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https://linguifex.com/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Uvie Linguifex - User contributions [en] 2026-05-22T13:24:53Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.6 https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Qtolqjimctad%C3%BBB&diff=526682 QtolqjimctadûB 2026-05-22T00:02:35Z

<p>Uvie: </p> <hr /> <div>==Introduction==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ<br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p b<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ t d̚ d<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k g<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s z<br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ ʒ <br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ β<br /> |colspan="2"| f v<br /> |colspan="2"| θ ð<br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ ɧ̙ʷ̬<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <br /> |colspan="2"| χ ʁ<br /> |colspan="2"| h<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j ɥ<br /> |colspan="2"| w<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l ɫ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> Notes :<br /> <br /> In earlier documentation, proper knowledge of IPA was lacking and several of the phonemes had to be identified from either phonetically inaccurate IPA descriptions or vague, impressionistic ones. Several phonemes could not be recovered. Here is a list of deviations from the above table :<br /> <poem><br /> Identified phonemes :<br /> /ɸ/ was described as [fʷ] (written <ÎF, îf>).<br /> /β/ was described as [vʷ] (written <ÎV, îv>).<br /> /ʁ/ was described as [ʀ] (written <R, r>).<br /> /ʀ/ was described as [rˤ] (''sorte de « r » très roulé'', written <RX, rx>).<br /> /ɹ/ was described as [ʀˤ] (''sorte de « r » anglais'', written <RÛ, rû>).<br /> /ɫ/ was described as [l̪ ] (''comme à la fin du mot anglais "well"'', written <Û, û>).<br /> /χ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [x] (written <X, x>), while /x/ itself was most likely described as [xˤ] (written <ÎX, îx>).<br /> /ŋ/ was probably described as [ɲˤ] (written <ÎÑ, îñ>), while the sound described as [ŋ] (written <ÎÑg, îñg>) probably corresponded to /ᵑg/.<br /> In QtolqjimctadûB, the letter <Ë, ë> is described as [br̺ə], but no other letter or grapheme seems to correspond to /r̺/ on its own, while the digraph <LÛ, lû> is described only as [r] (''sorte de "r" roulé''), with no reference to Japanese. We'll assume the following : <br /> /ɾ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [r̺] as part of the cluster /bɾ/+V with the help of <Ë, ë> as [bɾə], described as [br̺ə].<br /> /r/ might have been what was described as [r] (''sorte de « r » roulé'', written <LÛ, lû>).<br /> /ɧ̙ʷ/ and its voiced version /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ are, to this day, subject to doubt regarding their IPA descriptions. They were most likely corresponding to the sounds described as [ʃ ̪ ] (written <ÎQ, îq>) and [ʒ̺̺̺ ] (written <ÎÖ, îö>).<br /> /t̚/ and /d̚/ are also subject to some doubt regarding their IPA descriptions still. They were described as [t̪] (written <TÛ, tû>) and [d̪] (written <DÛ, dû>).<br /> The phoneme described as [ʃʲ] probably has a realization closer to [ç] or [ɕ] (written <QÛ, qû>).<br /> <br /> Unidentified or very doubtful phonemes :<br /> Some /h/-like phoneme, described as [hˤ] (written <ÎH, îh>). It might have corresponded to /ɣ/, but it is not very likely.<br /> /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ might have been what was described as [l̤ʲ] (''la pointe de la langue touche le palais et non les dents'', written <HÛ, hû>). Based on its spelling it is more likely to be devoiced.<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i y<br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ<br /> |colspan="2"|u<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e ø<br /> |colspan="2"| ə<br /> |colspan="2"|o<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ œ ɛ̃ œ̃<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ ɔ̃<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä<br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃<br /> |}<br /> Vowel length is supposed to be phonemic, with regular (or short) vowels, and long vowels.<br /> <br /> Similarly to consonants, some vowels had to be "re-identified" from previous documentation and some deviations arise :<br /> <poem><br /> /œ/ is probably what was described as [æ] (written <E, ù>).<br /> /œ̃/ is probably what was described as [æ̃] (written <Ä, è>).<br /> /ø/ is probably what was described as [œ] (written <EU/Eu, eu> or <OE/Oe, oe>).<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Orthography===<br /> Orthography was made complicated on purpose.<br /> <br /> ====Alphabet====<br /> <poem><br /> A, a /a/<br /> B, b /b/<br /> C, c /s/<br /> D, d /d/<br /> E, e /ə/ ; E, ç /e/ ; E, ù /œ/ ; E, ÿ /ɛ/<br /> F, f /f/<br /> G, g /g/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> H, h /h/<br /> Ħ, ħ soundless ; mostly used in composed graphemes.<br /> I, i /i/<br /> J, j /ʒ/<br /> K, k /k/<br /> L, l /l/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> M, m /m/<br /> N, n /n/<br /> O, o /o/ or /ɔ/<br /> P, p /p/<br /> Q, q /ʃ/<br /> R, r /ʁ/<br /> S, s /θ/<br /> T, t /t/<br /> U, u /y/<br /> V, v /v/<br /> W, w /wi/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> X, x /χ/<br /> Y, y /jo/ or /ɔj/<br /> Z, z /z/<br /> Â, â /aj/<br /> Ê, ê /ja/<br /> Û, û /ɫ/<br /> Î, î /ɨ/ soundless when used in composed graphemes.<br /> Ô, ô /o/<br /> Ä, ä /ɑ̃/ ; Ä, à /ɔ̃/ ; Ä, é /ɛ̃/ ; Ä, è /œ̃/<br /> Ë, ë /bɾə/<br /> Ü, ü /j/<br /> Ï, ï /ɨ/<br /> Ö, ö /ð/<br /> Ã, ã /a/<br /> Õ, õ /o/<br /> Ñ, ñ /ɲ/<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ====Spelling rules====<br /> Long vowels are spelled with doubled graphemes (<Aa, aa> /a:/, etc).<br /> <br /> Some graphemes, namely <E, e> /ə/ ; <E, ç/ë> /e/ ; <E, ù/ĕ> /œ/ ; <E, ÿ/ê> /ɛ/ and <Ä, ä> /ɑ̃/ ; <Ä, à/ă> /ɔ̃/ ; <Ä, é/â> /ɛ̃/ ; <Ä, è/ä /œ̃/> use the same capital letter, but different minuscule letters, for different phonemes. This is partly due to limitations on a French keyboard, and partly to reflect the original Tolsian script in which these phonemes use the same letter but with different diacritics.<br /> <br /> The grapheme <Î, î> denotes /ɨ/, except in front of some consonants (<F, f>, <V, v>, <Q, q>, <Ö, ö>, <Ñ, ñ>, <X, x>, <H, h>) ; the grapheme <Ï, ï> is used instead in order to denote /ɨ/.<br /> <br /> There are many digraphs and even trigraphs ; usually, all letters are capitalized, when capitalization is needed.<br /> =====Digraphs with <Î, î>=====<br /> In the original documentation, these are described as "purified" (''épurés'').<br /> <poem><br /> ÎF, îf /ɸ/<br /> ÎV, îv /β/<br /> ÎQ, îq /ɧ̙ʷ/<br /> ÎÖ, îö /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ <br /> ÎÑ, îñ /ŋ/<br /> ÎX, îx /x/<br /> ÎH, îh unknown, possibly /ɣ/<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> =====Trigraphs with <Î, î>=====<br /> There is one such trigraph, also considered to be "purified".<br /> <poem><br /> ÎÑg, îñg /ᵑg/<br /> </poem><br /> =====Digraphs with <Û, û>=====<br /> Some of these digraphs were originally described as "wet" (''mouillés'') :<br /> <poem><br /> TÛ, tû /t̚/<br /> QÛ, qû /ʃʲ/ (probably realized [ç] or [ɕ])<br /> DÛ, dû /d̚/<br /> </poem><br /> Others were not considered to be "wet" :<br /> <poem><br /> LÛ, lû /r/<br /> HÛ, hû possibly /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ <br /> RÛ, rû /ɹ/ <br /> <br /> =====Digraphs with <Ħ, ħ>=====<br /> These can also be written as trigraphs, swapping <Ħ, ħ> for <Hh, hh>. As digraphs, one may likewise capitalize both letters or only the first one. As trigraphs, Only the first letter is capitalized.<br /> Ħ, ħ can be found on its own but is soundless. It may be used as part of the following digraphs, or used to maintain a hiatus between vowels and <I, i> or <O, o>. It can also be written <Hh, hh>.<br /> PĦ/Pħ, pħ /f/ (or <Phh, phh>)<br /> TĦ/Tħ, tħ /s/ (or <Thh, thh><br /> JĦ/Jħ, jħ /ʒ/ (or <Jhh, jhh>)<br /> BĦ/Bħ, bħ /v/ (or <Bhh, bhh>)<br /> DĦ/Dħ, dħ /z/ (or <Dhh, dhh>)<br /> SĦ/Sħ, sħ /ð/ (or <Shh, shh>)<br /> <br /> <br /> =====Some more consonantal digraphs=====<br /> RX, rx /ʀ/<br /> <br /> =====Vocalic digraphs=====<br /> <poem><br /> <EU/Eu, eu> [ø]<br /> <OU/Ou, ou> [u]<br /> <OE/Oe, oe> [ø]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Nasal vowels=====<br /> Some digraphs and trigraphs denote nasal vowels, with <N, n> and <M, m> :<br /> <poem><br /> <An, an> /ɑ̃/<br /> <Am, am> /ɑ̃/<br /> <En, en> /ɑ̃/<br /> <Em, em> /ɑ̃/<br /> <In, in> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Im, im> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Ein, ein> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Eim, eim> /ɛ̃/<br /> <On, on> /ɔ̃/<br /> <Om, om> /ɔ̃/<br /> <Un, un> /œ̃/<br /> <Um, um> /œ̃/<br /> </poem><br /> However, if there are two <N, n> or <M, m> following a vowel, then it is not nasalized but pronounced as V+[n or m] instead (<Ann, ann> [an], <Amm, amm> [am],... etc). Besides, vocalic graphemes other than <A, a>, <E, e>, <I, i>, <O, o>, <U, u> do not get nasalized when followed by an <N, n> or <M, m>.<br /> =====Diphtongues=====<br /> They have been described as diphtongues, but should rather be analyzed as combinations of vowels and approximants. There are three different approximants : /j/, /w/ and /ɥ/, which only appear in a limited number of cases.<br /> *Diphtongues /j/ + vowel :<br /> They are usually written with a <I, i> followed by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <I, i> stands for /j/ :<br /> <poem><br /> <Ia, ia> [ja]<br /> <Ie, ie> [jə]<br /> <Iç, iç> [je]<br /> <Iù, iù> [jœ]<br /> <Iÿ, iÿ> [jɛ]<br /> <Io, io> [jo] or [jɔ]<br /> <Iu, iu> [jy]<br /> <Iô, iô> [jo]<br /> <Iä, iä> [jɑ̃]<br /> <Ià, ià> [jɔ̃]<br /> <Ié, ié> [jɛ̃]<br /> <Iè, iè> [jœ̃]<br /> <Ii, ii> [ji]<br /> <Iou, iou> [ju]<br /> <Ieu, ieu> [jø]<br /> </poem><br /> However, there are a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> ÜÃ, üã [ja]<br /> ÜÕ, üõ [jo]<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues vowel + /j/ :<br /> They are usually written with a <Ü, ü> preceded by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <Ü, ü> stands for /j/ (minus the exceptions above) :<br /> <poem><br /> <AÜ, aü> [aj]<br /> <EÜ, eü> [əj]<br /> <EÜ, çü> [ej]<br /> <EÜ, ùü> [œj]<br /> <EÜ, ÿü> [ɛj]<br /> <OÜ, oü> [oj] or [ɔj]<br /> <UÜ, uü> [yj]<br /> <ÔÜ, ôü> [oj]<br /> <ÄÜ, äü> [ɑ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, àü> [ɔ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, éü> [ɛ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, èü> [œ̃j]<br /> <ÃÜ, ãü> [aj]<br /> <ÕÜ, õü> [oj]<br /> <EUÜ, euü> [øj]<br /> </poem><br /> There are also a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> EÎ, eî [əj]<br /> EÎ, çî [ej]<br /> EÎ, ùî [œj]<br /> EÎ, ÿî [ɛj]<br /> IÎ, iî [ij]<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues with /w/ :<br /> These are usually written with a <O, o>, either followed or preceded by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <O, o> stands for /w/ :<br /> <poem><br /> <Oa, oa> [wa]<br /> <Oe, oe> [wə]<br /> <Oç, oç> [we]<br /> <Où, où> [wœ]<br /> <Oÿ, oÿ> [wɛ]<br /> <Oo, oo> [wo] or [wɔ]<br /> <Oy, oy> [wy]<br /> <Oô, oô> [wo]<br /> <Oä, oä> [wɑ̃]<br /> <Oà, oà> [wɔ̃]<br /> <Oé, oé> [wɛ̃]<br /> <Oè, oè> [wœ̃] (This one was described as [wœ̃] already in the original documentation (instead of expected [wæ̃] and has therefore cast some doubt on the identification of vowels /ø/, /œ/ and /œ̃/.)<br /> <Oi, oi> [wi]<br /> <Oeu, oeu> [wø]<br /> And reciprocally (<Ao, ao> [aw]... etc).<br /> </poem><br /> There are however a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> <Io, io> is ambiguous and can denote either /iw/ or /jo/<br /> <Oe, oe> is ambiguous and can denote either /wə/ or /ø/<br /> <OU/Ou, ou> always denotes /u/.<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues with /ɥ/ :<br /> <poem><br /> UÎ, uî [ɥi]<br /> Ui, ui [ɥi]<br /> Ua, ua [ɥa]<br /> Uç, uç [ɥe]<br /> Uÿ, uÿ [ɥɛ]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Triphtongues=====<br /> They should also be analyzed as combinations of approximant + vowel + approximant. Besides using <I, i> and <O, o> or even <Ü, ü> and <U, u>, there is a handful of special spellings that denote such "triphtongues" :<br /> <poem><br /> ÜÂ, üâ [jaj]<br /> ÜY, üy [jɔj]<br /> ÊÜ, êü [jaj]<br /> YÜ, yü [joj] or [jɔj]<br /> ÃÎ, ãî [aji]<br /> ÕÎ, õî [oji]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Word-final position induced changes=====<br /> The original consonants /g/ <G, g>, /l/ <L, l> and syllable /wi/ <W, w> turn into [j] when in a word-final position.<br /> <poem><br /> <g> /j/<br /> <l> /j/<br /> <w> /j/<br /> </poem><br /> There are some other special spellings :<br /> <poem><br /> <ebm> /ɛjm/<br /> <ebn> /ɛjn/<br /> </poem><br /> Finally, some letters are simply not pronounced at the end of a word :<br /> <poem><br /> <e><br /> <ô><br /> <d><br /> <nowiki><q></nowiki><br /> <nowiki><s></nowiki><br /> <t><br /> <z><br /> <er><br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ====Table of phonemes and their principal corresponding graphemes====<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m <M, m><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n <N, n><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ <Ñ, ñ><br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ <ÎÑ, îñ><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p <P, p> ; b <B, b><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ <TÛ, tû> ; t <T, t> ; d̚ <DÛ, dû> ; d <D, d><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k <K, k> ; g <G, g><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s <C, c> alt. <TĦ/Tħ, tħ> ; z <Z, z> alt. <DĦ/Dħ, dħ> <br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ <Q, q> ; ʒ <J, j> alt. <JĦ/Jħ, jħ> <br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ <QÛ, qû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ <ÎF, îf> ; β <ÎV, îv><br /> |colspan="2"| f <F, f> alt. <PĦ/Pħ, pħ> ; v <V, v> alt. <BĦ/Bħ, bħ><br /> |colspan="2"| θ <S, s> ; ð <Ö, ö> alt. <SĦ/Sħ, sħ><br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ <HÛ, hû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ <ÎQ, îq> ; ɧ̙ʷ̬ <ÎÖ, îö><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <ÎX, îx><br /> |colspan="2"| χ <X, x> ; ʁ <R, r><br /> |colspan="2"| h <H, h><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ <RÛ, rû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j <I, i> (before a vowel), <Ü, ü> (after a vowel) ; ɥ <U, u> (before some vowels)<br /> |colspan="2"| w <O, o> (before or after a vowel)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r <LÛ, lû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ <RX, rx><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (ɾ ?)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l <L, l> ɫ <Û, û><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg <ÎÑg, îñg><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i <I, i> ; y <U, u><br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ <Î, î> alt. <Ï, ï><br /> |colspan="2"|u <OU/Ou, ou><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e <E, ç> ; ø <EU/Eu, eu> alt. <OE/Oe, oe><br /> |colspan="2"| ə <E, e><br /> |colspan="2"|o <O, o> alt. <Ô, ô> alt. <Õ, õ><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ <E, ÿ> ; œ <E, ù> ; ɛ̃ <Ä, é> ; œ̃ <Ä, è><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ <O, o> ; ɔ̃ <Ä, à><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä <A, a> alt. <Ã, ã><br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃ <Ä, ä><br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Prosody===<br /> ====Stress====<br /> <br /> There is no lexical stress. It can be assumed that most words or verbal and nominal groups have a slight stress on the last syllable, like in French ; however, there is supposed to be a distinction between short and long vowels, so we can assume that long vowels would be stressed.<br /> <br /> ====Intonation====<br /> <br /> ===Phonotactics===<br /> <br /> ===Morphophonology===<br /> <br /> ==Morphology==<br /> <br /> There are five main parts of speech in Qtolqjimctadû : nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and particles.<br /> <br /> ===Nouns===<br /> Nouns have definiteness, gender, and number. <br /> <br /> ====Gender====<br /> Earlier documentation mentions the existence of three genders : neuter, masculine, and feminine. Neuter is said to be the gender of most nouns, which would indicate that it probably refers to non-animate things, while masculine and feminine are probably used for animate things.<br /> <br /> ====Definiteness====<br /> Earlier documentation only mentions that there are definite articles, and that they agree with the noun they qualify. We can posit that definiteness is marked by definite and indefinite articles which we can assume to agree in gender and number with the nouns.<br /> <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ====Number====<br /> Earlier documentation mentions number, but does not describe it. Most likely, there would an unmarked singular and a plural marked by a suffix.<br /> <br /> ====Pronouns====<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Personal subject pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Pronoun<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || I || êü /jaj/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || you || oü /oj/ or /ɔj/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.masc || he || tag /taj/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.fem || she || tal /taj/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.impersonal || "man", "one" || tawi /tawi/<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || we || îhalÿn /xalɛn/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || you || hiçve /hjev/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.masc || they || tagg /tag/ (or /tagj/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.fem || they || tall /tal/ (or /talj/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || you || îqann /ɧ̙ʷan/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Demonstrative pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Pronoun<br /> |-<br /> | Singular demonstrative pronoun || this || fe /fə/<br /> |-<br /> | Plural demonstrative pronoun || these || fae /fa/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> Possessive pronouns are mentioned, besides the possessive particle -dô, to express genitive. We can assume they agree in gender and number with the nouns denoting what is "possessed".<br /> <br /> ===Verbs===<br /> <br /> There are two main verbal groups, one ending in "-ë" (usually with a radical ending in a vowel), and one ending in "-er" (usually with a radical ending in a consonant). Verbs are conjugated for person, tense, and mood. There are formally seven persons : first singular, second singular, third singular, first plural, second plural, third plural, and the "polite" second person used in formal contexts for which number is neutralized. Verbs are conjugated by suffixing endings to the radical.<br /> <br /> ====Mood====<br /> <br /> There are four moods : indicative, conditional, imperative and so-called "absolute" (can also be called gnomic). <br /> =====Indicative=====<br /> The indicative and absolute moods are forms of realis : indicative is used to express statements or facts, and also other modalities not expressed with other moods. <br /> <br /> =====Absolute=====<br /> The absolute is traditionally treated as a mood because of its specific grammatical markings, but better corresponds semantically to the gnomic aspect.<br /> <br /> =====Imperative=====<br /> The conditional and imperative moods are forms of irrealis : the imperative expresses commands, prohibitions and requests. It is not used with the seventh person (2nd person used for politeness). <br /> <br /> =====Conditional=====<br /> The conditional expresses hypotheticals, desires and wishes. <br /> <br /> ====Tense====<br /> <br /> There are three main tenses : present, past and future. <br /> <br /> =====Present=====<br /> *In the indicative mode, there is one present, the indicative present.<br /> *In the conditional mood, there is also one present, the conditional present.<br /> *In the imperative and absolute moods, there is only a present tense.<br /> <br /> =====Past=====<br /> *In the indicative mood, there are two kinds of past : the so-called "general past" (''passé général''), which is meant to correspond to the French imperfect or simple past ; and the so-called "foregone past" (''passé révolu''), meant to correspond to the French simple past or ''passé composé'' (present perfect), built analytically with the auxiliary verb "to be" in the general past past and the past participle.<br /> *In the conditional mood, there is one past : the "past conditional" (''conditionnel passé''), built analytically with the auxiliary verb "to have" in the present conditional followed with the past participle.<br /> <br /> =====Future=====<br /> In the indicative mood, there are two kinds of future : the "general future" (''futur général''), which indicates event that are yet to happen, and the "retrospective future" (''futur rétrospectif''), which corresponds to the traditional "future perfect" (''futur antérieur''), used to express an action that will be completed before another action in the future and built analytically with the auxiliary verb "to be" in the general future followed by the past participle.<br /> <br /> =====Infinitive=====<br /> <br /> The infinitive form of the verb, placed after the subject, is meant to correspond to the French subjunctive.<br /> <br /> Placed after the present participle of the verb "to have", it expresses a continuing action (''Pour équivaloir l'idée de présent continu : français "être en train de..."'').<br /> <br /> =====Negation=====<br /> <br /> QtolqjimctadûB uses double negation :<br /> <br /> Nott + subject + näo + verb<br /> <br /> Example : Nott êü näo kaq, "I am not".<br /> <br /> ====Conjugation tables====<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Indicative present<br /> |-<br /> ! Person !! First group ending !! Second group ending<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || -q / / || -e / /<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || -s / / || -es / /<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG || -t / / || -e / /<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || -w /j/ || -ew /əj/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || -z / / || -ez / /<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL || -e / / || -et / /<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || -nae /na/ || -ea /əa/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Indicative simple past<br /> |-<br /> ! Person !! First group ending !! Second group ending<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || -qe /ʃ/ || -u /y/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || -se /θ/ || -us /y/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG || -tt /t/ || -ue /y/<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || -iw /ij/ || -uw /yj/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || -ze /z/ || -uz /y/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL || -f /f/ || -ut /y/<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || -naf /naf/ || -ua /ɥa/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> The so-called "foregone past" is built analytically with the auxiliary verb "to be" in the general past past and the past participle of the verb.<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Indicative simple future<br /> |-<br /> ! Person !! First group ending !! Second group ending<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || -i /i/ || -i /i/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || -si /θi/ || -is /i/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG || -itt /it/ || -ie /i/<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || -wi /wi/ || -iw /ij/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || -zi /zi/ || -iz /i/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL || -ie /i/ || -it /i/<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || -naü /naj/ || -ia /ja/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> The so-called "retrospective future" (future perfect) is built analytically with the auxiliary verb "to be" in the general future followed by the past participle of the verb.<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Conditional present<br /> |-<br /> ! Person !! First group ending !! Second group ending<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || -rq /ʁ/ (or /ʁʃ? ?) || -re /ʁ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || -rs /ʁ/ (or /ʁθ/ ?) || -res /ʁ/ (or /ʁə/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG || -rt /ʁ/ (or /ʁt/ || -re /ʁ/<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || -rw /ʁj/ || -rew /ʁəj/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || -rz /ʁ/ (or /ʁz/ ?) || -rez /ʁ/ (or /ʁə/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL || -re /ʁ/ || -ret /ʁ/ (or /ʁə/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || -rane /ʁan/ || -rea /ʁəa/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> The conditional past is built analytically with the auxiliary verb "to have" in the present conditional followed with the past participle of the verb.<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Imperative<br /> |-<br /> ! Person !! First group ending !! Second group ending<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || - (radical) || -e / /<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || - (radical) || -es / / (or /ə/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG || -e / / || -t / / <br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || -w /j/ || -ew /əj/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || -z / / || -ez / / (or /ə/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL || -ee / / (or /ə/ ?) || -eet / / (or /ə/ ?)<br /> |}<br /> There is no imperative form for the person of politeness.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Absolute<br /> |-<br /> ! Person !! First group ending !! Second group ending<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || -qae /ʃa/ || -ae /a/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || -sae /θa/ || -aes /a/ (or /aə/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG || -tae /ta/ || -aee /a/ (or /aə/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || -awe /aj/ (or /awi/ ?) || -aew /aəj/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || -zae /za/ || -aez /a/ (or /aə/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL || -eae /əa/ || -aet /a/ (or /aə/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || -anae || -aea /aəa/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ====Participle====<br /> <br /> =====Present participle=====<br /> <br /> It is built by adding an ending to the radical of the verb : either -ëm /bɾəm/ (first group), or -end /ɑ̃/ (second group).<br /> <br /> =====Past participle=====<br /> <br /> The past participle is built by adding the ending -tç /te/ to the verb radical, for verbs of the first group ; and by adding the ending -e (unpronounced) to the verb radical, for verbs of the second group. <br /> <br /> The past participle agrees in gender and number with the object of the verb :<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Past participle<br /> |-<br /> ! !! first group !! second group<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine singular || -tç /te/ || -e / /<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine singular || -tçe /te/ || -ee / /<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine plural || -tçs /te/ || -es / /<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine plural || -tçes /te/ || -ees / /<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Adjectives===<br /> <br /> Adjectives agree in gender and number with the nouns they qualify.<br /> <br /> ===Adverbs===<br /> <br /> There is no information on adverbs but, based on other versions of Tolsian, we can assume they are invariable in form, qualify verbs and adjectives, and are usually placed before the verb or adjective they qualify.<br /> <br /> ===Particles===<br /> <br /> Particles are function words that include prepositions, postpositions, conjunction words, etc. <br /> *One notable particle is the so-called subject particle, which is used with stative verbs to introduce the subject's attribute. It can take two different forms, usually depending on whether the subject is animate (particle "tke?") or inanimate (particle "ke?"), but also potentially on whether the relationship between subject and attribute is perceived as "temporary" or "eternal".<br /> *Another notable particle is the "possessive" particle, which is suffixed to the noun that represents a "possessor", akin to a genitive marking. It can be used instead of possessive pronouns, when suffixed to a personal subject pronoun : for instance, the personal pronoun "êü" + the possessive particle "-dô" becomes "êüdô", ''my''. <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Syntax==<br /> ===Constituent order===<br /> <br /> *The most common constituent order of a declarative sentence is SVO, but can be flexible.<br /> *Interrogative sentences are formed by inversing verb and subject (the subject cannot be omitted in this case).<br /> <br /> ===Noun phrase===<br /> If there is a determiner (for example, a definiteness article), it is placed at the beginning of the noun phrase. Most particles are placed between a determiner and the adjective + noun (or noun + adjective) group. A prepositional phrase or clause comes after.<br /> <br /> <br /> *Genitive phrase :<br /> <br /> "My mother" : (Article) êüdô maîha.<br /> <br /> (Definite article) + Subject pronoun + possessive particle suffix + "mother".<br /> <br /> Alternatively, a possessive pronoun can be used.<br /> <br /> ===Verb phrase===<br /> <br /> The subject pronoun is optional, but placed right in front of the verb if used.<br /> <br /> ===Sentence phrase===<br /> ===Dependent clauses===<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Example texts==<br /> <br /> ==Other resources==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Qtolqjimctadû]]<br /> [[Category:Languages]]<br /> [[Category:Conlangs]]<br /> [[Category:Tolsian]]</div>

Uvie https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Qtolqjimctad%C3%BB&diff=526681 Qtolqjimctadû 2026-05-21T23:24:00Z

<p>Uvie: /* Conjugation tables */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Introduction==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ<br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p b<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ t d̚ d<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k g<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s z<br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ ʒ <br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ β<br /> |colspan="2"| f v<br /> |colspan="2"| θ ð<br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ ɧ̙ʷ̬<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <br /> |colspan="2"| χ ʁ<br /> |colspan="2"| h<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j ɥ<br /> |colspan="2"| w<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l ɫ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> Notes :<br /> <br /> In earlier documentation, proper knowledge of IPA was lacking and several of the phonemes had to be identified from either phonetically inaccurate IPA descriptions or vague, impressionistic ones. Several phonemes could not be recovered. Here is a list of deviations from the above table :<br /> <poem><br /> Identified phonemes :<br /> /ɸ/ was described as [fʷ] (written <ÎF, îf>).<br /> /β/ was described as [vʷ] (written <ÎV, îv>).<br /> /ʁ/ was described as [ʀ] (written <R, r>).<br /> /ʀ/ was described as [rˤ] (''sorte de « r » très roulé'', written <RX, rx>).<br /> /ɹ/ was described as [ʀˤ] (''sorte de « r » anglais'', written <RÛ, rû>).<br /> /ɫ/ was described as [l̪ ] (''comme à la fin du mot anglais "well"'', written <Û, û>).<br /> /χ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [x] (written <X, x>), while /x/ itself was most likely described as [xˤ] (written <ÎX, îx>).<br /> /ŋ/ was probably described as [ɲˤ] (written <ÎÑ, îñ>), while the sound described as [ŋ] (written <ÎÑg, îñg>) probably corresponded to /ᵑg/.<br /> The situation between /ɾ/ and /r/ is unclear : the sound described as [r̺] (written <ĦÛ, ħû>) is also described as being part of the cluster described as [br̺ə] (written <Ë, ë>), which would indicate that it should in fact correspond to /ɾ/ ; however, the choice of IPA notation describes it as "apical", which may indicate that it corresponds rather to the trill /r/, corroborated by the fact that the sound described as [r] (''sorte de « r » roulé à la japonaise'', written <LÛ, lû>) is also likely to be a flap /ɾ/. But at the same time, it could indicate that it is not considered to be a trill, if there was knowledge that /r/ in IPA represents a proper trill. We'll assume the following :<br /> /ɾ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [r̺] (written <ĦÛ, ħû>, as well as part of the cluster /bɾ/+V with the help of <Ë, ë> as [bɾə], described as [br̺ə]).<br /> /r/ might have been what was described as [r] (''sorte de « r » roulé à la japonaise'', written <LÛ, lû>).<br /> /ɧ̙ʷ/ and its voiced version /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ are, to this day, subject to doubt regarding their IPA descriptions. They were most likely corresponding to the sounds described as [ʃ ̪ ] (written <ÎQ, îq>) and [ʒ̺̺̺ ] (written <ÎÖ, îö> or <LÎÖ, lîö>).<br /> /t̚/ and /d̚/ are also subject to some doubt regarding their IPA descriptions still. They were described as [t̪] (written <TÛ, tû>) and [d̪] (written <DÛ, dû>).<br /> The phoneme described as [ʃʲ] probably has a realization closer to [ç] or [ɕ] (written <QÛ, qû>).<br /> <br /> Unidentified or very doubtful phonemes :<br /> Some /h/-like phoneme, described as [hˤ] (written <ÎH, îh>). It might have corresponded to /ɣ/, but it is not very likely.<br /> /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ might have been what was described as [l̤ʲ] (written <HÛ, hû>). Based on its spelling it is more likely to be devoiced.<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i y<br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ<br /> |colspan="2"|u<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e ø<br /> |colspan="2"| ə<br /> |colspan="2"|o<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ œ ɛ̃ œ̃<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ ɔ̃<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä<br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃<br /> |}<br /> Vowel length is supposed to be phonemic, with regular (or short) vowels, and long vowels.<br /> <br /> Similarly to consonants, some vowels had to be "re-identified" from previous documentation and some deviations arise :<br /> <poem><br /> /œ/ is probably what was described as [æ] (written <Ù, ù> or <E, ĕ> or <EÔ/Eô, eô>).<br /> /œ̃/ is probably what was described as [æ̃] (written <Ä, è> or <Ä, ä>).<br /> /ø/ is probably what was described as [œ] (written <EU/Eu, eu> or <OE/Oe, oe>).<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Orthography===<br /> Orthography was made complicated on purpose.<br /> <br /> ====Alphabet====<br /> <poem><br /> A, a /a/<br /> B, b /b/<br /> C, c /s/<br /> D, d /d/<br /> E, e /ə/ ; E, ç/ë /e/ ; E, ù/ĕ /œ/ ; E, ÿ/ê /ɛ/<br /> F, f /f/<br /> G, g /g/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> H, h /h/<br /> Ħ, ħ soundless ; mostly used in composed graphemes.<br /> I, i /i/<br /> J, j /ð/<br /> K, k /k/<br /> L, l /l/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> M, m /m/<br /> N, n /n/<br /> O, o /o/ or /ɔ/<br /> P, p /p/<br /> Q, q /ʃ/<br /> R, r /ʁ/<br /> S, s /θ/<br /> T, t /t/<br /> U, u /y/<br /> V, v /v/<br /> W, w /wi/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> X, x /χ/<br /> Y, y /jo/ or /ɔj/<br /> Z, z /z/<br /> Â, â /aj/<br /> Ê, ê /ja/<br /> Û, û /ɫ/<br /> Î, î /ɨ/ soundless when used in composed graphemes.<br /> Ô, ô /o/<br /> Ä, ä /ɑ̃/ ; Ä, à/ă /ɔ̃/ ; Ä, é/â /ɛ̃/ ; Ä, è/ä /œ̃/<br /> Ë, ë /bɾə/<br /> Ü, ü /j/<br /> Ï, ï /ɨ/<br /> Ö, ö /ʒ/<br /> Ã, ã /a/<br /> Õ, õ /o/<br /> Ñ, ñ /ɲ/<br /> </poem><br /> =====History=====<br /> Like most, if not all, versions of Tolsian, Qtolqjimctadû was meant to be written with the original Tolsian script. Some graphemes were chosen because of the limitations of the French keyboard, but were initally supposed to correspond to another, preexisting grapheme, with a diacritic, in order to reflect the original script. Some graphemes with diacritic are supposed to represent letters in the original script that are not simply versions of another letter with a diacritic ; this is why in the list below, <nowiki><ë></nowiki> appears to represent /e/, alongside <nowiki><ç></nowiki>, whereas in <Ë, ë> it represents /bɾə/ in the alphabet : they have different underlying identities.<br /> <poem><br /> <e> with diaeresis ¨ becomes <ç> (or <ë>)<br /> <e> with cedilla or possibly hook below (''accent « petite courbe vers le bas »'') becomes <ù> (or <ĕ>)<br /> <e> with circumflex accent ^ becomes <ÿ> (or <ê>)<br /> <O, o> (or <Ô, ô> ?) with circumflex accent becomes <Õ, õ><br /> <U, u> with dieresis becomes <Ü, ü><br /> <U, u> with circumflex accent becomes <Û, û><br /> <Â, â> with circumflex accent becomes <Ê, ê><br /> <Î, î> with circumflex accent becomes <Ï, ï><br /> <ä> with cedilla or hook below becomes <à> (o <ă>)<br /> <ä> with circumflex becomes <é> (or <â>)<br /> <ä> with diaeresis becomes <è> (or <ä>)<br /> <Â, â> with circumflex becomes <Ã, ã><br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ====Spelling rules====<br /> Long vowels are spelled with doubled graphemes (<Aa, aa> /a:/, etc).<br /> <br /> Some graphemes, namely <E, e> /ə/ ; <E, ç/ë> /e/ ; <E, ù/ĕ> /œ/ ; <E, ÿ/ê> /ɛ/ and <Ä, ä> /ɑ̃/ ; <Ä, à/ă> /ɔ̃/ ; <Ä, é/â> /ɛ̃/ ; <Ä, è/ä /œ̃/> use the same capital letter, but different minuscule letters, for different phonemes. This is partly due to limitations on a French keyboard, and partly to reflect the original Tolsian script in which these phonemes use the same letter but with different diacritics.<br /> <br /> The grapheme <Î, î> denotes /ɨ/, except in front of some consonants (<F, f>, <V, v>, <Q, q>, <Ö, ö>, <Ñ, ñ>, <X, x>, <H, h>) ; the grapheme <Ï, ï> is used instead in order to denote /ɨ/.<br /> <br /> There are many digraphs and even trigraphs ; usually, all letters are capitalized, when capitalization is needed.<br /> =====Digraphs with <Î, î>=====<br /> In the original documentation, these are described as "purified" (''épurés'').<br /> <poem><br /> ÎF, îf /ɸ/<br /> ÎV, îv /β/<br /> ÎQ, îq /ɧ̙ʷ/<br /> ÎÖ, îö /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ <br /> ÎÑ, îñ /ŋ/<br /> ÎX, îx /x/<br /> ÎH, îh unknown, possibly /ɣ/<br /> </poem><br /> It is unclear if the following are considered to be "purified" :<br /> <poem><br /> <Äî, äî> /an/<br /> <Äî, àî> /on/ or /ɔn/<br /> <Äî, éî> /in/ or /im/<br /> <Äî, èî> /un/ or /œm/<br /> </poem><br /> =====Trigraphs with <Î, î>=====<br /> These were also considered to be "purified".<br /> <poem><br /> LÎÖ, lîö /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ <br /> ÎÑg, îñg /ᵑg/<br /> </poem><br /> =====Digraphs with <Û, û>=====<br /> Some of these digraphs were originally described as "wet" (''mouillés'') :<br /> <poem><br /> TÛ, tû /t̚/<br /> QÛ, qû /ʃʲ/ (probably realized [ç] or [ɕ])<br /> DÛ, dû /d̚/<br /> </poem><br /> Others were not considered to be "wet" :<br /> <poem><br /> LÛ, lû /r/<br /> HÛ, hû possibly /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ <br /> ĦÛ, ħû /ɾ/<br /> RÛ, rû /ɹ/ <br /> <br /> =====Trigraphs with <Û, û>=====<br /> There is only one such trigraph, and only the first letter is capitalized, if needed. It is possibly meant to appear only word-initially as it was only given as <Tûhh> :<br /> Tûhh /θ/<br /> <br /> =====Digraphs with <Ħ, ħ>=====<br /> These can also be written as trigraphs, swapping <Ħ, ħ> for <Hh, hh>. As digraphs, one may likewise capitalize both letters or only the first one. As trigraphs, Only the first letter is capitalized.<br /> Ħ, ħ can be found on its own but is soundless. It may be used as part of the following digraphs, or used to maintain a hiatus between vowels and <I, i> or <O, o>. It can also be written <Hh, hh>.<br /> PĦ/Pħ, pħ /f/ (or <Phh, phh>)<br /> TĦ/Tħ, tħ /s/ (or <Thh, thh><br /> JĦ/Jħ, jħ /ʒ/ (or <Jhh, jhh>)<br /> BĦ/Bħ, bħ /v/ (or <Bhh, bhh>)<br /> DĦ/Dħ, dħ /z/ (or <Dhh, dhh>)<br /> SĦ/Sħ, sħ /z/ (or <Shh, shh>)<br /> <br /> =====Digraphs and trigraph with <Ë, ë>=====<br /> The phoneme /ɾ/ also appears as part of a syllable /bɾə/, written <Ë, ë>. When <Ë, ë> is followed by a vowel, the /ə/ is replaced by that vowel :<br /> Ëa, ëa [bɾa]<br /> Ëç, ëç [bɾe]<br /> Ëÿ, ëÿ [bɾɛ]<br /> Ëu, ëu [bɾy]<br /> Ëo, ëo [bɾo] or [bɾɔ]<br /> Ëï, ëï [bɾi]<br /> Ëä, ëä [bɾɑ̃]<br /> Ëà, ëà [bɾɔ̃]<br /> Ëé, ëé [bɾɛ̃]<br /> Ëè, ëè [bɾœ̃]<br /> Ëou, ëou [bɾu]<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> =====Some more consonantal digraphs=====<br /> RX, rx /ʀ/<br /> QJ/Qj, qj /ʒ/<br /> =====Vocalic digraphs=====<br /> <poem><br /> <Oi, oi> [i]<br /> <EU/Eu, eu> [ø]<br /> <OU/Ou, ou> [u]<br /> <EA, ea> [ɛ]<br /> (But <Ea, ea> [əa])<br /> <OE/Oe, oe> [ø]<br /> <EÔ/Eô, eô> [œ]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Nasal vowels=====<br /> Some digraphs and trigraphs denote nasal vowels, with <N, n> and <M, m> :<br /> <poem><br /> <An, an> /ɑ̃/<br /> <Am, am> /ɑ̃/<br /> <En, en> /ɑ̃/<br /> <Em, em> /ɑ̃/<br /> <In, in> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Im, im> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Ein, ein> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Eim, eim> /ɛ̃/<br /> <On, on> /ɔ̃/<br /> <Om, om> /ɔ̃/<br /> <Un, un> /œ̃/<br /> <Um, um> /œ̃/<br /> </poem><br /> However, if there are two <N, n> or <M, m> following a vowel, then it is not nasalized but pronounced as V+[n or m] instead (<Ann, ann> [an], <Amm, amm> [am],... etc). Besides, vocalic graphemes other than <A, a>, <E, e>, <I, i>, <O, o>, <U, u> do not get nasalized when followed by an <N, n> or <M, m>.<br /> =====Diphtongues=====<br /> They have been described as diphtongues, but should rather be analyzed as combinations of vowels and approximants. There are three different approximants : /j/, /w/ and /ɥ/, which only appear in a limited number of cases.<br /> *Diphtongues /j/ + vowel :<br /> They are usually written with a <I, i> followed by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <I, i> stands for /j/ :<br /> <poem><br /> <Ia, ia> [ja]<br /> <Ie, ie> [jə]<br /> <Iç, iç> [je]<br /> <Iù, iù> [jœ]<br /> <Iÿ, iÿ> [jɛ]<br /> <Io, io> [jo] or [jɔ]<br /> <Iu, iu> [jy]<br /> <Iô, iô> [jo]<br /> <Iä, iä> [jɑ̃]<br /> <Ià, ià> [jɔ̃]<br /> <Ié, ié> [jɛ̃]<br /> <Iè, iè> [jœ̃]<br /> <Ii, ii> [ji]<br /> <Iou, iou> [ju]<br /> <Ieu, ieu> [jø]<br /> </poem><br /> However, there are a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> ÜÃ, üã [ja]<br /> ÜÕ, üõ [jo]<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues vowel + /j/ :<br /> They are usually written with a <Ü, ü> preceded by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <Ü, ü> stands for /j/ (minus the exceptions above) :<br /> <poem><br /> <AÜ, aü> [aj]<br /> <EÜ, eü> [əj]<br /> <EÜ, çü> [ej]<br /> <EÜ, ùü> [œj]<br /> <EÜ, ÿü> [ɛj]<br /> <OÜ, oü> [oj] or [ɔj]<br /> <UÜ, uü> [yj]<br /> <ÔÜ, ôü> [oj]<br /> <ÄÜ, äü> [aɑ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, àü> [ɔ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, éü> [ɛ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, èü> [œ̃j]<br /> <ÃÜ, ãü> [aj]<br /> <ÕÜ, õü> [oj]<br /> <EUÜ, euü> [øj]<br /> </poem><br /> There are also a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> EÎ, eî [əj]<br /> EÎ, çî [ej]<br /> EÎ, ùî [œj]<br /> EÎ, ÿî [ɛj]<br /> IÎ, iî [ij]<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues with /w/ :<br /> These are usually written with a <O, o>, either followed or preceded by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <O, o> stands for /w/ :<br /> <poem><br /> <Oa, oa> [wa]<br /> <Oe, oe> [wə]<br /> <Oç, oç> [we]<br /> <Où, où> [wœ]<br /> <Oÿ, oÿ> [wɛ]<br /> <Oo, oo> [wo] or [wɔ]<br /> <Oy, oy> [wy]<br /> <Oô, oô> [wo]<br /> <Oä, oä> [wɑ̃]<br /> <Oà, oà> [wɔ̃]<br /> <Oé, oé> [wɛ̃]<br /> <Oè, oè> [wœ̃] (This one was described as [wœ̃] already in the original documentation (instead of expected [wæ̃] and has therefore cast some doubt on the identification of vowels /ø/, /œ/ and /œ̃/.)<br /> <Oi, oi> [wi]<br /> <Oeu, oeu> [wø]<br /> And reciprocally (<Ao, ao> [aw]... etc).<br /> </poem><br /> There are however a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> <Io, io> is ambiguous and can denote either /iw/ or /jo/<br /> <Oi, oi> is ambiguous and can denote either /i/ or /wi/<br /> <Oe, oe> is ambiguous and can denote either /wə/ or /ø/<br /> <OU/Ou, ou> always denotes /u/ (/wy/ is denoted <Oy, oy> instead).<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues with /ɥ/ :<br /> <poem><br /> UÎ, uî [ɥi]<br /> Ui, ui [ɥi]<br /> Ua, ua [ɥa]<br /> Uç, uç [ɥe]<br /> Uÿ, uÿ [ɥɛ]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Triphtongues=====<br /> They should also be analyzed as combinations of approximant + vowel + approximant. Besides using <I, i> and <O, o> or even <Ü, ü> and <U, u>, there is a handful of special spellings that denote such "triphtongues" :<br /> <poem><br /> ÜÂ, üâ [jaj]<br /> ÜY, üy [jɔj]<br /> ÊÜ, êü [jaj]<br /> YÜ, yü [joj] or [jɔj]<br /> ÃÎ, ãî [aji]<br /> ÕÎ, õî [oji]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Word-final position induced changes=====<br /> The original consonants /g/ <G, g>, /l/ <L, l> and syllable /wi/ <W, w> turn into [j] when in a word-final position. Instead, the spellings <gue>, <lle> and <wi> are used.<br /> <poem><br /> <g> /j/<br /> <l> /j/<br /> <w> /j/<br /> <gue> /g/<br /> <lle> /l/<br /> <wi> /wi/<br /> </poem><br /> There are some other special spellings :<br /> <poem><br /> <ebm> /ɛjm/<br /> <ebn> /ɛjn/<br /> </poem><br /> Finally, some letters are simply not pronounced at the end of a word, and other spellings are used instead :<br /> <poem><br /> <e><br /> <ô><br /> <d><br /> <nowiki><q></nowiki><br /> <nowiki><s></nowiki><br /> <t><br /> <z><br /> <er><br /> <dde> /d/<br /> <qe> /ʃ/<br /> <sse> /θ/ (or possibly /s/ ?)<br /> <tte> /t/<br /> <ze> /z/<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ====Table of phonemes and their principal corresponding graphemes====<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m <M, m><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n <N, n><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ <Ñ, ñ><br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ <ÎÑ, îñ><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p <P, p> ; b <B, b><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ <TÛ, tû> ; t <T, t> ; d̚ <DÛ, dû> ; d <D, d><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k <K, k> ; g <G, g><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s <C, c> alt. <TĦ/Tħ, tħ> ; z <Z, z> alt. <DĦ/Dħ, dħ> alt. <SĦ/Sħ, sħ><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ <Q, q> ; ʒ <Ö, ö> alt. <JĦ/Jħ, jħ> alt. <QJ/Qj, qj><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ <QÛ, qû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ <ÎF, îf> ; β <ÎV, îv><br /> |colspan="2"| f <F, f> alt. <PĦ/Pħ, pħ> ; v <V, v> alt. <BĦ/Bħ, bħ><br /> |colspan="2"| θ <S, s> alt. <Tûhh, s> ; ð <J, j> <br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ <HÛ, hû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ <ÎQ, îq> ; ɧ̙ʷ̬ <ÎÖ, îö> alt. <LÎÖ, lîö><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <ÎX, îx><br /> |colspan="2"| χ <X, x> ; ʁ <R, r><br /> |colspan="2"| h <H, h><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ <RÛ, rû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j <I, i> (before a vowel), <Ü, ü> (after a vowel) ; ɥ <U, u> (before some vowels)<br /> |colspan="2"| w <O, o> (before or after a vowel)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r <LÛ, lû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ <RX, rx><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ <ĦÛ, ħû> <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l <L, l> ɫ <Û, û><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg <ÎÑg, îñg><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i <I, i> alt. <Oi, oi> ; y <U, u><br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ <Î, î> alt. <Ï, ï><br /> |colspan="2"|u <OU/Ou, ou><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e <E, ç/ë> ; ø <EU/Eu, eu> alt. <OE/Oe, oe><br /> |colspan="2"| ə <E, e><br /> |colspan="2"|o <O, o> alt. <Ô, ô> alt. <Õ, õ><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ <E, ÿ/ê> alt. <EA, ea> ; œ <E, ù/ĕ> alt. <EÔ/Eô, eô> ; ɛ̃ <Ä, é/â> ; œ̃ <Ä, è/ä><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ <O, o> ; ɔ̃ <Ä, à/ă><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä <A, a> alt. <Ã, ã><br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃ <Ä, ä><br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Prosody===<br /> ====Stress====<br /> <br /> There is no lexical stress. It can be assumed that most words or verbal and nominal groups have a slight stress on the last syllable, like in French ; however, there is supposed to be a distinction between short and long vowels, so we can assume that long vowels would be stressed.<br /> <br /> ====Intonation====<br /> <br /> ===Phonotactics===<br /> <br /> ===Morphophonology===<br /> <br /> ==Morphology==<br /> <br /> There are five main parts of speech in Qtolqjimctadû : nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and particles.<br /> <br /> ===Nouns===<br /> Nouns have definiteness, gender, and number. Definiteness is marked by definite and indefinite articles which agree in gender and number with the nouns. There are three genders : neuter, masculine, and feminine. <br /> <br /> ====Gender====<br /> Gender is usually marked by the ending of the noun. Nouns that correspond to non-animate things are usually neutral whereas nouns that describe animate things are usually masculine or feminine. However, some nouns can have all three genders, with the masculine and feminine forms built on an underlying neutral form ; this is common for instance for animal names, or for professions.<br /> <br /> According to documentation, most neuter nouns in the singular end either in <nowiki><-e></nowiki> or in a consonant. There is however no indication of how to distinguish masculine and feminine nouns, but based on the description of neuter forms, it may be posited that they must typically end in some kinds of vowels. Nouns that end in <nowiki><-e></nowiki> in the singular neuter are part of a paradigm that builds masculine and feminine forms on this underlying neuter form :<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Ending in -e<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || -e /ə/ || -ea /ɛ/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || -e /ə/ || -ebn /ɛjn/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || -ea /ɛ/ || -ean /əɑ̃/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> According to documentation, it is common for the neuter to present as a masculine singular ending in the singular, and as a feminine singular ending in the plural.<br /> <br /> ====Definiteness====<br /> Earlier documentation does not explicitly state that the definite and definite articles must agree with nouns in number and gender, but it is apparent in corpus that there is at least a masculine or neutral singular definite article that differs from a feminine singular definite article. From this and comparison with other versions of Tolsian, one can infer that articles, both definite and indefinite, come in at least three forms : masculine singular, feminine singular, and a plural form that covers all genders. Based on the existence of a neutral gender, it may be posited that there must be a neutral singular form as well. There is however no actual indication of whether there is only one plural form for all genders, or if there are also different plural forms for different genders. We'll assume the following paradigm :<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Definite and indefinite articles<br /> |-<br /> ! Definiteness / Gender !! Neuter !! Masculine !! Feminine !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Definite|| - || pna /pna/ || pnÿ /pnɛ/ || -<br /> |-<br /> | Indefinite|| -|| -|| ad /a/ || -<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ====Number====<br /> There are two numbers, singular and plural ; singular is unmarked while plural is marked with a suffix that differs depending on the ending of the noun.<br /> Besides the "-e" paradigm above, different groups of endings take different plural markings. It is likely that the consonantal endings indicate neuter nouns, whereas the vocalic endings indicate masculine and feminine nouns.<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Table of plurals<br /> |-<br /> ! Types of endings !! Plural affix !! Pronunciation<br /> |-<br /> | -c ; -f ; -j ; -l ; -m ; -n ; -v ; -û ; -ë || -c || -cc /s/ ; -fc /fs/ ; -jc /θ/ ; -lc /js/ ; -mc ; -nc ; -vc /fs/ ; -ûc /ɫ/ ; -ëc /bɾɛk/<br /> |-<br /> | -b ; -d ; -g ; -p ; -q ; -w ; -ü ; -k || -tt || -btt /pt/ ; -dtt /d̚/ ; -gtt /kt/ ; -ptt /pt/ ; -qtt /ʃt/ ; -wtt /wit/ ; -ütt /jt/ ; -ktt /kt/<br /> |-<br /> | -s ; -r || -ch || -sch /ʃ/ ; -rch /?/ ("[hˤ]" see notes on consonants) ; -rsch /ʁʃa/<br /> |-<br /> | -h ; -t ; -x ; -z ; -ö ; -ñ || -c or -tt || -hc /k/ ; -tc /ts/ ; -xc /χs/ ; -zc /s/ ; -öc /s/ ; -ñc /s/ <p> -htt /ht/ ; -ttt /t̚/ ; -xtt /χt/ ; -ztt /st/ ; -ött /ʃt/ ; -ñtt /t/<br /> |-<br /> | Vowel endings (other than "e") || -es || not pronounced.<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ====Pronouns====<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Personal subject pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Pronoun<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || I || êü /jaj/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || you || oü /oj/ or /ɔj/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.masc || he || tag /taj/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.fem || she || tal /taj/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.impersonal || "man", "one" || tawi /tawi/<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || we || îhalÿn /xalɛn/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || you || hiçve /hjev/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.masc || they || tagg /tag/ (or /tagj/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.fem || they || tall /tal/ (or /talj/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || you || îqann /ɧ̙ʷan/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Demonstrative pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Pronoun<br /> |-<br /> | Singular demonstrative pronoun || this || fe /fə/<br /> |-<br /> | Plural demonstrative pronoun || these || îvae /βa/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Personal reflexive pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Pronoun<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || myself || kab /kab/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || yourself || kat /ka/ (or /kat) ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.masc || himself || kaad /ka:/ (or /ka:d/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.fem || herself || kaad /ka:/ (or /ka:d/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.impersonal || oneself || kad /ka/ (or /kad/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || ourselves || aö /aʒ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || yourselves || av /av/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.masc || themselves || aann /a:n/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.fem || themselves || aann /a:n/<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || yourself ; yourselves || enn /ən/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Reflexive pronouns are placed immediately after the subject pronoun, like in French : "êü kab ... " ''je me ...<br /> ''<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Possessive pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Masculine and neuter singular !! Feminine singular !! Masculine and neuter plural !! Feminine plural<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || my, mine || kabħe /kavə/ || kabħa /kava/ || kabħei /kavi/ || kabħae /kavaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || your, yours || katħe /kasə/ || katħa /kasa/ || katħei /kasi/ || katħae /kasaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG || his, her, hers, its || kadħe /kazə/ || kadħa /kaza/ || kadħei /kazi/ || kadħae /kazaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || our, ours || pħaöe /faʒə/ || pħaöa /faʒa/ || pħaöei /faʒi/ || pħaöae /faʒaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || your, yours || pħave /favə/ || pħava /fava/ || pħavei /favi/ || pħavae /favaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL || their, theirs || pħann /fan/ || pħana /fana/ || pħani /fani/ || pħanae /fanaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || your, yours || ïqann /iʃan/ || aîqann /aɧ̙ʷan/ || ïqani /iʃani/ || aîqane /aɧ̙ʷan/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Possessive pronouns agree in gender and number with the nouns denoting what is "possessed".<br /> <br /> ===Verbs===<br /> <br /> There are two main verbal groups, one ending in "-ë" (usually with a radical ending in a vowel), and one ending in "-er" (usually with a radical ending in a consonant). Verbs are conjugated for person, tense, and mood. There are formally seven persons : first singular, second singular, third singular, first plural, second plural, third plural, and the "polite" second person used in formal contexts for which number is neutralized. <br /> <br /> ====Mood====<br /> <br /> There are four moods : indicative, conditional, imperative and so-called "absolute" (can also be called gnomic). <br /> =====Indicative=====<br /> The indicative and absolute moods are forms of realis : indicative is used to express statements or facts, and also other modalities not expressed with other moods. <br /> =====Absolute=====<br /> The absolute is traditionally treated as a mood because of its specific grammatical markings, but better corresponds semantically to the gnomic aspect. It can also be used to express a higher degree of certainty than indicative, or to express emphasis. According to documentation : <q>L'absolu est un mode intemporel. Il peut traduire un présent de vérité générale, parler d'une propriété intrinsèque à un corps, être utilisé en poésie... Il peut être utilisé aussi en tant que présent s'il décrit une action ''a priori'' continue dans le temps, comme lorsqu'on emploie des adjectifs qualificatifs.</q><br /> =====Imperative=====<br /> The conditional and imperative moods are forms of irrealis : the imperative expresses commands, prohibitions and requests. It is not used with the seventh person (2nd person used for politeness), in which case it is substituted for a hypothetical conditional. <br /> =====Conditional=====<br /> The conditional expresses hypotheticals, desires and wishes. According to documentation, so-called "hypothetical conditional" corresponds to the French subjunctive mood.<br /> ====Tense====<br /> <br /> There are three main tenses : present, past and future. <br /> <br /> =====Present=====<br /> *In the indicative mode, there is one present, the indicative present.<br /> *In the conditional mood, there are two kinds of present : the conditional present and the so-called "hypothetical conditional present" (''conditionel hypothétique présent''), meant to correspond to the French subjunctive present.<br /> *In the imperative and absolute moods, there is only a present tense.<br /> =====Past=====<br /> *In the indicative mood, there are four kinds of past : the so-called "foregone past" (''passé révolu''), which is meant to correspond to the French pluperfect ; the "descriptive past" (''passé descriptif''), meant to correspond to the French simple past and imperfect past ; the "general past" (''passé général''), meant to correspond to the French imperfect and ''passé composé'' (present perfect) ; and the "anterior past" (''passé antérieur''), built analytically with the auxiliary verb "kavaver"(to have) in the foregone past and the past participle.<br /> *In the conditional mood, there are three kinds of past : the "past conditional" (''conditionnel passé''), the so-called "retrospective conditional" (''conditionnel rétrospectif''), which is meant to correspond to the French ''conditionnel passé de seconde forme'', and the so-called "hypothetical conditional past" (''conditionel hypothétique passé''), meant to express the French past subjunctive. <br /> =====Future=====<br /> In the indicative mood, there are two kinds of future : the "general future" (''futur général''), which indicates event that are yet to happen, and the "retrospective future" (''futur rétrospectif''), which corresponds to the traditional "future perfect" (''futur antérieur''), used to express an action that will be completed before another action in the future.<br /> <br /> ====Conjugation tables====<br /> <br /> The only available conjugation tables describe the endings in the indicative present for verbs of the first and second groups.<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Indicative present of the first group : "kalûaë", ''to be''<br /> |-<br /> ! Person !! Ending !! Example<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || -qni /ʃni/ || kalûaqni /kaɾaʃni/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || -qniî /ʃnij/ || kalûaqniî /kaɾaʃnij/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG || - (radical) || kalûa /kaɾa/<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || -cÿcq /sɛsʃ/ || kalûacÿcq /kaɾasɛsʃ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || -tts /t/ || kalûatts /kaɾat/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL || -me /mə/ || kalûame /kaɾamə/<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || -i /i/ || kalûai /kaɾai/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Indicative present of the second group : "kavaver", ''to have''<br /> |-<br /> ! Person !! Ending !! Example<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || - (radical) || kav /kav/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || -s (unpronounced) || kavavs /kavav/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG || - (radical) || kavav /kavav/<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || -m /m/ || kavavm /kavavm/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || -ês /ja/ || kavavês /kavavja/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL || -n /n/ || kavavn /kavavn/<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || -i /i/ || kavi /kavi/<br /> |}<br /> Note : the first and seventh persons are irregular in this case.<br /> <br /> The verb kalûaë, being a high frequency verb, also has contracted, less formal forms : <br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Informal indicative present of kalûaë, "to be"<br /> |-<br /> ! Person !! Kalûaë <br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || kaqni /kaʃni/ <br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || kaqniî /kaʃnij/ <br /> |-<br /> | 3SG || kaq /kaʃ/ <br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || kacÿcq /kasɛsʃ/ <br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || katts /kat/ <br /> |-<br /> | 3PL || kame /kamə/ <br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || kai /kai/ <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ====Participle====<br /> <br /> =====Present participle=====<br /> There are two different kinds of present participles ; the regular present participle, and a so-called substantival present participle (''participe présent substantivé'').<br /> *Regular present participle :<br /> It is built by adding either the ending -klûenat /kɾna/ or the ending -kvi /gvi/ to the verb radical. These endings correspond directly to the present participles of the verb kalûaë : klûenat, and of the verb kavaver : kvi.<br /> Example : çctekvi /estegvi/, "losing".<br /> *Substantival present participle :<br /> It is used for instance for expressing continuing action (''Il sert par exemple à transcrire l'idée d'action continue : en français, "être en train de..."''). It is built by adding the ending -m to the infinitive form.<br /> Example : kavaverm /kavavm/ "having", kalûaëm /kaɾam/ "being", çctÿeëm /estɛbɾəm/ "losing".<br /> Example : Êü kavaqni çcteëm nda tÿmg kabbhe, "I am wasting my time"<br /> Subject pronoun "I" + verb "to have" + substantival present participle of the verb "to lose" + particle "in, from, of" + "time" + possessive pronoun "mine".<br /> <br /> =====Past participle=====<br /> <br /> The past participle is built by adding the ending -ut /y/ to the verb radical, for verbs of the first group ; and by adding the ending -ç /e/ to the verb radical, for verbs of the second group. <br /> Exceptions : kalûaë : klûu /kɾy/ (or /kɾu/ ?), "been" ; kavaver : avvç /av:e/.<br /> The past participle agrees in gender and number with the object of the verb :<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Past participle<br /> |-<br /> ! !! first group !! second group<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine singular || -ut /y/ || -ç /e/<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter singular || -ut /y/ || -ç /e/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine singular || -uet /y/ || -çe /e/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine plural || -uts /y/ || -çs /e/<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter plural || -uts /y/ || -çs /e/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine plural || -uets /y/ || -çes /e/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Example : çcteut, çcteuts, çcteuet, çcteuets /esty/.<br /> <br /> ===Adjectives===<br /> <br /> Adjectives agree in gender and number with the nouns they qualify. It is marked with a prefix that changes depending on the beginning of the neuter singular form.<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with a vowel<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || es- /əθ/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || a- /a/ || ai- /aj/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || e- /ə/ || es- /əθ/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with h-, t-, x-, z-, ö-,ñ-<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || cs- /s/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || q- /ʃ/ || qs- /ʃ/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || c- /s/ || cs- /s/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with b-, d-, g-, p-, q-, w-, ü-, k<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || hm- /hm/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || m- /m/ || ebm- /ɛjm/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || hm- /hm/ || hebm- /hɛjm/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with s-, r-<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || kbett- /kbət/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || kbet- /kbət/ || kbest- /kbət/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || kbeat- /kbɛt/ || kbeast- /kbɛt/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with c-, f-, j-, l-, m-, n-, v-, û-, ë-<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || atûïve- /at̚ɨvə/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || etûove- /ət̚ovə/ || etûïve- /ət̚ɨvə/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || atûova- /at̚ova/ || atûïva- /at̚ɨva/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Adverbs===<br /> <br /> There is no information on adverbs but, based on other versions of Tolsian, we can assume they are invariable in form, qualify verbs and adjectives, and are usually placed before the verb or adjective they qualify.<br /> <br /> ===Particles===<br /> <br /> Particles are function words that include prepositions, postpositions, conjunction words, etc. <br /> *One notable particle is the so-called subject particle, which is used with stative verbs to introduce the subject's attribute. It can take two different forms, usually depending on whether the subject is animate (particle "tke?") or inanimate (particle "ke?"), but also potentially on whether the relationship between subject and attribute is perceived as "temporary" or "eternal".<br /> *Another notable particle is the "possessive" particle, which is suffixed to the noun that represents a "possessor", akin to a genitive marking. It can be used instead of possessive pronouns, when suffixed to a personal subject pronoun : for instance, the personal pronoun "êü" + the possessive particle "-dô" becomes "êüdô", ''my''. On the other hand, when using one of the possessive pronouns, a so-called "possessed particle" is placed in front of the "possessed" noun.<br /> *Some particles are more like traditional prepositions ; for instance, "nda" means ''in, from, of''.<br /> <br /> ===Derivational morphology===<br /> <br /> ====Adjectives====<br /> <br /> Adjectives can be derived from nouns by adding the suffix -ke. The resulting adjective agrees in gender and number with the noun it qualifies, following the regular agreement rules for adjectives.<br /> Example : "tolsian", neuter singular : tolqjimke, masculine singular : qtolqjimke.<br /> <br /> ====Nouns====<br /> Nouns can be derived from adjectives or past participles by adding the suffix -ctadû /stad̚/. The resulting noun is usually masculine. According to documentation, if a noun is derived from an adjective that was itself derived from a noun with the suffix -ke, then this suffix should be dropped, which sure sounds a lot like we're back to deriving a noun from a noun.<br /> Example : (the) Tolsian (language) : pna Qtolqjimctadû.<br /> <br /> ====Verbs====<br /> <br /> Verbs can most likely be derived from nouns by adding either the suffix -ë (probably if the noun ends in a vowel) or the suffix -er (if it ends in a consonant).<br /> <br /> ==Syntax==<br /> ===Constituent order===<br /> *Sentences with a stative verbs have a different constituent order depending on whether the attribute is an adjective or a noun phrase ; in the first case, it is akin to a SVO order, in the second, to an OSV order :<br /> <br /> "I am Tolsian" (the speaker is a woman) : êü kalûaqni tke? ctolqjimke.<br /> <br /> Subject + "to be" + subject particle + "Tolsian" (f.sg.)<br /> <br /> "I am a (Tolsian) woman" : Ad tke? mqarea (ctolqjimke) êü kalûaqni.<br /> <br /> Article + subject particle + "woman" (+ "Tolsian") + subject + "to be".<br /> <br /> *The basic constituent order of a declarative sentence is SVO.<br /> Example : "I am wasting my time" : Êü kavaqni çcteëm nda tÿmg kabbhe. <br /> <br /> Subject pronoun + "to have" + substantival present participle of the verb "to lose" + particle "in, from, of" + "time" + possessive pronoun "mine".<br /> <br /> ===Noun phrase===<br /> If there is a determiner (for example, a definiteness article), it is placed at the beginning of the noun phrase. If there is an adjective, it can be placed either right before, or right after, the noun it qualifies. Most particles are placed between a determiner and the adjective + noun (or noun + adjective) group. A prepositional phrase or clause comes after.<br /> <br /> Example :<br /> <br /> "I am Tolsian" (the speaker is a woman) : êü kalûaqni tke? ctolqjimke.<br /> <br /> Subject + "to be" + subject particle + "Tolsian" (f.sg.)<br /> <br /> *Genitive phrase :<br /> <br /> "My mother" : (Pnÿ) êüdô maîha.<br /> <br /> (Definite article) + Subject pronoun + possessive particle suffix + "mother".<br /> <br /> <br /> "My mother" : Ne maîha kabħa.<br /> <br /> "Possessed" particle + "mother" + possessive pronoun.<br /> <br /> "This is my mother" : Fe kalûa ne maîha kabħa.<br /> <br /> Demonstrative pronoun + "to be" + "possessed" particle + "mother" + possessive pronoun.<br /> <br /> "Mine" : Pnÿ kabħa.<br /> <br /> Definite article + possessive pronoun.<br /> <br /> "It is mine" : Fe kalûa pnÿ kabħa.<br /> <br /> Demonstrative pronoun + "to be" + definite article + possessive pronoun.<br /> <br /> ===Verb phrase===<br /> <br /> The subject pronoun is optional, but placed right in front of the verb if used.<br /> <br /> ===Sentence phrase===<br /> ===Dependent clauses===<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Example texts==<br /> <br /> ==Other resources==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Qtolqjimctadû]]<br /> [[Category:Languages]]<br /> [[Category:Conlangs]]<br /> [[Category:Tolsian]]</div>

Uvie https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Qtolqjimctad%C3%BB&diff=526680 Qtolqjimctadû 2026-05-21T23:23:36Z

<p>Uvie: /* Conjugation tables */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Introduction==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ<br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p b<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ t d̚ d<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k g<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s z<br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ ʒ <br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ β<br /> |colspan="2"| f v<br /> |colspan="2"| θ ð<br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ ɧ̙ʷ̬<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <br /> |colspan="2"| χ ʁ<br /> |colspan="2"| h<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j ɥ<br /> |colspan="2"| w<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l ɫ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> Notes :<br /> <br /> In earlier documentation, proper knowledge of IPA was lacking and several of the phonemes had to be identified from either phonetically inaccurate IPA descriptions or vague, impressionistic ones. Several phonemes could not be recovered. Here is a list of deviations from the above table :<br /> <poem><br /> Identified phonemes :<br /> /ɸ/ was described as [fʷ] (written <ÎF, îf>).<br /> /β/ was described as [vʷ] (written <ÎV, îv>).<br /> /ʁ/ was described as [ʀ] (written <R, r>).<br /> /ʀ/ was described as [rˤ] (''sorte de « r » très roulé'', written <RX, rx>).<br /> /ɹ/ was described as [ʀˤ] (''sorte de « r » anglais'', written <RÛ, rû>).<br /> /ɫ/ was described as [l̪ ] (''comme à la fin du mot anglais "well"'', written <Û, û>).<br /> /χ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [x] (written <X, x>), while /x/ itself was most likely described as [xˤ] (written <ÎX, îx>).<br /> /ŋ/ was probably described as [ɲˤ] (written <ÎÑ, îñ>), while the sound described as [ŋ] (written <ÎÑg, îñg>) probably corresponded to /ᵑg/.<br /> The situation between /ɾ/ and /r/ is unclear : the sound described as [r̺] (written <ĦÛ, ħû>) is also described as being part of the cluster described as [br̺ə] (written <Ë, ë>), which would indicate that it should in fact correspond to /ɾ/ ; however, the choice of IPA notation describes it as "apical", which may indicate that it corresponds rather to the trill /r/, corroborated by the fact that the sound described as [r] (''sorte de « r » roulé à la japonaise'', written <LÛ, lû>) is also likely to be a flap /ɾ/. But at the same time, it could indicate that it is not considered to be a trill, if there was knowledge that /r/ in IPA represents a proper trill. We'll assume the following :<br /> /ɾ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [r̺] (written <ĦÛ, ħû>, as well as part of the cluster /bɾ/+V with the help of <Ë, ë> as [bɾə], described as [br̺ə]).<br /> /r/ might have been what was described as [r] (''sorte de « r » roulé à la japonaise'', written <LÛ, lû>).<br /> /ɧ̙ʷ/ and its voiced version /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ are, to this day, subject to doubt regarding their IPA descriptions. They were most likely corresponding to the sounds described as [ʃ ̪ ] (written <ÎQ, îq>) and [ʒ̺̺̺ ] (written <ÎÖ, îö> or <LÎÖ, lîö>).<br /> /t̚/ and /d̚/ are also subject to some doubt regarding their IPA descriptions still. They were described as [t̪] (written <TÛ, tû>) and [d̪] (written <DÛ, dû>).<br /> The phoneme described as [ʃʲ] probably has a realization closer to [ç] or [ɕ] (written <QÛ, qû>).<br /> <br /> Unidentified or very doubtful phonemes :<br /> Some /h/-like phoneme, described as [hˤ] (written <ÎH, îh>). It might have corresponded to /ɣ/, but it is not very likely.<br /> /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ might have been what was described as [l̤ʲ] (written <HÛ, hû>). Based on its spelling it is more likely to be devoiced.<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i y<br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ<br /> |colspan="2"|u<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e ø<br /> |colspan="2"| ə<br /> |colspan="2"|o<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ œ ɛ̃ œ̃<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ ɔ̃<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä<br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃<br /> |}<br /> Vowel length is supposed to be phonemic, with regular (or short) vowels, and long vowels.<br /> <br /> Similarly to consonants, some vowels had to be "re-identified" from previous documentation and some deviations arise :<br /> <poem><br /> /œ/ is probably what was described as [æ] (written <Ù, ù> or <E, ĕ> or <EÔ/Eô, eô>).<br /> /œ̃/ is probably what was described as [æ̃] (written <Ä, è> or <Ä, ä>).<br /> /ø/ is probably what was described as [œ] (written <EU/Eu, eu> or <OE/Oe, oe>).<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Orthography===<br /> Orthography was made complicated on purpose.<br /> <br /> ====Alphabet====<br /> <poem><br /> A, a /a/<br /> B, b /b/<br /> C, c /s/<br /> D, d /d/<br /> E, e /ə/ ; E, ç/ë /e/ ; E, ù/ĕ /œ/ ; E, ÿ/ê /ɛ/<br /> F, f /f/<br /> G, g /g/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> H, h /h/<br /> Ħ, ħ soundless ; mostly used in composed graphemes.<br /> I, i /i/<br /> J, j /ð/<br /> K, k /k/<br /> L, l /l/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> M, m /m/<br /> N, n /n/<br /> O, o /o/ or /ɔ/<br /> P, p /p/<br /> Q, q /ʃ/<br /> R, r /ʁ/<br /> S, s /θ/<br /> T, t /t/<br /> U, u /y/<br /> V, v /v/<br /> W, w /wi/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> X, x /χ/<br /> Y, y /jo/ or /ɔj/<br /> Z, z /z/<br /> Â, â /aj/<br /> Ê, ê /ja/<br /> Û, û /ɫ/<br /> Î, î /ɨ/ soundless when used in composed graphemes.<br /> Ô, ô /o/<br /> Ä, ä /ɑ̃/ ; Ä, à/ă /ɔ̃/ ; Ä, é/â /ɛ̃/ ; Ä, è/ä /œ̃/<br /> Ë, ë /bɾə/<br /> Ü, ü /j/<br /> Ï, ï /ɨ/<br /> Ö, ö /ʒ/<br /> Ã, ã /a/<br /> Õ, õ /o/<br /> Ñ, ñ /ɲ/<br /> </poem><br /> =====History=====<br /> Like most, if not all, versions of Tolsian, Qtolqjimctadû was meant to be written with the original Tolsian script. Some graphemes were chosen because of the limitations of the French keyboard, but were initally supposed to correspond to another, preexisting grapheme, with a diacritic, in order to reflect the original script. Some graphemes with diacritic are supposed to represent letters in the original script that are not simply versions of another letter with a diacritic ; this is why in the list below, <nowiki><ë></nowiki> appears to represent /e/, alongside <nowiki><ç></nowiki>, whereas in <Ë, ë> it represents /bɾə/ in the alphabet : they have different underlying identities.<br /> <poem><br /> <e> with diaeresis ¨ becomes <ç> (or <ë>)<br /> <e> with cedilla or possibly hook below (''accent « petite courbe vers le bas »'') becomes <ù> (or <ĕ>)<br /> <e> with circumflex accent ^ becomes <ÿ> (or <ê>)<br /> <O, o> (or <Ô, ô> ?) with circumflex accent becomes <Õ, õ><br /> <U, u> with dieresis becomes <Ü, ü><br /> <U, u> with circumflex accent becomes <Û, û><br /> <Â, â> with circumflex accent becomes <Ê, ê><br /> <Î, î> with circumflex accent becomes <Ï, ï><br /> <ä> with cedilla or hook below becomes <à> (o <ă>)<br /> <ä> with circumflex becomes <é> (or <â>)<br /> <ä> with diaeresis becomes <è> (or <ä>)<br /> <Â, â> with circumflex becomes <Ã, ã><br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ====Spelling rules====<br /> Long vowels are spelled with doubled graphemes (<Aa, aa> /a:/, etc).<br /> <br /> Some graphemes, namely <E, e> /ə/ ; <E, ç/ë> /e/ ; <E, ù/ĕ> /œ/ ; <E, ÿ/ê> /ɛ/ and <Ä, ä> /ɑ̃/ ; <Ä, à/ă> /ɔ̃/ ; <Ä, é/â> /ɛ̃/ ; <Ä, è/ä /œ̃/> use the same capital letter, but different minuscule letters, for different phonemes. This is partly due to limitations on a French keyboard, and partly to reflect the original Tolsian script in which these phonemes use the same letter but with different diacritics.<br /> <br /> The grapheme <Î, î> denotes /ɨ/, except in front of some consonants (<F, f>, <V, v>, <Q, q>, <Ö, ö>, <Ñ, ñ>, <X, x>, <H, h>) ; the grapheme <Ï, ï> is used instead in order to denote /ɨ/.<br /> <br /> There are many digraphs and even trigraphs ; usually, all letters are capitalized, when capitalization is needed.<br /> =====Digraphs with <Î, î>=====<br /> In the original documentation, these are described as "purified" (''épurés'').<br /> <poem><br /> ÎF, îf /ɸ/<br /> ÎV, îv /β/<br /> ÎQ, îq /ɧ̙ʷ/<br /> ÎÖ, îö /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ <br /> ÎÑ, îñ /ŋ/<br /> ÎX, îx /x/<br /> ÎH, îh unknown, possibly /ɣ/<br /> </poem><br /> It is unclear if the following are considered to be "purified" :<br /> <poem><br /> <Äî, äî> /an/<br /> <Äî, àî> /on/ or /ɔn/<br /> <Äî, éî> /in/ or /im/<br /> <Äî, èî> /un/ or /œm/<br /> </poem><br /> =====Trigraphs with <Î, î>=====<br /> These were also considered to be "purified".<br /> <poem><br /> LÎÖ, lîö /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ <br /> ÎÑg, îñg /ᵑg/<br /> </poem><br /> =====Digraphs with <Û, û>=====<br /> Some of these digraphs were originally described as "wet" (''mouillés'') :<br /> <poem><br /> TÛ, tû /t̚/<br /> QÛ, qû /ʃʲ/ (probably realized [ç] or [ɕ])<br /> DÛ, dû /d̚/<br /> </poem><br /> Others were not considered to be "wet" :<br /> <poem><br /> LÛ, lû /r/<br /> HÛ, hû possibly /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ <br /> ĦÛ, ħû /ɾ/<br /> RÛ, rû /ɹ/ <br /> <br /> =====Trigraphs with <Û, û>=====<br /> There is only one such trigraph, and only the first letter is capitalized, if needed. It is possibly meant to appear only word-initially as it was only given as <Tûhh> :<br /> Tûhh /θ/<br /> <br /> =====Digraphs with <Ħ, ħ>=====<br /> These can also be written as trigraphs, swapping <Ħ, ħ> for <Hh, hh>. As digraphs, one may likewise capitalize both letters or only the first one. As trigraphs, Only the first letter is capitalized.<br /> Ħ, ħ can be found on its own but is soundless. It may be used as part of the following digraphs, or used to maintain a hiatus between vowels and <I, i> or <O, o>. It can also be written <Hh, hh>.<br /> PĦ/Pħ, pħ /f/ (or <Phh, phh>)<br /> TĦ/Tħ, tħ /s/ (or <Thh, thh><br /> JĦ/Jħ, jħ /ʒ/ (or <Jhh, jhh>)<br /> BĦ/Bħ, bħ /v/ (or <Bhh, bhh>)<br /> DĦ/Dħ, dħ /z/ (or <Dhh, dhh>)<br /> SĦ/Sħ, sħ /z/ (or <Shh, shh>)<br /> <br /> =====Digraphs and trigraph with <Ë, ë>=====<br /> The phoneme /ɾ/ also appears as part of a syllable /bɾə/, written <Ë, ë>. When <Ë, ë> is followed by a vowel, the /ə/ is replaced by that vowel :<br /> Ëa, ëa [bɾa]<br /> Ëç, ëç [bɾe]<br /> Ëÿ, ëÿ [bɾɛ]<br /> Ëu, ëu [bɾy]<br /> Ëo, ëo [bɾo] or [bɾɔ]<br /> Ëï, ëï [bɾi]<br /> Ëä, ëä [bɾɑ̃]<br /> Ëà, ëà [bɾɔ̃]<br /> Ëé, ëé [bɾɛ̃]<br /> Ëè, ëè [bɾœ̃]<br /> Ëou, ëou [bɾu]<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> =====Some more consonantal digraphs=====<br /> RX, rx /ʀ/<br /> QJ/Qj, qj /ʒ/<br /> =====Vocalic digraphs=====<br /> <poem><br /> <Oi, oi> [i]<br /> <EU/Eu, eu> [ø]<br /> <OU/Ou, ou> [u]<br /> <EA, ea> [ɛ]<br /> (But <Ea, ea> [əa])<br /> <OE/Oe, oe> [ø]<br /> <EÔ/Eô, eô> [œ]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Nasal vowels=====<br /> Some digraphs and trigraphs denote nasal vowels, with <N, n> and <M, m> :<br /> <poem><br /> <An, an> /ɑ̃/<br /> <Am, am> /ɑ̃/<br /> <En, en> /ɑ̃/<br /> <Em, em> /ɑ̃/<br /> <In, in> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Im, im> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Ein, ein> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Eim, eim> /ɛ̃/<br /> <On, on> /ɔ̃/<br /> <Om, om> /ɔ̃/<br /> <Un, un> /œ̃/<br /> <Um, um> /œ̃/<br /> </poem><br /> However, if there are two <N, n> or <M, m> following a vowel, then it is not nasalized but pronounced as V+[n or m] instead (<Ann, ann> [an], <Amm, amm> [am],... etc). Besides, vocalic graphemes other than <A, a>, <E, e>, <I, i>, <O, o>, <U, u> do not get nasalized when followed by an <N, n> or <M, m>.<br /> =====Diphtongues=====<br /> They have been described as diphtongues, but should rather be analyzed as combinations of vowels and approximants. There are three different approximants : /j/, /w/ and /ɥ/, which only appear in a limited number of cases.<br /> *Diphtongues /j/ + vowel :<br /> They are usually written with a <I, i> followed by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <I, i> stands for /j/ :<br /> <poem><br /> <Ia, ia> [ja]<br /> <Ie, ie> [jə]<br /> <Iç, iç> [je]<br /> <Iù, iù> [jœ]<br /> <Iÿ, iÿ> [jɛ]<br /> <Io, io> [jo] or [jɔ]<br /> <Iu, iu> [jy]<br /> <Iô, iô> [jo]<br /> <Iä, iä> [jɑ̃]<br /> <Ià, ià> [jɔ̃]<br /> <Ié, ié> [jɛ̃]<br /> <Iè, iè> [jœ̃]<br /> <Ii, ii> [ji]<br /> <Iou, iou> [ju]<br /> <Ieu, ieu> [jø]<br /> </poem><br /> However, there are a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> ÜÃ, üã [ja]<br /> ÜÕ, üõ [jo]<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues vowel + /j/ :<br /> They are usually written with a <Ü, ü> preceded by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <Ü, ü> stands for /j/ (minus the exceptions above) :<br /> <poem><br /> <AÜ, aü> [aj]<br /> <EÜ, eü> [əj]<br /> <EÜ, çü> [ej]<br /> <EÜ, ùü> [œj]<br /> <EÜ, ÿü> [ɛj]<br /> <OÜ, oü> [oj] or [ɔj]<br /> <UÜ, uü> [yj]<br /> <ÔÜ, ôü> [oj]<br /> <ÄÜ, äü> [aɑ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, àü> [ɔ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, éü> [ɛ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, èü> [œ̃j]<br /> <ÃÜ, ãü> [aj]<br /> <ÕÜ, õü> [oj]<br /> <EUÜ, euü> [øj]<br /> </poem><br /> There are also a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> EÎ, eî [əj]<br /> EÎ, çî [ej]<br /> EÎ, ùî [œj]<br /> EÎ, ÿî [ɛj]<br /> IÎ, iî [ij]<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues with /w/ :<br /> These are usually written with a <O, o>, either followed or preceded by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <O, o> stands for /w/ :<br /> <poem><br /> <Oa, oa> [wa]<br /> <Oe, oe> [wə]<br /> <Oç, oç> [we]<br /> <Où, où> [wœ]<br /> <Oÿ, oÿ> [wɛ]<br /> <Oo, oo> [wo] or [wɔ]<br /> <Oy, oy> [wy]<br /> <Oô, oô> [wo]<br /> <Oä, oä> [wɑ̃]<br /> <Oà, oà> [wɔ̃]<br /> <Oé, oé> [wɛ̃]<br /> <Oè, oè> [wœ̃] (This one was described as [wœ̃] already in the original documentation (instead of expected [wæ̃] and has therefore cast some doubt on the identification of vowels /ø/, /œ/ and /œ̃/.)<br /> <Oi, oi> [wi]<br /> <Oeu, oeu> [wø]<br /> And reciprocally (<Ao, ao> [aw]... etc).<br /> </poem><br /> There are however a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> <Io, io> is ambiguous and can denote either /iw/ or /jo/<br /> <Oi, oi> is ambiguous and can denote either /i/ or /wi/<br /> <Oe, oe> is ambiguous and can denote either /wə/ or /ø/<br /> <OU/Ou, ou> always denotes /u/ (/wy/ is denoted <Oy, oy> instead).<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues with /ɥ/ :<br /> <poem><br /> UÎ, uî [ɥi]<br /> Ui, ui [ɥi]<br /> Ua, ua [ɥa]<br /> Uç, uç [ɥe]<br /> Uÿ, uÿ [ɥɛ]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Triphtongues=====<br /> They should also be analyzed as combinations of approximant + vowel + approximant. Besides using <I, i> and <O, o> or even <Ü, ü> and <U, u>, there is a handful of special spellings that denote such "triphtongues" :<br /> <poem><br /> ÜÂ, üâ [jaj]<br /> ÜY, üy [jɔj]<br /> ÊÜ, êü [jaj]<br /> YÜ, yü [joj] or [jɔj]<br /> ÃÎ, ãî [aji]<br /> ÕÎ, õî [oji]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Word-final position induced changes=====<br /> The original consonants /g/ <G, g>, /l/ <L, l> and syllable /wi/ <W, w> turn into [j] when in a word-final position. Instead, the spellings <gue>, <lle> and <wi> are used.<br /> <poem><br /> <g> /j/<br /> <l> /j/<br /> <w> /j/<br /> <gue> /g/<br /> <lle> /l/<br /> <wi> /wi/<br /> </poem><br /> There are some other special spellings :<br /> <poem><br /> <ebm> /ɛjm/<br /> <ebn> /ɛjn/<br /> </poem><br /> Finally, some letters are simply not pronounced at the end of a word, and other spellings are used instead :<br /> <poem><br /> <e><br /> <ô><br /> <d><br /> <nowiki><q></nowiki><br /> <nowiki><s></nowiki><br /> <t><br /> <z><br /> <er><br /> <dde> /d/<br /> <qe> /ʃ/<br /> <sse> /θ/ (or possibly /s/ ?)<br /> <tte> /t/<br /> <ze> /z/<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ====Table of phonemes and their principal corresponding graphemes====<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m <M, m><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n <N, n><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ <Ñ, ñ><br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ <ÎÑ, îñ><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p <P, p> ; b <B, b><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ <TÛ, tû> ; t <T, t> ; d̚ <DÛ, dû> ; d <D, d><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k <K, k> ; g <G, g><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s <C, c> alt. <TĦ/Tħ, tħ> ; z <Z, z> alt. <DĦ/Dħ, dħ> alt. <SĦ/Sħ, sħ><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ <Q, q> ; ʒ <Ö, ö> alt. <JĦ/Jħ, jħ> alt. <QJ/Qj, qj><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ <QÛ, qû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ <ÎF, îf> ; β <ÎV, îv><br /> |colspan="2"| f <F, f> alt. <PĦ/Pħ, pħ> ; v <V, v> alt. <BĦ/Bħ, bħ><br /> |colspan="2"| θ <S, s> alt. <Tûhh, s> ; ð <J, j> <br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ <HÛ, hû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ <ÎQ, îq> ; ɧ̙ʷ̬ <ÎÖ, îö> alt. <LÎÖ, lîö><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <ÎX, îx><br /> |colspan="2"| χ <X, x> ; ʁ <R, r><br /> |colspan="2"| h <H, h><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ <RÛ, rû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j <I, i> (before a vowel), <Ü, ü> (after a vowel) ; ɥ <U, u> (before some vowels)<br /> |colspan="2"| w <O, o> (before or after a vowel)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r <LÛ, lû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ <RX, rx><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ <ĦÛ, ħû> <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l <L, l> ɫ <Û, û><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg <ÎÑg, îñg><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i <I, i> alt. <Oi, oi> ; y <U, u><br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ <Î, î> alt. <Ï, ï><br /> |colspan="2"|u <OU/Ou, ou><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e <E, ç/ë> ; ø <EU/Eu, eu> alt. <OE/Oe, oe><br /> |colspan="2"| ə <E, e><br /> |colspan="2"|o <O, o> alt. <Ô, ô> alt. <Õ, õ><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ <E, ÿ/ê> alt. <EA, ea> ; œ <E, ù/ĕ> alt. <EÔ/Eô, eô> ; ɛ̃ <Ä, é/â> ; œ̃ <Ä, è/ä><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ <O, o> ; ɔ̃ <Ä, à/ă><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä <A, a> alt. <Ã, ã><br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃ <Ä, ä><br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Prosody===<br /> ====Stress====<br /> <br /> There is no lexical stress. It can be assumed that most words or verbal and nominal groups have a slight stress on the last syllable, like in French ; however, there is supposed to be a distinction between short and long vowels, so we can assume that long vowels would be stressed.<br /> <br /> ====Intonation====<br /> <br /> ===Phonotactics===<br /> <br /> ===Morphophonology===<br /> <br /> ==Morphology==<br /> <br /> There are five main parts of speech in Qtolqjimctadû : nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and particles.<br /> <br /> ===Nouns===<br /> Nouns have definiteness, gender, and number. Definiteness is marked by definite and indefinite articles which agree in gender and number with the nouns. There are three genders : neuter, masculine, and feminine. <br /> <br /> ====Gender====<br /> Gender is usually marked by the ending of the noun. Nouns that correspond to non-animate things are usually neutral whereas nouns that describe animate things are usually masculine or feminine. However, some nouns can have all three genders, with the masculine and feminine forms built on an underlying neutral form ; this is common for instance for animal names, or for professions.<br /> <br /> According to documentation, most neuter nouns in the singular end either in <nowiki><-e></nowiki> or in a consonant. There is however no indication of how to distinguish masculine and feminine nouns, but based on the description of neuter forms, it may be posited that they must typically end in some kinds of vowels. Nouns that end in <nowiki><-e></nowiki> in the singular neuter are part of a paradigm that builds masculine and feminine forms on this underlying neuter form :<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Ending in -e<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || -e /ə/ || -ea /ɛ/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || -e /ə/ || -ebn /ɛjn/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || -ea /ɛ/ || -ean /əɑ̃/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> According to documentation, it is common for the neuter to present as a masculine singular ending in the singular, and as a feminine singular ending in the plural.<br /> <br /> ====Definiteness====<br /> Earlier documentation does not explicitly state that the definite and definite articles must agree with nouns in number and gender, but it is apparent in corpus that there is at least a masculine or neutral singular definite article that differs from a feminine singular definite article. From this and comparison with other versions of Tolsian, one can infer that articles, both definite and indefinite, come in at least three forms : masculine singular, feminine singular, and a plural form that covers all genders. Based on the existence of a neutral gender, it may be posited that there must be a neutral singular form as well. There is however no actual indication of whether there is only one plural form for all genders, or if there are also different plural forms for different genders. We'll assume the following paradigm :<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Definite and indefinite articles<br /> |-<br /> ! Definiteness / Gender !! Neuter !! Masculine !! Feminine !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Definite|| - || pna /pna/ || pnÿ /pnɛ/ || -<br /> |-<br /> | Indefinite|| -|| -|| ad /a/ || -<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ====Number====<br /> There are two numbers, singular and plural ; singular is unmarked while plural is marked with a suffix that differs depending on the ending of the noun.<br /> Besides the "-e" paradigm above, different groups of endings take different plural markings. It is likely that the consonantal endings indicate neuter nouns, whereas the vocalic endings indicate masculine and feminine nouns.<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Table of plurals<br /> |-<br /> ! Types of endings !! Plural affix !! Pronunciation<br /> |-<br /> | -c ; -f ; -j ; -l ; -m ; -n ; -v ; -û ; -ë || -c || -cc /s/ ; -fc /fs/ ; -jc /θ/ ; -lc /js/ ; -mc ; -nc ; -vc /fs/ ; -ûc /ɫ/ ; -ëc /bɾɛk/<br /> |-<br /> | -b ; -d ; -g ; -p ; -q ; -w ; -ü ; -k || -tt || -btt /pt/ ; -dtt /d̚/ ; -gtt /kt/ ; -ptt /pt/ ; -qtt /ʃt/ ; -wtt /wit/ ; -ütt /jt/ ; -ktt /kt/<br /> |-<br /> | -s ; -r || -ch || -sch /ʃ/ ; -rch /?/ ("[hˤ]" see notes on consonants) ; -rsch /ʁʃa/<br /> |-<br /> | -h ; -t ; -x ; -z ; -ö ; -ñ || -c or -tt || -hc /k/ ; -tc /ts/ ; -xc /χs/ ; -zc /s/ ; -öc /s/ ; -ñc /s/ <p> -htt /ht/ ; -ttt /t̚/ ; -xtt /χt/ ; -ztt /st/ ; -ött /ʃt/ ; -ñtt /t/<br /> |-<br /> | Vowel endings (other than "e") || -es || not pronounced.<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ====Pronouns====<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Personal subject pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Pronoun<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || I || êü /jaj/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || you || oü /oj/ or /ɔj/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.masc || he || tag /taj/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.fem || she || tal /taj/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.impersonal || "man", "one" || tawi /tawi/<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || we || îhalÿn /xalɛn/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || you || hiçve /hjev/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.masc || they || tagg /tag/ (or /tagj/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.fem || they || tall /tal/ (or /talj/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || you || îqann /ɧ̙ʷan/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Demonstrative pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Pronoun<br /> |-<br /> | Singular demonstrative pronoun || this || fe /fə/<br /> |-<br /> | Plural demonstrative pronoun || these || îvae /βa/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Personal reflexive pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Pronoun<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || myself || kab /kab/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || yourself || kat /ka/ (or /kat) ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.masc || himself || kaad /ka:/ (or /ka:d/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.fem || herself || kaad /ka:/ (or /ka:d/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.impersonal || oneself || kad /ka/ (or /kad/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || ourselves || aö /aʒ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || yourselves || av /av/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.masc || themselves || aann /a:n/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.fem || themselves || aann /a:n/<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || yourself ; yourselves || enn /ən/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Reflexive pronouns are placed immediately after the subject pronoun, like in French : "êü kab ... " ''je me ...<br /> ''<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Possessive pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Masculine and neuter singular !! Feminine singular !! Masculine and neuter plural !! Feminine plural<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || my, mine || kabħe /kavə/ || kabħa /kava/ || kabħei /kavi/ || kabħae /kavaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || your, yours || katħe /kasə/ || katħa /kasa/ || katħei /kasi/ || katħae /kasaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG || his, her, hers, its || kadħe /kazə/ || kadħa /kaza/ || kadħei /kazi/ || kadħae /kazaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || our, ours || pħaöe /faʒə/ || pħaöa /faʒa/ || pħaöei /faʒi/ || pħaöae /faʒaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || your, yours || pħave /favə/ || pħava /fava/ || pħavei /favi/ || pħavae /favaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL || their, theirs || pħann /fan/ || pħana /fana/ || pħani /fani/ || pħanae /fanaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || your, yours || ïqann /iʃan/ || aîqann /aɧ̙ʷan/ || ïqani /iʃani/ || aîqane /aɧ̙ʷan/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Possessive pronouns agree in gender and number with the nouns denoting what is "possessed".<br /> <br /> ===Verbs===<br /> <br /> There are two main verbal groups, one ending in "-ë" (usually with a radical ending in a vowel), and one ending in "-er" (usually with a radical ending in a consonant). Verbs are conjugated for person, tense, and mood. There are formally seven persons : first singular, second singular, third singular, first plural, second plural, third plural, and the "polite" second person used in formal contexts for which number is neutralized. <br /> <br /> ====Mood====<br /> <br /> There are four moods : indicative, conditional, imperative and so-called "absolute" (can also be called gnomic). <br /> =====Indicative=====<br /> The indicative and absolute moods are forms of realis : indicative is used to express statements or facts, and also other modalities not expressed with other moods. <br /> =====Absolute=====<br /> The absolute is traditionally treated as a mood because of its specific grammatical markings, but better corresponds semantically to the gnomic aspect. It can also be used to express a higher degree of certainty than indicative, or to express emphasis. According to documentation : <q>L'absolu est un mode intemporel. Il peut traduire un présent de vérité générale, parler d'une propriété intrinsèque à un corps, être utilisé en poésie... Il peut être utilisé aussi en tant que présent s'il décrit une action ''a priori'' continue dans le temps, comme lorsqu'on emploie des adjectifs qualificatifs.</q><br /> =====Imperative=====<br /> The conditional and imperative moods are forms of irrealis : the imperative expresses commands, prohibitions and requests. It is not used with the seventh person (2nd person used for politeness), in which case it is substituted for a hypothetical conditional. <br /> =====Conditional=====<br /> The conditional expresses hypotheticals, desires and wishes. According to documentation, so-called "hypothetical conditional" corresponds to the French subjunctive mood.<br /> ====Tense====<br /> <br /> There are three main tenses : present, past and future. <br /> <br /> =====Present=====<br /> *In the indicative mode, there is one present, the indicative present.<br /> *In the conditional mood, there are two kinds of present : the conditional present and the so-called "hypothetical conditional present" (''conditionel hypothétique présent''), meant to correspond to the French subjunctive present.<br /> *In the imperative and absolute moods, there is only a present tense.<br /> =====Past=====<br /> *In the indicative mood, there are four kinds of past : the so-called "foregone past" (''passé révolu''), which is meant to correspond to the French pluperfect ; the "descriptive past" (''passé descriptif''), meant to correspond to the French simple past and imperfect past ; the "general past" (''passé général''), meant to correspond to the French imperfect and ''passé composé'' (present perfect) ; and the "anterior past" (''passé antérieur''), built analytically with the auxiliary verb "kavaver"(to have) in the foregone past and the past participle.<br /> *In the conditional mood, there are three kinds of past : the "past conditional" (''conditionnel passé''), the so-called "retrospective conditional" (''conditionnel rétrospectif''), which is meant to correspond to the French ''conditionnel passé de seconde forme'', and the so-called "hypothetical conditional past" (''conditionel hypothétique passé''), meant to express the French past subjunctive. <br /> =====Future=====<br /> In the indicative mood, there are two kinds of future : the "general future" (''futur général''), which indicates event that are yet to happen, and the "retrospective future" (''futur rétrospectif''), which corresponds to the traditional "future perfect" (''futur antérieur''), used to express an action that will be completed before another action in the future.<br /> <br /> ====Conjugation tables====<br /> <br /> The only available conjugation tables describe the endings in the indicative present for verbs of the first and second groups.<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Indicative present of the first group : "kalûaë", ''to be''<br /> |-<br /> ! Person !! Ending !! Example<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || -qni /ʃni/ || kalûaqni /kaɾaʃni/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || -qniî /ʃnij/ || kalûaqniî /kaɾaʃnij/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG || - (radical) || kalûa /kaɾa/<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || -cÿcq /sɛsʃ/ || kalûacÿcq /kaɾasɛsʃ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || -tts /t/ || kalûatts /kaɾat/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL || -me /mə/ || kalûame /kaɾamə/<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || -i /i/ || kalûai /kaɾai/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Indicative present of the second group : "kavaver", ''to have''<br /> |-<br /> ! Person !! Ending !! Example<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || - (radical) || kav /kav/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || -s (unpronounced) || kavavs /kavav/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG || - (radical) || kavav /kavav/<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || -m /m/ || kavavm /kavavm/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || -ês /ja/ || kavavês /kavavja/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL || -n /n/ || kavavn /kavavn/<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || -i /i/ || kavi /kavi/<br /> |}<br /> Note : the first and seventh persons are irregular in this case.<br /> <br /> The verb kalûaë, being a high frequency verb, also has contracted, less formal forms : <br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Informal indicative present of kalûabë, "to be"<br /> |-<br /> ! Person !! Kalûaë <br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || kaqni /kaʃni/ <br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || kaqniî /kaʃnij/ <br /> |-<br /> | 3SG || kaq /kaʃ/ <br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || kacÿcq /kasɛsʃ/ <br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || katts /kat/ <br /> |-<br /> | 3PL || kame /kamə/ <br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || kai /kai/ <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ====Participle====<br /> <br /> =====Present participle=====<br /> There are two different kinds of present participles ; the regular present participle, and a so-called substantival present participle (''participe présent substantivé'').<br /> *Regular present participle :<br /> It is built by adding either the ending -klûenat /kɾna/ or the ending -kvi /gvi/ to the verb radical. These endings correspond directly to the present participles of the verb kalûaë : klûenat, and of the verb kavaver : kvi.<br /> Example : çctekvi /estegvi/, "losing".<br /> *Substantival present participle :<br /> It is used for instance for expressing continuing action (''Il sert par exemple à transcrire l'idée d'action continue : en français, "être en train de..."''). It is built by adding the ending -m to the infinitive form.<br /> Example : kavaverm /kavavm/ "having", kalûaëm /kaɾam/ "being", çctÿeëm /estɛbɾəm/ "losing".<br /> Example : Êü kavaqni çcteëm nda tÿmg kabbhe, "I am wasting my time"<br /> Subject pronoun "I" + verb "to have" + substantival present participle of the verb "to lose" + particle "in, from, of" + "time" + possessive pronoun "mine".<br /> <br /> =====Past participle=====<br /> <br /> The past participle is built by adding the ending -ut /y/ to the verb radical, for verbs of the first group ; and by adding the ending -ç /e/ to the verb radical, for verbs of the second group. <br /> Exceptions : kalûaë : klûu /kɾy/ (or /kɾu/ ?), "been" ; kavaver : avvç /av:e/.<br /> The past participle agrees in gender and number with the object of the verb :<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Past participle<br /> |-<br /> ! !! first group !! second group<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine singular || -ut /y/ || -ç /e/<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter singular || -ut /y/ || -ç /e/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine singular || -uet /y/ || -çe /e/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine plural || -uts /y/ || -çs /e/<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter plural || -uts /y/ || -çs /e/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine plural || -uets /y/ || -çes /e/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Example : çcteut, çcteuts, çcteuet, çcteuets /esty/.<br /> <br /> ===Adjectives===<br /> <br /> Adjectives agree in gender and number with the nouns they qualify. It is marked with a prefix that changes depending on the beginning of the neuter singular form.<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with a vowel<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || es- /əθ/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || a- /a/ || ai- /aj/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || e- /ə/ || es- /əθ/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with h-, t-, x-, z-, ö-,ñ-<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || cs- /s/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || q- /ʃ/ || qs- /ʃ/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || c- /s/ || cs- /s/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with b-, d-, g-, p-, q-, w-, ü-, k<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || hm- /hm/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || m- /m/ || ebm- /ɛjm/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || hm- /hm/ || hebm- /hɛjm/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with s-, r-<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || kbett- /kbət/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || kbet- /kbət/ || kbest- /kbət/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || kbeat- /kbɛt/ || kbeast- /kbɛt/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with c-, f-, j-, l-, m-, n-, v-, û-, ë-<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || atûïve- /at̚ɨvə/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || etûove- /ət̚ovə/ || etûïve- /ət̚ɨvə/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || atûova- /at̚ova/ || atûïva- /at̚ɨva/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Adverbs===<br /> <br /> There is no information on adverbs but, based on other versions of Tolsian, we can assume they are invariable in form, qualify verbs and adjectives, and are usually placed before the verb or adjective they qualify.<br /> <br /> ===Particles===<br /> <br /> Particles are function words that include prepositions, postpositions, conjunction words, etc. <br /> *One notable particle is the so-called subject particle, which is used with stative verbs to introduce the subject's attribute. It can take two different forms, usually depending on whether the subject is animate (particle "tke?") or inanimate (particle "ke?"), but also potentially on whether the relationship between subject and attribute is perceived as "temporary" or "eternal".<br /> *Another notable particle is the "possessive" particle, which is suffixed to the noun that represents a "possessor", akin to a genitive marking. It can be used instead of possessive pronouns, when suffixed to a personal subject pronoun : for instance, the personal pronoun "êü" + the possessive particle "-dô" becomes "êüdô", ''my''. On the other hand, when using one of the possessive pronouns, a so-called "possessed particle" is placed in front of the "possessed" noun.<br /> *Some particles are more like traditional prepositions ; for instance, "nda" means ''in, from, of''.<br /> <br /> ===Derivational morphology===<br /> <br /> ====Adjectives====<br /> <br /> Adjectives can be derived from nouns by adding the suffix -ke. The resulting adjective agrees in gender and number with the noun it qualifies, following the regular agreement rules for adjectives.<br /> Example : "tolsian", neuter singular : tolqjimke, masculine singular : qtolqjimke.<br /> <br /> ====Nouns====<br /> Nouns can be derived from adjectives or past participles by adding the suffix -ctadû /stad̚/. The resulting noun is usually masculine. According to documentation, if a noun is derived from an adjective that was itself derived from a noun with the suffix -ke, then this suffix should be dropped, which sure sounds a lot like we're back to deriving a noun from a noun.<br /> Example : (the) Tolsian (language) : pna Qtolqjimctadû.<br /> <br /> ====Verbs====<br /> <br /> Verbs can most likely be derived from nouns by adding either the suffix -ë (probably if the noun ends in a vowel) or the suffix -er (if it ends in a consonant).<br /> <br /> ==Syntax==<br /> ===Constituent order===<br /> *Sentences with a stative verbs have a different constituent order depending on whether the attribute is an adjective or a noun phrase ; in the first case, it is akin to a SVO order, in the second, to an OSV order :<br /> <br /> "I am Tolsian" (the speaker is a woman) : êü kalûaqni tke? ctolqjimke.<br /> <br /> Subject + "to be" + subject particle + "Tolsian" (f.sg.)<br /> <br /> "I am a (Tolsian) woman" : Ad tke? mqarea (ctolqjimke) êü kalûaqni.<br /> <br /> Article + subject particle + "woman" (+ "Tolsian") + subject + "to be".<br /> <br /> *The basic constituent order of a declarative sentence is SVO.<br /> Example : "I am wasting my time" : Êü kavaqni çcteëm nda tÿmg kabbhe. <br /> <br /> Subject pronoun + "to have" + substantival present participle of the verb "to lose" + particle "in, from, of" + "time" + possessive pronoun "mine".<br /> <br /> ===Noun phrase===<br /> If there is a determiner (for example, a definiteness article), it is placed at the beginning of the noun phrase. If there is an adjective, it can be placed either right before, or right after, the noun it qualifies. Most particles are placed between a determiner and the adjective + noun (or noun + adjective) group. A prepositional phrase or clause comes after.<br /> <br /> Example :<br /> <br /> "I am Tolsian" (the speaker is a woman) : êü kalûaqni tke? ctolqjimke.<br /> <br /> Subject + "to be" + subject particle + "Tolsian" (f.sg.)<br /> <br /> *Genitive phrase :<br /> <br /> "My mother" : (Pnÿ) êüdô maîha.<br /> <br /> (Definite article) + Subject pronoun + possessive particle suffix + "mother".<br /> <br /> <br /> "My mother" : Ne maîha kabħa.<br /> <br /> "Possessed" particle + "mother" + possessive pronoun.<br /> <br /> "This is my mother" : Fe kalûa ne maîha kabħa.<br /> <br /> Demonstrative pronoun + "to be" + "possessed" particle + "mother" + possessive pronoun.<br /> <br /> "Mine" : Pnÿ kabħa.<br /> <br /> Definite article + possessive pronoun.<br /> <br /> "It is mine" : Fe kalûa pnÿ kabħa.<br /> <br /> Demonstrative pronoun + "to be" + definite article + possessive pronoun.<br /> <br /> ===Verb phrase===<br /> <br /> The subject pronoun is optional, but placed right in front of the verb if used.<br /> <br /> ===Sentence phrase===<br /> ===Dependent clauses===<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Example texts==<br /> <br /> ==Other resources==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Qtolqjimctadû]]<br /> [[Category:Languages]]<br /> [[Category:Conlangs]]<br /> [[Category:Tolsian]]</div>

