")''' — Placed before a noun to express [[w:Possession (linguistics)|possession]], origin, or [[w:Partitive|partitivity]], or [[w:Compound (linguistics)|attributively]] in relation to the noun preceding it.
* {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iš i}} '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|katt}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|zy}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Somáë}}''' — ‘that is '''Somá’s cat'''’
'''[[Contionary:vy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vy}}]] (vy, "interrogative particle")''' — Placed after the main verb to form a [[w:Yes/no question|yes–no question]].
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dránnivɛš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vy}}''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vat?}} — ‘'''have you drunk''' water'''?'''’
'''[[Contionary:ny|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ny}}]] (ny, "negation particle")''' — Placed before a noun, verb, adjective, or another particle to [[w:Affirmation_and_negation#Negation|negate]] its meaning.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n'}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yrèš}}''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dɛ suk!}} — ‘'''I don’t like''' you!’
* {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|oš'ƕɔn qízɛis jy,}} '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ny}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šɛísyn}}'''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|?}} — ‘who's talking, '''the not-strong'''?’
'''[[Contionary:o|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}}]] (o, "vocative particle")''' — Placed before a noun to form a [[w:Vocative expression|vocative expression]].
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o'}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Ázlyfe}}'''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|! aš èly!}} — ‘'''O Ázlyf'''! Come here!’
'''[[Contionary:ɛísy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛísy}}]] (ɛísy, "optative particle")''' — Placed before a verb in the subjunctive to express wish, hope, or desire. Also placed before a verb in the indicative to express general want or desire.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛísy}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕaílaw}}''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dot Iwrópo}} — ‘'''I wish to travel''' around Europe’
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛísy}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕail}}''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dot Iwrópo}} — ‘'''I want to travel''' around Europe’
'''[[Contionary:ma|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ma}}]] (ma, "dynamic particle")''' — Placed before a verb in the indicative to express ability. Also placed before a verb in the subjunctive to express permission.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ma}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|kawš}}''' — ‘'''I can try'''’
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ma}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|káwšaw}}''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vy?}} — ‘'''may I try'''?’
'''[[Contionary:á|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}]] (á, "hortative particle")''' — Placed before a verb in the subjunctive to form a [[w:Hortative|hortative expression]].
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á-}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|žepaiš}}''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|, saíƕyniš mójivyn}} — ‘'''it'd be better if you sleep''', you look tired’
'''[[Contionary:daw|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|daw}}]] (daw, "affection particle")''' — Placed before a verb to express habitual enjoyment or affection.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|daw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šívɛis}}''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áđby}} '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|žóvvivny}}''' — ‘'''I heard she used to like to draw'''’
'''[[Contionary:sar|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|sar}}]] (sar, "jussive particle")''' — Placed before a verb in the indicative to express requirement, necessity, or urgency. Also placed before a verb in the subjunctive to express a more urgent or prioritized [[w:Hortative|hortative expression]].
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|sar}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vándɛiš}}'''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|!}} — ‘'''you have to leave'''!’
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|sar}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vándaiš}}''' — ‘'''you probably should leave'''’
'''[[Contionary:aw|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}}]] (aw, "desiderative particle")''' — Placed before a verb in the subjunctive to express desire towards the verb. Also placed before a verb in the indicative to express general want or desire.
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m'ai búđaw}}''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|'aparátyn}} — ‘'''I would love to be able to buy''' the camera’
* '''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|buđ}}''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|'aparátyn}} — ‘'''I want to buy''' the camera’

=====Discourse particles=====
Discourse particles in Gothevian are contextual, optional particles used to highlight the mood or the attitude of the speaker or to highlight the sentence's focus. These particles are mainly present in spoken, informal standard Gothevian or throughout its many dialects. In formal, written contexts, they are mostly seen as unprofessional. Below are some discourse particles.