Uvie https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Qtolqjimctad%C3%BBB&diff=526678 QtolqjimctadûB 2026-05-21T22:27:45Z

<p>Uvie: Created page with "==Introduction==      ==Phonology==  <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ<br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p b<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ t d̚ d<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k g<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s z<br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ ʒ <br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ β<br /> |colspan="2"| f v<br /> |colspan="2"| θ ð<br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ ɧ̙ʷ̬<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <br /> |colspan="2"| χ ʁ<br /> |colspan="2"| h<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j ɥ<br /> |colspan="2"| w<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l ɫ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> Notes :<br /> <br /> In earlier documentation, proper knowledge of IPA was lacking and several of the phonemes had to be identified from either phonetically inaccurate IPA descriptions or vague, impressionistic ones. Several phonemes could not be recovered. Here is a list of deviations from the above table :<br /> <poem><br /> Identified phonemes :<br /> /ɸ/ was described as [fʷ] (written <ÎF, îf>).<br /> /β/ was described as [vʷ] (written <ÎV, îv>).<br /> /ʁ/ was described as [ʀ] (written <R, r>).<br /> /ʀ/ was described as [rˤ] (''sorte de « r » très roulé'', written <RX, rx>).<br /> /ɹ/ was described as [ʀˤ] (''sorte de « r » anglais'', written <RÛ, rû>).<br /> /ɫ/ was described as [l̪ ] (''comme à la fin du mot anglais "well"'', written <Û, û>).<br /> /χ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [x] (written <X, x>), while /x/ itself was most likely described as [xˤ] (written <ÎX, îx>).<br /> /ŋ/ was probably described as [ɲˤ] (written <ÎÑ, îñ>), while the sound described as [ŋ] (written <ÎÑg, îñg>) probably corresponded to /ᵑg/.<br /> In QtolqjimctadûB, the letter <Ë, ë> is described as [br̺ə], but no other letter or grapheme seems to correspond to /r̺/ on its own, while the digraph <LÛ, lû> is described only as [r] (''sorte de "r" roulé''), with no reference to Japanese. We'll assume the following : <br /> /ɾ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [r̺] as part of the cluster /bɾ/+V with the help of <Ë, ë> as [bɾə], described as [br̺ə].<br /> /r/ might have been what was described as [r] (''sorte de « r » roulé'', written <LÛ, lû>).<br /> /ɧ̙ʷ/ and its voiced version /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ are, to this day, subject to doubt regarding their IPA descriptions. They were most likely corresponding to the sounds described as [ʃ ̪ ] (written <ÎQ, îq>) and [ʒ̺̺̺ ] (written <ÎÖ, îö>).<br /> /t̚/ and /d̚/ are also subject to some doubt regarding their IPA descriptions still. They were described as [t̪] (written <TÛ, tû>) and [d̪] (written <DÛ, dû>).<br /> The phoneme described as [ʃʲ] probably has a realization closer to [ç] or [ɕ] (written <QÛ, qû>).<br /> <br /> Unidentified or very doubtful phonemes :<br /> Some /h/-like phoneme, described as [hˤ] (written <ÎH, îh>). It might have corresponded to /ɣ/, but it is not very likely.<br /> /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ might have been what was described as [l̤ʲ] (''la pointe de la langue touche le palais et non les dents'', written <HÛ, hû>). Based on its spelling it is more likely to be devoiced.<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i y<br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ<br /> |colspan="2"|u<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e ø<br /> |colspan="2"| ə<br /> |colspan="2"|o<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ œ ɛ̃ œ̃<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ ɔ̃<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä<br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃<br /> |}<br /> Vowel length is supposed to be phonemic, with regular (or short) vowels, and long vowels.<br /> <br /> Similarly to consonants, some vowels had to be "re-identified" from previous documentation and some deviations arise :<br /> <poem><br /> /œ/ is probably what was described as [æ] (written <E, ù>).<br /> /œ̃/ is probably what was described as [æ̃] (written <Ä, è>).<br /> /ø/ is probably what was described as [œ] (written <EU/Eu, eu> or <OE/Oe, oe>).<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Orthography===<br /> Orthography was made complicated on purpose.<br /> <br /> ====Alphabet====<br /> <poem><br /> A, a /a/<br /> B, b /b/<br /> C, c /s/<br /> D, d /d/<br /> E, e /ə/ ; E, ç /e/ ; E, ù /œ/ ; E, ÿ /ɛ/<br /> F, f /f/<br /> G, g /g/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> H, h /h/<br /> Ħ, ħ soundless ; mostly used in composed graphemes.<br /> I, i /i/<br /> J, j /ʒ/<br /> K, k /k/<br /> L, l /l/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> M, m /m/<br /> N, n /n/<br /> O, o /o/ or /ɔ/<br /> P, p /p/<br /> Q, q /ʃ/<br /> R, r /ʁ/<br /> S, s /θ/<br /> T, t /t/<br /> U, u /y/<br /> V, v /v/<br /> W, w /wi/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> X, x /χ/<br /> Y, y /jo/ or /ɔj/<br /> Z, z /z/<br /> Â, â /aj/<br /> Ê, ê /ja/<br /> Û, û /ɫ/<br /> Î, î /ɨ/ soundless when used in composed graphemes.<br /> Ô, ô /o/<br /> Ä, ä /ɑ̃/ ; Ä, à /ɔ̃/ ; Ä, é /ɛ̃/ ; Ä, è /œ̃/<br /> Ë, ë /bɾə/<br /> Ü, ü /j/<br /> Ï, ï /ɨ/<br /> Ö, ö /ð/<br /> Ã, ã /a/<br /> Õ, õ /o/<br /> Ñ, ñ /ɲ/<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ====Spelling rules====<br /> Long vowels are spelled with doubled graphemes (<Aa, aa> /a:/, etc).<br /> <br /> Some graphemes, namely <E, e> /ə/ ; <E, ç/ë> /e/ ; <E, ù/ĕ> /œ/ ; <E, ÿ/ê> /ɛ/ and <Ä, ä> /ɑ̃/ ; <Ä, à/ă> /ɔ̃/ ; <Ä, é/â> /ɛ̃/ ; <Ä, è/ä /œ̃/> use the same capital letter, but different minuscule letters, for different phonemes. This is partly due to limitations on a French keyboard, and partly to reflect the original Tolsian script in which these phonemes use the same letter but with different diacritics.<br /> <br /> The grapheme <Î, î> denotes /ɨ/, except in front of some consonants (<F, f>, <V, v>, <Q, q>, <Ö, ö>, <Ñ, ñ>, <X, x>, <H, h>) ; the grapheme <Ï, ï> is used instead in order to denote /ɨ/.<br /> <br /> There are many digraphs and even trigraphs ; usually, all letters are capitalized, when capitalization is needed.<br /> =====Digraphs with <Î, î>=====<br /> In the original documentation, these are described as "purified" (''épurés'').<br /> <poem><br /> ÎF, îf /ɸ/<br /> ÎV, îv /β/<br /> ÎQ, îq /ɧ̙ʷ/<br /> ÎÖ, îö /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ <br /> ÎÑ, îñ /ŋ/<br /> ÎX, îx /x/<br /> ÎH, îh unknown, possibly /ɣ/<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> =====Trigraphs with <Î, î>=====<br /> There is one such trigraph, also considered to be "purified".<br /> <poem><br /> ÎÑg, îñg /ᵑg/<br /> </poem><br /> =====Digraphs with <Û, û>=====<br /> Some of these digraphs were originally described as "wet" (''mouillés'') :<br /> <poem><br /> TÛ, tû /t̚/<br /> QÛ, qû /ʃʲ/ (probably realized [ç] or [ɕ])<br /> DÛ, dû /d̚/<br /> </poem><br /> Others were not considered to be "wet" :<br /> <poem><br /> LÛ, lû /r/<br /> HÛ, hû possibly /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ <br /> RÛ, rû /ɹ/ <br /> <br /> =====Digraphs with <Ħ, ħ>=====<br /> These can also be written as trigraphs, swapping <Ħ, ħ> for <Hh, hh>. As digraphs, one may likewise capitalize both letters or only the first one. As trigraphs, Only the first letter is capitalized.<br /> Ħ, ħ can be found on its own but is soundless. It may be used as part of the following digraphs, or used to maintain a hiatus between vowels and <I, i> or <O, o>. It can also be written <Hh, hh>.<br /> PĦ/Pħ, pħ /f/ (or <Phh, phh>)<br /> TĦ/Tħ, tħ /s/ (or <Thh, thh><br /> JĦ/Jħ, jħ /ʒ/ (or <Jhh, jhh>)<br /> BĦ/Bħ, bħ /v/ (or <Bhh, bhh>)<br /> DĦ/Dħ, dħ /z/ (or <Dhh, dhh>)<br /> SĦ/Sħ, sħ /ð/ (or <Shh, shh>)<br /> <br /> <br /> =====Some more consonantal digraphs=====<br /> RX, rx /ʀ/<br /> <br /> =====Vocalic digraphs=====<br /> <poem><br /> <EU/Eu, eu> [ø]<br /> <OU/Ou, ou> [u]<br /> <OE/Oe, oe> [ø]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Nasal vowels=====<br /> Some digraphs and trigraphs denote nasal vowels, with <N, n> and <M, m> :<br /> <poem><br /> <An, an> /ɑ̃/<br /> <Am, am> /ɑ̃/<br /> <En, en> /ɑ̃/<br /> <Em, em> /ɑ̃/<br /> <In, in> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Im, im> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Ein, ein> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Eim, eim> /ɛ̃/<br /> <On, on> /ɔ̃/<br /> <Om, om> /ɔ̃/<br /> <Un, un> /œ̃/<br /> <Um, um> /œ̃/<br /> </poem><br /> However, if there are two <N, n> or <M, m> following a vowel, then it is not nasalized but pronounced as V+[n or m] instead (<Ann, ann> [an], <Amm, amm> [am],... etc). Besides, vocalic graphemes other than <A, a>, <E, e>, <I, i>, <O, o>, <U, u> do not get nasalized when followed by an <N, n> or <M, m>.<br /> =====Diphtongues=====<br /> They have been described as diphtongues, but should rather be analyzed as combinations of vowels and approximants. There are three different approximants : /j/, /w/ and /ɥ/, which only appear in a limited number of cases.<br /> *Diphtongues /j/ + vowel :<br /> They are usually written with a <I, i> followed by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <I, i> stands for /j/ :<br /> <poem><br /> <Ia, ia> [ja]<br /> <Ie, ie> [jə]<br /> <Iç, iç> [je]<br /> <Iù, iù> [jœ]<br /> <Iÿ, iÿ> [jɛ]<br /> <Io, io> [jo] or [jɔ]<br /> <Iu, iu> [jy]<br /> <Iô, iô> [jo]<br /> <Iä, iä> [jɑ̃]<br /> <Ià, ià> [jɔ̃]<br /> <Ié, ié> [jɛ̃]<br /> <Iè, iè> [jœ̃]<br /> <Ii, ii> [ji]<br /> <Iou, iou> [ju]<br /> <Ieu, ieu> [jø]<br /> </poem><br /> However, there are a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> ÜÃ, üã [ja]<br /> ÜÕ, üõ [jo]<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues vowel + /j/ :<br /> They are usually written with a <Ü, ü> preceded by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <Ü, ü> stands for /j/ (minus the exceptions above) :<br /> <poem><br /> <AÜ, aü> [aj]<br /> <EÜ, eü> [əj]<br /> <EÜ, çü> [ej]<br /> <EÜ, ùü> [œj]<br /> <EÜ, ÿü> [ɛj]<br /> <OÜ, oü> [oj] or [ɔj]<br /> <UÜ, uü> [yj]<br /> <ÔÜ, ôü> [oj]<br /> <ÄÜ, äü> [ɑ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, àü> [ɔ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, éü> [ɛ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, èü> [œ̃j]<br /> <ÃÜ, ãü> [aj]<br /> <ÕÜ, õü> [oj]<br /> <EUÜ, euü> [øj]<br /> </poem><br /> There are also a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> EÎ, eî [əj]<br /> EÎ, çî [ej]<br /> EÎ, ùî [œj]<br /> EÎ, ÿî [ɛj]<br /> IÎ, iî [ij]<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues with /w/ :<br /> These are usually written with a <O, o>, either followed or preceded by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <O, o> stands for /w/ :<br /> <poem><br /> <Oa, oa> [wa]<br /> <Oe, oe> [wə]<br /> <Oç, oç> [we]<br /> <Où, où> [wœ]<br /> <Oÿ, oÿ> [wɛ]<br /> <Oo, oo> [wo] or [wɔ]<br /> <Oy, oy> [wy]<br /> <Oô, oô> [wo]<br /> <Oä, oä> [wɑ̃]<br /> <Oà, oà> [wɔ̃]<br /> <Oé, oé> [wɛ̃]<br /> <Oè, oè> [wœ̃] (This one was described as [wœ̃] already in the original documentation (instead of expected [wæ̃] and has therefore cast some doubt on the identification of vowels /ø/, /œ/ and /œ̃/.)<br /> <Oi, oi> [wi]<br /> <Oeu, oeu> [wø]<br /> And reciprocally (<Ao, ao> [aw]... etc).<br /> </poem><br /> There are however a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> <Io, io> is ambiguous and can denote either /iw/ or /jo/<br /> <Oe, oe> is ambiguous and can denote either /wə/ or /ø/<br /> <OU/Ou, ou> always denotes /u/.<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues with /ɥ/ :<br /> <poem><br /> UÎ, uî [ɥi]<br /> Ui, ui [ɥi]<br /> Ua, ua [ɥa]<br /> Uç, uç [ɥe]<br /> Uÿ, uÿ [ɥɛ]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Triphtongues=====<br /> They should also be analyzed as combinations of approximant + vowel + approximant. Besides using <I, i> and <O, o> or even <Ü, ü> and <U, u>, there is a handful of special spellings that denote such "triphtongues" :<br /> <poem><br /> ÜÂ, üâ [jaj]<br /> ÜY, üy [jɔj]<br /> ÊÜ, êü [jaj]<br /> YÜ, yü [joj] or [jɔj]<br /> ÃÎ, ãî [aji]<br /> ÕÎ, õî [oji]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Word-final position induced changes=====<br /> The original consonants /g/ <G, g>, /l/ <L, l> and syllable /wi/ <W, w> turn into [j] when in a word-final position.<br /> <poem><br /> <g> /j/<br /> <l> /j/<br /> <w> /j/<br /> </poem><br /> There are some other special spellings :<br /> <poem><br /> <ebm> /ɛjm/<br /> <ebn> /ɛjn/<br /> </poem><br /> Finally, some letters are simply not pronounced at the end of a word :<br /> <poem><br /> <e><br /> <ô><br /> <d><br /> <nowiki><q></nowiki><br /> <nowiki><s></nowiki><br /> <t><br /> <z><br /> <er><br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ====Table of phonemes and their principal corresponding graphemes====<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m <M, m><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n <N, n><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ <Ñ, ñ><br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ <ÎÑ, îñ><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p <P, p> ; b <B, b><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ <TÛ, tû> ; t <T, t> ; d̚ <DÛ, dû> ; d <D, d><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k <K, k> ; g <G, g><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s <C, c> alt. <TĦ/Tħ, tħ> ; z <Z, z> alt. <DĦ/Dħ, dħ> <br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ <Q, q> ; ʒ <J, j> alt. <JĦ/Jħ, jħ> <br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ <QÛ, qû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ <ÎF, îf> ; β <ÎV, îv><br /> |colspan="2"| f <F, f> alt. <PĦ/Pħ, pħ> ; v <V, v> alt. <BĦ/Bħ, bħ><br /> |colspan="2"| θ <S, s> ; ð <Ö, ö> alt. <SĦ/Sħ, sħ><br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ <HÛ, hû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ <ÎQ, îq> ; ɧ̙ʷ̬ <ÎÖ, îö><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <ÎX, îx><br /> |colspan="2"| χ <X, x> ; ʁ <R, r><br /> |colspan="2"| h <H, h><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ <RÛ, rû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j <I, i> (before a vowel), <Ü, ü> (after a vowel) ; ɥ <U, u> (before some vowels)<br /> |colspan="2"| w <O, o> (before or after a vowel)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r <LÛ, lû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ <RX, rx><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (ɾ ?)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l <L, l> ɫ <Û, û><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg <ÎÑg, îñg><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i <I, i> ; y <U, u><br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ <Î, î> alt. <Ï, ï><br /> |colspan="2"|u <OU/Ou, ou><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e <E, ç> ; ø <EU/Eu, eu> alt. <OE/Oe, oe><br /> |colspan="2"| ə <E, e><br /> |colspan="2"|o <O, o> alt. <Ô, ô> alt. <Õ, õ><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ <E, ÿ> ; œ <E, ù> ; ɛ̃ <Ä, é> ; œ̃ <Ä, è><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ <O, o> ; ɔ̃ <Ä, à><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä <A, a> alt. <Ã, ã><br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃ <Ä, ä><br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Prosody===<br /> ====Stress====<br /> <br /> There is no lexical stress. It can be assumed that most words or verbal and nominal groups have a slight stress on the last syllable, like in French ; however, there is supposed to be a distinction between short and long vowels, so we can assume that long vowels would be stressed.<br /> <br /> ====Intonation====<br /> <br /> ===Phonotactics===<br /> <br /> ===Morphophonology===<br /> <br /> ==Morphology==<br /> <br /> There are five main parts of speech in Qtolqjimctadû : nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and particles.<br /> <br /> ===Nouns===<br /> Nouns have definiteness, gender, and number. Definiteness is marked by definite and indefinite articles which agree in gender and number with the nouns. There are three genders : neuter, masculine, and feminine. <br /> <br /> ====Gender====<br /> Gender is usually marked by the ending of the noun. Nouns that correspond to non-animate things are usually neutral whereas nouns that describe animate things are usually masculine or feminine. However, some nouns can have all three genders, with the masculine and feminine forms built on an underlying neutral form ; this is common for instance for animal names, or for professions.<br /> <br /> According to documentation, most neuter nouns in the singular end either in <nowiki><-e></nowiki> or in a consonant. There is however no indication of how to distinguish masculine and feminine nouns, but based on the description of neuter forms, it may be posited that they must typically end in some kinds of vowels. Nouns that end in <nowiki><-e></nowiki> in the singular neuter are part of a paradigm that builds masculine and feminine forms on this underlying neuter form :<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Ending in -e<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || -e /ə/ || -ea /ɛ/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || -e /ə/ || -ebn /ɛjn/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || -ea /ɛ/ || -ean /əɑ̃/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> According to documentation, it is common for the neuter to present as a masculine singular ending in the singular, and as a feminine singular ending in the plural.<br /> <br /> ====Definiteness====<br /> Earlier documentation does not explicitly state that the definite and definite articles must agree with nouns in number and gender, but it is apparent in corpus that there is at least a masculine or neutral singular definite article that differs from a feminine singular definite article. From this and comparison with other versions of Tolsian, one can infer that articles, both definite and indefinite, come in at least three forms : masculine singular, feminine singular, and a plural form that covers all genders. Based on the existence of a neutral gender, it may be posited that there must be a neutral singular form as well. There is however no actual indication of whether there is only one plural form for all genders, or if there are also different plural forms for different genders. We'll assume the following paradigm :<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Definite and indefinite articles<br /> |-<br /> ! Definiteness / Gender !! Neuter !! Masculine !! Feminine !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Definite|| - || pna /pna/ || pnÿ /pnɛ/ || -<br /> |-<br /> | Indefinite|| -|| -|| ad /a/ || -<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ====Number====<br /> There are two numbers, singular and plural ; singular is unmarked while plural is marked with a suffix that differs depending on the ending of the noun.<br /> Besides the "-e" paradigm above, different groups of endings take different plural markings. It is likely that the consonantal endings indicate neuter nouns, whereas the vocalic endings indicate masculine and feminine nouns.<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Table of plurals<br /> |-<br /> ! Types of endings !! Plural affix !! Pronunciation<br /> |-<br /> | -c ; -f ; -j ; -l ; -m ; -n ; -v ; -û ; -ë || -c || -cc /s/ ; -fc /fs/ ; -jc /θ/ ; -lc /js/ ; -mc ; -nc ; -vc /fs/ ; -ûc /ɫ/ ; -ëc /bɾɛk/<br /> |-<br /> | -b ; -d ; -g ; -p ; -q ; -w ; -ü ; -k || -tt || -btt /pt/ ; -dtt /d̚/ ; -gtt /kt/ ; -ptt /pt/ ; -qtt /ʃt/ ; -wtt /wit/ ; -ütt /jt/ ; -ktt /kt/<br /> |-<br /> | -s ; -r || -ch || -sch /ʃ/ ; -rch /?/ ("[hˤ]" see notes on consonants) ; -rsch /ʁʃa/<br /> |-<br /> | -h ; -t ; -x ; -z ; -ö ; -ñ || -c or -tt || -hc /k/ ; -tc /ts/ ; -xc /χs/ ; -zc /s/ ; -öc /s/ ; -ñc /s/ <p> -htt /ht/ ; -ttt /t̚/ ; -xtt /χt/ ; -ztt /st/ ; -ött /ʃt/ ; -ñtt /t/<br /> |-<br /> | Vowel endings (other than "e") || -es || not pronounced.<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ====Pronouns====<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Personal subject pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Pronoun<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || I || êü /jaj/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || you || oü /oj/ or /ɔj/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.masc || he || tag /taj/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.fem || she || tal /taj/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.impersonal || "man", "one" || tawi /tawi/<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || we || îhalÿn /xalɛn/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || you || hiçve /hjev/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.masc || they || tagg /tag/ (or /tagj/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.fem || they || tall /tal/ (or /talj/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || you || îqann /ɧ̙ʷan/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Demonstrative pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Pronoun<br /> |-<br /> | Singular demonstrative pronoun || this || fe /fə/<br /> |-<br /> | Plural demonstrative pronoun || these || îvae /βa/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Personal reflexive pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Pronoun<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || myself || kab /kab/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || yourself || kat /ka/ (or /kat) ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.masc || himself || kaad /ka:/ (or /ka:d/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.fem || herself || kaad /ka:/ (or /ka:d/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.impersonal || oneself || kad /ka/ (or /kad/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || ourselves || aö /aʒ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || yourselves || av /av/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.masc || themselves || aann /a:n/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.fem || themselves || aann /a:n/<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || yourself ; yourselves || enn /ən/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Possessive pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Masculine and neuter singular !! Feminine singular !! Masculine and neuter plural !! Feminine plural<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || my, mine || kabħe /kavə/ || kabħa /kava/ || kabħei /kavi/ || kabħae /kavaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || your, yours || katħe /kasə/ || katħa /kasa/ || katħei /kasi/ || katħae /kasaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG || his, her, hers, its || kadħe /kazə/ || kadħa /kaza/ || kadħei /kazi/ || kadħae /kazaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || our, ours || pħaöe /faʒə/ || pħaöa /faʒa/ || pħaöei /faʒi/ || pħaöae /faʒaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || your, yours || pħave /favə/ || pħava /fava/ || pħavei /favi/ || pħavae /favaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL || their, theirs || pħann /fan/ || pħana /fana/ || pħani /fani/ || pħanae /fanaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || your, yours || ïqann /iʃan/ || aîqann /aɧ̙ʷan/ || ïqani /iʃani/ || aîqane /aɧ̙ʷan/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Possessive pronouns agree in gender and number with the nouns denoting what is "possessed".<br /> <br /> ===Verbs===<br /> <br /> There are two main verbal groups, one ending in "-ë" (usually with a radical ending in a vowel), and one ending in "-er" (usually with a radical ending in a consonant). Verbs are conjugated for person, tense, and mood. There are formally seven persons : first singular, second singular, third singular, first plural, second plural, third plural, and the "polite" second person used in formal contexts for which number is neutralized. <br /> <br /> ====Mood====<br /> <br /> There are four moods : indicative, conditional, imperative and so-called "absolute" (can also be called gnomic). <br /> =====Indicative=====<br /> The indicative and absolute moods are forms of realis : indicative is used to express statements or facts, and also other modalities not expressed with other moods. <br /> =====Absolute=====<br /> The absolute is traditionally treated as a mood because of its specific grammatical markings, but better corresponds semantically to the gnomic aspect. It can also be used to express a higher degree of certainty than indicative, or to express emphasis. According to documentation : <q>L'absolu est un mode intemporel. Il peut traduire un présent de vérité générale, parler d'une propriété intrinsèque à un corps, être utilisé en poésie... Il peut être utilisé aussi en tant que présent s'il décrit une action ''a priori'' continue dans le temps, comme lorsqu'on emploie des adjectifs qualificatifs.</q><br /> =====Imperative=====<br /> The conditional and imperative moods are forms of irrealis : the imperative expresses commands, prohibitions and requests. It is not used with the seventh person (2nd person used for politeness), in which case it is substituted for a hypothetical conditional. <br /> =====Conditional=====<br /> The conditional expresses hypotheticals, desires and wishes. According to documentation, so-called "hypothetical conditional" corresponds to the French subjunctive mood.<br /> ====Tense====<br /> <br /> There are three main tenses : present, past and future. <br /> <br /> =====Present=====<br /> *In the indicative mode, there is one present, the indicative present.<br /> *In the conditional mood, there are two kinds of present : the conditional present and the so-called "hypothetical conditional present" (''conditionel hypothétique présent''), meant to correspond to the French subjunctive present.<br /> *In the imperative and absolute moods, there is only a present tense.<br /> =====Past=====<br /> *In the indicative mood, there are four kinds of past : the so-called "foregone past" (''passé révolu''), which is meant to correspond to the French pluperfect ; the "descriptive past" (''passé descriptif''), meant to correspond to the French simple past and imperfect past ; the "general past" (''passé général''), meant to correspond to the French imperfect and ''passé composé'' (present perfect) ; and the "anterior past" (''passé antérieur''), built analytically with the auxiliary verb "kavaver"(to have) in the foregone past and the past participle.<br /> *In the conditional mood, there are three kinds of past : the "past conditional" (''conditionnel passé''), the so-called "retrospective conditional" (''conditionnel rétrospectif''), which is meant to correspond to the French ''conditionnel passé de seconde forme'', and the so-called "hypothetical conditional past" (''conditionel hypothétique passé''), meant to express the French past subjunctive. <br /> =====Future=====<br /> In the indicative mood, there are two kinds of future : the "general future" (''futur général''), which indicates event that are yet to happen, and the "retrospective future" (''futur rétrospectif''), which corresponds to the traditional "future perfect" (''futur antérieur''), used to express an action that will be completed before another action in the future.<br /> <br /> ====Conjugation tables====<br /> <br /> The only available conjugation tables describe the endings in the indicative present for verbs of the first and second groups.<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Indicative present of the first group : "kalûaë", ''to be''<br /> |-<br /> ! Person !! Ending !! Example<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || -qni /ʃni/ || kalûaqni /kaɾaʃni/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || -qniî /ʃnij/ || kalûaqniî /kaɾaʃnij/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG || - (radical) || kalûa /kaɾa/<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || -cÿcq /sesʃ/ || kalûacÿcq /kaɾasesʃ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || -tts /t/ || kalûatts /kaɾat/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL || -me /mə/ || kalûame /kaɾamə/<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || -i /i/ || kalûai /kaɾai/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Indicative present of the second group : "kavaver", ''to have''<br /> |-<br /> ! Person !! Ending !! Example<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || - (radical) || kav /kav/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || -s (unpronounced) || kavavs /kavav/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG || - (radical) || kavav /kavav/<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || -m /m/ || kavavm /kavavm/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || -ês /ja/ || kavavês /kavavja/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL || -n /n/ || kavavn /kavavn/<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || -i /i/ || kavi /kavi/<br /> |}<br /> Note : the first and seventh persons are irregular in this case.<br /> <br /> ====Participle====<br /> <br /> =====Present participle=====<br /> There are two different kinds of present participles ; the regular present participle, and a so-called substantival present participle (''participe présent substantivé'').<br /> *Regular present participle :<br /> It is built by adding either the ending -klûenat /kɾna/ or the ending -kvi /gvi/ to the verb radical. These endings correspond directly to the present participles of the verb kalûaë : klûenat, and of the verb kavaver : kvi.<br /> Example : çctekvi /estegvi/, "losing".<br /> *Substantival present participle :<br /> It is used for instance for expressing continuing action (''Il sert par exemple à transcrire l'idée d'action continue : en français, "être en train de..."''). It is built by adding the ending -m to the infinitive form.<br /> Example : kavaverm /kavavm/ "having", kalûaëm /kaɾam/ "being", çctÿeëm /estɛbɾəm/ "losing".<br /> Example : Êü kavaqni çcteëm nda tÿmg kabbhe, "I am wasting my time"<br /> Subject pronoun "I" + verb "to have" + substantival present participle of the verb "to lose" + particle "in, from, of" + "time" + possessive pronoun "mine".<br /> <br /> =====Past participle=====<br /> <br /> The past participle is built by adding the ending -ut /y/ to the verb radical, for verbs of the first group ; and by adding the ending -ç /e/ to the verb radical, for verbs of the second group. <br /> Exceptions : kalûaë : klûu /kɾy/ (or /kɾu/ ?), "been" ; kavaver : avvç /av:e/.<br /> The past participle agrees in gender and number with the object of the verb :<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Past participle<br /> |-<br /> ! !! first group !! second group<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine singular || -ut /y/ || -ç /e/<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter singular || -ut /y/ || -ç /e/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine singular || -uet /y/ || -çe /e/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine plural || -uts /y/ || -çs /e/<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter plural || -uts /y/ || -çs /e/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine plural || -uets /y/ || -çes /e/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Example : çcteut, çcteuts, çcteuet, çcteuets /esty/.<br /> <br /> ===Adjectives===<br /> <br /> Adjectives agree in gender and number with the nouns they qualify. It is marked with a prefix that changes depending on the beginning of the neuter singular form.<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with a vowel<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || es- /əθ/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || a- /a/ || ai- /aj/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || e- /ə/ || es- /əθ/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with h-, t-, x-, z-, ö-,ñ-<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || cs- /s/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || q- /ʃ/ || qs- /ʃ/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || c- /s/ || cs- /s/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with b-, d-, g-, p-, q-, w-, ü-, k<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || hm- /hm/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || m- /m/ || ebm- /ɛjm/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || hm- /hm/ || hebm- /hɛjm/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with s-, r-<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || kbett- /kbət/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || kbet- /kbət/ || kbest- /kbət/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || kbeat- /kbɛt/ || kbeast- /kbɛt/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with c-, f-, j-, l-, m-, n-, v-, û-, ë-<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || atûïve- /at̚ɨvə/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || etûove- /ət̚ovə/ || etûïve- /ət̚ɨvə/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || atûova- /at̚ova/ || atûïva- /at̚ɨva/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Adverbs===<br /> <br /> There is no information on adverbs but, based on other versions of Tolsian, we can assume they are invariable in form, qualify verbs and adjectives, and are usually placed before the verb or adjective they qualify.<br /> <br /> ===Particles===<br /> <br /> Particles are function words that include prepositions, postpositions, conjunction words, etc. <br /> *One notable particle is the so-called subject particle, which is used with stative verbs to introduce the subject's attribute. It can take two different forms, usually depending on whether the subject is animate (particle "tke?") or inanimate (particle "ke?"), but also potentially on whether the relationship between subject and attribute is perceived as "temporary" or "eternal".<br /> *Another notable particle is the "possessive" particle, which is suffixed to the noun that represents a "possessor", akin to a genitive marking. It can be used instead of possessive pronouns, when suffixed to a personal subject pronoun : for instance, the personal pronoun "êü" + the possessive particle "-dô" becomes "êüdô", ''my''. On the other hand, when using one of the possessive pronouns, a so-called "possessed particle" is placed in front of the "possessed" noun.<br /> *Some particles are more like traditional prepositions ; for instance, "nda" means ''in, from, of''.<br /> <br /> ===Derivational morphology===<br /> <br /> ====Adjectives====<br /> <br /> Adjectives can be derived from nouns by adding the suffix -ke. The resulting adjective agrees in gender and number with the noun it qualifies, following the regular agreement rules for adjectives.<br /> Example : "tolsian", neuter singular : tolqjimke, masculine singular : qtolqjimke.<br /> <br /> ====Nouns====<br /> Nouns can be derived from adjectives or past participles by adding the suffix -ctadû /stad̚/. The resulting noun is usually masculine. According to documentation, if a noun is derived from an adjective that was itself derived from a noun with the suffix -ke, then this suffix should be dropped, which sure sounds a lot like we're back to deriving a noun from a noun.<br /> Example : (the) Tolsian (language) : pna Qtolqjimctadû.<br /> <br /> ====Verbs====<br /> <br /> Verbs can most likely be derived from nouns by adding either the suffix -ë (probably if the noun ends in a vowel) or the suffix -er (if it ends in a consonant).<br /> <br /> ==Syntax==<br /> ===Constituent order===<br /> *Sentences with a stative verbs have a different constituent order depending on whether the attribute is an adjective or a noun phrase ; in the first case, it is akin to a SVO order, in the second, to an OSV order :<br /> <br /> "I am Tolsian" (the speaker is a woman) : êü kalûaqni tke? ctolqjimke.<br /> <br /> Subject + "to be" + subject particle + "Tolsian" (f.sg.)<br /> <br /> "I am a (Tolsian) woman" : Ad tke? mqarea (ctolqjimke) êü kalûaqni.<br /> <br /> Article + subject particle + "woman" (+ "Tolsian") + subject + "to be".<br /> <br /> *The basic constituent order of a declarative sentence is SVO.<br /> Example : "I am wasting my time" : Êü kavaqni çcteëm nda tÿmg kabbhe. <br /> <br /> Subject pronoun + "to have" + substantival present participle of the verb "to lose" + particle "in, from, of" + "time" + possessive pronoun "mine".<br /> <br /> ===Noun phrase===<br /> If there is a determiner (for example, a definiteness article), it is placed at the beginning of the noun phrase. If there is an adjective, it can be placed either right before, or right after, the noun it qualifies. Most particles are placed between a determiner and the adjective + noun (or noun + adjective) group. A prepositional phrase or clause comes after.<br /> <br /> Example :<br /> <br /> "I am Tolsian" (the speaker is a woman) : êü kalûaqni tke? ctolqjimke.<br /> <br /> Subject + "to be" + subject particle + "Tolsian" (f.sg.)<br /> <br /> *Genitive phrase :<br /> <br /> "My mother" : (Pnÿ) êüdô maîha.<br /> <br /> (Definite article) + Subject pronoun + possessive particle suffix + "mother".<br /> <br /> <br /> "My mother" : Ne maîha kabħa.<br /> <br /> "Possessed" particle + "mother" + possessive pronoun.<br /> <br /> "This is my mother" : Fe kalûa ne maîha kabħa.<br /> <br /> Demonstrative pronoun + "to be" + "possessed" particle + "mother" + possessive pronoun.<br /> <br /> "Mine" : Pnÿ kabħa.<br /> <br /> Definite article + possessive pronoun.<br /> <br /> "It is mine" : Fe kalûa pnÿ kabħa.<br /> <br /> Demonstrative pronoun + "to be" + definite article + possessive pronoun.<br /> <br /> ===Verb phrase===<br /> <br /> The subject pronoun is optional, but placed right in front of the verb if used.<br /> <br /> ===Sentence phrase===<br /> ===Dependent clauses===<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Example texts==<br /> <br /> ==Other resources==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Qtolqjimctadû]]<br /> [[Category:Languages]]<br /> [[Category:Conlangs]]<br /> [[Category:Tolsian]]</div>

Uvie https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Qtolqjimctad%C3%BB&diff=526670 Qtolqjimctadû 2026-05-21T21:54:46Z

<p>Uvie: /* Pronouns */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Introduction==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ<br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p b<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ t d̚ d<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k g<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s z<br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ ʒ <br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ β<br /> |colspan="2"| f v<br /> |colspan="2"| θ ð<br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ ɧ̙ʷ̬<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <br /> |colspan="2"| χ ʁ<br /> |colspan="2"| h<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j ɥ<br /> |colspan="2"| w<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l ɫ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> Notes :<br /> <br /> In earlier documentation, proper knowledge of IPA was lacking and several of the phonemes had to be identified from either phonetically inaccurate IPA descriptions or vague, impressionistic ones. Several phonemes could not be recovered. Here is a list of deviations from the above table :<br /> <poem><br /> Identified phonemes :<br /> /ɸ/ was described as [fʷ] (written <ÎF, îf>).<br /> /β/ was described as [vʷ] (written <ÎV, îv>).<br /> /ʁ/ was described as [ʀ] (written <R, r>).<br /> /ʀ/ was described as [rˤ] (''sorte de « r » très roulé'', written <RX, rx>).<br /> /ɹ/ was described as [ʀˤ] (''sorte de « r » anglais'', written <RÛ, rû>).<br /> /ɫ/ was described as [l̪ ] (''comme à la fin du mot anglais "well"'', written <Û, û>).<br /> /χ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [x] (written <X, x>), while /x/ itself was most likely described as [xˤ] (written <ÎX, îx>).<br /> /ŋ/ was probably described as [ɲˤ] (written <ÎÑ, îñ>), while the sound described as [ŋ] (written <ÎÑg, îñg>) probably corresponded to /ᵑg/.<br /> The situation between /ɾ/ and /r/ is unclear : the sound described as [r̺] (written <ĦÛ, ħû>) is also described as being part of the cluster described as [br̺ə] (written <Ë, ë>), which would indicate that it should in fact correspond to /ɾ/ ; however, the choice of IPA notation describes it as "apical", which may indicate that it corresponds rather to the trill /r/, corroborated by the fact that the sound described as [r] (''sorte de « r » roulé à la japonaise'', written <LÛ, lû>) is also likely to be a flap /ɾ/. But at the same time, it could indicate that it is not considered to be a trill, if there was knowledge that /r/ in IPA represents a proper trill. We'll assume the following :<br /> /ɾ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [r̺] (written <ĦÛ, ħû>, as well as part of the cluster /bɾ/+V with the help of <Ë, ë> as [bɾə], described as [br̺ə]).<br /> /r/ might have been what was described as [r] (''sorte de « r » roulé à la japonaise'', written <LÛ, lû>).<br /> /ɧ̙ʷ/ and its voiced version /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ are, to this day, subject to doubt regarding their IPA descriptions. They were most likely corresponding to the sounds described as [ʃ ̪ ] (written <ÎQ, îq>) and [ʒ̺̺̺ ] (written <ÎÖ, îö> or <LÎÖ, lîö>).<br /> /t̚/ and /d̚/ are also subject to some doubt regarding their IPA descriptions still. They were described as [t̪] (written <TÛ, tû>) and [d̪] (written <DÛ, dû>).<br /> The phoneme described as [ʃʲ] probably has a realization closer to [ç] or [ɕ] (written <QÛ, qû>).<br /> <br /> Unidentified or very doubtful phonemes :<br /> Some /h/-like phoneme, described as [hˤ] (written <ÎH, îh>). It might have corresponded to /ɣ/, but it is not very likely.<br /> /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ might have been what was described as [l̤ʲ] (written <HÛ, hû>). Based on its spelling it is more likely to be devoiced.<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i y<br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ<br /> |colspan="2"|u<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e ø<br /> |colspan="2"| ə<br /> |colspan="2"|o<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ œ ɛ̃ œ̃<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ ɔ̃<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä<br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃<br /> |}<br /> Vowel length is supposed to be phonemic, with regular (or short) vowels, and long vowels.<br /> <br /> Similarly to consonants, some vowels had to be "re-identified" from previous documentation and some deviations arise :<br /> <poem><br /> /œ/ is probably what was described as [æ] (written <Ù, ù> or <E, ĕ> or <EÔ/Eô, eô>).<br /> /œ̃/ is probably what was described as [æ̃] (written <Ä, è> or <Ä, ä>).<br /> /ø/ is probably what was described as [œ] (written <EU/Eu, eu> or <OE/Oe, oe>).<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Orthography===<br /> Orthography was made complicated on purpose.<br /> <br /> ====Alphabet====<br /> <poem><br /> A, a /a/<br /> B, b /b/<br /> C, c /s/<br /> D, d /d/<br /> E, e /ə/ ; E, ç/ë /e/ ; E, ù/ĕ /œ/ ; E, ÿ/ê /ɛ/<br /> F, f /f/<br /> G, g /g/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> H, h /h/<br /> Ħ, ħ soundless ; mostly used in composed graphemes.<br /> I, i /i/<br /> J, j /ð/<br /> K, k /k/<br /> L, l /l/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> M, m /m/<br /> N, n /n/<br /> O, o /o/ or /ɔ/<br /> P, p /p/<br /> Q, q /ʃ/<br /> R, r /ʁ/<br /> S, s /θ/<br /> T, t /t/<br /> U, u /y/<br /> V, v /v/<br /> W, w /wi/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> X, x /χ/<br /> Y, y /jo/ or /ɔj/<br /> Z, z /z/<br /> Â, â /aj/<br /> Ê, ê /ja/<br /> Û, û /ɫ/<br /> Î, î /ɨ/ soundless when used in composed graphemes.<br /> Ô, ô /o/<br /> Ä, ä /ɑ̃/ ; Ä, à/ă /ɔ̃/ ; Ä, é/â /ɛ̃/ ; Ä, è/ä /œ̃/<br /> Ë, ë /bɾə/<br /> Ü, ü /j/<br /> Ï, ï /ɨ/<br /> Ö, ö /ʒ/<br /> Ã, ã /a/<br /> Õ, õ /o/<br /> Ñ, ñ /ɲ/<br /> </poem><br /> =====History=====<br /> Like most, if not all, versions of Tolsian, Qtolqjimctadû was meant to be written with the original Tolsian script. Some graphemes were chosen because of the limitations of the French keyboard, but were initally supposed to correspond to another, preexisting grapheme, with a diacritic, in order to reflect the original script. Some graphemes with diacritic are supposed to represent letters in the original script that are not simply versions of another letter with a diacritic ; this is why in the list below, <nowiki><ë></nowiki> appears to represent /e/, alongside <nowiki><ç></nowiki>, whereas in <Ë, ë> it represents /bɾə/ in the alphabet : they have different underlying identities.<br /> <poem><br /> <e> with diaeresis ¨ becomes <ç> (or <ë>)<br /> <e> with cedilla or possibly hook below (''accent « petite courbe vers le bas »'') becomes <ù> (or <ĕ>)<br /> <e> with circumflex accent ^ becomes <ÿ> (or <ê>)<br /> <O, o> (or <Ô, ô> ?) with circumflex accent becomes <Õ, õ><br /> <U, u> with dieresis becomes <Ü, ü><br /> <U, u> with circumflex accent becomes <Û, û><br /> <Â, â> with circumflex accent becomes <Ê, ê><br /> <Î, î> with circumflex accent becomes <Ï, ï><br /> <ä> with cedilla or hook below becomes <à> (o <ă>)<br /> <ä> with circumflex becomes <é> (or <â>)<br /> <ä> with diaeresis becomes <è> (or <ä>)<br /> <Â, â> with circumflex becomes <Ã, ã><br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ====Spelling rules====<br /> Long vowels are spelled with doubled graphemes (<Aa, aa> /a:/, etc).<br /> <br /> Some graphemes, namely <E, e> /ə/ ; <E, ç/ë> /e/ ; <E, ù/ĕ> /œ/ ; <E, ÿ/ê> /ɛ/ and <Ä, ä> /ɑ̃/ ; <Ä, à/ă> /ɔ̃/ ; <Ä, é/â> /ɛ̃/ ; <Ä, è/ä /œ̃/> use the same capital letter, but different minuscule letters, for different phonemes. This is partly due to limitations on a French keyboard, and partly to reflect the original Tolsian script in which these phonemes use the same letter but with different diacritics.<br /> <br /> The grapheme <Î, î> denotes /ɨ/, except in front of some consonants (<F, f>, <V, v>, <Q, q>, <Ö, ö>, <Ñ, ñ>, <X, x>, <H, h>) ; the grapheme <Ï, ï> is used instead in order to denote /ɨ/.<br /> <br /> There are many digraphs and even trigraphs ; usually, all letters are capitalized, when capitalization is needed.<br /> =====Digraphs with <Î, î>=====<br /> In the original documentation, these are described as "purified" (''épurés'').<br /> <poem><br /> ÎF, îf /ɸ/<br /> ÎV, îv /β/<br /> ÎQ, îq /ɧ̙ʷ/<br /> ÎÖ, îö /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ <br /> ÎÑ, îñ /ŋ/<br /> ÎX, îx /x/<br /> ÎH, îh unknown, possibly /ɣ/<br /> </poem><br /> It is unclear if the following are considered to be "purified" :<br /> <poem><br /> <Äî, äî> /an/<br /> <Äî, àî> /on/ or /ɔn/<br /> <Äî, éî> /in/ or /im/<br /> <Äî, èî> /un/ or /œm/<br /> </poem><br /> =====Trigraphs with <Î, î>=====<br /> These were also considered to be "purified".<br /> <poem><br /> LÎÖ, lîö /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ <br /> ÎÑg, îñg /ᵑg/<br /> </poem><br /> =====Digraphs with <Û, û>=====<br /> Some of these digraphs were originally described as "wet" (''mouillés'') :<br /> <poem><br /> TÛ, tû /t̚/<br /> QÛ, qû /ʃʲ/ (probably realized [ç] or [ɕ])<br /> DÛ, dû /d̚/<br /> </poem><br /> Others were not considered to be "wet" :<br /> <poem><br /> LÛ, lû /r/<br /> HÛ, hû possibly /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ <br /> ĦÛ, ħû /ɾ/<br /> RÛ, rû /ɹ/ <br /> <br /> =====Trigraphs with <Û, û>=====<br /> There is only one such trigraph, and only the first letter is capitalized, if needed. It is possibly meant to appear only word-initially as it was only given as <Tûhh> :<br /> Tûhh /θ/<br /> <br /> =====Digraphs with <Ħ, ħ>=====<br /> These can also be written as trigraphs, swapping <Ħ, ħ> for <Hh, hh>. As digraphs, one may likewise capitalize both letters or only the first one. As trigraphs, Only the first letter is capitalized.<br /> Ħ, ħ can be found on its own but is soundless. It may be used as part of the following digraphs, or used to maintain a hiatus between vowels and <I, i> or <O, o>. It can also be written <Hh, hh>.<br /> PĦ/Pħ, pħ /f/ (or <Phh, phh>)<br /> TĦ/Tħ, tħ /s/ (or <Thh, thh><br /> JĦ/Jħ, jħ /ʒ/ (or <Jhh, jhh>)<br /> BĦ/Bħ, bħ /v/ (or <Bhh, bhh>)<br /> DĦ/Dħ, dħ /z/ (or <Dhh, dhh>)<br /> SĦ/Sħ, sħ /z/ (or <Shh, shh>)<br /> <br /> =====Digraphs and trigraph with <Ë, ë>=====<br /> The phoneme /ɾ/ also appears as part of a syllable /bɾə/, written <Ë, ë>. When <Ë, ë> is followed by a vowel, the /ə/ is replaced by that vowel :<br /> Ëa, ëa [bɾa]<br /> Ëç, ëç [bɾe]<br /> Ëÿ, ëÿ [bɾɛ]<br /> Ëu, ëu [bɾy]<br /> Ëo, ëo [bɾo] or [bɾɔ]<br /> Ëï, ëï [bɾi]<br /> Ëä, ëä [bɾɑ̃]<br /> Ëà, ëà [bɾɔ̃]<br /> Ëé, ëé [bɾɛ̃]<br /> Ëè, ëè [bɾœ̃]<br /> Ëou, ëou [bɾu]<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> =====Some more consonantal digraphs=====<br /> RX, rx /ʀ/<br /> QJ/Qj, qj /ʒ/<br /> =====Vocalic digraphs=====<br /> <poem><br /> <Oi, oi> [i]<br /> <EU/Eu, eu> [ø]<br /> <OU/Ou, ou> [u]<br /> <EA, ea> [ɛ]<br /> (But <Ea, ea> [əa])<br /> <OE/Oe, oe> [ø]<br /> <EÔ/Eô, eô> [œ]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Nasal vowels=====<br /> Some digraphs and trigraphs denote nasal vowels, with <N, n> and <M, m> :<br /> <poem><br /> <An, an> /ɑ̃/<br /> <Am, am> /ɑ̃/<br /> <En, en> /ɑ̃/<br /> <Em, em> /ɑ̃/<br /> <In, in> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Im, im> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Ein, ein> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Eim, eim> /ɛ̃/<br /> <On, on> /ɔ̃/<br /> <Om, om> /ɔ̃/<br /> <Un, un> /œ̃/<br /> <Um, um> /œ̃/<br /> </poem><br /> However, if there are two <N, n> or <M, m> following a vowel, then it is not nasalized but pronounced as V+[n or m] instead (<Ann, ann> [an], <Amm, amm> [am],... etc). Besides, vocalic graphemes other than <A, a>, <E, e>, <I, i>, <O, o>, <U, u> do not get nasalized when followed by an <N, n> or <M, m>.<br /> =====Diphtongues=====<br /> They have been described as diphtongues, but should rather be analyzed as combinations of vowels and approximants. There are three different approximants : /j/, /w/ and /ɥ/, which only appear in a limited number of cases.<br /> *Diphtongues /j/ + vowel :<br /> They are usually written with a <I, i> followed by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <I, i> stands for /j/ :<br /> <poem><br /> <Ia, ia> [ja]<br /> <Ie, ie> [jə]<br /> <Iç, iç> [je]<br /> <Iù, iù> [jœ]<br /> <Iÿ, iÿ> [jɛ]<br /> <Io, io> [jo] or [jɔ]<br /> <Iu, iu> [jy]<br /> <Iô, iô> [jo]<br /> <Iä, iä> [jɑ̃]<br /> <Ià, ià> [jɔ̃]<br /> <Ié, ié> [jɛ̃]<br /> <Iè, iè> [jœ̃]<br /> <Ii, ii> [ji]<br /> <Iou, iou> [ju]<br /> <Ieu, ieu> [jø]<br /> </poem><br /> However, there are a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> ÜÃ, üã [ja]<br /> ÜÕ, üõ [jo]<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues vowel + /j/ :<br /> They are usually written with a <Ü, ü> preceded by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <Ü, ü> stands for /j/ (minus the exceptions above) :<br /> <poem><br /> <AÜ, aü> [aj]<br /> <EÜ, eü> [əj]<br /> <EÜ, çü> [ej]<br /> <EÜ, ùü> [œj]<br /> <EÜ, ÿü> [ɛj]<br /> <OÜ, oü> [oj] or [ɔj]<br /> <UÜ, uü> [yj]<br /> <ÔÜ, ôü> [oj]<br /> <ÄÜ, äü> [aɑ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, àü> [ɔ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, éü> [ɛ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, èü> [œ̃j]<br /> <ÃÜ, ãü> [aj]<br /> <ÕÜ, õü> [oj]<br /> <EUÜ, euü> [øj]<br /> </poem><br /> There are also a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> EÎ, eî [əj]<br /> EÎ, çî [ej]<br /> EÎ, ùî [œj]<br /> EÎ, ÿî [ɛj]<br /> IÎ, iî [ij]<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues with /w/ :<br /> These are usually written with a <O, o>, either followed or preceded by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <O, o> stands for /w/ :<br /> <poem><br /> <Oa, oa> [wa]<br /> <Oe, oe> [wə]<br /> <Oç, oç> [we]<br /> <Où, où> [wœ]<br /> <Oÿ, oÿ> [wɛ]<br /> <Oo, oo> [wo] or [wɔ]<br /> <Oy, oy> [wy]<br /> <Oô, oô> [wo]<br /> <Oä, oä> [wɑ̃]<br /> <Oà, oà> [wɔ̃]<br /> <Oé, oé> [wɛ̃]<br /> <Oè, oè> [wœ̃] (This one was described as [wœ̃] already in the original documentation (instead of expected [wæ̃] and has therefore cast some doubt on the identification of vowels /ø/, /œ/ and /œ̃/.)<br /> <Oi, oi> [wi]<br /> <Oeu, oeu> [wø]<br /> And reciprocally (<Ao, ao> [aw]... etc).<br /> </poem><br /> There are however a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> <Io, io> is ambiguous and can denote either /iw/ or /jo/<br /> <Oi, oi> is ambiguous and can denote either /i/ or /wi/<br /> <Oe, oe> is ambiguous and can denote either /wə/ or /ø/<br /> <OU/Ou, ou> always denotes /u/ (/wy/ is denoted <Oy, oy> instead).<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues with /ɥ/ :<br /> <poem><br /> UÎ, uî [ɥi]<br /> Ui, ui [ɥi]<br /> Ua, ua [ɥa]<br /> Uç, uç [ɥe]<br /> Uÿ, uÿ [ɥɛ]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Triphtongues=====<br /> They should also be analyzed as combinations of approximant + vowel + approximant. Besides using <I, i> and <O, o> or even <Ü, ü> and <U, u>, there is a handful of special spellings that denote such "triphtongues" :<br /> <poem><br /> ÜÂ, üâ [jaj]<br /> ÜY, üy [jɔj]<br /> ÊÜ, êü [jaj]<br /> YÜ, yü [joj] or [jɔj]<br /> ÃÎ, ãî [aji]<br /> ÕÎ, õî [oji]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Word-final position induced changes=====<br /> The original consonants /g/ <G, g>, /l/ <L, l> and syllable /wi/ <W, w> turn into [j] when in a word-final position. Instead, the spellings <gue>, <lle> and <wi> are used.<br /> <poem><br /> <g> /j/<br /> <l> /j/<br /> <w> /j/<br /> <gue> /g/<br /> <lle> /l/<br /> <wi> /wi/<br /> </poem><br /> There are some other special spellings :<br /> <poem><br /> <ebm> /ɛjm/<br /> <ebn> /ɛjn/<br /> </poem><br /> Finally, some letters are simply not pronounced at the end of a word, and other spellings are used instead :<br /> <poem><br /> <e><br /> <ô><br /> <d><br /> <nowiki><q></nowiki><br /> <nowiki><s></nowiki><br /> <t><br /> <z><br /> <er><br /> <dde> /d/<br /> <qe> /ʃ/<br /> <sse> /θ/ (or possibly /s/ ?)<br /> <tte> /t/<br /> <ze> /z/<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ====Table of phonemes and their principal corresponding graphemes====<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m <M, m><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n <N, n><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ <Ñ, ñ><br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ <ÎÑ, îñ><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p <P, p> ; b <B, b><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ <TÛ, tû> ; t <T, t> ; d̚ <DÛ, dû> ; d <D, d><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k <K, k> ; g <G, g><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s <C, c> alt. <TĦ/Tħ, tħ> ; z <Z, z> alt. <DĦ/Dħ, dħ> alt. <SĦ/Sħ, sħ><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ <Q, q> ; ʒ <Ö, ö> alt. <JĦ/Jħ, jħ> alt. <QJ/Qj, qj><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ <QÛ, qû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ <ÎF, îf> ; β <ÎV, îv><br /> |colspan="2"| f <F, f> alt. <PĦ/Pħ, pħ> ; v <V, v> alt. <BĦ/Bħ, bħ><br /> |colspan="2"| θ <S, s> alt. <Tûhh, s> ; ð <J, j> <br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ <HÛ, hû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ <ÎQ, îq> ; ɧ̙ʷ̬ <ÎÖ, îö> alt. <LÎÖ, lîö><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <ÎX, îx><br /> |colspan="2"| χ <X, x> ; ʁ <R, r><br /> |colspan="2"| h <H, h><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ <RÛ, rû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j <I, i> (before a vowel), <Ü, ü> (after a vowel) ; ɥ <U, u> (before some vowels)<br /> |colspan="2"| w <O, o> (before or after a vowel)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r <LÛ, lû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ <RX, rx><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ <ĦÛ, ħû> <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l <L, l> ɫ <Û, û><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg <ÎÑg, îñg><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i <I, i> alt. <Oi, oi> ; y <U, u><br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ <Î, î> alt. <Ï, ï><br /> |colspan="2"|u <OU/Ou, ou><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e <E, ç/ë> ; ø <EU/Eu, eu> alt. <OE/Oe, oe><br /> |colspan="2"| ə <E, e><br /> |colspan="2"|o <O, o> alt. <Ô, ô> alt. <Õ, õ><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ <E, ÿ/ê> alt. <EA, ea> ; œ <E, ù/ĕ> alt. <EÔ/Eô, eô> ; ɛ̃ <Ä, é/â> ; œ̃ <Ä, è/ä><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ <O, o> ; ɔ̃ <Ä, à/ă><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä <A, a> alt. <Ã, ã><br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃ <Ä, ä><br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Prosody===<br /> ====Stress====<br /> <br /> There is no lexical stress. It can be assumed that most words or verbal and nominal groups have a slight stress on the last syllable, like in French ; however, there is supposed to be a distinction between short and long vowels, so we can assume that long vowels would be stressed.<br /> <br /> ====Intonation====<br /> <br /> ===Phonotactics===<br /> <br /> ===Morphophonology===<br /> <br /> ==Morphology==<br /> <br /> There are five main parts of speech in Qtolqjimctadû : nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and particles.<br /> <br /> ===Nouns===<br /> Nouns have definiteness, gender, and number. Definiteness is marked by definite and indefinite articles which agree in gender and number with the nouns. There are three genders : neuter, masculine, and feminine. <br /> <br /> ====Gender====<br /> Gender is usually marked by the ending of the noun. Nouns that correspond to non-animate things are usually neutral whereas nouns that describe animate things are usually masculine or feminine. However, some nouns can have all three genders, with the masculine and feminine forms built on an underlying neutral form ; this is common for instance for animal names, or for professions.<br /> <br /> According to documentation, most neuter nouns in the singular end either in <nowiki><-e></nowiki> or in a consonant. There is however no indication of how to distinguish masculine and feminine nouns, but based on the description of neuter forms, it may be posited that they must typically end in some kinds of vowels. Nouns that end in <nowiki><-e></nowiki> in the singular neuter are part of a paradigm that builds masculine and feminine forms on this underlying neuter form :<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Ending in -e<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || -e /ə/ || -ea /ɛ/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || -e /ə/ || -ebn /ɛjn/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || -ea /ɛ/ || -ean /əɑ̃/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> According to documentation, it is common for the neuter to present as a masculine singular ending in the singular, and as a feminine singular ending in the plural.<br /> <br /> ====Definiteness====<br /> Earlier documentation does not explicitly state that the definite and definite articles must agree with nouns in number and gender, but it is apparent in corpus that there is at least a masculine or neutral singular definite article that differs from a feminine singular definite article. From this and comparison with other versions of Tolsian, one can infer that articles, both definite and indefinite, come in at least three forms : masculine singular, feminine singular, and a plural form that covers all genders. Based on the existence of a neutral gender, it may be posited that there must be a neutral singular form as well. There is however no actual indication of whether there is only one plural form for all genders, or if there are also different plural forms for different genders. We'll assume the following paradigm :<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Definite and indefinite articles<br /> |-<br /> ! Definiteness / Gender !! Neuter !! Masculine !! Feminine !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Definite|| - || pna /pna/ || pnÿ /pnɛ/ || -<br /> |-<br /> | Indefinite|| -|| -|| ad /a/ || -<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ====Number====<br /> There are two numbers, singular and plural ; singular is unmarked while plural is marked with a suffix that differs depending on the ending of the noun.<br /> Besides the "-e" paradigm above, different groups of endings take different plural markings. It is likely that the consonantal endings indicate neuter nouns, whereas the vocalic endings indicate masculine and feminine nouns.<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Table of plurals<br /> |-<br /> ! Types of endings !! Plural affix !! Pronunciation<br /> |-<br /> | -c ; -f ; -j ; -l ; -m ; -n ; -v ; -û ; -ë || -c || -cc /s/ ; -fc /fs/ ; -jc /θ/ ; -lc /js/ ; -mc ; -nc ; -vc /fs/ ; -ûc /ɫ/ ; -ëc /bɾɛk/<br /> |-<br /> | -b ; -d ; -g ; -p ; -q ; -w ; -ü ; -k || -tt || -btt /pt/ ; -dtt /d̚/ ; -gtt /kt/ ; -ptt /pt/ ; -qtt /ʃt/ ; -wtt /wit/ ; -ütt /jt/ ; -ktt /kt/<br /> |-<br /> | -s ; -r || -ch || -sch /ʃ/ ; -rch /?/ ("[hˤ]" see notes on consonants) ; -rsch /ʁʃa/<br /> |-<br /> | -h ; -t ; -x ; -z ; -ö ; -ñ || -c or -tt || -hc /k/ ; -tc /ts/ ; -xc /χs/ ; -zc /s/ ; -öc /s/ ; -ñc /s/ <p> -htt /ht/ ; -ttt /t̚/ ; -xtt /χt/ ; -ztt /st/ ; -ött /ʃt/ ; -ñtt /t/<br /> |-<br /> | Vowel endings (other than "e") || -es || not pronounced.<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ====Pronouns====<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Personal subject pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Pronoun<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || I || êü /jaj/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || you || oü /oj/ or /ɔj/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.masc || he || tag /taj/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.fem || she || tal /taj/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.impersonal || "man", "one" || tawi /tawi/<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || we || îhalÿn /xalɛn/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || you || hiçve /hjev/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.masc || they || tagg /tag/ (or /tagj/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.fem || they || tall /tal/ (or /talj/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || you || îqann /ɧ̙ʷan/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Demonstrative pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Pronoun<br /> |-<br /> | Singular demonstrative pronoun || this || fe /fə/<br /> |-<br /> | Plural demonstrative pronoun || these || îvae /βa/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Personal reflexive pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Pronoun<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || myself || kab /kab/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || yourself || kat /ka/ (or /kat) ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.masc || himself || kaad /ka:/ (or /ka:d/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.fem || herself || kaad /ka:/ (or /ka:d/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.impersonal || oneself || kad /ka/ (or /kad/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || ourselves || aö /aʒ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || yourselves || av /av/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.masc || themselves || aann /a:n/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.fem || themselves || aann /a:n/<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || yourself ; yourselves || enn /ən/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Reflexive pronouns are placed immediately after the subject pronoun, like in French : "êü kab ... " ''je me ...<br /> ''<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Possessive pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Masculine and neuter singular !! Feminine singular !! Masculine and neuter plural !! Feminine plural<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || my, mine || kabħe /kavə/ || kabħa /kava/ || kabħei /kavi/ || kabħae /kavaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || your, yours || katħe /kasə/ || katħa /kasa/ || katħei /kasi/ || katħae /kasaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG || his, her, hers, its || kadħe /kazə/ || kadħa /kaza/ || kadħei /kazi/ || kadħae /kazaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || our, ours || pħaöe /faʒə/ || pħaöa /faʒa/ || pħaöei /faʒi/ || pħaöae /faʒaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || your, yours || pħave /favə/ || pħava /fava/ || pħavei /favi/ || pħavae /favaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL || their, theirs || pħann /fan/ || pħana /fana/ || pħani /fani/ || pħanae /fanaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || your, yours || ïqann /iʃan/ || aîqann /aɧ̙ʷan/ || ïqani /iʃani/ || aîqane /aɧ̙ʷan/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Possessive pronouns agree in gender and number with the nouns denoting what is "possessed".<br /> <br /> ===Verbs===<br /> <br /> There are two main verbal groups, one ending in "-ë" (usually with a radical ending in a vowel), and one ending in "-er" (usually with a radical ending in a consonant). Verbs are conjugated for person, tense, and mood. There are formally seven persons : first singular, second singular, third singular, first plural, second plural, third plural, and the "polite" second person used in formal contexts for which number is neutralized. <br /> <br /> ====Mood====<br /> <br /> There are four moods : indicative, conditional, imperative and so-called "absolute" (can also be called gnomic). <br /> =====Indicative=====<br /> The indicative and absolute moods are forms of realis : indicative is used to express statements or facts, and also other modalities not expressed with other moods. <br /> =====Absolute=====<br /> The absolute is traditionally treated as a mood because of its specific grammatical markings, but better corresponds semantically to the gnomic aspect. It can also be used to express a higher degree of certainty than indicative, or to express emphasis. According to documentation : <q>L'absolu est un mode intemporel. Il peut traduire un présent de vérité générale, parler d'une propriété intrinsèque à un corps, être utilisé en poésie... Il peut être utilisé aussi en tant que présent s'il décrit une action ''a priori'' continue dans le temps, comme lorsqu'on emploie des adjectifs qualificatifs.</q><br /> =====Imperative=====<br /> The conditional and imperative moods are forms of irrealis : the imperative expresses commands, prohibitions and requests. It is not used with the seventh person (2nd person used for politeness), in which case it is substituted for a hypothetical conditional. <br /> =====Conditional=====<br /> The conditional expresses hypotheticals, desires and wishes. According to documentation, so-called "hypothetical conditional" corresponds to the French subjunctive mood.<br /> ====Tense====<br /> <br /> There are three main tenses : present, past and future. <br /> <br /> =====Present=====<br /> *In the indicative mode, there is one present, the indicative present.<br /> *In the conditional mood, there are two kinds of present : the conditional present and the so-called "hypothetical conditional present" (''conditionel hypothétique présent''), meant to correspond to the French subjunctive present.<br /> *In the imperative and absolute moods, there is only a present tense.<br /> =====Past=====<br /> *In the indicative mood, there are four kinds of past : the so-called "foregone past" (''passé révolu''), which is meant to correspond to the French pluperfect ; the "descriptive past" (''passé descriptif''), meant to correspond to the French simple past and imperfect past ; the "general past" (''passé général''), meant to correspond to the French imperfect and ''passé composé'' (present perfect) ; and the "anterior past" (''passé antérieur''), built analytically with the auxiliary verb "kavaver"(to have) in the foregone past and the past participle.<br /> *In the conditional mood, there are three kinds of past : the "past conditional" (''conditionnel passé''), the so-called "retrospective conditional" (''conditionnel rétrospectif''), which is meant to correspond to the French ''conditionnel passé de seconde forme'', and the so-called "hypothetical conditional past" (''conditionel hypothétique passé''), meant to express the French past subjunctive. <br /> =====Future=====<br /> In the indicative mood, there are two kinds of future : the "general future" (''futur général''), which indicates event that are yet to happen, and the "retrospective future" (''futur rétrospectif''), which corresponds to the traditional "future perfect" (''futur antérieur''), used to express an action that will be completed before another action in the future.<br /> <br /> ====Conjugation tables====<br /> <br /> The only available conjugation tables describe the endings in the indicative present for verbs of the first and second groups.<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Indicative present of the first group : "kalûaë", ''to be''<br /> |-<br /> ! Person !! Ending !! Example<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || -qni /ʃni/ || kalûaqni /kaɾaʃni/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || -qniî /ʃnij/ || kalûaqniî /kaɾaʃnij/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG || - (radical) || kalûa /kaɾa/<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || -cÿcq /sesʃ/ || kalûacÿcq /kaɾasesʃ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || -tts /t/ || kalûatts /kaɾat/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL || -me /mə/ || kalûame /kaɾamə/<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || -i /i/ || kalûai /kaɾai/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Indicative present of the second group : "kavaver", ''to have''<br /> |-<br /> ! Person !! Ending !! Example<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || - (radical) || kav /kav/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || -s (unpronounced) || kavavs /kavav/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG || - (radical) || kavav /kavav/<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || -m /m/ || kavavm /kavavm/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || -ês /ja/ || kavavês /kavavja/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL || -n /n/ || kavavn /kavavn/<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || -i /i/ || kavi /kavi/<br /> |}<br /> Note : the first and seventh persons are irregular in this case.<br /> <br /> ====Participle====<br /> <br /> =====Present participle=====<br /> There are two different kinds of present participles ; the regular present participle, and a so-called substantival present participle (''participe présent substantivé'').<br /> *Regular present participle :<br /> It is built by adding either the ending -klûenat /kɾna/ or the ending -kvi /gvi/ to the verb radical. These endings correspond directly to the present participles of the verb kalûaë : klûenat, and of the verb kavaver : kvi.<br /> Example : çctekvi /estegvi/, "losing".<br /> *Substantival present participle :<br /> It is used for instance for expressing continuing action (''Il sert par exemple à transcrire l'idée d'action continue : en français, "être en train de..."''). It is built by adding the ending -m to the infinitive form.<br /> Example : kavaverm /kavavm/ "having", kalûaëm /kaɾam/ "being", çctÿeëm /estɛbɾəm/ "losing".<br /> Example : Êü kavaqni çcteëm nda tÿmg kabbhe, "I am wasting my time"<br /> Subject pronoun "I" + verb "to have" + substantival present participle of the verb "to lose" + particle "in, from, of" + "time" + possessive pronoun "mine".<br /> <br /> =====Past participle=====<br /> <br /> The past participle is built by adding the ending -ut /y/ to the verb radical, for verbs of the first group ; and by adding the ending -ç /e/ to the verb radical, for verbs of the second group. <br /> Exceptions : kalûaë : klûu /kɾy/ (or /kɾu/ ?), "been" ; kavaver : avvç /av:e/.<br /> The past participle agrees in gender and number with the object of the verb :<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Past participle<br /> |-<br /> ! !! first group !! second group<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine singular || -ut /y/ || -ç /e/<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter singular || -ut /y/ || -ç /e/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine singular || -uet /y/ || -çe /e/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine plural || -uts /y/ || -çs /e/<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter plural || -uts /y/ || -çs /e/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine plural || -uets /y/ || -çes /e/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Example : çcteut, çcteuts, çcteuet, çcteuets /esty/.<br /> <br /> ===Adjectives===<br /> <br /> Adjectives agree in gender and number with the nouns they qualify. It is marked with a prefix that changes depending on the beginning of the neuter singular form.<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with a vowel<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || es- /əθ/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || a- /a/ || ai- /aj/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || e- /ə/ || es- /əθ/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with h-, t-, x-, z-, ö-,ñ-<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || cs- /s/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || q- /ʃ/ || qs- /ʃ/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || c- /s/ || cs- /s/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with b-, d-, g-, p-, q-, w-, ü-, k<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || hm- /hm/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || m- /m/ || ebm- /ɛjm/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || hm- /hm/ || hebm- /hɛjm/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with s-, r-<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || kbett- /kbət/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || kbet- /kbət/ || kbest- /kbət/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || kbeat- /kbɛt/ || kbeast- /kbɛt/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with c-, f-, j-, l-, m-, n-, v-, û-, ë-<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || atûïve- /at̚ɨvə/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || etûove- /ət̚ovə/ || etûïve- /ət̚ɨvə/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || atûova- /at̚ova/ || atûïva- /at̚ɨva/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Adverbs===<br /> <br /> There is no information on adverbs but, based on other versions of Tolsian, we can assume they are invariable in form, qualify verbs and adjectives, and are usually placed before the verb or adjective they qualify.<br /> <br /> ===Particles===<br /> <br /> Particles are function words that include prepositions, postpositions, conjunction words, etc. <br /> *One notable particle is the so-called subject particle, which is used with stative verbs to introduce the subject's attribute. It can take two different forms, usually depending on whether the subject is animate (particle "tke?") or inanimate (particle "ke?"), but also potentially on whether the relationship between subject and attribute is perceived as "temporary" or "eternal".<br /> *Another notable particle is the "possessive" particle, which is suffixed to the noun that represents a "possessor", akin to a genitive marking. It can be used instead of possessive pronouns, when suffixed to a personal subject pronoun : for instance, the personal pronoun "êü" + the possessive particle "-dô" becomes "êüdô", ''my''. On the other hand, when using one of the possessive pronouns, a so-called "possessed particle" is placed in front of the "possessed" noun.<br /> *Some particles are more like traditional prepositions ; for instance, "nda" means ''in, from, of''.<br /> <br /> ===Derivational morphology===<br /> <br /> ====Adjectives====<br /> <br /> Adjectives can be derived from nouns by adding the suffix -ke. The resulting adjective agrees in gender and number with the noun it qualifies, following the regular agreement rules for adjectives.<br /> Example : "tolsian", neuter singular : tolqjimke, masculine singular : qtolqjimke.<br /> <br /> ====Nouns====<br /> Nouns can be derived from adjectives or past participles by adding the suffix -ctadû /stad̚/. The resulting noun is usually masculine. According to documentation, if a noun is derived from an adjective that was itself derived from a noun with the suffix -ke, then this suffix should be dropped, which sure sounds a lot like we're back to deriving a noun from a noun.<br /> Example : (the) Tolsian (language) : pna Qtolqjimctadû.<br /> <br /> ====Verbs====<br /> <br /> Verbs can most likely be derived from nouns by adding either the suffix -ë (probably if the noun ends in a vowel) or the suffix -er (if it ends in a consonant).<br /> <br /> ==Syntax==<br /> ===Constituent order===<br /> *Sentences with a stative verbs have a different constituent order depending on whether the attribute is an adjective or a noun phrase ; in the first case, it is akin to a SVO order, in the second, to an OSV order :<br /> <br /> "I am Tolsian" (the speaker is a woman) : êü kalûaqni tke? ctolqjimke.<br /> <br /> Subject + "to be" + subject particle + "Tolsian" (f.sg.)<br /> <br /> "I am a (Tolsian) woman" : Ad tke? mqarea (ctolqjimke) êü kalûaqni.<br /> <br /> Article + subject particle + "woman" (+ "Tolsian") + subject + "to be".<br /> <br /> *The basic constituent order of a declarative sentence is SVO.<br /> Example : "I am wasting my time" : Êü kavaqni çcteëm nda tÿmg kabbhe. <br /> <br /> Subject pronoun + "to have" + substantival present participle of the verb "to lose" + particle "in, from, of" + "time" + possessive pronoun "mine".<br /> <br /> ===Noun phrase===<br /> If there is a determiner (for example, a definiteness article), it is placed at the beginning of the noun phrase. If there is an adjective, it can be placed either right before, or right after, the noun it qualifies. Most particles are placed between a determiner and the adjective + noun (or noun + adjective) group. A prepositional phrase or clause comes after.<br /> <br /> Example :<br /> <br /> "I am Tolsian" (the speaker is a woman) : êü kalûaqni tke? ctolqjimke.<br /> <br /> Subject + "to be" + subject particle + "Tolsian" (f.sg.)<br /> <br /> *Genitive phrase :<br /> <br /> "My mother" : (Pnÿ) êüdô maîha.<br /> <br /> (Definite article) + Subject pronoun + possessive particle suffix + "mother".<br /> <br /> <br /> "My mother" : Ne maîha kabħa.<br /> <br /> "Possessed" particle + "mother" + possessive pronoun.<br /> <br /> "This is my mother" : Fe kalûa ne maîha kabħa.<br /> <br /> Demonstrative pronoun + "to be" + "possessed" particle + "mother" + possessive pronoun.<br /> <br /> "Mine" : Pnÿ kabħa.<br /> <br /> Definite article + possessive pronoun.<br /> <br /> "It is mine" : Fe kalûa pnÿ kabħa.<br /> <br /> Demonstrative pronoun + "to be" + definite article + possessive pronoun.<br /> <br /> ===Verb phrase===<br /> <br /> The subject pronoun is optional, but placed right in front of the verb if used.<br /> <br /> ===Sentence phrase===<br /> ===Dependent clauses===<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Example texts==<br /> <br /> ==Other resources==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Qtolqjimctadû]]<br /> [[Category:Languages]]<br /> [[Category:Conlangs]]<br /> [[Category:Tolsian]]</div>

Uvie https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Qtolqjimctad%C3%BB&diff=526669 Qtolqjimctadû 2026-05-21T21:52:48Z

<p>Uvie: /* Phonology */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Introduction==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ<br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p b<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ t d̚ d<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k g<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s z<br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ ʒ <br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ β<br /> |colspan="2"| f v<br /> |colspan="2"| θ ð<br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ ɧ̙ʷ̬<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <br /> |colspan="2"| χ ʁ<br /> |colspan="2"| h<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j ɥ<br /> |colspan="2"| w<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l ɫ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> Notes :<br /> <br /> In earlier documentation, proper knowledge of IPA was lacking and several of the phonemes had to be identified from either phonetically inaccurate IPA descriptions or vague, impressionistic ones. Several phonemes could not be recovered. Here is a list of deviations from the above table :<br /> <poem><br /> Identified phonemes :<br /> /ɸ/ was described as [fʷ] (written <ÎF, îf>).<br /> /β/ was described as [vʷ] (written <ÎV, îv>).<br /> /ʁ/ was described as [ʀ] (written <R, r>).<br /> /ʀ/ was described as [rˤ] (''sorte de « r » très roulé'', written <RX, rx>).<br /> /ɹ/ was described as [ʀˤ] (''sorte de « r » anglais'', written <RÛ, rû>).<br /> /ɫ/ was described as [l̪ ] (''comme à la fin du mot anglais "well"'', written <Û, û>).<br /> /χ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [x] (written <X, x>), while /x/ itself was most likely described as [xˤ] (written <ÎX, îx>).<br /> /ŋ/ was probably described as [ɲˤ] (written <ÎÑ, îñ>), while the sound described as [ŋ] (written <ÎÑg, îñg>) probably corresponded to /ᵑg/.<br /> The situation between /ɾ/ and /r/ is unclear : the sound described as [r̺] (written <ĦÛ, ħû>) is also described as being part of the cluster described as [br̺ə] (written <Ë, ë>), which would indicate that it should in fact correspond to /ɾ/ ; however, the choice of IPA notation describes it as "apical", which may indicate that it corresponds rather to the trill /r/, corroborated by the fact that the sound described as [r] (''sorte de « r » roulé à la japonaise'', written <LÛ, lû>) is also likely to be a flap /ɾ/. But at the same time, it could indicate that it is not considered to be a trill, if there was knowledge that /r/ in IPA represents a proper trill. We'll assume the following :<br /> /ɾ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [r̺] (written <ĦÛ, ħû>, as well as part of the cluster /bɾ/+V with the help of <Ë, ë> as [bɾə], described as [br̺ə]).<br /> /r/ might have been what was described as [r] (''sorte de « r » roulé à la japonaise'', written <LÛ, lû>).<br /> /ɧ̙ʷ/ and its voiced version /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ are, to this day, subject to doubt regarding their IPA descriptions. They were most likely corresponding to the sounds described as [ʃ ̪ ] (written <ÎQ, îq>) and [ʒ̺̺̺ ] (written <ÎÖ, îö> or <LÎÖ, lîö>).<br /> /t̚/ and /d̚/ are also subject to some doubt regarding their IPA descriptions still. They were described as [t̪] (written <TÛ, tû>) and [d̪] (written <DÛ, dû>).<br /> The phoneme described as [ʃʲ] probably has a realization closer to [ç] or [ɕ] (written <QÛ, qû>).<br /> <br /> Unidentified or very doubtful phonemes :<br /> Some /h/-like phoneme, described as [hˤ] (written <ÎH, îh>). It might have corresponded to /ɣ/, but it is not very likely.<br /> /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ might have been what was described as [l̤ʲ] (written <HÛ, hû>). Based on its spelling it is more likely to be devoiced.<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i y<br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ<br /> |colspan="2"|u<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e ø<br /> |colspan="2"| ə<br /> |colspan="2"|o<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ œ ɛ̃ œ̃<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ ɔ̃<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä<br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃<br /> |}<br /> Vowel length is supposed to be phonemic, with regular (or short) vowels, and long vowels.<br /> <br /> Similarly to consonants, some vowels had to be "re-identified" from previous documentation and some deviations arise :<br /> <poem><br /> /œ/ is probably what was described as [æ] (written <Ù, ù> or <E, ĕ> or <EÔ/Eô, eô>).<br /> /œ̃/ is probably what was described as [æ̃] (written <Ä, è> or <Ä, ä>).<br /> /ø/ is probably what was described as [œ] (written <EU/Eu, eu> or <OE/Oe, oe>).<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Orthography===<br /> Orthography was made complicated on purpose.<br /> <br /> ====Alphabet====<br /> <poem><br /> A, a /a/<br /> B, b /b/<br /> C, c /s/<br /> D, d /d/<br /> E, e /ə/ ; E, ç/ë /e/ ; E, ù/ĕ /œ/ ; E, ÿ/ê /ɛ/<br /> F, f /f/<br /> G, g /g/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> H, h /h/<br /> Ħ, ħ soundless ; mostly used in composed graphemes.<br /> I, i /i/<br /> J, j /ð/<br /> K, k /k/<br /> L, l /l/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> M, m /m/<br /> N, n /n/<br /> O, o /o/ or /ɔ/<br /> P, p /p/<br /> Q, q /ʃ/<br /> R, r /ʁ/<br /> S, s /θ/<br /> T, t /t/<br /> U, u /y/<br /> V, v /v/<br /> W, w /wi/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> X, x /χ/<br /> Y, y /jo/ or /ɔj/<br /> Z, z /z/<br /> Â, â /aj/<br /> Ê, ê /ja/<br /> Û, û /ɫ/<br /> Î, î /ɨ/ soundless when used in composed graphemes.<br /> Ô, ô /o/<br /> Ä, ä /ɑ̃/ ; Ä, à/ă /ɔ̃/ ; Ä, é/â /ɛ̃/ ; Ä, è/ä /œ̃/<br /> Ë, ë /bɾə/<br /> Ü, ü /j/<br /> Ï, ï /ɨ/<br /> Ö, ö /ʒ/<br /> Ã, ã /a/<br /> Õ, õ /o/<br /> Ñ, ñ /ɲ/<br /> </poem><br /> =====History=====<br /> Like most, if not all, versions of Tolsian, Qtolqjimctadû was meant to be written with the original Tolsian script. Some graphemes were chosen because of the limitations of the French keyboard, but were initally supposed to correspond to another, preexisting grapheme, with a diacritic, in order to reflect the original script. Some graphemes with diacritic are supposed to represent letters in the original script that are not simply versions of another letter with a diacritic ; this is why in the list below, <nowiki><ë></nowiki> appears to represent /e/, alongside <nowiki><ç></nowiki>, whereas in <Ë, ë> it represents /bɾə/ in the alphabet : they have different underlying identities.<br /> <poem><br /> <e> with diaeresis ¨ becomes <ç> (or <ë>)<br /> <e> with cedilla or possibly hook below (''accent « petite courbe vers le bas »'') becomes <ù> (or <ĕ>)<br /> <e> with circumflex accent ^ becomes <ÿ> (or <ê>)<br /> <O, o> (or <Ô, ô> ?) with circumflex accent becomes <Õ, õ><br /> <U, u> with dieresis becomes <Ü, ü><br /> <U, u> with circumflex accent becomes <Û, û><br /> <Â, â> with circumflex accent becomes <Ê, ê><br /> <Î, î> with circumflex accent becomes <Ï, ï><br /> <ä> with cedilla or hook below becomes <à> (o <ă>)<br /> <ä> with circumflex becomes <é> (or <â>)<br /> <ä> with diaeresis becomes <è> (or <ä>)<br /> <Â, â> with circumflex becomes <Ã, ã><br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ====Spelling rules====<br /> Long vowels are spelled with doubled graphemes (<Aa, aa> /a:/, etc).<br /> <br /> Some graphemes, namely <E, e> /ə/ ; <E, ç/ë> /e/ ; <E, ù/ĕ> /œ/ ; <E, ÿ/ê> /ɛ/ and <Ä, ä> /ɑ̃/ ; <Ä, à/ă> /ɔ̃/ ; <Ä, é/â> /ɛ̃/ ; <Ä, è/ä /œ̃/> use the same capital letter, but different minuscule letters, for different phonemes. This is partly due to limitations on a French keyboard, and partly to reflect the original Tolsian script in which these phonemes use the same letter but with different diacritics.<br /> <br /> The grapheme <Î, î> denotes /ɨ/, except in front of some consonants (<F, f>, <V, v>, <Q, q>, <Ö, ö>, <Ñ, ñ>, <X, x>, <H, h>) ; the grapheme <Ï, ï> is used instead in order to denote /ɨ/.<br /> <br /> There are many digraphs and even trigraphs ; usually, all letters are capitalized, when capitalization is needed.<br /> =====Digraphs with <Î, î>=====<br /> In the original documentation, these are described as "purified" (''épurés'').<br /> <poem><br /> ÎF, îf /ɸ/<br /> ÎV, îv /β/<br /> ÎQ, îq /ɧ̙ʷ/<br /> ÎÖ, îö /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ <br /> ÎÑ, îñ /ŋ/<br /> ÎX, îx /x/<br /> ÎH, îh unknown, possibly /ɣ/<br /> </poem><br /> It is unclear if the following are considered to be "purified" :<br /> <poem><br /> <Äî, äî> /an/<br /> <Äî, àî> /on/ or /ɔn/<br /> <Äî, éî> /in/ or /im/<br /> <Äî, èî> /un/ or /œm/<br /> </poem><br /> =====Trigraphs with <Î, î>=====<br /> These were also considered to be "purified".<br /> <poem><br /> LÎÖ, lîö /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ <br /> ÎÑg, îñg /ᵑg/<br /> </poem><br /> =====Digraphs with <Û, û>=====<br /> Some of these digraphs were originally described as "wet" (''mouillés'') :<br /> <poem><br /> TÛ, tû /t̚/<br /> QÛ, qû /ʃʲ/ (probably realized [ç] or [ɕ])<br /> DÛ, dû /d̚/<br /> </poem><br /> Others were not considered to be "wet" :<br /> <poem><br /> LÛ, lû /r/<br /> HÛ, hû possibly /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ <br /> ĦÛ, ħû /ɾ/<br /> RÛ, rû /ɹ/ <br /> <br /> =====Trigraphs with <Û, û>=====<br /> There is only one such trigraph, and only the first letter is capitalized, if needed. It is possibly meant to appear only word-initially as it was only given as <Tûhh> :<br /> Tûhh /θ/<br /> <br /> =====Digraphs with <Ħ, ħ>=====<br /> These can also be written as trigraphs, swapping <Ħ, ħ> for <Hh, hh>. As digraphs, one may likewise capitalize both letters or only the first one. As trigraphs, Only the first letter is capitalized.<br /> Ħ, ħ can be found on its own but is soundless. It may be used as part of the following digraphs, or used to maintain a hiatus between vowels and <I, i> or <O, o>. It can also be written <Hh, hh>.<br /> PĦ/Pħ, pħ /f/ (or <Phh, phh>)<br /> TĦ/Tħ, tħ /s/ (or <Thh, thh><br /> JĦ/Jħ, jħ /ʒ/ (or <Jhh, jhh>)<br /> BĦ/Bħ, bħ /v/ (or <Bhh, bhh>)<br /> DĦ/Dħ, dħ /z/ (or <Dhh, dhh>)<br /> SĦ/Sħ, sħ /z/ (or <Shh, shh>)<br /> <br /> =====Digraphs and trigraph with <Ë, ë>=====<br /> The phoneme /ɾ/ also appears as part of a syllable /bɾə/, written <Ë, ë>. When <Ë, ë> is followed by a vowel, the /ə/ is replaced by that vowel :<br /> Ëa, ëa [bɾa]<br /> Ëç, ëç [bɾe]<br /> Ëÿ, ëÿ [bɾɛ]<br /> Ëu, ëu [bɾy]<br /> Ëo, ëo [bɾo] or [bɾɔ]<br /> Ëï, ëï [bɾi]<br /> Ëä, ëä [bɾɑ̃]<br /> Ëà, ëà [bɾɔ̃]<br /> Ëé, ëé [bɾɛ̃]<br /> Ëè, ëè [bɾœ̃]<br /> Ëou, ëou [bɾu]<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> =====Some more consonantal digraphs=====<br /> RX, rx /ʀ/<br /> QJ/Qj, qj /ʒ/<br /> =====Vocalic digraphs=====<br /> <poem><br /> <Oi, oi> [i]<br /> <EU/Eu, eu> [ø]<br /> <OU/Ou, ou> [u]<br /> <EA, ea> [ɛ]<br /> (But <Ea, ea> [əa])<br /> <OE/Oe, oe> [ø]<br /> <EÔ/Eô, eô> [œ]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Nasal vowels=====<br /> Some digraphs and trigraphs denote nasal vowels, with <N, n> and <M, m> :<br /> <poem><br /> <An, an> /ɑ̃/<br /> <Am, am> /ɑ̃/<br /> <En, en> /ɑ̃/<br /> <Em, em> /ɑ̃/<br /> <In, in> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Im, im> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Ein, ein> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Eim, eim> /ɛ̃/<br /> <On, on> /ɔ̃/<br /> <Om, om> /ɔ̃/<br /> <Un, un> /œ̃/<br /> <Um, um> /œ̃/<br /> </poem><br /> However, if there are two <N, n> or <M, m> following a vowel, then it is not nasalized but pronounced as V+[n or m] instead (<Ann, ann> [an], <Amm, amm> [am],... etc). Besides, vocalic graphemes other than <A, a>, <E, e>, <I, i>, <O, o>, <U, u> do not get nasalized when followed by an <N, n> or <M, m>.<br /> =====Diphtongues=====<br /> They have been described as diphtongues, but should rather be analyzed as combinations of vowels and approximants. There are three different approximants : /j/, /w/ and /ɥ/, which only appear in a limited number of cases.<br /> *Diphtongues /j/ + vowel :<br /> They are usually written with a <I, i> followed by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <I, i> stands for /j/ :<br /> <poem><br /> <Ia, ia> [ja]<br /> <Ie, ie> [jə]<br /> <Iç, iç> [je]<br /> <Iù, iù> [jœ]<br /> <Iÿ, iÿ> [jɛ]<br /> <Io, io> [jo] or [jɔ]<br /> <Iu, iu> [jy]<br /> <Iô, iô> [jo]<br /> <Iä, iä> [jɑ̃]<br /> <Ià, ià> [jɔ̃]<br /> <Ié, ié> [jɛ̃]<br /> <Iè, iè> [jœ̃]<br /> <Ii, ii> [ji]<br /> <Iou, iou> [ju]<br /> <Ieu, ieu> [jø]<br /> </poem><br /> However, there are a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> ÜÃ, üã [ja]<br /> ÜÕ, üõ [jo]<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues vowel + /j/ :<br /> They are usually written with a <Ü, ü> preceded by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <Ü, ü> stands for /j/ (minus the exceptions above) :<br /> <poem><br /> <AÜ, aü> [aj]<br /> <EÜ, eü> [əj]<br /> <EÜ, çü> [ej]<br /> <EÜ, ùü> [œj]<br /> <EÜ, ÿü> [ɛj]<br /> <OÜ, oü> [oj] or [ɔj]<br /> <UÜ, uü> [yj]<br /> <ÔÜ, ôü> [oj]<br /> <ÄÜ, äü> [aɑ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, àü> [ɔ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, éü> [ɛ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, èü> [œ̃j]<br /> <ÃÜ, ãü> [aj]<br /> <ÕÜ, õü> [oj]<br /> <EUÜ, euü> [øj]<br /> </poem><br /> There are also a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> EÎ, eî [əj]<br /> EÎ, çî [ej]<br /> EÎ, ùî [œj]<br /> EÎ, ÿî [ɛj]<br /> IÎ, iî [ij]<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues with /w/ :<br /> These are usually written with a <O, o>, either followed or preceded by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <O, o> stands for /w/ :<br /> <poem><br /> <Oa, oa> [wa]<br /> <Oe, oe> [wə]<br /> <Oç, oç> [we]<br /> <Où, où> [wœ]<br /> <Oÿ, oÿ> [wɛ]<br /> <Oo, oo> [wo] or [wɔ]<br /> <Oy, oy> [wy]<br /> <Oô, oô> [wo]<br /> <Oä, oä> [wɑ̃]<br /> <Oà, oà> [wɔ̃]<br /> <Oé, oé> [wɛ̃]<br /> <Oè, oè> [wœ̃] (This one was described as [wœ̃] already in the original documentation (instead of expected [wæ̃] and has therefore cast some doubt on the identification of vowels /ø/, /œ/ and /œ̃/.)<br /> <Oi, oi> [wi]<br /> <Oeu, oeu> [wø]<br /> And reciprocally (<Ao, ao> [aw]... etc).<br /> </poem><br /> There are however a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> <Io, io> is ambiguous and can denote either /iw/ or /jo/<br /> <Oi, oi> is ambiguous and can denote either /i/ or /wi/<br /> <Oe, oe> is ambiguous and can denote either /wə/ or /ø/<br /> <OU/Ou, ou> always denotes /u/ (/wy/ is denoted <Oy, oy> instead).<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues with /ɥ/ :<br /> <poem><br /> UÎ, uî [ɥi]<br /> Ui, ui [ɥi]<br /> Ua, ua [ɥa]<br /> Uç, uç [ɥe]<br /> Uÿ, uÿ [ɥɛ]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Triphtongues=====<br /> They should also be analyzed as combinations of approximant + vowel + approximant. Besides using <I, i> and <O, o> or even <Ü, ü> and <U, u>, there is a handful of special spellings that denote such "triphtongues" :<br /> <poem><br /> ÜÂ, üâ [jaj]<br /> ÜY, üy [jɔj]<br /> ÊÜ, êü [jaj]<br /> YÜ, yü [joj] or [jɔj]<br /> ÃÎ, ãî [aji]<br /> ÕÎ, õî [oji]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Word-final position induced changes=====<br /> The original consonants /g/ <G, g>, /l/ <L, l> and syllable /wi/ <W, w> turn into [j] when in a word-final position. Instead, the spellings <gue>, <lle> and <wi> are used.<br /> <poem><br /> <g> /j/<br /> <l> /j/<br /> <w> /j/<br /> <gue> /g/<br /> <lle> /l/<br /> <wi> /wi/<br /> </poem><br /> There are some other special spellings :<br /> <poem><br /> <ebm> /ɛjm/<br /> <ebn> /ɛjn/<br /> </poem><br /> Finally, some letters are simply not pronounced at the end of a word, and other spellings are used instead :<br /> <poem><br /> <e><br /> <ô><br /> <d><br /> <nowiki><q></nowiki><br /> <nowiki><s></nowiki><br /> <t><br /> <z><br /> <er><br /> <dde> /d/<br /> <qe> /ʃ/<br /> <sse> /θ/ (or possibly /s/ ?)<br /> <tte> /t/<br /> <ze> /z/<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ====Table of phonemes and their principal corresponding graphemes====<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m <M, m><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n <N, n><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ <Ñ, ñ><br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ <ÎÑ, îñ><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p <P, p> ; b <B, b><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ <TÛ, tû> ; t <T, t> ; d̚ <DÛ, dû> ; d <D, d><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k <K, k> ; g <G, g><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s <C, c> alt. <TĦ/Tħ, tħ> ; z <Z, z> alt. <DĦ/Dħ, dħ> alt. <SĦ/Sħ, sħ><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ <Q, q> ; ʒ <Ö, ö> alt. <JĦ/Jħ, jħ> alt. <QJ/Qj, qj><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ <QÛ, qû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ <ÎF, îf> ; β <ÎV, îv><br /> |colspan="2"| f <F, f> alt. <PĦ/Pħ, pħ> ; v <V, v> alt. <BĦ/Bħ, bħ><br /> |colspan="2"| θ <S, s> alt. <Tûhh, s> ; ð <J, j> <br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ <HÛ, hû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ <ÎQ, îq> ; ɧ̙ʷ̬ <ÎÖ, îö> alt. <LÎÖ, lîö><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <ÎX, îx><br /> |colspan="2"| χ <X, x> ; ʁ <R, r><br /> |colspan="2"| h <H, h><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ <RÛ, rû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j <I, i> (before a vowel), <Ü, ü> (after a vowel) ; ɥ <U, u> (before some vowels)<br /> |colspan="2"| w <O, o> (before or after a vowel)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r <LÛ, lû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ <RX, rx><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ <ĦÛ, ħû> <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l <L, l> ɫ <Û, û><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg <ÎÑg, îñg><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i <I, i> alt. <Oi, oi> ; y <U, u><br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ <Î, î> alt. <Ï, ï><br /> |colspan="2"|u <OU/Ou, ou><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e <E, ç/ë> ; ø <EU/Eu, eu> alt. <OE/Oe, oe><br /> |colspan="2"| ə <E, e><br /> |colspan="2"|o <O, o> alt. <Ô, ô> alt. <Õ, õ><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ <E, ÿ/ê> alt. <EA, ea> ; œ <E, ù/ĕ> alt. <EÔ/Eô, eô> ; ɛ̃ <Ä, é/â> ; œ̃ <Ä, è/ä><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ <O, o> ; ɔ̃ <Ä, à/ă><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä <A, a> alt. <Ã, ã><br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃ <Ä, ä><br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Prosody===<br /> ====Stress====<br /> <br /> There is no lexical stress. It can be assumed that most words or verbal and nominal groups have a slight stress on the last syllable, like in French ; however, there is supposed to be a distinction between short and long vowels, so we can assume that long vowels would be stressed.<br /> <br /> ====Intonation====<br /> <br /> ===Phonotactics===<br /> <br /> ===Morphophonology===<br /> <br /> ==Morphology==<br /> <br /> There are five main parts of speech in Qtolqjimctadû : nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and particles.<br /> <br /> ===Nouns===<br /> Nouns have definiteness, gender, and number. Definiteness is marked by definite and indefinite articles which agree in gender and number with the nouns. There are three genders : neuter, masculine, and feminine. <br /> <br /> ====Gender====<br /> Gender is usually marked by the ending of the noun. Nouns that correspond to non-animate things are usually neutral whereas nouns that describe animate things are usually masculine or feminine. However, some nouns can have all three genders, with the masculine and feminine forms built on an underlying neutral form ; this is common for instance for animal names, or for professions.<br /> <br /> According to documentation, most neuter nouns in the singular end either in <nowiki><-e></nowiki> or in a consonant. There is however no indication of how to distinguish masculine and feminine nouns, but based on the description of neuter forms, it may be posited that they must typically end in some kinds of vowels. Nouns that end in <nowiki><-e></nowiki> in the singular neuter are part of a paradigm that builds masculine and feminine forms on this underlying neuter form :<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Ending in -e<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || -e /ə/ || -ea /ɛ/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || -e /ə/ || -ebn /ɛjn/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || -ea /ɛ/ || -ean /əɑ̃/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> According to documentation, it is common for the neuter to present as a masculine singular ending in the singular, and as a feminine singular ending in the plural.<br /> <br /> ====Definiteness====<br /> Earlier documentation does not explicitly state that the definite and definite articles must agree with nouns in number and gender, but it is apparent in corpus that there is at least a masculine or neutral singular definite article that differs from a feminine singular definite article. From this and comparison with other versions of Tolsian, one can infer that articles, both definite and indefinite, come in at least three forms : masculine singular, feminine singular, and a plural form that covers all genders. Based on the existence of a neutral gender, it may be posited that there must be a neutral singular form as well. There is however no actual indication of whether there is only one plural form for all genders, or if there are also different plural forms for different genders. We'll assume the following paradigm :<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Definite and indefinite articles<br /> |-<br /> ! Definiteness / Gender !! Neuter !! Masculine !! Feminine !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Definite|| - || pna /pna/ || pnÿ /pnɛ/ || -<br /> |-<br /> | Indefinite|| -|| -|| ad /a/ || -<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ====Number====<br /> There are two numbers, singular and plural ; singular is unmarked while plural is marked with a suffix that differs depending on the ending of the noun.<br /> Besides the "-e" paradigm above, different groups of endings take different plural markings. It is likely that the consonantal endings indicate neuter nouns, whereas the vocalic endings indicate masculine and feminine nouns.<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Table of plurals<br /> |-<br /> ! Types of endings !! Plural affix !! Pronunciation<br /> |-<br /> | -c ; -f ; -j ; -l ; -m ; -n ; -v ; -û ; -ë || -c || -cc /s/ ; -fc /fs/ ; -jc /θ/ ; -lc /js/ ; -mc ; -nc ; -vc /fs/ ; -ûc /ɫ/ ; -ëc /bɾɛk/<br /> |-<br /> | -b ; -d ; -g ; -p ; -q ; -w ; -ü ; -k || -tt || -btt /pt/ ; -dtt /d̚/ ; -gtt /kt/ ; -ptt /pt/ ; -qtt /ʃt/ ; -wtt /wit/ ; -ütt /jt/ ; -ktt /kt/<br /> |-<br /> | -s ; -r || -ch || -sch /ʃ/ ; -rch /?/ ("[hˤ]" see notes on consonants) ; -rsch /ʁʃa/<br /> |-<br /> | -h ; -t ; -x ; -z ; -ö ; -ñ || -c or -tt || -hc /k/ ; -tc /ts/ ; -xc /χs/ ; -zc /s/ ; -öc /s/ ; -ñc /s/ <p> -htt /ht/ ; -ttt /t̚/ ; -xtt /χt/ ; -ztt /st/ ; -ött /ʃt/ ; -ñtt /t/<br /> |-<br /> | Vowel endings (other than "e") || -es || not pronounced.<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ====Pronouns====<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Personal subject pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Pronoun<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || I || êü /jaj/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || you || oü /oj/ or /ɔj/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.masc || he || tag /taj/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.fem || she || tal /taj/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.impersonal || "man", "one" || tawi /tawi/<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || we || îhalÿn /xalɛn/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || you || hiçve /hjev/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.masc || they || tagg /tag/ (or /tagj/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.fem || they || tall /tal/ (or /talj/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || you || îqann /ɧ̙ʷan/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Demonstrative pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Pronoun<br /> |-<br /> | Singular demonstrative pronoun || this || fe /fə/<br /> |-<br /> | Plural demonstrative pronoun || these || îvae /βa/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Personal reflexive pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Pronoun<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || myself || kab /kab/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || yourself || kat /ka/ (or /kat) ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.masc || himself || kaad /ka:/ (or /ka:d/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.fem || herself || kaad /ka:/ (or /ka:d/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.impersonal || oneself || kad /ka/ (or /kad/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || ourselves || aö /aʒ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || yourselves || av /av/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.masc || themselves || aann /a:n/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.fem || themselves || aann /a:n/<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || yourself ; yourselves || enn /ən/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Possessive pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Masculine and neuter singular !! Feminine singular !! Masculine and neuter plural !! Feminine plural<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || my, mine || kabħe /kavə/ || kabħa /kava/ || kabħei /kavi/ || kabħae /kavaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || your, yours || katħe /kasə/ || katħa /kasa/ || katħei /kasi/ || katħae /kasaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG || his, her, hers, its || kadħe /kazə/ || kadħa /kaza/ || kadħei /kazi/ || kadħae /kazaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || our, ours || pħaöe /faʒə/ || pħaöa /faʒa/ || pħaöei /faʒi/ || pħaöae /faʒaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || your, yours || pħave /favə/ || pħava /fava/ || pħavei /favi/ || pħavae /favaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL || their, theirs || pħann /fan/ || pħana /fana/ || pħani /fani/ || pħanae /fanaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || your, yours || ïqann /iʃan/ || aîqann /aɧ̙ʷan/ || ïqani /iʃani/ || aîqane /aɧ̙ʷan/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Possessive pronouns agree in gender and number with the nouns denoting what is "possessed".<br /> <br /> ===Verbs===<br /> <br /> There are two main verbal groups, one ending in "-ë" (usually with a radical ending in a vowel), and one ending in "-er" (usually with a radical ending in a consonant). Verbs are conjugated for person, tense, and mood. There are formally seven persons : first singular, second singular, third singular, first plural, second plural, third plural, and the "polite" second person used in formal contexts for which number is neutralized. <br /> <br /> ====Mood====<br /> <br /> There are four moods : indicative, conditional, imperative and so-called "absolute" (can also be called gnomic). <br /> =====Indicative=====<br /> The indicative and absolute moods are forms of realis : indicative is used to express statements or facts, and also other modalities not expressed with other moods. <br /> =====Absolute=====<br /> The absolute is traditionally treated as a mood because of its specific grammatical markings, but better corresponds semantically to the gnomic aspect. It can also be used to express a higher degree of certainty than indicative, or to express emphasis. According to documentation : <q>L'absolu est un mode intemporel. Il peut traduire un présent de vérité générale, parler d'une propriété intrinsèque à un corps, être utilisé en poésie... Il peut être utilisé aussi en tant que présent s'il décrit une action ''a priori'' continue dans le temps, comme lorsqu'on emploie des adjectifs qualificatifs.</q><br /> =====Imperative=====<br /> The conditional and imperative moods are forms of irrealis : the imperative expresses commands, prohibitions and requests. It is not used with the seventh person (2nd person used for politeness), in which case it is substituted for a hypothetical conditional. <br /> =====Conditional=====<br /> The conditional expresses hypotheticals, desires and wishes. According to documentation, so-called "hypothetical conditional" corresponds to the French subjunctive mood.<br /> ====Tense====<br /> <br /> There are three main tenses : present, past and future. <br /> <br /> =====Present=====<br /> *In the indicative mode, there is one present, the indicative present.<br /> *In the conditional mood, there are two kinds of present : the conditional present and the so-called "hypothetical conditional present" (''conditionel hypothétique présent''), meant to correspond to the French subjunctive present.<br /> *In the imperative and absolute moods, there is only a present tense.<br /> =====Past=====<br /> *In the indicative mood, there are four kinds of past : the so-called "foregone past" (''passé révolu''), which is meant to correspond to the French pluperfect ; the "descriptive past" (''passé descriptif''), meant to correspond to the French simple past and imperfect past ; the "general past" (''passé général''), meant to correspond to the French imperfect and ''passé composé'' (present perfect) ; and the "anterior past" (''passé antérieur''), built analytically with the auxiliary verb "kavaver"(to have) in the foregone past and the past participle.<br /> *In the conditional mood, there are three kinds of past : the "past conditional" (''conditionnel passé''), the so-called "retrospective conditional" (''conditionnel rétrospectif''), which is meant to correspond to the French ''conditionnel passé de seconde forme'', and the so-called "hypothetical conditional past" (''conditionel hypothétique passé''), meant to express the French past subjunctive. <br /> =====Future=====<br /> In the indicative mood, there are two kinds of future : the "general future" (''futur général''), which indicates event that are yet to happen, and the "retrospective future" (''futur rétrospectif''), which corresponds to the traditional "future perfect" (''futur antérieur''), used to express an action that will be completed before another action in the future.<br /> <br /> ====Conjugation tables====<br /> <br /> The only available conjugation tables describe the endings in the indicative present for verbs of the first and second groups.<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Indicative present of the first group : "kalûaë", ''to be''<br /> |-<br /> ! Person !! Ending !! Example<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || -qni /ʃni/ || kalûaqni /kaɾaʃni/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || -qniî /ʃnij/ || kalûaqniî /kaɾaʃnij/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG || - (radical) || kalûa /kaɾa/<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || -cÿcq /sesʃ/ || kalûacÿcq /kaɾasesʃ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || -tts /t/ || kalûatts /kaɾat/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL || -me /mə/ || kalûame /kaɾamə/<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || -i /i/ || kalûai /kaɾai/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Indicative present of the second group : "kavaver", ''to have''<br /> |-<br /> ! Person !! Ending !! Example<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || - (radical) || kav /kav/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || -s (unpronounced) || kavavs /kavav/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG || - (radical) || kavav /kavav/<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || -m /m/ || kavavm /kavavm/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || -ês /ja/ || kavavês /kavavja/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL || -n /n/ || kavavn /kavavn/<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || -i /i/ || kavi /kavi/<br /> |}<br /> Note : the first and seventh persons are irregular in this case.<br /> <br /> ====Participle====<br /> <br /> =====Present participle=====<br /> There are two different kinds of present participles ; the regular present participle, and a so-called substantival present participle (''participe présent substantivé'').<br /> *Regular present participle :<br /> It is built by adding either the ending -klûenat /kɾna/ or the ending -kvi /gvi/ to the verb radical. These endings correspond directly to the present participles of the verb kalûaë : klûenat, and of the verb kavaver : kvi.<br /> Example : çctekvi /estegvi/, "losing".<br /> *Substantival present participle :<br /> It is used for instance for expressing continuing action (''Il sert par exemple à transcrire l'idée d'action continue : en français, "être en train de..."''). It is built by adding the ending -m to the infinitive form.<br /> Example : kavaverm /kavavm/ "having", kalûaëm /kaɾam/ "being", çctÿeëm /estɛbɾəm/ "losing".<br /> Example : Êü kavaqni çcteëm nda tÿmg kabbhe, "I am wasting my time"<br /> Subject pronoun "I" + verb "to have" + substantival present participle of the verb "to lose" + particle "in, from, of" + "time" + possessive pronoun "mine".<br /> <br /> =====Past participle=====<br /> <br /> The past participle is built by adding the ending -ut /y/ to the verb radical, for verbs of the first group ; and by adding the ending -ç /e/ to the verb radical, for verbs of the second group. <br /> Exceptions : kalûaë : klûu /kɾy/ (or /kɾu/ ?), "been" ; kavaver : avvç /av:e/.<br /> The past participle agrees in gender and number with the object of the verb :<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Past participle<br /> |-<br /> ! !! first group !! second group<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine singular || -ut /y/ || -ç /e/<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter singular || -ut /y/ || -ç /e/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine singular || -uet /y/ || -çe /e/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine plural || -uts /y/ || -çs /e/<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter plural || -uts /y/ || -çs /e/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine plural || -uets /y/ || -çes /e/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Example : çcteut, çcteuts, çcteuet, çcteuets /esty/.<br /> <br /> ===Adjectives===<br /> <br /> Adjectives agree in gender and number with the nouns they qualify. It is marked with a prefix that changes depending on the beginning of the neuter singular form.<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with a vowel<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || es- /əθ/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || a- /a/ || ai- /aj/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || e- /ə/ || es- /əθ/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with h-, t-, x-, z-, ö-,ñ-<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || cs- /s/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || q- /ʃ/ || qs- /ʃ/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || c- /s/ || cs- /s/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with b-, d-, g-, p-, q-, w-, ü-, k<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || hm- /hm/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || m- /m/ || ebm- /ɛjm/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || hm- /hm/ || hebm- /hɛjm/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with s-, r-<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || kbett- /kbət/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || kbet- /kbət/ || kbest- /kbət/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || kbeat- /kbɛt/ || kbeast- /kbɛt/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with c-, f-, j-, l-, m-, n-, v-, û-, ë-<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || atûïve- /at̚ɨvə/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || etûove- /ət̚ovə/ || etûïve- /ət̚ɨvə/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || atûova- /at̚ova/ || atûïva- /at̚ɨva/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Adverbs===<br /> <br /> There is no information on adverbs but, based on other versions of Tolsian, we can assume they are invariable in form, qualify verbs and adjectives, and are usually placed before the verb or adjective they qualify.<br /> <br /> ===Particles===<br /> <br /> Particles are function words that include prepositions, postpositions, conjunction words, etc. <br /> *One notable particle is the so-called subject particle, which is used with stative verbs to introduce the subject's attribute. It can take two different forms, usually depending on whether the subject is animate (particle "tke?") or inanimate (particle "ke?"), but also potentially on whether the relationship between subject and attribute is perceived as "temporary" or "eternal".<br /> *Another notable particle is the "possessive" particle, which is suffixed to the noun that represents a "possessor", akin to a genitive marking. It can be used instead of possessive pronouns, when suffixed to a personal subject pronoun : for instance, the personal pronoun "êü" + the possessive particle "-dô" becomes "êüdô", ''my''. On the other hand, when using one of the possessive pronouns, a so-called "possessed particle" is placed in front of the "possessed" noun.<br /> *Some particles are more like traditional prepositions ; for instance, "nda" means ''in, from, of''.<br /> <br /> ===Derivational morphology===<br /> <br /> ====Adjectives====<br /> <br /> Adjectives can be derived from nouns by adding the suffix -ke. The resulting adjective agrees in gender and number with the noun it qualifies, following the regular agreement rules for adjectives.<br /> Example : "tolsian", neuter singular : tolqjimke, masculine singular : qtolqjimke.<br /> <br /> ====Nouns====<br /> Nouns can be derived from adjectives or past participles by adding the suffix -ctadû /stad̚/. The resulting noun is usually masculine. According to documentation, if a noun is derived from an adjective that was itself derived from a noun with the suffix -ke, then this suffix should be dropped, which sure sounds a lot like we're back to deriving a noun from a noun.<br /> Example : (the) Tolsian (language) : pna Qtolqjimctadû.<br /> <br /> ====Verbs====<br /> <br /> Verbs can most likely be derived from nouns by adding either the suffix -ë (probably if the noun ends in a vowel) or the suffix -er (if it ends in a consonant).<br /> <br /> ==Syntax==<br /> ===Constituent order===<br /> *Sentences with a stative verbs have a different constituent order depending on whether the attribute is an adjective or a noun phrase ; in the first case, it is akin to a SVO order, in the second, to an OSV order :<br /> <br /> "I am Tolsian" (the speaker is a woman) : êü kalûaqni tke? ctolqjimke.<br /> <br /> Subject + "to be" + subject particle + "Tolsian" (f.sg.)<br /> <br /> "I am a (Tolsian) woman" : Ad tke? mqarea (ctolqjimke) êü kalûaqni.<br /> <br /> Article + subject particle + "woman" (+ "Tolsian") + subject + "to be".<br /> <br /> *The basic constituent order of a declarative sentence is SVO.<br /> Example : "I am wasting my time" : Êü kavaqni çcteëm nda tÿmg kabbhe. <br /> <br /> Subject pronoun + "to have" + substantival present participle of the verb "to lose" + particle "in, from, of" + "time" + possessive pronoun "mine".<br /> <br /> ===Noun phrase===<br /> If there is a determiner (for example, a definiteness article), it is placed at the beginning of the noun phrase. If there is an adjective, it can be placed either right before, or right after, the noun it qualifies. Most particles are placed between a determiner and the adjective + noun (or noun + adjective) group. A prepositional phrase or clause comes after.<br /> <br /> Example :<br /> <br /> "I am Tolsian" (the speaker is a woman) : êü kalûaqni tke? ctolqjimke.<br /> <br /> Subject + "to be" + subject particle + "Tolsian" (f.sg.)<br /> <br /> *Genitive phrase :<br /> <br /> "My mother" : (Pnÿ) êüdô maîha.<br /> <br /> (Definite article) + Subject pronoun + possessive particle suffix + "mother".<br /> <br /> <br /> "My mother" : Ne maîha kabħa.<br /> <br /> "Possessed" particle + "mother" + possessive pronoun.<br /> <br /> "This is my mother" : Fe kalûa ne maîha kabħa.<br /> <br /> Demonstrative pronoun + "to be" + "possessed" particle + "mother" + possessive pronoun.<br /> <br /> "Mine" : Pnÿ kabħa.<br /> <br /> Definite article + possessive pronoun.<br /> <br /> "It is mine" : Fe kalûa pnÿ kabħa.<br /> <br /> Demonstrative pronoun + "to be" + definite article + possessive pronoun.<br /> <br /> ===Verb phrase===<br /> <br /> The subject pronoun is optional, but placed right in front of the verb if used.<br /> <br /> ===Sentence phrase===<br /> ===Dependent clauses===<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Example texts==<br /> <br /> ==Other resources==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Qtolqjimctadû]]<br /> [[Category:Languages]]<br /> [[Category:Conlangs]]<br /> [[Category:Tolsian]]</div>

Uvie https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Qtolqjimctad%C3%BB&diff=526668 Qtolqjimctadû 2026-05-21T21:48:17Z

<p>Uvie: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Introduction==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ<br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p b<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ t d̚ d<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k g<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s z<br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ ʒ <br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ β<br /> |colspan="2"| f v<br /> |colspan="2"| θ ð<br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ ɧ̙ʷ̬<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <br /> |colspan="2"| χ ʁ<br /> |colspan="2"| h<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j ɥ<br /> |colspan="2"| w<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l ɫ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> Notes :<br /> <br /> In earlier documentation, proper knowledge of IPA was lacking and several of the phonemes had to be identified from either phonetically inaccurate IPA descriptions or vague, impressionistic ones. Several phonemes could not be recovered. Here is a list of deviations from the above table :<br /> <poem><br /> Identified phonemes :<br /> /ɸ/ was described as [fʷ] (written <ÎF, îf>).<br /> /β/ was described as [vʷ] (written <ÎV, îv>).<br /> /ʁ/ was described as [ʀ] (written <R, r>).<br /> /ʀ/ was described as [rˤ] (''sorte de « r » très roulé'', written <RX, rx>).<br /> /ɹ/ was described as [ʀˤ] (''sorte de « r » anglais'', written <RÛ, rû>).<br /> /ɫ/ was described as [l̪ ] (''comme à la fin du mot anglais "well"'', written <Û, û>).<br /> /χ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [x] (written <X, x>), while /x/ itself was most likely described as [xˤ] (written <ÎX, îx>).<br /> /ŋ/ was probably described as [ɲˤ] (written <ÎÑ, îñ>), while the sound described as [ŋ] (written <ÎÑg, îñg>) probably corresponded to /ᵑg/.<br /> The situation between /ɾ/ and /r/ is unclear : the sound described as [r̺] (written <ĦÛ, ħû>) is also described as being part of the cluster described as [br̺ə] (written <Ë, ë>, which would indicate that it should in fact correspond to /ɾ/ ; however, the choice of IPA notation describes it as "apical", which may indicate that it corresponds rather to the trill /r/, corroborated by the fact that the sound described as [r] (''sorte de « r » roulé à la japonaise'', written <LÛ, lû>) is also likely to be a flap /ɾ/. We'll assume the following :<br /> /ɾ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [r̺] (written <ĦÛ, ħû>, as well as part of the cluster /bɾ/+V with the help of <Ë, ë> as [bɾə], described as [br̺ə]).<br /> /r/ might have been what was described as [r] (''sorte de « r » roulé à la japonaise'', written <LÛ, lû>).<br /> /ɧ̙ʷ/ and its voiced version /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ are, to this day, subject to doubt regarding their IPA descriptions. They were most likely corresponding to the sounds described as [ʃ ̪ ] (written <ÎQ, îq>) and [ʒ̺̺̺ ] (written <ÎÖ, îö> or <LÎÖ, lîö>).<br /> /t̚/ and /d̚/ are also subject to some doubt regarding their IPA descriptions still. They were described as [t̪] (written <TÛ, tû>) and [d̪] (written <DÛ, dû>).<br /> The phoneme described as [ʃʲ] probably has a realization closer to [ç] or [ɕ] (written <QÛ, qû>).<br /> <br /> Unidentified or very doubtful phonemes :<br /> Some /h/-like phoneme, described as [hˤ] (written <ÎH, îh>). It might have corresponded to /ɣ/, but it is not very likely.<br /> /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ might have been what was described as [l̤ʲ] (written <HÛ, hû>). Based on its spelling it is more likely to be devoiced.<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i y<br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ<br /> |colspan="2"|u<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e ø<br /> |colspan="2"| ə<br /> |colspan="2"|o<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ œ ɛ̃ œ̃<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ ɔ̃<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä<br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃<br /> |}<br /> Vowel length is supposed to be phonemic, with regular (or short) vowels, and long vowels.<br /> <br /> Similarly to consonants, some vowels had to be "re-identified" from previous documentation and some deviations arise :<br /> <poem><br /> /œ/ is probably what was described as [æ] (written <Ù, ù> or <E, ĕ> or <EÔ/Eô, eô>).<br /> /œ̃/ is probably what was described as [æ̃] (written <Ä, è> or <Ä, ä>).<br /> /ø/ is probably what was described as [œ] (written <EU/Eu, eu> or <OE/Oe, oe>).<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Orthography===<br /> Orthography was made complicated on purpose.<br /> <br /> ====Alphabet====<br /> <poem><br /> A, a /a/<br /> B, b /b/<br /> C, c /s/<br /> D, d /d/<br /> E, e /ə/ ; E, ç/ë /e/ ; E, ù/ĕ /œ/ ; E, ÿ/ê /ɛ/<br /> F, f /f/<br /> G, g /g/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> H, h /h/<br /> Ħ, ħ soundless ; mostly used in composed graphemes.<br /> I, i /i/<br /> J, j /ð/<br /> K, k /k/<br /> L, l /l/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> M, m /m/<br /> N, n /n/<br /> O, o /o/ or /ɔ/<br /> P, p /p/<br /> Q, q /ʃ/<br /> R, r /ʁ/<br /> S, s /θ/<br /> T, t /t/<br /> U, u /y/<br /> V, v /v/<br /> W, w /wi/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> X, x /χ/<br /> Y, y /jo/ or /ɔj/<br /> Z, z /z/<br /> Â, â /aj/<br /> Ê, ê /ja/<br /> Û, û /ɫ/<br /> Î, î /ɨ/ soundless when used in composed graphemes.<br /> Ô, ô /o/<br /> Ä, ä /ɑ̃/ ; Ä, à/ă /ɔ̃/ ; Ä, é/â /ɛ̃/ ; Ä, è/ä /œ̃/<br /> Ë, ë /bɾə/<br /> Ü, ü /j/<br /> Ï, ï /ɨ/<br /> Ö, ö /ʒ/<br /> Ã, ã /a/<br /> Õ, õ /o/<br /> Ñ, ñ /ɲ/<br /> </poem><br /> =====History=====<br /> Like most, if not all, versions of Tolsian, Qtolqjimctadû was meant to be written with the original Tolsian script. Some graphemes were chosen because of the limitations of the French keyboard, but were initally supposed to correspond to another, preexisting grapheme, with a diacritic, in order to reflect the original script. Some graphemes with diacritic are supposed to represent letters in the original script that are not simply versions of another letter with a diacritic ; this is why in the list below, <nowiki><ë></nowiki> appears to represent /e/, alongside <nowiki><ç></nowiki>, whereas in <Ë, ë> it represents /bɾə/ in the alphabet : they have different underlying identities.<br /> <poem><br /> <e> with diaeresis ¨ becomes <ç> (or <ë>)<br /> <e> with cedilla or possibly hook below (''accent « petite courbe vers le bas »'') becomes <ù> (or <ĕ>)<br /> <e> with circumflex accent ^ becomes <ÿ> (or <ê>)<br /> <O, o> (or <Ô, ô> ?) with circumflex accent becomes <Õ, õ><br /> <U, u> with dieresis becomes <Ü, ü><br /> <U, u> with circumflex accent becomes <Û, û><br /> <Â, â> with circumflex accent becomes <Ê, ê><br /> <Î, î> with circumflex accent becomes <Ï, ï><br /> <ä> with cedilla or hook below becomes <à> (o <ă>)<br /> <ä> with circumflex becomes <é> (or <â>)<br /> <ä> with diaeresis becomes <è> (or <ä>)<br /> <Â, â> with circumflex becomes <Ã, ã><br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ====Spelling rules====<br /> Long vowels are spelled with doubled graphemes (<Aa, aa> /a:/, etc).<br /> <br /> Some graphemes, namely <E, e> /ə/ ; <E, ç/ë> /e/ ; <E, ù/ĕ> /œ/ ; <E, ÿ/ê> /ɛ/ and <Ä, ä> /ɑ̃/ ; <Ä, à/ă> /ɔ̃/ ; <Ä, é/â> /ɛ̃/ ; <Ä, è/ä /œ̃/> use the same capital letter, but different minuscule letters, for different phonemes. This is partly due to limitations on a French keyboard, and partly to reflect the original Tolsian script in which these phonemes use the same letter but with different diacritics.<br /> <br /> The grapheme <Î, î> denotes /ɨ/, except in front of some consonants (<F, f>, <V, v>, <Q, q>, <Ö, ö>, <Ñ, ñ>, <X, x>, <H, h>) ; the grapheme <Ï, ï> is used instead in order to denote /ɨ/.<br /> <br /> There are many digraphs and even trigraphs ; usually, all letters are capitalized, when capitalization is needed.<br /> =====Digraphs with <Î, î>=====<br /> In the original documentation, these are described as "purified" (''épurés'').<br /> <poem><br /> ÎF, îf /ɸ/<br /> ÎV, îv /β/<br /> ÎQ, îq /ɧ̙ʷ/<br /> ÎÖ, îö /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ <br /> ÎÑ, îñ /ŋ/<br /> ÎX, îx /x/<br /> ÎH, îh unknown, possibly /ɣ/<br /> </poem><br /> It is unclear if the following are considered to be "purified" :<br /> <poem><br /> <Äî, äî> /an/<br /> <Äî, àî> /on/ or /ɔn/<br /> <Äî, éî> /in/ or /im/<br /> <Äî, èî> /un/ or /œm/<br /> </poem><br /> =====Trigraphs with <Î, î>=====<br /> These were also considered to be "purified".<br /> <poem><br /> LÎÖ, lîö /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ <br /> ÎÑg, îñg /ᵑg/<br /> </poem><br /> =====Digraphs with <Û, û>=====<br /> Some of these digraphs were originally described as "wet" (''mouillés'') :<br /> <poem><br /> TÛ, tû /t̚/<br /> QÛ, qû /ʃʲ/ (probably realized [ç] or [ɕ])<br /> DÛ, dû /d̚/<br /> </poem><br /> Others were not considered to be "wet" :<br /> <poem><br /> LÛ, lû /r/<br /> HÛ, hû possibly /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ <br /> ĦÛ, ħû /ɾ/<br /> RÛ, rû /ɹ/ <br /> <br /> =====Trigraphs with <Û, û>=====<br /> There is only one such trigraph, and only the first letter is capitalized, if needed. It is possibly meant to appear only word-initially as it was only given as <Tûhh> :<br /> Tûhh /θ/<br /> <br /> =====Digraphs with <Ħ, ħ>=====<br /> These can also be written as trigraphs, swapping <Ħ, ħ> for <Hh, hh>. As digraphs, one may likewise capitalize both letters or only the first one. As trigraphs, Only the first letter is capitalized.<br /> Ħ, ħ can be found on its own but is soundless. It may be used as part of the following digraphs, or used to maintain a hiatus between vowels and <I, i> or <O, o>. It can also be written <Hh, hh>.<br /> PĦ/Pħ, pħ /f/ (or <Phh, phh>)<br /> TĦ/Tħ, tħ /s/ (or <Thh, thh><br /> JĦ/Jħ, jħ /ʒ/ (or <Jhh, jhh>)<br /> BĦ/Bħ, bħ /v/ (or <Bhh, bhh>)<br /> DĦ/Dħ, dħ /z/ (or <Dhh, dhh>)<br /> SĦ/Sħ, sħ /z/ (or <Shh, shh>)<br /> <br /> =====Digraphs and trigraph with <Ë, ë>=====<br /> The phoneme /ɾ/ also appears as part of a syllable /bɾə/, written <Ë, ë>. When <Ë, ë> is followed by a vowel, the /ə/ is replaced by that vowel :<br /> Ëa, ëa [bɾa]<br /> Ëç, ëç [bɾe]<br /> Ëÿ, ëÿ [bɾɛ]<br /> Ëu, ëu [bɾy]<br /> Ëo, ëo [bɾo] or [bɾɔ]<br /> Ëï, ëï [bɾi]<br /> Ëä, ëä [bɾɑ̃]<br /> Ëà, ëà [bɾɔ̃]<br /> Ëé, ëé [bɾɛ̃]<br /> Ëè, ëè [bɾœ̃]<br /> Ëou, ëou [bɾu]<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> =====Some more consonantal digraphs=====<br /> RX, rx /ʀ/<br /> QJ/Qj, qj /ʒ/<br /> =====Vocalic digraphs=====<br /> <poem><br /> <Oi, oi> [i]<br /> <EU/Eu, eu> [ø]<br /> <OU/Ou, ou> [u]<br /> <EA, ea> [ɛ]<br /> (But <Ea, ea> [əa])<br /> <OE/Oe, oe> [ø]<br /> <EÔ/Eô, eô> [œ]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Nasal vowels=====<br /> Some digraphs and trigraphs denote nasal vowels, with <N, n> and <M, m> :<br /> <poem><br /> <An, an> /ɑ̃/<br /> <Am, am> /ɑ̃/<br /> <En, en> /ɑ̃/<br /> <Em, em> /ɑ̃/<br /> <In, in> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Im, im> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Ein, ein> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Eim, eim> /ɛ̃/<br /> <On, on> /ɔ̃/<br /> <Om, om> /ɔ̃/<br /> <Un, un> /œ̃/<br /> <Um, um> /œ̃/<br /> </poem><br /> However, if there are two <N, n> or <M, m> following a vowel, then it is not nasalized but pronounced as V+[n or m] instead (<Ann, ann> [an], <Amm, amm> [am],... etc). Besides, vocalic graphemes other than <A, a>, <E, e>, <I, i>, <O, o>, <U, u> do not get nasalized when followed by an <N, n> or <M, m>.<br /> =====Diphtongues=====<br /> They have been described as diphtongues, but should rather be analyzed as combinations of vowels and approximants. There are three different approximants : /j/, /w/ and /ɥ/, which only appear in a limited number of cases.<br /> *Diphtongues /j/ + vowel :<br /> They are usually written with a <I, i> followed by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <I, i> stands for /j/ :<br /> <poem><br /> <Ia, ia> [ja]<br /> <Ie, ie> [jə]<br /> <Iç, iç> [je]<br /> <Iù, iù> [jœ]<br /> <Iÿ, iÿ> [jɛ]<br /> <Io, io> [jo] or [jɔ]<br /> <Iu, iu> [jy]<br /> <Iô, iô> [jo]<br /> <Iä, iä> [jɑ̃]<br /> <Ià, ià> [jɔ̃]<br /> <Ié, ié> [jɛ̃]<br /> <Iè, iè> [jœ̃]<br /> <Ii, ii> [ji]<br /> <Iou, iou> [ju]<br /> <Ieu, ieu> [jø]<br /> </poem><br /> However, there are a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> ÜÃ, üã [ja]<br /> ÜÕ, üõ [jo]<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues vowel + /j/ :<br /> They are usually written with a <Ü, ü> preceded by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <Ü, ü> stands for /j/ (minus the exceptions above) :<br /> <poem><br /> <AÜ, aü> [aj]<br /> <EÜ, eü> [əj]<br /> <EÜ, çü> [ej]<br /> <EÜ, ùü> [œj]<br /> <EÜ, ÿü> [ɛj]<br /> <OÜ, oü> [oj] or [ɔj]<br /> <UÜ, uü> [yj]<br /> <ÔÜ, ôü> [oj]<br /> <ÄÜ, äü> [aɑ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, àü> [ɔ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, éü> [ɛ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, èü> [œ̃j]<br /> <ÃÜ, ãü> [aj]<br /> <ÕÜ, õü> [oj]<br /> <EUÜ, euü> [øj]<br /> </poem><br /> There are also a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> EÎ, eî [əj]<br /> EÎ, çî [ej]<br /> EÎ, ùî [œj]<br /> EÎ, ÿî [ɛj]<br /> IÎ, iî [ij]<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues with /w/ :<br /> These are usually written with a <O, o>, either followed or preceded by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <O, o> stands for /w/ :<br /> <poem><br /> <Oa, oa> [wa]<br /> <Oe, oe> [wə]<br /> <Oç, oç> [we]<br /> <Où, où> [wœ]<br /> <Oÿ, oÿ> [wɛ]<br /> <Oo, oo> [wo] or [wɔ]<br /> <Oy, oy> [wy]<br /> <Oô, oô> [wo]<br /> <Oä, oä> [wɑ̃]<br /> <Oà, oà> [wɔ̃]<br /> <Oé, oé> [wɛ̃]<br /> <Oè, oè> [wœ̃] (This one was described as [wœ̃] already in the original documentation (instead of expected [wæ̃] and has therefore cast some doubt on the identification of vowels /ø/, /œ/ and /œ̃/.)<br /> <Oi, oi> [wi]<br /> <Oeu, oeu> [wø]<br /> And reciprocally (<Ao, ao> [aw]... etc).<br /> </poem><br /> There are however a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> <Io, io> is ambiguous and can denote either /iw/ or /jo/<br /> <Oi, oi> is ambiguous and can denote either /i/ or /wi/<br /> <Oe, oe> is ambiguous and can denote either /wə/ or /ø/<br /> <OU/Ou, ou> always denotes /u/ (/wy/ is denoted <Oy, oy> instead).<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues with /ɥ/ :<br /> <poem><br /> UÎ, uî [ɥi]<br /> Ui, ui [ɥi]<br /> Ua, ua [ɥa]<br /> Uç, uç [ɥe]<br /> Uÿ, uÿ [ɥɛ]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Triphtongues=====<br /> They should also be analyzed as combinations of approximant + vowel + approximant. Besides using <I, i> and <O, o> or even <Ü, ü> and <U, u>, there is a handful of special spellings that denote such "triphtongues" :<br /> <poem><br /> ÜÂ, üâ [jaj]<br /> ÜY, üy [jɔj]<br /> ÊÜ, êü [jaj]<br /> YÜ, yü [joj] or [jɔj]<br /> ÃÎ, ãî [aji]<br /> ÕÎ, õî [oji]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Word-final position induced changes=====<br /> The original consonants /g/ <G, g>, /l/ <L, l> and syllable /wi/ <W, w> turn into [j] when in a word-final position. Instead, the spellings <gue>, <lle> and <wi> are used.<br /> <poem><br /> <g> /j/<br /> <l> /j/<br /> <w> /j/<br /> <gue> /g/<br /> <lle> /l/<br /> <wi> /wi/<br /> </poem><br /> There are some other special spellings :<br /> <poem><br /> <ebm> /ɛjm/<br /> <ebn> /ɛjn/<br /> </poem><br /> Finally, some letters are simply not pronounced at the end of a word, and other spellings are used instead :<br /> <poem><br /> <e><br /> <ô><br /> <d><br /> <nowiki><q></nowiki><br /> <nowiki><s></nowiki><br /> <t><br /> <z><br /> <er><br /> <dde> /d/<br /> <qe> /ʃ/<br /> <sse> /θ/ (or possibly /s/ ?)<br /> <tte> /t/<br /> <ze> /z/<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ====Table of phonemes and their principal corresponding graphemes====<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m <M, m><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n <N, n><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ <Ñ, ñ><br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ <ÎÑ, îñ><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p <P, p> ; b <B, b><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ <TÛ, tû> ; t <T, t> ; d̚ <DÛ, dû> ; d <D, d><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k <K, k> ; g <G, g><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s <C, c> alt. <TĦ/Tħ, tħ> ; z <Z, z> alt. <DĦ/Dħ, dħ> alt. <SĦ/Sħ, sħ><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ <Q, q> ; ʒ <Ö, ö> alt. <JĦ/Jħ, jħ> alt. <QJ/Qj, qj><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ <QÛ, qû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ <ÎF, îf> ; β <ÎV, îv><br /> |colspan="2"| f <F, f> alt. <PĦ/Pħ, pħ> ; v <V, v> alt. <BĦ/Bħ, bħ><br /> |colspan="2"| θ <S, s> alt. <Tûhh, s> ; ð <J, j> <br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ <HÛ, hû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ <ÎQ, îq> ; ɧ̙ʷ̬ <ÎÖ, îö> alt. <LÎÖ, lîö><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <ÎX, îx><br /> |colspan="2"| χ <X, x> ; ʁ <R, r><br /> |colspan="2"| h <H, h><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ <RÛ, rû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j <I, i> (before a vowel), <Ü, ü> (after a vowel) ; ɥ <U, u> (before some vowels)<br /> |colspan="2"| w <O, o> (before or after a vowel)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r <LÛ, lû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ <RX, rx><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ <ĦÛ, ħû> <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l <L, l> ɫ <Û, û><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg <ÎÑg, îñg><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i <I, i> alt. <Oi, oi> ; y <U, u><br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ <Î, î> alt. <Ï, ï><br /> |colspan="2"|u <OU/Ou, ou><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e <E, ç/ë> ; ø <EU/Eu, eu> alt. <OE/Oe, oe><br /> |colspan="2"| ə <E, e><br /> |colspan="2"|o <O, o> alt. <Ô, ô> alt. <Õ, õ><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ <E, ÿ/ê> alt. <EA, ea> ; œ <E, ù/ĕ> alt. <EÔ/Eô, eô> ; ɛ̃ <Ä, é/â> ; œ̃ <Ä, è/ä><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ <O, o> ; ɔ̃ <Ä, à/ă><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä <A, a> alt. <Ã, ã><br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃ <Ä, ä><br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Prosody===<br /> ====Stress====<br /> <br /> There is no lexical stress. It can be assumed that most words or verbal and nominal groups have a slight stress on the last syllable, like in French ; however, there is supposed to be a distinction between short and long vowels, so we can assume that long vowels would be stressed.<br /> <br /> ====Intonation====<br /> <br /> ===Phonotactics===<br /> <br /> ===Morphophonology===<br /> <br /> ==Morphology==<br /> <br /> There are five main parts of speech in Qtolqjimctadû : nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and particles.<br /> <br /> ===Nouns===<br /> Nouns have definiteness, gender, and number. Definiteness is marked by definite and indefinite articles which agree in gender and number with the nouns. There are three genders : neuter, masculine, and feminine. <br /> <br /> ====Gender====<br /> Gender is usually marked by the ending of the noun. Nouns that correspond to non-animate things are usually neutral whereas nouns that describe animate things are usually masculine or feminine. However, some nouns can have all three genders, with the masculine and feminine forms built on an underlying neutral form ; this is common for instance for animal names, or for professions.<br /> <br /> According to documentation, most neuter nouns in the singular end either in <nowiki><-e></nowiki> or in a consonant. There is however no indication of how to distinguish masculine and feminine nouns, but based on the description of neuter forms, it may be posited that they must typically end in some kinds of vowels. Nouns that end in <nowiki><-e></nowiki> in the singular neuter are part of a paradigm that builds masculine and feminine forms on this underlying neuter form :<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Ending in -e<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || -e /ə/ || -ea /ɛ/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || -e /ə/ || -ebn /ɛjn/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || -ea /ɛ/ || -ean /əɑ̃/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> According to documentation, it is common for the neuter to present as a masculine singular ending in the singular, and as a feminine singular ending in the plural.<br /> <br /> ====Definiteness====<br /> Earlier documentation does not explicitly state that the definite and definite articles must agree with nouns in number and gender, but it is apparent in corpus that there is at least a masculine or neutral singular definite article that differs from a feminine singular definite article. From this and comparison with other versions of Tolsian, one can infer that articles, both definite and indefinite, come in at least three forms : masculine singular, feminine singular, and a plural form that covers all genders. Based on the existence of a neutral gender, it may be posited that there must be a neutral singular form as well. There is however no actual indication of whether there is only one plural form for all genders, or if there are also different plural forms for different genders. We'll assume the following paradigm :<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Definite and indefinite articles<br /> |-<br /> ! Definiteness / Gender !! Neuter !! Masculine !! Feminine !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Definite|| - || pna /pna/ || pnÿ /pnɛ/ || -<br /> |-<br /> | Indefinite|| -|| -|| ad /a/ || -<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ====Number====<br /> There are two numbers, singular and plural ; singular is unmarked while plural is marked with a suffix that differs depending on the ending of the noun.<br /> Besides the "-e" paradigm above, different groups of endings take different plural markings. It is likely that the consonantal endings indicate neuter nouns, whereas the vocalic endings indicate masculine and feminine nouns.<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Table of plurals<br /> |-<br /> ! Types of endings !! Plural affix !! Pronunciation<br /> |-<br /> | -c ; -f ; -j ; -l ; -m ; -n ; -v ; -û ; -ë || -c || -cc /s/ ; -fc /fs/ ; -jc /θ/ ; -lc /js/ ; -mc ; -nc ; -vc /fs/ ; -ûc /ɫ/ ; -ëc /bɾɛk/<br /> |-<br /> | -b ; -d ; -g ; -p ; -q ; -w ; -ü ; -k || -tt || -btt /pt/ ; -dtt /d̚/ ; -gtt /kt/ ; -ptt /pt/ ; -qtt /ʃt/ ; -wtt /wit/ ; -ütt /jt/ ; -ktt /kt/<br /> |-<br /> | -s ; -r || -ch || -sch /ʃ/ ; -rch /?/ ("[hˤ]" see notes on consonants) ; -rsch /ʁʃa/<br /> |-<br /> | -h ; -t ; -x ; -z ; -ö ; -ñ || -c or -tt || -hc /k/ ; -tc /ts/ ; -xc /χs/ ; -zc /s/ ; -öc /s/ ; -ñc /s/ <p> -htt /ht/ ; -ttt /t̚/ ; -xtt /χt/ ; -ztt /st/ ; -ött /ʃt/ ; -ñtt /t/<br /> |-<br /> | Vowel endings (other than "e") || -es || not pronounced.<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ====Pronouns====<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Personal subject pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Pronoun<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || I || êü /jaj/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || you || oü /oj/ or /ɔj/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.masc || he || tag /taj/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.fem || she || tal /taj/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.impersonal || "man", "one" || tawi /tawi/<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || we || îhalÿn /xalɛn/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || you || hiçve /hjev/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.masc || they || tagg /tag/ (or /tagj/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.fem || they || tall /tal/ (or /talj/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || you || îqann /ɧ̙ʷan/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Demonstrative pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Pronoun<br /> |-<br /> | Singular demonstrative pronoun || this || fe /fə/<br /> |-<br /> | Plural demonstrative pronoun || these || îvae /βa/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Personal reflexive pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Pronoun<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || myself || kab /kab/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || yourself || kat /ka/ (or /kat) ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.masc || himself || kaad /ka:/ (or /ka:d/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.fem || herself || kaad /ka:/ (or /ka:d/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.impersonal || oneself || kad /ka/ (or /kad/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || ourselves || aö /aʒ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || yourselves || av /av/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.masc || themselves || aann /a:n/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.fem || themselves || aann /a:n/<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || yourself ; yourselves || enn /ən/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Possessive pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Masculine and neuter singular !! Feminine singular !! Masculine and neuter plural !! Feminine plural<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || my, mine || kabħe /kavə/ || kabħa /kava/ || kabħei /kavi/ || kabħae /kavaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || your, yours || katħe /kasə/ || katħa /kasa/ || katħei /kasi/ || katħae /kasaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG || his, her, hers, its || kadħe /kazə/ || kadħa /kaza/ || kadħei /kazi/ || kadħae /kazaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || our, ours || pħaöe /faʒə/ || pħaöa /faʒa/ || pħaöei /faʒi/ || pħaöae /faʒaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || your, yours || pħave /favə/ || pħava /fava/ || pħavei /favi/ || pħavae /favaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL || their, theirs || pħann /fan/ || pħana /fana/ || pħani /fani/ || pħanae /fanaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || your, yours || ïqann /iʃan/ || aîqann /aɧ̙ʷan/ || ïqani /iʃani/ || aîqane /aɧ̙ʷan/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Possessive pronouns agree in gender and number with the nouns denoting what is "possessed".<br /> <br /> ===Verbs===<br /> <br /> There are two main verbal groups, one ending in "-ë" (usually with a radical ending in a vowel), and one ending in "-er" (usually with a radical ending in a consonant). Verbs are conjugated for person, tense, and mood. There are formally seven persons : first singular, second singular, third singular, first plural, second plural, third plural, and the "polite" second person used in formal contexts for which number is neutralized. <br /> <br /> ====Mood====<br /> <br /> There are four moods : indicative, conditional, imperative and so-called "absolute" (can also be called gnomic). <br /> =====Indicative=====<br /> The indicative and absolute moods are forms of realis : indicative is used to express statements or facts, and also other modalities not expressed with other moods. <br /> =====Absolute=====<br /> The absolute is traditionally treated as a mood because of its specific grammatical markings, but better corresponds semantically to the gnomic aspect. It can also be used to express a higher degree of certainty than indicative, or to express emphasis. According to documentation : <q>L'absolu est un mode intemporel. Il peut traduire un présent de vérité générale, parler d'une propriété intrinsèque à un corps, être utilisé en poésie... Il peut être utilisé aussi en tant que présent s'il décrit une action ''a priori'' continue dans le temps, comme lorsqu'on emploie des adjectifs qualificatifs.</q><br /> =====Imperative=====<br /> The conditional and imperative moods are forms of irrealis : the imperative expresses commands, prohibitions and requests. It is not used with the seventh person (2nd person used for politeness), in which case it is substituted for a hypothetical conditional. <br /> =====Conditional=====<br /> The conditional expresses hypotheticals, desires and wishes. According to documentation, so-called "hypothetical conditional" corresponds to the French subjunctive mood.<br /> ====Tense====<br /> <br /> There are three main tenses : present, past and future. <br /> <br /> =====Present=====<br /> *In the indicative mode, there is one present, the indicative present.<br /> *In the conditional mood, there are two kinds of present : the conditional present and the so-called "hypothetical conditional present" (''conditionel hypothétique présent''), meant to correspond to the French subjunctive present.<br /> *In the imperative and absolute moods, there is only a present tense.<br /> =====Past=====<br /> *In the indicative mood, there are four kinds of past : the so-called "foregone past" (''passé révolu''), which is meant to correspond to the French pluperfect ; the "descriptive past" (''passé descriptif''), meant to correspond to the French simple past and imperfect past ; the "general past" (''passé général''), meant to correspond to the French imperfect and ''passé composé'' (present perfect) ; and the "anterior past" (''passé antérieur''), built analytically with the auxiliary verb "kavaver"(to have) in the foregone past and the past participle.<br /> *In the conditional mood, there are three kinds of past : the "past conditional" (''conditionnel passé''), the so-called "retrospective conditional" (''conditionnel rétrospectif''), which is meant to correspond to the French ''conditionnel passé de seconde forme'', and the so-called "hypothetical conditional past" (''conditionel hypothétique passé''), meant to express the French past subjunctive. <br /> =====Future=====<br /> In the indicative mood, there are two kinds of future : the "general future" (''futur général''), which indicates event that are yet to happen, and the "retrospective future" (''futur rétrospectif''), which corresponds to the traditional "future perfect" (''futur antérieur''), used to express an action that will be completed before another action in the future.<br /> <br /> ====Conjugation tables====<br /> <br /> The only available conjugation tables describe the endings in the indicative present for verbs of the first and second groups.<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Indicative present of the first group : "kalûaë", ''to be''<br /> |-<br /> ! Person !! Ending !! Example<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || -qni /ʃni/ || kalûaqni /kaɾaʃni/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || -qniî /ʃnij/ || kalûaqniî /kaɾaʃnij/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG || - (radical) || kalûa /kaɾa/<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || -cÿcq /sesʃ/ || kalûacÿcq /kaɾasesʃ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || -tts /t/ || kalûatts /kaɾat/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL || -me /mə/ || kalûame /kaɾamə/<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || -i /i/ || kalûai /kaɾai/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Indicative present of the second group : "kavaver", ''to have''<br /> |-<br /> ! Person !! Ending !! Example<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || - (radical) || kav /kav/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || -s (unpronounced) || kavavs /kavav/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG || - (radical) || kavav /kavav/<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || -m /m/ || kavavm /kavavm/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || -ês /ja/ || kavavês /kavavja/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL || -n /n/ || kavavn /kavavn/<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || -i /i/ || kavi /kavi/<br /> |}<br /> Note : the first and seventh persons are irregular in this case.<br /> <br /> ====Participle====<br /> <br /> =====Present participle=====<br /> There are two different kinds of present participles ; the regular present participle, and a so-called substantival present participle (''participe présent substantivé'').<br /> *Regular present participle :<br /> It is built by adding either the ending -klûenat /kɾna/ or the ending -kvi /gvi/ to the verb radical. These endings correspond directly to the present participles of the verb kalûaë : klûenat, and of the verb kavaver : kvi.<br /> Example : çctekvi /estegvi/, "losing".<br /> *Substantival present participle :<br /> It is used for instance for expressing continuing action (''Il sert par exemple à transcrire l'idée d'action continue : en français, "être en train de..."''). It is built by adding the ending -m to the infinitive form.<br /> Example : kavaverm /kavavm/ "having", kalûaëm /kaɾam/ "being", çctÿeëm /estɛbɾəm/ "losing".<br /> Example : Êü kavaqni çcteëm nda tÿmg kabbhe, "I am wasting my time"<br /> Subject pronoun "I" + verb "to have" + substantival present participle of the verb "to lose" + particle "in, from, of" + "time" + possessive pronoun "mine".<br /> <br /> =====Past participle=====<br /> <br /> The past participle is built by adding the ending -ut /y/ to the verb radical, for verbs of the first group ; and by adding the ending -ç /e/ to the verb radical, for verbs of the second group. <br /> Exceptions : kalûaë : klûu /kɾy/ (or /kɾu/ ?), "been" ; kavaver : avvç /av:e/.<br /> The past participle agrees in gender and number with the object of the verb :<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Past participle<br /> |-<br /> ! !! first group !! second group<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine singular || -ut /y/ || -ç /e/<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter singular || -ut /y/ || -ç /e/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine singular || -uet /y/ || -çe /e/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine plural || -uts /y/ || -çs /e/<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter plural || -uts /y/ || -çs /e/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine plural || -uets /y/ || -çes /e/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Example : çcteut, çcteuts, çcteuet, çcteuets /esty/.<br /> <br /> ===Adjectives===<br /> <br /> Adjectives agree in gender and number with the nouns they qualify. It is marked with a prefix that changes depending on the beginning of the neuter singular form.<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with a vowel<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || es- /əθ/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || a- /a/ || ai- /aj/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || e- /ə/ || es- /əθ/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with h-, t-, x-, z-, ö-,ñ-<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || cs- /s/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || q- /ʃ/ || qs- /ʃ/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || c- /s/ || cs- /s/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with b-, d-, g-, p-, q-, w-, ü-, k<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || hm- /hm/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || m- /m/ || ebm- /ɛjm/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || hm- /hm/ || hebm- /hɛjm/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with s-, r-<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || kbett- /kbət/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || kbet- /kbət/ || kbest- /kbət/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || kbeat- /kbɛt/ || kbeast- /kbɛt/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with c-, f-, j-, l-, m-, n-, v-, û-, ë-<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || atûïve- /at̚ɨvə/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || etûove- /ət̚ovə/ || etûïve- /ət̚ɨvə/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || atûova- /at̚ova/ || atûïva- /at̚ɨva/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Adverbs===<br /> <br /> There is no information on adverbs but, based on other versions of Tolsian, we can assume they are invariable in form, qualify verbs and adjectives, and are usually placed before the verb or adjective they qualify.<br /> <br /> ===Particles===<br /> <br /> Particles are function words that include prepositions, postpositions, conjunction words, etc. <br /> *One notable particle is the so-called subject particle, which is used with stative verbs to introduce the subject's attribute. It can take two different forms, usually depending on whether the subject is animate (particle "tke?") or inanimate (particle "ke?"), but also potentially on whether the relationship between subject and attribute is perceived as "temporary" or "eternal".<br /> *Another notable particle is the "possessive" particle, which is suffixed to the noun that represents a "possessor", akin to a genitive marking. It can be used instead of possessive pronouns, when suffixed to a personal subject pronoun : for instance, the personal pronoun "êü" + the possessive particle "-dô" becomes "êüdô", ''my''. On the other hand, when using one of the possessive pronouns, a so-called "possessed particle" is placed in front of the "possessed" noun.<br /> *Some particles are more like traditional prepositions ; for instance, "nda" means ''in, from, of''.<br /> <br /> ===Derivational morphology===<br /> <br /> ====Adjectives====<br /> <br /> Adjectives can be derived from nouns by adding the suffix -ke. The resulting adjective agrees in gender and number with the noun it qualifies, following the regular agreement rules for adjectives.<br /> Example : "tolsian", neuter singular : tolqjimke, masculine singular : qtolqjimke.<br /> <br /> ====Nouns====<br /> Nouns can be derived from adjectives or past participles by adding the suffix -ctadû /stad̚/. The resulting noun is usually masculine. According to documentation, if a noun is derived from an adjective that was itself derived from a noun with the suffix -ke, then this suffix should be dropped, which sure sounds a lot like we're back to deriving a noun from a noun.<br /> Example : (the) Tolsian (language) : pna Qtolqjimctadû.<br /> <br /> ====Verbs====<br /> <br /> Verbs can most likely be derived from nouns by adding either the suffix -ë (probably if the noun ends in a vowel) or the suffix -er (if it ends in a consonant).<br /> <br /> ==Syntax==<br /> ===Constituent order===<br /> *Sentences with a stative verbs have a different constituent order depending on whether the attribute is an adjective or a noun phrase ; in the first case, it is akin to a SVO order, in the second, to an OSV order :<br /> <br /> "I am Tolsian" (the speaker is a woman) : êü kalûaqni tke? ctolqjimke.<br /> <br /> Subject + "to be" + subject particle + "Tolsian" (f.sg.)<br /> <br /> "I am a (Tolsian) woman" : Ad tke? mqarea (ctolqjimke) êü kalûaqni.<br /> <br /> Article + subject particle + "woman" (+ "Tolsian") + subject + "to be".<br /> <br /> *The basic constituent order of a declarative sentence is SVO.<br /> Example : "I am wasting my time" : Êü kavaqni çcteëm nda tÿmg kabbhe. <br /> <br /> Subject pronoun + "to have" + substantival present participle of the verb "to lose" + particle "in, from, of" + "time" + possessive pronoun "mine".<br /> <br /> ===Noun phrase===<br /> If there is a determiner (for example, a definiteness article), it is placed at the beginning of the noun phrase. If there is an adjective, it can be placed either right before, or right after, the noun it qualifies. Most particles are placed between a determiner and the adjective + noun (or noun + adjective) group. A prepositional phrase or clause comes after.<br /> <br /> Example :<br /> <br /> "I am Tolsian" (the speaker is a woman) : êü kalûaqni tke? ctolqjimke.<br /> <br /> Subject + "to be" + subject particle + "Tolsian" (f.sg.)<br /> <br /> *Genitive phrase :<br /> <br /> "My mother" : (Pnÿ) êüdô maîha.<br /> <br /> (Definite article) + Subject pronoun + possessive particle suffix + "mother".<br /> <br /> <br /> "My mother" : Ne maîha kabħa.<br /> <br /> "Possessed" particle + "mother" + possessive pronoun.<br /> <br /> "This is my mother" : Fe kalûa ne maîha kabħa.<br /> <br /> Demonstrative pronoun + "to be" + "possessed" particle + "mother" + possessive pronoun.<br /> <br /> "Mine" : Pnÿ kabħa.<br /> <br /> Definite article + possessive pronoun.<br /> <br /> "It is mine" : Fe kalûa pnÿ kabħa.<br /> <br /> Demonstrative pronoun + "to be" + definite article + possessive pronoun.<br /> <br /> ===Verb phrase===<br /> <br /> The subject pronoun is optional, but placed right in front of the verb if used.<br /> <br /> ===Sentence phrase===<br /> ===Dependent clauses===<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Example texts==<br /> <br /> ==Other resources==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Qtolqjimctadû]]<br /> [[Category:Languages]]<br /> [[Category:Conlangs]]<br /> [[Category:Tolsian]]</div>

Uvie https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Qtolqjimctad%C3%BB&diff=526649 Qtolqjimctadû 2026-05-21T21:18:30Z

<p>Uvie: /* Verb phrase */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Introduction==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ<br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p b<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ t d̚ d<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k g<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s z<br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ ʒ <br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ β<br /> |colspan="2"| f v<br /> |colspan="2"| θ ð<br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ ɧ̙ʷ̬<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <br /> |colspan="2"| χ ʁ<br /> |colspan="2"| h<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j ɥ<br /> |colspan="2"| w<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l ɫ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> Notes :<br /> <br /> In earlier documentation, proper knowledge of IPA was lacking and several of the phonemes had to be identified from either phonetically inaccurate IPA descriptions or vague, impressionistic ones. Several phonemes could not be recovered. Here is a list of deviations from the above table :<br /> <poem><br /> Identified phonemes :<br /> /ɸ/ was described as [fʷ] (written <ÎF, îf>).<br /> /β/ was described as [vʷ] (written <ÎV, îv>).<br /> /ʁ/ was described as [ʀ] (written <R, r>).<br /> /ʀ/ was described as [rˤ] (''sorte de « r » très roulé'', written <RX, rx>).<br /> /ɹ/ was described as [ʀˤ] (''sorte de « r » anglais'', written <RÛ, rû>).<br /> /ɫ/ was described as [l̪ ] (''comme à la fin du mot anglais "well"'', written <Û, û>).<br /> /χ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [x] (written <X, x>), while /x/ itself was most likely described as [xˤ] (written <ÎX, îx>).<br /> /ŋ/ was probably described as [ɲˤ] (written <ÎÑ, îñ>), while the sound described as [ŋ] (written <ÎÑg, îñg>) probably corresponded to /ᵑg/.<br /> /ɾ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [r̺] (written <ĦÛ, ħû>, as well as part of the cluster /bɾ/+V with the help of <Ë, ë> as [bɾə], described as [br̺ə]).<br /> /r/ might have been what was described as [r] (''sorte de « r » roulé à la japonaise'', written <LÛ, lû>).<br /> /ɧ̙ʷ/ and its voiced version /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ are, to this day, subject to doubt regarding their IPA descriptions. They were most likely corresponding to the sounds described as [ʃ ̪ ] (written <ÎQ, îq>) and [ʒ̺̺̺ ] (written <ÎÖ, îö> or <LÎÖ, lîö>).<br /> /t̚/ and /d̚/ are also subject to some doubt regarding their IPA descriptions still. They were described as [t̪] (written <TÛ, tû>) and [d̪] (written <DÛ, dû>).<br /> The phoneme described as [ʃʲ] probably has a realization closer to [ç] or [ɕ] (written <QÛ, qû>).<br /> <br /> Unidentified or very doubtful phonemes :<br /> Some /h/-like phoneme, described as [hˤ] (written <ÎH, îh>). It might have corresponded to /ɣ/, but it is not very likely.<br /> /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ might have been what was described as [l̤ʲ] (written <HÛ, hû>). Based on its spelling it is more likely to be devoiced.<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i y<br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ<br /> |colspan="2"|u<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e ø<br /> |colspan="2"| ə<br /> |colspan="2"|o<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ œ ɛ̃ œ̃<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ ɔ̃<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä<br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃<br /> |}<br /> Vowel length is supposed to be phonemic, with regular (or short) vowels, and long vowels.<br /> <br /> Similarly to consonants, some vowels had to be "re-identified" from previous documentation and some deviations arise :<br /> <poem><br /> /œ/ is probably what was described as [æ] (written <Ù, ù> or <E, ĕ> or <EÔ/Eô, eô>).<br /> /œ̃/ is probably what was described as [æ̃] (written <Ä, è> or <Ä, ä>).<br /> /ø/ is probably what was described as [œ] (written <EU/Eu, eu> or <OE/Oe, oe>).<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Orthography===<br /> Orthography was made complicated on purpose.<br /> <br /> ====Alphabet====<br /> <poem><br /> A, a /a/<br /> B, b /b/<br /> C, c /s/<br /> D, d /d/<br /> E, e /ə/ ; E, ç/ë /e/ ; E, ù/ĕ /œ/ ; E, ÿ/ê /ɛ/<br /> F, f /f/<br /> G, g /g/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> H, h /h/<br /> Ħ, ħ soundless ; mostly used in composed graphemes.<br /> I, i /i/<br /> J, j /ð/<br /> K, k /k/<br /> L, l /l/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> M, m /m/<br /> N, n /n/<br /> O, o /o/ or /ɔ/<br /> P, p /p/<br /> Q, q /ʃ/<br /> R, r /ʁ/<br /> S, s /θ/<br /> T, t /t/<br /> U, u /y/<br /> V, v /v/<br /> W, w /wi/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> X, x /χ/<br /> Y, y /jo/ or /ɔj/<br /> Z, z /z/<br /> Â, â /aj/<br /> Ê, ê /ja/<br /> Û, û /ɫ/<br /> Î, î /ɨ/ soundless when used in composed graphemes.<br /> Ô, ô /o/<br /> Ä, ä /ɑ̃/ ; Ä, à/ă /ɔ̃/ ; Ä, é/â /ɛ̃/ ; Ä, è/ä /œ̃/<br /> Ë, ë /bɾə/<br /> Ü, ü /j/<br /> Ï, ï /ɨ/<br /> Ö, ö /ʒ/<br /> Ã, ã /a/<br /> Õ, õ /o/<br /> Ñ, ñ /ɲ/<br /> </poem><br /> =====History=====<br /> Like most, if not all, versions of Tolsian, Qtolqjimctadû was meant to be written with the original Tolsian script. Some graphemes were chosen because of the limitations of the French keyboard, but were initally supposed to correspond to another, preexisting grapheme, with a diacritic, in order to reflect the original script. Some graphemes with diacritic are supposed to represent letters in the original script that are not simply versions of another letter with a diacritic ; this is why in the list below, <nowiki><ë></nowiki> appears to represent /e/, alongside <nowiki><ç></nowiki>, whereas in <Ë, ë> it represents /bɾə/ in the alphabet : they have different underlying identities.<br /> <poem><br /> <e> with diaeresis ¨ becomes <ç> (or <ë>)<br /> <e> with cedilla or possibly hook below (''accent « petite courbe vers le bas »'') becomes <ù> (or <ĕ>)<br /> <e> with circumflex accent ^ becomes <ÿ> (or <ê>)<br /> <O, o> (or <Ô, ô> ?) with circumflex accent becomes <Õ, õ><br /> <U, u> with dieresis becomes <Ü, ü><br /> <U, u> with circumflex accent becomes <Û, û><br /> <Â, â> with circumflex accent becomes <Ê, ê><br /> <Î, î> with circumflex accent becomes <Ï, ï><br /> <ä> with cedilla or hook below becomes <à> (o <ă>)<br /> <ä> with circumflex becomes <é> (or <â>)<br /> <ä> with diaeresis becomes <è> (or <ä>)<br /> <Â, â> with circumflex becomes <Ã, ã><br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ====Spelling rules====<br /> Long vowels are spelled with doubled graphemes (<Aa, aa> /a:/, etc).<br /> <br /> Some graphemes, namely <E, e> /ə/ ; <E, ç/ë> /e/ ; <E, ù/ĕ> /œ/ ; <E, ÿ/ê> /ɛ/ and <Ä, ä> /ɑ̃/ ; <Ä, à/ă> /ɔ̃/ ; <Ä, é/â> /ɛ̃/ ; <Ä, è/ä /œ̃/> use the same capital letter, but different minuscule letters, for different phonemes. This is partly due to limitations on a French keyboard, and partly to reflect the original Tolsian script in which these phonemes use the same letter but with different diacritics.<br /> <br /> The grapheme <Î, î> denotes /ɨ/, except in front of some consonants (<F, f>, <V, v>, <Q, q>, <Ö, ö>, <Ñ, ñ>, <X, x>, <H, h>) ; the grapheme <Ï, ï> is used instead in order to denote /ɨ/.<br /> <br /> There are many digraphs and even trigraphs ; usually, all letters are capitalized, when capitalization is needed.<br /> =====Digraphs with <Î, î>=====<br /> In the original documentation, these are described as "purified" (''épurés'').<br /> <poem><br /> ÎF, îf /ɸ/<br /> ÎV, îv /β/<br /> ÎQ, îq /ɧ̙ʷ/<br /> ÎÖ, îö /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ <br /> ÎÑ, îñ /ŋ/<br /> ÎX, îx /x/<br /> ÎH, îh unknown, possibly /ɣ/<br /> </poem><br /> It is unclear if the following are considered to be "purified" :<br /> <poem><br /> <Äî, äî> /an/<br /> <Äî, àî> /on/ or /ɔn/<br /> <Äî, éî> /in/ or /im/<br /> <Äî, èî> /un/ or /œm/<br /> </poem><br /> =====Trigraphs with <Î, î>=====<br /> These were also considered to be "purified".<br /> <poem><br /> LÎÖ, lîö /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ <br /> ÎÑg, îñg /ᵑg/<br /> </poem><br /> =====Digraphs with <Û, û>=====<br /> Some of these digraphs were originally described as "wet" (''mouillés'') :<br /> <poem><br /> TÛ, tû /t̚/<br /> QÛ, qû /ʃʲ/ (probably realized [ç] or [ɕ])<br /> DÛ, dû /d̚/<br /> </poem><br /> Others were not considered to be "wet" :<br /> <poem><br /> LÛ, lû /r/<br /> HÛ, hû possibly /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ <br /> ĦÛ, ħû /ɾ/<br /> RÛ, rû /ɹ/ <br /> <br /> =====Trigraphs with <Û, û>=====<br /> There is only one such trigraph, and only the first letter is capitalized, if needed. It is possibly meant to appear only word-initially as it was only given as <Tûhh> :<br /> Tûhh /θ/<br /> <br /> =====Digraphs with <Ħ, ħ>=====<br /> These can also be written as trigraphs, swapping <Ħ, ħ> for <Hh, hh>. As digraphs, one may likewise capitalize both letters or only the first one. As trigraphs, Only the first letter is capitalized.<br /> Ħ, ħ can be found on its own but is soundless. It may be used as part of the following digraphs, or used to maintain a hiatus between vowels and <I, i> or <O, o>. It can also be written <Hh, hh>.<br /> PĦ/Pħ, pħ /f/ (or <Phh, phh>)<br /> TĦ/Tħ, tħ /s/ (or <Thh, thh><br /> JĦ/Jħ, jħ /ʒ/ (or <Jhh, jhh>)<br /> BĦ/Bħ, bħ /v/ (or <Bhh, bhh>)<br /> DĦ/Dħ, dħ /z/ (or <Dhh, dhh>)<br /> SĦ/Sħ, sħ /z/ (or <Shh, shh>)<br /> <br /> =====Digraphs and trigraph with <Ë, ë>=====<br /> The phoneme /ɾ/ also appears as part of a syllable /bɾə/, written <Ë, ë>. When <Ë, ë> is followed by a vowel, the /ə/ is replaced by that vowel :<br /> Ëa, ëa [bɾa]<br /> Ëç, ëç [bɾe]<br /> Ëÿ, ëÿ [bɾɛ]<br /> Ëu, ëu [bɾy]<br /> Ëo, ëo [bɾo] or [bɾɔ]<br /> Ëï, ëï [bɾi]<br /> Ëä, ëä [bɾɑ̃]<br /> Ëà, ëà [bɾɔ̃]<br /> Ëé, ëé [bɾɛ̃]<br /> Ëè, ëè [bɾœ̃]<br /> Ëou, ëou [bɾu]<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> =====Some more consonantal digraphs=====<br /> RX, rx /ʀ/<br /> QJ/Qj, qj /ʒ/<br /> =====Vocalic digraphs=====<br /> <poem><br /> <Oi, oi> [i]<br /> <EU/Eu, eu> [ø]<br /> <OU/Ou, ou> [u]<br /> <EA, ea> [ɛ]<br /> (But <Ea, ea> [əa])<br /> <OE/Oe, oe> [ø]<br /> <EÔ/Eô, eô> [œ]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Nasal vowels=====<br /> Some digraphs and trigraphs denote nasal vowels, with <N, n> and <M, m> :<br /> <poem><br /> <An, an> /ɑ̃/<br /> <Am, am> /ɑ̃/<br /> <En, en> /ɑ̃/<br /> <Em, em> /ɑ̃/<br /> <In, in> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Im, im> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Ein, ein> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Eim, eim> /ɛ̃/<br /> <On, on> /ɔ̃/<br /> <Om, om> /ɔ̃/<br /> <Un, un> /œ̃/<br /> <Um, um> /œ̃/<br /> </poem><br /> However, if there are two <N, n> or <M, m> following a vowel, then it is not nasalized but pronounced as V+[n or m] instead (<Ann, ann> [an], <Amm, amm> [am],... etc). Besides, vocalic graphemes other than <A, a>, <E, e>, <I, i>, <O, o>, <U, u> do not get nasalized when followed by an <N, n> or <M, m>.<br /> =====Diphtongues=====<br /> They have been described as diphtongues, but should rather be analyzed as combinations of vowels and approximants. There are three different approximants : /j/, /w/ and /ɥ/, which only appear in a limited number of cases.<br /> *Diphtongues /j/ + vowel :<br /> They are usually written with a <I, i> followed by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <I, i> stands for /j/ :<br /> <poem><br /> <Ia, ia> [ja]<br /> <Ie, ie> [jə]<br /> <Iç, iç> [je]<br /> <Iù, iù> [jœ]<br /> <Iÿ, iÿ> [jɛ]<br /> <Io, io> [jo] or [jɔ]<br /> <Iu, iu> [jy]<br /> <Iô, iô> [jo]<br /> <Iä, iä> [jɑ̃]<br /> <Ià, ià> [jɔ̃]<br /> <Ié, ié> [jɛ̃]<br /> <Iè, iè> [jœ̃]<br /> <Ii, ii> [ji]<br /> <Iou, iou> [ju]<br /> <Ieu, ieu> [jø]<br /> </poem><br /> However, there are a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> ÜÃ, üã [ja]<br /> ÜÕ, üõ [jo]<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues vowel + /j/ :<br /> They are usually written with a <Ü, ü> preceded by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <Ü, ü> stands for /j/ (minus the exceptions above) :<br /> <poem><br /> <AÜ, aü> [aj]<br /> <EÜ, eü> [əj]<br /> <EÜ, çü> [ej]<br /> <EÜ, ùü> [œj]<br /> <EÜ, ÿü> [ɛj]<br /> <OÜ, oü> [oj] or [ɔj]<br /> <UÜ, uü> [yj]<br /> <ÔÜ, ôü> [oj]<br /> <ÄÜ, äü> [aɑ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, àü> [ɔ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, éü> [ɛ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, èü> [œ̃j]<br /> <ÃÜ, ãü> [aj]<br /> <ÕÜ, õü> [oj]<br /> <EUÜ, euü> [øj]<br /> </poem><br /> There are also a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> EÎ, eî [əj]<br /> EÎ, çî [ej]<br /> EÎ, ùî [œj]<br /> EÎ, ÿî [ɛj]<br /> IÎ, iî [ij]<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues with /w/ :<br /> These are usually written with a <O, o>, either followed or preceded by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <O, o> stands for /w/ :<br /> <poem><br /> <Oa, oa> [wa]<br /> <Oe, oe> [wə]<br /> <Oç, oç> [we]<br /> <Où, où> [wœ]<br /> <Oÿ, oÿ> [wɛ]<br /> <Oo, oo> [wo] or [wɔ]<br /> <Oy, oy> [wy]<br /> <Oô, oô> [wo]<br /> <Oä, oä> [wɑ̃]<br /> <Oà, oà> [wɔ̃]<br /> <Oé, oé> [wɛ̃]<br /> <Oè, oè> [wœ̃] (This one was described as [wœ̃] already in the original documentation (instead of expected [wæ̃] and has therefore cast some doubt on the identification of vowels /ø/, /œ/ and /œ̃/.)<br /> <Oi, oi> [wi]<br /> <Oeu, oeu> [wø]<br /> And reciprocally (<Ao, ao> [aw]... etc).<br /> </poem><br /> There are however a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> <Io, io> is ambiguous and can denote either /iw/ or /jo/<br /> <Oi, oi> is ambiguous and can denote either /i/ or /wi/<br /> <Oe, oe> is ambiguous and can denote either /wə/ or /ø/<br /> <OU/Ou, ou> always denotes /u/ (/wy/ is denoted <Oy, oy> instead).<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues with /ɥ/ :<br /> <poem><br /> UÎ, uî [ɥi]<br /> Ui, ui [ɥi]<br /> Ua, ua [ɥa]<br /> Uç, uç [ɥe]<br /> Uÿ, uÿ [ɥɛ]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Triphtongues=====<br /> They should also be analyzed as combinations of approximant + vowel + approximant. Besides using <I, i> and <O, o> or even <Ü, ü> and <U, u>, there is a handful of special spellings that denote such "triphtongues" :<br /> <poem><br /> ÜÂ, üâ [jaj]<br /> ÜY, üy [jɔj]<br /> ÊÜ, êü [jaj]<br /> YÜ, yü [joj] or [jɔj]<br /> ÃÎ, ãî [aji]<br /> ÕÎ, õî [oji]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Word-final position induced changes=====<br /> The original consonants /g/ <G, g>, /l/ <L, l> and syllable /wi/ <W, w> turn into [j] when in a word-final position. Instead, the spellings <gue>, <lle> and <wi> are used.<br /> <poem><br /> <g> /j/<br /> <l> /j/<br /> <w> /j/<br /> <gue> /g/<br /> <lle> /l/<br /> <wi> /wi/<br /> </poem><br /> There are some other special spellings :<br /> <poem><br /> <ebm> /ɛjm/<br /> <ebn> /ɛjn/<br /> </poem><br /> Finally, some letters are simply not pronounced at the end of a word, and other spellings are used instead :<br /> <poem><br /> <e><br /> <ô><br /> <d><br /> <nowiki><q></nowiki><br /> <nowiki><s></nowiki><br /> <t><br /> <z><br /> <er><br /> <dde> /d/<br /> <qe> /ʃ/<br /> <sse> /θ/ (or possibly /s/ ?)<br /> <tte> /t/<br /> <ze> /z/<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ====Table of phonemes and their principal corresponding graphemes====<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m <M, m><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n <N, n><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ <Ñ, ñ><br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ <ÎÑ, îñ><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p <P, p> ; b <B, b><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ <TÛ, tû> ; t <T, t> ; d̚ <DÛ, dû> ; d <D, d><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k <K, k> ; g <G, g><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s <C, c> alt. <TĦ/Tħ, tħ> ; z <Z, z> alt. <DĦ/Dħ, dħ> alt. <SĦ/Sħ, sħ><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ <Q, q> ; ʒ <Ö, ö> alt. <JĦ/Jħ, jħ> alt. <QJ/Qj, qj><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ <QÛ, qû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ <ÎF, îf> ; β <ÎV, îv><br /> |colspan="2"| f <F, f> alt. <PĦ/Pħ, pħ> ; v <V, v> alt. <BĦ/Bħ, bħ><br /> |colspan="2"| θ <S, s> alt. <Tûhh, s> ; ð <J, j> <br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ <HÛ, hû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ <ÎQ, îq> ; ɧ̙ʷ̬ <ÎÖ, îö> alt. <LÎÖ, lîö><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <ÎX, îx><br /> |colspan="2"| χ <X, x> ; ʁ <R, r><br /> |colspan="2"| h <H, h><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ <RÛ, rû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j <I, i> (before a vowel), <Ü, ü> (after a vowel) ; ɥ <U, u> (before some vowels)<br /> |colspan="2"| w <O, o> (before or after a vowel)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r <LÛ, lû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ <RX, rx><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ <ĦÛ, ħû> <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l <L, l> ɫ <Û, û><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg <ÎÑg, îñg><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i <I, i> alt. <Oi, oi> ; y <U, u><br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ <Î, î> alt. <Ï, ï><br /> |colspan="2"|u <OU/Ou, ou><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e <E, ç/ë> ; ø <EU/Eu, eu> alt. <OE/Oe, oe><br /> |colspan="2"| ə <E, e><br /> |colspan="2"|o <O, o> alt. <Ô, ô> alt. <Õ, õ><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ <E, ÿ/ê> alt. <EA, ea> ; œ <E, ù/ĕ> alt. <EÔ/Eô, eô> ; ɛ̃ <Ä, é/â> ; œ̃ <Ä, è/ä><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ <O, o> ; ɔ̃ <Ä, à/ă><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä <A, a> alt. <Ã, ã><br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃ <Ä, ä><br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Prosody===<br /> ====Stress====<br /> <br /> There is no lexical stress. It can be assumed that most words or verbal and nominal groups have a slight stress on the last syllable, like in French ; however, there is supposed to be a distinction between short and long vowels, so we can assume that long vowels would be stressed.<br /> <br /> ====Intonation====<br /> <br /> ===Phonotactics===<br /> <br /> ===Morphophonology===<br /> <br /> ==Morphology==<br /> <br /> There are five main parts of speech in Qtolqjimctadû : nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and particles.<br /> <br /> ===Nouns===<br /> Nouns have definiteness, gender, and number. Definiteness is marked by definite and indefinite articles which agree in gender and number with the nouns. There are three genders : neuter, masculine, and feminine. <br /> <br /> ====Gender====<br /> Gender is usually marked by the ending of the noun. Nouns that correspond to non-animate things are usually neutral whereas nouns that describe animate things are usually masculine or feminine. However, some nouns can have all three genders, with the masculine and feminine forms built on an underlying neutral form ; this is common for instance for animal names, or for professions.<br /> <br /> According to documentation, most neuter nouns in the singular end either in <nowiki><-e></nowiki> or in a consonant. There is however no indication of how to distinguish masculine and feminine nouns, but based on the description of neuter forms, it may be posited that they must typically end in some kinds of vowels. Nouns that end in <nowiki><-e></nowiki> in the singular neuter are part of a paradigm that builds masculine and feminine forms on this underlying neuter form :<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Ending in -e<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || -e /ə/ || -ea /ɛ/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || -e /ə/ || -ebn /ɛjn/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || -ea /ɛ/ || -ean /əɑ̃/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> According to documentation, it is common for the neuter to present as a masculine singular ending in the singular, and as a feminine singular ending in the plural.<br /> <br /> ====Definiteness====<br /> Earlier documentation does not explicitly state that the definite and definite articles must agree with nouns in number and gender, but it is apparent in corpus that there is at least a masculine or neutral singular definite article that differs from a feminine singular definite article. From this and comparison with other versions of Tolsian, one can infer that articles, both definite and indefinite, come in at least three forms : masculine singular, feminine singular, and a plural form that covers all genders. Based on the existence of a neutral gender, it may be posited that there must be a neutral singular form as well. There is however no actual indication of whether there is only one plural form for all genders, or if there are also different plural forms for different genders. We'll assume the following paradigm :<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Definite and indefinite articles<br /> |-<br /> ! Definiteness / Gender !! Neuter !! Masculine !! Feminine !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Definite|| - || pna /pna/ || pnÿ /pnɛ/ || -<br /> |-<br /> | Indefinite|| -|| -|| ad /a/ || -<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ====Number====<br /> There are two numbers, singular and plural ; singular is unmarked while plural is marked with a suffix that differs depending on the ending of the noun.<br /> Besides the "-e" paradigm above, different groups of endings take different plural markings. It is likely that the consonantal endings indicate neuter nouns, whereas the vocalic endings indicate masculine and feminine nouns.<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Table of plurals<br /> |-<br /> ! Types of endings !! Plural affix !! Pronunciation<br /> |-<br /> | -c ; -f ; -j ; -l ; -m ; -n ; -v ; -û ; -ë || -c || -cc /s/ ; -fc /fs/ ; -jc /θ/ ; -lc /js/ ; -mc ; -nc ; -vc /fs/ ; -ûc /ɫ/ ; -ëc /bɾɛk/<br /> |-<br /> | -b ; -d ; -g ; -p ; -q ; -w ; -ü ; -k || -tt || -btt /pt/ ; -dtt /d̚/ ; -gtt /kt/ ; -ptt /pt/ ; -qtt /ʃt/ ; -wtt /wit/ ; -ütt /jt/ ; -ktt /kt/<br /> |-<br /> | -s ; -r || -ch || -sch /ʃ/ ; -rch /?/ ("[hˤ]" see notes on consonants) ; -rsch /ʁʃa/<br /> |-<br /> | -h ; -t ; -x ; -z ; -ö ; -ñ || -c or -tt || -hc /k/ ; -tc /ts/ ; -xc /χs/ ; -zc /s/ ; -öc /s/ ; -ñc /s/ <p> -htt /ht/ ; -ttt /t̚/ ; -xtt /χt/ ; -ztt /st/ ; -ött /ʃt/ ; -ñtt /t/<br /> |-<br /> | Vowel endings (other than "e") || -es || not pronounced.<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ====Pronouns====<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Personal subject pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Pronoun<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || I || êü /jaj/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || you || oü /oj/ or /ɔj/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.masc || he || tag /taj/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.fem || she || tal /taj/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.impersonal || "man", "one" || tawi /tawi/<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || we || îhalÿn /xalɛn/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || you || hiçve /hjev/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.masc || they || tagg /tag/ (or /tagj/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.fem || they || tall /tal/ (or /talj/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || you || îqann /ɧ̙ʷan/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Demonstrative pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Pronoun<br /> |-<br /> | Singular demonstrative pronoun || this || fe /fə/<br /> |-<br /> | Plural demonstrative pronoun || these || îvae /βa/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Personal reflexive pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Pronoun<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || myself || kab /kab/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || yourself || kat /ka/ (or /kat) ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.masc || himself || kaad /ka:/ (or /ka:d/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.fem || herself || kaad /ka:/ (or /ka:d/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.impersonal || oneself || kad /ka/ (or /kad/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || ourselves || aö /aʒ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || yourselves || av /av/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.masc || themselves || aann /a:n/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.fem || themselves || aann /a:n/<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || yourself ; yourselves || enn /ən/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Possessive pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Masculine and neuter singular !! Feminine singular !! Masculine and neuter plural !! Feminine plural<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || my, mine || kabħe /kavə/ || kabħa /kava/ || kabħei /kavi/ || kabħae /kavaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || your, yours || katħe /kasə/ || katħa /kasa/ || katħei /kasi/ || katħae /kasaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG || his, her, hers, its || kadħe /kazə/ || kadħa /kaza/ || kadħei /kazi/ || kadħae /kazaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || our, ours || pħaöe /faʒə/ || pħaöa /faʒa/ || pħaöei /faʒi/ || pħaöae /faʒaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || your, yours || pħave /favə/ || pħava /fava/ || pħavei /favi/ || pħavae /favaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL || their, theirs || pħann /fan/ || pħana /fana/ || pħani /fani/ || pħanae /fanaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || your, yours || ïqann /iʃan/ || aîqann /aɧ̙ʷan/ || ïqani /iʃani/ || aîqane /aɧ̙ʷan/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Possessive pronouns agree in gender and number with the nouns denoting what is "possessed".<br /> <br /> ===Verbs===<br /> <br /> There are two main verbal groups, one ending in "-ë" (usually with a radical ending in a vowel), and one ending in "-er" (usually with a radical ending in a consonant). Verbs are conjugated for person, tense, and mood. There are formally seven persons : first singular, second singular, third singular, first plural, second plural, third plural, and the "polite" second person used in formal contexts for which number is neutralized. <br /> <br /> ====Mood====<br /> <br /> There are four moods : indicative, conditional, imperative and so-called "absolute" (can also be called gnomic). <br /> =====Indicative=====<br /> The indicative and absolute moods are forms of realis : indicative is used to express statements or facts, and also other modalities not expressed with other moods. <br /> =====Absolute=====<br /> The absolute is traditionally treated as a mood because of its specific grammatical markings, but better corresponds semantically to the gnomic aspect. It can also be used to express a higher degree of certainty than indicative, or to express emphasis. According to documentation : <q>L'absolu est un mode intemporel. Il peut traduire un présent de vérité générale, parler d'une propriété intrinsèque à un corps, être utilisé en poésie... Il peut être utilisé aussi en tant que présent s'il décrit une action ''a priori'' continue dans le temps, comme lorsqu'on emploie des adjectifs qualificatifs.</q><br /> =====Imperative=====<br /> The conditional and imperative moods are forms of irrealis : the imperative expresses commands, prohibitions and requests. It is not used with the seventh person (2nd person used for politeness), in which case it is substituted for a hypothetical conditional. <br /> =====Conditional=====<br /> The conditional expresses hypotheticals, desires and wishes. According to documentation, so-called "hypothetical conditional" corresponds to the French subjunctive mood.<br /> ====Tense====<br /> <br /> There are three main tenses : present, past and future. <br /> <br /> =====Present=====<br /> *In the indicative mode, there is one present, the indicative present.<br /> *In the conditional mood, there are two kinds of present : the conditional present and the so-called "hypothetical conditional present" (''conditionel hypothétique présent''), meant to correspond to the French subjunctive present.<br /> *In the imperative and absolute moods, there is only a present tense.<br /> =====Past=====<br /> *In the indicative mood, there are four kinds of past : the so-called "foregone past" (''passé révolu''), which is meant to correspond to the French pluperfect ; the "descriptive past" (''passé descriptif''), meant to correspond to the French simple past and imperfect past ; the "general past" (''passé général''), meant to correspond to the French imperfect and ''passé composé'' (present perfect) ; and the "anterior past" (''passé antérieur''), built analytically with the auxiliary verb "kavaver"(to have) in the foregone past and the past participle.<br /> *In the conditional mood, there are three kinds of past : the "past conditional" (''conditionnel passé''), the so-called "retrospective conditional" (''conditionnel rétrospectif''), which is meant to correspond to the French ''conditionnel passé de seconde forme'', and the so-called "hypothetical conditional past" (''conditionel hypothétique passé''), meant to express the French past subjunctive. <br /> =====Future=====<br /> In the indicative mood, there are two kinds of future : the "general future" (''futur général''), which indicates event that are yet to happen, and the "retrospective future" (''futur rétrospectif''), which corresponds to the traditional "future perfect" (''futur antérieur''), used to express an action that will be completed before another action in the future.<br /> <br /> ====Conjugation tables====<br /> <br /> The only available conjugation tables describe the endings in the indicative present for verbs of the first and second groups.<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Indicative present of the first group : "kalûaë", ''to be''<br /> |-<br /> ! Person !! Ending !! Example<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || -qni /ʃni/ || kalûaqni /kaɾaʃni/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || -qniî /ʃnij/ || kalûaqniî /kaɾaʃnij/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG || - (radical) || kalûa /kaɾa/<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || -cÿcq /sesʃ/ || kalûacÿcq /kaɾasesʃ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || -tts /t/ || kalûatts /kaɾat/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL || -me /mə/ || kalûame /kaɾamə/<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || -i /i/ || kalûai /kaɾai/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Indicative present of the second group : "kavaver", ''to have''<br /> |-<br /> ! Person !! Ending !! Example<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || - (radical) || kav /kav/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || -s (unpronounced) || kavavs /kavav/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG || - (radical) || kavav /kavav/<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || -m /m/ || kavavm /kavavm/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || -ês /ja/ || kavavês /kavavja/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL || -n /n/ || kavavn /kavavn/<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || -i /i/ || kavi /kavi/<br /> |}<br /> Note : the first and seventh persons are irregular in this case.<br /> <br /> ====Participle====<br /> <br /> =====Present participle=====<br /> There are two different kinds of present participles ; the regular present participle, and a so-called substantival present participle (''participe présent substantivé'').<br /> *Regular present participle :<br /> It is built by adding either the ending -klûenat /kɾna/ or the ending -kvi /gvi/ to the verb radical. These endings correspond directly to the present participles of the verb kalûaë : klûenat, and of the verb kavaver : kvi.<br /> Example : çctekvi /estegvi/, "losing".<br /> *Substantival present participle :<br /> It is used for instance for expressing continuing action (''Il sert par exemple à transcrire l'idée d'action continue : en français, "être en train de..."''). It is built by adding the ending -m to the infinitive form.<br /> Example : kavaverm /kavavm/ "having", kalûaëm /kaɾam/ "being", çctÿeëm /estɛbɾəm/ "losing".<br /> Example : Êü kavaqni çcteëm nda tÿmg kabbhe, "I am wasting my time"<br /> Subject pronoun "I" + verb "to have" + substantival present participle of the verb "to lose" + particle "in, from, of" + "time" + possessive pronoun "mine".<br /> <br /> =====Past participle=====<br /> <br /> The past participle is built by adding the ending -ut /y/ to the verb radical, for verbs of the first group ; and by adding the ending -ç /e/ to the verb radical, for verbs of the second group. <br /> Exceptions : kalûaë : klûu /kɾy/ (or /kɾu/ ?), "been" ; kavaver : avvç /av:e/.<br /> The past participle agrees in gender and number with the object of the verb :<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Past participle<br /> |-<br /> ! !! first group !! second group<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine singular || -ut /y/ || -ç /e/<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter singular || -ut /y/ || -ç /e/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine singular || -uet /y/ || -çe /e/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine plural || -uts /y/ || -çs /e/<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter plural || -uts /y/ || -çs /e/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine plural || -uets /y/ || -çes /e/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Example : çcteut, çcteuts, çcteuet, çcteuets /esty/.<br /> <br /> ===Adjectives===<br /> <br /> Adjectives agree in gender and number with the nouns they qualify. It is marked with a prefix that changes depending on the beginning of the neuter singular form.<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with a vowel<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || es- /əθ/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || a- /a/ || ai- /aj/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || e- /ə/ || es- /əθ/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with h-, t-, x-, z-, ö-,ñ-<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || cs- /s/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || q- /ʃ/ || qs- /ʃ/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || c- /s/ || cs- /s/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with b-, d-, g-, p-, q-, w-, ü-, k<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || hm- /hm/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || m- /m/ || ebm- /ɛjm/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || hm- /hm/ || hebm- /hɛjm/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with s-, r-<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || kbett- /kbət/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || kbet- /kbət/ || kbest- /kbət/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || kbeat- /kbɛt/ || kbeast- /kbɛt/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with c-, f-, j-, l-, m-, n-, v-, û-, ë-<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || atûïve- /at̚ɨvə/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || etûove- /ət̚ovə/ || etûïve- /ət̚ɨvə/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || atûova- /at̚ova/ || atûïva- /at̚ɨva/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Adverbs===<br /> <br /> There is no information on adverbs but, based on other versions of Tolsian, we can assume they are invariable in form, qualify verbs and adjectives, and are usually placed before the verb or adjective they qualify.<br /> <br /> ===Particles===<br /> <br /> Particles are function words that include prepositions, postpositions, conjunction words, etc. <br /> *One notable particle is the so-called subject particle, which is used with stative verbs to introduce the subject's attribute. It can take two different forms, usually depending on whether the subject is animate (particle "tke?") or inanimate (particle "ke?"), but also potentially on whether the relationship between subject and attribute is perceived as "temporary" or "eternal".<br /> *Another notable particle is the "possessive" particle, which is suffixed to the noun that represents a "possessor", akin to a genitive marking. It can be used instead of possessive pronouns, when suffixed to a personal subject pronoun : for instance, the personal pronoun "êü" + the possessive particle "-dô" becomes "êüdô", ''my''. On the other hand, when using one of the possessive pronouns, a so-called "possessed particle" is placed in front of the "possessed" noun.<br /> *Some particles are more like traditional prepositions ; for instance, "nda" means ''in, from, of''.<br /> <br /> ===Derivational morphology===<br /> <br /> ====Adjectives====<br /> <br /> Adjectives can be derived from nouns by adding the suffix -ke. The resulting adjective agrees in gender and number with the noun it qualifies, following the regular agreement rules for adjectives.<br /> Example : "tolsian", neuter singular : tolqjimke, masculine singular : qtolqjimke.<br /> <br /> ====Nouns====<br /> Nouns can be derived from adjectives or past participles by adding the suffix -ctadû /stad̚/. The resulting noun is usually masculine. According to documentation, if a noun is derived from an adjective that was itself derived from a noun with the suffix -ke, then this suffix should be dropped, which sure sounds a lot like we're back to deriving a noun from a noun.<br /> Example : (the) Tolsian (language) : pna Qtolqjimctadû.<br /> <br /> ====Verbs====<br /> <br /> Verbs can most likely be derived from nouns by adding either the suffix -ë (probably if the noun ends in a vowel) or the suffix -er (if it ends in a consonant).<br /> <br /> ==Syntax==<br /> ===Constituent order===<br /> *Sentences with a stative verbs have a different constituent order depending on whether the attribute is an adjective or a noun phrase ; in the first case, it is akin to a SVO order, in the second, to an OSV order :<br /> <br /> "I am Tolsian" (the speaker is a woman) : êü kalûaqni tke? ctolqjimke.<br /> <br /> Subject + "to be" + subject particle + "Tolsian" (f.sg.)<br /> <br /> "I am a (Tolsian) woman" : Ad tke? mqarea (ctolqjimke) êü kalûaqni.<br /> <br /> Article + subject particle + "woman" (+ "Tolsian") + subject + "to be".<br /> <br /> *The basic constituent order of a declarative sentence is SVO.<br /> Example : "I am wasting my time" : Êü kavaqni çcteëm nda tÿmg kabbhe. <br /> <br /> Subject pronoun + "to have" + substantival present participle of the verb "to lose" + particle "in, from, of" + "time" + possessive pronoun "mine".<br /> <br /> ===Noun phrase===<br /> If there is a determiner (for example, a definiteness article), it is placed at the beginning of the noun phrase. If there is an adjective, it can be placed either right before, or right after, the noun it qualifies. Most particles are placed between a determiner and the adjective + noun (or noun + adjective) group. A prepositional phrase or clause comes after.<br /> <br /> Example :<br /> <br /> "I am Tolsian" (the speaker is a woman) : êü kalûaqni tke? ctolqjimke.<br /> <br /> Subject + "to be" + subject particle + "Tolsian" (f.sg.)<br /> <br /> *Genitive phrase :<br /> <br /> "My mother" : (Pnÿ) êüdô maîha.<br /> <br /> (Definite article) + Subject pronoun + possessive particle suffix + "mother".<br /> <br /> <br /> "My mother" : Ne maîha kabħa.<br /> <br /> "Possessed" particle + "mother" + possessive pronoun.<br /> <br /> "This is my mother" : Fe kalûa ne maîha kabħa.<br /> <br /> Demonstrative pronoun + "to be" + "possessed" particle + "mother" + possessive pronoun.<br /> <br /> "Mine" : Pnÿ kabħa.<br /> <br /> Definite article + possessive pronoun.<br /> <br /> "It is mine" : Fe kalûa pnÿ kabħa.<br /> <br /> Demonstrative pronoun + "to be" + definite article + possessive pronoun.<br /> <br /> ===Verb phrase===<br /> <br /> The subject pronoun is optional, but placed right in front of the verb if used.<br /> <br /> ===Sentence phrase===<br /> ===Dependent clauses===<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Example texts==<br /> <br /> ==Other resources==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Qtolqjimctadû]]<br /> [[Category:Languages]]<br /> [[Category:Conlangs]]<br /> [[Category:Tolsian]]</div>

Uvie https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Qtolqjimctad%C3%BB&diff=526638 Qtolqjimctadû 2026-05-21T21:08:34Z

<p>Uvie: /* Past participle */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Introduction==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ<br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p b<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ t d̚ d<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k g<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s z<br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ ʒ <br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ β<br /> |colspan="2"| f v<br /> |colspan="2"| θ ð<br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ ɧ̙ʷ̬<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <br /> |colspan="2"| χ ʁ<br /> |colspan="2"| h<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j ɥ<br /> |colspan="2"| w<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l ɫ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> Notes :<br /> <br /> In earlier documentation, proper knowledge of IPA was lacking and several of the phonemes had to be identified from either phonetically inaccurate IPA descriptions or vague, impressionistic ones. Several phonemes could not be recovered. Here is a list of deviations from the above table :<br /> <poem><br /> Identified phonemes :<br /> /ɸ/ was described as [fʷ] (written <ÎF, îf>).<br /> /β/ was described as [vʷ] (written <ÎV, îv>).<br /> /ʁ/ was described as [ʀ] (written <R, r>).<br /> /ʀ/ was described as [rˤ] (''sorte de « r » très roulé'', written <RX, rx>).<br /> /ɹ/ was described as [ʀˤ] (''sorte de « r » anglais'', written <RÛ, rû>).<br /> /ɫ/ was described as [l̪ ] (''comme à la fin du mot anglais "well"'', written <Û, û>).<br /> /χ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [x] (written <X, x>), while /x/ itself was most likely described as [xˤ] (written <ÎX, îx>).<br /> /ŋ/ was probably described as [ɲˤ] (written <ÎÑ, îñ>), while the sound described as [ŋ] (written <ÎÑg, îñg>) probably corresponded to /ᵑg/.<br /> /ɾ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [r̺] (written <ĦÛ, ħû>, as well as part of the cluster /bɾ/+V with the help of <Ë, ë> as [bɾə], described as [br̺ə]).<br /> /r/ might have been what was described as [r] (''sorte de « r » roulé à la japonaise'', written <LÛ, lû>).<br /> /ɧ̙ʷ/ and its voiced version /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ are, to this day, subject to doubt regarding their IPA descriptions. They were most likely corresponding to the sounds described as [ʃ ̪ ] (written <ÎQ, îq>) and [ʒ̺̺̺ ] (written <ÎÖ, îö> or <LÎÖ, lîö>).<br /> /t̚/ and /d̚/ are also subject to some doubt regarding their IPA descriptions still. They were described as [t̪] (written <TÛ, tû>) and [d̪] (written <DÛ, dû>).<br /> The phoneme described as [ʃʲ] probably has a realization closer to [ç] or [ɕ] (written <QÛ, qû>).<br /> <br /> Unidentified or very doubtful phonemes :<br /> Some /h/-like phoneme, described as [hˤ] (written <ÎH, îh>). It might have corresponded to /ɣ/, but it is not very likely.<br /> /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ might have been what was described as [l̤ʲ] (written <HÛ, hû>). Based on its spelling it is more likely to be devoiced.<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i y<br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ<br /> |colspan="2"|u<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e ø<br /> |colspan="2"| ə<br /> |colspan="2"|o<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ œ ɛ̃ œ̃<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ ɔ̃<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä<br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃<br /> |}<br /> Vowel length is supposed to be phonemic, with regular (or short) vowels, and long vowels.<br /> <br /> Similarly to consonants, some vowels had to be "re-identified" from previous documentation and some deviations arise :<br /> <poem><br /> /œ/ is probably what was described as [æ] (written <Ù, ù> or <E, ĕ> or <EÔ/Eô, eô>).<br /> /œ̃/ is probably what was described as [æ̃] (written <Ä, è> or <Ä, ä>).<br /> /ø/ is probably what was described as [œ] (written <EU/Eu, eu> or <OE/Oe, oe>).<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Orthography===<br /> Orthography was made complicated on purpose.<br /> <br /> ====Alphabet====<br /> <poem><br /> A, a /a/<br /> B, b /b/<br /> C, c /s/<br /> D, d /d/<br /> E, e /ə/ ; E, ç/ë /e/ ; E, ù/ĕ /œ/ ; E, ÿ/ê /ɛ/<br /> F, f /f/<br /> G, g /g/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> H, h /h/<br /> Ħ, ħ soundless ; mostly used in composed graphemes.<br /> I, i /i/<br /> J, j /ð/<br /> K, k /k/<br /> L, l /l/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> M, m /m/<br /> N, n /n/<br /> O, o /o/ or /ɔ/<br /> P, p /p/<br /> Q, q /ʃ/<br /> R, r /ʁ/<br /> S, s /θ/<br /> T, t /t/<br /> U, u /y/<br /> V, v /v/<br /> W, w /wi/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> X, x /χ/<br /> Y, y /jo/ or /ɔj/<br /> Z, z /z/<br /> Â, â /aj/<br /> Ê, ê /ja/<br /> Û, û /ɫ/<br /> Î, î /ɨ/ soundless when used in composed graphemes.<br /> Ô, ô /o/<br /> Ä, ä /ɑ̃/ ; Ä, à/ă /ɔ̃/ ; Ä, é/â /ɛ̃/ ; Ä, è/ä /œ̃/<br /> Ë, ë /bɾə/<br /> Ü, ü /j/<br /> Ï, ï /ɨ/<br /> Ö, ö /ʒ/<br /> Ã, ã /a/<br /> Õ, õ /o/<br /> Ñ, ñ /ɲ/<br /> </poem><br /> =====History=====<br /> Like most, if not all, versions of Tolsian, Qtolqjimctadû was meant to be written with the original Tolsian script. Some graphemes were chosen because of the limitations of the French keyboard, but were initally supposed to correspond to another, preexisting grapheme, with a diacritic, in order to reflect the original script. Some graphemes with diacritic are supposed to represent letters in the original script that are not simply versions of another letter with a diacritic ; this is why in the list below, <nowiki><ë></nowiki> appears to represent /e/, alongside <nowiki><ç></nowiki>, whereas in <Ë, ë> it represents /bɾə/ in the alphabet : they have different underlying identities.<br /> <poem><br /> <e> with diaeresis ¨ becomes <ç> (or <ë>)<br /> <e> with cedilla or possibly hook below (''accent « petite courbe vers le bas »'') becomes <ù> (or <ĕ>)<br /> <e> with circumflex accent ^ becomes <ÿ> (or <ê>)<br /> <O, o> (or <Ô, ô> ?) with circumflex accent becomes <Õ, õ><br /> <U, u> with dieresis becomes <Ü, ü><br /> <U, u> with circumflex accent becomes <Û, û><br /> <Â, â> with circumflex accent becomes <Ê, ê><br /> <Î, î> with circumflex accent becomes <Ï, ï><br /> <ä> with cedilla or hook below becomes <à> (o <ă>)<br /> <ä> with circumflex becomes <é> (or <â>)<br /> <ä> with diaeresis becomes <è> (or <ä>)<br /> <Â, â> with circumflex becomes <Ã, ã><br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ====Spelling rules====<br /> Long vowels are spelled with doubled graphemes (<Aa, aa> /a:/, etc).<br /> <br /> Some graphemes, namely <E, e> /ə/ ; <E, ç/ë> /e/ ; <E, ù/ĕ> /œ/ ; <E, ÿ/ê> /ɛ/ and <Ä, ä> /ɑ̃/ ; <Ä, à/ă> /ɔ̃/ ; <Ä, é/â> /ɛ̃/ ; <Ä, è/ä /œ̃/> use the same capital letter, but different minuscule letters, for different phonemes. This is partly due to limitations on a French keyboard, and partly to reflect the original Tolsian script in which these phonemes use the same letter but with different diacritics.<br /> <br /> The grapheme <Î, î> denotes /ɨ/, except in front of some consonants (<F, f>, <V, v>, <Q, q>, <Ö, ö>, <Ñ, ñ>, <X, x>, <H, h>) ; the grapheme <Ï, ï> is used instead in order to denote /ɨ/.<br /> <br /> There are many digraphs and even trigraphs ; usually, all letters are capitalized, when capitalization is needed.<br /> =====Digraphs with <Î, î>=====<br /> In the original documentation, these are described as "purified" (''épurés'').<br /> <poem><br /> ÎF, îf /ɸ/<br /> ÎV, îv /β/<br /> ÎQ, îq /ɧ̙ʷ/<br /> ÎÖ, îö /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ <br /> ÎÑ, îñ /ŋ/<br /> ÎX, îx /x/<br /> ÎH, îh unknown, possibly /ɣ/<br /> </poem><br /> It is unclear if the following are considered to be "purified" :<br /> <poem><br /> <Äî, äî> /an/<br /> <Äî, àî> /on/ or /ɔn/<br /> <Äî, éî> /in/ or /im/<br /> <Äî, èî> /un/ or /œm/<br /> </poem><br /> =====Trigraphs with <Î, î>=====<br /> These were also considered to be "purified".<br /> <poem><br /> LÎÖ, lîö /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ <br /> ÎÑg, îñg /ᵑg/<br /> </poem><br /> =====Digraphs with <Û, û>=====<br /> Some of these digraphs were originally described as "wet" (''mouillés'') :<br /> <poem><br /> TÛ, tû /t̚/<br /> QÛ, qû /ʃʲ/ (probably realized [ç] or [ɕ])<br /> DÛ, dû /d̚/<br /> </poem><br /> Others were not considered to be "wet" :<br /> <poem><br /> LÛ, lû /r/<br /> HÛ, hû possibly /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ <br /> ĦÛ, ħû /ɾ/<br /> RÛ, rû /ɹ/ <br /> <br /> =====Trigraphs with <Û, û>=====<br /> There is only one such trigraph, and only the first letter is capitalized, if needed. It is possibly meant to appear only word-initially as it was only given as <Tûhh> :<br /> Tûhh /θ/<br /> <br /> =====Digraphs with <Ħ, ħ>=====<br /> These can also be written as trigraphs, swapping <Ħ, ħ> for <Hh, hh>. As digraphs, one may likewise capitalize both letters or only the first one. As trigraphs, Only the first letter is capitalized.<br /> Ħ, ħ can be found on its own but is soundless. It may be used as part of the following digraphs, or used to maintain a hiatus between vowels and <I, i> or <O, o>. It can also be written <Hh, hh>.<br /> PĦ/Pħ, pħ /f/ (or <Phh, phh>)<br /> TĦ/Tħ, tħ /s/ (or <Thh, thh><br /> JĦ/Jħ, jħ /ʒ/ (or <Jhh, jhh>)<br /> BĦ/Bħ, bħ /v/ (or <Bhh, bhh>)<br /> DĦ/Dħ, dħ /z/ (or <Dhh, dhh>)<br /> SĦ/Sħ, sħ /z/ (or <Shh, shh>)<br /> <br /> =====Digraphs and trigraph with <Ë, ë>=====<br /> The phoneme /ɾ/ also appears as part of a syllable /bɾə/, written <Ë, ë>. When <Ë, ë> is followed by a vowel, the /ə/ is replaced by that vowel :<br /> Ëa, ëa [bɾa]<br /> Ëç, ëç [bɾe]<br /> Ëÿ, ëÿ [bɾɛ]<br /> Ëu, ëu [bɾy]<br /> Ëo, ëo [bɾo] or [bɾɔ]<br /> Ëï, ëï [bɾi]<br /> Ëä, ëä [bɾɑ̃]<br /> Ëà, ëà [bɾɔ̃]<br /> Ëé, ëé [bɾɛ̃]<br /> Ëè, ëè [bɾœ̃]<br /> Ëou, ëou [bɾu]<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> =====Some more consonantal digraphs=====<br /> RX, rx /ʀ/<br /> QJ/Qj, qj /ʒ/<br /> =====Vocalic digraphs=====<br /> <poem><br /> <Oi, oi> [i]<br /> <EU/Eu, eu> [ø]<br /> <OU/Ou, ou> [u]<br /> <EA, ea> [ɛ]<br /> (But <Ea, ea> [əa])<br /> <OE/Oe, oe> [ø]<br /> <EÔ/Eô, eô> [œ]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Nasal vowels=====<br /> Some digraphs and trigraphs denote nasal vowels, with <N, n> and <M, m> :<br /> <poem><br /> <An, an> /ɑ̃/<br /> <Am, am> /ɑ̃/<br /> <En, en> /ɑ̃/<br /> <Em, em> /ɑ̃/<br /> <In, in> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Im, im> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Ein, ein> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Eim, eim> /ɛ̃/<br /> <On, on> /ɔ̃/<br /> <Om, om> /ɔ̃/<br /> <Un, un> /œ̃/<br /> <Um, um> /œ̃/<br /> </poem><br /> However, if there are two <N, n> or <M, m> following a vowel, then it is not nasalized but pronounced as V+[n or m] instead (<Ann, ann> [an], <Amm, amm> [am],... etc). Besides, vocalic graphemes other than <A, a>, <E, e>, <I, i>, <O, o>, <U, u> do not get nasalized when followed by an <N, n> or <M, m>.<br /> =====Diphtongues=====<br /> They have been described as diphtongues, but should rather be analyzed as combinations of vowels and approximants. There are three different approximants : /j/, /w/ and /ɥ/, which only appear in a limited number of cases.<br /> *Diphtongues /j/ + vowel :<br /> They are usually written with a <I, i> followed by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <I, i> stands for /j/ :<br /> <poem><br /> <Ia, ia> [ja]<br /> <Ie, ie> [jə]<br /> <Iç, iç> [je]<br /> <Iù, iù> [jœ]<br /> <Iÿ, iÿ> [jɛ]<br /> <Io, io> [jo] or [jɔ]<br /> <Iu, iu> [jy]<br /> <Iô, iô> [jo]<br /> <Iä, iä> [jɑ̃]<br /> <Ià, ià> [jɔ̃]<br /> <Ié, ié> [jɛ̃]<br /> <Iè, iè> [jœ̃]<br /> <Ii, ii> [ji]<br /> <Iou, iou> [ju]<br /> <Ieu, ieu> [jø]<br /> </poem><br /> However, there are a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> ÜÃ, üã [ja]<br /> ÜÕ, üõ [jo]<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues vowel + /j/ :<br /> They are usually written with a <Ü, ü> preceded by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <Ü, ü> stands for /j/ (minus the exceptions above) :<br /> <poem><br /> <AÜ, aü> [aj]<br /> <EÜ, eü> [əj]<br /> <EÜ, çü> [ej]<br /> <EÜ, ùü> [œj]<br /> <EÜ, ÿü> [ɛj]<br /> <OÜ, oü> [oj] or [ɔj]<br /> <UÜ, uü> [yj]<br /> <ÔÜ, ôü> [oj]<br /> <ÄÜ, äü> [aɑ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, àü> [ɔ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, éü> [ɛ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, èü> [œ̃j]<br /> <ÃÜ, ãü> [aj]<br /> <ÕÜ, õü> [oj]<br /> <EUÜ, euü> [øj]<br /> </poem><br /> There are also a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> EÎ, eî [əj]<br /> EÎ, çî [ej]<br /> EÎ, ùî [œj]<br /> EÎ, ÿî [ɛj]<br /> IÎ, iî [ij]<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues with /w/ :<br /> These are usually written with a <O, o>, either followed or preceded by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <O, o> stands for /w/ :<br /> <poem><br /> <Oa, oa> [wa]<br /> <Oe, oe> [wə]<br /> <Oç, oç> [we]<br /> <Où, où> [wœ]<br /> <Oÿ, oÿ> [wɛ]<br /> <Oo, oo> [wo] or [wɔ]<br /> <Oy, oy> [wy]<br /> <Oô, oô> [wo]<br /> <Oä, oä> [wɑ̃]<br /> <Oà, oà> [wɔ̃]<br /> <Oé, oé> [wɛ̃]<br /> <Oè, oè> [wœ̃] (This one was described as [wœ̃] already in the original documentation (instead of expected [wæ̃] and has therefore cast some doubt on the identification of vowels /ø/, /œ/ and /œ̃/.)<br /> <Oi, oi> [wi]<br /> <Oeu, oeu> [wø]<br /> And reciprocally (<Ao, ao> [aw]... etc).<br /> </poem><br /> There are however a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> <Io, io> is ambiguous and can denote either /iw/ or /jo/<br /> <Oi, oi> is ambiguous and can denote either /i/ or /wi/<br /> <Oe, oe> is ambiguous and can denote either /wə/ or /ø/<br /> <OU/Ou, ou> always denotes /u/ (/wy/ is denoted <Oy, oy> instead).<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues with /ɥ/ :<br /> <poem><br /> UÎ, uî [ɥi]<br /> Ui, ui [ɥi]<br /> Ua, ua [ɥa]<br /> Uç, uç [ɥe]<br /> Uÿ, uÿ [ɥɛ]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Triphtongues=====<br /> They should also be analyzed as combinations of approximant + vowel + approximant. Besides using <I, i> and <O, o> or even <Ü, ü> and <U, u>, there is a handful of special spellings that denote such "triphtongues" :<br /> <poem><br /> ÜÂ, üâ [jaj]<br /> ÜY, üy [jɔj]<br /> ÊÜ, êü [jaj]<br /> YÜ, yü [joj] or [jɔj]<br /> ÃÎ, ãî [aji]<br /> ÕÎ, õî [oji]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Word-final position induced changes=====<br /> The original consonants /g/ <G, g>, /l/ <L, l> and syllable /wi/ <W, w> turn into [j] when in a word-final position. Instead, the spellings <gue>, <lle> and <wi> are used.<br /> <poem><br /> <g> /j/<br /> <l> /j/<br /> <w> /j/<br /> <gue> /g/<br /> <lle> /l/<br /> <wi> /wi/<br /> </poem><br /> There are some other special spellings :<br /> <poem><br /> <ebm> /ɛjm/<br /> <ebn> /ɛjn/<br /> </poem><br /> Finally, some letters are simply not pronounced at the end of a word, and other spellings are used instead :<br /> <poem><br /> <e><br /> <ô><br /> <d><br /> <nowiki><q></nowiki><br /> <nowiki><s></nowiki><br /> <t><br /> <z><br /> <er><br /> <dde> /d/<br /> <qe> /ʃ/<br /> <sse> /θ/ (or possibly /s/ ?)<br /> <tte> /t/<br /> <ze> /z/<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ====Table of phonemes and their principal corresponding graphemes====<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m <M, m><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n <N, n><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ <Ñ, ñ><br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ <ÎÑ, îñ><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p <P, p> ; b <B, b><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ <TÛ, tû> ; t <T, t> ; d̚ <DÛ, dû> ; d <D, d><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k <K, k> ; g <G, g><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s <C, c> alt. <TĦ/Tħ, tħ> ; z <Z, z> alt. <DĦ/Dħ, dħ> alt. <SĦ/Sħ, sħ><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ <Q, q> ; ʒ <Ö, ö> alt. <JĦ/Jħ, jħ> alt. <QJ/Qj, qj><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ <QÛ, qû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ <ÎF, îf> ; β <ÎV, îv><br /> |colspan="2"| f <F, f> alt. <PĦ/Pħ, pħ> ; v <V, v> alt. <BĦ/Bħ, bħ><br /> |colspan="2"| θ <S, s> alt. <Tûhh, s> ; ð <J, j> <br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ <HÛ, hû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ <ÎQ, îq> ; ɧ̙ʷ̬ <ÎÖ, îö> alt. <LÎÖ, lîö><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <ÎX, îx><br /> |colspan="2"| χ <X, x> ; ʁ <R, r><br /> |colspan="2"| h <H, h><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ <RÛ, rû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j <I, i> (before a vowel), <Ü, ü> (after a vowel) ; ɥ <U, u> (before some vowels)<br /> |colspan="2"| w <O, o> (before or after a vowel)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r <LÛ, lû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ <RX, rx><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ <ĦÛ, ħû> <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l <L, l> ɫ <Û, û><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg <ÎÑg, îñg><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i <I, i> alt. <Oi, oi> ; y <U, u><br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ <Î, î> alt. <Ï, ï><br /> |colspan="2"|u <OU/Ou, ou><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e <E, ç/ë> ; ø <EU/Eu, eu> alt. <OE/Oe, oe><br /> |colspan="2"| ə <E, e><br /> |colspan="2"|o <O, o> alt. <Ô, ô> alt. <Õ, õ><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ <E, ÿ/ê> alt. <EA, ea> ; œ <E, ù/ĕ> alt. <EÔ/Eô, eô> ; ɛ̃ <Ä, é/â> ; œ̃ <Ä, è/ä><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ <O, o> ; ɔ̃ <Ä, à/ă><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä <A, a> alt. <Ã, ã><br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃ <Ä, ä><br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Prosody===<br /> ====Stress====<br /> <br /> There is no lexical stress. It can be assumed that most words or verbal and nominal groups have a slight stress on the last syllable, like in French ; however, there is supposed to be a distinction between short and long vowels, so we can assume that long vowels would be stressed.<br /> <br /> ====Intonation====<br /> <br /> ===Phonotactics===<br /> <br /> ===Morphophonology===<br /> <br /> ==Morphology==<br /> <br /> There are five main parts of speech in Qtolqjimctadû : nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and particles.<br /> <br /> ===Nouns===<br /> Nouns have definiteness, gender, and number. Definiteness is marked by definite and indefinite articles which agree in gender and number with the nouns. There are three genders : neuter, masculine, and feminine. <br /> <br /> ====Gender====<br /> Gender is usually marked by the ending of the noun. Nouns that correspond to non-animate things are usually neutral whereas nouns that describe animate things are usually masculine or feminine. However, some nouns can have all three genders, with the masculine and feminine forms built on an underlying neutral form ; this is common for instance for animal names, or for professions.<br /> <br /> According to documentation, most neuter nouns in the singular end either in <nowiki><-e></nowiki> or in a consonant. There is however no indication of how to distinguish masculine and feminine nouns, but based on the description of neuter forms, it may be posited that they must typically end in some kinds of vowels. Nouns that end in <nowiki><-e></nowiki> in the singular neuter are part of a paradigm that builds masculine and feminine forms on this underlying neuter form :<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Ending in -e<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || -e /ə/ || -ea /ɛ/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || -e /ə/ || -ebn /ɛjn/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || -ea /ɛ/ || -ean /əɑ̃/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> According to documentation, it is common for the neuter to present as a masculine singular ending in the singular, and as a feminine singular ending in the plural.<br /> <br /> ====Definiteness====<br /> Earlier documentation does not explicitly state that the definite and definite articles must agree with nouns in number and gender, but it is apparent in corpus that there is at least a masculine or neutral singular definite article that differs from a feminine singular definite article. From this and comparison with other versions of Tolsian, one can infer that articles, both definite and indefinite, come in at least three forms : masculine singular, feminine singular, and a plural form that covers all genders. Based on the existence of a neutral gender, it may be posited that there must be a neutral singular form as well. There is however no actual indication of whether there is only one plural form for all genders, or if there are also different plural forms for different genders. We'll assume the following paradigm :<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Definite and indefinite articles<br /> |-<br /> ! Definiteness / Gender !! Neuter !! Masculine !! Feminine !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Definite|| - || pna /pna/ || pnÿ /pnɛ/ || -<br /> |-<br /> | Indefinite|| -|| -|| ad /a/ || -<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ====Number====<br /> There are two numbers, singular and plural ; singular is unmarked while plural is marked with a suffix that differs depending on the ending of the noun.<br /> Besides the "-e" paradigm above, different groups of endings take different plural markings. It is likely that the consonantal endings indicate neuter nouns, whereas the vocalic endings indicate masculine and feminine nouns.<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Table of plurals<br /> |-<br /> ! Types of endings !! Plural affix !! Pronunciation<br /> |-<br /> | -c ; -f ; -j ; -l ; -m ; -n ; -v ; -û ; -ë || -c || -cc /s/ ; -fc /fs/ ; -jc /θ/ ; -lc /js/ ; -mc ; -nc ; -vc /fs/ ; -ûc /ɫ/ ; -ëc /bɾɛk/<br /> |-<br /> | -b ; -d ; -g ; -p ; -q ; -w ; -ü ; -k || -tt || -btt /pt/ ; -dtt /d̚/ ; -gtt /kt/ ; -ptt /pt/ ; -qtt /ʃt/ ; -wtt /wit/ ; -ütt /jt/ ; -ktt /kt/<br /> |-<br /> | -s ; -r || -ch || -sch /ʃ/ ; -rch /?/ ("[hˤ]" see notes on consonants) ; -rsch /ʁʃa/<br /> |-<br /> | -h ; -t ; -x ; -z ; -ö ; -ñ || -c or -tt || -hc /k/ ; -tc /ts/ ; -xc /χs/ ; -zc /s/ ; -öc /s/ ; -ñc /s/ <p> -htt /ht/ ; -ttt /t̚/ ; -xtt /χt/ ; -ztt /st/ ; -ött /ʃt/ ; -ñtt /t/<br /> |-<br /> | Vowel endings (other than "e") || -es || not pronounced.<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ====Pronouns====<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Personal subject pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Pronoun<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || I || êü /jaj/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || you || oü /oj/ or /ɔj/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.masc || he || tag /taj/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.fem || she || tal /taj/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.impersonal || "man", "one" || tawi /tawi/<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || we || îhalÿn /xalɛn/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || you || hiçve /hjev/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.masc || they || tagg /tag/ (or /tagj/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.fem || they || tall /tal/ (or /talj/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || you || îqann /ɧ̙ʷan/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Demonstrative pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Pronoun<br /> |-<br /> | Singular demonstrative pronoun || this || fe /fə/<br /> |-<br /> | Plural demonstrative pronoun || these || îvae /βa/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Personal reflexive pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Pronoun<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || myself || kab /kab/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || yourself || kat /ka/ (or /kat) ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.masc || himself || kaad /ka:/ (or /ka:d/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.fem || herself || kaad /ka:/ (or /ka:d/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.impersonal || oneself || kad /ka/ (or /kad/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || ourselves || aö /aʒ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || yourselves || av /av/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.masc || themselves || aann /a:n/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.fem || themselves || aann /a:n/<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || yourself ; yourselves || enn /ən/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Possessive pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Masculine and neuter singular !! Feminine singular !! Masculine and neuter plural !! Feminine plural<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || my, mine || kabħe /kavə/ || kabħa /kava/ || kabħei /kavi/ || kabħae /kavaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || your, yours || katħe /kasə/ || katħa /kasa/ || katħei /kasi/ || katħae /kasaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG || his, her, hers, its || kadħe /kazə/ || kadħa /kaza/ || kadħei /kazi/ || kadħae /kazaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || our, ours || pħaöe /faʒə/ || pħaöa /faʒa/ || pħaöei /faʒi/ || pħaöae /faʒaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || your, yours || pħave /favə/ || pħava /fava/ || pħavei /favi/ || pħavae /favaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL || their, theirs || pħann /fan/ || pħana /fana/ || pħani /fani/ || pħanae /fanaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || your, yours || ïqann /iʃan/ || aîqann /aɧ̙ʷan/ || ïqani /iʃani/ || aîqane /aɧ̙ʷan/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Possessive pronouns agree in gender and number with the nouns denoting what is "possessed".<br /> <br /> ===Verbs===<br /> <br /> There are two main verbal groups, one ending in "-ë" (usually with a radical ending in a vowel), and one ending in "-er" (usually with a radical ending in a consonant). Verbs are conjugated for person, tense, and mood. There are formally seven persons : first singular, second singular, third singular, first plural, second plural, third plural, and the "polite" second person used in formal contexts for which number is neutralized. <br /> <br /> ====Mood====<br /> <br /> There are four moods : indicative, conditional, imperative and so-called "absolute" (can also be called gnomic). <br /> =====Indicative=====<br /> The indicative and absolute moods are forms of realis : indicative is used to express statements or facts, and also other modalities not expressed with other moods. <br /> =====Absolute=====<br /> The absolute is traditionally treated as a mood because of its specific grammatical markings, but better corresponds semantically to the gnomic aspect. It can also be used to express a higher degree of certainty than indicative, or to express emphasis. According to documentation : <q>L'absolu est un mode intemporel. Il peut traduire un présent de vérité générale, parler d'une propriété intrinsèque à un corps, être utilisé en poésie... Il peut être utilisé aussi en tant que présent s'il décrit une action ''a priori'' continue dans le temps, comme lorsqu'on emploie des adjectifs qualificatifs.</q><br /> =====Imperative=====<br /> The conditional and imperative moods are forms of irrealis : the imperative expresses commands, prohibitions and requests. It is not used with the seventh person (2nd person used for politeness), in which case it is substituted for a hypothetical conditional. <br /> =====Conditional=====<br /> The conditional expresses hypotheticals, desires and wishes. According to documentation, so-called "hypothetical conditional" corresponds to the French subjunctive mood.<br /> ====Tense====<br /> <br /> There are three main tenses : present, past and future. <br /> <br /> =====Present=====<br /> *In the indicative mode, there is one present, the indicative present.<br /> *In the conditional mood, there are two kinds of present : the conditional present and the so-called "hypothetical conditional present" (''conditionel hypothétique présent''), meant to correspond to the French subjunctive present.<br /> *In the imperative and absolute moods, there is only a present tense.<br /> =====Past=====<br /> *In the indicative mood, there are four kinds of past : the so-called "foregone past" (''passé révolu''), which is meant to correspond to the French pluperfect ; the "descriptive past" (''passé descriptif''), meant to correspond to the French simple past and imperfect past ; the "general past" (''passé général''), meant to correspond to the French imperfect and ''passé composé'' (present perfect) ; and the "anterior past" (''passé antérieur''), built analytically with the auxiliary verb "kavaver"(to have) in the foregone past and the past participle.<br /> *In the conditional mood, there are three kinds of past : the "past conditional" (''conditionnel passé''), the so-called "retrospective conditional" (''conditionnel rétrospectif''), which is meant to correspond to the French ''conditionnel passé de seconde forme'', and the so-called "hypothetical conditional past" (''conditionel hypothétique passé''), meant to express the French past subjunctive. <br /> =====Future=====<br /> In the indicative mood, there are two kinds of future : the "general future" (''futur général''), which indicates event that are yet to happen, and the "retrospective future" (''futur rétrospectif''), which corresponds to the traditional "future perfect" (''futur antérieur''), used to express an action that will be completed before another action in the future.<br /> <br /> ====Conjugation tables====<br /> <br /> The only available conjugation tables describe the endings in the indicative present for verbs of the first and second groups.<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Indicative present of the first group : "kalûaë", ''to be''<br /> |-<br /> ! Person !! Ending !! Example<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || -qni /ʃni/ || kalûaqni /kaɾaʃni/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || -qniî /ʃnij/ || kalûaqniî /kaɾaʃnij/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG || - (radical) || kalûa /kaɾa/<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || -cÿcq /sesʃ/ || kalûacÿcq /kaɾasesʃ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || -tts /t/ || kalûatts /kaɾat/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL || -me /mə/ || kalûame /kaɾamə/<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || -i /i/ || kalûai /kaɾai/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Indicative present of the second group : "kavaver", ''to have''<br /> |-<br /> ! Person !! Ending !! Example<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || - (radical) || kav /kav/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || -s (unpronounced) || kavavs /kavav/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG || - (radical) || kavav /kavav/<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || -m /m/ || kavavm /kavavm/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || -ês /ja/ || kavavês /kavavja/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL || -n /n/ || kavavn /kavavn/<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || -i /i/ || kavi /kavi/<br /> |}<br /> Note : the first and seventh persons are irregular in this case.<br /> <br /> ====Participle====<br /> <br /> =====Present participle=====<br /> There are two different kinds of present participles ; the regular present participle, and a so-called substantival present participle (''participe présent substantivé'').<br /> *Regular present participle :<br /> It is built by adding either the ending -klûenat /kɾna/ or the ending -kvi /gvi/ to the verb radical. These endings correspond directly to the present participles of the verb kalûaë : klûenat, and of the verb kavaver : kvi.<br /> Example : çctekvi /estegvi/, "losing".<br /> *Substantival present participle :<br /> It is used for instance for expressing continuing action (''Il sert par exemple à transcrire l'idée d'action continue : en français, "être en train de..."''). It is built by adding the ending -m to the infinitive form.<br /> Example : kavaverm /kavavm/ "having", kalûaëm /kaɾam/ "being", çctÿeëm /estɛbɾəm/ "losing".<br /> Example : Êü kavaqni çcteëm nda tÿmg kabbhe, "I am wasting my time"<br /> Subject pronoun "I" + verb "to have" + substantival present participle of the verb "to lose" + particle "in, from, of" + "time" + possessive pronoun "mine".<br /> <br /> =====Past participle=====<br /> <br /> The past participle is built by adding the ending -ut /y/ to the verb radical, for verbs of the first group ; and by adding the ending -ç /e/ to the verb radical, for verbs of the second group. <br /> Exceptions : kalûaë : klûu /kɾy/ (or /kɾu/ ?), "been" ; kavaver : avvç /av:e/.<br /> The past participle agrees in gender and number with the object of the verb :<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Past participle<br /> |-<br /> ! !! first group !! second group<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine singular || -ut /y/ || -ç /e/<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter singular || -ut /y/ || -ç /e/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine singular || -uet /y/ || -çe /e/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine plural || -uts /y/ || -çs /e/<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter plural || -uts /y/ || -çs /e/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine plural || -uets /y/ || -çes /e/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Example : çcteut, çcteuts, çcteuet, çcteuets /esty/.<br /> <br /> ===Adjectives===<br /> <br /> Adjectives agree in gender and number with the nouns they qualify. It is marked with a prefix that changes depending on the beginning of the neuter singular form.<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with a vowel<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || es- /əθ/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || a- /a/ || ai- /aj/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || e- /ə/ || es- /əθ/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with h-, t-, x-, z-, ö-,ñ-<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || cs- /s/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || q- /ʃ/ || qs- /ʃ/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || c- /s/ || cs- /s/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with b-, d-, g-, p-, q-, w-, ü-, k<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || hm- /hm/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || m- /m/ || ebm- /ɛjm/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || hm- /hm/ || hebm- /hɛjm/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with s-, r-<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || kbett- /kbət/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || kbet- /kbət/ || kbest- /kbət/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || kbeat- /kbɛt/ || kbeast- /kbɛt/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with c-, f-, j-, l-, m-, n-, v-, û-, ë-<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || atûïve- /at̚ɨvə/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || etûove- /ət̚ovə/ || etûïve- /ət̚ɨvə/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || atûova- /at̚ova/ || atûïva- /at̚ɨva/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Adverbs===<br /> <br /> There is no information on adverbs but, based on other versions of Tolsian, we can assume they are invariable in form, qualify verbs and adjectives, and are usually placed before the verb or adjective they qualify.<br /> <br /> ===Particles===<br /> <br /> Particles are function words that include prepositions, postpositions, conjunction words, etc. <br /> *One notable particle is the so-called subject particle, which is used with stative verbs to introduce the subject's attribute. It can take two different forms, usually depending on whether the subject is animate (particle "tke?") or inanimate (particle "ke?"), but also potentially on whether the relationship between subject and attribute is perceived as "temporary" or "eternal".<br /> *Another notable particle is the "possessive" particle, which is suffixed to the noun that represents a "possessor", akin to a genitive marking. It can be used instead of possessive pronouns, when suffixed to a personal subject pronoun : for instance, the personal pronoun "êü" + the possessive particle "-dô" becomes "êüdô", ''my''. On the other hand, when using one of the possessive pronouns, a so-called "possessed particle" is placed in front of the "possessed" noun.<br /> *Some particles are more like traditional prepositions ; for instance, "nda" means ''in, from, of''.<br /> <br /> ===Derivational morphology===<br /> <br /> ====Adjectives====<br /> <br /> Adjectives can be derived from nouns by adding the suffix -ke. The resulting adjective agrees in gender and number with the noun it qualifies, following the regular agreement rules for adjectives.<br /> Example : "tolsian", neuter singular : tolqjimke, masculine singular : qtolqjimke.<br /> <br /> ====Nouns====<br /> Nouns can be derived from adjectives or past participles by adding the suffix -ctadû /stad̚/. The resulting noun is usually masculine. According to documentation, if a noun is derived from an adjective that was itself derived from a noun with the suffix -ke, then this suffix should be dropped, which sure sounds a lot like we're back to deriving a noun from a noun.<br /> Example : (the) Tolsian (language) : pna Qtolqjimctadû.<br /> <br /> ====Verbs====<br /> <br /> Verbs can most likely be derived from nouns by adding either the suffix -ë (probably if the noun ends in a vowel) or the suffix -er (if it ends in a consonant).<br /> <br /> ==Syntax==<br /> ===Constituent order===<br /> *Sentences with a stative verbs have a different constituent order depending on whether the attribute is an adjective or a noun phrase ; in the first case, it is akin to a SVO order, in the second, to an OSV order :<br /> <br /> "I am Tolsian" (the speaker is a woman) : êü kalûaqni tke? ctolqjimke.<br /> <br /> Subject + "to be" + subject particle + "Tolsian" (f.sg.)<br /> <br /> "I am a (Tolsian) woman" : Ad tke? mqarea (ctolqjimke) êü kalûaqni.<br /> <br /> Article + subject particle + "woman" (+ "Tolsian") + subject + "to be".<br /> <br /> *The basic constituent order of a declarative sentence is SVO.<br /> Example : "I am wasting my time" : Êü kavaqni çcteëm nda tÿmg kabbhe. <br /> <br /> Subject pronoun + "to have" + substantival present participle of the verb "to lose" + particle "in, from, of" + "time" + possessive pronoun "mine".<br /> <br /> ===Noun phrase===<br /> If there is a determiner (for example, a definiteness article), it is placed at the beginning of the noun phrase. If there is an adjective, it can be placed either right before, or right after, the noun it qualifies. Most particles are placed between a determiner and the adjective + noun (or noun + adjective) group. A prepositional phrase or clause comes after.<br /> <br /> Example :<br /> <br /> "I am Tolsian" (the speaker is a woman) : êü kalûaqni tke? ctolqjimke.<br /> <br /> Subject + "to be" + subject particle + "Tolsian" (f.sg.)<br /> <br /> *Genitive phrase :<br /> <br /> "My mother" : (Pnÿ) êüdô maîha.<br /> <br /> (Definite article) + Subject pronoun + possessive particle suffix + "mother".<br /> <br /> <br /> "My mother" : Ne maîha kabħa.<br /> <br /> "Possessed" particle + "mother" + possessive pronoun.<br /> <br /> "This is my mother" : Fe kalûa ne maîha kabħa.<br /> <br /> Demonstrative pronoun + "to be" + "possessed" particle + "mother" + possessive pronoun.<br /> <br /> "Mine" : Pnÿ kabħa.<br /> <br /> Definite article + possessive pronoun.<br /> <br /> "It is mine" : Fe kalûa pnÿ kabħa.<br /> <br /> Demonstrative pronoun + "to be" + definite article + possessive pronoun.<br /> <br /> ===Verb phrase===<br /> ===Sentence phrase===<br /> ===Dependent clauses===<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Example texts==<br /> <br /> ==Other resources==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Qtolqjimctadû]]<br /> [[Category:Languages]]<br /> [[Category:Conlangs]]<br /> [[Category:Tolsian]]</div>