'''[[Contionary:jy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jy}}]] (jy)''' — Used as a general intensifying particle.
* ...
'''[[Contionary:ɛi|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛi}}]] (ɛi)''' — Used to indicate that the utterance happened as a consequence to an earlier even or action.
* ...
'''[[Contionary:nušt|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nušt}}]] (nušt)''' — Used to indicate something is being offered to the listener.
* ...
'''[[Contionary:níjy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|níjy}}]] (níjy)''' — Used to intensify a negative or opposing utterance. Also used before nouns, adjectives, adverbs, or verbs for stronger negation.
* ...
'''[[Contionary:aš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}}]] (aš)''' — Used to intensify imperatives.
* ...
'''[[Contionary:dɛ|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dɛ}}]] (dɛ)''' — Used as indicate haste or urgency. Also used to indicate the speaker is in a state of haste, or in a state of anger or hatred towards the listener or a third party.
* ...
'''[[Contionary:mis|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|mis}}]] (mis)''' — Used to intensify adjectives and adverbs.
* ...
'''[[Contionary:hax|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|hax}}]] (hax)''' — Used as a indicate a sudden shift or deviation of topic.
* ...
'''[[Contionary:áđby|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áđby}}]] (áđby)''' — Used to indicate that the speaker has been ignorant of newly-provided information or fact.
* ...
'''[[Contionary:ɛx|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛx}}]] (ɛx)''' — Used to indicate dissatisfaction or disgust.
* ...
'''[[Contionary:óšy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|óšy}}]] (óšy)''' — Used to add a sense indeterminateness to interrogative pronouns or to add a sense greater indeterminateness to indefinite pronouns. Also used insultingly to add a sense of diminutivity.
* ...
'''[[Contionary:bɛ|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bɛ}}]] (bɛ)''' — Used to indicate frustration or anger.
* ...

=====Lexical particles=====

====Prepositions====

===Verbs===
Gothevian lost many of the complex verbal conjugations it inherited from [[w:Gothic verbs|Gothic]], such as [[w:Dual (grammatical number)|dual]] forms, the old passive conjugation, and [[w:Germanic strong verb|strong verb classes]]. Nevertheless, Gothevian verb conjugation is the most complex out of any surviving Germanic language, due to the acquisition of an [[w:aorist|aorist]], a new synthetic passive, and other analytic moods such as the [[w:Inferential mood|inferential]] and [[w:Conditional mood|conditional]] moods.
====Irregular stems====
Irregular verbs in Gothevian are verbs whose stems either slightly alter or completely change across the paradigm. These changes mostly occur across tense-aspect-mood forms, but two verbs (''to have, to be'') also alter their stems depending on person.

While most strong verbs would regularize by applying one form throughout the whole paradigm, some common verbs would retain reduced stem vowel alternation in their "past" (''imperfect and aorist'') conjugations. These verbs include {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ícyn}} (ícyn, "to eat") (past stem {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|éc-}}, éc-), {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qízyn}} (qízyn, "to talk") (past stem {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qòz-}}, qɔ́z-), {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qímyn}} (qímyn, "to come") (past stem {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|qòm-}}, qɔ́m-), and {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ályn}} (ályn, "to grow") (past stem {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ól-}}, ól-).

Another source of irregular verbs are Gothic [[w:Gothic_verbs#Irregular_weak_verbs|weak irregular verbs]] that have also resisted full regularization. Instead, these verbs underwent partial regularization, by reforming the present stems with the consonantism of the past stem (which mostly would have followed a ''CV̄̆ht-'' pattern) and the vocalism of the present stem, thus in a way appearing to mimic the previous class of irregular verbs. These verbs include {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|sútyn}} (sútyn, "to seem") (past stem {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|sót-}}, sót-), {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bútyn}} (bútyn, "to buy") (past stem {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|báwt-}}, báwt-), and {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vòtyn}} (vɔ́tyn, "to make") (past stem {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vát-}}, vát-), alongside the verb {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|drítyn}} (drítyn, "to drink") (past stem {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|drɛít-}}, drɛít-).