Uvie https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Qtolqjimctad%C3%BB&diff=526634 Qtolqjimctadû 2026-05-21T21:06:48Z

<p>Uvie: /* Noun phrase */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Introduction==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ<br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p b<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ t d̚ d<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k g<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s z<br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ ʒ <br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ β<br /> |colspan="2"| f v<br /> |colspan="2"| θ ð<br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ ɧ̙ʷ̬<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <br /> |colspan="2"| χ ʁ<br /> |colspan="2"| h<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j ɥ<br /> |colspan="2"| w<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l ɫ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> Notes :<br /> <br /> In earlier documentation, proper knowledge of IPA was lacking and several of the phonemes had to be identified from either phonetically inaccurate IPA descriptions or vague, impressionistic ones. Several phonemes could not be recovered. Here is a list of deviations from the above table :<br /> <poem><br /> Identified phonemes :<br /> /ɸ/ was described as [fʷ] (written <ÎF, îf>).<br /> /β/ was described as [vʷ] (written <ÎV, îv>).<br /> /ʁ/ was described as [ʀ] (written <R, r>).<br /> /ʀ/ was described as [rˤ] (''sorte de « r » très roulé'', written <RX, rx>).<br /> /ɹ/ was described as [ʀˤ] (''sorte de « r » anglais'', written <RÛ, rû>).<br /> /ɫ/ was described as [l̪ ] (''comme à la fin du mot anglais "well"'', written <Û, û>).<br /> /χ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [x] (written <X, x>), while /x/ itself was most likely described as [xˤ] (written <ÎX, îx>).<br /> /ŋ/ was probably described as [ɲˤ] (written <ÎÑ, îñ>), while the sound described as [ŋ] (written <ÎÑg, îñg>) probably corresponded to /ᵑg/.<br /> /ɾ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [r̺] (written <ĦÛ, ħû>, as well as part of the cluster /bɾ/+V with the help of <Ë, ë> as [bɾə], described as [br̺ə]).<br /> /r/ might have been what was described as [r] (''sorte de « r » roulé à la japonaise'', written <LÛ, lû>).<br /> /ɧ̙ʷ/ and its voiced version /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ are, to this day, subject to doubt regarding their IPA descriptions. They were most likely corresponding to the sounds described as [ʃ ̪ ] (written <ÎQ, îq>) and [ʒ̺̺̺ ] (written <ÎÖ, îö> or <LÎÖ, lîö>).<br /> /t̚/ and /d̚/ are also subject to some doubt regarding their IPA descriptions still. They were described as [t̪] (written <TÛ, tû>) and [d̪] (written <DÛ, dû>).<br /> The phoneme described as [ʃʲ] probably has a realization closer to [ç] or [ɕ] (written <QÛ, qû>).<br /> <br /> Unidentified or very doubtful phonemes :<br /> Some /h/-like phoneme, described as [hˤ] (written <ÎH, îh>). It might have corresponded to /ɣ/, but it is not very likely.<br /> /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ might have been what was described as [l̤ʲ] (written <HÛ, hû>). Based on its spelling it is more likely to be devoiced.<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i y<br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ<br /> |colspan="2"|u<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e ø<br /> |colspan="2"| ə<br /> |colspan="2"|o<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ œ ɛ̃ œ̃<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ ɔ̃<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä<br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃<br /> |}<br /> Vowel length is supposed to be phonemic, with regular (or short) vowels, and long vowels.<br /> <br /> Similarly to consonants, some vowels had to be "re-identified" from previous documentation and some deviations arise :<br /> <poem><br /> /œ/ is probably what was described as [æ] (written <Ù, ù> or <E, ĕ> or <EÔ/Eô, eô>).<br /> /œ̃/ is probably what was described as [æ̃] (written <Ä, è> or <Ä, ä>).<br /> /ø/ is probably what was described as [œ] (written <EU/Eu, eu> or <OE/Oe, oe>).<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Orthography===<br /> Orthography was made complicated on purpose.<br /> <br /> ====Alphabet====<br /> <poem><br /> A, a /a/<br /> B, b /b/<br /> C, c /s/<br /> D, d /d/<br /> E, e /ə/ ; E, ç/ë /e/ ; E, ù/ĕ /œ/ ; E, ÿ/ê /ɛ/<br /> F, f /f/<br /> G, g /g/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> H, h /h/<br /> Ħ, ħ soundless ; mostly used in composed graphemes.<br /> I, i /i/<br /> J, j /ð/<br /> K, k /k/<br /> L, l /l/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> M, m /m/<br /> N, n /n/<br /> O, o /o/ or /ɔ/<br /> P, p /p/<br /> Q, q /ʃ/<br /> R, r /ʁ/<br /> S, s /θ/<br /> T, t /t/<br /> U, u /y/<br /> V, v /v/<br /> W, w /wi/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> X, x /χ/<br /> Y, y /jo/ or /ɔj/<br /> Z, z /z/<br /> Â, â /aj/<br /> Ê, ê /ja/<br /> Û, û /ɫ/<br /> Î, î /ɨ/ soundless when used in composed graphemes.<br /> Ô, ô /o/<br /> Ä, ä /ɑ̃/ ; Ä, à/ă /ɔ̃/ ; Ä, é/â /ɛ̃/ ; Ä, è/ä /œ̃/<br /> Ë, ë /bɾə/<br /> Ü, ü /j/<br /> Ï, ï /ɨ/<br /> Ö, ö /ʒ/<br /> Ã, ã /a/<br /> Õ, õ /o/<br /> Ñ, ñ /ɲ/<br /> </poem><br /> =====History=====<br /> Like most, if not all, versions of Tolsian, Qtolqjimctadû was meant to be written with the original Tolsian script. Some graphemes were chosen because of the limitations of the French keyboard, but were initally supposed to correspond to another, preexisting grapheme, with a diacritic, in order to reflect the original script. Some graphemes with diacritic are supposed to represent letters in the original script that are not simply versions of another letter with a diacritic ; this is why in the list below, <nowiki><ë></nowiki> appears to represent /e/, alongside <nowiki><ç></nowiki>, whereas in <Ë, ë> it represents /bɾə/ in the alphabet : they have different underlying identities.<br /> <poem><br /> <e> with diaeresis ¨ becomes <ç> (or <ë>)<br /> <e> with cedilla or possibly hook below (''accent « petite courbe vers le bas »'') becomes <ù> (or <ĕ>)<br /> <e> with circumflex accent ^ becomes <ÿ> (or <ê>)<br /> <O, o> (or <Ô, ô> ?) with circumflex accent becomes <Õ, õ><br /> <U, u> with dieresis becomes <Ü, ü><br /> <U, u> with circumflex accent becomes <Û, û><br /> <Â, â> with circumflex accent becomes <Ê, ê><br /> <Î, î> with circumflex accent becomes <Ï, ï><br /> <ä> with cedilla or hook below becomes <à> (o <ă>)<br /> <ä> with circumflex becomes <é> (or <â>)<br /> <ä> with diaeresis becomes <è> (or <ä>)<br /> <Â, â> with circumflex becomes <Ã, ã><br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ====Spelling rules====<br /> Long vowels are spelled with doubled graphemes (<Aa, aa> /a:/, etc).<br /> <br /> Some graphemes, namely <E, e> /ə/ ; <E, ç/ë> /e/ ; <E, ù/ĕ> /œ/ ; <E, ÿ/ê> /ɛ/ and <Ä, ä> /ɑ̃/ ; <Ä, à/ă> /ɔ̃/ ; <Ä, é/â> /ɛ̃/ ; <Ä, è/ä /œ̃/> use the same capital letter, but different minuscule letters, for different phonemes. This is partly due to limitations on a French keyboard, and partly to reflect the original Tolsian script in which these phonemes use the same letter but with different diacritics.<br /> <br /> The grapheme <Î, î> denotes /ɨ/, except in front of some consonants (<F, f>, <V, v>, <Q, q>, <Ö, ö>, <Ñ, ñ>, <X, x>, <H, h>) ; the grapheme <Ï, ï> is used instead in order to denote /ɨ/.<br /> <br /> There are many digraphs and even trigraphs ; usually, all letters are capitalized, when capitalization is needed.<br /> =====Digraphs with <Î, î>=====<br /> In the original documentation, these are described as "purified" (''épurés'').<br /> <poem><br /> ÎF, îf /ɸ/<br /> ÎV, îv /β/<br /> ÎQ, îq /ɧ̙ʷ/<br /> ÎÖ, îö /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ <br /> ÎÑ, îñ /ŋ/<br /> ÎX, îx /x/<br /> ÎH, îh unknown, possibly /ɣ/<br /> </poem><br /> It is unclear if the following are considered to be "purified" :<br /> <poem><br /> <Äî, äî> /an/<br /> <Äî, àî> /on/ or /ɔn/<br /> <Äî, éî> /in/ or /im/<br /> <Äî, èî> /un/ or /œm/<br /> </poem><br /> =====Trigraphs with <Î, î>=====<br /> These were also considered to be "purified".<br /> <poem><br /> LÎÖ, lîö /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ <br /> ÎÑg, îñg /ᵑg/<br /> </poem><br /> =====Digraphs with <Û, û>=====<br /> Some of these digraphs were originally described as "wet" (''mouillés'') :<br /> <poem><br /> TÛ, tû /t̚/<br /> QÛ, qû /ʃʲ/ (probably realized [ç] or [ɕ])<br /> DÛ, dû /d̚/<br /> </poem><br /> Others were not considered to be "wet" :<br /> <poem><br /> LÛ, lû /r/<br /> HÛ, hû possibly /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ <br /> ĦÛ, ħû /ɾ/<br /> RÛ, rû /ɹ/ <br /> <br /> =====Trigraphs with <Û, û>=====<br /> There is only one such trigraph, and only the first letter is capitalized, if needed. It is possibly meant to appear only word-initially as it was only given as <Tûhh> :<br /> Tûhh /θ/<br /> <br /> =====Digraphs with <Ħ, ħ>=====<br /> These can also be written as trigraphs, swapping <Ħ, ħ> for <Hh, hh>. As digraphs, one may likewise capitalize both letters or only the first one. As trigraphs, Only the first letter is capitalized.<br /> Ħ, ħ can be found on its own but is soundless. It may be used as part of the following digraphs, or used to maintain a hiatus between vowels and <I, i> or <O, o>. It can also be written <Hh, hh>.<br /> PĦ/Pħ, pħ /f/ (or <Phh, phh>)<br /> TĦ/Tħ, tħ /s/ (or <Thh, thh><br /> JĦ/Jħ, jħ /ʒ/ (or <Jhh, jhh>)<br /> BĦ/Bħ, bħ /v/ (or <Bhh, bhh>)<br /> DĦ/Dħ, dħ /z/ (or <Dhh, dhh>)<br /> SĦ/Sħ, sħ /z/ (or <Shh, shh>)<br /> <br /> =====Digraphs and trigraph with <Ë, ë>=====<br /> The phoneme /ɾ/ also appears as part of a syllable /bɾə/, written <Ë, ë>. When <Ë, ë> is followed by a vowel, the /ə/ is replaced by that vowel :<br /> Ëa, ëa [bɾa]<br /> Ëç, ëç [bɾe]<br /> Ëÿ, ëÿ [bɾɛ]<br /> Ëu, ëu [bɾy]<br /> Ëo, ëo [bɾo] or [bɾɔ]<br /> Ëï, ëï [bɾi]<br /> Ëä, ëä [bɾɑ̃]<br /> Ëà, ëà [bɾɔ̃]<br /> Ëé, ëé [bɾɛ̃]<br /> Ëè, ëè [bɾœ̃]<br /> Ëou, ëou [bɾu]<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> =====Some more consonantal digraphs=====<br /> RX, rx /ʀ/<br /> QJ/Qj, qj /ʒ/<br /> =====Vocalic digraphs=====<br /> <poem><br /> <Oi, oi> [i]<br /> <EU/Eu, eu> [ø]<br /> <OU/Ou, ou> [u]<br /> <EA, ea> [ɛ]<br /> (But <Ea, ea> [əa])<br /> <OE/Oe, oe> [ø]<br /> <EÔ/Eô, eô> [œ]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Nasal vowels=====<br /> Some digraphs and trigraphs denote nasal vowels, with <N, n> and <M, m> :<br /> <poem><br /> <An, an> /ɑ̃/<br /> <Am, am> /ɑ̃/<br /> <En, en> /ɑ̃/<br /> <Em, em> /ɑ̃/<br /> <In, in> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Im, im> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Ein, ein> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Eim, eim> /ɛ̃/<br /> <On, on> /ɔ̃/<br /> <Om, om> /ɔ̃/<br /> <Un, un> /œ̃/<br /> <Um, um> /œ̃/<br /> </poem><br /> However, if there are two <N, n> or <M, m> following a vowel, then it is not nasalized but pronounced as V+[n or m] instead (<Ann, ann> [an], <Amm, amm> [am],... etc). Besides, vocalic graphemes other than <A, a>, <E, e>, <I, i>, <O, o>, <U, u> do not get nasalized when followed by an <N, n> or <M, m>.<br /> =====Diphtongues=====<br /> They have been described as diphtongues, but should rather be analyzed as combinations of vowels and approximants. There are three different approximants : /j/, /w/ and /ɥ/, which only appear in a limited number of cases.<br /> *Diphtongues /j/ + vowel :<br /> They are usually written with a <I, i> followed by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <I, i> stands for /j/ :<br /> <poem><br /> <Ia, ia> [ja]<br /> <Ie, ie> [jə]<br /> <Iç, iç> [je]<br /> <Iù, iù> [jœ]<br /> <Iÿ, iÿ> [jɛ]<br /> <Io, io> [jo] or [jɔ]<br /> <Iu, iu> [jy]<br /> <Iô, iô> [jo]<br /> <Iä, iä> [jɑ̃]<br /> <Ià, ià> [jɔ̃]<br /> <Ié, ié> [jɛ̃]<br /> <Iè, iè> [jœ̃]<br /> <Ii, ii> [ji]<br /> <Iou, iou> [ju]<br /> <Ieu, ieu> [jø]<br /> </poem><br /> However, there are a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> ÜÃ, üã [ja]<br /> ÜÕ, üõ [jo]<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues vowel + /j/ :<br /> They are usually written with a <Ü, ü> preceded by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <Ü, ü> stands for /j/ (minus the exceptions above) :<br /> <poem><br /> <AÜ, aü> [aj]<br /> <EÜ, eü> [əj]<br /> <EÜ, çü> [ej]<br /> <EÜ, ùü> [œj]<br /> <EÜ, ÿü> [ɛj]<br /> <OÜ, oü> [oj] or [ɔj]<br /> <UÜ, uü> [yj]<br /> <ÔÜ, ôü> [oj]<br /> <ÄÜ, äü> [aɑ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, àü> [ɔ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, éü> [ɛ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, èü> [œ̃j]<br /> <ÃÜ, ãü> [aj]<br /> <ÕÜ, õü> [oj]<br /> <EUÜ, euü> [øj]<br /> </poem><br /> There are also a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> EÎ, eî [əj]<br /> EÎ, çî [ej]<br /> EÎ, ùî [œj]<br /> EÎ, ÿî [ɛj]<br /> IÎ, iî [ij]<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues with /w/ :<br /> These are usually written with a <O, o>, either followed or preceded by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <O, o> stands for /w/ :<br /> <poem><br /> <Oa, oa> [wa]<br /> <Oe, oe> [wə]<br /> <Oç, oç> [we]<br /> <Où, où> [wœ]<br /> <Oÿ, oÿ> [wɛ]<br /> <Oo, oo> [wo] or [wɔ]<br /> <Oy, oy> [wy]<br /> <Oô, oô> [wo]<br /> <Oä, oä> [wɑ̃]<br /> <Oà, oà> [wɔ̃]<br /> <Oé, oé> [wɛ̃]<br /> <Oè, oè> [wœ̃] (This one was described as [wœ̃] already in the original documentation (instead of expected [wæ̃] and has therefore cast some doubt on the identification of vowels /ø/, /œ/ and /œ̃/.)<br /> <Oi, oi> [wi]<br /> <Oeu, oeu> [wø]<br /> And reciprocally (<Ao, ao> [aw]... etc).<br /> </poem><br /> There are however a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> <Io, io> is ambiguous and can denote either /iw/ or /jo/<br /> <Oi, oi> is ambiguous and can denote either /i/ or /wi/<br /> <Oe, oe> is ambiguous and can denote either /wə/ or /ø/<br /> <OU/Ou, ou> always denotes /u/ (/wy/ is denoted <Oy, oy> instead).<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues with /ɥ/ :<br /> <poem><br /> UÎ, uî [ɥi]<br /> Ui, ui [ɥi]<br /> Ua, ua [ɥa]<br /> Uç, uç [ɥe]<br /> Uÿ, uÿ [ɥɛ]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Triphtongues=====<br /> They should also be analyzed as combinations of approximant + vowel + approximant. Besides using <I, i> and <O, o> or even <Ü, ü> and <U, u>, there is a handful of special spellings that denote such "triphtongues" :<br /> <poem><br /> ÜÂ, üâ [jaj]<br /> ÜY, üy [jɔj]<br /> ÊÜ, êü [jaj]<br /> YÜ, yü [joj] or [jɔj]<br /> ÃÎ, ãî [aji]<br /> ÕÎ, õî [oji]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Word-final position induced changes=====<br /> The original consonants /g/ <G, g>, /l/ <L, l> and syllable /wi/ <W, w> turn into [j] when in a word-final position. Instead, the spellings <gue>, <lle> and <wi> are used.<br /> <poem><br /> <g> /j/<br /> <l> /j/<br /> <w> /j/<br /> <gue> /g/<br /> <lle> /l/<br /> <wi> /wi/<br /> </poem><br /> There are some other special spellings :<br /> <poem><br /> <ebm> /ɛjm/<br /> <ebn> /ɛjn/<br /> </poem><br /> Finally, some letters are simply not pronounced at the end of a word, and other spellings are used instead :<br /> <poem><br /> <e><br /> <ô><br /> <d><br /> <nowiki><q></nowiki><br /> <nowiki><s></nowiki><br /> <t><br /> <z><br /> <er><br /> <dde> /d/<br /> <qe> /ʃ/<br /> <sse> /θ/ (or possibly /s/ ?)<br /> <tte> /t/<br /> <ze> /z/<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ====Table of phonemes and their principal corresponding graphemes====<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m <M, m><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n <N, n><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ <Ñ, ñ><br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ <ÎÑ, îñ><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p <P, p> ; b <B, b><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ <TÛ, tû> ; t <T, t> ; d̚ <DÛ, dû> ; d <D, d><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k <K, k> ; g <G, g><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s <C, c> alt. <TĦ/Tħ, tħ> ; z <Z, z> alt. <DĦ/Dħ, dħ> alt. <SĦ/Sħ, sħ><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ <Q, q> ; ʒ <Ö, ö> alt. <JĦ/Jħ, jħ> alt. <QJ/Qj, qj><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ <QÛ, qû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ <ÎF, îf> ; β <ÎV, îv><br /> |colspan="2"| f <F, f> alt. <PĦ/Pħ, pħ> ; v <V, v> alt. <BĦ/Bħ, bħ><br /> |colspan="2"| θ <S, s> alt. <Tûhh, s> ; ð <J, j> <br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ <HÛ, hû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ <ÎQ, îq> ; ɧ̙ʷ̬ <ÎÖ, îö> alt. <LÎÖ, lîö><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <ÎX, îx><br /> |colspan="2"| χ <X, x> ; ʁ <R, r><br /> |colspan="2"| h <H, h><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ <RÛ, rû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j <I, i> (before a vowel), <Ü, ü> (after a vowel) ; ɥ <U, u> (before some vowels)<br /> |colspan="2"| w <O, o> (before or after a vowel)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r <LÛ, lû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ <RX, rx><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ <ĦÛ, ħû> <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l <L, l> ɫ <Û, û><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg <ÎÑg, îñg><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i <I, i> alt. <Oi, oi> ; y <U, u><br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ <Î, î> alt. <Ï, ï><br /> |colspan="2"|u <OU/Ou, ou><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e <E, ç/ë> ; ø <EU/Eu, eu> alt. <OE/Oe, oe><br /> |colspan="2"| ə <E, e><br /> |colspan="2"|o <O, o> alt. <Ô, ô> alt. <Õ, õ><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ <E, ÿ/ê> alt. <EA, ea> ; œ <E, ù/ĕ> alt. <EÔ/Eô, eô> ; ɛ̃ <Ä, é/â> ; œ̃ <Ä, è/ä><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ <O, o> ; ɔ̃ <Ä, à/ă><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä <A, a> alt. <Ã, ã><br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃ <Ä, ä><br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Prosody===<br /> ====Stress====<br /> <br /> There is no lexical stress. It can be assumed that most words or verbal and nominal groups have a slight stress on the last syllable, like in French ; however, there is supposed to be a distinction between short and long vowels, so we can assume that long vowels would be stressed.<br /> <br /> ====Intonation====<br /> <br /> ===Phonotactics===<br /> <br /> ===Morphophonology===<br /> <br /> ==Morphology==<br /> <br /> There are five main parts of speech in Qtolqjimctadû : nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and particles.<br /> <br /> ===Nouns===<br /> Nouns have definiteness, gender, and number. Definiteness is marked by definite and indefinite articles which agree in gender and number with the nouns. There are three genders : neuter, masculine, and feminine. <br /> <br /> ====Gender====<br /> Gender is usually marked by the ending of the noun. Nouns that correspond to non-animate things are usually neutral whereas nouns that describe animate things are usually masculine or feminine. However, some nouns can have all three genders, with the masculine and feminine forms built on an underlying neutral form ; this is common for instance for animal names, or for professions.<br /> <br /> According to documentation, most neuter nouns in the singular end either in <nowiki><-e></nowiki> or in a consonant. There is however no indication of how to distinguish masculine and feminine nouns, but based on the description of neuter forms, it may be posited that they must typically end in some kinds of vowels. Nouns that end in <nowiki><-e></nowiki> in the singular neuter are part of a paradigm that builds masculine and feminine forms on this underlying neuter form :<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Ending in -e<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || -e /ə/ || -ea /ɛ/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || -e /ə/ || -ebn /ɛjn/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || -ea /ɛ/ || -ean /əɑ̃/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> According to documentation, it is common for the neuter to present as a masculine singular ending in the singular, and as a feminine singular ending in the plural.<br /> <br /> ====Definiteness====<br /> Earlier documentation does not explicitly state that the definite and definite articles must agree with nouns in number and gender, but it is apparent in corpus that there is at least a masculine or neutral singular definite article that differs from a feminine singular definite article. From this and comparison with other versions of Tolsian, one can infer that articles, both definite and indefinite, come in at least three forms : masculine singular, feminine singular, and a plural form that covers all genders. Based on the existence of a neutral gender, it may be posited that there must be a neutral singular form as well. There is however no actual indication of whether there is only one plural form for all genders, or if there are also different plural forms for different genders. We'll assume the following paradigm :<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Definite and indefinite articles<br /> |-<br /> ! Definiteness / Gender !! Neuter !! Masculine !! Feminine !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Definite|| - || pna /pna/ || pnÿ /pnɛ/ || -<br /> |-<br /> | Indefinite|| -|| -|| ad /a/ || -<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ====Number====<br /> There are two numbers, singular and plural ; singular is unmarked while plural is marked with a suffix that differs depending on the ending of the noun.<br /> Besides the "-e" paradigm above, different groups of endings take different plural markings. It is likely that the consonantal endings indicate neuter nouns, whereas the vocalic endings indicate masculine and feminine nouns.<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Table of plurals<br /> |-<br /> ! Types of endings !! Plural affix !! Pronunciation<br /> |-<br /> | -c ; -f ; -j ; -l ; -m ; -n ; -v ; -û ; -ë || -c || -cc /s/ ; -fc /fs/ ; -jc /θ/ ; -lc /js/ ; -mc ; -nc ; -vc /fs/ ; -ûc /ɫ/ ; -ëc /bɾɛk/<br /> |-<br /> | -b ; -d ; -g ; -p ; -q ; -w ; -ü ; -k || -tt || -btt /pt/ ; -dtt /d̚/ ; -gtt /kt/ ; -ptt /pt/ ; -qtt /ʃt/ ; -wtt /wit/ ; -ütt /jt/ ; -ktt /kt/<br /> |-<br /> | -s ; -r || -ch || -sch /ʃ/ ; -rch /?/ ("[hˤ]" see notes on consonants) ; -rsch /ʁʃa/<br /> |-<br /> | -h ; -t ; -x ; -z ; -ö ; -ñ || -c or -tt || -hc /k/ ; -tc /ts/ ; -xc /χs/ ; -zc /s/ ; -öc /s/ ; -ñc /s/ <p> -htt /ht/ ; -ttt /t̚/ ; -xtt /χt/ ; -ztt /st/ ; -ött /ʃt/ ; -ñtt /t/<br /> |-<br /> | Vowel endings (other than "e") || -es || not pronounced.<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ====Pronouns====<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Personal subject pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Pronoun<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || I || êü /jaj/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || you || oü /oj/ or /ɔj/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.masc || he || tag /taj/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.fem || she || tal /taj/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.impersonal || "man", "one" || tawi /tawi/<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || we || îhalÿn /xalɛn/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || you || hiçve /hjev/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.masc || they || tagg /tag/ (or /tagj/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.fem || they || tall /tal/ (or /talj/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || you || îqann /ɧ̙ʷan/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Demonstrative pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Pronoun<br /> |-<br /> | Singular demonstrative pronoun || this || fe /fə/<br /> |-<br /> | Plural demonstrative pronoun || these || îvae /βa/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Personal reflexive pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Pronoun<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || myself || kab /kab/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || yourself || kat /ka/ (or /kat) ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.masc || himself || kaad /ka:/ (or /ka:d/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.fem || herself || kaad /ka:/ (or /ka:d/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.impersonal || oneself || kad /ka/ (or /kad/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || ourselves || aö /aʒ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || yourselves || av /av/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.masc || themselves || aann /a:n/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.fem || themselves || aann /a:n/<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || yourself ; yourselves || enn /ən/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Possessive pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Masculine and neuter singular !! Feminine singular !! Masculine and neuter plural !! Feminine plural<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || my, mine || kabħe /kavə/ || kabħa /kava/ || kabħei /kavi/ || kabħae /kavaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || your, yours || katħe /kasə/ || katħa /kasa/ || katħei /kasi/ || katħae /kasaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG || his, her, hers, its || kadħe /kazə/ || kadħa /kaza/ || kadħei /kazi/ || kadħae /kazaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || our, ours || pħaöe /faʒə/ || pħaöa /faʒa/ || pħaöei /faʒi/ || pħaöae /faʒaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || your, yours || pħave /favə/ || pħava /fava/ || pħavei /favi/ || pħavae /favaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL || their, theirs || pħann /fan/ || pħana /fana/ || pħani /fani/ || pħanae /fanaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || your, yours || ïqann /iʃan/ || aîqann /aɧ̙ʷan/ || ïqani /iʃani/ || aîqane /aɧ̙ʷan/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Possessive pronouns agree in gender and number with the nouns denoting what is "possessed".<br /> <br /> ===Verbs===<br /> <br /> There are two main verbal groups, one ending in "-ë" (usually with a radical ending in a vowel), and one ending in "-er" (usually with a radical ending in a consonant). Verbs are conjugated for person, tense, and mood. There are formally seven persons : first singular, second singular, third singular, first plural, second plural, third plural, and the "polite" second person used in formal contexts for which number is neutralized. <br /> <br /> ====Mood====<br /> <br /> There are four moods : indicative, conditional, imperative and so-called "absolute" (can also be called gnomic). <br /> =====Indicative=====<br /> The indicative and absolute moods are forms of realis : indicative is used to express statements or facts, and also other modalities not expressed with other moods. <br /> =====Absolute=====<br /> The absolute is traditionally treated as a mood because of its specific grammatical markings, but better corresponds semantically to the gnomic aspect. It can also be used to express a higher degree of certainty than indicative, or to express emphasis. According to documentation : <q>L'absolu est un mode intemporel. Il peut traduire un présent de vérité générale, parler d'une propriété intrinsèque à un corps, être utilisé en poésie... Il peut être utilisé aussi en tant que présent s'il décrit une action ''a priori'' continue dans le temps, comme lorsqu'on emploie des adjectifs qualificatifs.</q><br /> =====Imperative=====<br /> The conditional and imperative moods are forms of irrealis : the imperative expresses commands, prohibitions and requests. It is not used with the seventh person (2nd person used for politeness), in which case it is substituted for a hypothetical conditional. <br /> =====Conditional=====<br /> The conditional expresses hypotheticals, desires and wishes. According to documentation, so-called "hypothetical conditional" corresponds to the French subjunctive mood.<br /> ====Tense====<br /> <br /> There are three main tenses : present, past and future. <br /> <br /> =====Present=====<br /> *In the indicative mode, there is one present, the indicative present.<br /> *In the conditional mood, there are two kinds of present : the conditional present and the so-called "hypothetical conditional present" (''conditionel hypothétique présent''), meant to correspond to the French subjunctive present.<br /> *In the imperative and absolute moods, there is only a present tense.<br /> =====Past=====<br /> *In the indicative mood, there are four kinds of past : the so-called "foregone past" (''passé révolu''), which is meant to correspond to the French pluperfect ; the "descriptive past" (''passé descriptif''), meant to correspond to the French simple past and imperfect past ; the "general past" (''passé général''), meant to correspond to the French imperfect and ''passé composé'' (present perfect) ; and the "anterior past" (''passé antérieur''), built analytically with the auxiliary verb "kavaver"(to have) in the foregone past and the past participle.<br /> *In the conditional mood, there are three kinds of past : the "past conditional" (''conditionnel passé''), the so-called "retrospective conditional" (''conditionnel rétrospectif''), which is meant to correspond to the French ''conditionnel passé de seconde forme'', and the so-called "hypothetical conditional past" (''conditionel hypothétique passé''), meant to express the French past subjunctive. <br /> =====Future=====<br /> In the indicative mood, there are two kinds of future : the "general future" (''futur général''), which indicates event that are yet to happen, and the "retrospective future" (''futur rétrospectif''), which corresponds to the traditional "future perfect" (''futur antérieur''), used to express an action that will be completed before another action in the future.<br /> <br /> ====Conjugation tables====<br /> <br /> The only available conjugation tables describe the endings in the indicative present for verbs of the first and second groups.<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Indicative present of the first group : "kalûaë", ''to be''<br /> |-<br /> ! Person !! Ending !! Example<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || -qni /ʃni/ || kalûaqni /kaɾaʃni/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || -qniî /ʃnij/ || kalûaqniî /kaɾaʃnij/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG || - (radical) || kalûa /kaɾa/<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || -cÿcq /sesʃ/ || kalûacÿcq /kaɾasesʃ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || -tts /t/ || kalûatts /kaɾat/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL || -me /mə/ || kalûame /kaɾamə/<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || -i /i/ || kalûai /kaɾai/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Indicative present of the second group : "kavaver", ''to have''<br /> |-<br /> ! Person !! Ending !! Example<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || - (radical) || kav /kav/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || -s (unpronounced) || kavavs /kavav/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG || - (radical) || kavav /kavav/<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || -m /m/ || kavavm /kavavm/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || -ês /ja/ || kavavês /kavavja/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL || -n /n/ || kavavn /kavavn/<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || -i /i/ || kavi /kavi/<br /> |}<br /> Note : the first and seventh persons are irregular in this case.<br /> <br /> ====Participle====<br /> <br /> =====Present participle=====<br /> There are two different kinds of present participles ; the regular present participle, and a so-called substantival present participle (''participe présent substantivé'').<br /> *Regular present participle :<br /> It is built by adding either the ending -klûenat /kɾna/ or the ending -kvi /gvi/ to the verb radical. These endings correspond directly to the present participles of the verb kalûaë : klûenat, and of the verb kavaver : kvi.<br /> Example : çctekvi /estegvi/, "losing".<br /> *Substantival present participle :<br /> It is used for instance for expressing continuing action (''Il sert par exemple à transcrire l'idée d'action continue : en français, "être en train de..."''). It is built by adding the ending -m to the infinitive form.<br /> Example : kavaverm /kavavm/ "having", kalûaëm /kaɾam/ "being", çctÿeëm /estɛbɾəm/ "losing".<br /> Example : Êü kavaqni çcteëm nda tÿmg kabbhe, "I am wasting my time"<br /> Subject pronoun "I" + verb "to have" + substantival present participle of the verb "to lose" + particle "in, from, of" + "time" + possessive pronoun "mine".<br /> <br /> =====Past participle=====<br /> <br /> The past participle is built by adding the ending -ut /y/ to the verb radical, for verbs of the first group ; and by adding the ending -ç /e/ to the verb radical, for verbs of the second group. <br /> Exceptions : kalûaë : klûu /kɾy/ (or /kɾu/ ?), "been" ; kavaver : avvç /av:e/.<br /> The past participle agrees in gender and number with the object of the verb :<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Caption text<br /> |-<br /> ! !! first group !! second group<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine singular || -ut /y/ || -ç /e/<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter singular || -ut /y/ || -ç /e/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine singular || -uet /y/ || -çe /e/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine plural || -uts /y/ || -çs /e/<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter plural || -uts /y/ || -çs /e/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine plural || -uets /y/ || -çes /e/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Example : çcteut, çcteuts, çcteuet, çcteuets /esty/.<br /> <br /> ===Adjectives===<br /> <br /> Adjectives agree in gender and number with the nouns they qualify. It is marked with a prefix that changes depending on the beginning of the neuter singular form.<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with a vowel<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || es- /əθ/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || a- /a/ || ai- /aj/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || e- /ə/ || es- /əθ/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with h-, t-, x-, z-, ö-,ñ-<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || cs- /s/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || q- /ʃ/ || qs- /ʃ/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || c- /s/ || cs- /s/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with b-, d-, g-, p-, q-, w-, ü-, k<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || hm- /hm/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || m- /m/ || ebm- /ɛjm/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || hm- /hm/ || hebm- /hɛjm/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with s-, r-<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || kbett- /kbət/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || kbet- /kbət/ || kbest- /kbət/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || kbeat- /kbɛt/ || kbeast- /kbɛt/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with c-, f-, j-, l-, m-, n-, v-, û-, ë-<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || atûïve- /at̚ɨvə/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || etûove- /ət̚ovə/ || etûïve- /ət̚ɨvə/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || atûova- /at̚ova/ || atûïva- /at̚ɨva/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Adverbs===<br /> <br /> There is no information on adverbs but, based on other versions of Tolsian, we can assume they are invariable in form, qualify verbs and adjectives, and are usually placed before the verb or adjective they qualify.<br /> <br /> ===Particles===<br /> <br /> Particles are function words that include prepositions, postpositions, conjunction words, etc. <br /> *One notable particle is the so-called subject particle, which is used with stative verbs to introduce the subject's attribute. It can take two different forms, usually depending on whether the subject is animate (particle "tke?") or inanimate (particle "ke?"), but also potentially on whether the relationship between subject and attribute is perceived as "temporary" or "eternal".<br /> *Another notable particle is the "possessive" particle, which is suffixed to the noun that represents a "possessor", akin to a genitive marking. It can be used instead of possessive pronouns, when suffixed to a personal subject pronoun : for instance, the personal pronoun "êü" + the possessive particle "-dô" becomes "êüdô", ''my''. On the other hand, when using one of the possessive pronouns, a so-called "possessed particle" is placed in front of the "possessed" noun.<br /> *Some particles are more like traditional prepositions ; for instance, "nda" means ''in, from, of''.<br /> <br /> ===Derivational morphology===<br /> <br /> ====Adjectives====<br /> <br /> Adjectives can be derived from nouns by adding the suffix -ke. The resulting adjective agrees in gender and number with the noun it qualifies, following the regular agreement rules for adjectives.<br /> Example : "tolsian", neuter singular : tolqjimke, masculine singular : qtolqjimke.<br /> <br /> ====Nouns====<br /> Nouns can be derived from adjectives or past participles by adding the suffix -ctadû /stad̚/. The resulting noun is usually masculine. According to documentation, if a noun is derived from an adjective that was itself derived from a noun with the suffix -ke, then this suffix should be dropped, which sure sounds a lot like we're back to deriving a noun from a noun.<br /> Example : (the) Tolsian (language) : pna Qtolqjimctadû.<br /> <br /> ====Verbs====<br /> <br /> Verbs can most likely be derived from nouns by adding either the suffix -ë (probably if the noun ends in a vowel) or the suffix -er (if it ends in a consonant).<br /> <br /> ==Syntax==<br /> ===Constituent order===<br /> *Sentences with a stative verbs have a different constituent order depending on whether the attribute is an adjective or a noun phrase ; in the first case, it is akin to a SVO order, in the second, to an OSV order :<br /> <br /> "I am Tolsian" (the speaker is a woman) : êü kalûaqni tke? ctolqjimke.<br /> <br /> Subject + "to be" + subject particle + "Tolsian" (f.sg.)<br /> <br /> "I am a (Tolsian) woman" : Ad tke? mqarea (ctolqjimke) êü kalûaqni.<br /> <br /> Article + subject particle + "woman" (+ "Tolsian") + subject + "to be".<br /> <br /> *The basic constituent order of a declarative sentence is SVO.<br /> Example : "I am wasting my time" : Êü kavaqni çcteëm nda tÿmg kabbhe. <br /> <br /> Subject pronoun + "to have" + substantival present participle of the verb "to lose" + particle "in, from, of" + "time" + possessive pronoun "mine".<br /> <br /> ===Noun phrase===<br /> If there is a determiner (for example, a definiteness article), it is placed at the beginning of the noun phrase. If there is an adjective, it can be placed either right before, or right after, the noun it qualifies. Most particles are placed between a determiner and the adjective + noun (or noun + adjective) group. A prepositional phrase or clause comes after.<br /> <br /> Example :<br /> <br /> "I am Tolsian" (the speaker is a woman) : êü kalûaqni tke? ctolqjimke.<br /> <br /> Subject + "to be" + subject particle + "Tolsian" (f.sg.)<br /> <br /> *Genitive phrase :<br /> <br /> "My mother" : (Pnÿ) êüdô maîha.<br /> <br /> (Definite article) + Subject pronoun + possessive particle suffix + "mother".<br /> <br /> <br /> "My mother" : Ne maîha kabħa.<br /> <br /> "Possessed" particle + "mother" + possessive pronoun.<br /> <br /> "This is my mother" : Fe kalûa ne maîha kabħa.<br /> <br /> Demonstrative pronoun + "to be" + "possessed" particle + "mother" + possessive pronoun.<br /> <br /> "Mine" : Pnÿ kabħa.<br /> <br /> Definite article + possessive pronoun.<br /> <br /> "It is mine" : Fe kalûa pnÿ kabħa.<br /> <br /> Demonstrative pronoun + "to be" + definite article + possessive pronoun.<br /> <br /> ===Verb phrase===<br /> ===Sentence phrase===<br /> ===Dependent clauses===<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Example texts==<br /> <br /> ==Other resources==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Qtolqjimctadû]]<br /> [[Category:Languages]]<br /> [[Category:Conlangs]]<br /> [[Category:Tolsian]]</div>

Uvie https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Qtolqjimctad%C3%BB&diff=526622 Qtolqjimctadû 2026-05-21T20:52:33Z

<p>Uvie: /* Constituent order */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Introduction==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ<br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p b<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ t d̚ d<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k g<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s z<br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ ʒ <br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ β<br /> |colspan="2"| f v<br /> |colspan="2"| θ ð<br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ ɧ̙ʷ̬<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <br /> |colspan="2"| χ ʁ<br /> |colspan="2"| h<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j ɥ<br /> |colspan="2"| w<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l ɫ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> Notes :<br /> <br /> In earlier documentation, proper knowledge of IPA was lacking and several of the phonemes had to be identified from either phonetically inaccurate IPA descriptions or vague, impressionistic ones. Several phonemes could not be recovered. Here is a list of deviations from the above table :<br /> <poem><br /> Identified phonemes :<br /> /ɸ/ was described as [fʷ] (written <ÎF, îf>).<br /> /β/ was described as [vʷ] (written <ÎV, îv>).<br /> /ʁ/ was described as [ʀ] (written <R, r>).<br /> /ʀ/ was described as [rˤ] (''sorte de « r » très roulé'', written <RX, rx>).<br /> /ɹ/ was described as [ʀˤ] (''sorte de « r » anglais'', written <RÛ, rû>).<br /> /ɫ/ was described as [l̪ ] (''comme à la fin du mot anglais "well"'', written <Û, û>).<br /> /χ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [x] (written <X, x>), while /x/ itself was most likely described as [xˤ] (written <ÎX, îx>).<br /> /ŋ/ was probably described as [ɲˤ] (written <ÎÑ, îñ>), while the sound described as [ŋ] (written <ÎÑg, îñg>) probably corresponded to /ᵑg/.<br /> /ɾ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [r̺] (written <ĦÛ, ħû>, as well as part of the cluster /bɾ/+V with the help of <Ë, ë> as [bɾə], described as [br̺ə]).<br /> /r/ might have been what was described as [r] (''sorte de « r » roulé à la japonaise'', written <LÛ, lû>).<br /> /ɧ̙ʷ/ and its voiced version /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ are, to this day, subject to doubt regarding their IPA descriptions. They were most likely corresponding to the sounds described as [ʃ ̪ ] (written <ÎQ, îq>) and [ʒ̺̺̺ ] (written <ÎÖ, îö> or <LÎÖ, lîö>).<br /> /t̚/ and /d̚/ are also subject to some doubt regarding their IPA descriptions still. They were described as [t̪] (written <TÛ, tû>) and [d̪] (written <DÛ, dû>).<br /> The phoneme described as [ʃʲ] probably has a realization closer to [ç] or [ɕ] (written <QÛ, qû>).<br /> <br /> Unidentified or very doubtful phonemes :<br /> Some /h/-like phoneme, described as [hˤ] (written <ÎH, îh>). It might have corresponded to /ɣ/, but it is not very likely.<br /> /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ might have been what was described as [l̤ʲ] (written <HÛ, hû>). Based on its spelling it is more likely to be devoiced.<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i y<br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ<br /> |colspan="2"|u<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e ø<br /> |colspan="2"| ə<br /> |colspan="2"|o<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ œ ɛ̃ œ̃<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ ɔ̃<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä<br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃<br /> |}<br /> Vowel length is supposed to be phonemic, with regular (or short) vowels, and long vowels.<br /> <br /> Similarly to consonants, some vowels had to be "re-identified" from previous documentation and some deviations arise :<br /> <poem><br /> /œ/ is probably what was described as [æ] (written <Ù, ù> or <E, ĕ> or <EÔ/Eô, eô>).<br /> /œ̃/ is probably what was described as [æ̃] (written <Ä, è> or <Ä, ä>).<br /> /ø/ is probably what was described as [œ] (written <EU/Eu, eu> or <OE/Oe, oe>).<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Orthography===<br /> Orthography was made complicated on purpose.<br /> <br /> ====Alphabet====<br /> <poem><br /> A, a /a/<br /> B, b /b/<br /> C, c /s/<br /> D, d /d/<br /> E, e /ə/ ; E, ç/ë /e/ ; E, ù/ĕ /œ/ ; E, ÿ/ê /ɛ/<br /> F, f /f/<br /> G, g /g/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> H, h /h/<br /> Ħ, ħ soundless ; mostly used in composed graphemes.<br /> I, i /i/<br /> J, j /ð/<br /> K, k /k/<br /> L, l /l/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> M, m /m/<br /> N, n /n/<br /> O, o /o/ or /ɔ/<br /> P, p /p/<br /> Q, q /ʃ/<br /> R, r /ʁ/<br /> S, s /θ/<br /> T, t /t/<br /> U, u /y/<br /> V, v /v/<br /> W, w /wi/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> X, x /χ/<br /> Y, y /jo/ or /ɔj/<br /> Z, z /z/<br /> Â, â /aj/<br /> Ê, ê /ja/<br /> Û, û /ɫ/<br /> Î, î /ɨ/ soundless when used in composed graphemes.<br /> Ô, ô /o/<br /> Ä, ä /ɑ̃/ ; Ä, à/ă /ɔ̃/ ; Ä, é/â /ɛ̃/ ; Ä, è/ä /œ̃/<br /> Ë, ë /bɾə/<br /> Ü, ü /j/<br /> Ï, ï /ɨ/<br /> Ö, ö /ʒ/<br /> Ã, ã /a/<br /> Õ, õ /o/<br /> Ñ, ñ /ɲ/<br /> </poem><br /> =====History=====<br /> Like most, if not all, versions of Tolsian, Qtolqjimctadû was meant to be written with the original Tolsian script. Some graphemes were chosen because of the limitations of the French keyboard, but were initally supposed to correspond to another, preexisting grapheme, with a diacritic, in order to reflect the original script. Some graphemes with diacritic are supposed to represent letters in the original script that are not simply versions of another letter with a diacritic ; this is why in the list below, <nowiki><ë></nowiki> appears to represent /e/, alongside <nowiki><ç></nowiki>, whereas in <Ë, ë> it represents /bɾə/ in the alphabet : they have different underlying identities.<br /> <poem><br /> <e> with diaeresis ¨ becomes <ç> (or <ë>)<br /> <e> with cedilla or possibly hook below (''accent « petite courbe vers le bas »'') becomes <ù> (or <ĕ>)<br /> <e> with circumflex accent ^ becomes <ÿ> (or <ê>)<br /> <O, o> (or <Ô, ô> ?) with circumflex accent becomes <Õ, õ><br /> <U, u> with dieresis becomes <Ü, ü><br /> <U, u> with circumflex accent becomes <Û, û><br /> <Â, â> with circumflex accent becomes <Ê, ê><br /> <Î, î> with circumflex accent becomes <Ï, ï><br /> <ä> with cedilla or hook below becomes <à> (o <ă>)<br /> <ä> with circumflex becomes <é> (or <â>)<br /> <ä> with diaeresis becomes <è> (or <ä>)<br /> <Â, â> with circumflex becomes <Ã, ã><br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ====Spelling rules====<br /> Long vowels are spelled with doubled graphemes (<Aa, aa> /a:/, etc).<br /> <br /> Some graphemes, namely <E, e> /ə/ ; <E, ç/ë> /e/ ; <E, ù/ĕ> /œ/ ; <E, ÿ/ê> /ɛ/ and <Ä, ä> /ɑ̃/ ; <Ä, à/ă> /ɔ̃/ ; <Ä, é/â> /ɛ̃/ ; <Ä, è/ä /œ̃/> use the same capital letter, but different minuscule letters, for different phonemes. This is partly due to limitations on a French keyboard, and partly to reflect the original Tolsian script in which these phonemes use the same letter but with different diacritics.<br /> <br /> The grapheme <Î, î> denotes /ɨ/, except in front of some consonants (<F, f>, <V, v>, <Q, q>, <Ö, ö>, <Ñ, ñ>, <X, x>, <H, h>) ; the grapheme <Ï, ï> is used instead in order to denote /ɨ/.<br /> <br /> There are many digraphs and even trigraphs ; usually, all letters are capitalized, when capitalization is needed.<br /> =====Digraphs with <Î, î>=====<br /> In the original documentation, these are described as "purified" (''épurés'').<br /> <poem><br /> ÎF, îf /ɸ/<br /> ÎV, îv /β/<br /> ÎQ, îq /ɧ̙ʷ/<br /> ÎÖ, îö /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ <br /> ÎÑ, îñ /ŋ/<br /> ÎX, îx /x/<br /> ÎH, îh unknown, possibly /ɣ/<br /> </poem><br /> It is unclear if the following are considered to be "purified" :<br /> <poem><br /> <Äî, äî> /an/<br /> <Äî, àî> /on/ or /ɔn/<br /> <Äî, éî> /in/ or /im/<br /> <Äî, èî> /un/ or /œm/<br /> </poem><br /> =====Trigraphs with <Î, î>=====<br /> These were also considered to be "purified".<br /> <poem><br /> LÎÖ, lîö /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ <br /> ÎÑg, îñg /ᵑg/<br /> </poem><br /> =====Digraphs with <Û, û>=====<br /> Some of these digraphs were originally described as "wet" (''mouillés'') :<br /> <poem><br /> TÛ, tû /t̚/<br /> QÛ, qû /ʃʲ/ (probably realized [ç] or [ɕ])<br /> DÛ, dû /d̚/<br /> </poem><br /> Others were not considered to be "wet" :<br /> <poem><br /> LÛ, lû /r/<br /> HÛ, hû possibly /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ <br /> ĦÛ, ħû /ɾ/<br /> RÛ, rû /ɹ/ <br /> <br /> =====Trigraphs with <Û, û>=====<br /> There is only one such trigraph, and only the first letter is capitalized, if needed. It is possibly meant to appear only word-initially as it was only given as <Tûhh> :<br /> Tûhh /θ/<br /> <br /> =====Digraphs with <Ħ, ħ>=====<br /> These can also be written as trigraphs, swapping <Ħ, ħ> for <Hh, hh>. As digraphs, one may likewise capitalize both letters or only the first one. As trigraphs, Only the first letter is capitalized.<br /> Ħ, ħ can be found on its own but is soundless. It may be used as part of the following digraphs, or used to maintain a hiatus between vowels and <I, i> or <O, o>. It can also be written <Hh, hh>.<br /> PĦ/Pħ, pħ /f/ (or <Phh, phh>)<br /> TĦ/Tħ, tħ /s/ (or <Thh, thh><br /> JĦ/Jħ, jħ /ʒ/ (or <Jhh, jhh>)<br /> BĦ/Bħ, bħ /v/ (or <Bhh, bhh>)<br /> DĦ/Dħ, dħ /z/ (or <Dhh, dhh>)<br /> SĦ/Sħ, sħ /z/ (or <Shh, shh>)<br /> <br /> =====Digraphs and trigraph with <Ë, ë>=====<br /> The phoneme /ɾ/ also appears as part of a syllable /bɾə/, written <Ë, ë>. When <Ë, ë> is followed by a vowel, the /ə/ is replaced by that vowel :<br /> Ëa, ëa [bɾa]<br /> Ëç, ëç [bɾe]<br /> Ëÿ, ëÿ [bɾɛ]<br /> Ëu, ëu [bɾy]<br /> Ëo, ëo [bɾo] or [bɾɔ]<br /> Ëï, ëï [bɾi]<br /> Ëä, ëä [bɾɑ̃]<br /> Ëà, ëà [bɾɔ̃]<br /> Ëé, ëé [bɾɛ̃]<br /> Ëè, ëè [bɾœ̃]<br /> Ëou, ëou [bɾu]<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> =====Some more consonantal digraphs=====<br /> RX, rx /ʀ/<br /> QJ/Qj, qj /ʒ/<br /> =====Vocalic digraphs=====<br /> <poem><br /> <Oi, oi> [i]<br /> <EU/Eu, eu> [ø]<br /> <OU/Ou, ou> [u]<br /> <EA, ea> [ɛ]<br /> (But <Ea, ea> [əa])<br /> <OE/Oe, oe> [ø]<br /> <EÔ/Eô, eô> [œ]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Nasal vowels=====<br /> Some digraphs and trigraphs denote nasal vowels, with <N, n> and <M, m> :<br /> <poem><br /> <An, an> /ɑ̃/<br /> <Am, am> /ɑ̃/<br /> <En, en> /ɑ̃/<br /> <Em, em> /ɑ̃/<br /> <In, in> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Im, im> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Ein, ein> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Eim, eim> /ɛ̃/<br /> <On, on> /ɔ̃/<br /> <Om, om> /ɔ̃/<br /> <Un, un> /œ̃/<br /> <Um, um> /œ̃/<br /> </poem><br /> However, if there are two <N, n> or <M, m> following a vowel, then it is not nasalized but pronounced as V+[n or m] instead (<Ann, ann> [an], <Amm, amm> [am],... etc). Besides, vocalic graphemes other than <A, a>, <E, e>, <I, i>, <O, o>, <U, u> do not get nasalized when followed by an <N, n> or <M, m>.<br /> =====Diphtongues=====<br /> They have been described as diphtongues, but should rather be analyzed as combinations of vowels and approximants. There are three different approximants : /j/, /w/ and /ɥ/, which only appear in a limited number of cases.<br /> *Diphtongues /j/ + vowel :<br /> They are usually written with a <I, i> followed by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <I, i> stands for /j/ :<br /> <poem><br /> <Ia, ia> [ja]<br /> <Ie, ie> [jə]<br /> <Iç, iç> [je]<br /> <Iù, iù> [jœ]<br /> <Iÿ, iÿ> [jɛ]<br /> <Io, io> [jo] or [jɔ]<br /> <Iu, iu> [jy]<br /> <Iô, iô> [jo]<br /> <Iä, iä> [jɑ̃]<br /> <Ià, ià> [jɔ̃]<br /> <Ié, ié> [jɛ̃]<br /> <Iè, iè> [jœ̃]<br /> <Ii, ii> [ji]<br /> <Iou, iou> [ju]<br /> <Ieu, ieu> [jø]<br /> </poem><br /> However, there are a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> ÜÃ, üã [ja]<br /> ÜÕ, üõ [jo]<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues vowel + /j/ :<br /> They are usually written with a <Ü, ü> preceded by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <Ü, ü> stands for /j/ (minus the exceptions above) :<br /> <poem><br /> <AÜ, aü> [aj]<br /> <EÜ, eü> [əj]<br /> <EÜ, çü> [ej]<br /> <EÜ, ùü> [œj]<br /> <EÜ, ÿü> [ɛj]<br /> <OÜ, oü> [oj] or [ɔj]<br /> <UÜ, uü> [yj]<br /> <ÔÜ, ôü> [oj]<br /> <ÄÜ, äü> [aɑ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, àü> [ɔ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, éü> [ɛ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, èü> [œ̃j]<br /> <ÃÜ, ãü> [aj]<br /> <ÕÜ, õü> [oj]<br /> <EUÜ, euü> [øj]<br /> </poem><br /> There are also a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> EÎ, eî [əj]<br /> EÎ, çî [ej]<br /> EÎ, ùî [œj]<br /> EÎ, ÿî [ɛj]<br /> IÎ, iî [ij]<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues with /w/ :<br /> These are usually written with a <O, o>, either followed or preceded by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <O, o> stands for /w/ :<br /> <poem><br /> <Oa, oa> [wa]<br /> <Oe, oe> [wə]<br /> <Oç, oç> [we]<br /> <Où, où> [wœ]<br /> <Oÿ, oÿ> [wɛ]<br /> <Oo, oo> [wo] or [wɔ]<br /> <Oy, oy> [wy]<br /> <Oô, oô> [wo]<br /> <Oä, oä> [wɑ̃]<br /> <Oà, oà> [wɔ̃]<br /> <Oé, oé> [wɛ̃]<br /> <Oè, oè> [wœ̃] (This one was described as [wœ̃] already in the original documentation (instead of expected [wæ̃] and has therefore cast some doubt on the identification of vowels /ø/, /œ/ and /œ̃/.)<br /> <Oi, oi> [wi]<br /> <Oeu, oeu> [wø]<br /> And reciprocally (<Ao, ao> [aw]... etc).<br /> </poem><br /> There are however a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> <Io, io> is ambiguous and can denote either /iw/ or /jo/<br /> <Oi, oi> is ambiguous and can denote either /i/ or /wi/<br /> <Oe, oe> is ambiguous and can denote either /wə/ or /ø/<br /> <OU/Ou, ou> always denotes /u/ (/wy/ is denoted <Oy, oy> instead).<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues with /ɥ/ :<br /> <poem><br /> UÎ, uî [ɥi]<br /> Ui, ui [ɥi]<br /> Ua, ua [ɥa]<br /> Uç, uç [ɥe]<br /> Uÿ, uÿ [ɥɛ]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Triphtongues=====<br /> They should also be analyzed as combinations of approximant + vowel + approximant. Besides using <I, i> and <O, o> or even <Ü, ü> and <U, u>, there is a handful of special spellings that denote such "triphtongues" :<br /> <poem><br /> ÜÂ, üâ [jaj]<br /> ÜY, üy [jɔj]<br /> ÊÜ, êü [jaj]<br /> YÜ, yü [joj] or [jɔj]<br /> ÃÎ, ãî [aji]<br /> ÕÎ, õî [oji]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Word-final position induced changes=====<br /> The original consonants /g/ <G, g>, /l/ <L, l> and syllable /wi/ <W, w> turn into [j] when in a word-final position. Instead, the spellings <gue>, <lle> and <wi> are used.<br /> <poem><br /> <g> /j/<br /> <l> /j/<br /> <w> /j/<br /> <gue> /g/<br /> <lle> /l/<br /> <wi> /wi/<br /> </poem><br /> There are some other special spellings :<br /> <poem><br /> <ebm> /ɛjm/<br /> <ebn> /ɛjn/<br /> </poem><br /> Finally, some letters are simply not pronounced at the end of a word, and other spellings are used instead :<br /> <poem><br /> <e><br /> <ô><br /> <d><br /> <nowiki><q></nowiki><br /> <nowiki><s></nowiki><br /> <t><br /> <z><br /> <er><br /> <dde> /d/<br /> <qe> /ʃ/<br /> <sse> /θ/ (or possibly /s/ ?)<br /> <tte> /t/<br /> <ze> /z/<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ====Table of phonemes and their principal corresponding graphemes====<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m <M, m><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n <N, n><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ <Ñ, ñ><br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ <ÎÑ, îñ><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p <P, p> ; b <B, b><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ <TÛ, tû> ; t <T, t> ; d̚ <DÛ, dû> ; d <D, d><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k <K, k> ; g <G, g><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s <C, c> alt. <TĦ/Tħ, tħ> ; z <Z, z> alt. <DĦ/Dħ, dħ> alt. <SĦ/Sħ, sħ><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ <Q, q> ; ʒ <Ö, ö> alt. <JĦ/Jħ, jħ> alt. <QJ/Qj, qj><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ <QÛ, qû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ <ÎF, îf> ; β <ÎV, îv><br /> |colspan="2"| f <F, f> alt. <PĦ/Pħ, pħ> ; v <V, v> alt. <BĦ/Bħ, bħ><br /> |colspan="2"| θ <S, s> alt. <Tûhh, s> ; ð <J, j> <br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ <HÛ, hû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ <ÎQ, îq> ; ɧ̙ʷ̬ <ÎÖ, îö> alt. <LÎÖ, lîö><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <ÎX, îx><br /> |colspan="2"| χ <X, x> ; ʁ <R, r><br /> |colspan="2"| h <H, h><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ <RÛ, rû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j <I, i> (before a vowel), <Ü, ü> (after a vowel) ; ɥ <U, u> (before some vowels)<br /> |colspan="2"| w <O, o> (before or after a vowel)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r <LÛ, lû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ <RX, rx><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ <ĦÛ, ħû> <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l <L, l> ɫ <Û, û><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg <ÎÑg, îñg><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i <I, i> alt. <Oi, oi> ; y <U, u><br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ <Î, î> alt. <Ï, ï><br /> |colspan="2"|u <OU/Ou, ou><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e <E, ç/ë> ; ø <EU/Eu, eu> alt. <OE/Oe, oe><br /> |colspan="2"| ə <E, e><br /> |colspan="2"|o <O, o> alt. <Ô, ô> alt. <Õ, õ><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ <E, ÿ/ê> alt. <EA, ea> ; œ <E, ù/ĕ> alt. <EÔ/Eô, eô> ; ɛ̃ <Ä, é/â> ; œ̃ <Ä, è/ä><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ <O, o> ; ɔ̃ <Ä, à/ă><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä <A, a> alt. <Ã, ã><br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃ <Ä, ä><br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Prosody===<br /> ====Stress====<br /> <br /> There is no lexical stress. It can be assumed that most words or verbal and nominal groups have a slight stress on the last syllable, like in French ; however, there is supposed to be a distinction between short and long vowels, so we can assume that long vowels would be stressed.<br /> <br /> ====Intonation====<br /> <br /> ===Phonotactics===<br /> <br /> ===Morphophonology===<br /> <br /> ==Morphology==<br /> <br /> There are five main parts of speech in Qtolqjimctadû : nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and particles.<br /> <br /> ===Nouns===<br /> Nouns have definiteness, gender, and number. Definiteness is marked by definite and indefinite articles which agree in gender and number with the nouns. There are three genders : neuter, masculine, and feminine. <br /> <br /> ====Gender====<br /> Gender is usually marked by the ending of the noun. Nouns that correspond to non-animate things are usually neutral whereas nouns that describe animate things are usually masculine or feminine. However, some nouns can have all three genders, with the masculine and feminine forms built on an underlying neutral form ; this is common for instance for animal names, or for professions.<br /> <br /> According to documentation, most neuter nouns in the singular end either in <nowiki><-e></nowiki> or in a consonant. There is however no indication of how to distinguish masculine and feminine nouns, but based on the description of neuter forms, it may be posited that they must typically end in some kinds of vowels. Nouns that end in <nowiki><-e></nowiki> in the singular neuter are part of a paradigm that builds masculine and feminine forms on this underlying neuter form :<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Ending in -e<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || -e /ə/ || -ea /ɛ/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || -e /ə/ || -ebn /ɛjn/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || -ea /ɛ/ || -ean /əɑ̃/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> According to documentation, it is common for the neuter to present as a masculine singular ending in the singular, and as a feminine singular ending in the plural.<br /> <br /> ====Definiteness====<br /> Earlier documentation does not explicitly state that the definite and definite articles must agree with nouns in number and gender, but it is apparent in corpus that there is at least a masculine or neutral singular definite article that differs from a feminine singular definite article. From this and comparison with other versions of Tolsian, one can infer that articles, both definite and indefinite, come in at least three forms : masculine singular, feminine singular, and a plural form that covers all genders. Based on the existence of a neutral gender, it may be posited that there must be a neutral singular form as well. There is however no actual indication of whether there is only one plural form for all genders, or if there are also different plural forms for different genders. We'll assume the following paradigm :<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Definite and indefinite articles<br /> |-<br /> ! Definiteness / Gender !! Neuter !! Masculine !! Feminine !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Definite|| - || pna /pna/ || pnÿ /pnɛ/ || -<br /> |-<br /> | Indefinite|| -|| -|| ad /a/ || -<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ====Number====<br /> There are two numbers, singular and plural ; singular is unmarked while plural is marked with a suffix that differs depending on the ending of the noun.<br /> Besides the "-e" paradigm above, different groups of endings take different plural markings. It is likely that the consonantal endings indicate neuter nouns, whereas the vocalic endings indicate masculine and feminine nouns.<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Table of plurals<br /> |-<br /> ! Types of endings !! Plural affix !! Pronunciation<br /> |-<br /> | -c ; -f ; -j ; -l ; -m ; -n ; -v ; -û ; -ë || -c || -cc /s/ ; -fc /fs/ ; -jc /θ/ ; -lc /js/ ; -mc ; -nc ; -vc /fs/ ; -ûc /ɫ/ ; -ëc /bɾɛk/<br /> |-<br /> | -b ; -d ; -g ; -p ; -q ; -w ; -ü ; -k || -tt || -btt /pt/ ; -dtt /d̚/ ; -gtt /kt/ ; -ptt /pt/ ; -qtt /ʃt/ ; -wtt /wit/ ; -ütt /jt/ ; -ktt /kt/<br /> |-<br /> | -s ; -r || -ch || -sch /ʃ/ ; -rch /?/ ("[hˤ]" see notes on consonants) ; -rsch /ʁʃa/<br /> |-<br /> | -h ; -t ; -x ; -z ; -ö ; -ñ || -c or -tt || -hc /k/ ; -tc /ts/ ; -xc /χs/ ; -zc /s/ ; -öc /s/ ; -ñc /s/ <p> -htt /ht/ ; -ttt /t̚/ ; -xtt /χt/ ; -ztt /st/ ; -ött /ʃt/ ; -ñtt /t/<br /> |-<br /> | Vowel endings (other than "e") || -es || not pronounced.<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ====Pronouns====<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Personal subject pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Pronoun<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || I || êü /jaj/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || you || oü /oj/ or /ɔj/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.masc || he || tag /taj/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.fem || she || tal /taj/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.impersonal || "man", "one" || tawi /tawi/<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || we || îhalÿn /xalɛn/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || you || hiçve /hjev/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.masc || they || tagg /tag/ (or /tagj/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.fem || they || tall /tal/ (or /talj/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || you || îqann /ɧ̙ʷan/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Demonstrative pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Pronoun<br /> |-<br /> | Singular demonstrative pronoun || this || fe /fə/<br /> |-<br /> | Plural demonstrative pronoun || these || îvae /βa/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Personal reflexive pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Pronoun<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || myself || kab /kab/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || yourself || kat /ka/ (or /kat) ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.masc || himself || kaad /ka:/ (or /ka:d/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.fem || herself || kaad /ka:/ (or /ka:d/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.impersonal || oneself || kad /ka/ (or /kad/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || ourselves || aö /aʒ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || yourselves || av /av/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.masc || themselves || aann /a:n/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.fem || themselves || aann /a:n/<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || yourself ; yourselves || enn /ən/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Possessive pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Masculine and neuter singular !! Feminine singular !! Masculine and neuter plural !! Feminine plural<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || my, mine || kabħe /kavə/ || kabħa /kava/ || kabħei /kavi/ || kabħae /kavaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || your, yours || katħe /kasə/ || katħa /kasa/ || katħei /kasi/ || katħae /kasaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG || his, her, hers, its || kadħe /kazə/ || kadħa /kaza/ || kadħei /kazi/ || kadħae /kazaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || our, ours || pħaöe /faʒə/ || pħaöa /faʒa/ || pħaöei /faʒi/ || pħaöae /faʒaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || your, yours || pħave /favə/ || pħava /fava/ || pħavei /favi/ || pħavae /favaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL || their, theirs || pħann /fan/ || pħana /fana/ || pħani /fani/ || pħanae /fanaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || your, yours || ïqann /iʃan/ || aîqann /aɧ̙ʷan/ || ïqani /iʃani/ || aîqane /aɧ̙ʷan/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Possessive pronouns agree in gender and number with the nouns denoting what is "possessed".<br /> <br /> ===Verbs===<br /> <br /> There are two main verbal groups, one ending in "-ë" (usually with a radical ending in a vowel), and one ending in "-er" (usually with a radical ending in a consonant). Verbs are conjugated for person, tense, and mood. There are formally seven persons : first singular, second singular, third singular, first plural, second plural, third plural, and the "polite" second person used in formal contexts for which number is neutralized. <br /> <br /> ====Mood====<br /> <br /> There are four moods : indicative, conditional, imperative and so-called "absolute" (can also be called gnomic). <br /> =====Indicative=====<br /> The indicative and absolute moods are forms of realis : indicative is used to express statements or facts, and also other modalities not expressed with other moods. <br /> =====Absolute=====<br /> The absolute is traditionally treated as a mood because of its specific grammatical markings, but better corresponds semantically to the gnomic aspect. It can also be used to express a higher degree of certainty than indicative, or to express emphasis. According to documentation : <q>L'absolu est un mode intemporel. Il peut traduire un présent de vérité générale, parler d'une propriété intrinsèque à un corps, être utilisé en poésie... Il peut être utilisé aussi en tant que présent s'il décrit une action ''a priori'' continue dans le temps, comme lorsqu'on emploie des adjectifs qualificatifs.</q><br /> =====Imperative=====<br /> The conditional and imperative moods are forms of irrealis : the imperative expresses commands, prohibitions and requests. It is not used with the seventh person (2nd person used for politeness), in which case it is substituted for a hypothetical conditional. <br /> =====Conditional=====<br /> The conditional expresses hypotheticals, desires and wishes. According to documentation, so-called "hypothetical conditional" corresponds to the French subjunctive mood.<br /> ====Tense====<br /> <br /> There are three main tenses : present, past and future. <br /> <br /> =====Present=====<br /> *In the indicative mode, there is one present, the indicative present.<br /> *In the conditional mood, there are two kinds of present : the conditional present and the so-called "hypothetical conditional present" (''conditionel hypothétique présent''), meant to correspond to the French subjunctive present.<br /> *In the imperative and absolute moods, there is only a present tense.<br /> =====Past=====<br /> *In the indicative mood, there are four kinds of past : the so-called "foregone past" (''passé révolu''), which is meant to correspond to the French pluperfect ; the "descriptive past" (''passé descriptif''), meant to correspond to the French simple past and imperfect past ; the "general past" (''passé général''), meant to correspond to the French imperfect and ''passé composé'' (present perfect) ; and the "anterior past" (''passé antérieur''), built analytically with the auxiliary verb "kavaver"(to have) in the foregone past and the past participle.<br /> *In the conditional mood, there are three kinds of past : the "past conditional" (''conditionnel passé''), the so-called "retrospective conditional" (''conditionnel rétrospectif''), which is meant to correspond to the French ''conditionnel passé de seconde forme'', and the so-called "hypothetical conditional past" (''conditionel hypothétique passé''), meant to express the French past subjunctive. <br /> =====Future=====<br /> In the indicative mood, there are two kinds of future : the "general future" (''futur général''), which indicates event that are yet to happen, and the "retrospective future" (''futur rétrospectif''), which corresponds to the traditional "future perfect" (''futur antérieur''), used to express an action that will be completed before another action in the future.<br /> <br /> ====Conjugation tables====<br /> <br /> The only available conjugation tables describe the endings in the indicative present for verbs of the first and second groups.<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Indicative present of the first group : "kalûaë", ''to be''<br /> |-<br /> ! Person !! Ending !! Example<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || -qni /ʃni/ || kalûaqni /kaɾaʃni/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || -qniî /ʃnij/ || kalûaqniî /kaɾaʃnij/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG || - (radical) || kalûa /kaɾa/<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || -cÿcq /sesʃ/ || kalûacÿcq /kaɾasesʃ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || -tts /t/ || kalûatts /kaɾat/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL || -me /mə/ || kalûame /kaɾamə/<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || -i /i/ || kalûai /kaɾai/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Indicative present of the second group : "kavaver", ''to have''<br /> |-<br /> ! Person !! Ending !! Example<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || - (radical) || kav /kav/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || -s (unpronounced) || kavavs /kavav/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG || - (radical) || kavav /kavav/<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || -m /m/ || kavavm /kavavm/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || -ês /ja/ || kavavês /kavavja/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL || -n /n/ || kavavn /kavavn/<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || -i /i/ || kavi /kavi/<br /> |}<br /> Note : the first and seventh persons are irregular in this case.<br /> <br /> ====Participle====<br /> <br /> =====Present participle=====<br /> There are two different kinds of present participles ; the regular present participle, and a so-called substantival present participle (''participe présent substantivé'').<br /> *Regular present participle :<br /> It is built by adding either the ending -klûenat /kɾna/ or the ending -kvi /gvi/ to the verb radical. These endings correspond directly to the present participles of the verb kalûaë : klûenat, and of the verb kavaver : kvi.<br /> Example : çctekvi /estegvi/, "losing".<br /> *Substantival present participle :<br /> It is used for instance for expressing continuing action (''Il sert par exemple à transcrire l'idée d'action continue : en français, "être en train de..."''). It is built by adding the ending -m to the infinitive form.<br /> Example : kavaverm /kavavm/ "having", kalûaëm /kaɾam/ "being", çctÿeëm /estɛbɾəm/ "losing".<br /> Example : Êü kavaqni çcteëm nda tÿmg kabbhe, "I am wasting my time"<br /> Subject pronoun "I" + verb "to have" + substantival present participle of the verb "to lose" + particle "in, from, of" + "time" + possessive pronoun "mine".<br /> <br /> =====Past participle=====<br /> <br /> The past participle is built by adding the ending -ut /y/ to the verb radical, for verbs of the first group ; and by adding the ending -ç /e/ to the verb radical, for verbs of the second group. <br /> Exceptions : kalûaë : klûu /kɾy/ (or /kɾu/ ?), "been" ; kavaver : avvç /av:e/.<br /> The past participle agrees in gender and number with the object of the verb :<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Caption text<br /> |-<br /> ! !! first group !! second group<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine singular || -ut /y/ || -ç /e/<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter singular || -ut /y/ || -ç /e/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine singular || -uet /y/ || -çe /e/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine plural || -uts /y/ || -çs /e/<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter plural || -uts /y/ || -çs /e/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine plural || -uets /y/ || -çes /e/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Example : çcteut, çcteuts, çcteuet, çcteuets /esty/.<br /> <br /> ===Adjectives===<br /> <br /> Adjectives agree in gender and number with the nouns they qualify. It is marked with a prefix that changes depending on the beginning of the neuter singular form.<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with a vowel<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || es- /əθ/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || a- /a/ || ai- /aj/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || e- /ə/ || es- /əθ/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with h-, t-, x-, z-, ö-,ñ-<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || cs- /s/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || q- /ʃ/ || qs- /ʃ/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || c- /s/ || cs- /s/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with b-, d-, g-, p-, q-, w-, ü-, k<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || hm- /hm/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || m- /m/ || ebm- /ɛjm/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || hm- /hm/ || hebm- /hɛjm/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with s-, r-<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || kbett- /kbət/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || kbet- /kbət/ || kbest- /kbət/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || kbeat- /kbɛt/ || kbeast- /kbɛt/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with c-, f-, j-, l-, m-, n-, v-, û-, ë-<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || atûïve- /at̚ɨvə/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || etûove- /ət̚ovə/ || etûïve- /ət̚ɨvə/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || atûova- /at̚ova/ || atûïva- /at̚ɨva/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Adverbs===<br /> <br /> There is no information on adverbs but, based on other versions of Tolsian, we can assume they are invariable in form, qualify verbs and adjectives, and are usually placed before the verb or adjective they qualify.<br /> <br /> ===Particles===<br /> <br /> Particles are function words that include prepositions, postpositions, conjunction words, etc. <br /> *One notable particle is the so-called subject particle, which is used with stative verbs to introduce the subject's attribute. It can take two different forms, usually depending on whether the subject is animate (particle "tke?") or inanimate (particle "ke?"), but also potentially on whether the relationship between subject and attribute is perceived as "temporary" or "eternal".<br /> *Another notable particle is the "possessive" particle, which is suffixed to the noun that represents a "possessor", akin to a genitive marking. It can be used instead of possessive pronouns, when suffixed to a personal subject pronoun : for instance, the personal pronoun "êü" + the possessive particle "-dô" becomes "êüdô", ''my''. On the other hand, when using one of the possessive pronouns, a so-called "possessed particle" is placed in front of the "possessed" noun.<br /> *Some particles are more like traditional prepositions ; for instance, "nda" means ''in, from, of''.<br /> <br /> ===Derivational morphology===<br /> <br /> ====Adjectives====<br /> <br /> Adjectives can be derived from nouns by adding the suffix -ke. The resulting adjective agrees in gender and number with the noun it qualifies, following the regular agreement rules for adjectives.<br /> Example : "tolsian", neuter singular : tolqjimke, masculine singular : qtolqjimke.<br /> <br /> ====Nouns====<br /> Nouns can be derived from adjectives or past participles by adding the suffix -ctadû /stad̚/. The resulting noun is usually masculine. According to documentation, if a noun is derived from an adjective that was itself derived from a noun with the suffix -ke, then this suffix should be dropped, which sure sounds a lot like we're back to deriving a noun from a noun.<br /> Example : (the) Tolsian (language) : pna Qtolqjimctadû.<br /> <br /> ====Verbs====<br /> <br /> Verbs can most likely be derived from nouns by adding either the suffix -ë (probably if the noun ends in a vowel) or the suffix -er (if it ends in a consonant).<br /> <br /> ==Syntax==<br /> ===Constituent order===<br /> *Sentences with a stative verbs have a different constituent order depending on whether the attribute is an adjective or a noun phrase ; in the first case, it is akin to a SVO order, in the second, to an OSV order :<br /> <br /> "I am Tolsian" (the speaker is a woman) : êü kalûaqni tke? ctolqjimke.<br /> <br /> Subject + "to be" + subject particle + "Tolsian" (f.sg.)<br /> <br /> "I am a (Tolsian) woman" : Ad tke? mqarea (ctolqjimke) êü kalûaqni.<br /> <br /> Article + subject particle + "woman" (+ "Tolsian") + subject + "to be".<br /> <br /> *The basic constituent order of a declarative sentence is SVO.<br /> Example : "I am wasting my time" : Êü kavaqni çcteëm nda tÿmg kabbhe. <br /> <br /> Subject pronoun + "to have" + substantival present participle of the verb "to lose" + particle "in, from, of" + "time" + possessive pronoun "mine".<br /> <br /> ===Noun phrase===<br /> If there is a determiner (for example, a definiteness article), it is placed at the beginning of the noun phrase. If there is an adjective, it can be placed either right before, or right after, the noun it qualifies. Most particles are placed between a determiner and the adjective + noun (or noun + adjective) group. A prepositional phrase or clause comes after.<br /> <br /> Example :<br /> <br /> "I am Tolsian" (the speaker is a woman) : êü kalûaqni tke? ctolqjimke.<br /> <br /> Subject + "to be" + subject particle + "Tolsian" (f.sg.)<br /> <br /> ===Verb phrase===<br /> ===Sentence phrase===<br /> ===Dependent clauses===<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Example texts==<br /> <br /> ==Other resources==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Qtolqjimctadû]]<br /> [[Category:Languages]]<br /> [[Category:Conlangs]]<br /> [[Category:Tolsian]]</div>

Uvie https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Qtolqjimctad%C3%BB&diff=526618 Qtolqjimctadû 2026-05-21T20:46:12Z

<p>Uvie: /* Constituent order */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Introduction==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ<br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p b<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ t d̚ d<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k g<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s z<br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ ʒ <br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ β<br /> |colspan="2"| f v<br /> |colspan="2"| θ ð<br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ ɧ̙ʷ̬<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <br /> |colspan="2"| χ ʁ<br /> |colspan="2"| h<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j ɥ<br /> |colspan="2"| w<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l ɫ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> Notes :<br /> <br /> In earlier documentation, proper knowledge of IPA was lacking and several of the phonemes had to be identified from either phonetically inaccurate IPA descriptions or vague, impressionistic ones. Several phonemes could not be recovered. Here is a list of deviations from the above table :<br /> <poem><br /> Identified phonemes :<br /> /ɸ/ was described as [fʷ] (written <ÎF, îf>).<br /> /β/ was described as [vʷ] (written <ÎV, îv>).<br /> /ʁ/ was described as [ʀ] (written <R, r>).<br /> /ʀ/ was described as [rˤ] (''sorte de « r » très roulé'', written <RX, rx>).<br /> /ɹ/ was described as [ʀˤ] (''sorte de « r » anglais'', written <RÛ, rû>).<br /> /ɫ/ was described as [l̪ ] (''comme à la fin du mot anglais "well"'', written <Û, û>).<br /> /χ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [x] (written <X, x>), while /x/ itself was most likely described as [xˤ] (written <ÎX, îx>).<br /> /ŋ/ was probably described as [ɲˤ] (written <ÎÑ, îñ>), while the sound described as [ŋ] (written <ÎÑg, îñg>) probably corresponded to /ᵑg/.<br /> /ɾ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [r̺] (written <ĦÛ, ħû>, as well as part of the cluster /bɾ/+V with the help of <Ë, ë> as [bɾə], described as [br̺ə]).<br /> /r/ might have been what was described as [r] (''sorte de « r » roulé à la japonaise'', written <LÛ, lû>).<br /> /ɧ̙ʷ/ and its voiced version /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ are, to this day, subject to doubt regarding their IPA descriptions. They were most likely corresponding to the sounds described as [ʃ ̪ ] (written <ÎQ, îq>) and [ʒ̺̺̺ ] (written <ÎÖ, îö> or <LÎÖ, lîö>).<br /> /t̚/ and /d̚/ are also subject to some doubt regarding their IPA descriptions still. They were described as [t̪] (written <TÛ, tû>) and [d̪] (written <DÛ, dû>).<br /> The phoneme described as [ʃʲ] probably has a realization closer to [ç] or [ɕ] (written <QÛ, qû>).<br /> <br /> Unidentified or very doubtful phonemes :<br /> Some /h/-like phoneme, described as [hˤ] (written <ÎH, îh>). It might have corresponded to /ɣ/, but it is not very likely.<br /> /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ might have been what was described as [l̤ʲ] (written <HÛ, hû>). Based on its spelling it is more likely to be devoiced.<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i y<br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ<br /> |colspan="2"|u<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e ø<br /> |colspan="2"| ə<br /> |colspan="2"|o<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ œ ɛ̃ œ̃<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ ɔ̃<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä<br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃<br /> |}<br /> Vowel length is supposed to be phonemic, with regular (or short) vowels, and long vowels.<br /> <br /> Similarly to consonants, some vowels had to be "re-identified" from previous documentation and some deviations arise :<br /> <poem><br /> /œ/ is probably what was described as [æ] (written <Ù, ù> or <E, ĕ> or <EÔ/Eô, eô>).<br /> /œ̃/ is probably what was described as [æ̃] (written <Ä, è> or <Ä, ä>).<br /> /ø/ is probably what was described as [œ] (written <EU/Eu, eu> or <OE/Oe, oe>).<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Orthography===<br /> Orthography was made complicated on purpose.<br /> <br /> ====Alphabet====<br /> <poem><br /> A, a /a/<br /> B, b /b/<br /> C, c /s/<br /> D, d /d/<br /> E, e /ə/ ; E, ç/ë /e/ ; E, ù/ĕ /œ/ ; E, ÿ/ê /ɛ/<br /> F, f /f/<br /> G, g /g/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> H, h /h/<br /> Ħ, ħ soundless ; mostly used in composed graphemes.<br /> I, i /i/<br /> J, j /ð/<br /> K, k /k/<br /> L, l /l/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> M, m /m/<br /> N, n /n/<br /> O, o /o/ or /ɔ/<br /> P, p /p/<br /> Q, q /ʃ/<br /> R, r /ʁ/<br /> S, s /θ/<br /> T, t /t/<br /> U, u /y/<br /> V, v /v/<br /> W, w /wi/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> X, x /χ/<br /> Y, y /jo/ or /ɔj/<br /> Z, z /z/<br /> Â, â /aj/<br /> Ê, ê /ja/<br /> Û, û /ɫ/<br /> Î, î /ɨ/ soundless when used in composed graphemes.<br /> Ô, ô /o/<br /> Ä, ä /ɑ̃/ ; Ä, à/ă /ɔ̃/ ; Ä, é/â /ɛ̃/ ; Ä, è/ä /œ̃/<br /> Ë, ë /bɾə/<br /> Ü, ü /j/<br /> Ï, ï /ɨ/<br /> Ö, ö /ʒ/<br /> Ã, ã /a/<br /> Õ, õ /o/<br /> Ñ, ñ /ɲ/<br /> </poem><br /> =====History=====<br /> Like most, if not all, versions of Tolsian, Qtolqjimctadû was meant to be written with the original Tolsian script. Some graphemes were chosen because of the limitations of the French keyboard, but were initally supposed to correspond to another, preexisting grapheme, with a diacritic, in order to reflect the original script. Some graphemes with diacritic are supposed to represent letters in the original script that are not simply versions of another letter with a diacritic ; this is why in the list below, <nowiki><ë></nowiki> appears to represent /e/, alongside <nowiki><ç></nowiki>, whereas in <Ë, ë> it represents /bɾə/ in the alphabet : they have different underlying identities.<br /> <poem><br /> <e> with diaeresis ¨ becomes <ç> (or <ë>)<br /> <e> with cedilla or possibly hook below (''accent « petite courbe vers le bas »'') becomes <ù> (or <ĕ>)<br /> <e> with circumflex accent ^ becomes <ÿ> (or <ê>)<br /> <O, o> (or <Ô, ô> ?) with circumflex accent becomes <Õ, õ><br /> <U, u> with dieresis becomes <Ü, ü><br /> <U, u> with circumflex accent becomes <Û, û><br /> <Â, â> with circumflex accent becomes <Ê, ê><br /> <Î, î> with circumflex accent becomes <Ï, ï><br /> <ä> with cedilla or hook below becomes <à> (o <ă>)<br /> <ä> with circumflex becomes <é> (or <â>)<br /> <ä> with diaeresis becomes <è> (or <ä>)<br /> <Â, â> with circumflex becomes <Ã, ã><br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ====Spelling rules====<br /> Long vowels are spelled with doubled graphemes (<Aa, aa> /a:/, etc).<br /> <br /> Some graphemes, namely <E, e> /ə/ ; <E, ç/ë> /e/ ; <E, ù/ĕ> /œ/ ; <E, ÿ/ê> /ɛ/ and <Ä, ä> /ɑ̃/ ; <Ä, à/ă> /ɔ̃/ ; <Ä, é/â> /ɛ̃/ ; <Ä, è/ä /œ̃/> use the same capital letter, but different minuscule letters, for different phonemes. This is partly due to limitations on a French keyboard, and partly to reflect the original Tolsian script in which these phonemes use the same letter but with different diacritics.<br /> <br /> The grapheme <Î, î> denotes /ɨ/, except in front of some consonants (<F, f>, <V, v>, <Q, q>, <Ö, ö>, <Ñ, ñ>, <X, x>, <H, h>) ; the grapheme <Ï, ï> is used instead in order to denote /ɨ/.<br /> <br /> There are many digraphs and even trigraphs ; usually, all letters are capitalized, when capitalization is needed.<br /> =====Digraphs with <Î, î>=====<br /> In the original documentation, these are described as "purified" (''épurés'').<br /> <poem><br /> ÎF, îf /ɸ/<br /> ÎV, îv /β/<br /> ÎQ, îq /ɧ̙ʷ/<br /> ÎÖ, îö /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ <br /> ÎÑ, îñ /ŋ/<br /> ÎX, îx /x/<br /> ÎH, îh unknown, possibly /ɣ/<br /> </poem><br /> It is unclear if the following are considered to be "purified" :<br /> <poem><br /> <Äî, äî> /an/<br /> <Äî, àî> /on/ or /ɔn/<br /> <Äî, éî> /in/ or /im/<br /> <Äî, èî> /un/ or /œm/<br /> </poem><br /> =====Trigraphs with <Î, î>=====<br /> These were also considered to be "purified".<br /> <poem><br /> LÎÖ, lîö /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ <br /> ÎÑg, îñg /ᵑg/<br /> </poem><br /> =====Digraphs with <Û, û>=====<br /> Some of these digraphs were originally described as "wet" (''mouillés'') :<br /> <poem><br /> TÛ, tû /t̚/<br /> QÛ, qû /ʃʲ/ (probably realized [ç] or [ɕ])<br /> DÛ, dû /d̚/<br /> </poem><br /> Others were not considered to be "wet" :<br /> <poem><br /> LÛ, lû /r/<br /> HÛ, hû possibly /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ <br /> ĦÛ, ħû /ɾ/<br /> RÛ, rû /ɹ/ <br /> <br /> =====Trigraphs with <Û, û>=====<br /> There is only one such trigraph, and only the first letter is capitalized, if needed. It is possibly meant to appear only word-initially as it was only given as <Tûhh> :<br /> Tûhh /θ/<br /> <br /> =====Digraphs with <Ħ, ħ>=====<br /> These can also be written as trigraphs, swapping <Ħ, ħ> for <Hh, hh>. As digraphs, one may likewise capitalize both letters or only the first one. As trigraphs, Only the first letter is capitalized.<br /> Ħ, ħ can be found on its own but is soundless. It may be used as part of the following digraphs, or used to maintain a hiatus between vowels and <I, i> or <O, o>. It can also be written <Hh, hh>.<br /> PĦ/Pħ, pħ /f/ (or <Phh, phh>)<br /> TĦ/Tħ, tħ /s/ (or <Thh, thh><br /> JĦ/Jħ, jħ /ʒ/ (or <Jhh, jhh>)<br /> BĦ/Bħ, bħ /v/ (or <Bhh, bhh>)<br /> DĦ/Dħ, dħ /z/ (or <Dhh, dhh>)<br /> SĦ/Sħ, sħ /z/ (or <Shh, shh>)<br /> <br /> =====Digraphs and trigraph with <Ë, ë>=====<br /> The phoneme /ɾ/ also appears as part of a syllable /bɾə/, written <Ë, ë>. When <Ë, ë> is followed by a vowel, the /ə/ is replaced by that vowel :<br /> Ëa, ëa [bɾa]<br /> Ëç, ëç [bɾe]<br /> Ëÿ, ëÿ [bɾɛ]<br /> Ëu, ëu [bɾy]<br /> Ëo, ëo [bɾo] or [bɾɔ]<br /> Ëï, ëï [bɾi]<br /> Ëä, ëä [bɾɑ̃]<br /> Ëà, ëà [bɾɔ̃]<br /> Ëé, ëé [bɾɛ̃]<br /> Ëè, ëè [bɾœ̃]<br /> Ëou, ëou [bɾu]<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> =====Some more consonantal digraphs=====<br /> RX, rx /ʀ/<br /> QJ/Qj, qj /ʒ/<br /> =====Vocalic digraphs=====<br /> <poem><br /> <Oi, oi> [i]<br /> <EU/Eu, eu> [ø]<br /> <OU/Ou, ou> [u]<br /> <EA, ea> [ɛ]<br /> (But <Ea, ea> [əa])<br /> <OE/Oe, oe> [ø]<br /> <EÔ/Eô, eô> [œ]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Nasal vowels=====<br /> Some digraphs and trigraphs denote nasal vowels, with <N, n> and <M, m> :<br /> <poem><br /> <An, an> /ɑ̃/<br /> <Am, am> /ɑ̃/<br /> <En, en> /ɑ̃/<br /> <Em, em> /ɑ̃/<br /> <In, in> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Im, im> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Ein, ein> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Eim, eim> /ɛ̃/<br /> <On, on> /ɔ̃/<br /> <Om, om> /ɔ̃/<br /> <Un, un> /œ̃/<br /> <Um, um> /œ̃/<br /> </poem><br /> However, if there are two <N, n> or <M, m> following a vowel, then it is not nasalized but pronounced as V+[n or m] instead (<Ann, ann> [an], <Amm, amm> [am],... etc). Besides, vocalic graphemes other than <A, a>, <E, e>, <I, i>, <O, o>, <U, u> do not get nasalized when followed by an <N, n> or <M, m>.<br /> =====Diphtongues=====<br /> They have been described as diphtongues, but should rather be analyzed as combinations of vowels and approximants. There are three different approximants : /j/, /w/ and /ɥ/, which only appear in a limited number of cases.<br /> *Diphtongues /j/ + vowel :<br /> They are usually written with a <I, i> followed by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <I, i> stands for /j/ :<br /> <poem><br /> <Ia, ia> [ja]<br /> <Ie, ie> [jə]<br /> <Iç, iç> [je]<br /> <Iù, iù> [jœ]<br /> <Iÿ, iÿ> [jɛ]<br /> <Io, io> [jo] or [jɔ]<br /> <Iu, iu> [jy]<br /> <Iô, iô> [jo]<br /> <Iä, iä> [jɑ̃]<br /> <Ià, ià> [jɔ̃]<br /> <Ié, ié> [jɛ̃]<br /> <Iè, iè> [jœ̃]<br /> <Ii, ii> [ji]<br /> <Iou, iou> [ju]<br /> <Ieu, ieu> [jø]<br /> </poem><br /> However, there are a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> ÜÃ, üã [ja]<br /> ÜÕ, üõ [jo]<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues vowel + /j/ :<br /> They are usually written with a <Ü, ü> preceded by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <Ü, ü> stands for /j/ (minus the exceptions above) :<br /> <poem><br /> <AÜ, aü> [aj]<br /> <EÜ, eü> [əj]<br /> <EÜ, çü> [ej]<br /> <EÜ, ùü> [œj]<br /> <EÜ, ÿü> [ɛj]<br /> <OÜ, oü> [oj] or [ɔj]<br /> <UÜ, uü> [yj]<br /> <ÔÜ, ôü> [oj]<br /> <ÄÜ, äü> [aɑ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, àü> [ɔ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, éü> [ɛ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, èü> [œ̃j]<br /> <ÃÜ, ãü> [aj]<br /> <ÕÜ, õü> [oj]<br /> <EUÜ, euü> [øj]<br /> </poem><br /> There are also a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> EÎ, eî [əj]<br /> EÎ, çî [ej]<br /> EÎ, ùî [œj]<br /> EÎ, ÿî [ɛj]<br /> IÎ, iî [ij]<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues with /w/ :<br /> These are usually written with a <O, o>, either followed or preceded by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <O, o> stands for /w/ :<br /> <poem><br /> <Oa, oa> [wa]<br /> <Oe, oe> [wə]<br /> <Oç, oç> [we]<br /> <Où, où> [wœ]<br /> <Oÿ, oÿ> [wɛ]<br /> <Oo, oo> [wo] or [wɔ]<br /> <Oy, oy> [wy]<br /> <Oô, oô> [wo]<br /> <Oä, oä> [wɑ̃]<br /> <Oà, oà> [wɔ̃]<br /> <Oé, oé> [wɛ̃]<br /> <Oè, oè> [wœ̃] (This one was described as [wœ̃] already in the original documentation (instead of expected [wæ̃] and has therefore cast some doubt on the identification of vowels /ø/, /œ/ and /œ̃/.)<br /> <Oi, oi> [wi]<br /> <Oeu, oeu> [wø]<br /> And reciprocally (<Ao, ao> [aw]... etc).<br /> </poem><br /> There are however a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> <Io, io> is ambiguous and can denote either /iw/ or /jo/<br /> <Oi, oi> is ambiguous and can denote either /i/ or /wi/<br /> <Oe, oe> is ambiguous and can denote either /wə/ or /ø/<br /> <OU/Ou, ou> always denotes /u/ (/wy/ is denoted <Oy, oy> instead).<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues with /ɥ/ :<br /> <poem><br /> UÎ, uî [ɥi]<br /> Ui, ui [ɥi]<br /> Ua, ua [ɥa]<br /> Uç, uç [ɥe]<br /> Uÿ, uÿ [ɥɛ]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Triphtongues=====<br /> They should also be analyzed as combinations of approximant + vowel + approximant. Besides using <I, i> and <O, o> or even <Ü, ü> and <U, u>, there is a handful of special spellings that denote such "triphtongues" :<br /> <poem><br /> ÜÂ, üâ [jaj]<br /> ÜY, üy [jɔj]<br /> ÊÜ, êü [jaj]<br /> YÜ, yü [joj] or [jɔj]<br /> ÃÎ, ãî [aji]<br /> ÕÎ, õî [oji]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Word-final position induced changes=====<br /> The original consonants /g/ <G, g>, /l/ <L, l> and syllable /wi/ <W, w> turn into [j] when in a word-final position. Instead, the spellings <gue>, <lle> and <wi> are used.<br /> <poem><br /> <g> /j/<br /> <l> /j/<br /> <w> /j/<br /> <gue> /g/<br /> <lle> /l/<br /> <wi> /wi/<br /> </poem><br /> There are some other special spellings :<br /> <poem><br /> <ebm> /ɛjm/<br /> <ebn> /ɛjn/<br /> </poem><br /> Finally, some letters are simply not pronounced at the end of a word, and other spellings are used instead :<br /> <poem><br /> <e><br /> <ô><br /> <d><br /> <nowiki><q></nowiki><br /> <nowiki><s></nowiki><br /> <t><br /> <z><br /> <er><br /> <dde> /d/<br /> <qe> /ʃ/<br /> <sse> /θ/ (or possibly /s/ ?)<br /> <tte> /t/<br /> <ze> /z/<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ====Table of phonemes and their principal corresponding graphemes====<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m <M, m><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n <N, n><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ <Ñ, ñ><br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ <ÎÑ, îñ><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p <P, p> ; b <B, b><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ <TÛ, tû> ; t <T, t> ; d̚ <DÛ, dû> ; d <D, d><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k <K, k> ; g <G, g><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s <C, c> alt. <TĦ/Tħ, tħ> ; z <Z, z> alt. <DĦ/Dħ, dħ> alt. <SĦ/Sħ, sħ><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ <Q, q> ; ʒ <Ö, ö> alt. <JĦ/Jħ, jħ> alt. <QJ/Qj, qj><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ <QÛ, qû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ <ÎF, îf> ; β <ÎV, îv><br /> |colspan="2"| f <F, f> alt. <PĦ/Pħ, pħ> ; v <V, v> alt. <BĦ/Bħ, bħ><br /> |colspan="2"| θ <S, s> alt. <Tûhh, s> ; ð <J, j> <br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ <HÛ, hû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ <ÎQ, îq> ; ɧ̙ʷ̬ <ÎÖ, îö> alt. <LÎÖ, lîö><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <ÎX, îx><br /> |colspan="2"| χ <X, x> ; ʁ <R, r><br /> |colspan="2"| h <H, h><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ <RÛ, rû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j <I, i> (before a vowel), <Ü, ü> (after a vowel) ; ɥ <U, u> (before some vowels)<br /> |colspan="2"| w <O, o> (before or after a vowel)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r <LÛ, lû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ <RX, rx><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ <ĦÛ, ħû> <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l <L, l> ɫ <Û, û><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg <ÎÑg, îñg><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i <I, i> alt. <Oi, oi> ; y <U, u><br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ <Î, î> alt. <Ï, ï><br /> |colspan="2"|u <OU/Ou, ou><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e <E, ç/ë> ; ø <EU/Eu, eu> alt. <OE/Oe, oe><br /> |colspan="2"| ə <E, e><br /> |colspan="2"|o <O, o> alt. <Ô, ô> alt. <Õ, õ><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ <E, ÿ/ê> alt. <EA, ea> ; œ <E, ù/ĕ> alt. <EÔ/Eô, eô> ; ɛ̃ <Ä, é/â> ; œ̃ <Ä, è/ä><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ <O, o> ; ɔ̃ <Ä, à/ă><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä <A, a> alt. <Ã, ã><br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃ <Ä, ä><br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Prosody===<br /> ====Stress====<br /> <br /> There is no lexical stress. It can be assumed that most words or verbal and nominal groups have a slight stress on the last syllable, like in French ; however, there is supposed to be a distinction between short and long vowels, so we can assume that long vowels would be stressed.<br /> <br /> ====Intonation====<br /> <br /> ===Phonotactics===<br /> <br /> ===Morphophonology===<br /> <br /> ==Morphology==<br /> <br /> There are five main parts of speech in Qtolqjimctadû : nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and particles.<br /> <br /> ===Nouns===<br /> Nouns have definiteness, gender, and number. Definiteness is marked by definite and indefinite articles which agree in gender and number with the nouns. There are three genders : neuter, masculine, and feminine. <br /> <br /> ====Gender====<br /> Gender is usually marked by the ending of the noun. Nouns that correspond to non-animate things are usually neutral whereas nouns that describe animate things are usually masculine or feminine. However, some nouns can have all three genders, with the masculine and feminine forms built on an underlying neutral form ; this is common for instance for animal names, or for professions.<br /> <br /> According to documentation, most neuter nouns in the singular end either in <nowiki><-e></nowiki> or in a consonant. There is however no indication of how to distinguish masculine and feminine nouns, but based on the description of neuter forms, it may be posited that they must typically end in some kinds of vowels. Nouns that end in <nowiki><-e></nowiki> in the singular neuter are part of a paradigm that builds masculine and feminine forms on this underlying neuter form :<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Ending in -e<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || -e /ə/ || -ea /ɛ/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || -e /ə/ || -ebn /ɛjn/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || -ea /ɛ/ || -ean /əɑ̃/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> According to documentation, it is common for the neuter to present as a masculine singular ending in the singular, and as a feminine singular ending in the plural.<br /> <br /> ====Definiteness====<br /> Earlier documentation does not explicitly state that the definite and definite articles must agree with nouns in number and gender, but it is apparent in corpus that there is at least a masculine or neutral singular definite article that differs from a feminine singular definite article. From this and comparison with other versions of Tolsian, one can infer that articles, both definite and indefinite, come in at least three forms : masculine singular, feminine singular, and a plural form that covers all genders. Based on the existence of a neutral gender, it may be posited that there must be a neutral singular form as well. There is however no actual indication of whether there is only one plural form for all genders, or if there are also different plural forms for different genders. We'll assume the following paradigm :<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Definite and indefinite articles<br /> |-<br /> ! Definiteness / Gender !! Neuter !! Masculine !! Feminine !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Definite|| - || pna /pna/ || pnÿ /pnɛ/ || -<br /> |-<br /> | Indefinite|| -|| -|| ad /a/ || -<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ====Number====<br /> There are two numbers, singular and plural ; singular is unmarked while plural is marked with a suffix that differs depending on the ending of the noun.<br /> Besides the "-e" paradigm above, different groups of endings take different plural markings. It is likely that the consonantal endings indicate neuter nouns, whereas the vocalic endings indicate masculine and feminine nouns.<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Table of plurals<br /> |-<br /> ! Types of endings !! Plural affix !! Pronunciation<br /> |-<br /> | -c ; -f ; -j ; -l ; -m ; -n ; -v ; -û ; -ë || -c || -cc /s/ ; -fc /fs/ ; -jc /θ/ ; -lc /js/ ; -mc ; -nc ; -vc /fs/ ; -ûc /ɫ/ ; -ëc /bɾɛk/<br /> |-<br /> | -b ; -d ; -g ; -p ; -q ; -w ; -ü ; -k || -tt || -btt /pt/ ; -dtt /d̚/ ; -gtt /kt/ ; -ptt /pt/ ; -qtt /ʃt/ ; -wtt /wit/ ; -ütt /jt/ ; -ktt /kt/<br /> |-<br /> | -s ; -r || -ch || -sch /ʃ/ ; -rch /?/ ("[hˤ]" see notes on consonants) ; -rsch /ʁʃa/<br /> |-<br /> | -h ; -t ; -x ; -z ; -ö ; -ñ || -c or -tt || -hc /k/ ; -tc /ts/ ; -xc /χs/ ; -zc /s/ ; -öc /s/ ; -ñc /s/ <p> -htt /ht/ ; -ttt /t̚/ ; -xtt /χt/ ; -ztt /st/ ; -ött /ʃt/ ; -ñtt /t/<br /> |-<br /> | Vowel endings (other than "e") || -es || not pronounced.<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ====Pronouns====<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Personal subject pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Pronoun<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || I || êü /jaj/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || you || oü /oj/ or /ɔj/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.masc || he || tag /taj/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.fem || she || tal /taj/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.impersonal || "man", "one" || tawi /tawi/<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || we || îhalÿn /xalɛn/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || you || hiçve /hjev/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.masc || they || tagg /tag/ (or /tagj/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.fem || they || tall /tal/ (or /talj/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || you || îqann /ɧ̙ʷan/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Demonstrative pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Pronoun<br /> |-<br /> | Singular demonstrative pronoun || this || fe /fə/<br /> |-<br /> | Plural demonstrative pronoun || these || îvae /βa/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Personal reflexive pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Pronoun<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || myself || kab /kab/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || yourself || kat /ka/ (or /kat) ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.masc || himself || kaad /ka:/ (or /ka:d/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.fem || herself || kaad /ka:/ (or /ka:d/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.impersonal || oneself || kad /ka/ (or /kad/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || ourselves || aö /aʒ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || yourselves || av /av/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.masc || themselves || aann /a:n/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.fem || themselves || aann /a:n/<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || yourself ; yourselves || enn /ən/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Possessive pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Masculine and neuter singular !! Feminine singular !! Masculine and neuter plural !! Feminine plural<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || my, mine || kabħe /kavə/ || kabħa /kava/ || kabħei /kavi/ || kabħae /kavaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || your, yours || katħe /kasə/ || katħa /kasa/ || katħei /kasi/ || katħae /kasaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG || his, her, hers, its || kadħe /kazə/ || kadħa /kaza/ || kadħei /kazi/ || kadħae /kazaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || our, ours || pħaöe /faʒə/ || pħaöa /faʒa/ || pħaöei /faʒi/ || pħaöae /faʒaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || your, yours || pħave /favə/ || pħava /fava/ || pħavei /favi/ || pħavae /favaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL || their, theirs || pħann /fan/ || pħana /fana/ || pħani /fani/ || pħanae /fanaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || your, yours || ïqann /iʃan/ || aîqann /aɧ̙ʷan/ || ïqani /iʃani/ || aîqane /aɧ̙ʷan/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Possessive pronouns agree in gender and number with the nouns denoting what is "possessed".<br /> <br /> ===Verbs===<br /> <br /> There are two main verbal groups, one ending in "-ë" (usually with a radical ending in a vowel), and one ending in "-er" (usually with a radical ending in a consonant). Verbs are conjugated for person, tense, and mood. There are formally seven persons : first singular, second singular, third singular, first plural, second plural, third plural, and the "polite" second person used in formal contexts for which number is neutralized. <br /> <br /> ====Mood====<br /> <br /> There are four moods : indicative, conditional, imperative and so-called "absolute" (can also be called gnomic). <br /> =====Indicative=====<br /> The indicative and absolute moods are forms of realis : indicative is used to express statements or facts, and also other modalities not expressed with other moods. <br /> =====Absolute=====<br /> The absolute is traditionally treated as a mood because of its specific grammatical markings, but better corresponds semantically to the gnomic aspect. It can also be used to express a higher degree of certainty than indicative, or to express emphasis. According to documentation : <q>L'absolu est un mode intemporel. Il peut traduire un présent de vérité générale, parler d'une propriété intrinsèque à un corps, être utilisé en poésie... Il peut être utilisé aussi en tant que présent s'il décrit une action ''a priori'' continue dans le temps, comme lorsqu'on emploie des adjectifs qualificatifs.</q><br /> =====Imperative=====<br /> The conditional and imperative moods are forms of irrealis : the imperative expresses commands, prohibitions and requests. It is not used with the seventh person (2nd person used for politeness), in which case it is substituted for a hypothetical conditional. <br /> =====Conditional=====<br /> The conditional expresses hypotheticals, desires and wishes. According to documentation, so-called "hypothetical conditional" corresponds to the French subjunctive mood.<br /> ====Tense====<br /> <br /> There are three main tenses : present, past and future. <br /> <br /> =====Present=====<br /> *In the indicative mode, there is one present, the indicative present.<br /> *In the conditional mood, there are two kinds of present : the conditional present and the so-called "hypothetical conditional present" (''conditionel hypothétique présent''), meant to correspond to the French subjunctive present.<br /> *In the imperative and absolute moods, there is only a present tense.<br /> =====Past=====<br /> *In the indicative mood, there are four kinds of past : the so-called "foregone past" (''passé révolu''), which is meant to correspond to the French pluperfect ; the "descriptive past" (''passé descriptif''), meant to correspond to the French simple past and imperfect past ; the "general past" (''passé général''), meant to correspond to the French imperfect and ''passé composé'' (present perfect) ; and the "anterior past" (''passé antérieur''), built analytically with the auxiliary verb "kavaver"(to have) in the foregone past and the past participle.<br /> *In the conditional mood, there are three kinds of past : the "past conditional" (''conditionnel passé''), the so-called "retrospective conditional" (''conditionnel rétrospectif''), which is meant to correspond to the French ''conditionnel passé de seconde forme'', and the so-called "hypothetical conditional past" (''conditionel hypothétique passé''), meant to express the French past subjunctive. <br /> =====Future=====<br /> In the indicative mood, there are two kinds of future : the "general future" (''futur général''), which indicates event that are yet to happen, and the "retrospective future" (''futur rétrospectif''), which corresponds to the traditional "future perfect" (''futur antérieur''), used to express an action that will be completed before another action in the future.<br /> <br /> ====Conjugation tables====<br /> <br /> The only available conjugation tables describe the endings in the indicative present for verbs of the first and second groups.<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Indicative present of the first group : "kalûaë", ''to be''<br /> |-<br /> ! Person !! Ending !! Example<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || -qni /ʃni/ || kalûaqni /kaɾaʃni/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || -qniî /ʃnij/ || kalûaqniî /kaɾaʃnij/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG || - (radical) || kalûa /kaɾa/<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || -cÿcq /sesʃ/ || kalûacÿcq /kaɾasesʃ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || -tts /t/ || kalûatts /kaɾat/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL || -me /mə/ || kalûame /kaɾamə/<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || -i /i/ || kalûai /kaɾai/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Indicative present of the second group : "kavaver", ''to have''<br /> |-<br /> ! Person !! Ending !! Example<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || - (radical) || kav /kav/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || -s (unpronounced) || kavavs /kavav/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG || - (radical) || kavav /kavav/<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || -m /m/ || kavavm /kavavm/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || -ês /ja/ || kavavês /kavavja/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL || -n /n/ || kavavn /kavavn/<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || -i /i/ || kavi /kavi/<br /> |}<br /> Note : the first and seventh persons are irregular in this case.<br /> <br /> ====Participle====<br /> <br /> =====Present participle=====<br /> There are two different kinds of present participles ; the regular present participle, and a so-called substantival present participle (''participe présent substantivé'').<br /> *Regular present participle :<br /> It is built by adding either the ending -klûenat /kɾna/ or the ending -kvi /gvi/ to the verb radical. These endings correspond directly to the present participles of the verb kalûaë : klûenat, and of the verb kavaver : kvi.<br /> Example : çctekvi /estegvi/, "losing".<br /> *Substantival present participle :<br /> It is used for instance for expressing continuing action (''Il sert par exemple à transcrire l'idée d'action continue : en français, "être en train de..."''). It is built by adding the ending -m to the infinitive form.<br /> Example : kavaverm /kavavm/ "having", kalûaëm /kaɾam/ "being", çctÿeëm /estɛbɾəm/ "losing".<br /> Example : Êü kavaqni çcteëm nda tÿmg kabbhe, "I am wasting my time"<br /> Subject pronoun "I" + verb "to have" + substantival present participle of the verb "to lose" + particle "in, from, of" + "time" + possessive pronoun "mine".<br /> <br /> =====Past participle=====<br /> <br /> The past participle is built by adding the ending -ut /y/ to the verb radical, for verbs of the first group ; and by adding the ending -ç /e/ to the verb radical, for verbs of the second group. <br /> Exceptions : kalûaë : klûu /kɾy/ (or /kɾu/ ?), "been" ; kavaver : avvç /av:e/.<br /> The past participle agrees in gender and number with the object of the verb :<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Caption text<br /> |-<br /> ! !! first group !! second group<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine singular || -ut /y/ || -ç /e/<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter singular || -ut /y/ || -ç /e/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine singular || -uet /y/ || -çe /e/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine plural || -uts /y/ || -çs /e/<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter plural || -uts /y/ || -çs /e/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine plural || -uets /y/ || -çes /e/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Example : çcteut, çcteuts, çcteuet, çcteuets /esty/.<br /> <br /> ===Adjectives===<br /> <br /> Adjectives agree in gender and number with the nouns they qualify. It is marked with a prefix that changes depending on the beginning of the neuter singular form.<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with a vowel<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || es- /əθ/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || a- /a/ || ai- /aj/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || e- /ə/ || es- /əθ/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with h-, t-, x-, z-, ö-,ñ-<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || cs- /s/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || q- /ʃ/ || qs- /ʃ/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || c- /s/ || cs- /s/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with b-, d-, g-, p-, q-, w-, ü-, k<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || hm- /hm/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || m- /m/ || ebm- /ɛjm/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || hm- /hm/ || hebm- /hɛjm/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with s-, r-<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || kbett- /kbət/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || kbet- /kbət/ || kbest- /kbət/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || kbeat- /kbɛt/ || kbeast- /kbɛt/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with c-, f-, j-, l-, m-, n-, v-, û-, ë-<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || atûïve- /at̚ɨvə/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || etûove- /ət̚ovə/ || etûïve- /ət̚ɨvə/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || atûova- /at̚ova/ || atûïva- /at̚ɨva/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Adverbs===<br /> <br /> There is no information on adverbs but, based on other versions of Tolsian, we can assume they are invariable in form, qualify verbs and adjectives, and are usually placed before the verb or adjective they qualify.<br /> <br /> ===Particles===<br /> <br /> Particles are function words that include prepositions, postpositions, conjunction words, etc. <br /> *One notable particle is the so-called subject particle, which is used with stative verbs to introduce the subject's attribute. It can take two different forms, usually depending on whether the subject is animate (particle "tke?") or inanimate (particle "ke?"), but also potentially on whether the relationship between subject and attribute is perceived as "temporary" or "eternal".<br /> *Another notable particle is the "possessive" particle, which is suffixed to the noun that represents a "possessor", akin to a genitive marking. It can be used instead of possessive pronouns, when suffixed to a personal subject pronoun : for instance, the personal pronoun "êü" + the possessive particle "-dô" becomes "êüdô", ''my''. On the other hand, when using one of the possessive pronouns, a so-called "possessed particle" is placed in front of the "possessed" noun.<br /> *Some particles are more like traditional prepositions ; for instance, "nda" means ''in, from, of''.<br /> <br /> ===Derivational morphology===<br /> <br /> ====Adjectives====<br /> <br /> Adjectives can be derived from nouns by adding the suffix -ke. The resulting adjective agrees in gender and number with the noun it qualifies, following the regular agreement rules for adjectives.<br /> Example : "tolsian", neuter singular : tolqjimke, masculine singular : qtolqjimke.<br /> <br /> ====Nouns====<br /> Nouns can be derived from adjectives or past participles by adding the suffix -ctadû /stad̚/. The resulting noun is usually masculine. According to documentation, if a noun is derived from an adjective that was itself derived from a noun with the suffix -ke, then this suffix should be dropped, which sure sounds a lot like we're back to deriving a noun from a noun.<br /> Example : (the) Tolsian (language) : pna Qtolqjimctadû.<br /> <br /> ====Verbs====<br /> <br /> Verbs can most likely be derived from nouns by adding either the suffix -ë (probably if the noun ends in a vowel) or the suffix -er (if it ends in a consonant).<br /> <br /> ==Syntax==<br /> ===Constituent order===<br /> *Sentences with a stative verbs have a different constituent order depending on whether the attribute is an adjective or a noun phrase ; in the first case, it is akin to a SVO order, in the second, to an OSV order :<br /> <br /> "I am Tolsian" (the speaker is a woman) : êü kalûaqni tke? ctolqjimke.<br /> Subject + "to be" + subject particle + "Tolsian" (f.sg.)<br /> <br /> "I am a (Tolsian) woman" : Ad tke? mqarea (ctolqjimke) êü kalûaqni.<br /> Article + subject particle + "woman" (+ "Tolsian") + subject + "to be".<br /> <br /> *The basic constituent order of a declarative sentence is SVO.<br /> Example : "I am wasting my time" : Êü kavaqni çcteëm nda tÿmg kabbhe. <br /> Subject pronoun + "to have" + substantival present participle of the verb "to lose" + particle "in, from, of" + "time" + possessive pronoun "mine".<br /> <br /> ===Noun phrase===<br /> If there is a determiner (for example, a definiteness article), it is placed at the beginning of the noun phrase. If there is an adjective, it can be placed either right before, or right after, the noun it qualifies. Most particles are placed between a determiner and the adjective + noun (or noun + adjective) group. A prepositional phrase or clause comes after.<br /> <br /> Example :<br /> <br /> "I am Tolsian" (the speaker is a woman) : êü kalûaqni tke? ctolqjimke.<br /> <br /> Subject + "to be" + subject particle + "Tolsian" (f.sg.)<br /> <br /> ===Verb phrase===<br /> ===Sentence phrase===<br /> ===Dependent clauses===<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Example texts==<br /> <br /> ==Other resources==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Qtolqjimctadû]]<br /> [[Category:Languages]]<br /> [[Category:Conlangs]]<br /> [[Category:Tolsian]]</div>

Uvie https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Qtolqjimctad%C3%BB&diff=526615 Qtolqjimctadû 2026-05-21T20:22:42Z

<p>Uvie: /* Noun phrase */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Introduction==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ<br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p b<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ t d̚ d<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k g<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s z<br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ ʒ <br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ β<br /> |colspan="2"| f v<br /> |colspan="2"| θ ð<br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ ɧ̙ʷ̬<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <br /> |colspan="2"| χ ʁ<br /> |colspan="2"| h<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j ɥ<br /> |colspan="2"| w<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l ɫ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> Notes :<br /> <br /> In earlier documentation, proper knowledge of IPA was lacking and several of the phonemes had to be identified from either phonetically inaccurate IPA descriptions or vague, impressionistic ones. Several phonemes could not be recovered. Here is a list of deviations from the above table :<br /> <poem><br /> Identified phonemes :<br /> /ɸ/ was described as [fʷ] (written <ÎF, îf>).<br /> /β/ was described as [vʷ] (written <ÎV, îv>).<br /> /ʁ/ was described as [ʀ] (written <R, r>).<br /> /ʀ/ was described as [rˤ] (''sorte de « r » très roulé'', written <RX, rx>).<br /> /ɹ/ was described as [ʀˤ] (''sorte de « r » anglais'', written <RÛ, rû>).<br /> /ɫ/ was described as [l̪ ] (''comme à la fin du mot anglais "well"'', written <Û, û>).<br /> /χ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [x] (written <X, x>), while /x/ itself was most likely described as [xˤ] (written <ÎX, îx>).<br /> /ŋ/ was probably described as [ɲˤ] (written <ÎÑ, îñ>), while the sound described as [ŋ] (written <ÎÑg, îñg>) probably corresponded to /ᵑg/.<br /> /ɾ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [r̺] (written <ĦÛ, ħû>, as well as part of the cluster /bɾ/+V with the help of <Ë, ë> as [bɾə], described as [br̺ə]).<br /> /r/ might have been what was described as [r] (''sorte de « r » roulé à la japonaise'', written <LÛ, lû>).<br /> /ɧ̙ʷ/ and its voiced version /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ are, to this day, subject to doubt regarding their IPA descriptions. They were most likely corresponding to the sounds described as [ʃ ̪ ] (written <ÎQ, îq>) and [ʒ̺̺̺ ] (written <ÎÖ, îö> or <LÎÖ, lîö>).<br /> /t̚/ and /d̚/ are also subject to some doubt regarding their IPA descriptions still. They were described as [t̪] (written <TÛ, tû>) and [d̪] (written <DÛ, dû>).<br /> The phoneme described as [ʃʲ] probably has a realization closer to [ç] or [ɕ] (written <QÛ, qû>).<br /> <br /> Unidentified or very doubtful phonemes :<br /> Some /h/-like phoneme, described as [hˤ] (written <ÎH, îh>). It might have corresponded to /ɣ/, but it is not very likely.<br /> /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ might have been what was described as [l̤ʲ] (written <HÛ, hû>). Based on its spelling it is more likely to be devoiced.<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i y<br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ<br /> |colspan="2"|u<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e ø<br /> |colspan="2"| ə<br /> |colspan="2"|o<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ œ ɛ̃ œ̃<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ ɔ̃<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä<br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃<br /> |}<br /> Vowel length is supposed to be phonemic, with regular (or short) vowels, and long vowels.<br /> <br /> Similarly to consonants, some vowels had to be "re-identified" from previous documentation and some deviations arise :<br /> <poem><br /> /œ/ is probably what was described as [æ] (written <Ù, ù> or <E, ĕ> or <EÔ/Eô, eô>).<br /> /œ̃/ is probably what was described as [æ̃] (written <Ä, è> or <Ä, ä>).<br /> /ø/ is probably what was described as [œ] (written <EU/Eu, eu> or <OE/Oe, oe>).<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Orthography===<br /> Orthography was made complicated on purpose.<br /> <br /> ====Alphabet====<br /> <poem><br /> A, a /a/<br /> B, b /b/<br /> C, c /s/<br /> D, d /d/<br /> E, e /ə/ ; E, ç/ë /e/ ; E, ù/ĕ /œ/ ; E, ÿ/ê /ɛ/<br /> F, f /f/<br /> G, g /g/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> H, h /h/<br /> Ħ, ħ soundless ; mostly used in composed graphemes.<br /> I, i /i/<br /> J, j /ð/<br /> K, k /k/<br /> L, l /l/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> M, m /m/<br /> N, n /n/<br /> O, o /o/ or /ɔ/<br /> P, p /p/<br /> Q, q /ʃ/<br /> R, r /ʁ/<br /> S, s /θ/<br /> T, t /t/<br /> U, u /y/<br /> V, v /v/<br /> W, w /wi/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> X, x /χ/<br /> Y, y /jo/ or /ɔj/<br /> Z, z /z/<br /> Â, â /aj/<br /> Ê, ê /ja/<br /> Û, û /ɫ/<br /> Î, î /ɨ/ soundless when used in composed graphemes.<br /> Ô, ô /o/<br /> Ä, ä /ɑ̃/ ; Ä, à/ă /ɔ̃/ ; Ä, é/â /ɛ̃/ ; Ä, è/ä /œ̃/<br /> Ë, ë /bɾə/<br /> Ü, ü /j/<br /> Ï, ï /ɨ/<br /> Ö, ö /ʒ/<br /> Ã, ã /a/<br /> Õ, õ /o/<br /> Ñ, ñ /ɲ/<br /> </poem><br /> =====History=====<br /> Like most, if not all, versions of Tolsian, Qtolqjimctadû was meant to be written with the original Tolsian script. Some graphemes were chosen because of the limitations of the French keyboard, but were initally supposed to correspond to another, preexisting grapheme, with a diacritic, in order to reflect the original script. Some graphemes with diacritic are supposed to represent letters in the original script that are not simply versions of another letter with a diacritic ; this is why in the list below, <nowiki><ë></nowiki> appears to represent /e/, alongside <nowiki><ç></nowiki>, whereas in <Ë, ë> it represents /bɾə/ in the alphabet : they have different underlying identities.<br /> <poem><br /> <e> with diaeresis ¨ becomes <ç> (or <ë>)<br /> <e> with cedilla or possibly hook below (''accent « petite courbe vers le bas »'') becomes <ù> (or <ĕ>)<br /> <e> with circumflex accent ^ becomes <ÿ> (or <ê>)<br /> <O, o> (or <Ô, ô> ?) with circumflex accent becomes <Õ, õ><br /> <U, u> with dieresis becomes <Ü, ü><br /> <U, u> with circumflex accent becomes <Û, û><br /> <Â, â> with circumflex accent becomes <Ê, ê><br /> <Î, î> with circumflex accent becomes <Ï, ï><br /> <ä> with cedilla or hook below becomes <à> (o <ă>)<br /> <ä> with circumflex becomes <é> (or <â>)<br /> <ä> with diaeresis becomes <è> (or <ä>)<br /> <Â, â> with circumflex becomes <Ã, ã><br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ====Spelling rules====<br /> Long vowels are spelled with doubled graphemes (<Aa, aa> /a:/, etc).<br /> <br /> Some graphemes, namely <E, e> /ə/ ; <E, ç/ë> /e/ ; <E, ù/ĕ> /œ/ ; <E, ÿ/ê> /ɛ/ and <Ä, ä> /ɑ̃/ ; <Ä, à/ă> /ɔ̃/ ; <Ä, é/â> /ɛ̃/ ; <Ä, è/ä /œ̃/> use the same capital letter, but different minuscule letters, for different phonemes. This is partly due to limitations on a French keyboard, and partly to reflect the original Tolsian script in which these phonemes use the same letter but with different diacritics.<br /> <br /> The grapheme <Î, î> denotes /ɨ/, except in front of some consonants (<F, f>, <V, v>, <Q, q>, <Ö, ö>, <Ñ, ñ>, <X, x>, <H, h>) ; the grapheme <Ï, ï> is used instead in order to denote /ɨ/.<br /> <br /> There are many digraphs and even trigraphs ; usually, all letters are capitalized, when capitalization is needed.<br /> =====Digraphs with <Î, î>=====<br /> In the original documentation, these are described as "purified" (''épurés'').<br /> <poem><br /> ÎF, îf /ɸ/<br /> ÎV, îv /β/<br /> ÎQ, îq /ɧ̙ʷ/<br /> ÎÖ, îö /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ <br /> ÎÑ, îñ /ŋ/<br /> ÎX, îx /x/<br /> ÎH, îh unknown, possibly /ɣ/<br /> </poem><br /> It is unclear if the following are considered to be "purified" :<br /> <poem><br /> <Äî, äî> /an/<br /> <Äî, àî> /on/ or /ɔn/<br /> <Äî, éî> /in/ or /im/<br /> <Äî, èî> /un/ or /œm/<br /> </poem><br /> =====Trigraphs with <Î, î>=====<br /> These were also considered to be "purified".<br /> <poem><br /> LÎÖ, lîö /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ <br /> ÎÑg, îñg /ᵑg/<br /> </poem><br /> =====Digraphs with <Û, û>=====<br /> Some of these digraphs were originally described as "wet" (''mouillés'') :<br /> <poem><br /> TÛ, tû /t̚/<br /> QÛ, qû /ʃʲ/ (probably realized [ç] or [ɕ])<br /> DÛ, dû /d̚/<br /> </poem><br /> Others were not considered to be "wet" :<br /> <poem><br /> LÛ, lû /r/<br /> HÛ, hû possibly /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ <br /> ĦÛ, ħû /ɾ/<br /> RÛ, rû /ɹ/ <br /> <br /> =====Trigraphs with <Û, û>=====<br /> There is only one such trigraph, and only the first letter is capitalized, if needed. It is possibly meant to appear only word-initially as it was only given as <Tûhh> :<br /> Tûhh /θ/<br /> <br /> =====Digraphs with <Ħ, ħ>=====<br /> These can also be written as trigraphs, swapping <Ħ, ħ> for <Hh, hh>. As digraphs, one may likewise capitalize both letters or only the first one. As trigraphs, Only the first letter is capitalized.<br /> Ħ, ħ can be found on its own but is soundless. It may be used as part of the following digraphs, or used to maintain a hiatus between vowels and <I, i> or <O, o>. It can also be written <Hh, hh>.<br /> PĦ/Pħ, pħ /f/ (or <Phh, phh>)<br /> TĦ/Tħ, tħ /s/ (or <Thh, thh><br /> JĦ/Jħ, jħ /ʒ/ (or <Jhh, jhh>)<br /> BĦ/Bħ, bħ /v/ (or <Bhh, bhh>)<br /> DĦ/Dħ, dħ /z/ (or <Dhh, dhh>)<br /> SĦ/Sħ, sħ /z/ (or <Shh, shh>)<br /> <br /> =====Digraphs and trigraph with <Ë, ë>=====<br /> The phoneme /ɾ/ also appears as part of a syllable /bɾə/, written <Ë, ë>. When <Ë, ë> is followed by a vowel, the /ə/ is replaced by that vowel :<br /> Ëa, ëa [bɾa]<br /> Ëç, ëç [bɾe]<br /> Ëÿ, ëÿ [bɾɛ]<br /> Ëu, ëu [bɾy]<br /> Ëo, ëo [bɾo] or [bɾɔ]<br /> Ëï, ëï [bɾi]<br /> Ëä, ëä [bɾɑ̃]<br /> Ëà, ëà [bɾɔ̃]<br /> Ëé, ëé [bɾɛ̃]<br /> Ëè, ëè [bɾœ̃]<br /> Ëou, ëou [bɾu]<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> =====Some more consonantal digraphs=====<br /> RX, rx /ʀ/<br /> QJ/Qj, qj /ʒ/<br /> =====Vocalic digraphs=====<br /> <poem><br /> <Oi, oi> [i]<br /> <EU/Eu, eu> [ø]<br /> <OU/Ou, ou> [u]<br /> <EA, ea> [ɛ]<br /> (But <Ea, ea> [əa])<br /> <OE/Oe, oe> [ø]<br /> <EÔ/Eô, eô> [œ]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Nasal vowels=====<br /> Some digraphs and trigraphs denote nasal vowels, with <N, n> and <M, m> :<br /> <poem><br /> <An, an> /ɑ̃/<br /> <Am, am> /ɑ̃/<br /> <En, en> /ɑ̃/<br /> <Em, em> /ɑ̃/<br /> <In, in> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Im, im> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Ein, ein> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Eim, eim> /ɛ̃/<br /> <On, on> /ɔ̃/<br /> <Om, om> /ɔ̃/<br /> <Un, un> /œ̃/<br /> <Um, um> /œ̃/<br /> </poem><br /> However, if there are two <N, n> or <M, m> following a vowel, then it is not nasalized but pronounced as V+[n or m] instead (<Ann, ann> [an], <Amm, amm> [am],... etc). Besides, vocalic graphemes other than <A, a>, <E, e>, <I, i>, <O, o>, <U, u> do not get nasalized when followed by an <N, n> or <M, m>.<br /> =====Diphtongues=====<br /> They have been described as diphtongues, but should rather be analyzed as combinations of vowels and approximants. There are three different approximants : /j/, /w/ and /ɥ/, which only appear in a limited number of cases.<br /> *Diphtongues /j/ + vowel :<br /> They are usually written with a <I, i> followed by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <I, i> stands for /j/ :<br /> <poem><br /> <Ia, ia> [ja]<br /> <Ie, ie> [jə]<br /> <Iç, iç> [je]<br /> <Iù, iù> [jœ]<br /> <Iÿ, iÿ> [jɛ]<br /> <Io, io> [jo] or [jɔ]<br /> <Iu, iu> [jy]<br /> <Iô, iô> [jo]<br /> <Iä, iä> [jɑ̃]<br /> <Ià, ià> [jɔ̃]<br /> <Ié, ié> [jɛ̃]<br /> <Iè, iè> [jœ̃]<br /> <Ii, ii> [ji]<br /> <Iou, iou> [ju]<br /> <Ieu, ieu> [jø]<br /> </poem><br /> However, there are a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> ÜÃ, üã [ja]<br /> ÜÕ, üõ [jo]<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues vowel + /j/ :<br /> They are usually written with a <Ü, ü> preceded by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <Ü, ü> stands for /j/ (minus the exceptions above) :<br /> <poem><br /> <AÜ, aü> [aj]<br /> <EÜ, eü> [əj]<br /> <EÜ, çü> [ej]<br /> <EÜ, ùü> [œj]<br /> <EÜ, ÿü> [ɛj]<br /> <OÜ, oü> [oj] or [ɔj]<br /> <UÜ, uü> [yj]<br /> <ÔÜ, ôü> [oj]<br /> <ÄÜ, äü> [aɑ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, àü> [ɔ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, éü> [ɛ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, èü> [œ̃j]<br /> <ÃÜ, ãü> [aj]<br /> <ÕÜ, õü> [oj]<br /> <EUÜ, euü> [øj]<br /> </poem><br /> There are also a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> EÎ, eî [əj]<br /> EÎ, çî [ej]<br /> EÎ, ùî [œj]<br /> EÎ, ÿî [ɛj]<br /> IÎ, iî [ij]<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues with /w/ :<br /> These are usually written with a <O, o>, either followed or preceded by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <O, o> stands for /w/ :<br /> <poem><br /> <Oa, oa> [wa]<br /> <Oe, oe> [wə]<br /> <Oç, oç> [we]<br /> <Où, où> [wœ]<br /> <Oÿ, oÿ> [wɛ]<br /> <Oo, oo> [wo] or [wɔ]<br /> <Oy, oy> [wy]<br /> <Oô, oô> [wo]<br /> <Oä, oä> [wɑ̃]<br /> <Oà, oà> [wɔ̃]<br /> <Oé, oé> [wɛ̃]<br /> <Oè, oè> [wœ̃] (This one was described as [wœ̃] already in the original documentation (instead of expected [wæ̃] and has therefore cast some doubt on the identification of vowels /ø/, /œ/ and /œ̃/.)<br /> <Oi, oi> [wi]<br /> <Oeu, oeu> [wø]<br /> And reciprocally (<Ao, ao> [aw]... etc).<br /> </poem><br /> There are however a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> <Io, io> is ambiguous and can denote either /iw/ or /jo/<br /> <Oi, oi> is ambiguous and can denote either /i/ or /wi/<br /> <Oe, oe> is ambiguous and can denote either /wə/ or /ø/<br /> <OU/Ou, ou> always denotes /u/ (/wy/ is denoted <Oy, oy> instead).<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues with /ɥ/ :<br /> <poem><br /> UÎ, uî [ɥi]<br /> Ui, ui [ɥi]<br /> Ua, ua [ɥa]<br /> Uç, uç [ɥe]<br /> Uÿ, uÿ [ɥɛ]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Triphtongues=====<br /> They should also be analyzed as combinations of approximant + vowel + approximant. Besides using <I, i> and <O, o> or even <Ü, ü> and <U, u>, there is a handful of special spellings that denote such "triphtongues" :<br /> <poem><br /> ÜÂ, üâ [jaj]<br /> ÜY, üy [jɔj]<br /> ÊÜ, êü [jaj]<br /> YÜ, yü [joj] or [jɔj]<br /> ÃÎ, ãî [aji]<br /> ÕÎ, õî [oji]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Word-final position induced changes=====<br /> The original consonants /g/ <G, g>, /l/ <L, l> and syllable /wi/ <W, w> turn into [j] when in a word-final position. Instead, the spellings <gue>, <lle> and <wi> are used.<br /> <poem><br /> <g> /j/<br /> <l> /j/<br /> <w> /j/<br /> <gue> /g/<br /> <lle> /l/<br /> <wi> /wi/<br /> </poem><br /> There are some other special spellings :<br /> <poem><br /> <ebm> /ɛjm/<br /> <ebn> /ɛjn/<br /> </poem><br /> Finally, some letters are simply not pronounced at the end of a word, and other spellings are used instead :<br /> <poem><br /> <e><br /> <ô><br /> <d><br /> <nowiki><q></nowiki><br /> <nowiki><s></nowiki><br /> <t><br /> <z><br /> <er><br /> <dde> /d/<br /> <qe> /ʃ/<br /> <sse> /θ/ (or possibly /s/ ?)<br /> <tte> /t/<br /> <ze> /z/<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ====Table of phonemes and their principal corresponding graphemes====<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m <M, m><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n <N, n><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ <Ñ, ñ><br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ <ÎÑ, îñ><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p <P, p> ; b <B, b><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ <TÛ, tû> ; t <T, t> ; d̚ <DÛ, dû> ; d <D, d><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k <K, k> ; g <G, g><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s <C, c> alt. <TĦ/Tħ, tħ> ; z <Z, z> alt. <DĦ/Dħ, dħ> alt. <SĦ/Sħ, sħ><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ <Q, q> ; ʒ <Ö, ö> alt. <JĦ/Jħ, jħ> alt. <QJ/Qj, qj><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ <QÛ, qû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ <ÎF, îf> ; β <ÎV, îv><br /> |colspan="2"| f <F, f> alt. <PĦ/Pħ, pħ> ; v <V, v> alt. <BĦ/Bħ, bħ><br /> |colspan="2"| θ <S, s> alt. <Tûhh, s> ; ð <J, j> <br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ <HÛ, hû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ <ÎQ, îq> ; ɧ̙ʷ̬ <ÎÖ, îö> alt. <LÎÖ, lîö><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <ÎX, îx><br /> |colspan="2"| χ <X, x> ; ʁ <R, r><br /> |colspan="2"| h <H, h><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ <RÛ, rû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j <I, i> (before a vowel), <Ü, ü> (after a vowel) ; ɥ <U, u> (before some vowels)<br /> |colspan="2"| w <O, o> (before or after a vowel)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r <LÛ, lû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ <RX, rx><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ <ĦÛ, ħû> <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l <L, l> ɫ <Û, û><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg <ÎÑg, îñg><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i <I, i> alt. <Oi, oi> ; y <U, u><br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ <Î, î> alt. <Ï, ï><br /> |colspan="2"|u <OU/Ou, ou><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e <E, ç/ë> ; ø <EU/Eu, eu> alt. <OE/Oe, oe><br /> |colspan="2"| ə <E, e><br /> |colspan="2"|o <O, o> alt. <Ô, ô> alt. <Õ, õ><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ <E, ÿ/ê> alt. <EA, ea> ; œ <E, ù/ĕ> alt. <EÔ/Eô, eô> ; ɛ̃ <Ä, é/â> ; œ̃ <Ä, è/ä><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ <O, o> ; ɔ̃ <Ä, à/ă><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä <A, a> alt. <Ã, ã><br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃ <Ä, ä><br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Prosody===<br /> ====Stress====<br /> <br /> There is no lexical stress. It can be assumed that most words or verbal and nominal groups have a slight stress on the last syllable, like in French ; however, there is supposed to be a distinction between short and long vowels, so we can assume that long vowels would be stressed.<br /> <br /> ====Intonation====<br /> <br /> ===Phonotactics===<br /> <br /> ===Morphophonology===<br /> <br /> ==Morphology==<br /> <br /> There are five main parts of speech in Qtolqjimctadû : nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and particles.<br /> <br /> ===Nouns===<br /> Nouns have definiteness, gender, and number. Definiteness is marked by definite and indefinite articles which agree in gender and number with the nouns. There are three genders : neuter, masculine, and feminine. <br /> <br /> ====Gender====<br /> Gender is usually marked by the ending of the noun. Nouns that correspond to non-animate things are usually neutral whereas nouns that describe animate things are usually masculine or feminine. However, some nouns can have all three genders, with the masculine and feminine forms built on an underlying neutral form ; this is common for instance for animal names, or for professions.<br /> <br /> According to documentation, most neuter nouns in the singular end either in <nowiki><-e></nowiki> or in a consonant. There is however no indication of how to distinguish masculine and feminine nouns, but based on the description of neuter forms, it may be posited that they must typically end in some kinds of vowels. Nouns that end in <nowiki><-e></nowiki> in the singular neuter are part of a paradigm that builds masculine and feminine forms on this underlying neuter form :<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Ending in -e<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || -e /ə/ || -ea /ɛ/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || -e /ə/ || -ebn /ɛjn/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || -ea /ɛ/ || -ean /əɑ̃/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> According to documentation, it is common for the neuter to present as a masculine singular ending in the singular, and as a feminine singular ending in the plural.<br /> <br /> ====Definiteness====<br /> Earlier documentation does not explicitly state that the definite and definite articles must agree with nouns in number and gender, but it is apparent in corpus that there is at least a masculine or neutral singular definite article that differs from a feminine singular definite article. From this and comparison with other versions of Tolsian, one can infer that articles, both definite and indefinite, come in at least three forms : masculine singular, feminine singular, and a plural form that covers all genders. Based on the existence of a neutral gender, it may be posited that there must be a neutral singular form as well. There is however no actual indication of whether there is only one plural form for all genders, or if there are also different plural forms for different genders. We'll assume the following paradigm :<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Definite and indefinite articles<br /> |-<br /> ! Definiteness / Gender !! Neuter !! Masculine !! Feminine !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Definite|| - || pna /pna/ || pnÿ /pnɛ/ || -<br /> |-<br /> | Indefinite|| -|| -|| ad /a/ || -<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ====Number====<br /> There are two numbers, singular and plural ; singular is unmarked while plural is marked with a suffix that differs depending on the ending of the noun.<br /> Besides the "-e" paradigm above, different groups of endings take different plural markings. It is likely that the consonantal endings indicate neuter nouns, whereas the vocalic endings indicate masculine and feminine nouns.<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Table of plurals<br /> |-<br /> ! Types of endings !! Plural affix !! Pronunciation<br /> |-<br /> | -c ; -f ; -j ; -l ; -m ; -n ; -v ; -û ; -ë || -c || -cc /s/ ; -fc /fs/ ; -jc /θ/ ; -lc /js/ ; -mc ; -nc ; -vc /fs/ ; -ûc /ɫ/ ; -ëc /bɾɛk/<br /> |-<br /> | -b ; -d ; -g ; -p ; -q ; -w ; -ü ; -k || -tt || -btt /pt/ ; -dtt /d̚/ ; -gtt /kt/ ; -ptt /pt/ ; -qtt /ʃt/ ; -wtt /wit/ ; -ütt /jt/ ; -ktt /kt/<br /> |-<br /> | -s ; -r || -ch || -sch /ʃ/ ; -rch /?/ ("[hˤ]" see notes on consonants) ; -rsch /ʁʃa/<br /> |-<br /> | -h ; -t ; -x ; -z ; -ö ; -ñ || -c or -tt || -hc /k/ ; -tc /ts/ ; -xc /χs/ ; -zc /s/ ; -öc /s/ ; -ñc /s/ <p> -htt /ht/ ; -ttt /t̚/ ; -xtt /χt/ ; -ztt /st/ ; -ött /ʃt/ ; -ñtt /t/<br /> |-<br /> | Vowel endings (other than "e") || -es || not pronounced.<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ====Pronouns====<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Personal subject pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Pronoun<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || I || êü /jaj/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || you || oü /oj/ or /ɔj/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.masc || he || tag /taj/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.fem || she || tal /taj/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.impersonal || "man", "one" || tawi /tawi/<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || we || îhalÿn /xalɛn/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || you || hiçve /hjev/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.masc || they || tagg /tag/ (or /tagj/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.fem || they || tall /tal/ (or /talj/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || you || îqann /ɧ̙ʷan/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Demonstrative pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Pronoun<br /> |-<br /> | Singular demonstrative pronoun || this || fe /fə/<br /> |-<br /> | Plural demonstrative pronoun || these || îvae /βa/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Personal reflexive pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Pronoun<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || myself || kab /kab/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || yourself || kat /ka/ (or /kat) ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.masc || himself || kaad /ka:/ (or /ka:d/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.fem || herself || kaad /ka:/ (or /ka:d/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.impersonal || oneself || kad /ka/ (or /kad/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || ourselves || aö /aʒ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || yourselves || av /av/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.masc || themselves || aann /a:n/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.fem || themselves || aann /a:n/<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || yourself ; yourselves || enn /ən/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Possessive pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Masculine and neuter singular !! Feminine singular !! Masculine and neuter plural !! Feminine plural<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || my, mine || kabħe /kavə/ || kabħa /kava/ || kabħei /kavi/ || kabħae /kavaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || your, yours || katħe /kasə/ || katħa /kasa/ || katħei /kasi/ || katħae /kasaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG || his, her, hers, its || kadħe /kazə/ || kadħa /kaza/ || kadħei /kazi/ || kadħae /kazaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || our, ours || pħaöe /faʒə/ || pħaöa /faʒa/ || pħaöei /faʒi/ || pħaöae /faʒaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || your, yours || pħave /favə/ || pħava /fava/ || pħavei /favi/ || pħavae /favaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL || their, theirs || pħann /fan/ || pħana /fana/ || pħani /fani/ || pħanae /fanaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || your, yours || ïqann /iʃan/ || aîqann /aɧ̙ʷan/ || ïqani /iʃani/ || aîqane /aɧ̙ʷan/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Possessive pronouns agree in gender and number with the nouns denoting what is "possessed".<br /> <br /> ===Verbs===<br /> <br /> There are two main verbal groups, one ending in "-ë" (usually with a radical ending in a vowel), and one ending in "-er" (usually with a radical ending in a consonant). Verbs are conjugated for person, tense, and mood. There are formally seven persons : first singular, second singular, third singular, first plural, second plural, third plural, and the "polite" second person used in formal contexts for which number is neutralized. <br /> <br /> ====Mood====<br /> <br /> There are four moods : indicative, conditional, imperative and so-called "absolute" (can also be called gnomic). <br /> =====Indicative=====<br /> The indicative and absolute moods are forms of realis : indicative is used to express statements or facts, and also other modalities not expressed with other moods. <br /> =====Absolute=====<br /> The absolute is traditionally treated as a mood because of its specific grammatical markings, but better corresponds semantically to the gnomic aspect. It can also be used to express a higher degree of certainty than indicative, or to express emphasis. According to documentation : <q>L'absolu est un mode intemporel. Il peut traduire un présent de vérité générale, parler d'une propriété intrinsèque à un corps, être utilisé en poésie... Il peut être utilisé aussi en tant que présent s'il décrit une action ''a priori'' continue dans le temps, comme lorsqu'on emploie des adjectifs qualificatifs.</q><br /> =====Imperative=====<br /> The conditional and imperative moods are forms of irrealis : the imperative expresses commands, prohibitions and requests. It is not used with the seventh person (2nd person used for politeness), in which case it is substituted for a hypothetical conditional. <br /> =====Conditional=====<br /> The conditional expresses hypotheticals, desires and wishes. According to documentation, so-called "hypothetical conditional" corresponds to the French subjunctive mood.<br /> ====Tense====<br /> <br /> There are three main tenses : present, past and future. <br /> <br /> =====Present=====<br /> *In the indicative mode, there is one present, the indicative present.<br /> *In the conditional mood, there are two kinds of present : the conditional present and the so-called "hypothetical conditional present" (''conditionel hypothétique présent''), meant to correspond to the French subjunctive present.<br /> *In the imperative and absolute moods, there is only a present tense.<br /> =====Past=====<br /> *In the indicative mood, there are four kinds of past : the so-called "foregone past" (''passé révolu''), which is meant to correspond to the French pluperfect ; the "descriptive past" (''passé descriptif''), meant to correspond to the French simple past and imperfect past ; the "general past" (''passé général''), meant to correspond to the French imperfect and ''passé composé'' (present perfect) ; and the "anterior past" (''passé antérieur''), built analytically with the auxiliary verb "kavaver"(to have) in the foregone past and the past participle.<br /> *In the conditional mood, there are three kinds of past : the "past conditional" (''conditionnel passé''), the so-called "retrospective conditional" (''conditionnel rétrospectif''), which is meant to correspond to the French ''conditionnel passé de seconde forme'', and the so-called "hypothetical conditional past" (''conditionel hypothétique passé''), meant to express the French past subjunctive. <br /> =====Future=====<br /> In the indicative mood, there are two kinds of future : the "general future" (''futur général''), which indicates event that are yet to happen, and the "retrospective future" (''futur rétrospectif''), which corresponds to the traditional "future perfect" (''futur antérieur''), used to express an action that will be completed before another action in the future.<br /> <br /> ====Conjugation tables====<br /> <br /> The only available conjugation tables describe the endings in the indicative present for verbs of the first and second groups.<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Indicative present of the first group : "kalûaë", ''to be''<br /> |-<br /> ! Person !! Ending !! Example<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || -qni /ʃni/ || kalûaqni /kaɾaʃni/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || -qniî /ʃnij/ || kalûaqniî /kaɾaʃnij/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG || - (radical) || kalûa /kaɾa/<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || -cÿcq /sesʃ/ || kalûacÿcq /kaɾasesʃ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || -tts /t/ || kalûatts /kaɾat/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL || -me /mə/ || kalûame /kaɾamə/<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || -i /i/ || kalûai /kaɾai/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Indicative present of the second group : "kavaver", ''to have''<br /> |-<br /> ! Person !! Ending !! Example<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || - (radical) || kav /kav/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || -s (unpronounced) || kavavs /kavav/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG || - (radical) || kavav /kavav/<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || -m /m/ || kavavm /kavavm/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || -ês /ja/ || kavavês /kavavja/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL || -n /n/ || kavavn /kavavn/<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || -i /i/ || kavi /kavi/<br /> |}<br /> Note : the first and seventh persons are irregular in this case.<br /> <br /> ====Participle====<br /> <br /> =====Present participle=====<br /> There are two different kinds of present participles ; the regular present participle, and a so-called substantival present participle (''participe présent substantivé'').<br /> *Regular present participle :<br /> It is built by adding either the ending -klûenat /kɾna/ or the ending -kvi /gvi/ to the verb radical. These endings correspond directly to the present participles of the verb kalûaë : klûenat, and of the verb kavaver : kvi.<br /> Example : çctekvi /estegvi/, "losing".<br /> *Substantival present participle :<br /> It is used for instance for expressing continuing action (''Il sert par exemple à transcrire l'idée d'action continue : en français, "être en train de..."''). It is built by adding the ending -m to the infinitive form.<br /> Example : kavaverm /kavavm/ "having", kalûaëm /kaɾam/ "being", çctÿeëm /estɛbɾəm/ "losing".<br /> Example : Êü kavaqni çcteëm nda tÿmg kabbhe, "I am wasting my time"<br /> Subject pronoun "I" + verb "to have" + substantival present participle of the verb "to lose" + particle "in, from, of" + "time" + possessive pronoun "mine".<br /> <br /> =====Past participle=====<br /> <br /> The past participle is built by adding the ending -ut /y/ to the verb radical, for verbs of the first group ; and by adding the ending -ç /e/ to the verb radical, for verbs of the second group. <br /> Exceptions : kalûaë : klûu /kɾy/ (or /kɾu/ ?), "been" ; kavaver : avvç /av:e/.<br /> The past participle agrees in gender and number with the object of the verb :<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Caption text<br /> |-<br /> ! !! first group !! second group<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine singular || -ut /y/ || -ç /e/<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter singular || -ut /y/ || -ç /e/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine singular || -uet /y/ || -çe /e/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine plural || -uts /y/ || -çs /e/<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter plural || -uts /y/ || -çs /e/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine plural || -uets /y/ || -çes /e/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Example : çcteut, çcteuts, çcteuet, çcteuets /esty/.<br /> <br /> ===Adjectives===<br /> <br /> Adjectives agree in gender and number with the nouns they qualify. It is marked with a prefix that changes depending on the beginning of the neuter singular form.<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with a vowel<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || es- /əθ/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || a- /a/ || ai- /aj/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || e- /ə/ || es- /əθ/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with h-, t-, x-, z-, ö-,ñ-<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || cs- /s/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || q- /ʃ/ || qs- /ʃ/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || c- /s/ || cs- /s/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with b-, d-, g-, p-, q-, w-, ü-, k<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || hm- /hm/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || m- /m/ || ebm- /ɛjm/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || hm- /hm/ || hebm- /hɛjm/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with s-, r-<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || kbett- /kbət/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || kbet- /kbət/ || kbest- /kbət/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || kbeat- /kbɛt/ || kbeast- /kbɛt/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with c-, f-, j-, l-, m-, n-, v-, û-, ë-<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || atûïve- /at̚ɨvə/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || etûove- /ət̚ovə/ || etûïve- /ət̚ɨvə/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || atûova- /at̚ova/ || atûïva- /at̚ɨva/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Adverbs===<br /> <br /> There is no information on adverbs but, based on other versions of Tolsian, we can assume they are invariable in form, qualify verbs and adjectives, and are usually placed before the verb or adjective they qualify.<br /> <br /> ===Particles===<br /> <br /> Particles are function words that include prepositions, postpositions, conjunction words, etc. <br /> *One notable particle is the so-called subject particle, which is used with stative verbs to introduce the subject's attribute. It can take two different forms, usually depending on whether the subject is animate (particle "tke?") or inanimate (particle "ke?"), but also potentially on whether the relationship between subject and attribute is perceived as "temporary" or "eternal".<br /> *Another notable particle is the "possessive" particle, which is suffixed to the noun that represents a "possessor", akin to a genitive marking. It can be used instead of possessive pronouns, when suffixed to a personal subject pronoun : for instance, the personal pronoun "êü" + the possessive particle "-dô" becomes "êüdô", ''my''. On the other hand, when using one of the possessive pronouns, a so-called "possessed particle" is placed in front of the "possessed" noun.<br /> *Some particles are more like traditional prepositions ; for instance, "nda" means ''in, from, of''.<br /> <br /> ===Derivational morphology===<br /> <br /> ====Adjectives====<br /> <br /> Adjectives can be derived from nouns by adding the suffix -ke. The resulting adjective agrees in gender and number with the noun it qualifies, following the regular agreement rules for adjectives.<br /> Example : "tolsian", neuter singular : tolqjimke, masculine singular : qtolqjimke.<br /> <br /> ====Nouns====<br /> Nouns can be derived from adjectives or past participles by adding the suffix -ctadû /stad̚/. The resulting noun is usually masculine. According to documentation, if a noun is derived from an adjective that was itself derived from a noun with the suffix -ke, then this suffix should be dropped, which sure sounds a lot like we're back to deriving a noun from a noun.<br /> Example : (the) Tolsian (language) : pna Qtolqjimctadû.<br /> <br /> ====Verbs====<br /> <br /> Verbs can most likely be derived from nouns by adding either the suffix -ë (probably if the noun ends in a vowel) or the suffix -er (if it ends in a consonant).<br /> <br /> ==Syntax==<br /> ===Constituent order===<br /> ===Noun phrase===<br /> If there is a determiner (for example, a definiteness article), it is placed at the beginning of the noun phrase. If there is an adjective, it can be placed either right before, or right after, the noun it qualifies. Most particles are placed between a determiner and the adjective + noun (or noun + adjective) group. A prepositional phrase or clause comes after.<br /> <br /> Example :<br /> <br /> "I am Tolsian" (the speaker is a woman) : êü kalûaqni tke? ctolqjimke.<br /> <br /> Subject + "to be" + subject particle + "Tolsian" (f.sg.)<br /> <br /> ===Verb phrase===<br /> ===Sentence phrase===<br /> ===Dependent clauses===<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Example texts==<br /> <br /> ==Other resources==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Qtolqjimctadû]]<br /> [[Category:Languages]]<br /> [[Category:Conlangs]]<br /> [[Category:Tolsian]]</div>

Uvie https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Qtolqjimctad%C3%BB&diff=526613 Qtolqjimctadû 2026-05-21T20:03:38Z

<p>Uvie: /* Stress */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Introduction==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ<br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p b<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ t d̚ d<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k g<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s z<br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ ʒ <br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ β<br /> |colspan="2"| f v<br /> |colspan="2"| θ ð<br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ ɧ̙ʷ̬<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <br /> |colspan="2"| χ ʁ<br /> |colspan="2"| h<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j ɥ<br /> |colspan="2"| w<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l ɫ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> Notes :<br /> <br /> In earlier documentation, proper knowledge of IPA was lacking and several of the phonemes had to be identified from either phonetically inaccurate IPA descriptions or vague, impressionistic ones. Several phonemes could not be recovered. Here is a list of deviations from the above table :<br /> <poem><br /> Identified phonemes :<br /> /ɸ/ was described as [fʷ] (written <ÎF, îf>).<br /> /β/ was described as [vʷ] (written <ÎV, îv>).<br /> /ʁ/ was described as [ʀ] (written <R, r>).<br /> /ʀ/ was described as [rˤ] (''sorte de « r » très roulé'', written <RX, rx>).<br /> /ɹ/ was described as [ʀˤ] (''sorte de « r » anglais'', written <RÛ, rû>).<br /> /ɫ/ was described as [l̪ ] (''comme à la fin du mot anglais "well"'', written <Û, û>).<br /> /χ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [x] (written <X, x>), while /x/ itself was most likely described as [xˤ] (written <ÎX, îx>).<br /> /ŋ/ was probably described as [ɲˤ] (written <ÎÑ, îñ>), while the sound described as [ŋ] (written <ÎÑg, îñg>) probably corresponded to /ᵑg/.<br /> /ɾ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [r̺] (written <ĦÛ, ħû>, as well as part of the cluster /bɾ/+V with the help of <Ë, ë> as [bɾə], described as [br̺ə]).<br /> /r/ might have been what was described as [r] (''sorte de « r » roulé à la japonaise'', written <LÛ, lû>).<br /> /ɧ̙ʷ/ and its voiced version /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ are, to this day, subject to doubt regarding their IPA descriptions. They were most likely corresponding to the sounds described as [ʃ ̪ ] (written <ÎQ, îq>) and [ʒ̺̺̺ ] (written <ÎÖ, îö> or <LÎÖ, lîö>).<br /> /t̚/ and /d̚/ are also subject to some doubt regarding their IPA descriptions still. They were described as [t̪] (written <TÛ, tû>) and [d̪] (written <DÛ, dû>).<br /> The phoneme described as [ʃʲ] probably has a realization closer to [ç] or [ɕ] (written <QÛ, qû>).<br /> <br /> Unidentified or very doubtful phonemes :<br /> Some /h/-like phoneme, described as [hˤ] (written <ÎH, îh>). It might have corresponded to /ɣ/, but it is not very likely.<br /> /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ might have been what was described as [l̤ʲ] (written <HÛ, hû>). Based on its spelling it is more likely to be devoiced.<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i y<br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ<br /> |colspan="2"|u<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e ø<br /> |colspan="2"| ə<br /> |colspan="2"|o<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ œ ɛ̃ œ̃<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ ɔ̃<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä<br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃<br /> |}<br /> Vowel length is supposed to be phonemic, with regular (or short) vowels, and long vowels.<br /> <br /> Similarly to consonants, some vowels had to be "re-identified" from previous documentation and some deviations arise :<br /> <poem><br /> /œ/ is probably what was described as [æ] (written <Ù, ù> or <E, ĕ> or <EÔ/Eô, eô>).<br /> /œ̃/ is probably what was described as [æ̃] (written <Ä, è> or <Ä, ä>).<br /> /ø/ is probably what was described as [œ] (written <EU/Eu, eu> or <OE/Oe, oe>).<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Orthography===<br /> Orthography was made complicated on purpose.<br /> <br /> ====Alphabet====<br /> <poem><br /> A, a /a/<br /> B, b /b/<br /> C, c /s/<br /> D, d /d/<br /> E, e /ə/ ; E, ç/ë /e/ ; E, ù/ĕ /œ/ ; E, ÿ/ê /ɛ/<br /> F, f /f/<br /> G, g /g/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> H, h /h/<br /> Ħ, ħ soundless ; mostly used in composed graphemes.<br /> I, i /i/<br /> J, j /ð/<br /> K, k /k/<br /> L, l /l/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> M, m /m/<br /> N, n /n/<br /> O, o /o/ or /ɔ/<br /> P, p /p/<br /> Q, q /ʃ/<br /> R, r /ʁ/<br /> S, s /θ/<br /> T, t /t/<br /> U, u /y/<br /> V, v /v/<br /> W, w /wi/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> X, x /χ/<br /> Y, y /jo/ or /ɔj/<br /> Z, z /z/<br /> Â, â /aj/<br /> Ê, ê /ja/<br /> Û, û /ɫ/<br /> Î, î /ɨ/ soundless when used in composed graphemes.<br /> Ô, ô /o/<br /> Ä, ä /ɑ̃/ ; Ä, à/ă /ɔ̃/ ; Ä, é/â /ɛ̃/ ; Ä, è/ä /œ̃/<br /> Ë, ë /bɾə/<br /> Ü, ü /j/<br /> Ï, ï /ɨ/<br /> Ö, ö /ʒ/<br /> Ã, ã /a/<br /> Õ, õ /o/<br /> Ñ, ñ /ɲ/<br /> </poem><br /> =====History=====<br /> Like most, if not all, versions of Tolsian, Qtolqjimctadû was meant to be written with the original Tolsian script. Some graphemes were chosen because of the limitations of the French keyboard, but were initally supposed to correspond to another, preexisting grapheme, with a diacritic, in order to reflect the original script. Some graphemes with diacritic are supposed to represent letters in the original script that are not simply versions of another letter with a diacritic ; this is why in the list below, <nowiki><ë></nowiki> appears to represent /e/, alongside <nowiki><ç></nowiki>, whereas in <Ë, ë> it represents /bɾə/ in the alphabet : they have different underlying identities.<br /> <poem><br /> <e> with diaeresis ¨ becomes <ç> (or <ë>)<br /> <e> with cedilla or possibly hook below (''accent « petite courbe vers le bas »'') becomes <ù> (or <ĕ>)<br /> <e> with circumflex accent ^ becomes <ÿ> (or <ê>)<br /> <O, o> (or <Ô, ô> ?) with circumflex accent becomes <Õ, õ><br /> <U, u> with dieresis becomes <Ü, ü><br /> <U, u> with circumflex accent becomes <Û, û><br /> <Â, â> with circumflex accent becomes <Ê, ê><br /> <Î, î> with circumflex accent becomes <Ï, ï><br /> <ä> with cedilla or hook below becomes <à> (o <ă>)<br /> <ä> with circumflex becomes <é> (or <â>)<br /> <ä> with diaeresis becomes <è> (or <ä>)<br /> <Â, â> with circumflex becomes <Ã, ã><br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ====Spelling rules====<br /> Long vowels are spelled with doubled graphemes (<Aa, aa> /a:/, etc).<br /> <br /> Some graphemes, namely <E, e> /ə/ ; <E, ç/ë> /e/ ; <E, ù/ĕ> /œ/ ; <E, ÿ/ê> /ɛ/ and <Ä, ä> /ɑ̃/ ; <Ä, à/ă> /ɔ̃/ ; <Ä, é/â> /ɛ̃/ ; <Ä, è/ä /œ̃/> use the same capital letter, but different minuscule letters, for different phonemes. This is partly due to limitations on a French keyboard, and partly to reflect the original Tolsian script in which these phonemes use the same letter but with different diacritics.<br /> <br /> The grapheme <Î, î> denotes /ɨ/, except in front of some consonants (<F, f>, <V, v>, <Q, q>, <Ö, ö>, <Ñ, ñ>, <X, x>, <H, h>) ; the grapheme <Ï, ï> is used instead in order to denote /ɨ/.<br /> <br /> There are many digraphs and even trigraphs ; usually, all letters are capitalized, when capitalization is needed.<br /> =====Digraphs with <Î, î>=====<br /> In the original documentation, these are described as "purified" (''épurés'').<br /> <poem><br /> ÎF, îf /ɸ/<br /> ÎV, îv /β/<br /> ÎQ, îq /ɧ̙ʷ/<br /> ÎÖ, îö /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ <br /> ÎÑ, îñ /ŋ/<br /> ÎX, îx /x/<br /> ÎH, îh unknown, possibly /ɣ/<br /> </poem><br /> It is unclear if the following are considered to be "purified" :<br /> <poem><br /> <Äî, äî> /an/<br /> <Äî, àî> /on/ or /ɔn/<br /> <Äî, éî> /in/ or /im/<br /> <Äî, èî> /un/ or /œm/<br /> </poem><br /> =====Trigraphs with <Î, î>=====<br /> These were also considered to be "purified".<br /> <poem><br /> LÎÖ, lîö /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ <br /> ÎÑg, îñg /ᵑg/<br /> </poem><br /> =====Digraphs with <Û, û>=====<br /> Some of these digraphs were originally described as "wet" (''mouillés'') :<br /> <poem><br /> TÛ, tû /t̚/<br /> QÛ, qû /ʃʲ/ (probably realized [ç] or [ɕ])<br /> DÛ, dû /d̚/<br /> </poem><br /> Others were not considered to be "wet" :<br /> <poem><br /> LÛ, lû /r/<br /> HÛ, hû possibly /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ <br /> ĦÛ, ħû /ɾ/<br /> RÛ, rû /ɹ/ <br /> <br /> =====Trigraphs with <Û, û>=====<br /> There is only one such trigraph, and only the first letter is capitalized, if needed. It is possibly meant to appear only word-initially as it was only given as <Tûhh> :<br /> Tûhh /θ/<br /> <br /> =====Digraphs with <Ħ, ħ>=====<br /> These can also be written as trigraphs, swapping <Ħ, ħ> for <Hh, hh>. As digraphs, one may likewise capitalize both letters or only the first one. As trigraphs, Only the first letter is capitalized.<br /> Ħ, ħ can be found on its own but is soundless. It may be used as part of the following digraphs, or used to maintain a hiatus between vowels and <I, i> or <O, o>. It can also be written <Hh, hh>.<br /> PĦ/Pħ, pħ /f/ (or <Phh, phh>)<br /> TĦ/Tħ, tħ /s/ (or <Thh, thh><br /> JĦ/Jħ, jħ /ʒ/ (or <Jhh, jhh>)<br /> BĦ/Bħ, bħ /v/ (or <Bhh, bhh>)<br /> DĦ/Dħ, dħ /z/ (or <Dhh, dhh>)<br /> SĦ/Sħ, sħ /z/ (or <Shh, shh>)<br /> <br /> =====Digraphs and trigraph with <Ë, ë>=====<br /> The phoneme /ɾ/ also appears as part of a syllable /bɾə/, written <Ë, ë>. When <Ë, ë> is followed by a vowel, the /ə/ is replaced by that vowel :<br /> Ëa, ëa [bɾa]<br /> Ëç, ëç [bɾe]<br /> Ëÿ, ëÿ [bɾɛ]<br /> Ëu, ëu [bɾy]<br /> Ëo, ëo [bɾo] or [bɾɔ]<br /> Ëï, ëï [bɾi]<br /> Ëä, ëä [bɾɑ̃]<br /> Ëà, ëà [bɾɔ̃]<br /> Ëé, ëé [bɾɛ̃]<br /> Ëè, ëè [bɾœ̃]<br /> Ëou, ëou [bɾu]<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> =====Some more consonantal digraphs=====<br /> RX, rx /ʀ/<br /> QJ/Qj, qj /ʒ/<br /> =====Vocalic digraphs=====<br /> <poem><br /> <Oi, oi> [i]<br /> <EU/Eu, eu> [ø]<br /> <OU/Ou, ou> [u]<br /> <EA, ea> [ɛ]<br /> (But <Ea, ea> [əa])<br /> <OE/Oe, oe> [ø]<br /> <EÔ/Eô, eô> [œ]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Nasal vowels=====<br /> Some digraphs and trigraphs denote nasal vowels, with <N, n> and <M, m> :<br /> <poem><br /> <An, an> /ɑ̃/<br /> <Am, am> /ɑ̃/<br /> <En, en> /ɑ̃/<br /> <Em, em> /ɑ̃/<br /> <In, in> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Im, im> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Ein, ein> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Eim, eim> /ɛ̃/<br /> <On, on> /ɔ̃/<br /> <Om, om> /ɔ̃/<br /> <Un, un> /œ̃/<br /> <Um, um> /œ̃/<br /> </poem><br /> However, if there are two <N, n> or <M, m> following a vowel, then it is not nasalized but pronounced as V+[n or m] instead (<Ann, ann> [an], <Amm, amm> [am],... etc). Besides, vocalic graphemes other than <A, a>, <E, e>, <I, i>, <O, o>, <U, u> do not get nasalized when followed by an <N, n> or <M, m>.<br /> =====Diphtongues=====<br /> They have been described as diphtongues, but should rather be analyzed as combinations of vowels and approximants. There are three different approximants : /j/, /w/ and /ɥ/, which only appear in a limited number of cases.<br /> *Diphtongues /j/ + vowel :<br /> They are usually written with a <I, i> followed by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <I, i> stands for /j/ :<br /> <poem><br /> <Ia, ia> [ja]<br /> <Ie, ie> [jə]<br /> <Iç, iç> [je]<br /> <Iù, iù> [jœ]<br /> <Iÿ, iÿ> [jɛ]<br /> <Io, io> [jo] or [jɔ]<br /> <Iu, iu> [jy]<br /> <Iô, iô> [jo]<br /> <Iä, iä> [jɑ̃]<br /> <Ià, ià> [jɔ̃]<br /> <Ié, ié> [jɛ̃]<br /> <Iè, iè> [jœ̃]<br /> <Ii, ii> [ji]<br /> <Iou, iou> [ju]<br /> <Ieu, ieu> [jø]<br /> </poem><br /> However, there are a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> ÜÃ, üã [ja]<br /> ÜÕ, üõ [jo]<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues vowel + /j/ :<br /> They are usually written with a <Ü, ü> preceded by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <Ü, ü> stands for /j/ (minus the exceptions above) :<br /> <poem><br /> <AÜ, aü> [aj]<br /> <EÜ, eü> [əj]<br /> <EÜ, çü> [ej]<br /> <EÜ, ùü> [œj]<br /> <EÜ, ÿü> [ɛj]<br /> <OÜ, oü> [oj] or [ɔj]<br /> <UÜ, uü> [yj]<br /> <ÔÜ, ôü> [oj]<br /> <ÄÜ, äü> [aɑ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, àü> [ɔ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, éü> [ɛ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, èü> [œ̃j]<br /> <ÃÜ, ãü> [aj]<br /> <ÕÜ, õü> [oj]<br /> <EUÜ, euü> [øj]<br /> </poem><br /> There are also a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> EÎ, eî [əj]<br /> EÎ, çî [ej]<br /> EÎ, ùî [œj]<br /> EÎ, ÿî [ɛj]<br /> IÎ, iî [ij]<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues with /w/ :<br /> These are usually written with a <O, o>, either followed or preceded by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <O, o> stands for /w/ :<br /> <poem><br /> <Oa, oa> [wa]<br /> <Oe, oe> [wə]<br /> <Oç, oç> [we]<br /> <Où, où> [wœ]<br /> <Oÿ, oÿ> [wɛ]<br /> <Oo, oo> [wo] or [wɔ]<br /> <Oy, oy> [wy]<br /> <Oô, oô> [wo]<br /> <Oä, oä> [wɑ̃]<br /> <Oà, oà> [wɔ̃]<br /> <Oé, oé> [wɛ̃]<br /> <Oè, oè> [wœ̃] (This one was described as [wœ̃] already in the original documentation (instead of expected [wæ̃] and has therefore cast some doubt on the identification of vowels /ø/, /œ/ and /œ̃/.)<br /> <Oi, oi> [wi]<br /> <Oeu, oeu> [wø]<br /> And reciprocally (<Ao, ao> [aw]... etc).<br /> </poem><br /> There are however a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> <Io, io> is ambiguous and can denote either /iw/ or /jo/<br /> <Oi, oi> is ambiguous and can denote either /i/ or /wi/<br /> <Oe, oe> is ambiguous and can denote either /wə/ or /ø/<br /> <OU/Ou, ou> always denotes /u/ (/wy/ is denoted <Oy, oy> instead).<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues with /ɥ/ :<br /> <poem><br /> UÎ, uî [ɥi]<br /> Ui, ui [ɥi]<br /> Ua, ua [ɥa]<br /> Uç, uç [ɥe]<br /> Uÿ, uÿ [ɥɛ]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Triphtongues=====<br /> They should also be analyzed as combinations of approximant + vowel + approximant. Besides using <I, i> and <O, o> or even <Ü, ü> and <U, u>, there is a handful of special spellings that denote such "triphtongues" :<br /> <poem><br /> ÜÂ, üâ [jaj]<br /> ÜY, üy [jɔj]<br /> ÊÜ, êü [jaj]<br /> YÜ, yü [joj] or [jɔj]<br /> ÃÎ, ãî [aji]<br /> ÕÎ, õî [oji]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Word-final position induced changes=====<br /> The original consonants /g/ <G, g>, /l/ <L, l> and syllable /wi/ <W, w> turn into [j] when in a word-final position. Instead, the spellings <gue>, <lle> and <wi> are used.<br /> <poem><br /> <g> /j/<br /> <l> /j/<br /> <w> /j/<br /> <gue> /g/<br /> <lle> /l/<br /> <wi> /wi/<br /> </poem><br /> There are some other special spellings :<br /> <poem><br /> <ebm> /ɛjm/<br /> <ebn> /ɛjn/<br /> </poem><br /> Finally, some letters are simply not pronounced at the end of a word, and other spellings are used instead :<br /> <poem><br /> <e><br /> <ô><br /> <d><br /> <nowiki><q></nowiki><br /> <nowiki><s></nowiki><br /> <t><br /> <z><br /> <er><br /> <dde> /d/<br /> <qe> /ʃ/<br /> <sse> /θ/ (or possibly /s/ ?)<br /> <tte> /t/<br /> <ze> /z/<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ====Table of phonemes and their principal corresponding graphemes====<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m <M, m><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n <N, n><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ <Ñ, ñ><br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ <ÎÑ, îñ><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p <P, p> ; b <B, b><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ <TÛ, tû> ; t <T, t> ; d̚ <DÛ, dû> ; d <D, d><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k <K, k> ; g <G, g><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s <C, c> alt. <TĦ/Tħ, tħ> ; z <Z, z> alt. <DĦ/Dħ, dħ> alt. <SĦ/Sħ, sħ><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ <Q, q> ; ʒ <Ö, ö> alt. <JĦ/Jħ, jħ> alt. <QJ/Qj, qj><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ <QÛ, qû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ <ÎF, îf> ; β <ÎV, îv><br /> |colspan="2"| f <F, f> alt. <PĦ/Pħ, pħ> ; v <V, v> alt. <BĦ/Bħ, bħ><br /> |colspan="2"| θ <S, s> alt. <Tûhh, s> ; ð <J, j> <br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ <HÛ, hû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ <ÎQ, îq> ; ɧ̙ʷ̬ <ÎÖ, îö> alt. <LÎÖ, lîö><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <ÎX, îx><br /> |colspan="2"| χ <X, x> ; ʁ <R, r><br /> |colspan="2"| h <H, h><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ <RÛ, rû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j <I, i> (before a vowel), <Ü, ü> (after a vowel) ; ɥ <U, u> (before some vowels)<br /> |colspan="2"| w <O, o> (before or after a vowel)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r <LÛ, lû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ <RX, rx><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ <ĦÛ, ħû> <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l <L, l> ɫ <Û, û><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg <ÎÑg, îñg><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i <I, i> alt. <Oi, oi> ; y <U, u><br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ <Î, î> alt. <Ï, ï><br /> |colspan="2"|u <OU/Ou, ou><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e <E, ç/ë> ; ø <EU/Eu, eu> alt. <OE/Oe, oe><br /> |colspan="2"| ə <E, e><br /> |colspan="2"|o <O, o> alt. <Ô, ô> alt. <Õ, õ><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ <E, ÿ/ê> alt. <EA, ea> ; œ <E, ù/ĕ> alt. <EÔ/Eô, eô> ; ɛ̃ <Ä, é/â> ; œ̃ <Ä, è/ä><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ <O, o> ; ɔ̃ <Ä, à/ă><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä <A, a> alt. <Ã, ã><br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃ <Ä, ä><br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Prosody===<br /> ====Stress====<br /> <br /> There is no lexical stress. It can be assumed that most words or verbal and nominal groups have a slight stress on the last syllable, like in French ; however, there is supposed to be a distinction between short and long vowels, so we can assume that long vowels would be stressed.<br /> <br /> ====Intonation====<br /> <br /> ===Phonotactics===<br /> <br /> ===Morphophonology===<br /> <br /> ==Morphology==<br /> <br /> There are five main parts of speech in Qtolqjimctadû : nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and particles.<br /> <br /> ===Nouns===<br /> Nouns have definiteness, gender, and number. Definiteness is marked by definite and indefinite articles which agree in gender and number with the nouns. There are three genders : neuter, masculine, and feminine. <br /> <br /> ====Gender====<br /> Gender is usually marked by the ending of the noun. Nouns that correspond to non-animate things are usually neutral whereas nouns that describe animate things are usually masculine or feminine. However, some nouns can have all three genders, with the masculine and feminine forms built on an underlying neutral form ; this is common for instance for animal names, or for professions.<br /> <br /> According to documentation, most neuter nouns in the singular end either in <nowiki><-e></nowiki> or in a consonant. There is however no indication of how to distinguish masculine and feminine nouns, but based on the description of neuter forms, it may be posited that they must typically end in some kinds of vowels. Nouns that end in <nowiki><-e></nowiki> in the singular neuter are part of a paradigm that builds masculine and feminine forms on this underlying neuter form :<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Ending in -e<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || -e /ə/ || -ea /ɛ/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || -e /ə/ || -ebn /ɛjn/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || -ea /ɛ/ || -ean /əɑ̃/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> According to documentation, it is common for the neuter to present as a masculine singular ending in the singular, and as a feminine singular ending in the plural.<br /> <br /> ====Definiteness====<br /> Earlier documentation does not explicitly state that the definite and definite articles must agree with nouns in number and gender, but it is apparent in corpus that there is at least a masculine or neutral singular definite article that differs from a feminine singular definite article. From this and comparison with other versions of Tolsian, one can infer that articles, both definite and indefinite, come in at least three forms : masculine singular, feminine singular, and a plural form that covers all genders. Based on the existence of a neutral gender, it may be posited that there must be a neutral singular form as well. There is however no actual indication of whether there is only one plural form for all genders, or if there are also different plural forms for different genders. We'll assume the following paradigm :<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Definite and indefinite articles<br /> |-<br /> ! Definiteness / Gender !! Neuter !! Masculine !! Feminine !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Definite|| - || pna /pna/ || pnÿ /pnɛ/ || -<br /> |-<br /> | Indefinite|| -|| -|| ad /a/ || -<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ====Number====<br /> There are two numbers, singular and plural ; singular is unmarked while plural is marked with a suffix that differs depending on the ending of the noun.<br /> Besides the "-e" paradigm above, different groups of endings take different plural markings. It is likely that the consonantal endings indicate neuter nouns, whereas the vocalic endings indicate masculine and feminine nouns.<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Table of plurals<br /> |-<br /> ! Types of endings !! Plural affix !! Pronunciation<br /> |-<br /> | -c ; -f ; -j ; -l ; -m ; -n ; -v ; -û ; -ë || -c || -cc /s/ ; -fc /fs/ ; -jc /θ/ ; -lc /js/ ; -mc ; -nc ; -vc /fs/ ; -ûc /ɫ/ ; -ëc /bɾɛk/<br /> |-<br /> | -b ; -d ; -g ; -p ; -q ; -w ; -ü ; -k || -tt || -btt /pt/ ; -dtt /d̚/ ; -gtt /kt/ ; -ptt /pt/ ; -qtt /ʃt/ ; -wtt /wit/ ; -ütt /jt/ ; -ktt /kt/<br /> |-<br /> | -s ; -r || -ch || -sch /ʃ/ ; -rch /?/ ("[hˤ]" see notes on consonants) ; -rsch /ʁʃa/<br /> |-<br /> | -h ; -t ; -x ; -z ; -ö ; -ñ || -c or -tt || -hc /k/ ; -tc /ts/ ; -xc /χs/ ; -zc /s/ ; -öc /s/ ; -ñc /s/ <p> -htt /ht/ ; -ttt /t̚/ ; -xtt /χt/ ; -ztt /st/ ; -ött /ʃt/ ; -ñtt /t/<br /> |-<br /> | Vowel endings (other than "e") || -es || not pronounced.<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ====Pronouns====<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Personal subject pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Pronoun<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || I || êü /jaj/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || you || oü /oj/ or /ɔj/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.masc || he || tag /taj/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.fem || she || tal /taj/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.impersonal || "man", "one" || tawi /tawi/<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || we || îhalÿn /xalɛn/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || you || hiçve /hjev/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.masc || they || tagg /tag/ (or /tagj/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.fem || they || tall /tal/ (or /talj/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || you || îqann /ɧ̙ʷan/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Demonstrative pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Pronoun<br /> |-<br /> | Singular demonstrative pronoun || this || fe /fə/<br /> |-<br /> | Plural demonstrative pronoun || these || îvae /βa/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Personal reflexive pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Pronoun<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || myself || kab /kab/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || yourself || kat /ka/ (or /kat) ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.masc || himself || kaad /ka:/ (or /ka:d/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.fem || herself || kaad /ka:/ (or /ka:d/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.impersonal || oneself || kad /ka/ (or /kad/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || ourselves || aö /aʒ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || yourselves || av /av/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.masc || themselves || aann /a:n/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.fem || themselves || aann /a:n/<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || yourself ; yourselves || enn /ən/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Possessive pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Masculine and neuter singular !! Feminine singular !! Masculine and neuter plural !! Feminine plural<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || my, mine || kabħe /kavə/ || kabħa /kava/ || kabħei /kavi/ || kabħae /kavaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || your, yours || katħe /kasə/ || katħa /kasa/ || katħei /kasi/ || katħae /kasaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG || his, her, hers, its || kadħe /kazə/ || kadħa /kaza/ || kadħei /kazi/ || kadħae /kazaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || our, ours || pħaöe /faʒə/ || pħaöa /faʒa/ || pħaöei /faʒi/ || pħaöae /faʒaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || your, yours || pħave /favə/ || pħava /fava/ || pħavei /favi/ || pħavae /favaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL || their, theirs || pħann /fan/ || pħana /fana/ || pħani /fani/ || pħanae /fanaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || your, yours || ïqann /iʃan/ || aîqann /aɧ̙ʷan/ || ïqani /iʃani/ || aîqane /aɧ̙ʷan/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Possessive pronouns agree in gender and number with the nouns denoting what is "possessed".<br /> <br /> ===Verbs===<br /> <br /> There are two main verbal groups, one ending in "-ë" (usually with a radical ending in a vowel), and one ending in "-er" (usually with a radical ending in a consonant). Verbs are conjugated for person, tense, and mood. There are formally seven persons : first singular, second singular, third singular, first plural, second plural, third plural, and the "polite" second person used in formal contexts for which number is neutralized. <br /> <br /> ====Mood====<br /> <br /> There are four moods : indicative, conditional, imperative and so-called "absolute" (can also be called gnomic). <br /> =====Indicative=====<br /> The indicative and absolute moods are forms of realis : indicative is used to express statements or facts, and also other modalities not expressed with other moods. <br /> =====Absolute=====<br /> The absolute is traditionally treated as a mood because of its specific grammatical markings, but better corresponds semantically to the gnomic aspect. It can also be used to express a higher degree of certainty than indicative, or to express emphasis. According to documentation : <q>L'absolu est un mode intemporel. Il peut traduire un présent de vérité générale, parler d'une propriété intrinsèque à un corps, être utilisé en poésie... Il peut être utilisé aussi en tant que présent s'il décrit une action ''a priori'' continue dans le temps, comme lorsqu'on emploie des adjectifs qualificatifs.</q><br /> =====Imperative=====<br /> The conditional and imperative moods are forms of irrealis : the imperative expresses commands, prohibitions and requests. It is not used with the seventh person (2nd person used for politeness), in which case it is substituted for a hypothetical conditional. <br /> =====Conditional=====<br /> The conditional expresses hypotheticals, desires and wishes. According to documentation, so-called "hypothetical conditional" corresponds to the French subjunctive mood.<br /> ====Tense====<br /> <br /> There are three main tenses : present, past and future. <br /> <br /> =====Present=====<br /> *In the indicative mode, there is one present, the indicative present.<br /> *In the conditional mood, there are two kinds of present : the conditional present and the so-called "hypothetical conditional present" (''conditionel hypothétique présent''), meant to correspond to the French subjunctive present.<br /> *In the imperative and absolute moods, there is only a present tense.<br /> =====Past=====<br /> *In the indicative mood, there are four kinds of past : the so-called "foregone past" (''passé révolu''), which is meant to correspond to the French pluperfect ; the "descriptive past" (''passé descriptif''), meant to correspond to the French simple past and imperfect past ; the "general past" (''passé général''), meant to correspond to the French imperfect and ''passé composé'' (present perfect) ; and the "anterior past" (''passé antérieur''), built analytically with the auxiliary verb "kavaver"(to have) in the foregone past and the past participle.<br /> *In the conditional mood, there are three kinds of past : the "past conditional" (''conditionnel passé''), the so-called "retrospective conditional" (''conditionnel rétrospectif''), which is meant to correspond to the French ''conditionnel passé de seconde forme'', and the so-called "hypothetical conditional past" (''conditionel hypothétique passé''), meant to express the French past subjunctive. <br /> =====Future=====<br /> In the indicative mood, there are two kinds of future : the "general future" (''futur général''), which indicates event that are yet to happen, and the "retrospective future" (''futur rétrospectif''), which corresponds to the traditional "future perfect" (''futur antérieur''), used to express an action that will be completed before another action in the future.<br /> <br /> ====Conjugation tables====<br /> <br /> The only available conjugation tables describe the endings in the indicative present for verbs of the first and second groups.<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Indicative present of the first group : "kalûaë", ''to be''<br /> |-<br /> ! Person !! Ending !! Example<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || -qni /ʃni/ || kalûaqni /kaɾaʃni/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || -qniî /ʃnij/ || kalûaqniî /kaɾaʃnij/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG || - (radical) || kalûa /kaɾa/<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || -cÿcq /sesʃ/ || kalûacÿcq /kaɾasesʃ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || -tts /t/ || kalûatts /kaɾat/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL || -me /mə/ || kalûame /kaɾamə/<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || -i /i/ || kalûai /kaɾai/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Indicative present of the second group : "kavaver", ''to have''<br /> |-<br /> ! Person !! Ending !! Example<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || - (radical) || kav /kav/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || -s (unpronounced) || kavavs /kavav/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG || - (radical) || kavav /kavav/<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || -m /m/ || kavavm /kavavm/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || -ês /ja/ || kavavês /kavavja/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL || -n /n/ || kavavn /kavavn/<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || -i /i/ || kavi /kavi/<br /> |}<br /> Note : the first and seventh persons are irregular in this case.<br /> <br /> ====Participle====<br /> <br /> =====Present participle=====<br /> There are two different kinds of present participles ; the regular present participle, and a so-called substantival present participle (''participe présent substantivé'').<br /> *Regular present participle :<br /> It is built by adding either the ending -klûenat /kɾna/ or the ending -kvi /gvi/ to the verb radical. These endings correspond directly to the present participles of the verb kalûaë : klûenat, and of the verb kavaver : kvi.<br /> Example : çctekvi /estegvi/, "losing".<br /> *Substantival present participle :<br /> It is used for instance for expressing continuing action (''Il sert par exemple à transcrire l'idée d'action continue : en français, "être en train de..."''). It is built by adding the ending -m to the infinitive form.<br /> Example : kavaverm /kavavm/ "having", kalûaëm /kaɾam/ "being", çctÿeëm /estɛbɾəm/ "losing".<br /> Example : Êü kavaqni çcteëm nda tÿmg kabbhe, "I am wasting my time"<br /> Subject pronoun "I" + verb "to have" + substantival present participle of the verb "to lose" + particle "in, from, of" + "time" + possessive pronoun "mine".<br /> <br /> =====Past participle=====<br /> <br /> The past participle is built by adding the ending -ut /y/ to the verb radical, for verbs of the first group ; and by adding the ending -ç /e/ to the verb radical, for verbs of the second group. <br /> Exceptions : kalûaë : klûu /kɾy/ (or /kɾu/ ?), "been" ; kavaver : avvç /av:e/.<br /> The past participle agrees in gender and number with the object of the verb :<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Caption text<br /> |-<br /> ! !! first group !! second group<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine singular || -ut /y/ || -ç /e/<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter singular || -ut /y/ || -ç /e/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine singular || -uet /y/ || -çe /e/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine plural || -uts /y/ || -çs /e/<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter plural || -uts /y/ || -çs /e/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine plural || -uets /y/ || -çes /e/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Example : çcteut, çcteuts, çcteuet, çcteuets /esty/.<br /> <br /> ===Adjectives===<br /> <br /> Adjectives agree in gender and number with the nouns they qualify. It is marked with a prefix that changes depending on the beginning of the neuter singular form.<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with a vowel<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || es- /əθ/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || a- /a/ || ai- /aj/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || e- /ə/ || es- /əθ/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with h-, t-, x-, z-, ö-,ñ-<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || cs- /s/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || q- /ʃ/ || qs- /ʃ/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || c- /s/ || cs- /s/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with b-, d-, g-, p-, q-, w-, ü-, k<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || hm- /hm/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || m- /m/ || ebm- /ɛjm/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || hm- /hm/ || hebm- /hɛjm/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with s-, r-<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || kbett- /kbət/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || kbet- /kbət/ || kbest- /kbət/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || kbeat- /kbɛt/ || kbeast- /kbɛt/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with c-, f-, j-, l-, m-, n-, v-, û-, ë-<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || atûïve- /at̚ɨvə/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || etûove- /ət̚ovə/ || etûïve- /ət̚ɨvə/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || atûova- /at̚ova/ || atûïva- /at̚ɨva/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Adverbs===<br /> <br /> There is no information on adverbs but, based on other versions of Tolsian, we can assume they are invariable in form, qualify verbs and adjectives, and are usually placed before the verb or adjective they qualify.<br /> <br /> ===Particles===<br /> <br /> Particles are function words that include prepositions, postpositions, conjunction words, etc. <br /> *One notable particle is the so-called subject particle, which is used with stative verbs to introduce the subject's attribute. It can take two different forms, usually depending on whether the subject is animate (particle "tke?") or inanimate (particle "ke?"), but also potentially on whether the relationship between subject and attribute is perceived as "temporary" or "eternal".<br /> *Another notable particle is the "possessive" particle, which is suffixed to the noun that represents a "possessor", akin to a genitive marking. It can be used instead of possessive pronouns, when suffixed to a personal subject pronoun : for instance, the personal pronoun "êü" + the possessive particle "-dô" becomes "êüdô", ''my''. On the other hand, when using one of the possessive pronouns, a so-called "possessed particle" is placed in front of the "possessed" noun.<br /> *Some particles are more like traditional prepositions ; for instance, "nda" means ''in, from, of''.<br /> <br /> ===Derivational morphology===<br /> <br /> ====Adjectives====<br /> <br /> Adjectives can be derived from nouns by adding the suffix -ke. The resulting adjective agrees in gender and number with the noun it qualifies, following the regular agreement rules for adjectives.<br /> Example : "tolsian", neuter singular : tolqjimke, masculine singular : qtolqjimke.<br /> <br /> ====Nouns====<br /> Nouns can be derived from adjectives or past participles by adding the suffix -ctadû /stad̚/. The resulting noun is usually masculine. According to documentation, if a noun is derived from an adjective that was itself derived from a noun with the suffix -ke, then this suffix should be dropped, which sure sounds a lot like we're back to deriving a noun from a noun.<br /> Example : (the) Tolsian (language) : pna Qtolqjimctadû.<br /> <br /> ====Verbs====<br /> <br /> Verbs can most likely be derived from nouns by adding either the suffix -ë (probably if the noun ends in a vowel) or the suffix -er (if it ends in a consonant).<br /> <br /> ==Syntax==<br /> ===Constituent order===<br /> ===Noun phrase===<br /> ===Verb phrase===<br /> ===Sentence phrase===<br /> ===Dependent clauses===<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Example texts==<br /> <br /> ==Other resources==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Qtolqjimctadû]]<br /> [[Category:Languages]]<br /> [[Category:Conlangs]]<br /> [[Category:Tolsian]]</div>

Uvie https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Qtolqjimctad%C3%BB&diff=526612 Qtolqjimctadû 2026-05-21T19:57:13Z