The last category of irregular verbs, specifically the two verbs {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} (ain, "to have") and {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn}} (víšyn, "to be") use multiple different stems throughout their paradigm ({{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aí-, á-, aíc-}}; {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|v-, š-, ší-}}).
====Synthetic forms====
Approximately one third of verbal conjugations in Gothevian are synthetic, meaning they indicate grammatical information via [[w:Bound and free morphemes|bound affixation]] rather than by [[w:Bound and free morphemes|unbound morphemes]]. With the exception of participles and the aorist, synthetic forms all represent direct evolutions from old Gothic conjugations.
=====Participles=====
Gothevian verbs have five participles based on aspect and voice, declining for 2 gender categories (''masculine-neuter, feminine'').
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="text-align:left;"
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="5" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" | [[Contionary:šócyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šócyn}}]] ''(šócyn, "to see")''
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! present active participle
! present passive participle
! imperfect active participle
! imperfect passive participle
! aorist participle
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | masculine (+ neuter)
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}} ''šócyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynyn}} ''šócynyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''šócis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|inɔs}} ''šócinɔs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivyn}} ''šócivyn''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | feminine
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ny}} ''šócny''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyny}} ''šócnyny''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''šócizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|inɔzy}} ''šócinɔzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šóc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivny}} ''šócivny''
|}
=====Present=====
The present tense is used for:
* Events happening in the present,
* Current states of being,
* Facts that are always true.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|+ Present Indicative
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|ACT}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|PASS}}'''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''
! rowspan="7" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gaf}} ''gaf''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}} ''gávyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}} ''ɛ́ö''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} ''ɛ́ön''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}} ''ai''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|av}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} ''avn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|im}} ''im''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ši}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} ''šin''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛiš}} ''gávɛiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yniš}} ''gávyniš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|êiš}} ''ɛ́öɛ̈iš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} ''ɛ́öniš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''aiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} ''avniš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iš}} ''iš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} ''šiniš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛis}} ''gávɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynis}} ''gávynis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|êis}} ''ɛ́öɛ̈is''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} ''ɛ́önis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} ''ais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} ''avnis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|i}} ''i''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} ''šinis''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ym}} ''gávym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynym}} ''gávynym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m}} ''ɛ́öm''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}} ''ɛ́önym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m}} ''aim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}} ''avnym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šam}} ''šam''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}} ''šinym''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''gávyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynyš}} ''gávynyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''ɛ́öš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} ''ɛ́önyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''ajš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} ''avnyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šu}} ''šu''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} ''šinyš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}} ''gávyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynyn}} ''gávynyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} ''ɛ́ön''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} ''ɛ́önyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} ''ain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} ''avnyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šan}} ''šan''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} ''šinyn''
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|+ Present Subjunctive
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|ACT}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|PASS}}'''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''
! rowspan="7" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} ''gávaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynaw}} ''gávynaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äw}} ''ɛ́öäw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}} ''ɛ́önaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} ''aícaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}} ''ávnaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} ''šaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}} ''šínaw''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} ''gávaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynaiš}} ''gávynaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äiš}} ''ɛ́öäiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} ''ɛ́önaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} ''aícaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} ''ávnaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} ''šaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} ''šínaiš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} ''gávais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynais}} ''gávynais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äis}} ''ɛ́öäis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} ''ɛ́önais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} ''aícais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} ''ávnais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} ''šais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} ''šínais''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}} ''gávaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynaim}} ''gávynaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äim}} ''ɛ́öäim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}} ''ɛ́önaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}} ''aícaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}} ''ávnaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}} ''šaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}} ''šínaim''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} ''gávawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynawš}} ''gávynawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äwš}} ''ɛ́öäwš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} ''ɛ́önawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} ''aícawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} ''ávnawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} ''šawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} ''šínawš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} ''gávain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynain}} ''gávynain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äin}} ''ɛ́öäin''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} ''ɛ́önain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} ''aícain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} ''ávnain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} ''šain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} ''šínain''
|}
=====Imperfect=====
The [[w:Imperfect|Imperfect]] fuses the [[w:Past tense|past tense]] (and marginally the present tense) with [[w:Imperfective aspect|imperfective aspect]] and is used for:
* Ongoing events that happened in the past,
* States of being in the past that still have some sort of effect in the present,
* Events or states of being that started in the past and are still ongoing in the present, if context is clear.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|+ Imperfect Indicative
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|ACT}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|PASS}}'''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''
! rowspan="7" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ija}} ''gávija''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔva}} ''gávynɔva''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïja}} ''ɛ́öïja''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔva}} ''ɛ́önɔva''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ja}} ''ája''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔva}} ''avnɔva''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vam}} ''vam''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ja}} ''šija''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ijɛš}} ''gávijɛš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvɛš}} ''gávynɔvɛš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïjɛš}} ''ɛ́öïjɛš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛš}} ''ɛ́önɔvɛš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jɛš}} ''ájɛš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛš}} ''avnɔvɛš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vam}} ''vaš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jɛš}} ''šijɛš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ijus}} ''gávijus''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvus}} ''gávynɔvus''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïjus}} ''ɛ́öïjus''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvus}} ''ɛ́önɔvus''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jus}} ''ájus''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvus}} ''avnɔvus''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vam}} ''vas''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jus}} ''šijus''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ijym}} ''gávijym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvym}} ''gávynɔvym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïjym}} ''ɛ́öïjym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvym}} ''ɛ́önɔvym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jym}} ''ájym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvym}} ''avnɔvym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vam}} ''éšym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jym}} ''šijym''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ijyš}} ''gávijyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvyš}} ''gávynɔvyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïjyš}} ''ɛ́öïjyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvyš}} ''ɛ́önɔvyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jyš}} ''ájyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvyš}} ''avnɔvyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vam}} ''éšyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jyš}} ''šijyš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ijyn}} ''gávijyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvyn}} ''gávynɔvyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïjyn}} ''ɛ́öïjyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvyn}} ''ɛ́önɔvyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jyn}} ''ájyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvyn}} ''avnɔvyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vam}} ''éšyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jyn}} ''šijyn''
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|+ Imperfect Subjunctive
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|ACT}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|PASS}}'''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''
! rowspan="7" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ija}} ''gávija''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvaw}} ''gávynɔvaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïja}} ''ɛ́öïja''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvaw}} ''ɛ́önɔvaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ija}} ''aícija''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvaw}} ''avnɔvaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|íja}} ''šíja''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvaw}} ''šinɔvaw''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iêiš}} ''gáviɛ̈iš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvɛiš}} ''gávynɔvɛiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïêiš}} ''ɛ́öïɛ̈iš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛiš}} ''ɛ́önɔvɛiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iêiš}} ''aíciɛ̈iš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛiš}} ''avnɔvɛiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|íêiš}} ''šíɛ̈iš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛiš}} ''šinɔvɛiš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iêis}} ''gáviɛ̈is''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvis}} ''gávynɔvis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïêis}} ''ɛ́öïɛ̈is''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvis}} ''ɛ́önɔvis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iêis}} ''aíciɛ̈is''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvis}} ''avnɔvis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|íêis}} ''šíɛ̈is''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvis}} ''šinɔvis''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iêim}} ''gáviɛ̈im''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvɛim}} ''gávynɔvɛim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïêim}} ''ɛ́öïɛ̈im''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛim}} ''ɛ́önɔvɛim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iêim}} ''aíciɛ̈im''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛim}} ''avnɔvɛim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|íêim}} ''šíɛ̈im''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛim}} ''šinɔvɛim''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iöš}} ''gáviöš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvoš}} ''gávynɔvoš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïöš}} ''ɛ́öïöš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvoš}} ''ɛ́önɔvoš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iöš}} ''aíciöš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvoš}} ''avnɔvoš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|íöš}} ''šíöš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvoš}} ''šinɔvoš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iêin}} ''gáviɛ̈in''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynɔvɛin}} ''gávynɔvɛin''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïêin}} ''ɛ́öïɛ̈in''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛin}} ''ɛ́önɔvɛin''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iêin}} ''aíciɛ̈in''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛin}} ''avnɔvɛin''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|íêin}} ''šíɛ̈in''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nɔvɛin}} ''šinɔvɛin''
|}