<p>Uvie: /* Morphology */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Introduction==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ<br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p b<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ t d̚ d<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k g<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s z<br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ ʒ <br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ β<br /> |colspan="2"| f v<br /> |colspan="2"| θ ð<br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ ɧ̙ʷ̬<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <br /> |colspan="2"| χ ʁ<br /> |colspan="2"| h<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j ɥ<br /> |colspan="2"| w<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l ɫ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> Notes :<br /> <br /> In earlier documentation, proper knowledge of IPA was lacking and several of the phonemes had to be identified from either phonetically inaccurate IPA descriptions or vague, impressionistic ones. Several phonemes could not be recovered. Here is a list of deviations from the above table :<br /> <poem><br /> Identified phonemes :<br /> /ɸ/ was described as [fʷ] (written <ÎF, îf>).<br /> /β/ was described as [vʷ] (written <ÎV, îv>).<br /> /ʁ/ was described as [ʀ] (written <R, r>).<br /> /ʀ/ was described as [rˤ] (''sorte de « r » très roulé'', written <RX, rx>).<br /> /ɹ/ was described as [ʀˤ] (''sorte de « r » anglais'', written <RÛ, rû>).<br /> /ɫ/ was described as [l̪ ] (''comme à la fin du mot anglais "well"'', written <Û, û>).<br /> /χ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [x] (written <X, x>), while /x/ itself was most likely described as [xˤ] (written <ÎX, îx>).<br /> /ŋ/ was probably described as [ɲˤ] (written <ÎÑ, îñ>), while the sound described as [ŋ] (written <ÎÑg, îñg>) probably corresponded to /ᵑg/.<br /> /ɾ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [r̺] (written <ĦÛ, ħû>, as well as part of the cluster /bɾ/+V with the help of <Ë, ë> as [bɾə], described as [br̺ə]).<br /> /r/ might have been what was described as [r] (''sorte de « r » roulé à la japonaise'', written <LÛ, lû>).<br /> /ɧ̙ʷ/ and its voiced version /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ are, to this day, subject to doubt regarding their IPA descriptions. They were most likely corresponding to the sounds described as [ʃ ̪ ] (written <ÎQ, îq>) and [ʒ̺̺̺ ] (written <ÎÖ, îö> or <LÎÖ, lîö>).<br /> /t̚/ and /d̚/ are also subject to some doubt regarding their IPA descriptions still. They were described as [t̪] (written <TÛ, tû>) and [d̪] (written <DÛ, dû>).<br /> The phoneme described as [ʃʲ] probably has a realization closer to [ç] or [ɕ] (written <QÛ, qû>).<br /> <br /> Unidentified or very doubtful phonemes :<br /> Some /h/-like phoneme, described as [hˤ] (written <ÎH, îh>). It might have corresponded to /ɣ/, but it is not very likely.<br /> /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ might have been what was described as [l̤ʲ] (written <HÛ, hû>). Based on its spelling it is more likely to be devoiced.<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i y<br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ<br /> |colspan="2"|u<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e ø<br /> |colspan="2"| ə<br /> |colspan="2"|o<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ œ ɛ̃ œ̃<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ ɔ̃<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä<br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃<br /> |}<br /> Vowel length is supposed to be phonemic, with regular (or short) vowels, and long vowels.<br /> <br /> Similarly to consonants, some vowels had to be "re-identified" from previous documentation and some deviations arise :<br /> <poem><br /> /œ/ is probably what was described as [æ] (written <Ù, ù> or <E, ĕ> or <EÔ/Eô, eô>).<br /> /œ̃/ is probably what was described as [æ̃] (written <Ä, è> or <Ä, ä>).<br /> /ø/ is probably what was described as [œ] (written <EU/Eu, eu> or <OE/Oe, oe>).<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Orthography===<br /> Orthography was made complicated on purpose.<br /> <br /> ====Alphabet====<br /> <poem><br /> A, a /a/<br /> B, b /b/<br /> C, c /s/<br /> D, d /d/<br /> E, e /ə/ ; E, ç/ë /e/ ; E, ù/ĕ /œ/ ; E, ÿ/ê /ɛ/<br /> F, f /f/<br /> G, g /g/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> H, h /h/<br /> Ħ, ħ soundless ; mostly used in composed graphemes.<br /> I, i /i/<br /> J, j /ð/<br /> K, k /k/<br /> L, l /l/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> M, m /m/<br /> N, n /n/<br /> O, o /o/ or /ɔ/<br /> P, p /p/<br /> Q, q /ʃ/<br /> R, r /ʁ/<br /> S, s /θ/<br /> T, t /t/<br /> U, u /y/<br /> V, v /v/<br /> W, w /wi/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> X, x /χ/<br /> Y, y /jo/ or /ɔj/<br /> Z, z /z/<br /> Â, â /aj/<br /> Ê, ê /ja/<br /> Û, û /ɫ/<br /> Î, î /ɨ/ soundless when used in composed graphemes.<br /> Ô, ô /o/<br /> Ä, ä /ɑ̃/ ; Ä, à/ă /ɔ̃/ ; Ä, é/â /ɛ̃/ ; Ä, è/ä /œ̃/<br /> Ë, ë /bɾə/<br /> Ü, ü /j/<br /> Ï, ï /ɨ/<br /> Ö, ö /ʒ/<br /> Ã, ã /a/<br /> Õ, õ /o/<br /> Ñ, ñ /ɲ/<br /> </poem><br /> =====History=====<br /> Like most, if not all, versions of Tolsian, Qtolqjimctadû was meant to be written with the original Tolsian script. Some graphemes were chosen because of the limitations of the French keyboard, but were initally supposed to correspond to another, preexisting grapheme, with a diacritic, in order to reflect the original script. Some graphemes with diacritic are supposed to represent letters in the original script that are not simply versions of another letter with a diacritic ; this is why in the list below, <nowiki><ë></nowiki> appears to represent /e/, alongside <nowiki><ç></nowiki>, whereas in <Ë, ë> it represents /bɾə/ in the alphabet : they have different underlying identities.<br /> <poem><br /> <e> with diaeresis ¨ becomes <ç> (or <ë>)<br /> <e> with cedilla or possibly hook below (''accent « petite courbe vers le bas »'') becomes <ù> (or <ĕ>)<br /> <e> with circumflex accent ^ becomes <ÿ> (or <ê>)<br /> <O, o> (or <Ô, ô> ?) with circumflex accent becomes <Õ, õ><br /> <U, u> with dieresis becomes <Ü, ü><br /> <U, u> with circumflex accent becomes <Û, û><br /> <Â, â> with circumflex accent becomes <Ê, ê><br /> <Î, î> with circumflex accent becomes <Ï, ï><br /> <ä> with cedilla or hook below becomes <à> (o <ă>)<br /> <ä> with circumflex becomes <é> (or <â>)<br /> <ä> with diaeresis becomes <è> (or <ä>)<br /> <Â, â> with circumflex becomes <Ã, ã><br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ====Spelling rules====<br /> Long vowels are spelled with doubled graphemes (<Aa, aa> /a:/, etc).<br /> <br /> Some graphemes, namely <E, e> /ə/ ; <E, ç/ë> /e/ ; <E, ù/ĕ> /œ/ ; <E, ÿ/ê> /ɛ/ and <Ä, ä> /ɑ̃/ ; <Ä, à/ă> /ɔ̃/ ; <Ä, é/â> /ɛ̃/ ; <Ä, è/ä /œ̃/> use the same capital letter, but different minuscule letters, for different phonemes. This is partly due to limitations on a French keyboard, and partly to reflect the original Tolsian script in which these phonemes use the same letter but with different diacritics.<br /> <br /> The grapheme <Î, î> denotes /ɨ/, except in front of some consonants (<F, f>, <V, v>, <Q, q>, <Ö, ö>, <Ñ, ñ>, <X, x>, <H, h>) ; the grapheme <Ï, ï> is used instead in order to denote /ɨ/.<br /> <br /> There are many digraphs and even trigraphs ; usually, all letters are capitalized, when capitalization is needed.<br /> =====Digraphs with <Î, î>=====<br /> In the original documentation, these are described as "purified" (''épurés'').<br /> <poem><br /> ÎF, îf /ɸ/<br /> ÎV, îv /β/<br /> ÎQ, îq /ɧ̙ʷ/<br /> ÎÖ, îö /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ <br /> ÎÑ, îñ /ŋ/<br /> ÎX, îx /x/<br /> ÎH, îh unknown, possibly /ɣ/<br /> </poem><br /> It is unclear if the following are considered to be "purified" :<br /> <poem><br /> <Äî, äî> /an/<br /> <Äî, àî> /on/ or /ɔn/<br /> <Äî, éî> /in/ or /im/<br /> <Äî, èî> /un/ or /œm/<br /> </poem><br /> =====Trigraphs with <Î, î>=====<br /> These were also considered to be "purified".<br /> <poem><br /> LÎÖ, lîö /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ <br /> ÎÑg, îñg /ᵑg/<br /> </poem><br /> =====Digraphs with <Û, û>=====<br /> Some of these digraphs were originally described as "wet" (''mouillés'') :<br /> <poem><br /> TÛ, tû /t̚/<br /> QÛ, qû /ʃʲ/ (probably realized [ç] or [ɕ])<br /> DÛ, dû /d̚/<br /> </poem><br /> Others were not considered to be "wet" :<br /> <poem><br /> LÛ, lû /r/<br /> HÛ, hû possibly /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ <br /> ĦÛ, ħû /ɾ/<br /> RÛ, rû /ɹ/ <br /> <br /> =====Trigraphs with <Û, û>=====<br /> There is only one such trigraph, and only the first letter is capitalized, if needed. It is possibly meant to appear only word-initially as it was only given as <Tûhh> :<br /> Tûhh /θ/<br /> <br /> =====Digraphs with <Ħ, ħ>=====<br /> These can also be written as trigraphs, swapping <Ħ, ħ> for <Hh, hh>. As digraphs, one may likewise capitalize both letters or only the first one. As trigraphs, Only the first letter is capitalized.<br /> Ħ, ħ can be found on its own but is soundless. It may be used as part of the following digraphs, or used to maintain a hiatus between vowels and <I, i> or <O, o>. It can also be written <Hh, hh>.<br /> PĦ/Pħ, pħ /f/ (or <Phh, phh>)<br /> TĦ/Tħ, tħ /s/ (or <Thh, thh><br /> JĦ/Jħ, jħ /ʒ/ (or <Jhh, jhh>)<br /> BĦ/Bħ, bħ /v/ (or <Bhh, bhh>)<br /> DĦ/Dħ, dħ /z/ (or <Dhh, dhh>)<br /> SĦ/Sħ, sħ /z/ (or <Shh, shh>)<br /> <br /> =====Digraphs and trigraph with <Ë, ë>=====<br /> The phoneme /ɾ/ also appears as part of a syllable /bɾə/, written <Ë, ë>. When <Ë, ë> is followed by a vowel, the /ə/ is replaced by that vowel :<br /> Ëa, ëa [bɾa]<br /> Ëç, ëç [bɾe]<br /> Ëÿ, ëÿ [bɾɛ]<br /> Ëu, ëu [bɾy]<br /> Ëo, ëo [bɾo] or [bɾɔ]<br /> Ëï, ëï [bɾi]<br /> Ëä, ëä [bɾɑ̃]<br /> Ëà, ëà [bɾɔ̃]<br /> Ëé, ëé [bɾɛ̃]<br /> Ëè, ëè [bɾœ̃]<br /> Ëou, ëou [bɾu]<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> =====Some more consonantal digraphs=====<br /> RX, rx /ʀ/<br /> QJ/Qj, qj /ʒ/<br /> =====Vocalic digraphs=====<br /> <poem><br /> <Oi, oi> [i]<br /> <EU/Eu, eu> [ø]<br /> <OU/Ou, ou> [u]<br /> <EA, ea> [ɛ]<br /> (But <Ea, ea> [əa])<br /> <OE/Oe, oe> [ø]<br /> <EÔ/Eô, eô> [œ]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Nasal vowels=====<br /> Some digraphs and trigraphs denote nasal vowels, with <N, n> and <M, m> :<br /> <poem><br /> <An, an> /ɑ̃/<br /> <Am, am> /ɑ̃/<br /> <En, en> /ɑ̃/<br /> <Em, em> /ɑ̃/<br /> <In, in> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Im, im> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Ein, ein> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Eim, eim> /ɛ̃/<br /> <On, on> /ɔ̃/<br /> <Om, om> /ɔ̃/<br /> <Un, un> /œ̃/<br /> <Um, um> /œ̃/<br /> </poem><br /> However, if there are two <N, n> or <M, m> following a vowel, then it is not nasalized but pronounced as V+[n or m] instead (<Ann, ann> [an], <Amm, amm> [am],... etc). Besides, vocalic graphemes other than <A, a>, <E, e>, <I, i>, <O, o>, <U, u> do not get nasalized when followed by an <N, n> or <M, m>.<br /> =====Diphtongues=====<br /> They have been described as diphtongues, but should rather be analyzed as combinations of vowels and approximants. There are three different approximants : /j/, /w/ and /ɥ/, which only appear in a limited number of cases.<br /> *Diphtongues /j/ + vowel :<br /> They are usually written with a <I, i> followed by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <I, i> stands for /j/ :<br /> <poem><br /> <Ia, ia> [ja]<br /> <Ie, ie> [jə]<br /> <Iç, iç> [je]<br /> <Iù, iù> [jœ]<br /> <Iÿ, iÿ> [jɛ]<br /> <Io, io> [jo] or [jɔ]<br /> <Iu, iu> [jy]<br /> <Iô, iô> [jo]<br /> <Iä, iä> [jɑ̃]<br /> <Ià, ià> [jɔ̃]<br /> <Ié, ié> [jɛ̃]<br /> <Iè, iè> [jœ̃]<br /> <Ii, ii> [ji]<br /> <Iou, iou> [ju]<br /> <Ieu, ieu> [jø]<br /> </poem><br /> However, there are a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> ÜÃ, üã [ja]<br /> ÜÕ, üõ [jo]<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues vowel + /j/ :<br /> They are usually written with a <Ü, ü> preceded by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <Ü, ü> stands for /j/ (minus the exceptions above) :<br /> <poem><br /> <AÜ, aü> [aj]<br /> <EÜ, eü> [əj]<br /> <EÜ, çü> [ej]<br /> <EÜ, ùü> [œj]<br /> <EÜ, ÿü> [ɛj]<br /> <OÜ, oü> [oj] or [ɔj]<br /> <UÜ, uü> [yj]<br /> <ÔÜ, ôü> [oj]<br /> <ÄÜ, äü> [aɑ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, àü> [ɔ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, éü> [ɛ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, èü> [œ̃j]<br /> <ÃÜ, ãü> [aj]<br /> <ÕÜ, õü> [oj]<br /> <EUÜ, euü> [øj]<br /> </poem><br /> There are also a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> EÎ, eî [əj]<br /> EÎ, çî [ej]<br /> EÎ, ùî [œj]<br /> EÎ, ÿî [ɛj]<br /> IÎ, iî [ij]<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues with /w/ :<br /> These are usually written with a <O, o>, either followed or preceded by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <O, o> stands for /w/ :<br /> <poem><br /> <Oa, oa> [wa]<br /> <Oe, oe> [wə]<br /> <Oç, oç> [we]<br /> <Où, où> [wœ]<br /> <Oÿ, oÿ> [wɛ]<br /> <Oo, oo> [wo] or [wɔ]<br /> <Oy, oy> [wy]<br /> <Oô, oô> [wo]<br /> <Oä, oä> [wɑ̃]<br /> <Oà, oà> [wɔ̃]<br /> <Oé, oé> [wɛ̃]<br /> <Oè, oè> [wœ̃] (This one was described as [wœ̃] already in the original documentation (instead of expected [wæ̃] and has therefore cast some doubt on the identification of vowels /ø/, /œ/ and /œ̃/.)<br /> <Oi, oi> [wi]<br /> <Oeu, oeu> [wø]<br /> And reciprocally (<Ao, ao> [aw]... etc).<br /> </poem><br /> There are however a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> <Io, io> is ambiguous and can denote either /iw/ or /jo/<br /> <Oi, oi> is ambiguous and can denote either /i/ or /wi/<br /> <Oe, oe> is ambiguous and can denote either /wə/ or /ø/<br /> <OU/Ou, ou> always denotes /u/ (/wy/ is denoted <Oy, oy> instead).<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues with /ɥ/ :<br /> <poem><br /> UÎ, uî [ɥi]<br /> Ui, ui [ɥi]<br /> Ua, ua [ɥa]<br /> Uç, uç [ɥe]<br /> Uÿ, uÿ [ɥɛ]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Triphtongues=====<br /> They should also be analyzed as combinations of approximant + vowel + approximant. Besides using <I, i> and <O, o> or even <Ü, ü> and <U, u>, there is a handful of special spellings that denote such "triphtongues" :<br /> <poem><br /> ÜÂ, üâ [jaj]<br /> ÜY, üy [jɔj]<br /> ÊÜ, êü [jaj]<br /> YÜ, yü [joj] or [jɔj]<br /> ÃÎ, ãî [aji]<br /> ÕÎ, õî [oji]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Word-final position induced changes=====<br /> The original consonants /g/ <G, g>, /l/ <L, l> and syllable /wi/ <W, w> turn into [j] when in a word-final position. Instead, the spellings <gue>, <lle> and <wi> are used.<br /> <poem><br /> <g> /j/<br /> <l> /j/<br /> <w> /j/<br /> <gue> /g/<br /> <lle> /l/<br /> <wi> /wi/<br /> </poem><br /> There are some other special spellings :<br /> <poem><br /> <ebm> /ɛjm/<br /> <ebn> /ɛjn/<br /> </poem><br /> Finally, some letters are simply not pronounced at the end of a word, and other spellings are used instead :<br /> <poem><br /> <e><br /> <ô><br /> <d><br /> <nowiki><q></nowiki><br /> <nowiki><s></nowiki><br /> <t><br /> <z><br /> <er><br /> <dde> /d/<br /> <qe> /ʃ/<br /> <sse> /θ/ (or possibly /s/ ?)<br /> <tte> /t/<br /> <ze> /z/<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ====Table of phonemes and their principal corresponding graphemes====<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m <M, m><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n <N, n><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ <Ñ, ñ><br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ <ÎÑ, îñ><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p <P, p> ; b <B, b><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ <TÛ, tû> ; t <T, t> ; d̚ <DÛ, dû> ; d <D, d><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k <K, k> ; g <G, g><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s <C, c> alt. <TĦ/Tħ, tħ> ; z <Z, z> alt. <DĦ/Dħ, dħ> alt. <SĦ/Sħ, sħ><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ <Q, q> ; ʒ <Ö, ö> alt. <JĦ/Jħ, jħ> alt. <QJ/Qj, qj><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ <QÛ, qû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ <ÎF, îf> ; β <ÎV, îv><br /> |colspan="2"| f <F, f> alt. <PĦ/Pħ, pħ> ; v <V, v> alt. <BĦ/Bħ, bħ><br /> |colspan="2"| θ <S, s> alt. <Tûhh, s> ; ð <J, j> <br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ <HÛ, hû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ <ÎQ, îq> ; ɧ̙ʷ̬ <ÎÖ, îö> alt. <LÎÖ, lîö><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <ÎX, îx><br /> |colspan="2"| χ <X, x> ; ʁ <R, r><br /> |colspan="2"| h <H, h><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ <RÛ, rû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j <I, i> (before a vowel), <Ü, ü> (after a vowel) ; ɥ <U, u> (before some vowels)<br /> |colspan="2"| w <O, o> (before or after a vowel)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r <LÛ, lû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ <RX, rx><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ <ĦÛ, ħû> <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l <L, l> ɫ <Û, û><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg <ÎÑg, îñg><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i <I, i> alt. <Oi, oi> ; y <U, u><br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ <Î, î> alt. <Ï, ï><br /> |colspan="2"|u <OU/Ou, ou><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e <E, ç/ë> ; ø <EU/Eu, eu> alt. <OE/Oe, oe><br /> |colspan="2"| ə <E, e><br /> |colspan="2"|o <O, o> alt. <Ô, ô> alt. <Õ, õ><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ <E, ÿ/ê> alt. <EA, ea> ; œ <E, ù/ĕ> alt. <EÔ/Eô, eô> ; ɛ̃ <Ä, é/â> ; œ̃ <Ä, è/ä><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ <O, o> ; ɔ̃ <Ä, à/ă><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä <A, a> alt. <Ã, ã><br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃ <Ä, ä><br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Prosody===<br /> ====Stress====<br /> ====Intonation====<br /> <br /> ===Phonotactics===<br /> <br /> ===Morphophonology===<br /> <br /> ==Morphology==<br /> <br /> There are five main parts of speech in Qtolqjimctadû : nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and particles.<br /> <br /> ===Nouns===<br /> Nouns have definiteness, gender, and number. Definiteness is marked by definite and indefinite articles which agree in gender and number with the nouns. There are three genders : neuter, masculine, and feminine. <br /> <br /> ====Gender====<br /> Gender is usually marked by the ending of the noun. Nouns that correspond to non-animate things are usually neutral whereas nouns that describe animate things are usually masculine or feminine. However, some nouns can have all three genders, with the masculine and feminine forms built on an underlying neutral form ; this is common for instance for animal names, or for professions.<br /> <br /> According to documentation, most neuter nouns in the singular end either in <nowiki><-e></nowiki> or in a consonant. There is however no indication of how to distinguish masculine and feminine nouns, but based on the description of neuter forms, it may be posited that they must typically end in some kinds of vowels. Nouns that end in <nowiki><-e></nowiki> in the singular neuter are part of a paradigm that builds masculine and feminine forms on this underlying neuter form :<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Ending in -e<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || -e /ə/ || -ea /ɛ/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || -e /ə/ || -ebn /ɛjn/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || -ea /ɛ/ || -ean /əɑ̃/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> According to documentation, it is common for the neuter to present as a masculine singular ending in the singular, and as a feminine singular ending in the plural.<br /> <br /> ====Definiteness====<br /> Earlier documentation does not explicitly state that the definite and definite articles must agree with nouns in number and gender, but it is apparent in corpus that there is at least a masculine or neutral singular definite article that differs from a feminine singular definite article. From this and comparison with other versions of Tolsian, one can infer that articles, both definite and indefinite, come in at least three forms : masculine singular, feminine singular, and a plural form that covers all genders. Based on the existence of a neutral gender, it may be posited that there must be a neutral singular form as well. There is however no actual indication of whether there is only one plural form for all genders, or if there are also different plural forms for different genders. We'll assume the following paradigm :<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Definite and indefinite articles<br /> |-<br /> ! Definiteness / Gender !! Neuter !! Masculine !! Feminine !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Definite|| - || pna /pna/ || pnÿ /pnɛ/ || -<br /> |-<br /> | Indefinite|| -|| -|| ad /a/ || -<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ====Number====<br /> There are two numbers, singular and plural ; singular is unmarked while plural is marked with a suffix that differs depending on the ending of the noun.<br /> Besides the "-e" paradigm above, different groups of endings take different plural markings. It is likely that the consonantal endings indicate neuter nouns, whereas the vocalic endings indicate masculine and feminine nouns.<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Table of plurals<br /> |-<br /> ! Types of endings !! Plural affix !! Pronunciation<br /> |-<br /> | -c ; -f ; -j ; -l ; -m ; -n ; -v ; -û ; -ë || -c || -cc /s/ ; -fc /fs/ ; -jc /θ/ ; -lc /js/ ; -mc ; -nc ; -vc /fs/ ; -ûc /ɫ/ ; -ëc /bɾɛk/<br /> |-<br /> | -b ; -d ; -g ; -p ; -q ; -w ; -ü ; -k || -tt || -btt /pt/ ; -dtt /d̚/ ; -gtt /kt/ ; -ptt /pt/ ; -qtt /ʃt/ ; -wtt /wit/ ; -ütt /jt/ ; -ktt /kt/<br /> |-<br /> | -s ; -r || -ch || -sch /ʃ/ ; -rch /?/ ("[hˤ]" see notes on consonants) ; -rsch /ʁʃa/<br /> |-<br /> | -h ; -t ; -x ; -z ; -ö ; -ñ || -c or -tt || -hc /k/ ; -tc /ts/ ; -xc /χs/ ; -zc /s/ ; -öc /s/ ; -ñc /s/ <p> -htt /ht/ ; -ttt /t̚/ ; -xtt /χt/ ; -ztt /st/ ; -ött /ʃt/ ; -ñtt /t/<br /> |-<br /> | Vowel endings (other than "e") || -es || not pronounced.<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ====Pronouns====<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Personal subject pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Pronoun<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || I || êü /jaj/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || you || oü /oj/ or /ɔj/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.masc || he || tag /taj/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.fem || she || tal /taj/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.impersonal || "man", "one" || tawi /tawi/<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || we || îhalÿn /xalɛn/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || you || hiçve /hjev/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.masc || they || tagg /tag/ (or /tagj/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.fem || they || tall /tal/ (or /talj/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || you || îqann /ɧ̙ʷan/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Demonstrative pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Pronoun<br /> |-<br /> | Singular demonstrative pronoun || this || fe /fə/<br /> |-<br /> | Plural demonstrative pronoun || these || îvae /βa/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Personal reflexive pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Pronoun<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || myself || kab /kab/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || yourself || kat /ka/ (or /kat) ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.masc || himself || kaad /ka:/ (or /ka:d/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.fem || herself || kaad /ka:/ (or /ka:d/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.impersonal || oneself || kad /ka/ (or /kad/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || ourselves || aö /aʒ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || yourselves || av /av/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.masc || themselves || aann /a:n/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.fem || themselves || aann /a:n/<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || yourself ; yourselves || enn /ən/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Possessive pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Masculine and neuter singular !! Feminine singular !! Masculine and neuter plural !! Feminine plural<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || my, mine || kabħe /kavə/ || kabħa /kava/ || kabħei /kavi/ || kabħae /kavaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || your, yours || katħe /kasə/ || katħa /kasa/ || katħei /kasi/ || katħae /kasaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG || his, her, hers, its || kadħe /kazə/ || kadħa /kaza/ || kadħei /kazi/ || kadħae /kazaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || our, ours || pħaöe /faʒə/ || pħaöa /faʒa/ || pħaöei /faʒi/ || pħaöae /faʒaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || your, yours || pħave /favə/ || pħava /fava/ || pħavei /favi/ || pħavae /favaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL || their, theirs || pħann /fan/ || pħana /fana/ || pħani /fani/ || pħanae /fanaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || your, yours || ïqann /iʃan/ || aîqann /aɧ̙ʷan/ || ïqani /iʃani/ || aîqane /aɧ̙ʷan/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Possessive pronouns agree in gender and number with the nouns denoting what is "possessed".<br /> <br /> ===Verbs===<br /> <br /> There are two main verbal groups, one ending in "-ë" (usually with a radical ending in a vowel), and one ending in "-er" (usually with a radical ending in a consonant). Verbs are conjugated for person, tense, and mood. There are formally seven persons : first singular, second singular, third singular, first plural, second plural, third plural, and the "polite" second person used in formal contexts for which number is neutralized. <br /> <br /> ====Mood====<br /> <br /> There are four moods : indicative, conditional, imperative and so-called "absolute" (can also be called gnomic). <br /> =====Indicative=====<br /> The indicative and absolute moods are forms of realis : indicative is used to express statements or facts, and also other modalities not expressed with other moods. <br /> =====Absolute=====<br /> The absolute is traditionally treated as a mood because of its specific grammatical markings, but better corresponds semantically to the gnomic aspect. It can also be used to express a higher degree of certainty than indicative, or to express emphasis. According to documentation : <q>L'absolu est un mode intemporel. Il peut traduire un présent de vérité générale, parler d'une propriété intrinsèque à un corps, être utilisé en poésie... Il peut être utilisé aussi en tant que présent s'il décrit une action ''a priori'' continue dans le temps, comme lorsqu'on emploie des adjectifs qualificatifs.</q><br /> =====Imperative=====<br /> The conditional and imperative moods are forms of irrealis : the imperative expresses commands, prohibitions and requests. It is not used with the seventh person (2nd person used for politeness), in which case it is substituted for a hypothetical conditional. <br /> =====Conditional=====<br /> The conditional expresses hypotheticals, desires and wishes. According to documentation, so-called "hypothetical conditional" corresponds to the French subjunctive mood.<br /> ====Tense====<br /> <br /> There are three main tenses : present, past and future. <br /> <br /> =====Present=====<br /> *In the indicative mode, there is one present, the indicative present.<br /> *In the conditional mood, there are two kinds of present : the conditional present and the so-called "hypothetical conditional present" (''conditionel hypothétique présent''), meant to correspond to the French subjunctive present.<br /> *In the imperative and absolute moods, there is only a present tense.<br /> =====Past=====<br /> *In the indicative mood, there are four kinds of past : the so-called "foregone past" (''passé révolu''), which is meant to correspond to the French pluperfect ; the "descriptive past" (''passé descriptif''), meant to correspond to the French simple past and imperfect past ; the "general past" (''passé général''), meant to correspond to the French imperfect and ''passé composé'' (present perfect) ; and the "anterior past" (''passé antérieur''), built analytically with the auxiliary verb "kavaver"(to have) in the foregone past and the past participle.<br /> *In the conditional mood, there are three kinds of past : the "past conditional" (''conditionnel passé''), the so-called "retrospective conditional" (''conditionnel rétrospectif''), which is meant to correspond to the French ''conditionnel passé de seconde forme'', and the so-called "hypothetical conditional past" (''conditionel hypothétique passé''), meant to express the French past subjunctive. <br /> =====Future=====<br /> In the indicative mood, there are two kinds of future : the "general future" (''futur général''), which indicates event that are yet to happen, and the "retrospective future" (''futur rétrospectif''), which corresponds to the traditional "future perfect" (''futur antérieur''), used to express an action that will be completed before another action in the future.<br /> <br /> ====Conjugation tables====<br /> <br /> The only available conjugation tables describe the endings in the indicative present for verbs of the first and second groups.<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Indicative present of the first group : "kalûaë", ''to be''<br /> |-<br /> ! Person !! Ending !! Example<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || -qni /ʃni/ || kalûaqni /kaɾaʃni/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || -qniî /ʃnij/ || kalûaqniî /kaɾaʃnij/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG || - (radical) || kalûa /kaɾa/<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || -cÿcq /sesʃ/ || kalûacÿcq /kaɾasesʃ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || -tts /t/ || kalûatts /kaɾat/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL || -me /mə/ || kalûame /kaɾamə/<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || -i /i/ || kalûai /kaɾai/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Indicative present of the second group : "kavaver", ''to have''<br /> |-<br /> ! Person !! Ending !! Example<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || - (radical) || kav /kav/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || -s (unpronounced) || kavavs /kavav/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG || - (radical) || kavav /kavav/<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || -m /m/ || kavavm /kavavm/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || -ês /ja/ || kavavês /kavavja/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL || -n /n/ || kavavn /kavavn/<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || -i /i/ || kavi /kavi/<br /> |}<br /> Note : the first and seventh persons are irregular in this case.<br /> <br /> ====Participle====<br /> <br /> =====Present participle=====<br /> There are two different kinds of present participles ; the regular present participle, and a so-called substantival present participle (''participe présent substantivé'').<br /> *Regular present participle :<br /> It is built by adding either the ending -klûenat /kɾna/ or the ending -kvi /gvi/ to the verb radical. These endings correspond directly to the present participles of the verb kalûaë : klûenat, and of the verb kavaver : kvi.<br /> Example : çctekvi /estegvi/, "losing".<br /> *Substantival present participle :<br /> It is used for instance for expressing continuing action (''Il sert par exemple à transcrire l'idée d'action continue : en français, "être en train de..."''). It is built by adding the ending -m to the infinitive form.<br /> Example : kavaverm /kavavm/ "having", kalûaëm /kaɾam/ "being", çctÿeëm /estɛbɾəm/ "losing".<br /> Example : Êü kavaqni çcteëm nda tÿmg kabbhe, "I am wasting my time"<br /> Subject pronoun "I" + verb "to have" + substantival present participle of the verb "to lose" + particle "in, from, of" + "time" + possessive pronoun "mine".<br /> <br /> =====Past participle=====<br /> <br /> The past participle is built by adding the ending -ut /y/ to the verb radical, for verbs of the first group ; and by adding the ending -ç /e/ to the verb radical, for verbs of the second group. <br /> Exceptions : kalûaë : klûu /kɾy/ (or /kɾu/ ?), "been" ; kavaver : avvç /av:e/.<br /> The past participle agrees in gender and number with the object of the verb :<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Caption text<br /> |-<br /> ! !! first group !! second group<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine singular || -ut /y/ || -ç /e/<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter singular || -ut /y/ || -ç /e/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine singular || -uet /y/ || -çe /e/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine plural || -uts /y/ || -çs /e/<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter plural || -uts /y/ || -çs /e/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine plural || -uets /y/ || -çes /e/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Example : çcteut, çcteuts, çcteuet, çcteuets /esty/.<br /> <br /> ===Adjectives===<br /> <br /> Adjectives agree in gender and number with the nouns they qualify. It is marked with a prefix that changes depending on the beginning of the neuter singular form.<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with a vowel<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || es- /əθ/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || a- /a/ || ai- /aj/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || e- /ə/ || es- /əθ/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with h-, t-, x-, z-, ö-,ñ-<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || cs- /s/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || q- /ʃ/ || qs- /ʃ/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || c- /s/ || cs- /s/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with b-, d-, g-, p-, q-, w-, ü-, k<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || hm- /hm/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || m- /m/ || ebm- /ɛjm/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || hm- /hm/ || hebm- /hɛjm/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with s-, r-<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || kbett- /kbət/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || kbet- /kbət/ || kbest- /kbət/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || kbeat- /kbɛt/ || kbeast- /kbɛt/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with c-, f-, j-, l-, m-, n-, v-, û-, ë-<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || atûïve- /at̚ɨvə/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || etûove- /ət̚ovə/ || etûïve- /ət̚ɨvə/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || atûova- /at̚ova/ || atûïva- /at̚ɨva/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Adverbs===<br /> <br /> There is no information on adverbs but, based on other versions of Tolsian, we can assume they are invariable in form, qualify verbs and adjectives, and are usually placed before the verb or adjective they qualify.<br /> <br /> ===Particles===<br /> <br /> Particles are function words that include prepositions, postpositions, conjunction words, etc. <br /> *One notable particle is the so-called subject particle, which is used with stative verbs to introduce the subject's attribute. It can take two different forms, usually depending on whether the subject is animate (particle "tke?") or inanimate (particle "ke?"), but also potentially on whether the relationship between subject and attribute is perceived as "temporary" or "eternal".<br /> *Another notable particle is the "possessive" particle, which is suffixed to the noun that represents a "possessor", akin to a genitive marking. It can be used instead of possessive pronouns, when suffixed to a personal subject pronoun : for instance, the personal pronoun "êü" + the possessive particle "-dô" becomes "êüdô", ''my''. On the other hand, when using one of the possessive pronouns, a so-called "possessed particle" is placed in front of the "possessed" noun.<br /> *Some particles are more like traditional prepositions ; for instance, "nda" means ''in, from, of''.<br /> <br /> ===Derivational morphology===<br /> <br /> ====Adjectives====<br /> <br /> Adjectives can be derived from nouns by adding the suffix -ke. The resulting adjective agrees in gender and number with the noun it qualifies, following the regular agreement rules for adjectives.<br /> Example : "tolsian", neuter singular : tolqjimke, masculine singular : qtolqjimke.<br /> <br /> ====Nouns====<br /> Nouns can be derived from adjectives or past participles by adding the suffix -ctadû /stad̚/. The resulting noun is usually masculine. According to documentation, if a noun is derived from an adjective that was itself derived from a noun with the suffix -ke, then this suffix should be dropped, which sure sounds a lot like we're back to deriving a noun from a noun.<br /> Example : (the) Tolsian (language) : pna Qtolqjimctadû.<br /> <br /> ====Verbs====<br /> <br /> Verbs can most likely be derived from nouns by adding either the suffix -ë (probably if the noun ends in a vowel) or the suffix -er (if it ends in a consonant).<br /> <br /> ==Syntax==<br /> ===Constituent order===<br /> ===Noun phrase===<br /> ===Verb phrase===<br /> ===Sentence phrase===<br /> ===Dependent clauses===<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Example texts==<br /> <br /> ==Other resources==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Qtolqjimctadû]]<br /> [[Category:Languages]]<br /> [[Category:Conlangs]]<br /> [[Category:Tolsian]]</div>

Uvie https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Qtolqjimctad%C3%BB&diff=526611 Qtolqjimctadû 2026-05-21T18:47:04Z

<p>Uvie: /* Verbs */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Introduction==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ<br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p b<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ t d̚ d<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k g<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s z<br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ ʒ <br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ β<br /> |colspan="2"| f v<br /> |colspan="2"| θ ð<br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ ɧ̙ʷ̬<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <br /> |colspan="2"| χ ʁ<br /> |colspan="2"| h<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j ɥ<br /> |colspan="2"| w<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l ɫ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> Notes :<br /> <br /> In earlier documentation, proper knowledge of IPA was lacking and several of the phonemes had to be identified from either phonetically inaccurate IPA descriptions or vague, impressionistic ones. Several phonemes could not be recovered. Here is a list of deviations from the above table :<br /> <poem><br /> Identified phonemes :<br /> /ɸ/ was described as [fʷ] (written <ÎF, îf>).<br /> /β/ was described as [vʷ] (written <ÎV, îv>).<br /> /ʁ/ was described as [ʀ] (written <R, r>).<br /> /ʀ/ was described as [rˤ] (''sorte de « r » très roulé'', written <RX, rx>).<br /> /ɹ/ was described as [ʀˤ] (''sorte de « r » anglais'', written <RÛ, rû>).<br /> /ɫ/ was described as [l̪ ] (''comme à la fin du mot anglais "well"'', written <Û, û>).<br /> /χ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [x] (written <X, x>), while /x/ itself was most likely described as [xˤ] (written <ÎX, îx>).<br /> /ŋ/ was probably described as [ɲˤ] (written <ÎÑ, îñ>), while the sound described as [ŋ] (written <ÎÑg, îñg>) probably corresponded to /ᵑg/.<br /> /ɾ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [r̺] (written <ĦÛ, ħû>, as well as part of the cluster /bɾ/+V with the help of <Ë, ë> as [bɾə], described as [br̺ə]).<br /> /r/ might have been what was described as [r] (''sorte de « r » roulé à la japonaise'', written <LÛ, lû>).<br /> /ɧ̙ʷ/ and its voiced version /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ are, to this day, subject to doubt regarding their IPA descriptions. They were most likely corresponding to the sounds described as [ʃ ̪ ] (written <ÎQ, îq>) and [ʒ̺̺̺ ] (written <ÎÖ, îö> or <LÎÖ, lîö>).<br /> /t̚/ and /d̚/ are also subject to some doubt regarding their IPA descriptions still. They were described as [t̪] (written <TÛ, tû>) and [d̪] (written <DÛ, dû>).<br /> The phoneme described as [ʃʲ] probably has a realization closer to [ç] or [ɕ] (written <QÛ, qû>).<br /> <br /> Unidentified or very doubtful phonemes :<br /> Some /h/-like phoneme, described as [hˤ] (written <ÎH, îh>). It might have corresponded to /ɣ/, but it is not very likely.<br /> /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ might have been what was described as [l̤ʲ] (written <HÛ, hû>). Based on its spelling it is more likely to be devoiced.<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i y<br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ<br /> |colspan="2"|u<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e ø<br /> |colspan="2"| ə<br /> |colspan="2"|o<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ œ ɛ̃ œ̃<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ ɔ̃<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä<br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃<br /> |}<br /> Vowel length is supposed to be phonemic, with regular (or short) vowels, and long vowels.<br /> <br /> Similarly to consonants, some vowels had to be "re-identified" from previous documentation and some deviations arise :<br /> <poem><br /> /œ/ is probably what was described as [æ] (written <Ù, ù> or <E, ĕ> or <EÔ/Eô, eô>).<br /> /œ̃/ is probably what was described as [æ̃] (written <Ä, è> or <Ä, ä>).<br /> /ø/ is probably what was described as [œ] (written <EU/Eu, eu> or <OE/Oe, oe>).<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Orthography===<br /> Orthography was made complicated on purpose.<br /> <br /> ====Alphabet====<br /> <poem><br /> A, a /a/<br /> B, b /b/<br /> C, c /s/<br /> D, d /d/<br /> E, e /ə/ ; E, ç/ë /e/ ; E, ù/ĕ /œ/ ; E, ÿ/ê /ɛ/<br /> F, f /f/<br /> G, g /g/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> H, h /h/<br /> Ħ, ħ soundless ; mostly used in composed graphemes.<br /> I, i /i/<br /> J, j /ð/<br /> K, k /k/<br /> L, l /l/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> M, m /m/<br /> N, n /n/<br /> O, o /o/ or /ɔ/<br /> P, p /p/<br /> Q, q /ʃ/<br /> R, r /ʁ/<br /> S, s /θ/<br /> T, t /t/<br /> U, u /y/<br /> V, v /v/<br /> W, w /wi/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> X, x /χ/<br /> Y, y /jo/ or /ɔj/<br /> Z, z /z/<br /> Â, â /aj/<br /> Ê, ê /ja/<br /> Û, û /ɫ/<br /> Î, î /ɨ/ soundless when used in composed graphemes.<br /> Ô, ô /o/<br /> Ä, ä /ɑ̃/ ; Ä, à/ă /ɔ̃/ ; Ä, é/â /ɛ̃/ ; Ä, è/ä /œ̃/<br /> Ë, ë /bɾə/<br /> Ü, ü /j/<br /> Ï, ï /ɨ/<br /> Ö, ö /ʒ/<br /> Ã, ã /a/<br /> Õ, õ /o/<br /> Ñ, ñ /ɲ/<br /> </poem><br /> =====History=====<br /> Like most, if not all, versions of Tolsian, Qtolqjimctadû was meant to be written with the original Tolsian script. Some graphemes were chosen because of the limitations of the French keyboard, but were initally supposed to correspond to another, preexisting grapheme, with a diacritic, in order to reflect the original script. Some graphemes with diacritic are supposed to represent letters in the original script that are not simply versions of another letter with a diacritic ; this is why in the list below, <nowiki><ë></nowiki> appears to represent /e/, alongside <nowiki><ç></nowiki>, whereas in <Ë, ë> it represents /bɾə/ in the alphabet : they have different underlying identities.<br /> <poem><br /> <e> with diaeresis ¨ becomes <ç> (or <ë>)<br /> <e> with cedilla or possibly hook below (''accent « petite courbe vers le bas »'') becomes <ù> (or <ĕ>)<br /> <e> with circumflex accent ^ becomes <ÿ> (or <ê>)<br /> <O, o> (or <Ô, ô> ?) with circumflex accent becomes <Õ, õ><br /> <U, u> with dieresis becomes <Ü, ü><br /> <U, u> with circumflex accent becomes <Û, û><br /> <Â, â> with circumflex accent becomes <Ê, ê><br /> <Î, î> with circumflex accent becomes <Ï, ï><br /> <ä> with cedilla or hook below becomes <à> (o <ă>)<br /> <ä> with circumflex becomes <é> (or <â>)<br /> <ä> with diaeresis becomes <è> (or <ä>)<br /> <Â, â> with circumflex becomes <Ã, ã><br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ====Spelling rules====<br /> Long vowels are spelled with doubled graphemes (<Aa, aa> /a:/, etc).<br /> <br /> Some graphemes, namely <E, e> /ə/ ; <E, ç/ë> /e/ ; <E, ù/ĕ> /œ/ ; <E, ÿ/ê> /ɛ/ and <Ä, ä> /ɑ̃/ ; <Ä, à/ă> /ɔ̃/ ; <Ä, é/â> /ɛ̃/ ; <Ä, è/ä /œ̃/> use the same capital letter, but different minuscule letters, for different phonemes. This is partly due to limitations on a French keyboard, and partly to reflect the original Tolsian script in which these phonemes use the same letter but with different diacritics.<br /> <br /> The grapheme <Î, î> denotes /ɨ/, except in front of some consonants (<F, f>, <V, v>, <Q, q>, <Ö, ö>, <Ñ, ñ>, <X, x>, <H, h>) ; the grapheme <Ï, ï> is used instead in order to denote /ɨ/.<br /> <br /> There are many digraphs and even trigraphs ; usually, all letters are capitalized, when capitalization is needed.<br /> =====Digraphs with <Î, î>=====<br /> In the original documentation, these are described as "purified" (''épurés'').<br /> <poem><br /> ÎF, îf /ɸ/<br /> ÎV, îv /β/<br /> ÎQ, îq /ɧ̙ʷ/<br /> ÎÖ, îö /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ <br /> ÎÑ, îñ /ŋ/<br /> ÎX, îx /x/<br /> ÎH, îh unknown, possibly /ɣ/<br /> </poem><br /> It is unclear if the following are considered to be "purified" :<br /> <poem><br /> <Äî, äî> /an/<br /> <Äî, àî> /on/ or /ɔn/<br /> <Äî, éî> /in/ or /im/<br /> <Äî, èî> /un/ or /œm/<br /> </poem><br /> =====Trigraphs with <Î, î>=====<br /> These were also considered to be "purified".<br /> <poem><br /> LÎÖ, lîö /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ <br /> ÎÑg, îñg /ᵑg/<br /> </poem><br /> =====Digraphs with <Û, û>=====<br /> Some of these digraphs were originally described as "wet" (''mouillés'') :<br /> <poem><br /> TÛ, tû /t̚/<br /> QÛ, qû /ʃʲ/ (probably realized [ç] or [ɕ])<br /> DÛ, dû /d̚/<br /> </poem><br /> Others were not considered to be "wet" :<br /> <poem><br /> LÛ, lû /r/<br /> HÛ, hû possibly /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ <br /> ĦÛ, ħû /ɾ/<br /> RÛ, rû /ɹ/ <br /> <br /> =====Trigraphs with <Û, û>=====<br /> There is only one such trigraph, and only the first letter is capitalized, if needed. It is possibly meant to appear only word-initially as it was only given as <Tûhh> :<br /> Tûhh /θ/<br /> <br /> =====Digraphs with <Ħ, ħ>=====<br /> These can also be written as trigraphs, swapping <Ħ, ħ> for <Hh, hh>. As digraphs, one may likewise capitalize both letters or only the first one. As trigraphs, Only the first letter is capitalized.<br /> Ħ, ħ can be found on its own but is soundless. It may be used as part of the following digraphs, or used to maintain a hiatus between vowels and <I, i> or <O, o>. It can also be written <Hh, hh>.<br /> PĦ/Pħ, pħ /f/ (or <Phh, phh>)<br /> TĦ/Tħ, tħ /s/ (or <Thh, thh><br /> JĦ/Jħ, jħ /ʒ/ (or <Jhh, jhh>)<br /> BĦ/Bħ, bħ /v/ (or <Bhh, bhh>)<br /> DĦ/Dħ, dħ /z/ (or <Dhh, dhh>)<br /> SĦ/Sħ, sħ /z/ (or <Shh, shh>)<br /> <br /> =====Digraphs and trigraph with <Ë, ë>=====<br /> The phoneme /ɾ/ also appears as part of a syllable /bɾə/, written <Ë, ë>. When <Ë, ë> is followed by a vowel, the /ə/ is replaced by that vowel :<br /> Ëa, ëa [bɾa]<br /> Ëç, ëç [bɾe]<br /> Ëÿ, ëÿ [bɾɛ]<br /> Ëu, ëu [bɾy]<br /> Ëo, ëo [bɾo] or [bɾɔ]<br /> Ëï, ëï [bɾi]<br /> Ëä, ëä [bɾɑ̃]<br /> Ëà, ëà [bɾɔ̃]<br /> Ëé, ëé [bɾɛ̃]<br /> Ëè, ëè [bɾœ̃]<br /> Ëou, ëou [bɾu]<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> =====Some more consonantal digraphs=====<br /> RX, rx /ʀ/<br /> QJ/Qj, qj /ʒ/<br /> =====Vocalic digraphs=====<br /> <poem><br /> <Oi, oi> [i]<br /> <EU/Eu, eu> [ø]<br /> <OU/Ou, ou> [u]<br /> <EA, ea> [ɛ]<br /> (But <Ea, ea> [əa])<br /> <OE/Oe, oe> [ø]<br /> <EÔ/Eô, eô> [œ]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Nasal vowels=====<br /> Some digraphs and trigraphs denote nasal vowels, with <N, n> and <M, m> :<br /> <poem><br /> <An, an> /ɑ̃/<br /> <Am, am> /ɑ̃/<br /> <En, en> /ɑ̃/<br /> <Em, em> /ɑ̃/<br /> <In, in> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Im, im> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Ein, ein> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Eim, eim> /ɛ̃/<br /> <On, on> /ɔ̃/<br /> <Om, om> /ɔ̃/<br /> <Un, un> /œ̃/<br /> <Um, um> /œ̃/<br /> </poem><br /> However, if there are two <N, n> or <M, m> following a vowel, then it is not nasalized but pronounced as V+[n or m] instead (<Ann, ann> [an], <Amm, amm> [am],... etc). Besides, vocalic graphemes other than <A, a>, <E, e>, <I, i>, <O, o>, <U, u> do not get nasalized when followed by an <N, n> or <M, m>.<br /> =====Diphtongues=====<br /> They have been described as diphtongues, but should rather be analyzed as combinations of vowels and approximants. There are three different approximants : /j/, /w/ and /ɥ/, which only appear in a limited number of cases.<br /> *Diphtongues /j/ + vowel :<br /> They are usually written with a <I, i> followed by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <I, i> stands for /j/ :<br /> <poem><br /> <Ia, ia> [ja]<br /> <Ie, ie> [jə]<br /> <Iç, iç> [je]<br /> <Iù, iù> [jœ]<br /> <Iÿ, iÿ> [jɛ]<br /> <Io, io> [jo] or [jɔ]<br /> <Iu, iu> [jy]<br /> <Iô, iô> [jo]<br /> <Iä, iä> [jɑ̃]<br /> <Ià, ià> [jɔ̃]<br /> <Ié, ié> [jɛ̃]<br /> <Iè, iè> [jœ̃]<br /> <Ii, ii> [ji]<br /> <Iou, iou> [ju]<br /> <Ieu, ieu> [jø]<br /> </poem><br /> However, there are a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> ÜÃ, üã [ja]<br /> ÜÕ, üõ [jo]<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues vowel + /j/ :<br /> They are usually written with a <Ü, ü> preceded by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <Ü, ü> stands for /j/ (minus the exceptions above) :<br /> <poem><br /> <AÜ, aü> [aj]<br /> <EÜ, eü> [əj]<br /> <EÜ, çü> [ej]<br /> <EÜ, ùü> [œj]<br /> <EÜ, ÿü> [ɛj]<br /> <OÜ, oü> [oj] or [ɔj]<br /> <UÜ, uü> [yj]<br /> <ÔÜ, ôü> [oj]<br /> <ÄÜ, äü> [aɑ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, àü> [ɔ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, éü> [ɛ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, èü> [œ̃j]<br /> <ÃÜ, ãü> [aj]<br /> <ÕÜ, õü> [oj]<br /> <EUÜ, euü> [øj]<br /> </poem><br /> There are also a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> EÎ, eî [əj]<br /> EÎ, çî [ej]<br /> EÎ, ùî [œj]<br /> EÎ, ÿî [ɛj]<br /> IÎ, iî [ij]<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues with /w/ :<br /> These are usually written with a <O, o>, either followed or preceded by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <O, o> stands for /w/ :<br /> <poem><br /> <Oa, oa> [wa]<br /> <Oe, oe> [wə]<br /> <Oç, oç> [we]<br /> <Où, où> [wœ]<br /> <Oÿ, oÿ> [wɛ]<br /> <Oo, oo> [wo] or [wɔ]<br /> <Oy, oy> [wy]<br /> <Oô, oô> [wo]<br /> <Oä, oä> [wɑ̃]<br /> <Oà, oà> [wɔ̃]<br /> <Oé, oé> [wɛ̃]<br /> <Oè, oè> [wœ̃] (This one was described as [wœ̃] already in the original documentation (instead of expected [wæ̃] and has therefore cast some doubt on the identification of vowels /ø/, /œ/ and /œ̃/.)<br /> <Oi, oi> [wi]<br /> <Oeu, oeu> [wø]<br /> And reciprocally (<Ao, ao> [aw]... etc).<br /> </poem><br /> There are however a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> <Io, io> is ambiguous and can denote either /iw/ or /jo/<br /> <Oi, oi> is ambiguous and can denote either /i/ or /wi/<br /> <Oe, oe> is ambiguous and can denote either /wə/ or /ø/<br /> <OU/Ou, ou> always denotes /u/ (/wy/ is denoted <Oy, oy> instead).<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues with /ɥ/ :<br /> <poem><br /> UÎ, uî [ɥi]<br /> Ui, ui [ɥi]<br /> Ua, ua [ɥa]<br /> Uç, uç [ɥe]<br /> Uÿ, uÿ [ɥɛ]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Triphtongues=====<br /> They should also be analyzed as combinations of approximant + vowel + approximant. Besides using <I, i> and <O, o> or even <Ü, ü> and <U, u>, there is a handful of special spellings that denote such "triphtongues" :<br /> <poem><br /> ÜÂ, üâ [jaj]<br /> ÜY, üy [jɔj]<br /> ÊÜ, êü [jaj]<br /> YÜ, yü [joj] or [jɔj]<br /> ÃÎ, ãî [aji]<br /> ÕÎ, õî [oji]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Word-final position induced changes=====<br /> The original consonants /g/ <G, g>, /l/ <L, l> and syllable /wi/ <W, w> turn into [j] when in a word-final position. Instead, the spellings <gue>, <lle> and <wi> are used.<br /> <poem><br /> <g> /j/<br /> <l> /j/<br /> <w> /j/<br /> <gue> /g/<br /> <lle> /l/<br /> <wi> /wi/<br /> </poem><br /> There are some other special spellings :<br /> <poem><br /> <ebm> /ɛjm/<br /> <ebn> /ɛjn/<br /> </poem><br /> Finally, some letters are simply not pronounced at the end of a word, and other spellings are used instead :<br /> <poem><br /> <e><br /> <ô><br /> <d><br /> <nowiki><q></nowiki><br /> <nowiki><s></nowiki><br /> <t><br /> <z><br /> <er><br /> <dde> /d/<br /> <qe> /ʃ/<br /> <sse> /θ/ (or possibly /s/ ?)<br /> <tte> /t/<br /> <ze> /z/<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ====Table of phonemes and their principal corresponding graphemes====<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m <M, m><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n <N, n><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ <Ñ, ñ><br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ <ÎÑ, îñ><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p <P, p> ; b <B, b><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ <TÛ, tû> ; t <T, t> ; d̚ <DÛ, dû> ; d <D, d><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k <K, k> ; g <G, g><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s <C, c> alt. <TĦ/Tħ, tħ> ; z <Z, z> alt. <DĦ/Dħ, dħ> alt. <SĦ/Sħ, sħ><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ <Q, q> ; ʒ <Ö, ö> alt. <JĦ/Jħ, jħ> alt. <QJ/Qj, qj><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ <QÛ, qû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ <ÎF, îf> ; β <ÎV, îv><br /> |colspan="2"| f <F, f> alt. <PĦ/Pħ, pħ> ; v <V, v> alt. <BĦ/Bħ, bħ><br /> |colspan="2"| θ <S, s> alt. <Tûhh, s> ; ð <J, j> <br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ <HÛ, hû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ <ÎQ, îq> ; ɧ̙ʷ̬ <ÎÖ, îö> alt. <LÎÖ, lîö><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <ÎX, îx><br /> |colspan="2"| χ <X, x> ; ʁ <R, r><br /> |colspan="2"| h <H, h><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ <RÛ, rû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j <I, i> (before a vowel), <Ü, ü> (after a vowel) ; ɥ <U, u> (before some vowels)<br /> |colspan="2"| w <O, o> (before or after a vowel)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r <LÛ, lû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ <RX, rx><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ <ĦÛ, ħû> <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l <L, l> ɫ <Û, û><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg <ÎÑg, îñg><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i <I, i> alt. <Oi, oi> ; y <U, u><br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ <Î, î> alt. <Ï, ï><br /> |colspan="2"|u <OU/Ou, ou><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e <E, ç/ë> ; ø <EU/Eu, eu> alt. <OE/Oe, oe><br /> |colspan="2"| ə <E, e><br /> |colspan="2"|o <O, o> alt. <Ô, ô> alt. <Õ, õ><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ <E, ÿ/ê> alt. <EA, ea> ; œ <E, ù/ĕ> alt. <EÔ/Eô, eô> ; ɛ̃ <Ä, é/â> ; œ̃ <Ä, è/ä><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ <O, o> ; ɔ̃ <Ä, à/ă><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä <A, a> alt. <Ã, ã><br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃ <Ä, ä><br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Prosody===<br /> ====Stress====<br /> ====Intonation====<br /> <br /> ===Phonotactics===<br /> <br /> ===Morphophonology===<br /> <br /> ==Morphology==<br /> <br /> There are five main parts of speech in Qtolqjimctadû : nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and particles.<br /> <br /> ===Nouns===<br /> Nouns have definiteness, gender, and number. Definiteness is marked by definite and indefinite articles which agree in gender and number with the nouns. There are three genders : neuter, masculine, and feminine. <br /> <br /> ====Gender====<br /> Gender is usually marked by the ending of the noun. Nouns that correspond to non-animate things are usually neutral whereas nouns that describe animate things are usually masculine or feminine. However, some nouns can have all three genders, with the masculine and feminine forms built on an underlying neutral form ; this is common for instance for animal names, or for professions.<br /> <br /> According to documentation, most neuter nouns in the singular end either in <nowiki><-e></nowiki> or in a consonant. There is however no indication of how to distinguish masculine and feminine nouns, but based on the description of neuter forms, it may be posited that they must typically end in some kinds of vowels. Nouns that end in <nowiki><-e></nowiki> in the singular neuter are part of a paradigm that builds masculine and feminine forms on this underlying neuter form :<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Ending in -e<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || -e /ə/ || -ea /ɛ/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || -e /ə/ || -ebn /ɛjn/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || -ea /ɛ/ || -ean /əɑ̃/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> According to documentation, it is common for the neuter to present as a masculine singular ending in the singular, and as a feminine singular ending in the plural.<br /> <br /> ====Definiteness====<br /> Earlier documentation does not explicitly state that the definite and definite articles must agree with nouns in number and gender, but it is apparent in corpus that there is at least a masculine or neutral singular definite article that differs from a feminine singular definite article. From this and comparison with other versions of Tolsian, one can infer that articles, both definite and indefinite, come in at least three forms : masculine singular, feminine singular, and a plural form that covers all genders. Based on the existence of a neutral gender, it may be posited that there must be a neutral singular form as well. There is however no actual indication of whether there is only one plural form for all genders, or if there are also different plural forms for different genders. We'll assume the following paradigm :<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Definite and indefinite articles<br /> |-<br /> ! Definiteness / Gender !! Neuter !! Masculine !! Feminine !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Definite|| - || pna /pna/ || pnÿ /pnɛ/ || -<br /> |-<br /> | Indefinite|| -|| -|| ad /a/ || -<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ====Number====<br /> There are two numbers, singular and plural ; singular is unmarked while plural is marked with a suffix that differs depending on the ending of the noun.<br /> Besides the "-e" paradigm above, different groups of endings take different plural markings. It is likely that the consonantal endings indicate neuter nouns, whereas the vocalic endings indicate masculine and feminine nouns.<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Table of plurals<br /> |-<br /> ! Types of endings !! Plural affix !! Pronunciation<br /> |-<br /> | -c ; -f ; -j ; -l ; -m ; -n ; -v ; -û ; -ë || -c || -cc /s/ ; -fc /fs/ ; -jc /θ/ ; -lc /js/ ; -mc ; -nc ; -vc /fs/ ; -ûc /ɫ/ ; -ëc /bɾɛk/<br /> |-<br /> | -b ; -d ; -g ; -p ; -q ; -w ; -ü ; -k || -tt || -btt /pt/ ; -dtt /d̚/ ; -gtt /kt/ ; -ptt /pt/ ; -qtt /ʃt/ ; -wtt /wit/ ; -ütt /jt/ ; -ktt /kt/<br /> |-<br /> | -s ; -r || -ch || -sch /ʃ/ ; -rch /?/ ("[hˤ]" see notes on consonants) ; -rsch /ʁʃa/<br /> |-<br /> | -h ; -t ; -x ; -z ; -ö ; -ñ || -c or -tt || -hc /k/ ; -tc /ts/ ; -xc /χs/ ; -zc /s/ ; -öc /s/ ; -ñc /s/ <p> -htt /ht/ ; -ttt /t̚/ ; -xtt /χt/ ; -ztt /st/ ; -ött /ʃt/ ; -ñtt /t/<br /> |-<br /> | Vowel endings (other than "e") || -es || not pronounced.<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ====Pronouns====<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Personal subject pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Pronoun<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || I || êü /jaj/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || you || oü /oj/ or /ɔj/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.masc || he || tag /taj/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.fem || she || tal /taj/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.impersonal || "man", "one" || tawi /tawi/<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || we || îhalÿn /xalɛn/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || you || hiçve /hjev/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.masc || they || tagg /tag/ (or /tagj/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.fem || they || tall /tal/ (or /talj/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || you || îqann /ɧ̙ʷan/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Demonstrative pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Pronoun<br /> |-<br /> | Singular demonstrative pronoun || this || fe /fə/<br /> |-<br /> | Plural demonstrative pronoun || these || îvae /βa/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Personal reflexive pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Pronoun<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || myself || kab /kab/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || yourself || kat /ka/ (or /kat) ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.masc || himself || kaad /ka:/ (or /ka:d/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.fem || herself || kaad /ka:/ (or /ka:d/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.impersonal || oneself || kad /ka/ (or /kad/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || ourselves || aö /aʒ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || yourselves || av /av/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.masc || themselves || aann /a:n/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.fem || themselves || aann /a:n/<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || yourself ; yourselves || enn /ən/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Possessive pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Masculine and neuter singular !! Feminine singular !! Masculine and neuter plural !! Feminine plural<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || my, mine || kabħe /kavə/ || kabħa /kava/ || kabħei /kavi/ || kabħae /kavaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || your, yours || katħe /kasə/ || katħa /kasa/ || katħei /kasi/ || katħae /kasaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG || his, her, hers, its || kadħe /kazə/ || kadħa /kaza/ || kadħei /kazi/ || kadħae /kazaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || our, ours || pħaöe /faʒə/ || pħaöa /faʒa/ || pħaöei /faʒi/ || pħaöae /faʒaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || your, yours || pħave /favə/ || pħava /fava/ || pħavei /favi/ || pħavae /favaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL || their, theirs || pħann /fan/ || pħana /fana/ || pħani /fani/ || pħanae /fanaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || your, yours || ïqann /iʃan/ || aîqann /aɧ̙ʷan/ || ïqani /iʃani/ || aîqane /aɧ̙ʷan/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Possessive pronouns agree in gender and number with the nouns denoting what is "possessed".<br /> <br /> ===Verbs===<br /> <br /> There are two main verbal groups, one ending in "-ë" (usually with a radical ending in a vowel), and one ending in "-er" (usually with a radical ending in a consonant). Verbs are conjugated for person, tense, and mood. There are formally seven persons : first singular, second singular, third singular, first plural, second plural, third plural, and the "polite" second person used in formal contexts for which number is neutralized. <br /> <br /> ====Mood====<br /> <br /> There are four moods : indicative, conditional, imperative and so-called "absolute" (can also be called gnomic). <br /> =====Indicative=====<br /> The indicative and absolute moods are forms of realis : indicative is used to express statements or facts, and also other modalities not expressed with other moods. <br /> =====Absolute=====<br /> The absolute is traditionally treated as a mood because of its specific grammatical markings, but better corresponds semantically to the gnomic aspect. It can also be used to express a higher degree of certainty than indicative, or to express emphasis. According to documentation : <q>L'absolu est un mode intemporel. Il peut traduire un présent de vérité générale, parler d'une propriété intrinsèque à un corps, être utilisé en poésie... Il peut être utilisé aussi en tant que présent s'il décrit une action ''a priori'' continue dans le temps, comme lorsqu'on emploie des adjectifs qualificatifs.</q><br /> =====Imperative=====<br /> The conditional and imperative moods are forms of irrealis : the imperative expresses commands, prohibitions and requests. It is not used with the seventh person (2nd person used for politeness), in which case it is substituted for a hypothetical conditional. <br /> =====Conditional=====<br /> The conditional expresses hypotheticals, desires and wishes. According to documentation, so-called "hypothetical conditional" corresponds to the French subjunctive mood.<br /> ====Tense====<br /> <br /> There are three main tenses : present, past and future. <br /> <br /> =====Present=====<br /> *In the indicative mode, there is one present, the indicative present.<br /> *In the conditional mood, there are two kinds of present : the conditional present and the so-called "hypothetical conditional present" (''conditionel hypothétique présent''), meant to correspond to the French subjunctive present.<br /> *In the imperative and absolute moods, there is only a present tense.<br /> =====Past=====<br /> *In the indicative mood, there are four kinds of past : the so-called "foregone past" (''passé révolu''), which is meant to correspond to the French pluperfect ; the "descriptive past" (''passé descriptif''), meant to correspond to the French simple past and imperfect past ; the "general past" (''passé général''), meant to correspond to the French imperfect and ''passé composé'' (present perfect) ; and the "anterior past" (''passé antérieur''), built analytically with the auxiliary verb "kavaver"(to have) in the foregone past and the past participle.<br /> *In the conditional mood, there are three kinds of past : the "past conditional" (''conditionnel passé''), the so-called "retrospective conditional" (''conditionnel rétrospectif''), which is meant to correspond to the French ''conditionnel passé de seconde forme'', and the so-called "hypothetical conditional past" (''conditionel hypothétique passé''), meant to express the French past subjunctive. <br /> =====Future=====<br /> In the indicative mood, there are two kinds of future : the "general future" (''futur général''), which indicates event that are yet to happen, and the "retrospective future" (''futur rétrospectif''), which corresponds to the traditional "future perfect" (''futur antérieur''), used to express an action that will be completed before another action in the future.<br /> <br /> ====Conjugation tables====<br /> <br /> The only available conjugation tables describe the endings in the indicative present for verbs of the first and second groups.<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Indicative present of the first group : "kalûaë", ''to be''<br /> |-<br /> ! Person !! Ending !! Example<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || -qni /ʃni/ || kalûaqni /kaɾaʃni/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || -qniî /ʃnij/ || kalûaqniî /kaɾaʃnij/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG || - (radical) || kalûa /kaɾa/<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || -cÿcq /sesʃ/ || kalûacÿcq /kaɾasesʃ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || -tts /t/ || kalûatts /kaɾat/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL || -me /mə/ || kalûame /kaɾamə/<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || -i /i/ || kalûai /kaɾai/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Indicative present of the second group : "kavaver", ''to have''<br /> |-<br /> ! Person !! Ending !! Example<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || - (radical) || kav /kav/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || -s (unpronounced) || kavavs /kavav/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG || - (radical) || kavav /kavav/<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || -m /m/ || kavavm /kavavm/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || -ês /ja/ || kavavês /kavavja/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL || -n /n/ || kavavn /kavavn/<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || -i /i/ || kavi /kavi/<br /> |}<br /> Note : the first and seventh persons are irregular in this case.<br /> <br /> ====Participle====<br /> <br /> =====Present participle=====<br /> There are two different kinds of present participles ; the regular present participle, and a so-called substantival present participle (''participe présent substantivé'').<br /> *Regular present participle :<br /> It is built by adding either the ending -klûenat /kɾna/ or the ending -kvi /gvi/ to the verb radical. These endings correspond directly to the present participles of the verb kalûaë : klûenat, and of the verb kavaver : kvi.<br /> Example : çctekvi /estegvi/, "losing".<br /> *Substantival present participle :<br /> It is used for instance for expressing continuing action (''Il sert par exemple à transcrire l'idée d'action continue : en français, "être en train de..."''). It is built by adding the ending -m to the infinitive form.<br /> Example : kavaverm /kavavm/ "having", kalûaëm /kaɾam/ "being", çctÿeëm /estɛbɾəm/ "losing".<br /> Example : Êü kavaqni çcteëm nda tÿmg kabbhe, "I am wasting my time"<br /> Subject pronoun "I" + verb "to have" + substantival present participle of the verb "to lose" + particle "in, from, of" + "time" + possessive pronoun "mine".<br /> <br /> =====Past participle=====<br /> <br /> The past participle is built by adding the ending -ut /y/ to the verb radical, for verbs of the first group ; and by adding the ending -ç /e/ to the verb radical, for verbs of the second group. <br /> Exceptions : kalûaë : klûu /kɾy/ (or /kɾu/ ?), "been" ; kavaver : avvç /av:e/.<br /> The past participle agrees in gender and number with the object of the verb :<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Caption text<br /> |-<br /> ! !! first group !! second group<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine singular || -ut /y/ || -ç /e/<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter singular || -ut /y/ || -ç /e/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine singular || -uet /y/ || -çe /e/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine plural || -uts /y/ || -çs /e/<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter plural || -uts /y/ || -çs /e/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine plural || -uets /y/ || -çes /e/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Example : çcteut, çcteuts, çcteuet, çcteuets /esty/.<br /> <br /> ===Adjectives===<br /> <br /> Adjectives agree in gender and number with the nouns they qualify. It is marked with a prefix that changes depending on the beginning of the neuter singular form.<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with a vowel<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || es- /əθ/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || a- /a/ || ai- /aj/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || e- /ə/ || es- /əθ/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with h-, t-, x-, z-, ö-,ñ-<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || cs- /s/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || q- /ʃ/ || qs- /ʃ/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || c- /s/ || cs- /s/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with b-, d-, g-, p-, q-, w-, ü-, k<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || hm- /hm/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || m- /m/ || ebm- /ɛjm/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || hm- /hm/ || hebm- /hɛjm/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with s-, r-<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || kbett- /kbət/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || kbet- /kbət/ || kbest- /kbət/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || kbeat- /kbɛt/ || kbeast- /kbɛt/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with c-, f-, j-, l-, m-, n-, v-, û-, ë-<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || atûïve- /at̚ɨvə/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || etûove- /ət̚ovə/ || etûïve- /ət̚ɨvə/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || atûova- /at̚ova/ || atûïva- /at̚ɨva/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Adverbs===<br /> <br /> There is no information on adverbs but, based on other versions of Tolsian, we can assume they are invariable in form, qualify verbs and adjectives, and are usually placed before the verb or adjective they qualify.<br /> <br /> ===Particles===<br /> <br /> Particles are function words that include prepositions, postpositions, conjunction words, etc. <br /> *One notable particle is the so-called subject particle, which is used with stative verbs to introduce the subject's attribute. It can take two different forms, usually depending on whether the subject is animate (particle "tke?") or inanimate (particle "ke?"), but also potentially on whether the relationship between subject and attribute is perceived as "temporary" or "eternal".<br /> *Another notable particle is the "possessive" particle, which is suffixed to the noun that represents a "possessor", akin to a genitive marking. It can be used instead of possessive pronouns, when suffixed to a personal subject pronoun : for instance, the personal pronoun "êü" + the possessive particle "-dô" becomes "êüdô", ''my''. On the other hand, when using one of the possessive pronouns, a so-called "possessed particle" is placed in front of the "possessed" noun.<br /> *Some particles are more like traditional prepositions ; for instance, "nda" means ''in, from, of''.<br /> <br /> ==Syntax==<br /> ===Constituent order===<br /> ===Noun phrase===<br /> ===Verb phrase===<br /> ===Sentence phrase===<br /> ===Dependent clauses===<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Example texts==<br /> <br /> ==Other resources==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Qtolqjimctadû]]<br /> [[Category:Languages]]<br /> [[Category:Conlangs]]<br /> [[Category:Tolsian]]</div>

Uvie https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Qtolqjimctad%C3%BB&diff=526603 Qtolqjimctadû 2026-05-21T17:50:28Z

<p>Uvie: /* Conjugation tables */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Introduction==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ<br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p b<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ t d̚ d<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k g<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s z<br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ ʒ <br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ β<br /> |colspan="2"| f v<br /> |colspan="2"| θ ð<br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ ɧ̙ʷ̬<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <br /> |colspan="2"| χ ʁ<br /> |colspan="2"| h<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j ɥ<br /> |colspan="2"| w<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l ɫ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> Notes :<br /> <br /> In earlier documentation, proper knowledge of IPA was lacking and several of the phonemes had to be identified from either phonetically inaccurate IPA descriptions or vague, impressionistic ones. Several phonemes could not be recovered. Here is a list of deviations from the above table :<br /> <poem><br /> Identified phonemes :<br /> /ɸ/ was described as [fʷ] (written <ÎF, îf>).<br /> /β/ was described as [vʷ] (written <ÎV, îv>).<br /> /ʁ/ was described as [ʀ] (written <R, r>).<br /> /ʀ/ was described as [rˤ] (''sorte de « r » très roulé'', written <RX, rx>).<br /> /ɹ/ was described as [ʀˤ] (''sorte de « r » anglais'', written <RÛ, rû>).<br /> /ɫ/ was described as [l̪ ] (''comme à la fin du mot anglais "well"'', written <Û, û>).<br /> /χ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [x] (written <X, x>), while /x/ itself was most likely described as [xˤ] (written <ÎX, îx>).<br /> /ŋ/ was probably described as [ɲˤ] (written <ÎÑ, îñ>), while the sound described as [ŋ] (written <ÎÑg, îñg>) probably corresponded to /ᵑg/.<br /> /ɾ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [r̺] (written <ĦÛ, ħû>, as well as part of the cluster /bɾ/+V with the help of <Ë, ë> as [bɾə], described as [br̺ə]).<br /> /r/ might have been what was described as [r] (''sorte de « r » roulé à la japonaise'', written <LÛ, lû>).<br /> /ɧ̙ʷ/ and its voiced version /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ are, to this day, subject to doubt regarding their IPA descriptions. They were most likely corresponding to the sounds described as [ʃ ̪ ] (written <ÎQ, îq>) and [ʒ̺̺̺ ] (written <ÎÖ, îö> or <LÎÖ, lîö>).<br /> /t̚/ and /d̚/ are also subject to some doubt regarding their IPA descriptions still. They were described as [t̪] (written <TÛ, tû>) and [d̪] (written <DÛ, dû>).<br /> The phoneme described as [ʃʲ] probably has a realization closer to [ç] or [ɕ] (written <QÛ, qû>).<br /> <br /> Unidentified or very doubtful phonemes :<br /> Some /h/-like phoneme, described as [hˤ] (written <ÎH, îh>). It might have corresponded to /ɣ/, but it is not very likely.<br /> /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ might have been what was described as [l̤ʲ] (written <HÛ, hû>). Based on its spelling it is more likely to be devoiced.<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i y<br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ<br /> |colspan="2"|u<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e ø<br /> |colspan="2"| ə<br /> |colspan="2"|o<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ œ ɛ̃ œ̃<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ ɔ̃<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä<br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃<br /> |}<br /> Vowel length is supposed to be phonemic, with regular (or short) vowels, and long vowels.<br /> <br /> Similarly to consonants, some vowels had to be "re-identified" from previous documentation and some deviations arise :<br /> <poem><br /> /œ/ is probably what was described as [æ] (written <Ù, ù> or <E, ĕ> or <EÔ/Eô, eô>).<br /> /œ̃/ is probably what was described as [æ̃] (written <Ä, è> or <Ä, ä>).<br /> /ø/ is probably what was described as [œ] (written <EU/Eu, eu> or <OE/Oe, oe>).<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Orthography===<br /> Orthography was made complicated on purpose.<br /> <br /> ====Alphabet====<br /> <poem><br /> A, a /a/<br /> B, b /b/<br /> C, c /s/<br /> D, d /d/<br /> E, e /ə/ ; E, ç/ë /e/ ; E, ù/ĕ /œ/ ; E, ÿ/ê /ɛ/<br /> F, f /f/<br /> G, g /g/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> H, h /h/<br /> Ħ, ħ soundless ; mostly used in composed graphemes.<br /> I, i /i/<br /> J, j /ð/<br /> K, k /k/<br /> L, l /l/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> M, m /m/<br /> N, n /n/<br /> O, o /o/ or /ɔ/<br /> P, p /p/<br /> Q, q /ʃ/<br /> R, r /ʁ/<br /> S, s /θ/<br /> T, t /t/<br /> U, u /y/<br /> V, v /v/<br /> W, w /wi/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> X, x /χ/<br /> Y, y /jo/ or /ɔj/<br /> Z, z /z/<br /> Â, â /aj/<br /> Ê, ê /ja/<br /> Û, û /ɫ/<br /> Î, î /ɨ/ soundless when used in composed graphemes.<br /> Ô, ô /o/<br /> Ä, ä /ɑ̃/ ; Ä, à/ă /ɔ̃/ ; Ä, é/â /ɛ̃/ ; Ä, è/ä /œ̃/<br /> Ë, ë /bɾə/<br /> Ü, ü /j/<br /> Ï, ï /ɨ/<br /> Ö, ö /ʒ/<br /> Ã, ã /a/<br /> Õ, õ /o/<br /> Ñ, ñ /ɲ/<br /> </poem><br /> =====History=====<br /> Like most, if not all, versions of Tolsian, Qtolqjimctadû was meant to be written with the original Tolsian script. Some graphemes were chosen because of the limitations of the French keyboard, but were initally supposed to correspond to another, preexisting grapheme, with a diacritic, in order to reflect the original script. Some graphemes with diacritic are supposed to represent letters in the original script that are not simply versions of another letter with a diacritic ; this is why in the list below, <nowiki><ë></nowiki> appears to represent /e/, alongside <nowiki><ç></nowiki>, whereas in <Ë, ë> it represents /bɾə/ in the alphabet : they have different underlying identities.<br /> <poem><br /> <e> with diaeresis ¨ becomes <ç> (or <ë>)<br /> <e> with cedilla or possibly hook below (''accent « petite courbe vers le bas »'') becomes <ù> (or <ĕ>)<br /> <e> with circumflex accent ^ becomes <ÿ> (or <ê>)<br /> <O, o> (or <Ô, ô> ?) with circumflex accent becomes <Õ, õ><br /> <U, u> with dieresis becomes <Ü, ü><br /> <U, u> with circumflex accent becomes <Û, û><br /> <Â, â> with circumflex accent becomes <Ê, ê><br /> <Î, î> with circumflex accent becomes <Ï, ï><br /> <ä> with cedilla or hook below becomes <à> (o <ă>)<br /> <ä> with circumflex becomes <é> (or <â>)<br /> <ä> with diaeresis becomes <è> (or <ä>)<br /> <Â, â> with circumflex becomes <Ã, ã><br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ====Spelling rules====<br /> Long vowels are spelled with doubled graphemes (<Aa, aa> /a:/, etc).<br /> <br /> Some graphemes, namely <E, e> /ə/ ; <E, ç/ë> /e/ ; <E, ù/ĕ> /œ/ ; <E, ÿ/ê> /ɛ/ and <Ä, ä> /ɑ̃/ ; <Ä, à/ă> /ɔ̃/ ; <Ä, é/â> /ɛ̃/ ; <Ä, è/ä /œ̃/> use the same capital letter, but different minuscule letters, for different phonemes. This is partly due to limitations on a French keyboard, and partly to reflect the original Tolsian script in which these phonemes use the same letter but with different diacritics.<br /> <br /> The grapheme <Î, î> denotes /ɨ/, except in front of some consonants (<F, f>, <V, v>, <Q, q>, <Ö, ö>, <Ñ, ñ>, <X, x>, <H, h>) ; the grapheme <Ï, ï> is used instead in order to denote /ɨ/.<br /> <br /> There are many digraphs and even trigraphs ; usually, all letters are capitalized, when capitalization is needed.<br /> =====Digraphs with <Î, î>=====<br /> In the original documentation, these are described as "purified" (''épurés'').<br /> <poem><br /> ÎF, îf /ɸ/<br /> ÎV, îv /β/<br /> ÎQ, îq /ɧ̙ʷ/<br /> ÎÖ, îö /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ <br /> ÎÑ, îñ /ŋ/<br /> ÎX, îx /x/<br /> ÎH, îh unknown, possibly /ɣ/<br /> </poem><br /> It is unclear if the following are considered to be "purified" :<br /> <poem><br /> <Äî, äî> /an/<br /> <Äî, àî> /on/ or /ɔn/<br /> <Äî, éî> /in/ or /im/<br /> <Äî, èî> /un/ or /œm/<br /> </poem><br /> =====Trigraphs with <Î, î>=====<br /> These were also considered to be "purified".<br /> <poem><br /> LÎÖ, lîö /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ <br /> ÎÑg, îñg /ᵑg/<br /> </poem><br /> =====Digraphs with <Û, û>=====<br /> Some of these digraphs were originally described as "wet" (''mouillés'') :<br /> <poem><br /> TÛ, tû /t̚/<br /> QÛ, qû /ʃʲ/ (probably realized [ç] or [ɕ])<br /> DÛ, dû /d̚/<br /> </poem><br /> Others were not considered to be "wet" :<br /> <poem><br /> LÛ, lû /r/<br /> HÛ, hû possibly /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ <br /> ĦÛ, ħû /ɾ/<br /> RÛ, rû /ɹ/ <br /> <br /> =====Trigraphs with <Û, û>=====<br /> There is only one such trigraph, and only the first letter is capitalized, if needed. It is possibly meant to appear only word-initially as it was only given as <Tûhh> :<br /> Tûhh /θ/<br /> <br /> =====Digraphs with <Ħ, ħ>=====<br /> These can also be written as trigraphs, swapping <Ħ, ħ> for <Hh, hh>. As digraphs, one may likewise capitalize both letters or only the first one. As trigraphs, Only the first letter is capitalized.<br /> Ħ, ħ can be found on its own but is soundless. It may be used as part of the following digraphs, or used to maintain a hiatus between vowels and <I, i> or <O, o>. It can also be written <Hh, hh>.<br /> PĦ/Pħ, pħ /f/ (or <Phh, phh>)<br /> TĦ/Tħ, tħ /s/ (or <Thh, thh><br /> JĦ/Jħ, jħ /ʒ/ (or <Jhh, jhh>)<br /> BĦ/Bħ, bħ /v/ (or <Bhh, bhh>)<br /> DĦ/Dħ, dħ /z/ (or <Dhh, dhh>)<br /> SĦ/Sħ, sħ /z/ (or <Shh, shh>)<br /> <br /> =====Digraphs and trigraph with <Ë, ë>=====<br /> The phoneme /ɾ/ also appears as part of a syllable /bɾə/, written <Ë, ë>. When <Ë, ë> is followed by a vowel, the /ə/ is replaced by that vowel :<br /> Ëa, ëa [bɾa]<br /> Ëç, ëç [bɾe]<br /> Ëÿ, ëÿ [bɾɛ]<br /> Ëu, ëu [bɾy]<br /> Ëo, ëo [bɾo] or [bɾɔ]<br /> Ëï, ëï [bɾi]<br /> Ëä, ëä [bɾɑ̃]<br /> Ëà, ëà [bɾɔ̃]<br /> Ëé, ëé [bɾɛ̃]<br /> Ëè, ëè [bɾœ̃]<br /> Ëou, ëou [bɾu]<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> =====Some more consonantal digraphs=====<br /> RX, rx /ʀ/<br /> QJ/Qj, qj /ʒ/<br /> =====Vocalic digraphs=====<br /> <poem><br /> <Oi, oi> [i]<br /> <EU/Eu, eu> [ø]<br /> <OU/Ou, ou> [u]<br /> <EA, ea> [ɛ]<br /> (But <Ea, ea> [əa])<br /> <OE/Oe, oe> [ø]<br /> <EÔ/Eô, eô> [œ]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Nasal vowels=====<br /> Some digraphs and trigraphs denote nasal vowels, with <N, n> and <M, m> :<br /> <poem><br /> <An, an> /ɑ̃/<br /> <Am, am> /ɑ̃/<br /> <En, en> /ɑ̃/<br /> <Em, em> /ɑ̃/<br /> <In, in> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Im, im> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Ein, ein> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Eim, eim> /ɛ̃/<br /> <On, on> /ɔ̃/<br /> <Om, om> /ɔ̃/<br /> <Un, un> /œ̃/<br /> <Um, um> /œ̃/<br /> </poem><br /> However, if there are two <N, n> or <M, m> following a vowel, then it is not nasalized but pronounced as V+[n or m] instead (<Ann, ann> [an], <Amm, amm> [am],... etc). Besides, vocalic graphemes other than <A, a>, <E, e>, <I, i>, <O, o>, <U, u> do not get nasalized when followed by an <N, n> or <M, m>.<br /> =====Diphtongues=====<br /> They have been described as diphtongues, but should rather be analyzed as combinations of vowels and approximants. There are three different approximants : /j/, /w/ and /ɥ/, which only appear in a limited number of cases.<br /> *Diphtongues /j/ + vowel :<br /> They are usually written with a <I, i> followed by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <I, i> stands for /j/ :<br /> <poem><br /> <Ia, ia> [ja]<br /> <Ie, ie> [jə]<br /> <Iç, iç> [je]<br /> <Iù, iù> [jœ]<br /> <Iÿ, iÿ> [jɛ]<br /> <Io, io> [jo] or [jɔ]<br /> <Iu, iu> [jy]<br /> <Iô, iô> [jo]<br /> <Iä, iä> [jɑ̃]<br /> <Ià, ià> [jɔ̃]<br /> <Ié, ié> [jɛ̃]<br /> <Iè, iè> [jœ̃]<br /> <Ii, ii> [ji]<br /> <Iou, iou> [ju]<br /> <Ieu, ieu> [jø]<br /> </poem><br /> However, there are a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> ÜÃ, üã [ja]<br /> ÜÕ, üõ [jo]<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues vowel + /j/ :<br /> They are usually written with a <Ü, ü> preceded by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <Ü, ü> stands for /j/ (minus the exceptions above) :<br /> <poem><br /> <AÜ, aü> [aj]<br /> <EÜ, eü> [əj]<br /> <EÜ, çü> [ej]<br /> <EÜ, ùü> [œj]<br /> <EÜ, ÿü> [ɛj]<br /> <OÜ, oü> [oj] or [ɔj]<br /> <UÜ, uü> [yj]<br /> <ÔÜ, ôü> [oj]<br /> <ÄÜ, äü> [aɑ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, àü> [ɔ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, éü> [ɛ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, èü> [œ̃j]<br /> <ÃÜ, ãü> [aj]<br /> <ÕÜ, õü> [oj]<br /> <EUÜ, euü> [øj]<br /> </poem><br /> There are also a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> EÎ, eî [əj]<br /> EÎ, çî [ej]<br /> EÎ, ùî [œj]<br /> EÎ, ÿî [ɛj]<br /> IÎ, iî [ij]<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues with /w/ :<br /> These are usually written with a <O, o>, either followed or preceded by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <O, o> stands for /w/ :<br /> <poem><br /> <Oa, oa> [wa]<br /> <Oe, oe> [wə]<br /> <Oç, oç> [we]<br /> <Où, où> [wœ]<br /> <Oÿ, oÿ> [wɛ]<br /> <Oo, oo> [wo] or [wɔ]<br /> <Oy, oy> [wy]<br /> <Oô, oô> [wo]<br /> <Oä, oä> [wɑ̃]<br /> <Oà, oà> [wɔ̃]<br /> <Oé, oé> [wɛ̃]<br /> <Oè, oè> [wœ̃] (This one was described as [wœ̃] already in the original documentation (instead of expected [wæ̃] and has therefore cast some doubt on the identification of vowels /ø/, /œ/ and /œ̃/.)<br /> <Oi, oi> [wi]<br /> <Oeu, oeu> [wø]<br /> And reciprocally (<Ao, ao> [aw]... etc).<br /> </poem><br /> There are however a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> <Io, io> is ambiguous and can denote either /iw/ or /jo/<br /> <Oi, oi> is ambiguous and can denote either /i/ or /wi/<br /> <Oe, oe> is ambiguous and can denote either /wə/ or /ø/<br /> <OU/Ou, ou> always denotes /u/ (/wy/ is denoted <Oy, oy> instead).<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues with /ɥ/ :<br /> <poem><br /> UÎ, uî [ɥi]<br /> Ui, ui [ɥi]<br /> Ua, ua [ɥa]<br /> Uç, uç [ɥe]<br /> Uÿ, uÿ [ɥɛ]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Triphtongues=====<br /> They should also be analyzed as combinations of approximant + vowel + approximant. Besides using <I, i> and <O, o> or even <Ü, ü> and <U, u>, there is a handful of special spellings that denote such "triphtongues" :<br /> <poem><br /> ÜÂ, üâ [jaj]<br /> ÜY, üy [jɔj]<br /> ÊÜ, êü [jaj]<br /> YÜ, yü [joj] or [jɔj]<br /> ÃÎ, ãî [aji]<br /> ÕÎ, õî [oji]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Word-final position induced changes=====<br /> The original consonants /g/ <G, g>, /l/ <L, l> and syllable /wi/ <W, w> turn into [j] when in a word-final position. Instead, the spellings <gue>, <lle> and <wi> are used.<br /> <poem><br /> <g> /j/<br /> <l> /j/<br /> <w> /j/<br /> <gue> /g/<br /> <lle> /l/<br /> <wi> /wi/<br /> </poem><br /> There are some other special spellings :<br /> <poem><br /> <ebm> /ɛjm/<br /> <ebn> /ɛjn/<br /> </poem><br /> Finally, some letters are simply not pronounced at the end of a word, and other spellings are used instead :<br /> <poem><br /> <e><br /> <ô><br /> <d><br /> <nowiki><q></nowiki><br /> <nowiki><s></nowiki><br /> <t><br /> <z><br /> <er><br /> <dde> /d/<br /> <qe> /ʃ/<br /> <sse> /θ/ (or possibly /s/ ?)<br /> <tte> /t/<br /> <ze> /z/<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ====Table of phonemes and their principal corresponding graphemes====<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m <M, m><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n <N, n><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ <Ñ, ñ><br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ <ÎÑ, îñ><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p <P, p> ; b <B, b><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ <TÛ, tû> ; t <T, t> ; d̚ <DÛ, dû> ; d <D, d><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k <K, k> ; g <G, g><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s <C, c> alt. <TĦ/Tħ, tħ> ; z <Z, z> alt. <DĦ/Dħ, dħ> alt. <SĦ/Sħ, sħ><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ <Q, q> ; ʒ <Ö, ö> alt. <JĦ/Jħ, jħ> alt. <QJ/Qj, qj><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ <QÛ, qû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ <ÎF, îf> ; β <ÎV, îv><br /> |colspan="2"| f <F, f> alt. <PĦ/Pħ, pħ> ; v <V, v> alt. <BĦ/Bħ, bħ><br /> |colspan="2"| θ <S, s> alt. <Tûhh, s> ; ð <J, j> <br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ <HÛ, hû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ <ÎQ, îq> ; ɧ̙ʷ̬ <ÎÖ, îö> alt. <LÎÖ, lîö><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <ÎX, îx><br /> |colspan="2"| χ <X, x> ; ʁ <R, r><br /> |colspan="2"| h <H, h><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ <RÛ, rû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j <I, i> (before a vowel), <Ü, ü> (after a vowel) ; ɥ <U, u> (before some vowels)<br /> |colspan="2"| w <O, o> (before or after a vowel)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r <LÛ, lû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ <RX, rx><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ <ĦÛ, ħû> <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l <L, l> ɫ <Û, û><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg <ÎÑg, îñg><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i <I, i> alt. <Oi, oi> ; y <U, u><br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ <Î, î> alt. <Ï, ï><br /> |colspan="2"|u <OU/Ou, ou><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e <E, ç/ë> ; ø <EU/Eu, eu> alt. <OE/Oe, oe><br /> |colspan="2"| ə <E, e><br /> |colspan="2"|o <O, o> alt. <Ô, ô> alt. <Õ, õ><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ <E, ÿ/ê> alt. <EA, ea> ; œ <E, ù/ĕ> alt. <EÔ/Eô, eô> ; ɛ̃ <Ä, é/â> ; œ̃ <Ä, è/ä><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ <O, o> ; ɔ̃ <Ä, à/ă><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä <A, a> alt. <Ã, ã><br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃ <Ä, ä><br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Prosody===<br /> ====Stress====<br /> ====Intonation====<br /> <br /> ===Phonotactics===<br /> <br /> ===Morphophonology===<br /> <br /> ==Morphology==<br /> <br /> There are five main parts of speech in Qtolqjimctadû : nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and particles.<br /> <br /> ===Nouns===<br /> Nouns have definiteness, gender, and number. Definiteness is marked by definite and indefinite articles which agree in gender and number with the nouns. There are three genders : neuter, masculine, and feminine. <br /> <br /> ====Gender====<br /> Gender is usually marked by the ending of the noun. Nouns that correspond to non-animate things are usually neutral whereas nouns that describe animate things are usually masculine or feminine. However, some nouns can have all three genders, with the masculine and feminine forms built on an underlying neutral form ; this is common for instance for animal names, or for professions.<br /> <br /> According to documentation, most neuter nouns in the singular end either in <nowiki><-e></nowiki> or in a consonant. There is however no indication of how to distinguish masculine and feminine nouns, but based on the description of neuter forms, it may be posited that they must typically end in some kinds of vowels. Nouns that end in <nowiki><-e></nowiki> in the singular neuter are part of a paradigm that builds masculine and feminine forms on this underlying neuter form :<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Ending in -e<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || -e /ə/ || -ea /ɛ/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || -e /ə/ || -ebn /ɛjn/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || -ea /ɛ/ || -ean /əɑ̃/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> According to documentation, it is common for the neuter to present as a masculine singular ending in the singular, and as a feminine singular ending in the plural.<br /> <br /> ====Definiteness====<br /> Earlier documentation does not explicitly state that the definite and definite articles must agree with nouns in number and gender, but it is apparent in corpus that there is at least a masculine or neutral singular definite article that differs from a feminine singular definite article. From this and comparison with other versions of Tolsian, one can infer that articles, both definite and indefinite, come in at least three forms : masculine singular, feminine singular, and a plural form that covers all genders. Based on the existence of a neutral gender, it may be posited that there must be a neutral singular form as well. There is however no actual indication of whether there is only one plural form for all genders, or if there are also different plural forms for different genders. We'll assume the following paradigm :<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Definite and indefinite articles<br /> |-<br /> ! Definiteness / Gender !! Neuter !! Masculine !! Feminine !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Definite|| - || pna /pna/ || pnÿ /pnɛ/ || -<br /> |-<br /> | Indefinite|| -|| -|| ad /a/ || -<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ====Number====<br /> There are two numbers, singular and plural ; singular is unmarked while plural is marked with a suffix that differs depending on the ending of the noun.<br /> Besides the "-e" paradigm above, different groups of endings take different plural markings. It is likely that the consonantal endings indicate neuter nouns, whereas the vocalic endings indicate masculine and feminine nouns.<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Table of plurals<br /> |-<br /> ! Types of endings !! Plural affix !! Pronunciation<br /> |-<br /> | -c ; -f ; -j ; -l ; -m ; -n ; -v ; -û ; -ë || -c || -cc /s/ ; -fc /fs/ ; -jc /θ/ ; -lc /js/ ; -mc ; -nc ; -vc /fs/ ; -ûc /ɫ/ ; -ëc /bɾɛk/<br /> |-<br /> | -b ; -d ; -g ; -p ; -q ; -w ; -ü ; -k || -tt || -btt /pt/ ; -dtt /d̚/ ; -gtt /kt/ ; -ptt /pt/ ; -qtt /ʃt/ ; -wtt /wit/ ; -ütt /jt/ ; -ktt /kt/<br /> |-<br /> | -s ; -r || -ch || -sch /ʃ/ ; -rch /?/ ("[hˤ]" see notes on consonants) ; -rsch /ʁʃa/<br /> |-<br /> | -h ; -t ; -x ; -z ; -ö ; -ñ || -c or -tt || -hc /k/ ; -tc /ts/ ; -xc /χs/ ; -zc /s/ ; -öc /s/ ; -ñc /s/ <p> -htt /ht/ ; -ttt /t̚/ ; -xtt /χt/ ; -ztt /st/ ; -ött /ʃt/ ; -ñtt /t/<br /> |-<br /> | Vowel endings (other than "e") || -es || not pronounced.<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ====Pronouns====<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Personal subject pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Pronoun<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || I || êü /jaj/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || you || oü /oj/ or /ɔj/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.masc || he || tag /taj/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.fem || she || tal /taj/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.impersonal || "man", "one" || tawi /tawi/<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || we || îhalÿn /xalɛn/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || you || hiçve /hjev/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.masc || they || tagg /tag/ (or /tagj/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.fem || they || tall /tal/ (or /talj/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || you || îqann /ɧ̙ʷan/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Demonstrative pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Pronoun<br /> |-<br /> | Singular demonstrative pronoun || this || fe /fə/<br /> |-<br /> | Plural demonstrative pronoun || these || îvae /βa/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Personal reflexive pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Pronoun<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || myself || kab /kab/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || yourself || kat /ka/ (or /kat) ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.masc || himself || kaad /ka:/ (or /ka:d/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.fem || herself || kaad /ka:/ (or /ka:d/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.impersonal || oneself || kad /ka/ (or /kad/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || ourselves || aö /aʒ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || yourselves || av /av/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.masc || themselves || aann /a:n/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.fem || themselves || aann /a:n/<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || yourself ; yourselves || enn /ən/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Possessive pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Masculine and neuter singular !! Feminine singular !! Masculine and neuter plural !! Feminine plural<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || my, mine || kabħe /kavə/ || kabħa /kava/ || kabħei /kavi/ || kabħae /kavaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || your, yours || katħe /kasə/ || katħa /kasa/ || katħei /kasi/ || katħae /kasaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG || his, her, hers, its || kadħe /kazə/ || kadħa /kaza/ || kadħei /kazi/ || kadħae /kazaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || our, ours || pħaöe /faʒə/ || pħaöa /faʒa/ || pħaöei /faʒi/ || pħaöae /faʒaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || your, yours || pħave /favə/ || pħava /fava/ || pħavei /favi/ || pħavae /favaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL || their, theirs || pħann /fan/ || pħana /fana/ || pħani /fani/ || pħanae /fanaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || your, yours || ïqann /iʃan/ || aîqann /aɧ̙ʷan/ || ïqani /iʃani/ || aîqane /aɧ̙ʷan/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Possessive pronouns agree in gender and number with the nouns denoting what is "possessed".<br /> <br /> ===Verbs===<br /> <br /> There are two main verbal groups, one ending in "-ë" (usually with a radical ending in a vowel), and one ending in "-er" (usually with a radical ending in a consonant). Verbs are conjugated for person, tense, and mood. There are formally seven persons : first singular, second singular, third singular, first plural, second plural, third plural, and the "polite" second person used in formal contexts for which number is neutralized. <br /> <br /> ====Mood====<br /> <br /> There are four moods : indicative, conditional, imperative and so-called "absolute" (can also be called gnomic). <br /> =====Indicative=====<br /> The indicative and absolute moods are forms of realis : indicative is used to express statements or facts, and also other modalities not expressed with other moods. <br /> =====Absolute=====<br /> The absolute is traditionally treated as a mood because of its specific grammatical markings, but better corresponds semantically to the gnomic aspect. It can also be used to express a higher degree of certainty than indicative, or to express emphasis. According to documentation : <q>L'absolu est un mode intemporel. Il peut traduire un présent de vérité générale, parler d'une propriété intrinsèque à un corps, être utilisé en poésie... Il peut être utilisé aussi en tant que présent s'il décrit une action ''a priori'' continue dans le temps, comme lorsqu'on emploie des adjectifs qualificatifs.</q><br /> =====Imperative=====<br /> The conditional and imperative moods are forms of irrealis : the imperative expresses commands, prohibitions and requests. It is not used with the seventh person (2nd person used for politeness), in which case it is substituted for a hypothetical conditional. <br /> =====Conditional=====<br /> The conditional expresses hypotheticals, desires and wishes. According to documentation, so-called "hypothetical conditional" corresponds to the French subjunctive mood.<br /> ====Tense====<br /> <br /> There are three main tenses : present, past and future. <br /> <br /> =====Present=====<br /> *In the indicative mode, there is one present, the indicative present.<br /> *In the conditional mood, there are two kinds of present : the conditional present and the so-called "hypothetical conditional present" (''conditionel hypothétique présent''), meant to correspond to the French subjunctive present.<br /> *In the imperative and absolute moods, there is only a present tense.<br /> =====Past=====<br /> *In the indicative mood, there are four kinds of past : the so-called "foregone past" (''passé révolu''), which is meant to correspond to the French pluperfect ; the "descriptive past" (''passé descriptif''), meant to correspond to the French simple past and imperfect past ; the "general past" (''passé général''), meant to correspond to the French imperfect and ''passé composé'' (present perfect) ; and the "anterior past" (''passé antérieur''), built analytically with the auxiliary verb "kavaver"(to have) in the foregone past and the past participle.<br /> *In the conditional mood, there are three kinds of past : the "past conditional" (''conditionnel passé''), the so-called "retrospective conditional" (''conditionnel rétrospectif''), which is meant to correspond to the French ''conditionnel passé de seconde forme'', and the so-called "hypothetical conditional past" (''conditionel hypothétique passé''), meant to express the French past subjunctive. <br /> =====Future=====<br /> In the indicative mood, there are two kinds of future : the "general future" (''futur général''), which indicates event that are yet to happen, and the "retrospective future" (''futur rétrospectif''), which corresponds to the traditional "future perfect" (''futur antérieur''), used to express an action that will be completed before another action in the future.<br /> <br /> ====Conjugation tables====<br /> <br /> The only available conjugation tables describe the endings in the indicative present for verbs of the first and second groups.<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Indicative present of the first group : "kalûaë", ''to be''<br /> |-<br /> ! Person !! Ending !! Example<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || -qni /ʃni/ || kalûaqni /kaɾaʃni/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || -qniî /ʃnij/ || kalûaqniî /kaɾaʃnij/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG || - (radical) || kalûa /kaɾa/<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || -cÿcq /sesʃ/ || kalûacÿcq /kaɾasesʃ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || -tts /t/ || kalûatts /kaɾat/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL || -me /mə/ || kalûame /kaɾamə/<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || -i /i/ || kalûai /kaɾai/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Indicative present of the second group : "kavaver", ''to have''<br /> |-<br /> ! Person !! Ending !! Example<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || - (radical) || kav /kav/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || -s (unpronounced) || kavavs /kavav/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG || - (radical) || kavav /kavav/<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || -m /m/ || kavavm /kavavm/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || -ês /ja/ || kavavês /kavavja/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL || -n /n/ || kavavn /kavavn/<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || -i /i/ || kavi /kavi/<br /> |}<br /> Note : the first and seventh persons are irregular in this case.<br /> <br /> ===Adjectives===<br /> <br /> Adjectives agree in gender and number with the nouns they qualify. It is marked with a prefix that changes depending on the beginning of the neuter singular form.<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with a vowel<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || es- /əθ/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || a- /a/ || ai- /aj/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || e- /ə/ || es- /əθ/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with h-, t-, x-, z-, ö-,ñ-<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || cs- /s/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || q- /ʃ/ || qs- /ʃ/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || c- /s/ || cs- /s/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with b-, d-, g-, p-, q-, w-, ü-, k<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || hm- /hm/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || m- /m/ || ebm- /ɛjm/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || hm- /hm/ || hebm- /hɛjm/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with s-, r-<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || kbett- /kbət/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || kbet- /kbət/ || kbest- /kbət/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || kbeat- /kbɛt/ || kbeast- /kbɛt/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with c-, f-, j-, l-, m-, n-, v-, û-, ë-<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || atûïve- /at̚ɨvə/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || etûove- /ət̚ovə/ || etûïve- /ət̚ɨvə/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || atûova- /at̚ova/ || atûïva- /at̚ɨva/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Adverbs===<br /> <br /> There is no information on adverbs but, based on other versions of Tolsian, we can assume they are invariable in form, qualify verbs and adjectives, and are usually placed before the verb or adjective they qualify.<br /> <br /> ===Particles===<br /> <br /> Particles are function words that include prepositions, postpositions, conjunction words, etc. <br /> *One notable particle is the so-called subject particle, which is used with stative verbs to introduce the subject's attribute. It can take two different forms, usually depending on whether the subject is animate (particle "tke?") or inanimate (particle "ke?"), but also potentially on whether the relationship between subject and attribute is perceived as "temporary" or "eternal".<br /> *Another notable particle is the "possessive" particle, which is suffixed to the noun that represents a "possessor", akin to a genitive marking. It can be used instead of possessive pronouns, when suffixed to a personal subject pronoun : for instance, the personal pronoun "êü" + the possessive particle "-dô" becomes "êüdô", ''my''. On the other hand, when using one of the possessive pronouns, a so-called "possessed particle" is placed in front of the "possessed" noun.<br /> *Some particles are more like traditional prepositions ; for instance, "nda" means ''in, from, of''.<br /> <br /> ==Syntax==<br /> ===Constituent order===<br /> ===Noun phrase===<br /> ===Verb phrase===<br /> ===Sentence phrase===<br /> ===Dependent clauses===<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Example texts==<br /> <br /> ==Other resources==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Qtolqjimctadû]]<br /> [[Category:Languages]]<br /> [[Category:Conlangs]]<br /> [[Category:Tolsian]]</div>

Uvie https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Qtolqjimctad%C3%BB&diff=526594 Qtolqjimctadû 2026-05-21T17:02:45Z