=====Aorist=====
The [[w:Aorist|Aorist]] differs from the imperfect in that is expresses the [[w:perfective aspect|perfective aspect]]. It is used for:
* Event that began and ended in the past, viewed as a single whole rather than a process,
* States of being in the past that do not have any effect in the present,
* Events or states of being that are fully contained within a certain timeframe, such as when storytelling.

The Gothevian aorist has no passive forms. Instead, imperfect or perfect passives may be used.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|+ Aorist Indicative
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|ACT}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|PASS}}'''
! [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''
! [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''
! rowspan="7" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
! [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''
! [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iva}} ''gáviva''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïva}} ''ɛ́öïva''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|va}} ''áva''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|íva}} ''šíva''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivɛš}} ''gávivɛš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvɛš}} ''ɛ́öïvɛš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛš}} ''ávɛš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívɛš}} ''šívɛš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivus}} ''gávivus''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvus}} ''ɛ́öïvus''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vus}} ''ávus''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívus}} ''šívus''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivym}} ''gávivym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvym}} ''ɛ́öïvym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vym}} ''ávym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívym}} ''šívym''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivyš}} ''gávivyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvyš}} ''ɛ́öïvyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vyš}} ''ávyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívyš}} ''šívyš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivyn}} ''gávivyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvyn}} ''ɛ́öïvyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vyn}} ''ávyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívyn}} ''šívyn''
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|+ Aorist Subjunctive
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|ACT}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|PASS}}'''
! [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''
! [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''
! rowspan="7" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
! [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''
! [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivaw}} ''gávivaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvaw}} ''ɛ́öïvaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivaw}} ''aícivaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívaw}} ''šívaw''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivɛiš}} ''gávivɛiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvɛiš}} ''ɛ́öïvɛiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivɛiš}} ''aícivɛiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívɛiš}} ''šívɛiš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivɛis}} ''gávivɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvɛis}} ''ɛ́öïvɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivɛis}} ''aícivɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívɛis}} ''šívɛis''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivɛim}} ''gávivɛim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvɛim}} ''ɛ́öïvɛim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivɛim}} ''aícivɛim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívɛim}} ''šívɛim''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivoš}} ''gávivoš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvoš}} ''ɛ́öïvoš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivoš}} ''aícivoš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívoš}} ''šívoš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivɛin}} ''gávivɛin''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïvɛin}} ''ɛ́öïvɛin''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ivɛin}} ''aícivɛin''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ívɛin}} ''šívɛin''
|}