<p>Uvie: /* Verbs */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Introduction==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ<br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p b<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ t d̚ d<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k g<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s z<br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ ʒ <br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ β<br /> |colspan="2"| f v<br /> |colspan="2"| θ ð<br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ ɧ̙ʷ̬<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <br /> |colspan="2"| χ ʁ<br /> |colspan="2"| h<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j ɥ<br /> |colspan="2"| w<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l ɫ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> Notes :<br /> <br /> In earlier documentation, proper knowledge of IPA was lacking and several of the phonemes had to be identified from either phonetically inaccurate IPA descriptions or vague, impressionistic ones. Several phonemes could not be recovered. Here is a list of deviations from the above table :<br /> <poem><br /> Identified phonemes :<br /> /ɸ/ was described as [fʷ] (written <ÎF, îf>).<br /> /β/ was described as [vʷ] (written <ÎV, îv>).<br /> /ʁ/ was described as [ʀ] (written <R, r>).<br /> /ʀ/ was described as [rˤ] (''sorte de « r » très roulé'', written <RX, rx>).<br /> /ɹ/ was described as [ʀˤ] (''sorte de « r » anglais'', written <RÛ, rû>).<br /> /ɫ/ was described as [l̪ ] (''comme à la fin du mot anglais "well"'', written <Û, û>).<br /> /χ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [x] (written <X, x>), while /x/ itself was most likely described as [xˤ] (written <ÎX, îx>).<br /> /ŋ/ was probably described as [ɲˤ] (written <ÎÑ, îñ>), while the sound described as [ŋ] (written <ÎÑg, îñg>) probably corresponded to /ᵑg/.<br /> /ɾ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [r̺] (written <ĦÛ, ħû>, as well as part of the cluster /bɾ/+V with the help of <Ë, ë> as [bɾə], described as [br̺ə]).<br /> /r/ might have been what was described as [r] (''sorte de « r » roulé à la japonaise'', written <LÛ, lû>).<br /> /ɧ̙ʷ/ and its voiced version /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ are, to this day, subject to doubt regarding their IPA descriptions. They were most likely corresponding to the sounds described as [ʃ ̪ ] (written <ÎQ, îq>) and [ʒ̺̺̺ ] (written <ÎÖ, îö> or <LÎÖ, lîö>).<br /> /t̚/ and /d̚/ are also subject to some doubt regarding their IPA descriptions still. They were described as [t̪] (written <TÛ, tû>) and [d̪] (written <DÛ, dû>).<br /> The phoneme described as [ʃʲ] probably has a realization closer to [ç] or [ɕ] (written <QÛ, qû>).<br /> <br /> Unidentified or very doubtful phonemes :<br /> Some /h/-like phoneme, described as [hˤ] (written <ÎH, îh>). It might have corresponded to /ɣ/, but it is not very likely.<br /> /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ might have been what was described as [l̤ʲ] (written <HÛ, hû>). Based on its spelling it is more likely to be devoiced.<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i y<br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ<br /> |colspan="2"|u<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e ø<br /> |colspan="2"| ə<br /> |colspan="2"|o<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ œ ɛ̃ œ̃<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ ɔ̃<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä<br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃<br /> |}<br /> Vowel length is supposed to be phonemic, with regular (or short) vowels, and long vowels.<br /> <br /> Similarly to consonants, some vowels had to be "re-identified" from previous documentation and some deviations arise :<br /> <poem><br /> /œ/ is probably what was described as [æ] (written <Ù, ù> or <E, ĕ> or <EÔ/Eô, eô>).<br /> /œ̃/ is probably what was described as [æ̃] (written <Ä, è> or <Ä, ä>).<br /> /ø/ is probably what was described as [œ] (written <EU/Eu, eu> or <OE/Oe, oe>).<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Orthography===<br /> Orthography was made complicated on purpose.<br /> <br /> ====Alphabet====<br /> <poem><br /> A, a /a/<br /> B, b /b/<br /> C, c /s/<br /> D, d /d/<br /> E, e /ə/ ; E, ç/ë /e/ ; E, ù/ĕ /œ/ ; E, ÿ/ê /ɛ/<br /> F, f /f/<br /> G, g /g/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> H, h /h/<br /> Ħ, ħ soundless ; mostly used in composed graphemes.<br /> I, i /i/<br /> J, j /ð/<br /> K, k /k/<br /> L, l /l/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> M, m /m/<br /> N, n /n/<br /> O, o /o/ or /ɔ/<br /> P, p /p/<br /> Q, q /ʃ/<br /> R, r /ʁ/<br /> S, s /θ/<br /> T, t /t/<br /> U, u /y/<br /> V, v /v/<br /> W, w /wi/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> X, x /χ/<br /> Y, y /jo/ or /ɔj/<br /> Z, z /z/<br /> Â, â /aj/<br /> Ê, ê /ja/<br /> Û, û /ɫ/<br /> Î, î /ɨ/ soundless when used in composed graphemes.<br /> Ô, ô /o/<br /> Ä, ä /ɑ̃/ ; Ä, à/ă /ɔ̃/ ; Ä, é/â /ɛ̃/ ; Ä, è/ä /œ̃/<br /> Ë, ë /bɾə/<br /> Ü, ü /j/<br /> Ï, ï /ɨ/<br /> Ö, ö /ʒ/<br /> Ã, ã /a/<br /> Õ, õ /o/<br /> Ñ, ñ /ɲ/<br /> </poem><br /> =====History=====<br /> Like most, if not all, versions of Tolsian, Qtolqjimctadû was meant to be written with the original Tolsian script. Some graphemes were chosen because of the limitations of the French keyboard, but were initally supposed to correspond to another, preexisting grapheme, with a diacritic, in order to reflect the original script. Some graphemes with diacritic are supposed to represent letters in the original script that are not simply versions of another letter with a diacritic ; this is why in the list below, <nowiki><ë></nowiki> appears to represent /e/, alongside <nowiki><ç></nowiki>, whereas in <Ë, ë> it represents /bɾə/ in the alphabet : they have different underlying identities.<br /> <poem><br /> <e> with diaeresis ¨ becomes <ç> (or <ë>)<br /> <e> with cedilla or possibly hook below (''accent « petite courbe vers le bas »'') becomes <ù> (or <ĕ>)<br /> <e> with circumflex accent ^ becomes <ÿ> (or <ê>)<br /> <O, o> (or <Ô, ô> ?) with circumflex accent becomes <Õ, õ><br /> <U, u> with dieresis becomes <Ü, ü><br /> <U, u> with circumflex accent becomes <Û, û><br /> <Â, â> with circumflex accent becomes <Ê, ê><br /> <Î, î> with circumflex accent becomes <Ï, ï><br /> <ä> with cedilla or hook below becomes <à> (o <ă>)<br /> <ä> with circumflex becomes <é> (or <â>)<br /> <ä> with diaeresis becomes <è> (or <ä>)<br /> <Â, â> with circumflex becomes <Ã, ã><br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ====Spelling rules====<br /> Long vowels are spelled with doubled graphemes (<Aa, aa> /a:/, etc).<br /> <br /> Some graphemes, namely <E, e> /ə/ ; <E, ç/ë> /e/ ; <E, ù/ĕ> /œ/ ; <E, ÿ/ê> /ɛ/ and <Ä, ä> /ɑ̃/ ; <Ä, à/ă> /ɔ̃/ ; <Ä, é/â> /ɛ̃/ ; <Ä, è/ä /œ̃/> use the same capital letter, but different minuscule letters, for different phonemes. This is partly due to limitations on a French keyboard, and partly to reflect the original Tolsian script in which these phonemes use the same letter but with different diacritics.<br /> <br /> The grapheme <Î, î> denotes /ɨ/, except in front of some consonants (<F, f>, <V, v>, <Q, q>, <Ö, ö>, <Ñ, ñ>, <X, x>, <H, h>) ; the grapheme <Ï, ï> is used instead in order to denote /ɨ/.<br /> <br /> There are many digraphs and even trigraphs ; usually, all letters are capitalized, when capitalization is needed.<br /> =====Digraphs with <Î, î>=====<br /> In the original documentation, these are described as "purified" (''épurés'').<br /> <poem><br /> ÎF, îf /ɸ/<br /> ÎV, îv /β/<br /> ÎQ, îq /ɧ̙ʷ/<br /> ÎÖ, îö /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ <br /> ÎÑ, îñ /ŋ/<br /> ÎX, îx /x/<br /> ÎH, îh unknown, possibly /ɣ/<br /> </poem><br /> It is unclear if the following are considered to be "purified" :<br /> <poem><br /> <Äî, äî> /an/<br /> <Äî, àî> /on/ or /ɔn/<br /> <Äî, éî> /in/ or /im/<br /> <Äî, èî> /un/ or /œm/<br /> </poem><br /> =====Trigraphs with <Î, î>=====<br /> These were also considered to be "purified".<br /> <poem><br /> LÎÖ, lîö /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ <br /> ÎÑg, îñg /ᵑg/<br /> </poem><br /> =====Digraphs with <Û, û>=====<br /> Some of these digraphs were originally described as "wet" (''mouillés'') :<br /> <poem><br /> TÛ, tû /t̚/<br /> QÛ, qû /ʃʲ/ (probably realized [ç] or [ɕ])<br /> DÛ, dû /d̚/<br /> </poem><br /> Others were not considered to be "wet" :<br /> <poem><br /> LÛ, lû /r/<br /> HÛ, hû possibly /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ <br /> ĦÛ, ħû /ɾ/<br /> RÛ, rû /ɹ/ <br /> <br /> =====Trigraphs with <Û, û>=====<br /> There is only one such trigraph, and only the first letter is capitalized, if needed. It is possibly meant to appear only word-initially as it was only given as <Tûhh> :<br /> Tûhh /θ/<br /> <br /> =====Digraphs with <Ħ, ħ>=====<br /> These can also be written as trigraphs, swapping <Ħ, ħ> for <Hh, hh>. As digraphs, one may likewise capitalize both letters or only the first one. As trigraphs, Only the first letter is capitalized.<br /> Ħ, ħ can be found on its own but is soundless. It may be used as part of the following digraphs, or used to maintain a hiatus between vowels and <I, i> or <O, o>. It can also be written <Hh, hh>.<br /> PĦ/Pħ, pħ /f/ (or <Phh, phh>)<br /> TĦ/Tħ, tħ /s/ (or <Thh, thh><br /> JĦ/Jħ, jħ /ʒ/ (or <Jhh, jhh>)<br /> BĦ/Bħ, bħ /v/ (or <Bhh, bhh>)<br /> DĦ/Dħ, dħ /z/ (or <Dhh, dhh>)<br /> SĦ/Sħ, sħ /z/ (or <Shh, shh>)<br /> <br /> =====Digraphs and trigraph with <Ë, ë>=====<br /> The phoneme /ɾ/ also appears as part of a syllable /bɾə/, written <Ë, ë>. When <Ë, ë> is followed by a vowel, the /ə/ is replaced by that vowel :<br /> Ëa, ëa [bɾa]<br /> Ëç, ëç [bɾe]<br /> Ëÿ, ëÿ [bɾɛ]<br /> Ëu, ëu [bɾy]<br /> Ëo, ëo [bɾo] or [bɾɔ]<br /> Ëï, ëï [bɾi]<br /> Ëä, ëä [bɾɑ̃]<br /> Ëà, ëà [bɾɔ̃]<br /> Ëé, ëé [bɾɛ̃]<br /> Ëè, ëè [bɾœ̃]<br /> Ëou, ëou [bɾu]<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> =====Some more consonantal digraphs=====<br /> RX, rx /ʀ/<br /> QJ/Qj, qj /ʒ/<br /> =====Vocalic digraphs=====<br /> <poem><br /> <Oi, oi> [i]<br /> <EU/Eu, eu> [ø]<br /> <OU/Ou, ou> [u]<br /> <EA, ea> [ɛ]<br /> (But <Ea, ea> [əa])<br /> <OE/Oe, oe> [ø]<br /> <EÔ/Eô, eô> [œ]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Nasal vowels=====<br /> Some digraphs and trigraphs denote nasal vowels, with <N, n> and <M, m> :<br /> <poem><br /> <An, an> /ɑ̃/<br /> <Am, am> /ɑ̃/<br /> <En, en> /ɑ̃/<br /> <Em, em> /ɑ̃/<br /> <In, in> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Im, im> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Ein, ein> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Eim, eim> /ɛ̃/<br /> <On, on> /ɔ̃/<br /> <Om, om> /ɔ̃/<br /> <Un, un> /œ̃/<br /> <Um, um> /œ̃/<br /> </poem><br /> However, if there are two <N, n> or <M, m> following a vowel, then it is not nasalized but pronounced as V+[n or m] instead (<Ann, ann> [an], <Amm, amm> [am],... etc). Besides, vocalic graphemes other than <A, a>, <E, e>, <I, i>, <O, o>, <U, u> do not get nasalized when followed by an <N, n> or <M, m>.<br /> =====Diphtongues=====<br /> They have been described as diphtongues, but should rather be analyzed as combinations of vowels and approximants. There are three different approximants : /j/, /w/ and /ɥ/, which only appear in a limited number of cases.<br /> *Diphtongues /j/ + vowel :<br /> They are usually written with a <I, i> followed by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <I, i> stands for /j/ :<br /> <poem><br /> <Ia, ia> [ja]<br /> <Ie, ie> [jə]<br /> <Iç, iç> [je]<br /> <Iù, iù> [jœ]<br /> <Iÿ, iÿ> [jɛ]<br /> <Io, io> [jo] or [jɔ]<br /> <Iu, iu> [jy]<br /> <Iô, iô> [jo]<br /> <Iä, iä> [jɑ̃]<br /> <Ià, ià> [jɔ̃]<br /> <Ié, ié> [jɛ̃]<br /> <Iè, iè> [jœ̃]<br /> <Ii, ii> [ji]<br /> <Iou, iou> [ju]<br /> <Ieu, ieu> [jø]<br /> </poem><br /> However, there are a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> ÜÃ, üã [ja]<br /> ÜÕ, üõ [jo]<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues vowel + /j/ :<br /> They are usually written with a <Ü, ü> preceded by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <Ü, ü> stands for /j/ (minus the exceptions above) :<br /> <poem><br /> <AÜ, aü> [aj]<br /> <EÜ, eü> [əj]<br /> <EÜ, çü> [ej]<br /> <EÜ, ùü> [œj]<br /> <EÜ, ÿü> [ɛj]<br /> <OÜ, oü> [oj] or [ɔj]<br /> <UÜ, uü> [yj]<br /> <ÔÜ, ôü> [oj]<br /> <ÄÜ, äü> [aɑ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, àü> [ɔ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, éü> [ɛ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, èü> [œ̃j]<br /> <ÃÜ, ãü> [aj]<br /> <ÕÜ, õü> [oj]<br /> <EUÜ, euü> [øj]<br /> </poem><br /> There are also a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> EÎ, eî [əj]<br /> EÎ, çî [ej]<br /> EÎ, ùî [œj]<br /> EÎ, ÿî [ɛj]<br /> IÎ, iî [ij]<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues with /w/ :<br /> These are usually written with a <O, o>, either followed or preceded by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <O, o> stands for /w/ :<br /> <poem><br /> <Oa, oa> [wa]<br /> <Oe, oe> [wə]<br /> <Oç, oç> [we]<br /> <Où, où> [wœ]<br /> <Oÿ, oÿ> [wɛ]<br /> <Oo, oo> [wo] or [wɔ]<br /> <Oy, oy> [wy]<br /> <Oô, oô> [wo]<br /> <Oä, oä> [wɑ̃]<br /> <Oà, oà> [wɔ̃]<br /> <Oé, oé> [wɛ̃]<br /> <Oè, oè> [wœ̃] (This one was described as [wœ̃] already in the original documentation (instead of expected [wæ̃] and has therefore cast some doubt on the identification of vowels /ø/, /œ/ and /œ̃/.)<br /> <Oi, oi> [wi]<br /> <Oeu, oeu> [wø]<br /> And reciprocally (<Ao, ao> [aw]... etc).<br /> </poem><br /> There are however a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> <Io, io> is ambiguous and can denote either /iw/ or /jo/<br /> <Oi, oi> is ambiguous and can denote either /i/ or /wi/<br /> <Oe, oe> is ambiguous and can denote either /wə/ or /ø/<br /> <OU/Ou, ou> always denotes /u/ (/wy/ is denoted <Oy, oy> instead).<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues with /ɥ/ :<br /> <poem><br /> UÎ, uî [ɥi]<br /> Ui, ui [ɥi]<br /> Ua, ua [ɥa]<br /> Uç, uç [ɥe]<br /> Uÿ, uÿ [ɥɛ]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Triphtongues=====<br /> They should also be analyzed as combinations of approximant + vowel + approximant. Besides using <I, i> and <O, o> or even <Ü, ü> and <U, u>, there is a handful of special spellings that denote such "triphtongues" :<br /> <poem><br /> ÜÂ, üâ [jaj]<br /> ÜY, üy [jɔj]<br /> ÊÜ, êü [jaj]<br /> YÜ, yü [joj] or [jɔj]<br /> ÃÎ, ãî [aji]<br /> ÕÎ, õî [oji]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Word-final position induced changes=====<br /> The original consonants /g/ <G, g>, /l/ <L, l> and syllable /wi/ <W, w> turn into [j] when in a word-final position. Instead, the spellings <gue>, <lle> and <wi> are used.<br /> <poem><br /> <g> /j/<br /> <l> /j/<br /> <w> /j/<br /> <gue> /g/<br /> <lle> /l/<br /> <wi> /wi/<br /> </poem><br /> There are some other special spellings :<br /> <poem><br /> <ebm> /ɛjm/<br /> <ebn> /ɛjn/<br /> </poem><br /> Finally, some letters are simply not pronounced at the end of a word, and other spellings are used instead :<br /> <poem><br /> <e><br /> <ô><br /> <d><br /> <nowiki><q></nowiki><br /> <nowiki><s></nowiki><br /> <t><br /> <z><br /> <er><br /> <dde> /d/<br /> <qe> /ʃ/<br /> <sse> /θ/ (or possibly /s/ ?)<br /> <tte> /t/<br /> <ze> /z/<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ====Table of phonemes and their principal corresponding graphemes====<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m <M, m><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n <N, n><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ <Ñ, ñ><br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ <ÎÑ, îñ><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p <P, p> ; b <B, b><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ <TÛ, tû> ; t <T, t> ; d̚ <DÛ, dû> ; d <D, d><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k <K, k> ; g <G, g><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s <C, c> alt. <TĦ/Tħ, tħ> ; z <Z, z> alt. <DĦ/Dħ, dħ> alt. <SĦ/Sħ, sħ><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ <Q, q> ; ʒ <Ö, ö> alt. <JĦ/Jħ, jħ> alt. <QJ/Qj, qj><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ <QÛ, qû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ <ÎF, îf> ; β <ÎV, îv><br /> |colspan="2"| f <F, f> alt. <PĦ/Pħ, pħ> ; v <V, v> alt. <BĦ/Bħ, bħ><br /> |colspan="2"| θ <S, s> alt. <Tûhh, s> ; ð <J, j> <br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ <HÛ, hû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ <ÎQ, îq> ; ɧ̙ʷ̬ <ÎÖ, îö> alt. <LÎÖ, lîö><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <ÎX, îx><br /> |colspan="2"| χ <X, x> ; ʁ <R, r><br /> |colspan="2"| h <H, h><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ <RÛ, rû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j <I, i> (before a vowel), <Ü, ü> (after a vowel) ; ɥ <U, u> (before some vowels)<br /> |colspan="2"| w <O, o> (before or after a vowel)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r <LÛ, lû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ <RX, rx><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ <ĦÛ, ħû> <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l <L, l> ɫ <Û, û><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg <ÎÑg, îñg><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i <I, i> alt. <Oi, oi> ; y <U, u><br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ <Î, î> alt. <Ï, ï><br /> |colspan="2"|u <OU/Ou, ou><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e <E, ç/ë> ; ø <EU/Eu, eu> alt. <OE/Oe, oe><br /> |colspan="2"| ə <E, e><br /> |colspan="2"|o <O, o> alt. <Ô, ô> alt. <Õ, õ><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ <E, ÿ/ê> alt. <EA, ea> ; œ <E, ù/ĕ> alt. <EÔ/Eô, eô> ; ɛ̃ <Ä, é/â> ; œ̃ <Ä, è/ä><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ <O, o> ; ɔ̃ <Ä, à/ă><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä <A, a> alt. <Ã, ã><br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃ <Ä, ä><br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Prosody===<br /> ====Stress====<br /> ====Intonation====<br /> <br /> ===Phonotactics===<br /> <br /> ===Morphophonology===<br /> <br /> ==Morphology==<br /> <br /> There are five main parts of speech in Qtolqjimctadû : nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and particles.<br /> <br /> ===Nouns===<br /> Nouns have definiteness, gender, and number. Definiteness is marked by definite and indefinite articles which agree in gender and number with the nouns. There are three genders : neuter, masculine, and feminine. <br /> <br /> ====Gender====<br /> Gender is usually marked by the ending of the noun. Nouns that correspond to non-animate things are usually neutral whereas nouns that describe animate things are usually masculine or feminine. However, some nouns can have all three genders, with the masculine and feminine forms built on an underlying neutral form ; this is common for instance for animal names, or for professions.<br /> <br /> According to documentation, most neuter nouns in the singular end either in <nowiki><-e></nowiki> or in a consonant. There is however no indication of how to distinguish masculine and feminine nouns, but based on the description of neuter forms, it may be posited that they must typically end in some kinds of vowels. Nouns that end in <nowiki><-e></nowiki> in the singular neuter are part of a paradigm that builds masculine and feminine forms on this underlying neuter form :<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Ending in -e<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || -e /ə/ || -ea /ɛ/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || -e /ə/ || -ebn /ɛjn/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || -ea /ɛ/ || -ean /əɑ̃/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> According to documentation, it is common for the neuter to present as a masculine singular ending in the singular, and as a feminine singular ending in the plural.<br /> <br /> ====Definiteness====<br /> Earlier documentation does not explicitly state that the definite and definite articles must agree with nouns in number and gender, but it is apparent in corpus that there is at least a masculine or neutral singular definite article that differs from a feminine singular definite article. From this and comparison with other versions of Tolsian, one can infer that articles, both definite and indefinite, come in at least three forms : masculine singular, feminine singular, and a plural form that covers all genders. Based on the existence of a neutral gender, it may be posited that there must be a neutral singular form as well. There is however no actual indication of whether there is only one plural form for all genders, or if there are also different plural forms for different genders. We'll assume the following paradigm :<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Definite and indefinite articles<br /> |-<br /> ! Definiteness / Gender !! Neuter !! Masculine !! Feminine !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Definite|| - || pna /pna/ || pnÿ /pnɛ/ || -<br /> |-<br /> | Indefinite|| -|| -|| ad /a/ || -<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ====Number====<br /> There are two numbers, singular and plural ; singular is unmarked while plural is marked with a suffix that differs depending on the ending of the noun.<br /> Besides the "-e" paradigm above, different groups of endings take different plural markings. It is likely that the consonantal endings indicate neuter nouns, whereas the vocalic endings indicate masculine and feminine nouns.<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Table of plurals<br /> |-<br /> ! Types of endings !! Plural affix !! Pronunciation<br /> |-<br /> | -c ; -f ; -j ; -l ; -m ; -n ; -v ; -û ; -ë || -c || -cc /s/ ; -fc /fs/ ; -jc /θ/ ; -lc /js/ ; -mc ; -nc ; -vc /fs/ ; -ûc /ɫ/ ; -ëc /bɾɛk/<br /> |-<br /> | -b ; -d ; -g ; -p ; -q ; -w ; -ü ; -k || -tt || -btt /pt/ ; -dtt /d̚/ ; -gtt /kt/ ; -ptt /pt/ ; -qtt /ʃt/ ; -wtt /wit/ ; -ütt /jt/ ; -ktt /kt/<br /> |-<br /> | -s ; -r || -ch || -sch /ʃ/ ; -rch /?/ ("[hˤ]" see notes on consonants) ; -rsch /ʁʃa/<br /> |-<br /> | -h ; -t ; -x ; -z ; -ö ; -ñ || -c or -tt || -hc /k/ ; -tc /ts/ ; -xc /χs/ ; -zc /s/ ; -öc /s/ ; -ñc /s/ <p> -htt /ht/ ; -ttt /t̚/ ; -xtt /χt/ ; -ztt /st/ ; -ött /ʃt/ ; -ñtt /t/<br /> |-<br /> | Vowel endings (other than "e") || -es || not pronounced.<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ====Pronouns====<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Personal subject pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Pronoun<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || I || êü /jaj/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || you || oü /oj/ or /ɔj/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.masc || he || tag /taj/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.fem || she || tal /taj/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.impersonal || "man", "one" || tawi /tawi/<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || we || îhalÿn /xalɛn/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || you || hiçve /hjev/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.masc || they || tagg /tag/ (or /tagj/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.fem || they || tall /tal/ (or /talj/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || you || îqann /ɧ̙ʷan/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Demonstrative pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Pronoun<br /> |-<br /> | Singular demonstrative pronoun || this || fe /fə/<br /> |-<br /> | Plural demonstrative pronoun || these || îvae /βa/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Personal reflexive pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Pronoun<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || myself || kab /kab/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || yourself || kat /ka/ (or /kat) ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.masc || himself || kaad /ka:/ (or /ka:d/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.fem || herself || kaad /ka:/ (or /ka:d/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.impersonal || oneself || kad /ka/ (or /kad/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || ourselves || aö /aʒ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || yourselves || av /av/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.masc || themselves || aann /a:n/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.fem || themselves || aann /a:n/<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || yourself ; yourselves || enn /ən/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Possessive pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Masculine and neuter singular !! Feminine singular !! Masculine and neuter plural !! Feminine plural<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || my, mine || kabħe /kavə/ || kabħa /kava/ || kabħei /kavi/ || kabħae /kavaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || your, yours || katħe /kasə/ || katħa /kasa/ || katħei /kasi/ || katħae /kasaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG || his, her, hers, its || kadħe /kazə/ || kadħa /kaza/ || kadħei /kazi/ || kadħae /kazaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || our, ours || pħaöe /faʒə/ || pħaöa /faʒa/ || pħaöei /faʒi/ || pħaöae /faʒaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || your, yours || pħave /favə/ || pħava /fava/ || pħavei /favi/ || pħavae /favaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL || their, theirs || pħann /fan/ || pħana /fana/ || pħani /fani/ || pħanae /fanaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || your, yours || ïqann /iʃan/ || aîqann /aɧ̙ʷan/ || ïqani /iʃani/ || aîqane /aɧ̙ʷan/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Possessive pronouns agree in gender and number with the nouns denoting what is "possessed".<br /> <br /> ===Verbs===<br /> <br /> There are two main verbal groups, one ending in "-ë" (usually with a radical ending in a vowel), and one ending in "-er" (usually with a radical ending in a consonant). Verbs are conjugated for person, tense, and mood. There are formally seven persons : first singular, second singular, third singular, first plural, second plural, third plural, and the "polite" second person used in formal contexts for which number is neutralized. <br /> <br /> ====Mood====<br /> <br /> There are four moods : indicative, conditional, imperative and so-called "absolute" (can also be called gnomic). <br /> =====Indicative=====<br /> The indicative and absolute moods are forms of realis : indicative is used to express statements or facts, and also other modalities not expressed with other moods. <br /> =====Absolute=====<br /> The absolute is traditionally treated as a mood because of its specific grammatical markings, but better corresponds semantically to the gnomic aspect. It can also be used to express a higher degree of certainty than indicative, or to express emphasis. According to documentation : <q>L'absolu est un mode intemporel. Il peut traduire un présent de vérité générale, parler d'une propriété intrinsèque à un corps, être utilisé en poésie... Il peut être utilisé aussi en tant que présent s'il décrit une action ''a priori'' continue dans le temps, comme lorsqu'on emploie des adjectifs qualificatifs.</q><br /> =====Imperative=====<br /> The conditional and imperative moods are forms of irrealis : the imperative expresses commands, prohibitions and requests. It is not used with the seventh person (2nd person used for politeness), in which case it is substituted for a hypothetical conditional. <br /> =====Conditional=====<br /> The conditional expresses hypotheticals, desires and wishes. According to documentation, so-called "hypothetical conditional" corresponds to the French subjunctive mood.<br /> ====Tense====<br /> <br /> There are three main tenses : present, past and future. <br /> <br /> =====Present=====<br /> *In the indicative mode, there is one present, the indicative present.<br /> *In the conditional mood, there are two kinds of present : the conditional present and the so-called "hypothetical conditional present" (''conditionel hypothétique présent''), meant to correspond to the French subjunctive present.<br /> *In the imperative and absolute moods, there is only a present tense.<br /> =====Past=====<br /> *In the indicative mood, there are four kinds of past : the so-called "foregone past" (''passé révolu''), which is meant to correspond to the French pluperfect ; the "descriptive past" (''passé descriptif''), meant to correspond to the French simple past and imperfect past ; the "general past" (''passé général''), meant to correspond to the French imperfect and ''passé composé'' (present perfect) ; and the "anterior past" (''passé antérieur''), built analytically with the auxiliary verb "kavaver"(to have) in the foregone past and the past participle.<br /> *In the conditional mood, there are three kinds of past : the "past conditional" (''conditionnel passé''), the so-called "retrospective conditional" (''conditionnel rétrospectif''), which is meant to correspond to the French ''conditionnel passé de seconde forme'', and the so-called "hypothetical conditional past" (''conditionel hypothétique passé''), meant to express the French past subjunctive. <br /> =====Future=====<br /> In the indicative mood, there are two kinds of future : the "general future" (''futur général''), which indicates event that are yet to happen, and the "retrospective future" (''futur rétrospectif''), which corresponds to the traditional "future perfect" (''futur antérieur''), used to express an action that will be completed before another action in the future.<br /> <br /> ====Conjugation tables====<br /> <br /> ===Adjectives===<br /> <br /> Adjectives agree in gender and number with the nouns they qualify. It is marked with a prefix that changes depending on the beginning of the neuter singular form.<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with a vowel<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || es- /əθ/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || a- /a/ || ai- /aj/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || e- /ə/ || es- /əθ/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with h-, t-, x-, z-, ö-,ñ-<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || cs- /s/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || q- /ʃ/ || qs- /ʃ/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || c- /s/ || cs- /s/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with b-, d-, g-, p-, q-, w-, ü-, k<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || hm- /hm/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || m- /m/ || ebm- /ɛjm/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || hm- /hm/ || hebm- /hɛjm/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with s-, r-<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || kbett- /kbət/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || kbet- /kbət/ || kbest- /kbət/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || kbeat- /kbɛt/ || kbeast- /kbɛt/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with c-, f-, j-, l-, m-, n-, v-, û-, ë-<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || atûïve- /at̚ɨvə/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || etûove- /ət̚ovə/ || etûïve- /ət̚ɨvə/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || atûova- /at̚ova/ || atûïva- /at̚ɨva/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Adverbs===<br /> <br /> There is no information on adverbs but, based on other versions of Tolsian, we can assume they are invariable in form, qualify verbs and adjectives, and are usually placed before the verb or adjective they qualify.<br /> <br /> ===Particles===<br /> <br /> Particles are function words that include prepositions, postpositions, conjunction words, etc. <br /> *One notable particle is the so-called subject particle, which is used with stative verbs to introduce the subject's attribute. It can take two different forms, usually depending on whether the subject is animate (particle "tke?") or inanimate (particle "ke?"), but also potentially on whether the relationship between subject and attribute is perceived as "temporary" or "eternal".<br /> *Another notable particle is the "possessive" particle, which is suffixed to the noun that represents a "possessor", akin to a genitive marking. It can be used instead of possessive pronouns, when suffixed to a personal subject pronoun : for instance, the personal pronoun "êü" + the possessive particle "-dô" becomes "êüdô", ''my''. On the other hand, when using one of the possessive pronouns, a so-called "possessed particle" is placed in front of the "possessed" noun.<br /> *Some particles are more like traditional prepositions ; for instance, "nda" means ''in, from, of''.<br /> <br /> ==Syntax==<br /> ===Constituent order===<br /> ===Noun phrase===<br /> ===Verb phrase===<br /> ===Sentence phrase===<br /> ===Dependent clauses===<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Example texts==<br /> <br /> ==Other resources==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Qtolqjimctadû]]<br /> [[Category:Languages]]<br /> [[Category:Conlangs]]<br /> [[Category:Tolsian]]</div>

Uvie https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Qtolqjimctad%C3%BB&diff=526586 Qtolqjimctadû 2026-05-21T16:54:16Z

<p>Uvie: /* Tense */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Introduction==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ<br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p b<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ t d̚ d<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k g<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s z<br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ ʒ <br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ β<br /> |colspan="2"| f v<br /> |colspan="2"| θ ð<br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ ɧ̙ʷ̬<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <br /> |colspan="2"| χ ʁ<br /> |colspan="2"| h<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j ɥ<br /> |colspan="2"| w<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l ɫ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> Notes :<br /> <br /> In earlier documentation, proper knowledge of IPA was lacking and several of the phonemes had to be identified from either phonetically inaccurate IPA descriptions or vague, impressionistic ones. Several phonemes could not be recovered. Here is a list of deviations from the above table :<br /> <poem><br /> Identified phonemes :<br /> /ɸ/ was described as [fʷ] (written <ÎF, îf>).<br /> /β/ was described as [vʷ] (written <ÎV, îv>).<br /> /ʁ/ was described as [ʀ] (written <R, r>).<br /> /ʀ/ was described as [rˤ] (''sorte de « r » très roulé'', written <RX, rx>).<br /> /ɹ/ was described as [ʀˤ] (''sorte de « r » anglais'', written <RÛ, rû>).<br /> /ɫ/ was described as [l̪ ] (''comme à la fin du mot anglais "well"'', written <Û, û>).<br /> /χ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [x] (written <X, x>), while /x/ itself was most likely described as [xˤ] (written <ÎX, îx>).<br /> /ŋ/ was probably described as [ɲˤ] (written <ÎÑ, îñ>), while the sound described as [ŋ] (written <ÎÑg, îñg>) probably corresponded to /ᵑg/.<br /> /ɾ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [r̺] (written <ĦÛ, ħû>, as well as part of the cluster /bɾ/+V with the help of <Ë, ë> as [bɾə], described as [br̺ə]).<br /> /r/ might have been what was described as [r] (''sorte de « r » roulé à la japonaise'', written <LÛ, lû>).<br /> /ɧ̙ʷ/ and its voiced version /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ are, to this day, subject to doubt regarding their IPA descriptions. They were most likely corresponding to the sounds described as [ʃ ̪ ] (written <ÎQ, îq>) and [ʒ̺̺̺ ] (written <ÎÖ, îö> or <LÎÖ, lîö>).<br /> /t̚/ and /d̚/ are also subject to some doubt regarding their IPA descriptions still. They were described as [t̪] (written <TÛ, tû>) and [d̪] (written <DÛ, dû>).<br /> The phoneme described as [ʃʲ] probably has a realization closer to [ç] or [ɕ] (written <QÛ, qû>).<br /> <br /> Unidentified or very doubtful phonemes :<br /> Some /h/-like phoneme, described as [hˤ] (written <ÎH, îh>). It might have corresponded to /ɣ/, but it is not very likely.<br /> /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ might have been what was described as [l̤ʲ] (written <HÛ, hû>). Based on its spelling it is more likely to be devoiced.<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i y<br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ<br /> |colspan="2"|u<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e ø<br /> |colspan="2"| ə<br /> |colspan="2"|o<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ œ ɛ̃ œ̃<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ ɔ̃<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä<br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃<br /> |}<br /> Vowel length is supposed to be phonemic, with regular (or short) vowels, and long vowels.<br /> <br /> Similarly to consonants, some vowels had to be "re-identified" from previous documentation and some deviations arise :<br /> <poem><br /> /œ/ is probably what was described as [æ] (written <Ù, ù> or <E, ĕ> or <EÔ/Eô, eô>).<br /> /œ̃/ is probably what was described as [æ̃] (written <Ä, è> or <Ä, ä>).<br /> /ø/ is probably what was described as [œ] (written <EU/Eu, eu> or <OE/Oe, oe>).<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Orthography===<br /> Orthography was made complicated on purpose.<br /> <br /> ====Alphabet====<br /> <poem><br /> A, a /a/<br /> B, b /b/<br /> C, c /s/<br /> D, d /d/<br /> E, e /ə/ ; E, ç/ë /e/ ; E, ù/ĕ /œ/ ; E, ÿ/ê /ɛ/<br /> F, f /f/<br /> G, g /g/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> H, h /h/<br /> Ħ, ħ soundless ; mostly used in composed graphemes.<br /> I, i /i/<br /> J, j /ð/<br /> K, k /k/<br /> L, l /l/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> M, m /m/<br /> N, n /n/<br /> O, o /o/ or /ɔ/<br /> P, p /p/<br /> Q, q /ʃ/<br /> R, r /ʁ/<br /> S, s /θ/<br /> T, t /t/<br /> U, u /y/<br /> V, v /v/<br /> W, w /wi/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> X, x /χ/<br /> Y, y /jo/ or /ɔj/<br /> Z, z /z/<br /> Â, â /aj/<br /> Ê, ê /ja/<br /> Û, û /ɫ/<br /> Î, î /ɨ/ soundless when used in composed graphemes.<br /> Ô, ô /o/<br /> Ä, ä /ɑ̃/ ; Ä, à/ă /ɔ̃/ ; Ä, é/â /ɛ̃/ ; Ä, è/ä /œ̃/<br /> Ë, ë /bɾə/<br /> Ü, ü /j/<br /> Ï, ï /ɨ/<br /> Ö, ö /ʒ/<br /> Ã, ã /a/<br /> Õ, õ /o/<br /> Ñ, ñ /ɲ/<br /> </poem><br /> =====History=====<br /> Like most, if not all, versions of Tolsian, Qtolqjimctadû was meant to be written with the original Tolsian script. Some graphemes were chosen because of the limitations of the French keyboard, but were initally supposed to correspond to another, preexisting grapheme, with a diacritic, in order to reflect the original script. Some graphemes with diacritic are supposed to represent letters in the original script that are not simply versions of another letter with a diacritic ; this is why in the list below, <nowiki><ë></nowiki> appears to represent /e/, alongside <nowiki><ç></nowiki>, whereas in <Ë, ë> it represents /bɾə/ in the alphabet : they have different underlying identities.<br /> <poem><br /> <e> with diaeresis ¨ becomes <ç> (or <ë>)<br /> <e> with cedilla or possibly hook below (''accent « petite courbe vers le bas »'') becomes <ù> (or <ĕ>)<br /> <e> with circumflex accent ^ becomes <ÿ> (or <ê>)<br /> <O, o> (or <Ô, ô> ?) with circumflex accent becomes <Õ, õ><br /> <U, u> with dieresis becomes <Ü, ü><br /> <U, u> with circumflex accent becomes <Û, û><br /> <Â, â> with circumflex accent becomes <Ê, ê><br /> <Î, î> with circumflex accent becomes <Ï, ï><br /> <ä> with cedilla or hook below becomes <à> (o <ă>)<br /> <ä> with circumflex becomes <é> (or <â>)<br /> <ä> with diaeresis becomes <è> (or <ä>)<br /> <Â, â> with circumflex becomes <Ã, ã><br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ====Spelling rules====<br /> Long vowels are spelled with doubled graphemes (<Aa, aa> /a:/, etc).<br /> <br /> Some graphemes, namely <E, e> /ə/ ; <E, ç/ë> /e/ ; <E, ù/ĕ> /œ/ ; <E, ÿ/ê> /ɛ/ and <Ä, ä> /ɑ̃/ ; <Ä, à/ă> /ɔ̃/ ; <Ä, é/â> /ɛ̃/ ; <Ä, è/ä /œ̃/> use the same capital letter, but different minuscule letters, for different phonemes. This is partly due to limitations on a French keyboard, and partly to reflect the original Tolsian script in which these phonemes use the same letter but with different diacritics.<br /> <br /> The grapheme <Î, î> denotes /ɨ/, except in front of some consonants (<F, f>, <V, v>, <Q, q>, <Ö, ö>, <Ñ, ñ>, <X, x>, <H, h>) ; the grapheme <Ï, ï> is used instead in order to denote /ɨ/.<br /> <br /> There are many digraphs and even trigraphs ; usually, all letters are capitalized, when capitalization is needed.<br /> =====Digraphs with <Î, î>=====<br /> In the original documentation, these are described as "purified" (''épurés'').<br /> <poem><br /> ÎF, îf /ɸ/<br /> ÎV, îv /β/<br /> ÎQ, îq /ɧ̙ʷ/<br /> ÎÖ, îö /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ <br /> ÎÑ, îñ /ŋ/<br /> ÎX, îx /x/<br /> ÎH, îh unknown, possibly /ɣ/<br /> </poem><br /> It is unclear if the following are considered to be "purified" :<br /> <poem><br /> <Äî, äî> /an/<br /> <Äî, àî> /on/ or /ɔn/<br /> <Äî, éî> /in/ or /im/<br /> <Äî, èî> /un/ or /œm/<br /> </poem><br /> =====Trigraphs with <Î, î>=====<br /> These were also considered to be "purified".<br /> <poem><br /> LÎÖ, lîö /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ <br /> ÎÑg, îñg /ᵑg/<br /> </poem><br /> =====Digraphs with <Û, û>=====<br /> Some of these digraphs were originally described as "wet" (''mouillés'') :<br /> <poem><br /> TÛ, tû /t̚/<br /> QÛ, qû /ʃʲ/ (probably realized [ç] or [ɕ])<br /> DÛ, dû /d̚/<br /> </poem><br /> Others were not considered to be "wet" :<br /> <poem><br /> LÛ, lû /r/<br /> HÛ, hû possibly /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ <br /> ĦÛ, ħû /ɾ/<br /> RÛ, rû /ɹ/ <br /> <br /> =====Trigraphs with <Û, û>=====<br /> There is only one such trigraph, and only the first letter is capitalized, if needed. It is possibly meant to appear only word-initially as it was only given as <Tûhh> :<br /> Tûhh /θ/<br /> <br /> =====Digraphs with <Ħ, ħ>=====<br /> These can also be written as trigraphs, swapping <Ħ, ħ> for <Hh, hh>. As digraphs, one may likewise capitalize both letters or only the first one. As trigraphs, Only the first letter is capitalized.<br /> Ħ, ħ can be found on its own but is soundless. It may be used as part of the following digraphs, or used to maintain a hiatus between vowels and <I, i> or <O, o>. It can also be written <Hh, hh>.<br /> PĦ/Pħ, pħ /f/ (or <Phh, phh>)<br /> TĦ/Tħ, tħ /s/ (or <Thh, thh><br /> JĦ/Jħ, jħ /ʒ/ (or <Jhh, jhh>)<br /> BĦ/Bħ, bħ /v/ (or <Bhh, bhh>)<br /> DĦ/Dħ, dħ /z/ (or <Dhh, dhh>)<br /> SĦ/Sħ, sħ /z/ (or <Shh, shh>)<br /> <br /> =====Digraphs and trigraph with <Ë, ë>=====<br /> The phoneme /ɾ/ also appears as part of a syllable /bɾə/, written <Ë, ë>. When <Ë, ë> is followed by a vowel, the /ə/ is replaced by that vowel :<br /> Ëa, ëa [bɾa]<br /> Ëç, ëç [bɾe]<br /> Ëÿ, ëÿ [bɾɛ]<br /> Ëu, ëu [bɾy]<br /> Ëo, ëo [bɾo] or [bɾɔ]<br /> Ëï, ëï [bɾi]<br /> Ëä, ëä [bɾɑ̃]<br /> Ëà, ëà [bɾɔ̃]<br /> Ëé, ëé [bɾɛ̃]<br /> Ëè, ëè [bɾœ̃]<br /> Ëou, ëou [bɾu]<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> =====Some more consonantal digraphs=====<br /> RX, rx /ʀ/<br /> QJ/Qj, qj /ʒ/<br /> =====Vocalic digraphs=====<br /> <poem><br /> <Oi, oi> [i]<br /> <EU/Eu, eu> [ø]<br /> <OU/Ou, ou> [u]<br /> <EA, ea> [ɛ]<br /> (But <Ea, ea> [əa])<br /> <OE/Oe, oe> [ø]<br /> <EÔ/Eô, eô> [œ]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Nasal vowels=====<br /> Some digraphs and trigraphs denote nasal vowels, with <N, n> and <M, m> :<br /> <poem><br /> <An, an> /ɑ̃/<br /> <Am, am> /ɑ̃/<br /> <En, en> /ɑ̃/<br /> <Em, em> /ɑ̃/<br /> <In, in> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Im, im> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Ein, ein> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Eim, eim> /ɛ̃/<br /> <On, on> /ɔ̃/<br /> <Om, om> /ɔ̃/<br /> <Un, un> /œ̃/<br /> <Um, um> /œ̃/<br /> </poem><br /> However, if there are two <N, n> or <M, m> following a vowel, then it is not nasalized but pronounced as V+[n or m] instead (<Ann, ann> [an], <Amm, amm> [am],... etc). Besides, vocalic graphemes other than <A, a>, <E, e>, <I, i>, <O, o>, <U, u> do not get nasalized when followed by an <N, n> or <M, m>.<br /> =====Diphtongues=====<br /> They have been described as diphtongues, but should rather be analyzed as combinations of vowels and approximants. There are three different approximants : /j/, /w/ and /ɥ/, which only appear in a limited number of cases.<br /> *Diphtongues /j/ + vowel :<br /> They are usually written with a <I, i> followed by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <I, i> stands for /j/ :<br /> <poem><br /> <Ia, ia> [ja]<br /> <Ie, ie> [jə]<br /> <Iç, iç> [je]<br /> <Iù, iù> [jœ]<br /> <Iÿ, iÿ> [jɛ]<br /> <Io, io> [jo] or [jɔ]<br /> <Iu, iu> [jy]<br /> <Iô, iô> [jo]<br /> <Iä, iä> [jɑ̃]<br /> <Ià, ià> [jɔ̃]<br /> <Ié, ié> [jɛ̃]<br /> <Iè, iè> [jœ̃]<br /> <Ii, ii> [ji]<br /> <Iou, iou> [ju]<br /> <Ieu, ieu> [jø]<br /> </poem><br /> However, there are a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> ÜÃ, üã [ja]<br /> ÜÕ, üõ [jo]<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues vowel + /j/ :<br /> They are usually written with a <Ü, ü> preceded by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <Ü, ü> stands for /j/ (minus the exceptions above) :<br /> <poem><br /> <AÜ, aü> [aj]<br /> <EÜ, eü> [əj]<br /> <EÜ, çü> [ej]<br /> <EÜ, ùü> [œj]<br /> <EÜ, ÿü> [ɛj]<br /> <OÜ, oü> [oj] or [ɔj]<br /> <UÜ, uü> [yj]<br /> <ÔÜ, ôü> [oj]<br /> <ÄÜ, äü> [aɑ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, àü> [ɔ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, éü> [ɛ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, èü> [œ̃j]<br /> <ÃÜ, ãü> [aj]<br /> <ÕÜ, õü> [oj]<br /> <EUÜ, euü> [øj]<br /> </poem><br /> There are also a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> EÎ, eî [əj]<br /> EÎ, çî [ej]<br /> EÎ, ùî [œj]<br /> EÎ, ÿî [ɛj]<br /> IÎ, iî [ij]<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues with /w/ :<br /> These are usually written with a <O, o>, either followed or preceded by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <O, o> stands for /w/ :<br /> <poem><br /> <Oa, oa> [wa]<br /> <Oe, oe> [wə]<br /> <Oç, oç> [we]<br /> <Où, où> [wœ]<br /> <Oÿ, oÿ> [wɛ]<br /> <Oo, oo> [wo] or [wɔ]<br /> <Oy, oy> [wy]<br /> <Oô, oô> [wo]<br /> <Oä, oä> [wɑ̃]<br /> <Oà, oà> [wɔ̃]<br /> <Oé, oé> [wɛ̃]<br /> <Oè, oè> [wœ̃] (This one was described as [wœ̃] already in the original documentation (instead of expected [wæ̃] and has therefore cast some doubt on the identification of vowels /ø/, /œ/ and /œ̃/.)<br /> <Oi, oi> [wi]<br /> <Oeu, oeu> [wø]<br /> And reciprocally (<Ao, ao> [aw]... etc).<br /> </poem><br /> There are however a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> <Io, io> is ambiguous and can denote either /iw/ or /jo/<br /> <Oi, oi> is ambiguous and can denote either /i/ or /wi/<br /> <Oe, oe> is ambiguous and can denote either /wə/ or /ø/<br /> <OU/Ou, ou> always denotes /u/ (/wy/ is denoted <Oy, oy> instead).<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues with /ɥ/ :<br /> <poem><br /> UÎ, uî [ɥi]<br /> Ui, ui [ɥi]<br /> Ua, ua [ɥa]<br /> Uç, uç [ɥe]<br /> Uÿ, uÿ [ɥɛ]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Triphtongues=====<br /> They should also be analyzed as combinations of approximant + vowel + approximant. Besides using <I, i> and <O, o> or even <Ü, ü> and <U, u>, there is a handful of special spellings that denote such "triphtongues" :<br /> <poem><br /> ÜÂ, üâ [jaj]<br /> ÜY, üy [jɔj]<br /> ÊÜ, êü [jaj]<br /> YÜ, yü [joj] or [jɔj]<br /> ÃÎ, ãî [aji]<br /> ÕÎ, õî [oji]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Word-final position induced changes=====<br /> The original consonants /g/ <G, g>, /l/ <L, l> and syllable /wi/ <W, w> turn into [j] when in a word-final position. Instead, the spellings <gue>, <lle> and <wi> are used.<br /> <poem><br /> <g> /j/<br /> <l> /j/<br /> <w> /j/<br /> <gue> /g/<br /> <lle> /l/<br /> <wi> /wi/<br /> </poem><br /> There are some other special spellings :<br /> <poem><br /> <ebm> /ɛjm/<br /> <ebn> /ɛjn/<br /> </poem><br /> Finally, some letters are simply not pronounced at the end of a word, and other spellings are used instead :<br /> <poem><br /> <e><br /> <ô><br /> <d><br /> <nowiki><q></nowiki><br /> <nowiki><s></nowiki><br /> <t><br /> <z><br /> <er><br /> <dde> /d/<br /> <qe> /ʃ/<br /> <sse> /θ/ (or possibly /s/ ?)<br /> <tte> /t/<br /> <ze> /z/<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ====Table of phonemes and their principal corresponding graphemes====<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m <M, m><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n <N, n><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ <Ñ, ñ><br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ <ÎÑ, îñ><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p <P, p> ; b <B, b><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ <TÛ, tû> ; t <T, t> ; d̚ <DÛ, dû> ; d <D, d><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k <K, k> ; g <G, g><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s <C, c> alt. <TĦ/Tħ, tħ> ; z <Z, z> alt. <DĦ/Dħ, dħ> alt. <SĦ/Sħ, sħ><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ <Q, q> ; ʒ <Ö, ö> alt. <JĦ/Jħ, jħ> alt. <QJ/Qj, qj><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ <QÛ, qû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ <ÎF, îf> ; β <ÎV, îv><br /> |colspan="2"| f <F, f> alt. <PĦ/Pħ, pħ> ; v <V, v> alt. <BĦ/Bħ, bħ><br /> |colspan="2"| θ <S, s> alt. <Tûhh, s> ; ð <J, j> <br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ <HÛ, hû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ <ÎQ, îq> ; ɧ̙ʷ̬ <ÎÖ, îö> alt. <LÎÖ, lîö><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <ÎX, îx><br /> |colspan="2"| χ <X, x> ; ʁ <R, r><br /> |colspan="2"| h <H, h><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ <RÛ, rû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j <I, i> (before a vowel), <Ü, ü> (after a vowel) ; ɥ <U, u> (before some vowels)<br /> |colspan="2"| w <O, o> (before or after a vowel)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r <LÛ, lû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ <RX, rx><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ <ĦÛ, ħû> <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l <L, l> ɫ <Û, û><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg <ÎÑg, îñg><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i <I, i> alt. <Oi, oi> ; y <U, u><br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ <Î, î> alt. <Ï, ï><br /> |colspan="2"|u <OU/Ou, ou><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e <E, ç/ë> ; ø <EU/Eu, eu> alt. <OE/Oe, oe><br /> |colspan="2"| ə <E, e><br /> |colspan="2"|o <O, o> alt. <Ô, ô> alt. <Õ, õ><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ <E, ÿ/ê> alt. <EA, ea> ; œ <E, ù/ĕ> alt. <EÔ/Eô, eô> ; ɛ̃ <Ä, é/â> ; œ̃ <Ä, è/ä><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ <O, o> ; ɔ̃ <Ä, à/ă><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä <A, a> alt. <Ã, ã><br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃ <Ä, ä><br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Prosody===<br /> ====Stress====<br /> ====Intonation====<br /> <br /> ===Phonotactics===<br /> <br /> ===Morphophonology===<br /> <br /> ==Morphology==<br /> <br /> There are five main parts of speech in Qtolqjimctadû : nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and particles.<br /> <br /> ===Nouns===<br /> Nouns have definiteness, gender, and number. Definiteness is marked by definite and indefinite articles which agree in gender and number with the nouns. There are three genders : neuter, masculine, and feminine. <br /> <br /> ====Gender====<br /> Gender is usually marked by the ending of the noun. Nouns that correspond to non-animate things are usually neutral whereas nouns that describe animate things are usually masculine or feminine. However, some nouns can have all three genders, with the masculine and feminine forms built on an underlying neutral form ; this is common for instance for animal names, or for professions.<br /> <br /> According to documentation, most neuter nouns in the singular end either in <nowiki><-e></nowiki> or in a consonant. There is however no indication of how to distinguish masculine and feminine nouns, but based on the description of neuter forms, it may be posited that they must typically end in some kinds of vowels. Nouns that end in <nowiki><-e></nowiki> in the singular neuter are part of a paradigm that builds masculine and feminine forms on this underlying neuter form :<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Ending in -e<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || -e /ə/ || -ea /ɛ/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || -e /ə/ || -ebn /ɛjn/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || -ea /ɛ/ || -ean /əɑ̃/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> According to documentation, it is common for the neuter to present as a masculine singular ending in the singular, and as a feminine singular ending in the plural.<br /> <br /> ====Definiteness====<br /> Earlier documentation does not explicitly state that the definite and definite articles must agree with nouns in number and gender, but it is apparent in corpus that there is at least a masculine or neutral singular definite article that differs from a feminine singular definite article. From this and comparison with other versions of Tolsian, one can infer that articles, both definite and indefinite, come in at least three forms : masculine singular, feminine singular, and a plural form that covers all genders. Based on the existence of a neutral gender, it may be posited that there must be a neutral singular form as well. There is however no actual indication of whether there is only one plural form for all genders, or if there are also different plural forms for different genders. We'll assume the following paradigm :<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Definite and indefinite articles<br /> |-<br /> ! Definiteness / Gender !! Neuter !! Masculine !! Feminine !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Definite|| - || pna /pna/ || pnÿ /pnɛ/ || -<br /> |-<br /> | Indefinite|| -|| -|| ad /a/ || -<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ====Number====<br /> There are two numbers, singular and plural ; singular is unmarked while plural is marked with a suffix that differs depending on the ending of the noun.<br /> Besides the "-e" paradigm above, different groups of endings take different plural markings. It is likely that the consonantal endings indicate neuter nouns, whereas the vocalic endings indicate masculine and feminine nouns.<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Table of plurals<br /> |-<br /> ! Types of endings !! Plural affix !! Pronunciation<br /> |-<br /> | -c ; -f ; -j ; -l ; -m ; -n ; -v ; -û ; -ë || -c || -cc /s/ ; -fc /fs/ ; -jc /θ/ ; -lc /js/ ; -mc ; -nc ; -vc /fs/ ; -ûc /ɫ/ ; -ëc /bɾɛk/<br /> |-<br /> | -b ; -d ; -g ; -p ; -q ; -w ; -ü ; -k || -tt || -btt /pt/ ; -dtt /d̚/ ; -gtt /kt/ ; -ptt /pt/ ; -qtt /ʃt/ ; -wtt /wit/ ; -ütt /jt/ ; -ktt /kt/<br /> |-<br /> | -s ; -r || -ch || -sch /ʃ/ ; -rch /?/ ("[hˤ]" see notes on consonants) ; -rsch /ʁʃa/<br /> |-<br /> | -h ; -t ; -x ; -z ; -ö ; -ñ || -c or -tt || -hc /k/ ; -tc /ts/ ; -xc /χs/ ; -zc /s/ ; -öc /s/ ; -ñc /s/ <p> -htt /ht/ ; -ttt /t̚/ ; -xtt /χt/ ; -ztt /st/ ; -ött /ʃt/ ; -ñtt /t/<br /> |-<br /> | Vowel endings (other than "e") || -es || not pronounced.<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ====Pronouns====<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Personal subject pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Pronoun<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || I || êü /jaj/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || you || oü /oj/ or /ɔj/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.masc || he || tag /taj/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.fem || she || tal /taj/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.impersonal || "man", "one" || tawi /tawi/<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || we || îhalÿn /xalɛn/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || you || hiçve /hjev/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.masc || they || tagg /tag/ (or /tagj/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.fem || they || tall /tal/ (or /talj/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || you || îqann /ɧ̙ʷan/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Demonstrative pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Pronoun<br /> |-<br /> | Singular demonstrative pronoun || this || fe /fə/<br /> |-<br /> | Plural demonstrative pronoun || these || îvae /βa/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Personal reflexive pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Pronoun<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || myself || kab /kab/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || yourself || kat /ka/ (or /kat) ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.masc || himself || kaad /ka:/ (or /ka:d/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.fem || herself || kaad /ka:/ (or /ka:d/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.impersonal || oneself || kad /ka/ (or /kad/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || ourselves || aö /aʒ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || yourselves || av /av/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.masc || themselves || aann /a:n/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.fem || themselves || aann /a:n/<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || yourself ; yourselves || enn /ən/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Possessive pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Masculine and neuter singular !! Feminine singular !! Masculine and neuter plural !! Feminine plural<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || my, mine || kabħe /kavə/ || kabħa /kava/ || kabħei /kavi/ || kabħae /kavaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || your, yours || katħe /kasə/ || katħa /kasa/ || katħei /kasi/ || katħae /kasaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG || his, her, hers, its || kadħe /kazə/ || kadħa /kaza/ || kadħei /kazi/ || kadħae /kazaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || our, ours || pħaöe /faʒə/ || pħaöa /faʒa/ || pħaöei /faʒi/ || pħaöae /faʒaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || your, yours || pħave /favə/ || pħava /fava/ || pħavei /favi/ || pħavae /favaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL || their, theirs || pħann /fan/ || pħana /fana/ || pħani /fani/ || pħanae /fanaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || your, yours || ïqann /iʃan/ || aîqann /aɧ̙ʷan/ || ïqani /iʃani/ || aîqane /aɧ̙ʷan/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Possessive pronouns agree in gender and number with the nouns denoting what is "possessed".<br /> <br /> ===Verbs===<br /> <br /> There are two main verbal groups, one ending in "-ë" (usually with a radical ending in a vowel), and one ending in "-er" (usually with a radical ending in a consonant). Verbs are conjugated for person, tense, and mood. There are formally seven persons : first singular, second singular, third singular, first plural, second plural, third plural, and the "polite" second person used in formal contexts for which number is neutralized. <br /> <br /> ====Mood====<br /> <br /> There are four moods : indicative, conditional, imperative and so-called "absolute" (can also be called gnomic). <br /> =====Indicative=====<br /> The indicative and absolute moods are forms of realis : indicative is used to express statements or facts, and also other modalities not expressed with other moods. <br /> =====Absolute=====<br /> The absolute is traditionally treated as a mood because of its specific grammatical markings, but better corresponds semantically to the gnomic aspect. It can also be used to express a higher degree of certainty than indicative, or to express emphasis. According to documentation : <q>L'absolu est un mode intemporel. Il peut traduire un présent de vérité générale, parler d'une propriété intrinsèque à un corps, être utilisé en poésie... Il peut être utilisé aussi en tant que présent s'il décrit une action ''a priori'' continue dans le temps, comme lorsqu'on emploie des adjectifs qualificatifs.</q><br /> =====Imperative=====<br /> The conditional and imperative moods are forms of irrealis : the imperative expresses commands, prohibitions and requests. It is not used with the seventh person (2nd person used for politeness), in which case it is substituted for a hypothetical conditional. <br /> =====Conditional=====<br /> The conditional expresses hypotheticals, desires and wishes. According to documentation, so-called "hypothetical conditional" corresponds to the French subjunctive mood.<br /> ====Tense====<br /> <br /> There are three main tenses : present, past and future. <br /> <br /> =====Present=====<br /> *In the indicative mode, there is one present, the indicative present.<br /> *In the conditional mood, there are two kinds of present : the conditional present and the so-called "hypothetical conditional present" (''conditionel hypothétique présent''), meant to correspond to the French subjunctive present.<br /> *In the imperative and absolute moods, there is only a present tense.<br /> =====Past=====<br /> *In the indicative mood, there are four kinds of past : the so-called "foregone past" (''passé révolu''), which is meant to correspond to the French pluperfect ; the "descriptive past" (''passé descriptif''), meant to correspond to the French simple past and imperfect past ; the "general past" (''passé général''), meant to correspond to the French imperfect and ''passé composé'' (present perfect) ; and the "anterior past" (''passé antérieur''), built analytically with the auxiliary verb "kavaver"(to have) in the foregone past and the past participle.<br /> *In the conditional mood, there are three kinds of past : the "past conditional" (''conditionnel passé''), the so-called "retrospective conditional" (''conditionnel rétrospectif''), which is meant to correspond to the French ''conditionnel passé de seconde forme'', and the so-called "hypothetical conditional past" (''conditionel hypothétique passé''), meant to express the French past subjunctive. <br /> =====Future=====<br /> In the indicative mood, there are two kinds of future : the "general future" (''futur général''), which indicates event that are yet to happen, and the "retrospective future" (''futur rétrospectif''), which corresponds to the traditional "future perfect" (''futur antérieur''), used to express an action that will be completed before another action in the future.<br /> <br /> ===Adjectives===<br /> <br /> Adjectives agree in gender and number with the nouns they qualify. It is marked with a prefix that changes depending on the beginning of the neuter singular form.<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with a vowel<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || es- /əθ/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || a- /a/ || ai- /aj/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || e- /ə/ || es- /əθ/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with h-, t-, x-, z-, ö-,ñ-<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || cs- /s/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || q- /ʃ/ || qs- /ʃ/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || c- /s/ || cs- /s/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with b-, d-, g-, p-, q-, w-, ü-, k<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || hm- /hm/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || m- /m/ || ebm- /ɛjm/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || hm- /hm/ || hebm- /hɛjm/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with s-, r-<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || kbett- /kbət/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || kbet- /kbət/ || kbest- /kbət/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || kbeat- /kbɛt/ || kbeast- /kbɛt/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with c-, f-, j-, l-, m-, n-, v-, û-, ë-<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || atûïve- /at̚ɨvə/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || etûove- /ət̚ovə/ || etûïve- /ət̚ɨvə/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || atûova- /at̚ova/ || atûïva- /at̚ɨva/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Adverbs===<br /> <br /> There is no information on adverbs but, based on other versions of Tolsian, we can assume they are invariable in form, qualify verbs and adjectives, and are usually placed before the verb or adjective they qualify.<br /> <br /> ===Particles===<br /> <br /> Particles are function words that include prepositions, postpositions, conjunction words, etc. <br /> *One notable particle is the so-called subject particle, which is used with stative verbs to introduce the subject's attribute. It can take two different forms, usually depending on whether the subject is animate (particle "tke?") or inanimate (particle "ke?"), but also potentially on whether the relationship between subject and attribute is perceived as "temporary" or "eternal".<br /> *Another notable particle is the "possessive" particle, which is suffixed to the noun that represents a "possessor", akin to a genitive marking. It can be used instead of possessive pronouns, when suffixed to a personal subject pronoun : for instance, the personal pronoun "êü" + the possessive particle "-dô" becomes "êüdô", ''my''. On the other hand, when using one of the possessive pronouns, a so-called "possessed particle" is placed in front of the "possessed" noun.<br /> *Some particles are more like traditional prepositions ; for instance, "nda" means ''in, from, of''.<br /> <br /> ==Syntax==<br /> ===Constituent order===<br /> ===Noun phrase===<br /> ===Verb phrase===<br /> ===Sentence phrase===<br /> ===Dependent clauses===<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Example texts==<br /> <br /> ==Other resources==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Qtolqjimctadû]]<br /> [[Category:Languages]]<br /> [[Category:Conlangs]]<br /> [[Category:Tolsian]]</div>

Uvie https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Qtolqjimctad%C3%BB&diff=526565 Qtolqjimctadû 2026-05-21T16:14:42Z

<p>Uvie: /* Morphology */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Introduction==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ<br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p b<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ t d̚ d<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k g<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s z<br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ ʒ <br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ β<br /> |colspan="2"| f v<br /> |colspan="2"| θ ð<br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ ɧ̙ʷ̬<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <br /> |colspan="2"| χ ʁ<br /> |colspan="2"| h<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j ɥ<br /> |colspan="2"| w<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l ɫ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> Notes :<br /> <br /> In earlier documentation, proper knowledge of IPA was lacking and several of the phonemes had to be identified from either phonetically inaccurate IPA descriptions or vague, impressionistic ones. Several phonemes could not be recovered. Here is a list of deviations from the above table :<br /> <poem><br /> Identified phonemes :<br /> /ɸ/ was described as [fʷ] (written <ÎF, îf>).<br /> /β/ was described as [vʷ] (written <ÎV, îv>).<br /> /ʁ/ was described as [ʀ] (written <R, r>).<br /> /ʀ/ was described as [rˤ] (''sorte de « r » très roulé'', written <RX, rx>).<br /> /ɹ/ was described as [ʀˤ] (''sorte de « r » anglais'', written <RÛ, rû>).<br /> /ɫ/ was described as [l̪ ] (''comme à la fin du mot anglais "well"'', written <Û, û>).<br /> /χ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [x] (written <X, x>), while /x/ itself was most likely described as [xˤ] (written <ÎX, îx>).<br /> /ŋ/ was probably described as [ɲˤ] (written <ÎÑ, îñ>), while the sound described as [ŋ] (written <ÎÑg, îñg>) probably corresponded to /ᵑg/.<br /> /ɾ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [r̺] (written <ĦÛ, ħû>, as well as part of the cluster /bɾ/+V with the help of <Ë, ë> as [bɾə], described as [br̺ə]).<br /> /r/ might have been what was described as [r] (''sorte de « r » roulé à la japonaise'', written <LÛ, lû>).<br /> /ɧ̙ʷ/ and its voiced version /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ are, to this day, subject to doubt regarding their IPA descriptions. They were most likely corresponding to the sounds described as [ʃ ̪ ] (written <ÎQ, îq>) and [ʒ̺̺̺ ] (written <ÎÖ, îö> or <LÎÖ, lîö>).<br /> /t̚/ and /d̚/ are also subject to some doubt regarding their IPA descriptions still. They were described as [t̪] (written <TÛ, tû>) and [d̪] (written <DÛ, dû>).<br /> The phoneme described as [ʃʲ] probably has a realization closer to [ç] or [ɕ] (written <QÛ, qû>).<br /> <br /> Unidentified or very doubtful phonemes :<br /> Some /h/-like phoneme, described as [hˤ] (written <ÎH, îh>). It might have corresponded to /ɣ/, but it is not very likely.<br /> /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ might have been what was described as [l̤ʲ] (written <HÛ, hû>). Based on its spelling it is more likely to be devoiced.<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i y<br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ<br /> |colspan="2"|u<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e ø<br /> |colspan="2"| ə<br /> |colspan="2"|o<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ œ ɛ̃ œ̃<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ ɔ̃<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä<br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃<br /> |}<br /> Vowel length is supposed to be phonemic, with regular (or short) vowels, and long vowels.<br /> <br /> Similarly to consonants, some vowels had to be "re-identified" from previous documentation and some deviations arise :<br /> <poem><br /> /œ/ is probably what was described as [æ] (written <Ù, ù> or <E, ĕ> or <EÔ/Eô, eô>).<br /> /œ̃/ is probably what was described as [æ̃] (written <Ä, è> or <Ä, ä>).<br /> /ø/ is probably what was described as [œ] (written <EU/Eu, eu> or <OE/Oe, oe>).<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Orthography===<br /> Orthography was made complicated on purpose.<br /> <br /> ====Alphabet====<br /> <poem><br /> A, a /a/<br /> B, b /b/<br /> C, c /s/<br /> D, d /d/<br /> E, e /ə/ ; E, ç/ë /e/ ; E, ù/ĕ /œ/ ; E, ÿ/ê /ɛ/<br /> F, f /f/<br /> G, g /g/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> H, h /h/<br /> Ħ, ħ soundless ; mostly used in composed graphemes.<br /> I, i /i/<br /> J, j /ð/<br /> K, k /k/<br /> L, l /l/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> M, m /m/<br /> N, n /n/<br /> O, o /o/ or /ɔ/<br /> P, p /p/<br /> Q, q /ʃ/<br /> R, r /ʁ/<br /> S, s /θ/<br /> T, t /t/<br /> U, u /y/<br /> V, v /v/<br /> W, w /wi/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> X, x /χ/<br /> Y, y /jo/ or /ɔj/<br /> Z, z /z/<br /> Â, â /aj/<br /> Ê, ê /ja/<br /> Û, û /ɫ/<br /> Î, î /ɨ/ soundless when used in composed graphemes.<br /> Ô, ô /o/<br /> Ä, ä /ɑ̃/ ; Ä, à/ă /ɔ̃/ ; Ä, é/â /ɛ̃/ ; Ä, è/ä /œ̃/<br /> Ë, ë /bɾə/<br /> Ü, ü /j/<br /> Ï, ï /ɨ/<br /> Ö, ö /ʒ/<br /> Ã, ã /a/<br /> Õ, õ /o/<br /> Ñ, ñ /ɲ/<br /> </poem><br /> =====History=====<br /> Like most, if not all, versions of Tolsian, Qtolqjimctadû was meant to be written with the original Tolsian script. Some graphemes were chosen because of the limitations of the French keyboard, but were initally supposed to correspond to another, preexisting grapheme, with a diacritic, in order to reflect the original script. Some graphemes with diacritic are supposed to represent letters in the original script that are not simply versions of another letter with a diacritic ; this is why in the list below, <nowiki><ë></nowiki> appears to represent /e/, alongside <nowiki><ç></nowiki>, whereas in <Ë, ë> it represents /bɾə/ in the alphabet : they have different underlying identities.<br /> <poem><br /> <e> with diaeresis ¨ becomes <ç> (or <ë>)<br /> <e> with cedilla or possibly hook below (''accent « petite courbe vers le bas »'') becomes <ù> (or <ĕ>)<br /> <e> with circumflex accent ^ becomes <ÿ> (or <ê>)<br /> <O, o> (or <Ô, ô> ?) with circumflex accent becomes <Õ, õ><br /> <U, u> with dieresis becomes <Ü, ü><br /> <U, u> with circumflex accent becomes <Û, û><br /> <Â, â> with circumflex accent becomes <Ê, ê><br /> <Î, î> with circumflex accent becomes <Ï, ï><br /> <ä> with cedilla or hook below becomes <à> (o <ă>)<br /> <ä> with circumflex becomes <é> (or <â>)<br /> <ä> with diaeresis becomes <è> (or <ä>)<br /> <Â, â> with circumflex becomes <Ã, ã><br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ====Spelling rules====<br /> Long vowels are spelled with doubled graphemes (<Aa, aa> /a:/, etc).<br /> <br /> Some graphemes, namely <E, e> /ə/ ; <E, ç/ë> /e/ ; <E, ù/ĕ> /œ/ ; <E, ÿ/ê> /ɛ/ and <Ä, ä> /ɑ̃/ ; <Ä, à/ă> /ɔ̃/ ; <Ä, é/â> /ɛ̃/ ; <Ä, è/ä /œ̃/> use the same capital letter, but different minuscule letters, for different phonemes. This is partly due to limitations on a French keyboard, and partly to reflect the original Tolsian script in which these phonemes use the same letter but with different diacritics.<br /> <br /> The grapheme <Î, î> denotes /ɨ/, except in front of some consonants (<F, f>, <V, v>, <Q, q>, <Ö, ö>, <Ñ, ñ>, <X, x>, <H, h>) ; the grapheme <Ï, ï> is used instead in order to denote /ɨ/.<br /> <br /> There are many digraphs and even trigraphs ; usually, all letters are capitalized, when capitalization is needed.<br /> =====Digraphs with <Î, î>=====<br /> In the original documentation, these are described as "purified" (''épurés'').<br /> <poem><br /> ÎF, îf /ɸ/<br /> ÎV, îv /β/<br /> ÎQ, îq /ɧ̙ʷ/<br /> ÎÖ, îö /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ <br /> ÎÑ, îñ /ŋ/<br /> ÎX, îx /x/<br /> ÎH, îh unknown, possibly /ɣ/<br /> </poem><br /> It is unclear if the following are considered to be "purified" :<br /> <poem><br /> <Äî, äî> /an/<br /> <Äî, àî> /on/ or /ɔn/<br /> <Äî, éî> /in/ or /im/<br /> <Äî, èî> /un/ or /œm/<br /> </poem><br /> =====Trigraphs with <Î, î>=====<br /> These were also considered to be "purified".<br /> <poem><br /> LÎÖ, lîö /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ <br /> ÎÑg, îñg /ᵑg/<br /> </poem><br /> =====Digraphs with <Û, û>=====<br /> Some of these digraphs were originally described as "wet" (''mouillés'') :<br /> <poem><br /> TÛ, tû /t̚/<br /> QÛ, qû /ʃʲ/ (probably realized [ç] or [ɕ])<br /> DÛ, dû /d̚/<br /> </poem><br /> Others were not considered to be "wet" :<br /> <poem><br /> LÛ, lû /r/<br /> HÛ, hû possibly /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ <br /> ĦÛ, ħû /ɾ/<br /> RÛ, rû /ɹ/ <br /> <br /> =====Trigraphs with <Û, û>=====<br /> There is only one such trigraph, and only the first letter is capitalized, if needed. It is possibly meant to appear only word-initially as it was only given as <Tûhh> :<br /> Tûhh /θ/<br /> <br /> =====Digraphs with <Ħ, ħ>=====<br /> These can also be written as trigraphs, swapping <Ħ, ħ> for <Hh, hh>. As digraphs, one may likewise capitalize both letters or only the first one. As trigraphs, Only the first letter is capitalized.<br /> Ħ, ħ can be found on its own but is soundless. It may be used as part of the following digraphs, or used to maintain a hiatus between vowels and <I, i> or <O, o>. It can also be written <Hh, hh>.<br /> PĦ/Pħ, pħ /f/ (or <Phh, phh>)<br /> TĦ/Tħ, tħ /s/ (or <Thh, thh><br /> JĦ/Jħ, jħ /ʒ/ (or <Jhh, jhh>)<br /> BĦ/Bħ, bħ /v/ (or <Bhh, bhh>)<br /> DĦ/Dħ, dħ /z/ (or <Dhh, dhh>)<br /> SĦ/Sħ, sħ /z/ (or <Shh, shh>)<br /> <br /> =====Digraphs and trigraph with <Ë, ë>=====<br /> The phoneme /ɾ/ also appears as part of a syllable /bɾə/, written <Ë, ë>. When <Ë, ë> is followed by a vowel, the /ə/ is replaced by that vowel :<br /> Ëa, ëa [bɾa]<br /> Ëç, ëç [bɾe]<br /> Ëÿ, ëÿ [bɾɛ]<br /> Ëu, ëu [bɾy]<br /> Ëo, ëo [bɾo] or [bɾɔ]<br /> Ëï, ëï [bɾi]<br /> Ëä, ëä [bɾɑ̃]<br /> Ëà, ëà [bɾɔ̃]<br /> Ëé, ëé [bɾɛ̃]<br /> Ëè, ëè [bɾœ̃]<br /> Ëou, ëou [bɾu]<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> =====Some more consonantal digraphs=====<br /> RX, rx /ʀ/<br /> QJ/Qj, qj /ʒ/<br /> =====Vocalic digraphs=====<br /> <poem><br /> <Oi, oi> [i]<br /> <EU/Eu, eu> [ø]<br /> <OU/Ou, ou> [u]<br /> <EA, ea> [ɛ]<br /> (But <Ea, ea> [əa])<br /> <OE/Oe, oe> [ø]<br /> <EÔ/Eô, eô> [œ]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Nasal vowels=====<br /> Some digraphs and trigraphs denote nasal vowels, with <N, n> and <M, m> :<br /> <poem><br /> <An, an> /ɑ̃/<br /> <Am, am> /ɑ̃/<br /> <En, en> /ɑ̃/<br /> <Em, em> /ɑ̃/<br /> <In, in> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Im, im> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Ein, ein> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Eim, eim> /ɛ̃/<br /> <On, on> /ɔ̃/<br /> <Om, om> /ɔ̃/<br /> <Un, un> /œ̃/<br /> <Um, um> /œ̃/<br /> </poem><br /> However, if there are two <N, n> or <M, m> following a vowel, then it is not nasalized but pronounced as V+[n or m] instead (<Ann, ann> [an], <Amm, amm> [am],... etc). Besides, vocalic graphemes other than <A, a>, <E, e>, <I, i>, <O, o>, <U, u> do not get nasalized when followed by an <N, n> or <M, m>.<br /> =====Diphtongues=====<br /> They have been described as diphtongues, but should rather be analyzed as combinations of vowels and approximants. There are three different approximants : /j/, /w/ and /ɥ/, which only appear in a limited number of cases.<br /> *Diphtongues /j/ + vowel :<br /> They are usually written with a <I, i> followed by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <I, i> stands for /j/ :<br /> <poem><br /> <Ia, ia> [ja]<br /> <Ie, ie> [jə]<br /> <Iç, iç> [je]<br /> <Iù, iù> [jœ]<br /> <Iÿ, iÿ> [jɛ]<br /> <Io, io> [jo] or [jɔ]<br /> <Iu, iu> [jy]<br /> <Iô, iô> [jo]<br /> <Iä, iä> [jɑ̃]<br /> <Ià, ià> [jɔ̃]<br /> <Ié, ié> [jɛ̃]<br /> <Iè, iè> [jœ̃]<br /> <Ii, ii> [ji]<br /> <Iou, iou> [ju]<br /> <Ieu, ieu> [jø]<br /> </poem><br /> However, there are a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> ÜÃ, üã [ja]<br /> ÜÕ, üõ [jo]<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues vowel + /j/ :<br /> They are usually written with a <Ü, ü> preceded by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <Ü, ü> stands for /j/ (minus the exceptions above) :<br /> <poem><br /> <AÜ, aü> [aj]<br /> <EÜ, eü> [əj]<br /> <EÜ, çü> [ej]<br /> <EÜ, ùü> [œj]<br /> <EÜ, ÿü> [ɛj]<br /> <OÜ, oü> [oj] or [ɔj]<br /> <UÜ, uü> [yj]<br /> <ÔÜ, ôü> [oj]<br /> <ÄÜ, äü> [aɑ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, àü> [ɔ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, éü> [ɛ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, èü> [œ̃j]<br /> <ÃÜ, ãü> [aj]<br /> <ÕÜ, õü> [oj]<br /> <EUÜ, euü> [øj]<br /> </poem><br /> There are also a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> EÎ, eî [əj]<br /> EÎ, çî [ej]<br /> EÎ, ùî [œj]<br /> EÎ, ÿî [ɛj]<br /> IÎ, iî [ij]<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues with /w/ :<br /> These are usually written with a <O, o>, either followed or preceded by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <O, o> stands for /w/ :<br /> <poem><br /> <Oa, oa> [wa]<br /> <Oe, oe> [wə]<br /> <Oç, oç> [we]<br /> <Où, où> [wœ]<br /> <Oÿ, oÿ> [wɛ]<br /> <Oo, oo> [wo] or [wɔ]<br /> <Oy, oy> [wy]<br /> <Oô, oô> [wo]<br /> <Oä, oä> [wɑ̃]<br /> <Oà, oà> [wɔ̃]<br /> <Oé, oé> [wɛ̃]<br /> <Oè, oè> [wœ̃] (This one was described as [wœ̃] already in the original documentation (instead of expected [wæ̃] and has therefore cast some doubt on the identification of vowels /ø/, /œ/ and /œ̃/.)<br /> <Oi, oi> [wi]<br /> <Oeu, oeu> [wø]<br /> And reciprocally (<Ao, ao> [aw]... etc).<br /> </poem><br /> There are however a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> <Io, io> is ambiguous and can denote either /iw/ or /jo/<br /> <Oi, oi> is ambiguous and can denote either /i/ or /wi/<br /> <Oe, oe> is ambiguous and can denote either /wə/ or /ø/<br /> <OU/Ou, ou> always denotes /u/ (/wy/ is denoted <Oy, oy> instead).<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues with /ɥ/ :<br /> <poem><br /> UÎ, uî [ɥi]<br /> Ui, ui [ɥi]<br /> Ua, ua [ɥa]<br /> Uç, uç [ɥe]<br /> Uÿ, uÿ [ɥɛ]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Triphtongues=====<br /> They should also be analyzed as combinations of approximant + vowel + approximant. Besides using <I, i> and <O, o> or even <Ü, ü> and <U, u>, there is a handful of special spellings that denote such "triphtongues" :<br /> <poem><br /> ÜÂ, üâ [jaj]<br /> ÜY, üy [jɔj]<br /> ÊÜ, êü [jaj]<br /> YÜ, yü [joj] or [jɔj]<br /> ÃÎ, ãî [aji]<br /> ÕÎ, õî [oji]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Word-final position induced changes=====<br /> The original consonants /g/ <G, g>, /l/ <L, l> and syllable /wi/ <W, w> turn into [j] when in a word-final position. Instead, the spellings <gue>, <lle> and <wi> are used.<br /> <poem><br /> <g> /j/<br /> <l> /j/<br /> <w> /j/<br /> <gue> /g/<br /> <lle> /l/<br /> <wi> /wi/<br /> </poem><br /> There are some other special spellings :<br /> <poem><br /> <ebm> /ɛjm/<br /> <ebn> /ɛjn/<br /> </poem><br /> Finally, some letters are simply not pronounced at the end of a word, and other spellings are used instead :<br /> <poem><br /> <e><br /> <ô><br /> <d><br /> <nowiki><q></nowiki><br /> <nowiki><s></nowiki><br /> <t><br /> <z><br /> <er><br /> <dde> /d/<br /> <qe> /ʃ/<br /> <sse> /θ/ (or possibly /s/ ?)<br /> <tte> /t/<br /> <ze> /z/<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ====Table of phonemes and their principal corresponding graphemes====<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m <M, m><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n <N, n><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ <Ñ, ñ><br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ <ÎÑ, îñ><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p <P, p> ; b <B, b><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ <TÛ, tû> ; t <T, t> ; d̚ <DÛ, dû> ; d <D, d><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k <K, k> ; g <G, g><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s <C, c> alt. <TĦ/Tħ, tħ> ; z <Z, z> alt. <DĦ/Dħ, dħ> alt. <SĦ/Sħ, sħ><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ <Q, q> ; ʒ <Ö, ö> alt. <JĦ/Jħ, jħ> alt. <QJ/Qj, qj><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ <QÛ, qû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ <ÎF, îf> ; β <ÎV, îv><br /> |colspan="2"| f <F, f> alt. <PĦ/Pħ, pħ> ; v <V, v> alt. <BĦ/Bħ, bħ><br /> |colspan="2"| θ <S, s> alt. <Tûhh, s> ; ð <J, j> <br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ <HÛ, hû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ <ÎQ, îq> ; ɧ̙ʷ̬ <ÎÖ, îö> alt. <LÎÖ, lîö><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <ÎX, îx><br /> |colspan="2"| χ <X, x> ; ʁ <R, r><br /> |colspan="2"| h <H, h><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ <RÛ, rû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j <I, i> (before a vowel), <Ü, ü> (after a vowel) ; ɥ <U, u> (before some vowels)<br /> |colspan="2"| w <O, o> (before or after a vowel)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r <LÛ, lû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ <RX, rx><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ <ĦÛ, ħû> <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l <L, l> ɫ <Û, û><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg <ÎÑg, îñg><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i <I, i> alt. <Oi, oi> ; y <U, u><br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ <Î, î> alt. <Ï, ï><br /> |colspan="2"|u <OU/Ou, ou><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e <E, ç/ë> ; ø <EU/Eu, eu> alt. <OE/Oe, oe><br /> |colspan="2"| ə <E, e><br /> |colspan="2"|o <O, o> alt. <Ô, ô> alt. <Õ, õ><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ <E, ÿ/ê> alt. <EA, ea> ; œ <E, ù/ĕ> alt. <EÔ/Eô, eô> ; ɛ̃ <Ä, é/â> ; œ̃ <Ä, è/ä><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ <O, o> ; ɔ̃ <Ä, à/ă><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä <A, a> alt. <Ã, ã><br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃ <Ä, ä><br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Prosody===<br /> ====Stress====<br /> ====Intonation====<br /> <br /> ===Phonotactics===<br /> <br /> ===Morphophonology===<br /> <br /> ==Morphology==<br /> <br /> There are five main parts of speech in Qtolqjimctadû : nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and particles.<br /> <br /> ===Nouns===<br /> Nouns have definiteness, gender, and number. Definiteness is marked by definite and indefinite articles which agree in gender and number with the nouns. There are three genders : neuter, masculine, and feminine. <br /> <br /> ====Gender====<br /> Gender is usually marked by the ending of the noun. Nouns that correspond to non-animate things are usually neutral whereas nouns that describe animate things are usually masculine or feminine. However, some nouns can have all three genders, with the masculine and feminine forms built on an underlying neutral form ; this is common for instance for animal names, or for professions.<br /> <br /> According to documentation, most neuter nouns in the singular end either in <nowiki><-e></nowiki> or in a consonant. There is however no indication of how to distinguish masculine and feminine nouns, but based on the description of neuter forms, it may be posited that they must typically end in some kinds of vowels. Nouns that end in <nowiki><-e></nowiki> in the singular neuter are part of a paradigm that builds masculine and feminine forms on this underlying neuter form :<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Ending in -e<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || -e /ə/ || -ea /ɛ/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || -e /ə/ || -ebn /ɛjn/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || -ea /ɛ/ || -ean /əɑ̃/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> According to documentation, it is common for the neuter to present as a masculine singular ending in the singular, and as a feminine singular ending in the plural.<br /> <br /> ====Definiteness====<br /> Earlier documentation does not explicitly state that the definite and definite articles must agree with nouns in number and gender, but it is apparent in corpus that there is at least a masculine or neutral singular definite article that differs from a feminine singular definite article. From this and comparison with other versions of Tolsian, one can infer that articles, both definite and indefinite, come in at least three forms : masculine singular, feminine singular, and a plural form that covers all genders. Based on the existence of a neutral gender, it may be posited that there must be a neutral singular form as well. There is however no actual indication of whether there is only one plural form for all genders, or if there are also different plural forms for different genders. We'll assume the following paradigm :<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Definite and indefinite articles<br /> |-<br /> ! Definiteness / Gender !! Neuter !! Masculine !! Feminine !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Definite|| - || pna /pna/ || pnÿ /pnɛ/ || -<br /> |-<br /> | Indefinite|| -|| -|| ad /a/ || -<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ====Number====<br /> There are two numbers, singular and plural ; singular is unmarked while plural is marked with a suffix that differs depending on the ending of the noun.<br /> Besides the "-e" paradigm above, different groups of endings take different plural markings. It is likely that the consonantal endings indicate neuter nouns, whereas the vocalic endings indicate masculine and feminine nouns.<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Table of plurals<br /> |-<br /> ! Types of endings !! Plural affix !! Pronunciation<br /> |-<br /> | -c ; -f ; -j ; -l ; -m ; -n ; -v ; -û ; -ë || -c || -cc /s/ ; -fc /fs/ ; -jc /θ/ ; -lc /js/ ; -mc ; -nc ; -vc /fs/ ; -ûc /ɫ/ ; -ëc /bɾɛk/<br /> |-<br /> | -b ; -d ; -g ; -p ; -q ; -w ; -ü ; -k || -tt || -btt /pt/ ; -dtt /d̚/ ; -gtt /kt/ ; -ptt /pt/ ; -qtt /ʃt/ ; -wtt /wit/ ; -ütt /jt/ ; -ktt /kt/<br /> |-<br /> | -s ; -r || -ch || -sch /ʃ/ ; -rch /?/ ("[hˤ]" see notes on consonants) ; -rsch /ʁʃa/<br /> |-<br /> | -h ; -t ; -x ; -z ; -ö ; -ñ || -c or -tt || -hc /k/ ; -tc /ts/ ; -xc /χs/ ; -zc /s/ ; -öc /s/ ; -ñc /s/ <p> -htt /ht/ ; -ttt /t̚/ ; -xtt /χt/ ; -ztt /st/ ; -ött /ʃt/ ; -ñtt /t/<br /> |-<br /> | Vowel endings (other than "e") || -es || not pronounced.<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ====Pronouns====<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Personal subject pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Pronoun<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || I || êü /jaj/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || you || oü /oj/ or /ɔj/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.masc || he || tag /taj/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.fem || she || tal /taj/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.impersonal || "man", "one" || tawi /tawi/<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || we || îhalÿn /xalɛn/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || you || hiçve /hjev/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.masc || they || tagg /tag/ (or /tagj/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.fem || they || tall /tal/ (or /talj/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || you || îqann /ɧ̙ʷan/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Demonstrative pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Pronoun<br /> |-<br /> | Singular demonstrative pronoun || this || fe /fə/<br /> |-<br /> | Plural demonstrative pronoun || these || îvae /βa/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Personal reflexive pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Pronoun<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || myself || kab /kab/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || yourself || kat /ka/ (or /kat) ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.masc || himself || kaad /ka:/ (or /ka:d/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.fem || herself || kaad /ka:/ (or /ka:d/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.impersonal || oneself || kad /ka/ (or /kad/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || ourselves || aö /aʒ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || yourselves || av /av/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.masc || themselves || aann /a:n/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.fem || themselves || aann /a:n/<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || yourself ; yourselves || enn /ən/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Possessive pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Masculine and neuter singular !! Feminine singular !! Masculine and neuter plural !! Feminine plural<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || my, mine || kabħe /kavə/ || kabħa /kava/ || kabħei /kavi/ || kabħae /kavaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || your, yours || katħe /kasə/ || katħa /kasa/ || katħei /kasi/ || katħae /kasaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG || his, her, hers, its || kadħe /kazə/ || kadħa /kaza/ || kadħei /kazi/ || kadħae /kazaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || our, ours || pħaöe /faʒə/ || pħaöa /faʒa/ || pħaöei /faʒi/ || pħaöae /faʒaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || your, yours || pħave /favə/ || pħava /fava/ || pħavei /favi/ || pħavae /favaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL || their, theirs || pħann /fan/ || pħana /fana/ || pħani /fani/ || pħanae /fanaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || your, yours || ïqann /iʃan/ || aîqann /aɧ̙ʷan/ || ïqani /iʃani/ || aîqane /aɧ̙ʷan/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Possessive pronouns agree in gender and number with the nouns denoting what is "possessed".<br /> <br /> ===Verbs===<br /> <br /> There are two main verbal groups, one ending in "-ë" (usually with a radical ending in a vowel), and one ending in "-er" (usually with a radical ending in a consonant). Verbs are conjugated for person, tense, and mood. There are formally seven persons : first singular, second singular, third singular, first plural, second plural, third plural, and the "polite" second person used in formal contexts for which number is neutralized. <br /> <br /> ====Mood====<br /> <br /> There are four moods : indicative, conditional, imperative and so-called "absolute" (can also be called gnomic). <br /> =====Indicative=====<br /> The indicative and absolute moods are forms of realis : indicative is used to express statements or facts, and also other modalities not expressed with other moods. <br /> =====Absolute=====<br /> The absolute is traditionally treated as a mood because of its specific grammatical markings, but better corresponds semantically to the gnomic aspect. It can also be used to express a higher degree of certainty than indicative, or to express emphasis. According to documentation : <q>L'absolu est un mode intemporel. Il peut traduire un présent de vérité générale, parler d'une propriété intrinsèque à un corps, être utilisé en poésie... Il peut être utilisé aussi en tant que présent s'il décrit une action ''a priori'' continue dans le temps, comme lorsqu'on emploie des adjectifs qualificatifs.</q><br /> =====Imperative=====<br /> The conditional and imperative moods are forms of irrealis : the imperative expresses commands, prohibitions and requests. It is not used with the seventh person (2nd person used for politeness), in which case it is substituted for a hypothetical conditional. <br /> =====Conditional=====<br /> The conditional expresses hypotheticals, desires and wishes. According to documentation, so-called "hypothetical conditional" corresponds to the French subjunctive mood.<br /> ====Tense====<br /> <br /> There are three main tenses : present, past and future. In the indicative mode, there is one present, but four kinds of past : so-called "foregone past" (''passé révolu''), "descriptive past" (''passé descriptif''), "general past" (''passé général'') and "anterior past" (''passé antérieur'') ; as well as two kinds of future : "general future" (''futur général'') and "retrospective future" (''futur rétrospectif''). In the conditional mood, there are two kinds of present : conditional present and so-called "hypothetical conditional present" (''conditionel hypothétique présent''), and three kinds of past : "past conditional" (''conditionnel passé''), "retrospective conditional" (''conditionnel rétrospectif''), and "hypothetical conditional past" (''conditionel hypothétique passé''). In the imperative and absolute moods, there is only a present tense.<br /> <br /> ===Adjectives===<br /> <br /> Adjectives agree in gender and number with the nouns they qualify. It is marked with a prefix that changes depending on the beginning of the neuter singular form.<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with a vowel<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || es- /əθ/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || a- /a/ || ai- /aj/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || e- /ə/ || es- /əθ/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with h-, t-, x-, z-, ö-,ñ-<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || cs- /s/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || q- /ʃ/ || qs- /ʃ/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || c- /s/ || cs- /s/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with b-, d-, g-, p-, q-, w-, ü-, k<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || hm- /hm/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || m- /m/ || ebm- /ɛjm/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || hm- /hm/ || hebm- /hɛjm/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with s-, r-<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || kbett- /kbət/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || kbet- /kbət/ || kbest- /kbət/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || kbeat- /kbɛt/ || kbeast- /kbɛt/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with c-, f-, j-, l-, m-, n-, v-, û-, ë-<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || atûïve- /at̚ɨvə/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || etûove- /ət̚ovə/ || etûïve- /ət̚ɨvə/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || atûova- /at̚ova/ || atûïva- /at̚ɨva/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Adverbs===<br /> <br /> There is no information on adverbs but, based on other versions of Tolsian, we can assume they are invariable in form, qualify verbs and adjectives, and are usually placed before the verb or adjective they qualify.<br /> <br /> ===Particles===<br /> <br /> Particles are function words that include prepositions, postpositions, conjunction words, etc. <br /> *One notable particle is the so-called subject particle, which is used with stative verbs to introduce the subject's attribute. It can take two different forms, usually depending on whether the subject is animate (particle "tke?") or inanimate (particle "ke?"), but also potentially on whether the relationship between subject and attribute is perceived as "temporary" or "eternal".<br /> *Another notable particle is the "possessive" particle, which is suffixed to the noun that represents a "possessor", akin to a genitive marking. It can be used instead of possessive pronouns, when suffixed to a personal subject pronoun : for instance, the personal pronoun "êü" + the possessive particle "-dô" becomes "êüdô", ''my''. On the other hand, when using one of the possessive pronouns, a so-called "possessed particle" is placed in front of the "possessed" noun.<br /> *Some particles are more like traditional prepositions ; for instance, "nda" means ''in, from, of''.<br /> <br /> ==Syntax==<br /> ===Constituent order===<br /> ===Noun phrase===<br /> ===Verb phrase===<br /> ===Sentence phrase===<br /> ===Dependent clauses===<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Example texts==<br /> <br /> ==Other resources==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Qtolqjimctadû]]<br /> [[Category:Languages]]<br /> [[Category:Conlangs]]<br /> [[Category:Tolsian]]</div>

Uvie https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Qtolqjimctad%C3%BB&diff=526550 Qtolqjimctadû 2026-05-21T14:21:44Z

<p>Uvie: /* Morphology */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Introduction==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ<br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p b<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ t d̚ d<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k g<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s z<br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ ʒ <br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ β<br /> |colspan="2"| f v<br /> |colspan="2"| θ ð<br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ ɧ̙ʷ̬<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <br /> |colspan="2"| χ ʁ<br /> |colspan="2"| h<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j ɥ<br /> |colspan="2"| w<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l ɫ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> Notes :<br /> <br /> In earlier documentation, proper knowledge of IPA was lacking and several of the phonemes had to be identified from either phonetically inaccurate IPA descriptions or vague, impressionistic ones. Several phonemes could not be recovered. Here is a list of deviations from the above table :<br /> <poem><br /> Identified phonemes :<br /> /ɸ/ was described as [fʷ] (written <ÎF, îf>).<br /> /β/ was described as [vʷ] (written <ÎV, îv>).<br /> /ʁ/ was described as [ʀ] (written <R, r>).<br /> /ʀ/ was described as [rˤ] (''sorte de « r » très roulé'', written <RX, rx>).<br /> /ɹ/ was described as [ʀˤ] (''sorte de « r » anglais'', written <RÛ, rû>).<br /> /ɫ/ was described as [l̪ ] (''comme à la fin du mot anglais "well"'', written <Û, û>).<br /> /χ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [x] (written <X, x>), while /x/ itself was most likely described as [xˤ] (written <ÎX, îx>).<br /> /ŋ/ was probably described as [ɲˤ] (written <ÎÑ, îñ>), while the sound described as [ŋ] (written <ÎÑg, îñg>) probably corresponded to /ᵑg/.<br /> /ɾ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [r̺] (written <ĦÛ, ħû>, as well as part of the cluster /bɾ/+V with the help of <Ë, ë> as [bɾə], described as [br̺ə]).<br /> /r/ might have been what was described as [r] (''sorte de « r » roulé à la japonaise'', written <LÛ, lû>).<br /> /ɧ̙ʷ/ and its voiced version /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ are, to this day, subject to doubt regarding their IPA descriptions. They were most likely corresponding to the sounds described as [ʃ ̪ ] (written <ÎQ, îq>) and [ʒ̺̺̺ ] (written <ÎÖ, îö> or <LÎÖ, lîö>).<br /> /t̚/ and /d̚/ are also subject to some doubt regarding their IPA descriptions still. They were described as [t̪] (written <TÛ, tû>) and [d̪] (written <DÛ, dû>).<br /> The phoneme described as [ʃʲ] probably has a realization closer to [ç] or [ɕ] (written <QÛ, qû>).<br /> <br /> Unidentified or very doubtful phonemes :<br /> Some /h/-like phoneme, described as [hˤ] (written <ÎH, îh>). It might have corresponded to /ɣ/, but it is not very likely.<br /> /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ might have been what was described as [l̤ʲ] (written <HÛ, hû>). Based on its spelling it is more likely to be devoiced.<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i y<br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ<br /> |colspan="2"|u<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e ø<br /> |colspan="2"| ə<br /> |colspan="2"|o<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ œ ɛ̃ œ̃<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ ɔ̃<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä<br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃<br /> |}<br /> Vowel length is supposed to be phonemic, with regular (or short) vowels, and long vowels.<br /> <br /> Similarly to consonants, some vowels had to be "re-identified" from previous documentation and some deviations arise :<br /> <poem><br /> /œ/ is probably what was described as [æ] (written <Ù, ù> or <E, ĕ> or <EÔ/Eô, eô>).<br /> /œ̃/ is probably what was described as [æ̃] (written <Ä, è> or <Ä, ä>).<br /> /ø/ is probably what was described as [œ] (written <EU/Eu, eu> or <OE/Oe, oe>).<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Orthography===<br /> Orthography was made complicated on purpose.<br /> <br /> ====Alphabet====<br /> <poem><br /> A, a /a/<br /> B, b /b/<br /> C, c /s/<br /> D, d /d/<br /> E, e /ə/ ; E, ç/ë /e/ ; E, ù/ĕ /œ/ ; E, ÿ/ê /ɛ/<br /> F, f /f/<br /> G, g /g/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> H, h /h/<br /> Ħ, ħ soundless ; mostly used in composed graphemes.<br /> I, i /i/<br /> J, j /ð/<br /> K, k /k/<br /> L, l /l/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> M, m /m/<br /> N, n /n/<br /> O, o /o/ or /ɔ/<br /> P, p /p/<br /> Q, q /ʃ/<br /> R, r /ʁ/<br /> S, s /θ/<br /> T, t /t/<br /> U, u /y/<br /> V, v /v/<br /> W, w /wi/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> X, x /χ/<br /> Y, y /jo/ or /ɔj/<br /> Z, z /z/<br /> Â, â /aj/<br /> Ê, ê /ja/<br /> Û, û /ɫ/<br /> Î, î /ɨ/ soundless when used in composed graphemes.<br /> Ô, ô /o/<br /> Ä, ä /ɑ̃/ ; Ä, à/ă /ɔ̃/ ; Ä, é/â /ɛ̃/ ; Ä, è/ä /œ̃/<br /> Ë, ë /bɾə/<br /> Ü, ü /j/<br /> Ï, ï /ɨ/<br /> Ö, ö /ʒ/<br /> Ã, ã /a/<br /> Õ, õ /o/<br /> Ñ, ñ /ɲ/<br /> </poem><br /> =====History=====<br /> Like most, if not all, versions of Tolsian, Qtolqjimctadû was meant to be written with the original Tolsian script. Some graphemes were chosen because of the limitations of the French keyboard, but were initally supposed to correspond to another, preexisting grapheme, with a diacritic, in order to reflect the original script. Some graphemes with diacritic are supposed to represent letters in the original script that are not simply versions of another letter with a diacritic ; this is why in the list below, <nowiki><ë></nowiki> appears to represent /e/, alongside <nowiki><ç></nowiki>, whereas in <Ë, ë> it represents /bɾə/ in the alphabet : they have different underlying identities.<br /> <poem><br /> <e> with diaeresis ¨ becomes <ç> (or <ë>)<br /> <e> with cedilla or possibly hook below (''accent « petite courbe vers le bas »'') becomes <ù> (or <ĕ>)<br /> <e> with circumflex accent ^ becomes <ÿ> (or <ê>)<br /> <O, o> (or <Ô, ô> ?) with circumflex accent becomes <Õ, õ><br /> <U, u> with dieresis becomes <Ü, ü><br /> <U, u> with circumflex accent becomes <Û, û><br /> <Â, â> with circumflex accent becomes <Ê, ê><br /> <Î, î> with circumflex accent becomes <Ï, ï><br /> <ä> with cedilla or hook below becomes <à> (o <ă>)<br /> <ä> with circumflex becomes <é> (or <â>)<br /> <ä> with diaeresis becomes <è> (or <ä>)<br /> <Â, â> with circumflex becomes <Ã, ã><br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ====Spelling rules====<br /> Long vowels are spelled with doubled graphemes (<Aa, aa> /a:/, etc).<br /> <br /> Some graphemes, namely <E, e> /ə/ ; <E, ç/ë> /e/ ; <E, ù/ĕ> /œ/ ; <E, ÿ/ê> /ɛ/ and <Ä, ä> /ɑ̃/ ; <Ä, à/ă> /ɔ̃/ ; <Ä, é/â> /ɛ̃/ ; <Ä, è/ä /œ̃/> use the same capital letter, but different minuscule letters, for different phonemes. This is partly due to limitations on a French keyboard, and partly to reflect the original Tolsian script in which these phonemes use the same letter but with different diacritics.<br /> <br /> The grapheme <Î, î> denotes /ɨ/, except in front of some consonants (<F, f>, <V, v>, <Q, q>, <Ö, ö>, <Ñ, ñ>, <X, x>, <H, h>) ; the grapheme <Ï, ï> is used instead in order to denote /ɨ/.<br /> <br /> There are many digraphs and even trigraphs ; usually, all letters are capitalized, when capitalization is needed.<br /> =====Digraphs with <Î, î>=====<br /> In the original documentation, these are described as "purified" (''épurés'').<br /> <poem><br /> ÎF, îf /ɸ/<br /> ÎV, îv /β/<br /> ÎQ, îq /ɧ̙ʷ/<br /> ÎÖ, îö /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ <br /> ÎÑ, îñ /ŋ/<br /> ÎX, îx /x/<br /> ÎH, îh unknown, possibly /ɣ/<br /> </poem><br /> It is unclear if the following are considered to be "purified" :<br /> <poem><br /> <Äî, äî> /an/<br /> <Äî, àî> /on/ or /ɔn/<br /> <Äî, éî> /in/ or /im/<br /> <Äî, èî> /un/ or /œm/<br /> </poem><br /> =====Trigraphs with <Î, î>=====<br /> These were also considered to be "purified".<br /> <poem><br /> LÎÖ, lîö /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ <br /> ÎÑg, îñg /ᵑg/<br /> </poem><br /> =====Digraphs with <Û, û>=====<br /> Some of these digraphs were originally described as "wet" (''mouillés'') :<br /> <poem><br /> TÛ, tû /t̚/<br /> QÛ, qû /ʃʲ/ (probably realized [ç] or [ɕ])<br /> DÛ, dû /d̚/<br /> </poem><br /> Others were not considered to be "wet" :<br /> <poem><br /> LÛ, lû /r/<br /> HÛ, hû possibly /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ <br /> ĦÛ, ħû /ɾ/<br /> RÛ, rû /ɹ/ <br /> <br /> =====Trigraphs with <Û, û>=====<br /> There is only one such trigraph, and only the first letter is capitalized, if needed. It is possibly meant to appear only word-initially as it was only given as <Tûhh> :<br /> Tûhh /θ/<br /> <br /> =====Digraphs with <Ħ, ħ>=====<br /> These can also be written as trigraphs, swapping <Ħ, ħ> for <Hh, hh>. As digraphs, one may likewise capitalize both letters or only the first one. As trigraphs, Only the first letter is capitalized.<br /> Ħ, ħ can be found on its own but is soundless. It may be used as part of the following digraphs, or used to maintain a hiatus between vowels and <I, i> or <O, o>. It can also be written <Hh, hh>.<br /> PĦ/Pħ, pħ /f/ (or <Phh, phh>)<br /> TĦ/Tħ, tħ /s/ (or <Thh, thh><br /> JĦ/Jħ, jħ /ʒ/ (or <Jhh, jhh>)<br /> BĦ/Bħ, bħ /v/ (or <Bhh, bhh>)<br /> DĦ/Dħ, dħ /z/ (or <Dhh, dhh>)<br /> SĦ/Sħ, sħ /z/ (or <Shh, shh>)<br /> <br /> =====Digraphs and trigraph with <Ë, ë>=====<br /> The phoneme /ɾ/ also appears as part of a syllable /bɾə/, written <Ë, ë>. When <Ë, ë> is followed by a vowel, the /ə/ is replaced by that vowel :<br /> Ëa, ëa [bɾa]<br /> Ëç, ëç [bɾe]<br /> Ëÿ, ëÿ [bɾɛ]<br /> Ëu, ëu [bɾy]<br /> Ëo, ëo [bɾo] or [bɾɔ]<br /> Ëï, ëï [bɾi]<br /> Ëä, ëä [bɾɑ̃]<br /> Ëà, ëà [bɾɔ̃]<br /> Ëé, ëé [bɾɛ̃]<br /> Ëè, ëè [bɾœ̃]<br /> Ëou, ëou [bɾu]<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> =====Some more consonantal digraphs=====<br /> RX, rx /ʀ/<br /> QJ/Qj, qj /ʒ/<br /> =====Vocalic digraphs=====<br /> <poem><br /> <Oi, oi> [i]<br /> <EU/Eu, eu> [ø]<br /> <OU/Ou, ou> [u]<br /> <EA, ea> [ɛ]<br /> (But <Ea, ea> [əa])<br /> <OE/Oe, oe> [ø]<br /> <EÔ/Eô, eô> [œ]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Nasal vowels=====<br /> Some digraphs and trigraphs denote nasal vowels, with <N, n> and <M, m> :<br /> <poem><br /> <An, an> /ɑ̃/<br /> <Am, am> /ɑ̃/<br /> <En, en> /ɑ̃/<br /> <Em, em> /ɑ̃/<br /> <In, in> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Im, im> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Ein, ein> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Eim, eim> /ɛ̃/<br /> <On, on> /ɔ̃/<br /> <Om, om> /ɔ̃/<br /> <Un, un> /œ̃/<br /> <Um, um> /œ̃/<br /> </poem><br /> However, if there are two <N, n> or <M, m> following a vowel, then it is not nasalized but pronounced as V+[n or m] instead (<Ann, ann> [an], <Amm, amm> [am],... etc). Besides, vocalic graphemes other than <A, a>, <E, e>, <I, i>, <O, o>, <U, u> do not get nasalized when followed by an <N, n> or <M, m>.<br /> =====Diphtongues=====<br /> They have been described as diphtongues, but should rather be analyzed as combinations of vowels and approximants. There are three different approximants : /j/, /w/ and /ɥ/, which only appear in a limited number of cases.<br /> *Diphtongues /j/ + vowel :<br /> They are usually written with a <I, i> followed by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <I, i> stands for /j/ :<br /> <poem><br /> <Ia, ia> [ja]<br /> <Ie, ie> [jə]<br /> <Iç, iç> [je]<br /> <Iù, iù> [jœ]<br /> <Iÿ, iÿ> [jɛ]<br /> <Io, io> [jo] or [jɔ]<br /> <Iu, iu> [jy]<br /> <Iô, iô> [jo]<br /> <Iä, iä> [jɑ̃]<br /> <Ià, ià> [jɔ̃]<br /> <Ié, ié> [jɛ̃]<br /> <Iè, iè> [jœ̃]<br /> <Ii, ii> [ji]<br /> <Iou, iou> [ju]<br /> <Ieu, ieu> [jø]<br /> </poem><br /> However, there are a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> ÜÃ, üã [ja]<br /> ÜÕ, üõ [jo]<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues vowel + /j/ :<br /> They are usually written with a <Ü, ü> preceded by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <Ü, ü> stands for /j/ (minus the exceptions above) :<br /> <poem><br /> <AÜ, aü> [aj]<br /> <EÜ, eü> [əj]<br /> <EÜ, çü> [ej]<br /> <EÜ, ùü> [œj]<br /> <EÜ, ÿü> [ɛj]<br /> <OÜ, oü> [oj] or [ɔj]<br /> <UÜ, uü> [yj]<br /> <ÔÜ, ôü> [oj]<br /> <ÄÜ, äü> [aɑ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, àü> [ɔ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, éü> [ɛ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, èü> [œ̃j]<br /> <ÃÜ, ãü> [aj]<br /> <ÕÜ, õü> [oj]<br /> <EUÜ, euü> [øj]<br /> </poem><br /> There are also a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> EÎ, eî [əj]<br /> EÎ, çî [ej]<br /> EÎ, ùî [œj]<br /> EÎ, ÿî [ɛj]<br /> IÎ, iî [ij]<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues with /w/ :<br /> These are usually written with a <O, o>, either followed or preceded by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <O, o> stands for /w/ :<br /> <poem><br /> <Oa, oa> [wa]<br /> <Oe, oe> [wə]<br /> <Oç, oç> [we]<br /> <Où, où> [wœ]<br /> <Oÿ, oÿ> [wɛ]<br /> <Oo, oo> [wo] or [wɔ]<br /> <Oy, oy> [wy]<br /> <Oô, oô> [wo]<br /> <Oä, oä> [wɑ̃]<br /> <Oà, oà> [wɔ̃]<br /> <Oé, oé> [wɛ̃]<br /> <Oè, oè> [wœ̃] (This one was described as [wœ̃] already in the original documentation (instead of expected [wæ̃] and has therefore cast some doubt on the identification of vowels /ø/, /œ/ and /œ̃/.)<br /> <Oi, oi> [wi]<br /> <Oeu, oeu> [wø]<br /> And reciprocally (<Ao, ao> [aw]... etc).<br /> </poem><br /> There are however a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> <Io, io> is ambiguous and can denote either /iw/ or /jo/<br /> <Oi, oi> is ambiguous and can denote either /i/ or /wi/<br /> <Oe, oe> is ambiguous and can denote either /wə/ or /ø/<br /> <OU/Ou, ou> always denotes /u/ (/wy/ is denoted <Oy, oy> instead).<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues with /ɥ/ :<br /> <poem><br /> UÎ, uî [ɥi]<br /> Ui, ui [ɥi]<br /> Ua, ua [ɥa]<br /> Uç, uç [ɥe]<br /> Uÿ, uÿ [ɥɛ]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Triphtongues=====<br /> They should also be analyzed as combinations of approximant + vowel + approximant. Besides using <I, i> and <O, o> or even <Ü, ü> and <U, u>, there is a handful of special spellings that denote such "triphtongues" :<br /> <poem><br /> ÜÂ, üâ [jaj]<br /> ÜY, üy [jɔj]<br /> ÊÜ, êü [jaj]<br /> YÜ, yü [joj] or [jɔj]<br /> ÃÎ, ãî [aji]<br /> ÕÎ, õî [oji]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Word-final position induced changes=====<br /> The original consonants /g/ <G, g>, /l/ <L, l> and syllable /wi/ <W, w> turn into [j] when in a word-final position. Instead, the spellings <gue>, <lle> and <wi> are used.<br /> <poem><br /> <g> /j/<br /> <l> /j/<br /> <w> /j/<br /> <gue> /g/<br /> <lle> /l/<br /> <wi> /wi/<br /> </poem><br /> There are some other special spellings :<br /> <poem><br /> <ebm> /ɛjm/<br /> <ebn> /ɛjn/<br /> </poem><br /> Finally, some letters are simply not pronounced at the end of a word, and other spellings are used instead :<br /> <poem><br /> <e><br /> <ô><br /> <d><br /> <nowiki><q></nowiki><br /> <nowiki><s></nowiki><br /> <t><br /> <z><br /> <er><br /> <dde> /d/<br /> <qe> /ʃ/<br /> <sse> /θ/ (or possibly /s/ ?)<br /> <tte> /t/<br /> <ze> /z/<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ====Table of phonemes and their principal corresponding graphemes====<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m <M, m><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n <N, n><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ <Ñ, ñ><br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ <ÎÑ, îñ><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p <P, p> ; b <B, b><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ <TÛ, tû> ; t <T, t> ; d̚ <DÛ, dû> ; d <D, d><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k <K, k> ; g <G, g><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s <C, c> alt. <TĦ/Tħ, tħ> ; z <Z, z> alt. <DĦ/Dħ, dħ> alt. <SĦ/Sħ, sħ><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ <Q, q> ; ʒ <Ö, ö> alt. <JĦ/Jħ, jħ> alt. <QJ/Qj, qj><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ <QÛ, qû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ <ÎF, îf> ; β <ÎV, îv><br /> |colspan="2"| f <F, f> alt. <PĦ/Pħ, pħ> ; v <V, v> alt. <BĦ/Bħ, bħ><br /> |colspan="2"| θ <S, s> alt. <Tûhh, s> ; ð <J, j> <br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ <HÛ, hû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ <ÎQ, îq> ; ɧ̙ʷ̬ <ÎÖ, îö> alt. <LÎÖ, lîö><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <ÎX, îx><br /> |colspan="2"| χ <X, x> ; ʁ <R, r><br /> |colspan="2"| h <H, h><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ <RÛ, rû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j <I, i> (before a vowel), <Ü, ü> (after a vowel) ; ɥ <U, u> (before some vowels)<br /> |colspan="2"| w <O, o> (before or after a vowel)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r <LÛ, lû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ <RX, rx><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ <ĦÛ, ħû> <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l <L, l> ɫ <Û, û><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg <ÎÑg, îñg><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i <I, i> alt. <Oi, oi> ; y <U, u><br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ <Î, î> alt. <Ï, ï><br /> |colspan="2"|u <OU/Ou, ou><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e <E, ç/ë> ; ø <EU/Eu, eu> alt. <OE/Oe, oe><br /> |colspan="2"| ə <E, e><br /> |colspan="2"|o <O, o> alt. <Ô, ô> alt. <Õ, õ><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ <E, ÿ/ê> alt. <EA, ea> ; œ <E, ù/ĕ> alt. <EÔ/Eô, eô> ; ɛ̃ <Ä, é/â> ; œ̃ <Ä, è/ä><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ <O, o> ; ɔ̃ <Ä, à/ă><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä <A, a> alt. <Ã, ã><br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃ <Ä, ä><br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Prosody===<br /> ====Stress====<br /> ====Intonation====<br /> <br /> ===Phonotactics===<br /> <br /> ===Morphophonology===<br /> <br /> ==Morphology==<br /> <br /> There are five main parts of speech in Qtolqjimctadû : nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and particles.<br /> <br /> ===Nouns===<br /> Nouns have definiteness, gender, and number. Definiteness is marked by definite and indefinite articles which agree in gender and number with the nouns. There are three genders : neuter, masculine, and feminine. <br /> <br /> ====Gender====<br /> Gender is usually marked by the ending of the noun. Nouns that correspond to non-animate things are usually neutral whereas nouns that describe animate things are usually masculine or feminine. However, some nouns can have all three genders, with the masculine and feminine forms built on an underlying neutral form ; this is common for instance for animal names, or for professions.<br /> <br /> According to documentation, most neuter nouns in the singular end either in <nowiki><-e></nowiki> or in a consonant. There is however no indication of how to distinguish masculine and feminine nouns, but based on the description of neuter forms, it may be posited that they must typically end in some kinds of vowels. Nouns that end in <nowiki><-e></nowiki> in the singular neuter are part of a paradigm that builds masculine and feminine forms on this underlying neuter form :<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Ending in -e<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || -e /ə/ || -ea /ɛ/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || -e /ə/ || -ebn /ɛjn/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || -ea /ɛ/ || -ean /əɑ̃/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> According to documentation, it is common for the neuter to present as a masculine singular ending in the singular, and as a feminine singular ending in the plural.<br /> <br /> ====Definiteness====<br /> Earlier documentation does not explicitly state that the definite and definite articles must agree with nouns in number and gender, but it is apparent in corpus that there is at least a masculine or neutral singular definite article that differs from a feminine singular definite article. From this and comparison with other versions of Tolsian, one can infer that articles, both definite and indefinite, come in at least three forms : masculine singular, feminine singular, and a plural form that covers all genders. Based on the existence of a neutral gender, it may be posited that there must be a neutral singular form as well. There is however no actual indication of whether there is only one plural form for all genders, or if there are also different plural forms for different genders. We'll assume the following paradigm :<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Definite and indefinite articles<br /> |-<br /> ! Definiteness / Gender !! Neuter !! Masculine !! Feminine !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Definite|| - || pna /pna/ || pnÿ /pnɛ/ || -<br /> |-<br /> | Indefinite|| -|| -|| ad /a/ || -<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ====Number====<br /> There are two numbers, singular and plural ; singular is unmarked while plural is marked with a suffix that differs depending on the ending of the noun.<br /> Besides the "-e" paradigm above, different groups of endings take different plural markings. It is likely that the consonantal endings indicate neuter nouns, whereas the vocalic endings indicate masculine and feminine nouns.<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Table of plurals<br /> |-<br /> ! Types of endings !! Plural affix !! Pronunciation<br /> |-<br /> | -c ; -f ; -j ; -l ; -m ; -n ; -v ; -û ; -ë || -c || -cc /s/ ; -fc /fs/ ; -jc /θ/ ; -lc /js/ ; -mc ; -nc ; -vc /fs/ ; -ûc /ɫ/ ; -ëc /bɾɛk/<br /> |-<br /> | -b ; -d ; -g ; -p ; -q ; -w ; -ü ; -k || -tt || -btt /pt/ ; -dtt /d̚/ ; -gtt /kt/ ; -ptt /pt/ ; -qtt /ʃt/ ; -wtt /wit/ ; -ütt /jt/ ; -ktt /kt/<br /> |-<br /> | -s ; -r || -ch || -sch /ʃ/ ; -rch /?/ ("[hˤ]" see notes on consonants) ; -rsch /ʁʃa/<br /> |-<br /> | -h ; -t ; -x ; -z ; -ö ; -ñ || -c or -tt || -hc /k/ ; -tc /ts/ ; -xc /χs/ ; -zc /s/ ; -öc /s/ ; -ñc /s/ <p> -htt /ht/ ; -ttt /t̚/ ; -xtt /χt/ ; -ztt /st/ ; -ött /ʃt/ ; -ñtt /t/<br /> |-<br /> | Vowel endings (other than "e") || -es || not pronounced.<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ====Pronouns====<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Personal subject pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Pronoun<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || I || êü /jaj/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || you || oü /oj/ or /ɔj/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.masc || he || tag /taj/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.fem || she || tal /taj/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.impersonal || "man", "one" || tawi /tawi/<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || we || îhalÿn /xalɛn/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || you || hiçve /hjev/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.masc || they || tagg /tag/ (or /tagj/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.fem || they || tall /tal/ (or /talj/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || you || îqann /ɧ̙ʷan/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Demonstrative pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Pronoun<br /> |-<br /> | Singular demonstrative pronoun || this || fe /fə/<br /> |-<br /> | Plural demonstrative pronoun || these || îvae /βa/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Personal reflexive pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Pronoun<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || myself || kab /kab/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || yourself || kat /ka/ (or /kat) ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.masc || himself || kaad /ka:/ (or /ka:d/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.fem || herself || kaad /ka:/ (or /ka:d/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.impersonal || oneself || kad /ka/ (or /kad/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || ourselves || aö /aʒ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || yourselves || av /av/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.masc || themselves || aann /a:n/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.fem || themselves || aann /a:n/<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || yourself ; yourselves || enn /ən/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Possessive pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Masculine and neuter singular !! Feminine singular !! Masculine and neuter plural !! Feminine plural<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || my, mine || kabħe /kavə/ || kabħa /kava/ || kabħei /kavi/ || kabħae /kavaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || your, yours || katħe /kasə/ || katħa /kasa/ || katħei /kasi/ || katħae /kasaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG || his, her, hers, its || kadħe /kazə/ || kadħa /kaza/ || kadħei /kazi/ || kadħae /kazaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || our, ours || pħaöe /faʒə/ || pħaöa /faʒa/ || pħaöei /faʒi/ || pħaöae /faʒaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || your, yours || pħave /favə/ || pħava /fava/ || pħavei /favi/ || pħavae /favaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL || their, theirs || pħann /fan/ || pħana /fana/ || pħani /fani/ || pħanae /fanaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || your, yours || ïqann /iʃan/ || aîqann /aɧ̙ʷan/ || ïqani /iʃani/ || aîqane /aɧ̙ʷan/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Possessive pronouns agree in gender and number with the nouns denoting what is "possessed".<br /> <br /> ===Adjectives===<br /> <br /> Adjectives agree in gender and number with the nouns they qualify. It is marked with a prefix that changes depending on the beginning of the neuter singular form.<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with a vowel<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || es- /əθ/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || a- /a/ || ai- /aj/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || e- /ə/ || es- /əθ/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with h-, t-, x-, z-, ö-,ñ-<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || cs- /s/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || q- /ʃ/ || qs- /ʃ/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || c- /s/ || cs- /s/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with b-, d-, g-, p-, q-, w-, ü-, k<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || hm- /hm/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || m- /m/ || ebm- /ɛjm/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || hm- /hm/ || hebm- /hɛjm/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with s-, r-<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || kbett- /kbət/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || kbet- /kbət/ || kbest- /kbət/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || kbeat- /kbɛt/ || kbeast- /kbɛt/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with c-, f-, j-, l-, m-, n-, v-, û-, ë-<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || atûïve- /at̚ɨvə/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || etûove- /ət̚ovə/ || etûïve- /ət̚ɨvə/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || atûova- /at̚ova/ || atûïva- /at̚ɨva/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Adverbs===<br /> <br /> There is no information on adverbs but, based on other versions of Tolsian, we can assume they are invariable in form, qualify verbs and adjectives, and are usually placed before the verb or adjective they qualify.<br /> <br /> ===Particles===<br /> <br /> Particles are function words that include prepositions, postpositions, conjunction words, etc. <br /> *One notable particle is the so-called subject particle, which is used with stative verbs to introduce the subject's attribute. It can take two different forms, usually depending on whether the subject is animate (particle "tke?") or inanimate (particle "ke?"), but also potentially on whether the relationship between subject and attribute is perceived as "temporary" or "eternal".<br /> *Another notable particle is the "possessive" particle, which is suffixed to the noun that represents a "possessor", akin to a genitive marking. It can be used instead of possessive pronouns, when suffixed to a personal subject pronoun : for instance, the personal pronoun "êü" + the possessive particle "-dô" becomes "êüdô", ''my''. On the other hand, when using one of the possessive pronouns, a so-called "possessed particle" is placed in front of the "possessed" noun.<br /> *Some particles are more like traditional prepositions ; for instance, "nda" means ''in, from, of''.<br /> <br /> ==Syntax==<br /> ===Constituent order===<br /> ===Noun phrase===<br /> ===Verb phrase===<br /> ===Sentence phrase===<br /> ===Dependent clauses===<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Example texts==<br /> <br /> ==Other resources==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Qtolqjimctadû]]<br /> [[Category:Languages]]<br /> [[Category:Conlangs]]<br /> [[Category:Tolsian]]</div>