====Analytic forms====
The other two thirds of verbal conjugations in Gothevian are analytic, meaning they are contructed via [[w:Bound and free morphemes|unbound particles]] accompanying the main verb.
=====Future=====
The future tense is used for events or states of being occurring in the future. It is formed by adding the particle [[Contionary:šta|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}}]] (šta) directly before the simple present form of a verb.

In less formal speech or writing, {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} may contract to {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|št'}} (št'). This is especially prevalent if the main verb begins with a vowel ({{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta èö}} → {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|št'èö}}).
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|+ Future Indicative
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|ACT}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|PASS}}'''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''
! rowspan="7" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gaf}} ''šta gaf''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}} ''šta gávyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}} ''šta ɛ́ö''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} ''šta ɛ́ön''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}} ''šta ai''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|av}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} ''šta avn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|im}} ''šta im''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ši}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} ''šta šin''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛiš}} ''šta gávɛiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yniš}} ''šta gávyniš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|êiš}} ''šta ɛ́öɛ̈iš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} ''šta ɛ́öniš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''šta aiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} ''šta avniš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|iš}} ''šta iš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} ''šta šiniš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛis}} ''šta gávɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynis}} ''šta gávynis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|êis}} ''šta ɛ́öɛ̈is''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} ''šta ɛ́önis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} ''šta ais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} ''šta avnis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|i}} ''šta i''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} ''šta šinis''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ym}} ''šta gávym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynym}} ''šta gávynym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m}} ''šta ɛ́öm''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}} ''šta ɛ́önym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m}} ''šta aim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}} ''šta avnym''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šam}} ''šta šam''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}} ''šta šinym''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yš}} ''šta gávyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynyš}} ''šta gávynyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''šta ɛ́öš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} ''šta ɛ́önyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} ''šta ajš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} ''šta avnyš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šu}} ''šta šu''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} ''šta šinyš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yn}} ''šta gávyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynyn}} ''šta gávynyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} ''šta ɛ́ön''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} ''šta ɛ́önyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} ''šta ain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} ''šta avnyn''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šan}} ''šta šan''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} ''šta šinyn''
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|+ Future Subjunctive
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|ACT}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|PASS}}'''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''
! rowspan="7" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} ''šta gávaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynaw}} ''šta gávynaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äw}} ''šta ɛ́öäw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}} ''šta ɛ́önaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} ''šta aícaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}} ''šta ávnaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} ''šta šaw''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}} ''šta šínaw''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} ''šta gávaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynaiš}} ''šta gávynaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äiš}} ''šta ɛ́öäiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} ''šta ɛ́önaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} ''šta aícaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} ''šta ávnaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} ''šta šaiš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} ''šta šínaiš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} ''šta gávais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynais}} ''šta gávynais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äis}} ''šta ɛ́öäis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} ''šta ɛ́önais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} ''šta aícais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} ''šta ávnais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} ''šta šais''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} ''šta šínais''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}} ''šta gávaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynaim}} ''šta gávynaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äim}} ''šta ɛ́öäim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}} ''šta ɛ́önaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}} ''šta aícaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}} ''šta ávnaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}} ''šta šaim''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}} ''šta šínaim''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} ''šta gávawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynawš}} ''šta gávynawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äwš}} ''šta ɛ́öäwš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} ''šta ɛ́önawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} ''šta aícawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} ''šta ávnawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} ''šta šawš''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} ''šta šínawš''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} ''šta gávain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ynain}} ''šta gávynain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|äin}} ''šta ɛ́öäin''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} ''šta ɛ́önain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} ''šta aícain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} ''šta ávnain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} ''šta šain''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šta}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ší}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} ''šta šínain''
|}
=====Present Perfect=====
The present perfect tense is used for events or states of being occurring wholly in the past, viewed as a single whole, with a lasting effect on the present state. It also refers to a past event that happened fully before another event in the present. It is formed by using the simple present tense of [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}}]] (ain, "to have") alongside the imperfect active participle of the main verb. Both active and passive constructions use the imperfect active participle, with the voice distinction being codified into the auxiliary's conjugation.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|+ Present Perfect Indicative
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|ACT}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|PASS}}'''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''
! rowspan="12" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''
|-
! rowspan="5" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ai gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|av}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''avn gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ai ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|av}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''avn ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ai ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|av}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''avn ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ai vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|av}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''avn vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person masculine/neuter
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''aiš gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávniš gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''aiš ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávniš ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aiš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávniš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aiš vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávniš vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person feminine
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''aiš gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''ávniš gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''aiš ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''ávniš ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aiš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávniš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aiš vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|niš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávniš vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person masculine/neuter
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ais gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávnis gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ais ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávnis ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ais ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnis ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ais vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnis vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person feminine
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''ais gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''ávnis gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''ais ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''ávnis ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ais ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnis ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|s}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ais vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nis}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnis vɛis''
|-
! rowspan="5" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''aim gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávnym gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''aim ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávnym ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aim ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnym ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|m}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aim vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nym}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnym vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person masculine/neuter
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''aiš gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávnyš gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''aiš ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávnyš ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aiš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnyš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aiš vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnyš vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person feminine
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''aiš gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''ávnyš gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''aiš ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''ávnyš ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aiš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnyš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|š}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aiš vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnyš vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person masculine/neuter
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ain gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávnyn gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ain ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávnyn ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ain ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnyn ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ain vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnyn vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person feminine
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''ain gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''ávnyn gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''ain ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''ávnyn ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ain ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnyn ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ai}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ain vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nyn}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnyn vɛis''
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
|+ Present Perfect Subjunctive
! colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" | '''{{abbtip|endings specific to the active voice|ACT}} {{abbtip|endings specific to the passive voice|PASS}}'''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:gávyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gávyn]]}} ''(gávyn, "to give")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:èön|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èön]]}} ''(ɛ́ön, "to blow")''
! rowspan="12" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left;" |
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:ain|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain]]}} ''(ain, "to have")''
! colspan="2" | [[Contionary:víšyn|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|víšyn]]}} ''(víšyn, "to be")''
|-
! rowspan="5" style="font-weight:bold;" | singular
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''aícaw gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávnaw gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''aícaw ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávnaw ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aícaw ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnaw ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aícaw vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naw}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnaw vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person masculine/neuter
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''aícaiš gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávnaiš gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''aícaiš ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávnaiš ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aícaiš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnaiš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aícaiš vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnaiš vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person feminine
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''aícaiš gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''ávnaiš gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''aícaiš ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''ávnaiš ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aícaiš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnaiš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aícaiš vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naiš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnaiš vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person masculine/neuter
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''aícais gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávnais gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''aícais ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávnais ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aícais ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnais ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aícais vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnais vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person feminine
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''aícais gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''ávnais gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''aícais ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''ávnais ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aícais ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnais ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aícais vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nais}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnais vɛis''
|-
! rowspan="5" style="font-weight:bold;" | plural
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 1st person
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''aícaim gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávnaim gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''aícaim ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávnaim ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aícaim ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnaim ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aim}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aícaim vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|naim}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnaim vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person masculine/neuter
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''aícawš gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávnawš gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''aícawš ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávnawš ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aícawš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnawš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aícawš vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnawš vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 2nd person feminine
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''aícawš gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''ávnawš gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''aícawš ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''ávnawš ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aícawš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnawš ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aj}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|awš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aícawš vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nawš}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnawš vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person masculine/neuter
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''aícain gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|is}} ''ávnain gávis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''aícain ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïs}} ''ávnain ɛ́öïs''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aícain ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnain ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aícain vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnain vɛis''
|-
! style="font-weight:bold;" | 3rd person feminine
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''aícain gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|gáv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|izy}} ''ávnain gávizy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''aícain ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|èö}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ïzy}} ''ávnain ɛ́öïzy''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''aícain ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ait}} ''ávnain ait''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aíc}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''aícain vɛis''
| {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áv}}{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nain}} {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vɛis}} ''ávnain vɛis''
|}
=====Past Perfect=====
=====Future Perfect=====
====Inferential====

==Vocabulary==
==Sample texts==
==See also==