Uvie https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Qtolqjimctad%C3%BB&diff=526517 Qtolqjimctadû 2026-05-20T20:56:33Z

<p>Uvie: /* Morphology */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Introduction==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ<br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p b<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ t d̚ d<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k g<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s z<br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ ʒ <br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ β<br /> |colspan="2"| f v<br /> |colspan="2"| θ ð<br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ ɧ̙ʷ̬<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <br /> |colspan="2"| χ ʁ<br /> |colspan="2"| h<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j ɥ<br /> |colspan="2"| w<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l ɫ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> Notes :<br /> <br /> In earlier documentation, proper knowledge of IPA was lacking and several of the phonemes had to be identified from either phonetically inaccurate IPA descriptions or vague, impressionistic ones. Several phonemes could not be recovered. Here is a list of deviations from the above table :<br /> <poem><br /> Identified phonemes :<br /> /ɸ/ was described as [fʷ] (written <ÎF, îf>).<br /> /β/ was described as [vʷ] (written <ÎV, îv>).<br /> /ʁ/ was described as [ʀ] (written <R, r>).<br /> /ʀ/ was described as [rˤ] (''sorte de « r » très roulé'', written <RX, rx>).<br /> /ɹ/ was described as [ʀˤ] (''sorte de « r » anglais'', written <RÛ, rû>).<br /> /ɫ/ was described as [l̪ ] (''comme à la fin du mot anglais "well"'', written <Û, û>).<br /> /χ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [x] (written <X, x>), while /x/ itself was most likely described as [xˤ] (written <ÎX, îx>).<br /> /ŋ/ was probably described as [ɲˤ] (written <ÎÑ, îñ>), while the sound described as [ŋ] (written <ÎÑg, îñg>) probably corresponded to /ᵑg/.<br /> /ɾ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [r̺] (written <ĦÛ, ħû>, as well as part of the cluster /bɾ/+V with the help of <Ë, ë> as [bɾə], described as [br̺ə]).<br /> /r/ might have been what was described as [r] (''sorte de « r » roulé à la japonaise'', written <LÛ, lû>).<br /> /ɧ̙ʷ/ and its voiced version /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ are, to this day, subject to doubt regarding their IPA descriptions. They were most likely corresponding to the sounds described as [ʃ ̪ ] (written <ÎQ, îq>) and [ʒ̺̺̺ ] (written <ÎÖ, îö> or <LÎÖ, lîö>).<br /> /t̚/ and /d̚/ are also subject to some doubt regarding their IPA descriptions still. They were described as [t̪] (written <TÛ, tû>) and [d̪] (written <DÛ, dû>).<br /> The phoneme described as [ʃʲ] probably has a realization closer to [ç] or [ɕ] (written <QÛ, qû>).<br /> <br /> Unidentified or very doubtful phonemes :<br /> Some /h/-like phoneme, described as [hˤ] (written <ÎH, îh>). It might have corresponded to /ɣ/, but it is not very likely.<br /> /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ might have been what was described as [l̤ʲ] (written <HÛ, hû>). Based on its spelling it is more likely to be devoiced.<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i y<br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ<br /> |colspan="2"|u<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e ø<br /> |colspan="2"| ə<br /> |colspan="2"|o<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ œ ɛ̃ œ̃<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ ɔ̃<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä<br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃<br /> |}<br /> Vowel length is supposed to be phonemic, with regular (or short) vowels, and long vowels.<br /> <br /> Similarly to consonants, some vowels had to be "re-identified" from previous documentation and some deviations arise :<br /> <poem><br /> /œ/ is probably what was described as [æ] (written <Ù, ù> or <E, ĕ> or <EÔ/Eô, eô>).<br /> /œ̃/ is probably what was described as [æ̃] (written <Ä, è> or <Ä, ä>).<br /> /ø/ is probably what was described as [œ] (written <EU/Eu, eu> or <OE/Oe, oe>).<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Orthography===<br /> Orthography was made complicated on purpose.<br /> <br /> ====Alphabet====<br /> <poem><br /> A, a /a/<br /> B, b /b/<br /> C, c /s/<br /> D, d /d/<br /> E, e /ə/ ; E, ç/ë /e/ ; E, ù/ĕ /œ/ ; E, ÿ/ê /ɛ/<br /> F, f /f/<br /> G, g /g/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> H, h /h/<br /> Ħ, ħ soundless ; mostly used in composed graphemes.<br /> I, i /i/<br /> J, j /ð/<br /> K, k /k/<br /> L, l /l/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> M, m /m/<br /> N, n /n/<br /> O, o /o/ or /ɔ/<br /> P, p /p/<br /> Q, q /ʃ/<br /> R, r /ʁ/<br /> S, s /θ/<br /> T, t /t/<br /> U, u /y/<br /> V, v /v/<br /> W, w /wi/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> X, x /χ/<br /> Y, y /jo/ or /ɔj/<br /> Z, z /z/<br /> Â, â /aj/<br /> Ê, ê /ja/<br /> Û, û /ɫ/<br /> Î, î /ɨ/ soundless when used in composed graphemes.<br /> Ô, ô /o/<br /> Ä, ä /ɑ̃/ ; Ä, à/ă /ɔ̃/ ; Ä, é/â /ɛ̃/ ; Ä, è/ä /œ̃/<br /> Ë, ë /bɾə/<br /> Ü, ü /j/<br /> Ï, ï /ɨ/<br /> Ö, ö /ʒ/<br /> Ã, ã /a/<br /> Õ, õ /o/<br /> Ñ, ñ /ɲ/<br /> </poem><br /> =====History=====<br /> Like most, if not all, versions of Tolsian, Qtolqjimctadû was meant to be written with the original Tolsian script. Some graphemes were chosen because of the limitations of the French keyboard, but were initally supposed to correspond to another, preexisting grapheme, with a diacritic, in order to reflect the original script. Some graphemes with diacritic are supposed to represent letters in the original script that are not simply versions of another letter with a diacritic ; this is why in the list below, <nowiki><ë></nowiki> appears to represent /e/, alongside <nowiki><ç></nowiki>, whereas in <Ë, ë> it represents /bɾə/ in the alphabet : they have different underlying identities.<br /> <poem><br /> <e> with diaeresis ¨ becomes <ç> (or <ë>)<br /> <e> with cedilla or possibly hook below (''accent « petite courbe vers le bas »'') becomes <ù> (or <ĕ>)<br /> <e> with circumflex accent ^ becomes <ÿ> (or <ê>)<br /> <O, o> (or <Ô, ô> ?) with circumflex accent becomes <Õ, õ><br /> <U, u> with dieresis becomes <Ü, ü><br /> <U, u> with circumflex accent becomes <Û, û><br /> <Â, â> with circumflex accent becomes <Ê, ê><br /> <Î, î> with circumflex accent becomes <Ï, ï><br /> <ä> with cedilla or hook below becomes <à> (o <ă>)<br /> <ä> with circumflex becomes <é> (or <â>)<br /> <ä> with diaeresis becomes <è> (or <ä>)<br /> <Â, â> with circumflex becomes <Ã, ã><br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ====Spelling rules====<br /> Long vowels are spelled with doubled graphemes (<Aa, aa> /a:/, etc).<br /> <br /> Some graphemes, namely <E, e> /ə/ ; <E, ç/ë> /e/ ; <E, ù/ĕ> /œ/ ; <E, ÿ/ê> /ɛ/ and <Ä, ä> /ɑ̃/ ; <Ä, à/ă> /ɔ̃/ ; <Ä, é/â> /ɛ̃/ ; <Ä, è/ä /œ̃/> use the same capital letter, but different minuscule letters, for different phonemes. This is partly due to limitations on a French keyboard, and partly to reflect the original Tolsian script in which these phonemes use the same letter but with different diacritics.<br /> <br /> The grapheme <Î, î> denotes /ɨ/, except in front of some consonants (<F, f>, <V, v>, <Q, q>, <Ö, ö>, <Ñ, ñ>, <X, x>, <H, h>) ; the grapheme <Ï, ï> is used instead in order to denote /ɨ/.<br /> <br /> There are many digraphs and even trigraphs ; usually, all letters are capitalized, when capitalization is needed.<br /> =====Digraphs with <Î, î>=====<br /> In the original documentation, these are described as "purified" (''épurés'').<br /> <poem><br /> ÎF, îf /ɸ/<br /> ÎV, îv /β/<br /> ÎQ, îq /ɧ̙ʷ/<br /> ÎÖ, îö /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ <br /> ÎÑ, îñ /ŋ/<br /> ÎX, îx /x/<br /> ÎH, îh unknown, possibly /ɣ/<br /> </poem><br /> It is unclear if the following are considered to be "purified" :<br /> <poem><br /> <Äî, äî> /an/<br /> <Äî, àî> /on/ or /ɔn/<br /> <Äî, éî> /in/ or /im/<br /> <Äî, èî> /un/ or /œm/<br /> </poem><br /> =====Trigraphs with <Î, î>=====<br /> These were also considered to be "purified".<br /> <poem><br /> LÎÖ, lîö /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ <br /> ÎÑg, îñg /ᵑg/<br /> </poem><br /> =====Digraphs with <Û, û>=====<br /> Some of these digraphs were originally described as "wet" (''mouillés'') :<br /> <poem><br /> TÛ, tû /t̚/<br /> QÛ, qû /ʃʲ/ (probably realized [ç] or [ɕ])<br /> DÛ, dû /d̚/<br /> </poem><br /> Others were not considered to be "wet" :<br /> <poem><br /> LÛ, lû /r/<br /> HÛ, hû possibly /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ <br /> ĦÛ, ħû /ɾ/<br /> RÛ, rû /ɹ/ <br /> <br /> =====Trigraphs with <Û, û>=====<br /> There is only one such trigraph, and only the first letter is capitalized, if needed. It is possibly meant to appear only word-initially as it was only given as <Tûhh> :<br /> Tûhh /θ/<br /> <br /> =====Digraphs with <Ħ, ħ>=====<br /> These can also be written as trigraphs, swapping <Ħ, ħ> for <Hh, hh>. As digraphs, one may likewise capitalize both letters or only the first one. As trigraphs, Only the first letter is capitalized.<br /> Ħ, ħ can be found on its own but is soundless. It may be used as part of the following digraphs, or used to maintain a hiatus between vowels and <I, i> or <O, o>. It can also be written <Hh, hh>.<br /> PĦ/Pħ, pħ /f/ (or <Phh, phh>)<br /> TĦ/Tħ, tħ /s/ (or <Thh, thh><br /> JĦ/Jħ, jħ /ʒ/ (or <Jhh, jhh>)<br /> BĦ/Bħ, bħ /v/ (or <Bhh, bhh>)<br /> DĦ/Dħ, dħ /z/ (or <Dhh, dhh>)<br /> SĦ/Sħ, sħ /z/ (or <Shh, shh>)<br /> <br /> =====Digraphs and trigraph with <Ë, ë>=====<br /> The phoneme /ɾ/ also appears as part of a syllable /bɾə/, written <Ë, ë>. When <Ë, ë> is followed by a vowel, the /ə/ is replaced by that vowel :<br /> Ëa, ëa [bɾa]<br /> Ëç, ëç [bɾe]<br /> Ëÿ, ëÿ [bɾɛ]<br /> Ëu, ëu [bɾy]<br /> Ëo, ëo [bɾo] or [bɾɔ]<br /> Ëï, ëï [bɾi]<br /> Ëä, ëä [bɾɑ̃]<br /> Ëà, ëà [bɾɔ̃]<br /> Ëé, ëé [bɾɛ̃]<br /> Ëè, ëè [bɾœ̃]<br /> Ëou, ëou [bɾu]<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> =====Some more consonantal digraphs=====<br /> RX, rx /ʀ/<br /> QJ/Qj, qj /ʒ/<br /> =====Vocalic digraphs=====<br /> <poem><br /> <Oi, oi> [i]<br /> <EU/Eu, eu> [ø]<br /> <OU/Ou, ou> [u]<br /> <EA, ea> [ɛ]<br /> (But <Ea, ea> [əa])<br /> <OE/Oe, oe> [ø]<br /> <EÔ/Eô, eô> [œ]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Nasal vowels=====<br /> Some digraphs and trigraphs denote nasal vowels, with <N, n> and <M, m> :<br /> <poem><br /> <An, an> /ɑ̃/<br /> <Am, am> /ɑ̃/<br /> <En, en> /ɑ̃/<br /> <Em, em> /ɑ̃/<br /> <In, in> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Im, im> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Ein, ein> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Eim, eim> /ɛ̃/<br /> <On, on> /ɔ̃/<br /> <Om, om> /ɔ̃/<br /> <Un, un> /œ̃/<br /> <Um, um> /œ̃/<br /> </poem><br /> However, if there are two <N, n> or <M, m> following a vowel, then it is not nasalized but pronounced as V+[n or m] instead (<Ann, ann> [an], <Amm, amm> [am],... etc). Besides, vocalic graphemes other than <A, a>, <E, e>, <I, i>, <O, o>, <U, u> do not get nasalized when followed by an <N, n> or <M, m>.<br /> =====Diphtongues=====<br /> They have been described as diphtongues, but should rather be analyzed as combinations of vowels and approximants. There are three different approximants : /j/, /w/ and /ɥ/, which only appear in a limited number of cases.<br /> *Diphtongues /j/ + vowel :<br /> They are usually written with a <I, i> followed by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <I, i> stands for /j/ :<br /> <poem><br /> <Ia, ia> [ja]<br /> <Ie, ie> [jə]<br /> <Iç, iç> [je]<br /> <Iù, iù> [jœ]<br /> <Iÿ, iÿ> [jɛ]<br /> <Io, io> [jo] or [jɔ]<br /> <Iu, iu> [jy]<br /> <Iô, iô> [jo]<br /> <Iä, iä> [jɑ̃]<br /> <Ià, ià> [jɔ̃]<br /> <Ié, ié> [jɛ̃]<br /> <Iè, iè> [jœ̃]<br /> <Ii, ii> [ji]<br /> <Iou, iou> [ju]<br /> <Ieu, ieu> [jø]<br /> </poem><br /> However, there are a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> ÜÃ, üã [ja]<br /> ÜÕ, üõ [jo]<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues vowel + /j/ :<br /> They are usually written with a <Ü, ü> preceded by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <Ü, ü> stands for /j/ (minus the exceptions above) :<br /> <poem><br /> <AÜ, aü> [aj]<br /> <EÜ, eü> [əj]<br /> <EÜ, çü> [ej]<br /> <EÜ, ùü> [œj]<br /> <EÜ, ÿü> [ɛj]<br /> <OÜ, oü> [oj] or [ɔj]<br /> <UÜ, uü> [yj]<br /> <ÔÜ, ôü> [oj]<br /> <ÄÜ, äü> [aɑ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, àü> [ɔ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, éü> [ɛ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, èü> [œ̃j]<br /> <ÃÜ, ãü> [aj]<br /> <ÕÜ, õü> [oj]<br /> <EUÜ, euü> [øj]<br /> </poem><br /> There are also a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> EÎ, eî [əj]<br /> EÎ, çî [ej]<br /> EÎ, ùî [œj]<br /> EÎ, ÿî [ɛj]<br /> IÎ, iî [ij]<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues with /w/ :<br /> These are usually written with a <O, o>, either followed or preceded by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <O, o> stands for /w/ :<br /> <poem><br /> <Oa, oa> [wa]<br /> <Oe, oe> [wə]<br /> <Oç, oç> [we]<br /> <Où, où> [wœ]<br /> <Oÿ, oÿ> [wɛ]<br /> <Oo, oo> [wo] or [wɔ]<br /> <Oy, oy> [wy]<br /> <Oô, oô> [wo]<br /> <Oä, oä> [wɑ̃]<br /> <Oà, oà> [wɔ̃]<br /> <Oé, oé> [wɛ̃]<br /> <Oè, oè> [wœ̃] (This one was described as [wœ̃] already in the original documentation (instead of expected [wæ̃] and has therefore cast some doubt on the identification of vowels /ø/, /œ/ and /œ̃/.)<br /> <Oi, oi> [wi]<br /> <Oeu, oeu> [wø]<br /> And reciprocally (<Ao, ao> [aw]... etc).<br /> </poem><br /> There are however a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> <Io, io> is ambiguous and can denote either /iw/ or /jo/<br /> <Oi, oi> is ambiguous and can denote either /i/ or /wi/<br /> <Oe, oe> is ambiguous and can denote either /wə/ or /ø/<br /> <OU/Ou, ou> always denotes /u/ (/wy/ is denoted <Oy, oy> instead).<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues with /ɥ/ :<br /> <poem><br /> UÎ, uî [ɥi]<br /> Ui, ui [ɥi]<br /> Ua, ua [ɥa]<br /> Uç, uç [ɥe]<br /> Uÿ, uÿ [ɥɛ]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Triphtongues=====<br /> They should also be analyzed as combinations of approximant + vowel + approximant. Besides using <I, i> and <O, o> or even <Ü, ü> and <U, u>, there is a handful of special spellings that denote such "triphtongues" :<br /> <poem><br /> ÜÂ, üâ [jaj]<br /> ÜY, üy [jɔj]<br /> ÊÜ, êü [jaj]<br /> YÜ, yü [joj] or [jɔj]<br /> ÃÎ, ãî [aji]<br /> ÕÎ, õî [oji]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Word-final position induced changes=====<br /> The original consonants /g/ <G, g>, /l/ <L, l> and syllable /wi/ <W, w> turn into [j] when in a word-final position. Instead, the spellings <gue>, <lle> and <wi> are used.<br /> <poem><br /> <g> /j/<br /> <l> /j/<br /> <w> /j/<br /> <gue> /g/<br /> <lle> /l/<br /> <wi> /wi/<br /> </poem><br /> There are some other special spellings :<br /> <poem><br /> <ebm> /ɛjm/<br /> <ebn> /ɛjn/<br /> </poem><br /> Finally, some letters are simply not pronounced at the end of a word, and other spellings are used instead :<br /> <poem><br /> <e><br /> <ô><br /> <d><br /> <nowiki><q></nowiki><br /> <nowiki><s></nowiki><br /> <t><br /> <z><br /> <er><br /> <dde> /d/<br /> <qe> /ʃ/<br /> <sse> /θ/ (or possibly /s/ ?)<br /> <tte> /t/<br /> <ze> /z/<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ====Table of phonemes and their principal corresponding graphemes====<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m <M, m><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n <N, n><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ <Ñ, ñ><br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ <ÎÑ, îñ><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p <P, p> ; b <B, b><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ <TÛ, tû> ; t <T, t> ; d̚ <DÛ, dû> ; d <D, d><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k <K, k> ; g <G, g><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s <C, c> alt. <TĦ/Tħ, tħ> ; z <Z, z> alt. <DĦ/Dħ, dħ> alt. <SĦ/Sħ, sħ><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ <Q, q> ; ʒ <Ö, ö> alt. <JĦ/Jħ, jħ> alt. <QJ/Qj, qj><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ <QÛ, qû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ <ÎF, îf> ; β <ÎV, îv><br /> |colspan="2"| f <F, f> alt. <PĦ/Pħ, pħ> ; v <V, v> alt. <BĦ/Bħ, bħ><br /> |colspan="2"| θ <S, s> alt. <Tûhh, s> ; ð <J, j> <br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ <HÛ, hû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ <ÎQ, îq> ; ɧ̙ʷ̬ <ÎÖ, îö> alt. <LÎÖ, lîö><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <ÎX, îx><br /> |colspan="2"| χ <X, x> ; ʁ <R, r><br /> |colspan="2"| h <H, h><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ <RÛ, rû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j <I, i> (before a vowel), <Ü, ü> (after a vowel) ; ɥ <U, u> (before some vowels)<br /> |colspan="2"| w <O, o> (before or after a vowel)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r <LÛ, lû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ <RX, rx><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ <ĦÛ, ħû> <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l <L, l> ɫ <Û, û><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg <ÎÑg, îñg><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i <I, i> alt. <Oi, oi> ; y <U, u><br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ <Î, î> alt. <Ï, ï><br /> |colspan="2"|u <OU/Ou, ou><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e <E, ç/ë> ; ø <EU/Eu, eu> alt. <OE/Oe, oe><br /> |colspan="2"| ə <E, e><br /> |colspan="2"|o <O, o> alt. <Ô, ô> alt. <Õ, õ><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ <E, ÿ/ê> alt. <EA, ea> ; œ <E, ù/ĕ> alt. <EÔ/Eô, eô> ; ɛ̃ <Ä, é/â> ; œ̃ <Ä, è/ä><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ <O, o> ; ɔ̃ <Ä, à/ă><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä <A, a> alt. <Ã, ã><br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃ <Ä, ä><br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Prosody===<br /> ====Stress====<br /> ====Intonation====<br /> <br /> ===Phonotactics===<br /> <br /> ===Morphophonology===<br /> <br /> ==Morphology==<br /> <br /> There are five main parts of speech in Qtolqjimctadû : nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and adpositions.<br /> <br /> ===Nouns===<br /> Nouns have definiteness, gender, and number. Definiteness is marked by definite and indefinite articles which agree in gender and number with the nouns. There are three genders : neuter, masculine, and feminine. <br /> <br /> ====Gender====<br /> Gender is usually marked by the ending of the noun. Nouns that correspond to non-animate things are usually neutral whereas nouns that describe animate things are usually masculine or feminine. However, some nouns can have all three genders, with the masculine and feminine forms built on an underlying neutral form ; this is common for instance for animal names, or for professions.<br /> <br /> According to documentation, most neuter nouns in the singular end either in <nowiki><-e></nowiki> or in a consonant. There is however no indication of how to distinguish masculine and feminine nouns, but based on the description of neuter forms, it may be posited that they must typically end in some kinds of vowels. Nouns that end in <nowiki><-e></nowiki> in the singular neuter are part of a paradigm that builds masculine and feminine forms on this underlying neuter form :<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Ending in -e<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || -e /ə/ || -ea /ɛ/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || -e /ə/ || -ebn /ɛjn/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || -ea /ɛ/ || -ean /əɑ̃/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> According to documentation, it is common for the neuter to present as a masculine singular ending in the singular, and as a feminine singular ending in the plural.<br /> <br /> ====Definiteness====<br /> Earlier documentation does not explicitly state that the definite and definite articles must agree with nouns in number and gender, but it is apparent in corpus that there is at least a masculine or neutral singular definite article that differs from a feminine singular definite article. From this and comparison with other versions of Tolsian, one can infer that articles, both definite and indefinite, come in at least three forms : masculine singular, feminine singular, and a plural form that covers all genders. Based on the existence of a neutral gender, it may be posited that there must be a neutral singular form as well. There is however no actual indication of whether there is only one plural form for all genders, or if there are also different plural forms for different genders. We'll assume the following paradigm :<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Definite and indefinite articles<br /> |-<br /> ! Definiteness / Gender !! Neuter !! Masculine !! Feminine !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Definite|| - || pna /pna/ || pnÿ /pnɛ/ || -<br /> |-<br /> | Indefinite|| -|| -|| ad /a/ || -<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ====Number====<br /> There are two numbers, singular and plural ; singular is unmarked while plural is marked with a suffix that differs depending on the ending of the noun.<br /> Besides the "-e" paradigm above, different groups of endings take different plural markings. It is likely that the consonantal endings indicate neuter nouns, whereas the vocalic endings indicate masculine and feminine nouns.<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Table of plurals<br /> |-<br /> ! Types of endings !! Plural affix !! Pronunciation<br /> |-<br /> | -c ; -f ; -j ; -l ; -m ; -n ; -v ; -û ; -ë || -c || -cc /s/ ; -fc /fs/ ; -jc /θ/ ; -lc /js/ ; -mc ; -nc ; -vc /fs/ ; -ûc /ɫ/ ; -ëc /bɾɛk/<br /> |-<br /> | -b ; -d ; -g ; -p ; -q ; -w ; -ü ; -k || -tt || -btt /pt/ ; -dtt /d̚/ ; -gtt /kt/ ; -ptt /pt/ ; -qtt /ʃt/ ; -wtt /wit/ ; -ütt /jt/ ; -ktt /kt/<br /> |-<br /> | -s ; -r || -ch || -sch /ʃ/ ; -rch /?/ ("[hˤ]" see notes on consonants) ; -rsch /ʁʃa/<br /> |-<br /> | -h ; -t ; -x ; -z ; -ö ; -ñ || -c or -tt || -hc /k/ ; -tc /ts/ ; -xc /χs/ ; -zc /s/ ; -öc /s/ ; -ñc /s/ <p> -htt /ht/ ; -ttt /t̚/ ; -xtt /χt/ ; -ztt /st/ ; -ött /ʃt/ ; -ñtt /t/<br /> |-<br /> | Vowel endings (other than "e") || -es || not pronounced.<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ====Pronouns====<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Personal subject pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Pronoun<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || I || êü /jaj/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || you || oü /oj/ or /ɔj/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.masc || he || tag /taj/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.fem || she || tal /taj/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.impersonal || "man", "one" || tawi /tawi/<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || we || îhalÿn /xalɛn/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || you || hiçve /hjev/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.masc || they || tagg /tag/ (or /tagj/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.fem || they || tall /tal/ (or /talj/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || you || îqann /ɧ̙ʷan/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Demonstrative pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Pronoun<br /> |-<br /> | Singular demonstrative pronoun || this || fe /fə/<br /> |-<br /> | Plural demonstrative pronoun || these || îvae /βa/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Personal reflexive pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Pronoun<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || myself || kab /kab/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || yourself || kat /ka/ (or /kat) ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.masc || himself || kaad /ka:/ (or /ka:d/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.fem || herself || kaad /ka:/ (or /ka:d/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.impersonal || oneself || kad /ka/ (or /kad/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || ourselves || aö /aʒ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || yourselves || av /av/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.masc || themselves || aann /a:n/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.fem || themselves || aann /a:n/<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || yourself ; yourselves || enn /ən/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Possessive pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Masculine and neuter singular !! Feminine singular !! Masculine and neuter plural !! Feminine plural<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || my, mine || kabħe /kavə/ || kabħa /kava/ || kabħei /kavi/ || kabħae /kavaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || your, yours || katħe /kasə/ || katħa /kasa/ || katħei /kasi/ || katħae /kasaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG || his, her, hers, its || kadħe /kazə/ || kadħa /kaza/ || kadħei /kazi/ || kadħae /kazaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || our, ours || pħaöe /faʒə/ || pħaöa /faʒa/ || pħaöei /faʒi/ || pħaöae /faʒaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || your, yours || pħave /favə/ || pħava /fava/ || pħavei /favi/ || pħavae /favaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL || their, theirs || pħann /fan/ || pħana /fana/ || pħani /fani/ || pħanae /fanaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || your, yours || ïqann /iʃan/ || aîqann /aɧ̙ʷan/ || ïqani /iʃani/ || aîqane /aɧ̙ʷan/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ====Adjectives====<br /> <br /> Adjectives agree in gender and number with the nouns they qualify. It is marked with a prefix that changes depending on the beginning of the neuter singular form.<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with a vowel<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || es- /əθ/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || a- /a/ || ai- /aj/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || e- /ə/ || es- /əθ/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with h-, t-, x-, z-, ö-,ñ-<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || cs- /s/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || q- /ʃ/ || qs- /ʃ/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || c- /s/ || cs- /s/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with b-, d-, g-, p-, q-, w-, ü-, k<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || hm- /hm/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || m- /m/ || ebm- /ɛjm/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || hm- /hm/ || hebm- /hɛjm/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with s-, r-<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || kbett- /kbət/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || kbet- /kbət/ || kbest- /kbət/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || kbeat- /kbɛt/ || kbeast- /kbɛt/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Adjective starts with c-, f-, j-, l-, m-, n-, v-, û-, ë-<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || - || atûïve- /at̚ɨvə/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || etûove- /ət̚ovə/ || etûïve- /ət̚ɨvə/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || atûova- /at̚ova/ || atûïva- /at̚ɨva/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Syntax==<br /> ===Constituent order===<br /> ===Noun phrase===<br /> ===Verb phrase===<br /> ===Sentence phrase===<br /> ===Dependent clauses===<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Example texts==<br /> <br /> ==Other resources==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Qtolqjimctadû]]<br /> [[Category:Languages]]<br /> [[Category:Conlangs]]<br /> [[Category:Tolsian]]</div>

Uvie https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Qtolqjimctad%C3%BB&diff=526489 Qtolqjimctadû 2026-05-20T20:03:38Z

<p>Uvie: /* Nouns */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Introduction==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ<br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p b<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ t d̚ d<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k g<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s z<br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ ʒ <br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ β<br /> |colspan="2"| f v<br /> |colspan="2"| θ ð<br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ ɧ̙ʷ̬<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <br /> |colspan="2"| χ ʁ<br /> |colspan="2"| h<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j ɥ<br /> |colspan="2"| w<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l ɫ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> Notes :<br /> <br /> In earlier documentation, proper knowledge of IPA was lacking and several of the phonemes had to be identified from either phonetically inaccurate IPA descriptions or vague, impressionistic ones. Several phonemes could not be recovered. Here is a list of deviations from the above table :<br /> <poem><br /> Identified phonemes :<br /> /ɸ/ was described as [fʷ] (written <ÎF, îf>).<br /> /β/ was described as [vʷ] (written <ÎV, îv>).<br /> /ʁ/ was described as [ʀ] (written <R, r>).<br /> /ʀ/ was described as [rˤ] (''sorte de « r » très roulé'', written <RX, rx>).<br /> /ɹ/ was described as [ʀˤ] (''sorte de « r » anglais'', written <RÛ, rû>).<br /> /ɫ/ was described as [l̪ ] (''comme à la fin du mot anglais "well"'', written <Û, û>).<br /> /χ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [x] (written <X, x>), while /x/ itself was most likely described as [xˤ] (written <ÎX, îx>).<br /> /ŋ/ was probably described as [ɲˤ] (written <ÎÑ, îñ>), while the sound described as [ŋ] (written <ÎÑg, îñg>) probably corresponded to /ᵑg/.<br /> /ɾ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [r̺] (written <ĦÛ, ħû>, as well as part of the cluster /bɾ/+V with the help of <Ë, ë> as [bɾə], described as [br̺ə]).<br /> /r/ might have been what was described as [r] (''sorte de « r » roulé à la japonaise'', written <LÛ, lû>).<br /> /ɧ̙ʷ/ and its voiced version /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ are, to this day, subject to doubt regarding their IPA descriptions. They were most likely corresponding to the sounds described as [ʃ ̪ ] (written <ÎQ, îq>) and [ʒ̺̺̺ ] (written <ÎÖ, îö> or <LÎÖ, lîö>).<br /> /t̚/ and /d̚/ are also subject to some doubt regarding their IPA descriptions still. They were described as [t̪] (written <TÛ, tû>) and [d̪] (written <DÛ, dû>).<br /> The phoneme described as [ʃʲ] probably has a realization closer to [ç] or [ɕ] (written <QÛ, qû>).<br /> <br /> Unidentified or very doubtful phonemes :<br /> Some /h/-like phoneme, described as [hˤ] (written <ÎH, îh>). It might have corresponded to /ɣ/, but it is not very likely.<br /> /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ might have been what was described as [l̤ʲ] (written <HÛ, hû>). Based on its spelling it is more likely to be devoiced.<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i y<br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ<br /> |colspan="2"|u<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e ø<br /> |colspan="2"| ə<br /> |colspan="2"|o<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ œ ɛ̃ œ̃<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ ɔ̃<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä<br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃<br /> |}<br /> Vowel length is supposed to be phonemic, with regular (or short) vowels, and long vowels.<br /> <br /> Similarly to consonants, some vowels had to be "re-identified" from previous documentation and some deviations arise :<br /> <poem><br /> /œ/ is probably what was described as [æ] (written <Ù, ù> or <E, ĕ> or <EÔ/Eô, eô>).<br /> /œ̃/ is probably what was described as [æ̃] (written <Ä, è> or <Ä, ä>).<br /> /ø/ is probably what was described as [œ] (written <EU/Eu, eu> or <OE/Oe, oe>).<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Orthography===<br /> Orthography was made complicated on purpose.<br /> <br /> ====Alphabet====<br /> <poem><br /> A, a /a/<br /> B, b /b/<br /> C, c /s/<br /> D, d /d/<br /> E, e /ə/ ; E, ç/ë /e/ ; E, ù/ĕ /œ/ ; E, ÿ/ê /ɛ/<br /> F, f /f/<br /> G, g /g/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> H, h /h/<br /> Ħ, ħ soundless ; mostly used in composed graphemes.<br /> I, i /i/<br /> J, j /ð/<br /> K, k /k/<br /> L, l /l/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> M, m /m/<br /> N, n /n/<br /> O, o /o/ or /ɔ/<br /> P, p /p/<br /> Q, q /ʃ/<br /> R, r /ʁ/<br /> S, s /θ/<br /> T, t /t/<br /> U, u /y/<br /> V, v /v/<br /> W, w /wi/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> X, x /χ/<br /> Y, y /jo/ or /ɔj/<br /> Z, z /z/<br /> Â, â /aj/<br /> Ê, ê /ja/<br /> Û, û /ɫ/<br /> Î, î /ɨ/ soundless when used in composed graphemes.<br /> Ô, ô /o/<br /> Ä, ä /ɑ̃/ ; Ä, à/ă /ɔ̃/ ; Ä, é/â /ɛ̃/ ; Ä, è/ä /œ̃/<br /> Ë, ë /bɾə/<br /> Ü, ü /j/<br /> Ï, ï /ɨ/<br /> Ö, ö /ʒ/<br /> Ã, ã /a/<br /> Õ, õ /o/<br /> Ñ, ñ /ɲ/<br /> </poem><br /> =====History=====<br /> Like most, if not all, versions of Tolsian, Qtolqjimctadû was meant to be written with the original Tolsian script. Some graphemes were chosen because of the limitations of the French keyboard, but were initally supposed to correspond to another, preexisting grapheme, with a diacritic, in order to reflect the original script. Some graphemes with diacritic are supposed to represent letters in the original script that are not simply versions of another letter with a diacritic ; this is why in the list below, <nowiki><ë></nowiki> appears to represent /e/, alongside <nowiki><ç></nowiki>, whereas in <Ë, ë> it represents /bɾə/ in the alphabet : they have different underlying identities.<br /> <poem><br /> <e> with diaeresis ¨ becomes <ç> (or <ë>)<br /> <e> with cedilla or possibly hook below (''accent « petite courbe vers le bas »'') becomes <ù> (or <ĕ>)<br /> <e> with circumflex accent ^ becomes <ÿ> (or <ê>)<br /> <O, o> (or <Ô, ô> ?) with circumflex accent becomes <Õ, õ><br /> <U, u> with dieresis becomes <Ü, ü><br /> <U, u> with circumflex accent becomes <Û, û><br /> <Â, â> with circumflex accent becomes <Ê, ê><br /> <Î, î> with circumflex accent becomes <Ï, ï><br /> <ä> with cedilla or hook below becomes <à> (o <ă>)<br /> <ä> with circumflex becomes <é> (or <â>)<br /> <ä> with diaeresis becomes <è> (or <ä>)<br /> <Â, â> with circumflex becomes <Ã, ã><br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ====Spelling rules====<br /> Long vowels are spelled with doubled graphemes (<Aa, aa> /a:/, etc).<br /> <br /> Some graphemes, namely <E, e> /ə/ ; <E, ç/ë> /e/ ; <E, ù/ĕ> /œ/ ; <E, ÿ/ê> /ɛ/ and <Ä, ä> /ɑ̃/ ; <Ä, à/ă> /ɔ̃/ ; <Ä, é/â> /ɛ̃/ ; <Ä, è/ä /œ̃/> use the same capital letter, but different minuscule letters, for different phonemes. This is partly due to limitations on a French keyboard, and partly to reflect the original Tolsian script in which these phonemes use the same letter but with different diacritics.<br /> <br /> The grapheme <Î, î> denotes /ɨ/, except in front of some consonants (<F, f>, <V, v>, <Q, q>, <Ö, ö>, <Ñ, ñ>, <X, x>, <H, h>) ; the grapheme <Ï, ï> is used instead in order to denote /ɨ/.<br /> <br /> There are many digraphs and even trigraphs ; usually, all letters are capitalized, when capitalization is needed.<br /> =====Digraphs with <Î, î>=====<br /> In the original documentation, these are described as "purified" (''épurés'').<br /> <poem><br /> ÎF, îf /ɸ/<br /> ÎV, îv /β/<br /> ÎQ, îq /ɧ̙ʷ/<br /> ÎÖ, îö /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ <br /> ÎÑ, îñ /ŋ/<br /> ÎX, îx /x/<br /> ÎH, îh unknown, possibly /ɣ/<br /> </poem><br /> It is unclear if the following are considered to be "purified" :<br /> <poem><br /> <Äî, äî> /an/<br /> <Äî, àî> /on/ or /ɔn/<br /> <Äî, éî> /in/ or /im/<br /> <Äî, èî> /un/ or /œm/<br /> </poem><br /> =====Trigraphs with <Î, î>=====<br /> These were also considered to be "purified".<br /> <poem><br /> LÎÖ, lîö /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ <br /> ÎÑg, îñg /ᵑg/<br /> </poem><br /> =====Digraphs with <Û, û>=====<br /> Some of these digraphs were originally described as "wet" (''mouillés'') :<br /> <poem><br /> TÛ, tû /t̚/<br /> QÛ, qû /ʃʲ/ (probably realized [ç] or [ɕ])<br /> DÛ, dû /d̚/<br /> </poem><br /> Others were not considered to be "wet" :<br /> <poem><br /> LÛ, lû /r/<br /> HÛ, hû possibly /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ <br /> ĦÛ, ħû /ɾ/<br /> RÛ, rû /ɹ/ <br /> <br /> =====Trigraphs with <Û, û>=====<br /> There is only one such trigraph, and only the first letter is capitalized, if needed. It is possibly meant to appear only word-initially as it was only given as <Tûhh> :<br /> Tûhh /θ/<br /> <br /> =====Digraphs with <Ħ, ħ>=====<br /> These can also be written as trigraphs, swapping <Ħ, ħ> for <Hh, hh>. As digraphs, one may likewise capitalize both letters or only the first one. As trigraphs, Only the first letter is capitalized.<br /> Ħ, ħ can be found on its own but is soundless. It may be used as part of the following digraphs, or used to maintain a hiatus between vowels and <I, i> or <O, o>. It can also be written <Hh, hh>.<br /> PĦ/Pħ, pħ /f/ (or <Phh, phh>)<br /> TĦ/Tħ, tħ /s/ (or <Thh, thh><br /> JĦ/Jħ, jħ /ʒ/ (or <Jhh, jhh>)<br /> BĦ/Bħ, bħ /v/ (or <Bhh, bhh>)<br /> DĦ/Dħ, dħ /z/ (or <Dhh, dhh>)<br /> SĦ/Sħ, sħ /z/ (or <Shh, shh>)<br /> <br /> =====Digraphs and trigraph with <Ë, ë>=====<br /> The phoneme /ɾ/ also appears as part of a syllable /bɾə/, written <Ë, ë>. When <Ë, ë> is followed by a vowel, the /ə/ is replaced by that vowel :<br /> Ëa, ëa [bɾa]<br /> Ëç, ëç [bɾe]<br /> Ëÿ, ëÿ [bɾɛ]<br /> Ëu, ëu [bɾy]<br /> Ëo, ëo [bɾo] or [bɾɔ]<br /> Ëï, ëï [bɾi]<br /> Ëä, ëä [bɾɑ̃]<br /> Ëà, ëà [bɾɔ̃]<br /> Ëé, ëé [bɾɛ̃]<br /> Ëè, ëè [bɾœ̃]<br /> Ëou, ëou [bɾu]<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> =====Some more consonantal digraphs=====<br /> RX, rx /ʀ/<br /> QJ/Qj, qj /ʒ/<br /> =====Vocalic digraphs=====<br /> <poem><br /> <Oi, oi> [i]<br /> <EU/Eu, eu> [ø]<br /> <OU/Ou, ou> [u]<br /> <EA, ea> [ɛ]<br /> (But <Ea, ea> [əa])<br /> <OE/Oe, oe> [ø]<br /> <EÔ/Eô, eô> [œ]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Nasal vowels=====<br /> Some digraphs and trigraphs denote nasal vowels, with <N, n> and <M, m> :<br /> <poem><br /> <An, an> /ɑ̃/<br /> <Am, am> /ɑ̃/<br /> <En, en> /ɑ̃/<br /> <Em, em> /ɑ̃/<br /> <In, in> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Im, im> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Ein, ein> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Eim, eim> /ɛ̃/<br /> <On, on> /ɔ̃/<br /> <Om, om> /ɔ̃/<br /> <Un, un> /œ̃/<br /> <Um, um> /œ̃/<br /> </poem><br /> However, if there are two <N, n> or <M, m> following a vowel, then it is not nasalized but pronounced as V+[n or m] instead (<Ann, ann> [an], <Amm, amm> [am],... etc). Besides, vocalic graphemes other than <A, a>, <E, e>, <I, i>, <O, o>, <U, u> do not get nasalized when followed by an <N, n> or <M, m>.<br /> =====Diphtongues=====<br /> They have been described as diphtongues, but should rather be analyzed as combinations of vowels and approximants. There are three different approximants : /j/, /w/ and /ɥ/, which only appear in a limited number of cases.<br /> *Diphtongues /j/ + vowel :<br /> They are usually written with a <I, i> followed by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <I, i> stands for /j/ :<br /> <poem><br /> <Ia, ia> [ja]<br /> <Ie, ie> [jə]<br /> <Iç, iç> [je]<br /> <Iù, iù> [jœ]<br /> <Iÿ, iÿ> [jɛ]<br /> <Io, io> [jo] or [jɔ]<br /> <Iu, iu> [jy]<br /> <Iô, iô> [jo]<br /> <Iä, iä> [jɑ̃]<br /> <Ià, ià> [jɔ̃]<br /> <Ié, ié> [jɛ̃]<br /> <Iè, iè> [jœ̃]<br /> <Ii, ii> [ji]<br /> <Iou, iou> [ju]<br /> <Ieu, ieu> [jø]<br /> </poem><br /> However, there are a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> ÜÃ, üã [ja]<br /> ÜÕ, üõ [jo]<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues vowel + /j/ :<br /> They are usually written with a <Ü, ü> preceded by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <Ü, ü> stands for /j/ (minus the exceptions above) :<br /> <poem><br /> <AÜ, aü> [aj]<br /> <EÜ, eü> [əj]<br /> <EÜ, çü> [ej]<br /> <EÜ, ùü> [œj]<br /> <EÜ, ÿü> [ɛj]<br /> <OÜ, oü> [oj] or [ɔj]<br /> <UÜ, uü> [yj]<br /> <ÔÜ, ôü> [oj]<br /> <ÄÜ, äü> [aɑ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, àü> [ɔ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, éü> [ɛ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, èü> [œ̃j]<br /> <ÃÜ, ãü> [aj]<br /> <ÕÜ, õü> [oj]<br /> <EUÜ, euü> [øj]<br /> </poem><br /> There are also a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> EÎ, eî [əj]<br /> EÎ, çî [ej]<br /> EÎ, ùî [œj]<br /> EÎ, ÿî [ɛj]<br /> IÎ, iî [ij]<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues with /w/ :<br /> These are usually written with a <O, o>, either followed or preceded by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <O, o> stands for /w/ :<br /> <poem><br /> <Oa, oa> [wa]<br /> <Oe, oe> [wə]<br /> <Oç, oç> [we]<br /> <Où, où> [wœ]<br /> <Oÿ, oÿ> [wɛ]<br /> <Oo, oo> [wo] or [wɔ]<br /> <Oy, oy> [wy]<br /> <Oô, oô> [wo]<br /> <Oä, oä> [wɑ̃]<br /> <Oà, oà> [wɔ̃]<br /> <Oé, oé> [wɛ̃]<br /> <Oè, oè> [wœ̃] (This one was described as [wœ̃] already in the original documentation (instead of expected [wæ̃] and has therefore cast some doubt on the identification of vowels /ø/, /œ/ and /œ̃/.)<br /> <Oi, oi> [wi]<br /> <Oeu, oeu> [wø]<br /> And reciprocally (<Ao, ao> [aw]... etc).<br /> </poem><br /> There are however a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> <Io, io> is ambiguous and can denote either /iw/ or /jo/<br /> <Oi, oi> is ambiguous and can denote either /i/ or /wi/<br /> <Oe, oe> is ambiguous and can denote either /wə/ or /ø/<br /> <OU/Ou, ou> always denotes /u/ (/wy/ is denoted <Oy, oy> instead).<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues with /ɥ/ :<br /> <poem><br /> UÎ, uî [ɥi]<br /> Ui, ui [ɥi]<br /> Ua, ua [ɥa]<br /> Uç, uç [ɥe]<br /> Uÿ, uÿ [ɥɛ]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Triphtongues=====<br /> They should also be analyzed as combinations of approximant + vowel + approximant. Besides using <I, i> and <O, o> or even <Ü, ü> and <U, u>, there is a handful of special spellings that denote such "triphtongues" :<br /> <poem><br /> ÜÂ, üâ [jaj]<br /> ÜY, üy [jɔj]<br /> ÊÜ, êü [jaj]<br /> YÜ, yü [joj] or [jɔj]<br /> ÃÎ, ãî [aji]<br /> ÕÎ, õî [oji]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Word-final position induced changes=====<br /> The original consonants /g/ <G, g>, /l/ <L, l> and syllable /wi/ <W, w> turn into [j] when in a word-final position. Instead, the spellings <gue>, <lle> and <wi> are used.<br /> <poem><br /> <g> /j/<br /> <l> /j/<br /> <w> /j/<br /> <gue> /g/<br /> <lle> /l/<br /> <wi> /wi/<br /> </poem><br /> There are some other special spellings :<br /> <poem><br /> <ebm> /ɛjm/<br /> <ebn> /ɛjn/<br /> </poem><br /> Finally, some letters are simply not pronounced at the end of a word, and other spellings are used instead :<br /> <poem><br /> <e><br /> <ô><br /> <d><br /> <nowiki><q></nowiki><br /> <nowiki><s></nowiki><br /> <t><br /> <z><br /> <er><br /> <dde> /d/<br /> <qe> /ʃ/<br /> <sse> /θ/ (or possibly /s/ ?)<br /> <tte> /t/<br /> <ze> /z/<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ====Table of phonemes and their principal corresponding graphemes====<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m <M, m><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n <N, n><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ <Ñ, ñ><br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ <ÎÑ, îñ><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p <P, p> ; b <B, b><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ <TÛ, tû> ; t <T, t> ; d̚ <DÛ, dû> ; d <D, d><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k <K, k> ; g <G, g><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s <C, c> alt. <TĦ/Tħ, tħ> ; z <Z, z> alt. <DĦ/Dħ, dħ> alt. <SĦ/Sħ, sħ><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ <Q, q> ; ʒ <Ö, ö> alt. <JĦ/Jħ, jħ> alt. <QJ/Qj, qj><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ <QÛ, qû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ <ÎF, îf> ; β <ÎV, îv><br /> |colspan="2"| f <F, f> alt. <PĦ/Pħ, pħ> ; v <V, v> alt. <BĦ/Bħ, bħ><br /> |colspan="2"| θ <S, s> alt. <Tûhh, s> ; ð <J, j> <br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ <HÛ, hû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ <ÎQ, îq> ; ɧ̙ʷ̬ <ÎÖ, îö> alt. <LÎÖ, lîö><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <ÎX, îx><br /> |colspan="2"| χ <X, x> ; ʁ <R, r><br /> |colspan="2"| h <H, h><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ <RÛ, rû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j <I, i> (before a vowel), <Ü, ü> (after a vowel) ; ɥ <U, u> (before some vowels)<br /> |colspan="2"| w <O, o> (before or after a vowel)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r <LÛ, lû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ <RX, rx><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ <ĦÛ, ħû> <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l <L, l> ɫ <Û, û><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg <ÎÑg, îñg><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i <I, i> alt. <Oi, oi> ; y <U, u><br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ <Î, î> alt. <Ï, ï><br /> |colspan="2"|u <OU/Ou, ou><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e <E, ç/ë> ; ø <EU/Eu, eu> alt. <OE/Oe, oe><br /> |colspan="2"| ə <E, e><br /> |colspan="2"|o <O, o> alt. <Ô, ô> alt. <Õ, õ><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ <E, ÿ/ê> alt. <EA, ea> ; œ <E, ù/ĕ> alt. <EÔ/Eô, eô> ; ɛ̃ <Ä, é/â> ; œ̃ <Ä, è/ä><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ <O, o> ; ɔ̃ <Ä, à/ă><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä <A, a> alt. <Ã, ã><br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃ <Ä, ä><br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Prosody===<br /> ====Stress====<br /> ====Intonation====<br /> <br /> ===Phonotactics===<br /> <br /> ===Morphophonology===<br /> <br /> ==Morphology==<br /> <br /> There are five main parts of speech in Qtolqjimctadû : nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and adpositions.<br /> <br /> ===Nouns===<br /> Nouns have definiteness, gender, and number. Definiteness is marked by definite and indefinite articles which agree in gender and number with the nouns. There are three genders : neuter, masculine, and feminine. <br /> <br /> ====Gender====<br /> Gender is usually marked by the ending of the noun. Nouns that correspond to non-animate things are usually neutral whereas nouns that describe animate things are usually masculine or feminine. However, some nouns can have all three genders, with the masculine and feminine forms built on an underlying neutral form ; this is common for instance for animal names, or for professions.<br /> <br /> According to documentation, most neuter nouns in the singular end either in <nowiki><-e></nowiki> or in a consonant. There is however no indication of how to distinguish masculine and feminine nouns, but based on the description of neuter forms, it may be posited that they must typically end in some kinds of vowels. Nouns that end in <nowiki><-e></nowiki> in the singular neuter are part of a paradigm that builds masculine and feminine forms on this underlying neuter form :<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Ending in -e<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || -e /ə/ || -ea /ɛ/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || -e /ə/ || -ebn /ɛjn/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || -ea /ɛ/ || -ean /əɑ̃/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> According to documentation, it is common for the neuter to present as a masculine singular ending in the singular, and as a feminine singular ending in the plural.<br /> <br /> ====Definiteness====<br /> Earlier documentation does not explicitly state that the definite and definite articles must agree with nouns in number and gender, but it is apparent in corpus that there is at least a masculine or neutral singular definite article that differs from a feminine singular definite article. From this and comparison with other versions of Tolsian, one can infer that articles, both definite and indefinite, come in at least three forms : masculine singular, feminine singular, and a plural form that covers all genders. Based on the existence of a neutral gender, it may be posited that there must be a neutral singular form as well. There is however no actual indication of whether there is only one plural form for all genders, or if there are also different plural forms for different genders. We'll assume the following paradigm :<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Definite and indefinite articles<br /> |-<br /> ! Definiteness / Gender !! Neuter !! Masculine !! Feminine !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Definite|| - || pna /pna/ || pnÿ /pnɛ/ || -<br /> |-<br /> | Indefinite|| -|| -|| ad /a/ || -<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ====Number====<br /> There are two numbers, singular and plural ; singular is unmarked while plural is marked with a suffix that differs depending on the ending of the noun.<br /> Besides the "-e" paradigm above, different groups of endings take different plural markings. It is likely that the consonantal endings indicate neuter nouns, whereas the vocalic endings indicate masculine and feminine nouns.<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Table of plurals<br /> |-<br /> ! Types of endings !! Plural affix !! Pronunciation<br /> |-<br /> | -c ; -f ; -j ; -l ; -m ; -n ; -v ; -û ; -ë || -c || -cc /s/ ; -fc /fs/ ; -jc /θ/ ; -lc /js/ ; -mc ; -nc ; -vc /fs/ ; -ûc /ɫ/ ; -ëc /bɾɛk/<br /> |-<br /> | -b ; -d ; -g ; -p ; -q ; -w ; -ü ; -k || -tt || -btt /pt/ ; -dtt /d̚/ ; -gtt /kt/ ; -ptt /pt/ ; -qtt /ʃt/ ; -wtt /wit/ ; -ütt /jt/ ; -ktt /kt/<br /> |-<br /> | -s ; -r || -ch || -sch /ʃ/ ; -rch /?/ ("[hˤ]" see notes on consonants) ; -rsch /ʁʃa/<br /> |-<br /> | -h ; -t ; -x ; -z ; -ö ; -ñ || -c or -tt || -hc /k/ ; -tc /ts/ ; -xc /χs/ ; -zc /s/ ; -öc /s/ ; -ñc /s/ <p> -htt /ht/ ; -ttt /t̚/ ; -xtt /χt/ ; -ztt /st/ ; -ött /ʃt/ ; -ñtt /t/<br /> |-<br /> | Vowel endings (other than "e") || -es || not pronounced.<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ====Pronouns====<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Personal subject pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Pronoun<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || I || êü /jaj/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || you || oü /oj/ or /ɔj/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.masc || he || tag /taj/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.fem || she || tal /taj/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.impersonal || "man", "one" || tawi /tawi/<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || we || îhalÿn /xalɛn/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || you || hiçve /hjev/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.masc || they || tagg /tag/ (or /tagj/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.fem || they || tall /tal/ (or /talj/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || you || îqann /ɧ̙ʷan/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Demonstrative pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Pronoun<br /> |-<br /> | Singular demonstrative pronoun || this || fe /fə/<br /> |-<br /> | Plural demonstrative pronoun || these || îvae /βa/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Personal reflexive pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Pronoun<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || myself || kab /kab/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || yourself || kat /ka/ (or /kat) ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.masc || himself || kaad /ka:/ (or /ka:d/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.fem || herself || kaad /ka:/ (or /ka:d/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG.impersonal || oneself || kad /ka/ (or /kad/ ?)<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || ourselves || aö /aʒ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || yourselves || av /av/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.masc || themselves || aann /a:n/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL.fem || themselves || aann /a:n/<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || yourself ; yourselves || enn /ən/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Possessive pronouns<br /> |-<br /> ! Grammatical description !! English translation !! Masculine and neuter singular !! Feminine singular !! Masculine and neuter plural !! Feminine plural<br /> |-<br /> | 1SG || my, mine || kabħe /kavə/ || kabħa /kava/ || kabħei /kavi/ || kabħae /kavaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2SG || your, yours || katħe /kasə/ || katħa /kasa/ || katħei /kasi/ || katħae /kasaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 3SG || his, her, hers, its || kadħe /kazə/ || kadħa /kaza/ || kadħei /kazi/ || kadħae /kazaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 1PL || our, ours || pħaöe /faʒə/ || pħaöa /faʒa/ || pħaöei /faʒi/ || pħaöae /faʒaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2PL || your, yours || pħave /favə/ || pħava /fava/ || pħavei /favi/ || pħavae /favaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 3PL || their, theirs || pħann /fan/ || pħana /fana/ || pħani /fani/ || pħanae /fanaɥ/<br /> |-<br /> | 2POLITE || your, yours || ïqann /iʃan/ || aîqann /aɧ̙ʷan/ || ïqani /iʃani/ || aîqane /aɧ̙ʷan/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Syntax==<br /> ===Constituent order===<br /> ===Noun phrase===<br /> ===Verb phrase===<br /> ===Sentence phrase===<br /> ===Dependent clauses===<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Example texts==<br /> <br /> ==Other resources==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Qtolqjimctadû]]<br /> [[Category:Languages]]<br /> [[Category:Conlangs]]<br /> [[Category:Tolsian]]</div>

Uvie https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Qtolqjimctad%C3%BB&diff=526471 Qtolqjimctadû 2026-05-20T19:03:04Z

<p>Uvie: /* Number */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Introduction==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ<br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p b<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ t d̚ d<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k g<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s z<br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ ʒ <br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ β<br /> |colspan="2"| f v<br /> |colspan="2"| θ ð<br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ ɧ̙ʷ̬<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <br /> |colspan="2"| χ ʁ<br /> |colspan="2"| h<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j ɥ<br /> |colspan="2"| w<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l ɫ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> Notes :<br /> <br /> In earlier documentation, proper knowledge of IPA was lacking and several of the phonemes had to be identified from either phonetically inaccurate IPA descriptions or vague, impressionistic ones. Several phonemes could not be recovered. Here is a list of deviations from the above table :<br /> <poem><br /> Identified phonemes :<br /> /ɸ/ was described as [fʷ] (written <ÎF, îf>).<br /> /β/ was described as [vʷ] (written <ÎV, îv>).<br /> /ʁ/ was described as [ʀ] (written <R, r>).<br /> /ʀ/ was described as [rˤ] (''sorte de « r » très roulé'', written <RX, rx>).<br /> /ɹ/ was described as [ʀˤ] (''sorte de « r » anglais'', written <RÛ, rû>).<br /> /ɫ/ was described as [l̪ ] (''comme à la fin du mot anglais "well"'', written <Û, û>).<br /> /χ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [x] (written <X, x>), while /x/ itself was most likely described as [xˤ] (written <ÎX, îx>).<br /> /ŋ/ was probably described as [ɲˤ] (written <ÎÑ, îñ>), while the sound described as [ŋ] (written <ÎÑg, îñg>) probably corresponded to /ᵑg/.<br /> /ɾ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [r̺] (written <ĦÛ, ħû>, as well as part of the cluster /bɾ/+V with the help of <Ë, ë> as [bɾə], described as [br̺ə]).<br /> /r/ might have been what was described as [r] (''sorte de « r » roulé à la japonaise'', written <LÛ, lû>).<br /> /ɧ̙ʷ/ and its voiced version /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ are, to this day, subject to doubt regarding their IPA descriptions. They were most likely corresponding to the sounds described as [ʃ ̪ ] (written <ÎQ, îq>) and [ʒ̺̺̺ ] (written <ÎÖ, îö> or <LÎÖ, lîö>).<br /> /t̚/ and /d̚/ are also subject to some doubt regarding their IPA descriptions still. They were described as [t̪] (written <TÛ, tû>) and [d̪] (written <DÛ, dû>).<br /> The phoneme described as [ʃʲ] probably has a realization closer to [ç] or [ɕ] (written <QÛ, qû>).<br /> <br /> Unidentified or very doubtful phonemes :<br /> Some /h/-like phoneme, described as [hˤ] (written <ÎH, îh>). It might have corresponded to /ɣ/, but it is not very likely.<br /> /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ might have been what was described as [l̤ʲ] (written <HÛ, hû>). Based on its spelling it is more likely to be devoiced.<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i y<br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ<br /> |colspan="2"|u<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e ø<br /> |colspan="2"| ə<br /> |colspan="2"|o<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ œ ɛ̃ œ̃<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ ɔ̃<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä<br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃<br /> |}<br /> Vowel length is supposed to be phonemic, with regular (or short) vowels, and long vowels.<br /> <br /> Similarly to consonants, some vowels had to be "re-identified" from previous documentation and some deviations arise :<br /> <poem><br /> /œ/ is probably what was described as [æ] (written <Ù, ù> or <E, ĕ> or <EÔ/Eô, eô>).<br /> /œ̃/ is probably what was described as [æ̃] (written <Ä, è> or <Ä, ä>).<br /> /ø/ is probably what was described as [œ] (written <EU/Eu, eu> or <OE/Oe, oe>).<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Orthography===<br /> Orthography was made complicated on purpose.<br /> <br /> ====Alphabet====<br /> <poem><br /> A, a /a/<br /> B, b /b/<br /> C, c /s/<br /> D, d /d/<br /> E, e /ə/ ; E, ç/ë /e/ ; E, ù/ĕ /œ/ ; E, ÿ/ê /ɛ/<br /> F, f /f/<br /> G, g /g/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> H, h /h/<br /> Ħ, ħ soundless ; mostly used in composed graphemes.<br /> I, i /i/<br /> J, j /ð/<br /> K, k /k/<br /> L, l /l/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> M, m /m/<br /> N, n /n/<br /> O, o /o/ or /ɔ/<br /> P, p /p/<br /> Q, q /ʃ/<br /> R, r /ʁ/<br /> S, s /θ/<br /> T, t /t/<br /> U, u /y/<br /> V, v /v/<br /> W, w /wi/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> X, x /χ/<br /> Y, y /jo/ or /ɔj/<br /> Z, z /z/<br /> Â, â /aj/<br /> Ê, ê /ja/<br /> Û, û /ɫ/<br /> Î, î /ɨ/ soundless when used in composed graphemes.<br /> Ô, ô /o/<br /> Ä, ä /ɑ̃/ ; Ä, à/ă /ɔ̃/ ; Ä, é/â /ɛ̃/ ; Ä, è/ä /œ̃/<br /> Ë, ë /bɾə/<br /> Ü, ü /j/<br /> Ï, ï /ɨ/<br /> Ö, ö /ʒ/<br /> Ã, ã /a/<br /> Õ, õ /o/<br /> Ñ, ñ /ɲ/<br /> </poem><br /> =====History=====<br /> Like most, if not all, versions of Tolsian, Qtolqjimctadû was meant to be written with the original Tolsian script. Some graphemes were chosen because of the limitations of the French keyboard, but were initally supposed to correspond to another, preexisting grapheme, with a diacritic, in order to reflect the original script. Some graphemes with diacritic are supposed to represent letters in the original script that are not simply versions of another letter with a diacritic ; this is why in the list below, <nowiki><ë></nowiki> appears to represent /e/, alongside <nowiki><ç></nowiki>, whereas in <Ë, ë> it represents /bɾə/ in the alphabet : they have different underlying identities.<br /> <poem><br /> <e> with diaeresis ¨ becomes <ç> (or <ë>)<br /> <e> with cedilla or possibly hook below (''accent « petite courbe vers le bas »'') becomes <ù> (or <ĕ>)<br /> <e> with circumflex accent ^ becomes <ÿ> (or <ê>)<br /> <O, o> (or <Ô, ô> ?) with circumflex accent becomes <Õ, õ><br /> <U, u> with dieresis becomes <Ü, ü><br /> <U, u> with circumflex accent becomes <Û, û><br /> <Â, â> with circumflex accent becomes <Ê, ê><br /> <Î, î> with circumflex accent becomes <Ï, ï><br /> <ä> with cedilla or hook below becomes <à> (o <ă>)<br /> <ä> with circumflex becomes <é> (or <â>)<br /> <ä> with diaeresis becomes <è> (or <ä>)<br /> <Â, â> with circumflex becomes <Ã, ã><br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ====Spelling rules====<br /> Long vowels are spelled with doubled graphemes (<Aa, aa> /a:/, etc).<br /> <br /> Some graphemes, namely <E, e> /ə/ ; <E, ç/ë> /e/ ; <E, ù/ĕ> /œ/ ; <E, ÿ/ê> /ɛ/ and <Ä, ä> /ɑ̃/ ; <Ä, à/ă> /ɔ̃/ ; <Ä, é/â> /ɛ̃/ ; <Ä, è/ä /œ̃/> use the same capital letter, but different minuscule letters, for different phonemes. This is partly due to limitations on a French keyboard, and partly to reflect the original Tolsian script in which these phonemes use the same letter but with different diacritics.<br /> <br /> The grapheme <Î, î> denotes /ɨ/, except in front of some consonants (<F, f>, <V, v>, <Q, q>, <Ö, ö>, <Ñ, ñ>, <X, x>, <H, h>) ; the grapheme <Ï, ï> is used instead in order to denote /ɨ/.<br /> <br /> There are many digraphs and even trigraphs ; usually, all letters are capitalized, when capitalization is needed.<br /> =====Digraphs with <Î, î>=====<br /> In the original documentation, these are described as "purified" (''épurés'').<br /> <poem><br /> ÎF, îf /ɸ/<br /> ÎV, îv /β/<br /> ÎQ, îq /ɧ̙ʷ/<br /> ÎÖ, îö /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ <br /> ÎÑ, îñ /ŋ/<br /> ÎX, îx /x/<br /> ÎH, îh unknown, possibly /ɣ/<br /> </poem><br /> It is unclear if the following are considered to be "purified" :<br /> <poem><br /> <Äî, äî> /an/<br /> <Äî, àî> /on/ or /ɔn/<br /> <Äî, éî> /in/ or /im/<br /> <Äî, èî> /un/ or /œm/<br /> </poem><br /> =====Trigraphs with <Î, î>=====<br /> These were also considered to be "purified".<br /> <poem><br /> LÎÖ, lîö /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ <br /> ÎÑg, îñg /ᵑg/<br /> </poem><br /> =====Digraphs with <Û, û>=====<br /> Some of these digraphs were originally described as "wet" (''mouillés'') :<br /> <poem><br /> TÛ, tû /t̚/<br /> QÛ, qû /ʃʲ/ (probably realized [ç] or [ɕ])<br /> DÛ, dû /d̚/<br /> </poem><br /> Others were not considered to be "wet" :<br /> <poem><br /> LÛ, lû /r/<br /> HÛ, hû possibly /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ <br /> ĦÛ, ħû /ɾ/<br /> RÛ, rû /ɹ/ <br /> <br /> =====Trigraphs with <Û, û>=====<br /> There is only one such trigraph, and only the first letter is capitalized, if needed. It is possibly meant to appear only word-initially as it was only given as <Tûhh> :<br /> Tûhh /θ/<br /> <br /> =====Digraphs with <Ħ, ħ>=====<br /> These can also be written as trigraphs, swapping <Ħ, ħ> for <Hh, hh>. As digraphs, one may likewise capitalize both letters or only the first one. As trigraphs, Only the first letter is capitalized.<br /> Ħ, ħ can be found on its own but is soundless. It may be used as part of the following digraphs, or used to maintain a hiatus between vowels and <I, i> or <O, o>. It can also be written <Hh, hh>.<br /> PĦ/Pħ, pħ /f/ (or <Phh, phh>)<br /> TĦ/Tħ, tħ /s/ (or <Thh, thh><br /> JĦ/Jħ, jħ /ʒ/ (or <Jhh, jhh>)<br /> BĦ/Bħ, bħ /v/ (or <Bhh, bhh>)<br /> DĦ/Dħ, dħ /z/ (or <Dhh, dhh>)<br /> SĦ/Sħ, sħ /z/ (or <Shh, shh>)<br /> <br /> =====Digraphs and trigraph with <Ë, ë>=====<br /> The phoneme /ɾ/ also appears as part of a syllable /bɾə/, written <Ë, ë>. When <Ë, ë> is followed by a vowel, the /ə/ is replaced by that vowel :<br /> Ëa, ëa [bɾa]<br /> Ëç, ëç [bɾe]<br /> Ëÿ, ëÿ [bɾɛ]<br /> Ëu, ëu [bɾy]<br /> Ëo, ëo [bɾo] or [bɾɔ]<br /> Ëï, ëï [bɾi]<br /> Ëä, ëä [bɾɑ̃]<br /> Ëà, ëà [bɾɔ̃]<br /> Ëé, ëé [bɾɛ̃]<br /> Ëè, ëè [bɾœ̃]<br /> Ëou, ëou [bɾu]<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> =====Some more consonantal digraphs=====<br /> RX, rx /ʀ/<br /> QJ/Qj, qj /ʒ/<br /> =====Vocalic digraphs=====<br /> <poem><br /> <Oi, oi> [i]<br /> <EU/Eu, eu> [ø]<br /> <OU/Ou, ou> [u]<br /> <EA, ea> [ɛ]<br /> (But <Ea, ea> [əa])<br /> <OE/Oe, oe> [ø]<br /> <EÔ/Eô, eô> [œ]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Nasal vowels=====<br /> Some digraphs and trigraphs denote nasal vowels, with <N, n> and <M, m> :<br /> <poem><br /> <An, an> /ɑ̃/<br /> <Am, am> /ɑ̃/<br /> <En, en> /ɑ̃/<br /> <Em, em> /ɑ̃/<br /> <In, in> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Im, im> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Ein, ein> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Eim, eim> /ɛ̃/<br /> <On, on> /ɔ̃/<br /> <Om, om> /ɔ̃/<br /> <Un, un> /œ̃/<br /> <Um, um> /œ̃/<br /> </poem><br /> However, if there are two <N, n> or <M, m> following a vowel, then it is not nasalized but pronounced as V+[n or m] instead (<Ann, ann> [an], <Amm, amm> [am],... etc). Besides, vocalic graphemes other than <A, a>, <E, e>, <I, i>, <O, o>, <U, u> do not get nasalized when followed by an <N, n> or <M, m>.<br /> =====Diphtongues=====<br /> They have been described as diphtongues, but should rather be analyzed as combinations of vowels and approximants. There are three different approximants : /j/, /w/ and /ɥ/, which only appear in a limited number of cases.<br /> *Diphtongues /j/ + vowel :<br /> They are usually written with a <I, i> followed by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <I, i> stands for /j/ :<br /> <poem><br /> <Ia, ia> [ja]<br /> <Ie, ie> [jə]<br /> <Iç, iç> [je]<br /> <Iù, iù> [jœ]<br /> <Iÿ, iÿ> [jɛ]<br /> <Io, io> [jo] or [jɔ]<br /> <Iu, iu> [jy]<br /> <Iô, iô> [jo]<br /> <Iä, iä> [jɑ̃]<br /> <Ià, ià> [jɔ̃]<br /> <Ié, ié> [jɛ̃]<br /> <Iè, iè> [jœ̃]<br /> <Ii, ii> [ji]<br /> <Iou, iou> [ju]<br /> <Ieu, ieu> [jø]<br /> </poem><br /> However, there are a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> ÜÃ, üã [ja]<br /> ÜÕ, üõ [jo]<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues vowel + /j/ :<br /> They are usually written with a <Ü, ü> preceded by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <Ü, ü> stands for /j/ (minus the exceptions above) :<br /> <poem><br /> <AÜ, aü> [aj]<br /> <EÜ, eü> [əj]<br /> <EÜ, çü> [ej]<br /> <EÜ, ùü> [œj]<br /> <EÜ, ÿü> [ɛj]<br /> <OÜ, oü> [oj] or [ɔj]<br /> <UÜ, uü> [yj]<br /> <ÔÜ, ôü> [oj]<br /> <ÄÜ, äü> [aɑ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, àü> [ɔ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, éü> [ɛ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, èü> [œ̃j]<br /> <ÃÜ, ãü> [aj]<br /> <ÕÜ, õü> [oj]<br /> <EUÜ, euü> [øj]<br /> </poem><br /> There are also a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> EÎ, eî [əj]<br /> EÎ, çî [ej]<br /> EÎ, ùî [œj]<br /> EÎ, ÿî [ɛj]<br /> IÎ, iî [ij]<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues with /w/ :<br /> These are usually written with a <O, o>, either followed or preceded by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <O, o> stands for /w/ :<br /> <poem><br /> <Oa, oa> [wa]<br /> <Oe, oe> [wə]<br /> <Oç, oç> [we]<br /> <Où, où> [wœ]<br /> <Oÿ, oÿ> [wɛ]<br /> <Oo, oo> [wo] or [wɔ]<br /> <Oy, oy> [wy]<br /> <Oô, oô> [wo]<br /> <Oä, oä> [wɑ̃]<br /> <Oà, oà> [wɔ̃]<br /> <Oé, oé> [wɛ̃]<br /> <Oè, oè> [wœ̃] (This one was described as [wœ̃] already in the original documentation (instead of expected [wæ̃] and has therefore cast some doubt on the identification of vowels /ø/, /œ/ and /œ̃/.)<br /> <Oi, oi> [wi]<br /> <Oeu, oeu> [wø]<br /> And reciprocally (<Ao, ao> [aw]... etc).<br /> </poem><br /> There are however a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> <Io, io> is ambiguous and can denote either /iw/ or /jo/<br /> <Oi, oi> is ambiguous and can denote either /i/ or /wi/<br /> <Oe, oe> is ambiguous and can denote either /wə/ or /ø/<br /> <OU/Ou, ou> always denotes /u/ (/wy/ is denoted <Oy, oy> instead).<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues with /ɥ/ :<br /> <poem><br /> UÎ, uî [ɥi]<br /> Ui, ui [ɥi]<br /> Ua, ua [ɥa]<br /> Uç, uç [ɥe]<br /> Uÿ, uÿ [ɥɛ]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Triphtongues=====<br /> They should also be analyzed as combinations of approximant + vowel + approximant. Besides using <I, i> and <O, o> or even <Ü, ü> and <U, u>, there is a handful of special spellings that denote such "triphtongues" :<br /> <poem><br /> ÜÂ, üâ [jaj]<br /> ÜY, üy [jɔj]<br /> ÊÜ, êü [jaj]<br /> YÜ, yü [joj] or [jɔj]<br /> ÃÎ, ãî [aji]<br /> ÕÎ, õî [oji]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Word-final position induced changes=====<br /> The original consonants /g/ <G, g>, /l/ <L, l> and syllable /wi/ <W, w> turn into [j] when in a word-final position. Instead, the spellings <gue>, <lle> and <wi> are used.<br /> <poem><br /> <g> /j/<br /> <l> /j/<br /> <w> /j/<br /> <gue> /g/<br /> <lle> /l/<br /> <wi> /wi/<br /> </poem><br /> There are some other special spellings :<br /> <poem><br /> <ebm> /ɛjm/<br /> <ebn> /ɛjn/<br /> </poem><br /> Finally, some letters are simply not pronounced at the end of a word, and other spellings are used instead :<br /> <poem><br /> <e><br /> <ô><br /> <d><br /> <nowiki><q></nowiki><br /> <nowiki><s></nowiki><br /> <t><br /> <z><br /> <er><br /> <dde> /d/<br /> <qe> /ʃ/<br /> <sse> /θ/ (or possibly /s/ ?)<br /> <tte> /t/<br /> <ze> /z/<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ====Table of phonemes and their principal corresponding graphemes====<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m <M, m><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n <N, n><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ <Ñ, ñ><br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ <ÎÑ, îñ><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p <P, p> ; b <B, b><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ <TÛ, tû> ; t <T, t> ; d̚ <DÛ, dû> ; d <D, d><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k <K, k> ; g <G, g><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s <C, c> alt. <TĦ/Tħ, tħ> ; z <Z, z> alt. <DĦ/Dħ, dħ> alt. <SĦ/Sħ, sħ><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ <Q, q> ; ʒ <Ö, ö> alt. <JĦ/Jħ, jħ> alt. <QJ/Qj, qj><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ <QÛ, qû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ <ÎF, îf> ; β <ÎV, îv><br /> |colspan="2"| f <F, f> alt. <PĦ/Pħ, pħ> ; v <V, v> alt. <BĦ/Bħ, bħ><br /> |colspan="2"| θ <S, s> alt. <Tûhh, s> ; ð <J, j> <br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ <HÛ, hû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ <ÎQ, îq> ; ɧ̙ʷ̬ <ÎÖ, îö> alt. <LÎÖ, lîö><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <ÎX, îx><br /> |colspan="2"| χ <X, x> ; ʁ <R, r><br /> |colspan="2"| h <H, h><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ <RÛ, rû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j <I, i> (before a vowel), <Ü, ü> (after a vowel) ; ɥ <U, u> (before some vowels)<br /> |colspan="2"| w <O, o> (before or after a vowel)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r <LÛ, lû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ <RX, rx><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ <ĦÛ, ħû> <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l <L, l> ɫ <Û, û><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg <ÎÑg, îñg><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i <I, i> alt. <Oi, oi> ; y <U, u><br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ <Î, î> alt. <Ï, ï><br /> |colspan="2"|u <OU/Ou, ou><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e <E, ç/ë> ; ø <EU/Eu, eu> alt. <OE/Oe, oe><br /> |colspan="2"| ə <E, e><br /> |colspan="2"|o <O, o> alt. <Ô, ô> alt. <Õ, õ><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ <E, ÿ/ê> alt. <EA, ea> ; œ <E, ù/ĕ> alt. <EÔ/Eô, eô> ; ɛ̃ <Ä, é/â> ; œ̃ <Ä, è/ä><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ <O, o> ; ɔ̃ <Ä, à/ă><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä <A, a> alt. <Ã, ã><br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃ <Ä, ä><br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Prosody===<br /> ====Stress====<br /> ====Intonation====<br /> <br /> ===Phonotactics===<br /> <br /> ===Morphophonology===<br /> <br /> ==Morphology==<br /> <br /> There are five main parts of speech in Qtolqjimctadû : nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and adpositions.<br /> <br /> ===Nouns===<br /> Nouns have definiteness, gender, and number. Definiteness is marked by definite and indefinite articles which agree in gender and number with the nouns. There are three genders : neuter, masculine, and feminine. <br /> <br /> ====Gender====<br /> Gender is usually marked by the ending of the noun. Nouns that correspond to non-animate things are usually neutral whereas nouns that describe animate things are usually masculine or feminine. However, some nouns can have all three genders, with the masculine and feminine forms built on an underlying neutral form ; this is common for instance for animal names, or for professions.<br /> <br /> According to documentation, most neuter nouns in the singular end either in <nowiki><-e></nowiki> or in a consonant. There is however no indication of how to distinguish masculine and feminine nouns, but based on the description of neuter forms, it may be posited that they must typically end in some kinds of vowels. Nouns that end in <nowiki><-e></nowiki> in the singular neuter are part of a paradigm that builds masculine and feminine forms on this underlying neuter form :<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Ending in -e<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || -e /ə/ || -ea /ɛ/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || -e /ə/ || -ebn /ɛjn/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || -ea /ɛ/ || -ean /əɑ̃/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> According to documentation, it is common for the neuter to present as a masculine singular ending in the singular, and as a feminine singular ending in the plural.<br /> <br /> ====Definiteness====<br /> Earlier documentation does not explicitly state that the definite and definite articles must agree with nouns in number and gender, but it is apparent in corpus that there is at least a masculine or neutral singular definite article that differs from a feminine singular definite article. From this and comparison with other versions of Tolsian, one can infer that articles, both definite and indefinite, come in at least three forms : masculine singular, feminine singular, and a plural form that covers all genders. Based on the existence of a neutral gender, it may be posited that there must be a neutral singular form as well. There is however no actual indication of whether there is only one plural form for all genders, or if there are also different plural forms for different genders. We'll assume the following paradigm :<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Definite and indefinite articles<br /> |-<br /> ! Definiteness / Gender !! Neuter !! Masculine !! Feminine !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Definite|| - || pna /pna/ || pnÿ /pnɛ/ || -<br /> |-<br /> | Indefinite|| -|| -|| ad /a/ || -<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ====Number====<br /> There are two numbers, singular and plural ; singular is unmarked while plural is marked with a suffix that differs depending on the ending of the noun.<br /> Besides the "-e" paradigm above, different groups of endings take different plural markings. It is likely that the consonantal endings indicate neuter nouns, whereas the vocalic endings indicate masculine and feminine nouns.<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Table of plurals<br /> |-<br /> ! Types of endings !! Plural affix !! Pronunciation<br /> |-<br /> | -c ; -f ; -j ; -l ; -m ; -n ; -v ; -û ; -ë || -c || -cc /s/ ; -fc /fs/ ; -jc /θ/ ; -lc /js/ ; -mc ; -nc ; -vc /fs/ ; -ûc /ɫ/ ; -ëc /bɾɛk/<br /> |-<br /> | -b ; -d ; -g ; -p ; -q ; -w ; -ü ; -k || -tt || -btt /pt/ ; -dtt /d̚/ ; -gtt /kt/ ; -ptt /pt/ ; -qtt /ʃt/ ; -wtt /wit/ ; -ütt /jt/ ; -ktt /kt/<br /> |-<br /> | -s ; -r || -ch || -sch /ʃ/ ; -rch /?/ ("[hˤ]" see notes on consonants) ; -rsch /ʁʃa/<br /> |-<br /> | -h ; -t ; -x ; -z ; -ö ; -ñ || -c or -tt || -hc /k/ ; -tc /ts/ ; -xc /χs/ ; -zc /s/ ; -öc /s/ ; -ñc /s/ <p> -htt /ht/ ; -ttt /t̚/ ; -xtt /χt/ ; -ztt /st/ ; -ött /ʃt/ ; -ñtt /t/<br /> |-<br /> | Vowel endings (other than "e") || -es || not pronounced.<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Syntax==<br /> ===Constituent order===<br /> ===Noun phrase===<br /> ===Verb phrase===<br /> ===Sentence phrase===<br /> ===Dependent clauses===<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Example texts==<br /> <br /> ==Other resources==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Qtolqjimctadû]]<br /> [[Category:Languages]]<br /> [[Category:Conlangs]]<br /> [[Category:Tolsian]]</div>

Uvie https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Qtolqjimctad%C3%BB&diff=526405 Qtolqjimctadû 2026-05-20T16:27:55Z

<p>Uvie: /* Nouns */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Introduction==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ<br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p b<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ t d̚ d<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k g<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s z<br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ ʒ <br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ β<br /> |colspan="2"| f v<br /> |colspan="2"| θ ð<br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ ɧ̙ʷ̬<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <br /> |colspan="2"| χ ʁ<br /> |colspan="2"| h<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j ɥ<br /> |colspan="2"| w<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l ɫ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> Notes :<br /> <br /> In earlier documentation, proper knowledge of IPA was lacking and several of the phonemes had to be identified from either phonetically inaccurate IPA descriptions or vague, impressionistic ones. Several phonemes could not be recovered. Here is a list of deviations from the above table :<br /> <poem><br /> Identified phonemes :<br /> /ɸ/ was described as [fʷ] (written <ÎF, îf>).<br /> /β/ was described as [vʷ] (written <ÎV, îv>).<br /> /ʁ/ was described as [ʀ] (written <R, r>).<br /> /ʀ/ was described as [rˤ] (''sorte de « r » très roulé'', written <RX, rx>).<br /> /ɹ/ was described as [ʀˤ] (''sorte de « r » anglais'', written <RÛ, rû>).<br /> /ɫ/ was described as [l̪ ] (''comme à la fin du mot anglais "well"'', written <Û, û>).<br /> /χ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [x] (written <X, x>), while /x/ itself was most likely described as [xˤ] (written <ÎX, îx>).<br /> /ŋ/ was probably described as [ɲˤ] (written <ÎÑ, îñ>), while the sound described as [ŋ] (written <ÎÑg, îñg>) probably corresponded to /ᵑg/.<br /> /ɾ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [r̺] (written <ĦÛ, ħû>, as well as part of the cluster /bɾ/+V with the help of <Ë, ë> as [bɾə], described as [br̺ə]).<br /> /r/ might have been what was described as [r] (''sorte de « r » roulé à la japonaise'', written <LÛ, lû>).<br /> /ɧ̙ʷ/ and its voiced version /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ are, to this day, subject to doubt regarding their IPA descriptions. They were most likely corresponding to the sounds described as [ʃ ̪ ] (written <ÎQ, îq>) and [ʒ̺̺̺ ] (written <ÎÖ, îö> or <LÎÖ, lîö>).<br /> /t̚/ and /d̚/ are also subject to some doubt regarding their IPA descriptions still. They were described as [t̪] (written <TÛ, tû>) and [d̪] (written <DÛ, dû>).<br /> The phoneme described as [ʃʲ] probably has a realization closer to [ç] or [ɕ] (written <QÛ, qû>).<br /> <br /> Unidentified or very doubtful phonemes :<br /> Some /h/-like phoneme, described as [hˤ] (written <ÎH, îh>). It might have corresponded to /ɣ/, but it is not very likely.<br /> /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ might have been what was described as [l̤ʲ] (written <HÛ, hû>). Based on its spelling it is more likely to be devoiced.<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i y<br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ<br /> |colspan="2"|u<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e ø<br /> |colspan="2"| ə<br /> |colspan="2"|o<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ œ ɛ̃ œ̃<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ ɔ̃<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä<br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃<br /> |}<br /> Vowel length is supposed to be phonemic, with regular (or short) vowels, and long vowels.<br /> <br /> Similarly to consonants, some vowels had to be "re-identified" from previous documentation and some deviations arise :<br /> <poem><br /> /œ/ is probably what was described as [æ] (written <Ù, ù> or <E, ĕ> or <EÔ/Eô, eô>).<br /> /œ̃/ is probably what was described as [æ̃] (written <Ä, è> or <Ä, ä>).<br /> /ø/ is probably what was described as [œ] (written <EU/Eu, eu> or <OE/Oe, oe>).<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Orthography===<br /> Orthography was made complicated on purpose.<br /> <br /> ====Alphabet====<br /> <poem><br /> A, a /a/<br /> B, b /b/<br /> C, c /s/<br /> D, d /d/<br /> E, e /ə/ ; E, ç/ë /e/ ; E, ù/ĕ /œ/ ; E, ÿ/ê /ɛ/<br /> F, f /f/<br /> G, g /g/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> H, h /h/<br /> Ħ, ħ soundless ; mostly used in composed graphemes.<br /> I, i /i/<br /> J, j /ð/<br /> K, k /k/<br /> L, l /l/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> M, m /m/<br /> N, n /n/<br /> O, o /o/ or /ɔ/<br /> P, p /p/<br /> Q, q /ʃ/<br /> R, r /ʁ/<br /> S, s /θ/<br /> T, t /t/<br /> U, u /y/<br /> V, v /v/<br /> W, w /wi/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> X, x /χ/<br /> Y, y /jo/ or /ɔj/<br /> Z, z /z/<br /> Â, â /aj/<br /> Ê, ê /ja/<br /> Û, û /ɫ/<br /> Î, î /ɨ/ soundless when used in composed graphemes.<br /> Ô, ô /o/<br /> Ä, ä /ɑ̃/ ; Ä, à/ă /ɔ̃/ ; Ä, é/â /ɛ̃/ ; Ä, è/ä /œ̃/<br /> Ë, ë /bɾə/<br /> Ü, ü /j/<br /> Ï, ï /ɨ/<br /> Ö, ö /ʒ/<br /> Ã, ã /a/<br /> Õ, õ /o/<br /> Ñ, ñ /ɲ/<br /> </poem><br /> =====History=====<br /> Like most, if not all, versions of Tolsian, Qtolqjimctadû was meant to be written with the original Tolsian script. Some graphemes were chosen because of the limitations of the French keyboard, but were initally supposed to correspond to another, preexisting grapheme, with a diacritic, in order to reflect the original script. Some graphemes with diacritic are supposed to represent letters in the original script that are not simply versions of another letter with a diacritic ; this is why in the list below, <nowiki><ë></nowiki> appears to represent /e/, alongside <nowiki><ç></nowiki>, whereas in <Ë, ë> it represents /bɾə/ in the alphabet : they have different underlying identities.<br /> <poem><br /> <e> with diaeresis ¨ becomes <ç> (or <ë>)<br /> <e> with cedilla or possibly hook below (''accent « petite courbe vers le bas »'') becomes <ù> (or <ĕ>)<br /> <e> with circumflex accent ^ becomes <ÿ> (or <ê>)<br /> <O, o> (or <Ô, ô> ?) with circumflex accent becomes <Õ, õ><br /> <U, u> with dieresis becomes <Ü, ü><br /> <U, u> with circumflex accent becomes <Û, û><br /> <Â, â> with circumflex accent becomes <Ê, ê><br /> <Î, î> with circumflex accent becomes <Ï, ï><br /> <ä> with cedilla or hook below becomes <à> (o <ă>)<br /> <ä> with circumflex becomes <é> (or <â>)<br /> <ä> with diaeresis becomes <è> (or <ä>)<br /> <Â, â> with circumflex becomes <Ã, ã><br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ====Spelling rules====<br /> Long vowels are spelled with doubled graphemes (<Aa, aa> /a:/, etc).<br /> <br /> Some graphemes, namely <E, e> /ə/ ; <E, ç/ë> /e/ ; <E, ù/ĕ> /œ/ ; <E, ÿ/ê> /ɛ/ and <Ä, ä> /ɑ̃/ ; <Ä, à/ă> /ɔ̃/ ; <Ä, é/â> /ɛ̃/ ; <Ä, è/ä /œ̃/> use the same capital letter, but different minuscule letters, for different phonemes. This is partly due to limitations on a French keyboard, and partly to reflect the original Tolsian script in which these phonemes use the same letter but with different diacritics.<br /> <br /> The grapheme <Î, î> denotes /ɨ/, except in front of some consonants (<F, f>, <V, v>, <Q, q>, <Ö, ö>, <Ñ, ñ>, <X, x>, <H, h>) ; the grapheme <Ï, ï> is used instead in order to denote /ɨ/.<br /> <br /> There are many digraphs and even trigraphs ; usually, all letters are capitalized, when capitalization is needed.<br /> =====Digraphs with <Î, î>=====<br /> In the original documentation, these are described as "purified" (''épurés'').<br /> <poem><br /> ÎF, îf /ɸ/<br /> ÎV, îv /β/<br /> ÎQ, îq /ɧ̙ʷ/<br /> ÎÖ, îö /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ <br /> ÎÑ, îñ /ŋ/<br /> ÎX, îx /x/<br /> ÎH, îh unknown, possibly /ɣ/<br /> </poem><br /> It is unclear if the following are considered to be "purified" :<br /> <poem><br /> <Äî, äî> /an/<br /> <Äî, àî> /on/ or /ɔn/<br /> <Äî, éî> /in/ or /im/<br /> <Äî, èî> /un/ or /œm/<br /> </poem><br /> =====Trigraphs with <Î, î>=====<br /> These were also considered to be "purified".<br /> <poem><br /> LÎÖ, lîö /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ <br /> ÎÑg, îñg /ᵑg/<br /> </poem><br /> =====Digraphs with <Û, û>=====<br /> Some of these digraphs were originally described as "wet" (''mouillés'') :<br /> <poem><br /> TÛ, tû /t̚/<br /> QÛ, qû /ʃʲ/ (probably realized [ç] or [ɕ])<br /> DÛ, dû /d̚/<br /> </poem><br /> Others were not considered to be "wet" :<br /> <poem><br /> LÛ, lû /r/<br /> HÛ, hû possibly /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ <br /> ĦÛ, ħû /ɾ/<br /> RÛ, rû /ɹ/ <br /> <br /> =====Trigraphs with <Û, û>=====<br /> There is only one such trigraph, and only the first letter is capitalized, if needed. It is possibly meant to appear only word-initially as it was only given as <Tûhh> :<br /> Tûhh /θ/<br /> <br /> =====Digraphs with <Ħ, ħ>=====<br /> These can also be written as trigraphs, swapping <Ħ, ħ> for <Hh, hh>. As digraphs, one may likewise capitalize both letters or only the first one. As trigraphs, Only the first letter is capitalized.<br /> Ħ, ħ can be found on its own but is soundless. It may be used as part of the following digraphs, or used to maintain a hiatus between vowels and <I, i> or <O, o>. It can also be written <Hh, hh>.<br /> PĦ/Pħ, pħ /f/ (or <Phh, phh>)<br /> TĦ/Tħ, tħ /s/ (or <Thh, thh><br /> JĦ/Jħ, jħ /ʒ/ (or <Jhh, jhh>)<br /> BĦ/Bħ, bħ /v/ (or <Bhh, bhh>)<br /> DĦ/Dħ, dħ /z/ (or <Dhh, dhh>)<br /> SĦ/Sħ, sħ /z/ (or <Shh, shh>)<br /> <br /> =====Digraphs and trigraph with <Ë, ë>=====<br /> The phoneme /ɾ/ also appears as part of a syllable /bɾə/, written <Ë, ë>. When <Ë, ë> is followed by a vowel, the /ə/ is replaced by that vowel :<br /> Ëa, ëa [bɾa]<br /> Ëç, ëç [bɾe]<br /> Ëÿ, ëÿ [bɾɛ]<br /> Ëu, ëu [bɾy]<br /> Ëo, ëo [bɾo] or [bɾɔ]<br /> Ëï, ëï [bɾi]<br /> Ëä, ëä [bɾɑ̃]<br /> Ëà, ëà [bɾɔ̃]<br /> Ëé, ëé [bɾɛ̃]<br /> Ëè, ëè [bɾœ̃]<br /> Ëou, ëou [bɾu]<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> =====Some more consonantal digraphs=====<br /> RX, rx /ʀ/<br /> QJ/Qj, qj /ʒ/<br /> =====Vocalic digraphs=====<br /> <poem><br /> <Oi, oi> [i]<br /> <EU/Eu, eu> [ø]<br /> <OU/Ou, ou> [u]<br /> <EA, ea> [ɛ]<br /> (But <Ea, ea> [əa])<br /> <OE/Oe, oe> [ø]<br /> <EÔ/Eô, eô> [œ]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Nasal vowels=====<br /> Some digraphs and trigraphs denote nasal vowels, with <N, n> and <M, m> :<br /> <poem><br /> <An, an> /ɑ̃/<br /> <Am, am> /ɑ̃/<br /> <En, en> /ɑ̃/<br /> <Em, em> /ɑ̃/<br /> <In, in> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Im, im> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Ein, ein> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Eim, eim> /ɛ̃/<br /> <On, on> /ɔ̃/<br /> <Om, om> /ɔ̃/<br /> <Un, un> /œ̃/<br /> <Um, um> /œ̃/<br /> </poem><br /> However, if there are two <N, n> or <M, m> following a vowel, then it is not nasalized but pronounced as V+[n or m] instead (<Ann, ann> [an], <Amm, amm> [am],... etc). Besides, vocalic graphemes other than <A, a>, <E, e>, <I, i>, <O, o>, <U, u> do not get nasalized when followed by an <N, n> or <M, m>.<br /> =====Diphtongues=====<br /> They have been described as diphtongues, but should rather be analyzed as combinations of vowels and approximants. There are three different approximants : /j/, /w/ and /ɥ/, which only appear in a limited number of cases.<br /> *Diphtongues /j/ + vowel :<br /> They are usually written with a <I, i> followed by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <I, i> stands for /j/ :<br /> <poem><br /> <Ia, ia> [ja]<br /> <Ie, ie> [jə]<br /> <Iç, iç> [je]<br /> <Iù, iù> [jœ]<br /> <Iÿ, iÿ> [jɛ]<br /> <Io, io> [jo] or [jɔ]<br /> <Iu, iu> [jy]<br /> <Iô, iô> [jo]<br /> <Iä, iä> [jɑ̃]<br /> <Ià, ià> [jɔ̃]<br /> <Ié, ié> [jɛ̃]<br /> <Iè, iè> [jœ̃]<br /> <Ii, ii> [ji]<br /> <Iou, iou> [ju]<br /> <Ieu, ieu> [jø]<br /> </poem><br /> However, there are a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> ÜÃ, üã [ja]<br /> ÜÕ, üõ [jo]<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues vowel + /j/ :<br /> They are usually written with a <Ü, ü> preceded by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <Ü, ü> stands for /j/ (minus the exceptions above) :<br /> <poem><br /> <AÜ, aü> [aj]<br /> <EÜ, eü> [əj]<br /> <EÜ, çü> [ej]<br /> <EÜ, ùü> [œj]<br /> <EÜ, ÿü> [ɛj]<br /> <OÜ, oü> [oj] or [ɔj]<br /> <UÜ, uü> [yj]<br /> <ÔÜ, ôü> [oj]<br /> <ÄÜ, äü> [aɑ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, àü> [ɔ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, éü> [ɛ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, èü> [œ̃j]<br /> <ÃÜ, ãü> [aj]<br /> <ÕÜ, õü> [oj]<br /> <EUÜ, euü> [øj]<br /> </poem><br /> There are also a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> EÎ, eî [əj]<br /> EÎ, çî [ej]<br /> EÎ, ùî [œj]<br /> EÎ, ÿî [ɛj]<br /> IÎ, iî [ij]<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues with /w/ :<br /> These are usually written with a <O, o>, either followed or preceded by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <O, o> stands for /w/ :<br /> <poem><br /> <Oa, oa> [wa]<br /> <Oe, oe> [wə]<br /> <Oç, oç> [we]<br /> <Où, où> [wœ]<br /> <Oÿ, oÿ> [wɛ]<br /> <Oo, oo> [wo] or [wɔ]<br /> <Oy, oy> [wy]<br /> <Oô, oô> [wo]<br /> <Oä, oä> [wɑ̃]<br /> <Oà, oà> [wɔ̃]<br /> <Oé, oé> [wɛ̃]<br /> <Oè, oè> [wœ̃] (This one was described as [wœ̃] already in the original documentation (instead of expected [wæ̃] and has therefore cast some doubt on the identification of vowels /ø/, /œ/ and /œ̃/.)<br /> <Oi, oi> [wi]<br /> <Oeu, oeu> [wø]<br /> And reciprocally (<Ao, ao> [aw]... etc).<br /> </poem><br /> There are however a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> <Io, io> is ambiguous and can denote either /iw/ or /jo/<br /> <Oi, oi> is ambiguous and can denote either /i/ or /wi/<br /> <Oe, oe> is ambiguous and can denote either /wə/ or /ø/<br /> <OU/Ou, ou> always denotes /u/ (/wy/ is denoted <Oy, oy> instead).<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues with /ɥ/ :<br /> <poem><br /> UÎ, uî [ɥi]<br /> Ui, ui [ɥi]<br /> Ua, ua [ɥa]<br /> Uç, uç [ɥe]<br /> Uÿ, uÿ [ɥɛ]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Triphtongues=====<br /> They should also be analyzed as combinations of approximant + vowel + approximant. Besides using <I, i> and <O, o> or even <Ü, ü> and <U, u>, there is a handful of special spellings that denote such "triphtongues" :<br /> <poem><br /> ÜÂ, üâ [jaj]<br /> ÜY, üy [jɔj]<br /> ÊÜ, êü [jaj]<br /> YÜ, yü [joj] or [jɔj]<br /> ÃÎ, ãî [aji]<br /> ÕÎ, õî [oji]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Word-final position induced changes=====<br /> The original consonants /g/ <G, g>, /l/ <L, l> and syllable /wi/ <W, w> turn into [j] when in a word-final position. Instead, the spellings <gue>, <lle> and <wi> are used.<br /> <poem><br /> <g> /j/<br /> <l> /j/<br /> <w> /j/<br /> <gue> /g/<br /> <lle> /l/<br /> <wi> /wi/<br /> </poem><br /> There are some other special spellings :<br /> <poem><br /> <ebm> /ɛjm/<br /> <ebn> /ɛjn/<br /> </poem><br /> Finally, some letters are simply not pronounced at the end of a word, and other spellings are used instead :<br /> <poem><br /> <e><br /> <ô><br /> <d><br /> <nowiki><q></nowiki><br /> <nowiki><s></nowiki><br /> <t><br /> <z><br /> <er><br /> <dde> /d/<br /> <qe> /ʃ/<br /> <sse> /θ/ (or possibly /s/ ?)<br /> <tte> /t/<br /> <ze> /z/<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ====Table of phonemes and their principal corresponding graphemes====<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m <M, m><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n <N, n><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ <Ñ, ñ><br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ <ÎÑ, îñ><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p <P, p> ; b <B, b><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ <TÛ, tû> ; t <T, t> ; d̚ <DÛ, dû> ; d <D, d><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k <K, k> ; g <G, g><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s <C, c> alt. <TĦ/Tħ, tħ> ; z <Z, z> alt. <DĦ/Dħ, dħ> alt. <SĦ/Sħ, sħ><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ <Q, q> ; ʒ <Ö, ö> alt. <JĦ/Jħ, jħ> alt. <QJ/Qj, qj><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ <QÛ, qû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ <ÎF, îf> ; β <ÎV, îv><br /> |colspan="2"| f <F, f> alt. <PĦ/Pħ, pħ> ; v <V, v> alt. <BĦ/Bħ, bħ><br /> |colspan="2"| θ <S, s> alt. <Tûhh, s> ; ð <J, j> <br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ <HÛ, hû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ <ÎQ, îq> ; ɧ̙ʷ̬ <ÎÖ, îö> alt. <LÎÖ, lîö><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <ÎX, îx><br /> |colspan="2"| χ <X, x> ; ʁ <R, r><br /> |colspan="2"| h <H, h><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ <RÛ, rû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j <I, i> (before a vowel), <Ü, ü> (after a vowel) ; ɥ <U, u> (before some vowels)<br /> |colspan="2"| w <O, o> (before or after a vowel)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r <LÛ, lû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ <RX, rx><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ <ĦÛ, ħû> <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l <L, l> ɫ <Û, û><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg <ÎÑg, îñg><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i <I, i> alt. <Oi, oi> ; y <U, u><br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ <Î, î> alt. <Ï, ï><br /> |colspan="2"|u <OU/Ou, ou><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e <E, ç/ë> ; ø <EU/Eu, eu> alt. <OE/Oe, oe><br /> |colspan="2"| ə <E, e><br /> |colspan="2"|o <O, o> alt. <Ô, ô> alt. <Õ, õ><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ <E, ÿ/ê> alt. <EA, ea> ; œ <E, ù/ĕ> alt. <EÔ/Eô, eô> ; ɛ̃ <Ä, é/â> ; œ̃ <Ä, è/ä><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ <O, o> ; ɔ̃ <Ä, à/ă><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä <A, a> alt. <Ã, ã><br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃ <Ä, ä><br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Prosody===<br /> ====Stress====<br /> ====Intonation====<br /> <br /> ===Phonotactics===<br /> <br /> ===Morphophonology===<br /> <br /> ==Morphology==<br /> <br /> There are five main parts of speech in Qtolqjimctadû : nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and adpositions.<br /> <br /> ===Nouns===<br /> Nouns have definiteness, gender, and number. Definiteness is marked by definite and indefinite articles which agree in gender and number with the nouns. There are three genders : neuter, masculine, and feminine. <br /> <br /> ====Gender====<br /> Gender is usually marked by the ending of the noun. Nouns that correspond to non-animate things are usually neutral whereas nouns that describe animate things are usually masculine or feminine. However, some nouns can have all three genders, with the masculine and feminine forms built on an underlying neutral form ; this is common for instance for animal names, or for professions.<br /> <br /> According to documentation, most neuter nouns in the singular end either in <nowiki><-e></nowiki> or in a consonant. There is however no indication of how to distinguish masculine and feminine nouns, but based on the description of neuter forms, it may be posited that they must typically end in some kinds of vowels. Nouns that end in <nowiki><-e></nowiki> in the singular neuter are part of a paradigm that builds masculine and feminine forms on this underlying neuter form :<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Ending in -e<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || -e /ə/ || -ea /ɛ/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || -e /ə/ || -ebn /ɛjn/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || -ea /ɛ/ || -ean /əɑ̃/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> According to documentation, it is common for the neuter to present as a masculine singular ending in the singular, and as a feminine singular ending in the plural.<br /> <br /> ====Definiteness====<br /> Earlier documentation does not explicitly state that the definite and definite articles must agree with nouns in number and gender, but it is apparent in corpus that there is at least a masculine or neutral singular definite article that differs from a feminine singular definite article. From this and comparison with other versions of Tolsian, one can infer that articles, both definite and indefinite, come in at least three forms : masculine singular, feminine singular, and a plural form that covers all genders. Based on the existence of a neutral gender, it may be posited that there must be a neutral singular form as well. There is however no actual indication of whether there is only one plural form for all genders, or if there are also different plural forms for different genders. We'll assume the following paradigm :<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Definite and indefinite articles<br /> |-<br /> ! Definiteness / Gender !! Neuter !! Masculine !! Feminine !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Definite|| - || pna /pna/ || pnÿ /pnɛ/ || -<br /> |-<br /> | Indefinite|| -|| -|| ad /a/ || -<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ====Number====<br /> There are two numbers, singular and plural ; singular is unmarked while plural is marked with a suffix that differs depending on the ending of the noun.<br /> Besides the "-e" paradigm above, different groups of endings take different plural markings. It is likely that the consonantal endings indicate <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Neuter singular ending -c, -f, -j, -l, -m, -n, -v, -û, -ë<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || -e /ə/ || -ea /ɛ/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || -e /ə/ || -ebn /ɛjn/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || -ea /ɛ/ || -ean /əɑ̃/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Syntax==<br /> ===Constituent order===<br /> ===Noun phrase===<br /> ===Verb phrase===<br /> ===Sentence phrase===<br /> ===Dependent clauses===<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Example texts==<br /> <br /> ==Other resources==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Qtolqjimctadû]]<br /> [[Category:Languages]]<br /> [[Category:Conlangs]]<br /> [[Category:Tolsian]]</div>

Uvie https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Qtolqjimctad%C3%BB&diff=526404 Qtolqjimctadû 2026-05-20T16:19:54Z

<p>Uvie: /* Gender */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Introduction==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ<br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p b<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ t d̚ d<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k g<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s z<br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ ʒ <br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ β<br /> |colspan="2"| f v<br /> |colspan="2"| θ ð<br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ ɧ̙ʷ̬<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <br /> |colspan="2"| χ ʁ<br /> |colspan="2"| h<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j ɥ<br /> |colspan="2"| w<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l ɫ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> Notes :<br /> <br /> In earlier documentation, proper knowledge of IPA was lacking and several of the phonemes had to be identified from either phonetically inaccurate IPA descriptions or vague, impressionistic ones. Several phonemes could not be recovered. Here is a list of deviations from the above table :<br /> <poem><br /> Identified phonemes :<br /> /ɸ/ was described as [fʷ] (written <ÎF, îf>).<br /> /β/ was described as [vʷ] (written <ÎV, îv>).<br /> /ʁ/ was described as [ʀ] (written <R, r>).<br /> /ʀ/ was described as [rˤ] (''sorte de « r » très roulé'', written <RX, rx>).<br /> /ɹ/ was described as [ʀˤ] (''sorte de « r » anglais'', written <RÛ, rû>).<br /> /ɫ/ was described as [l̪ ] (''comme à la fin du mot anglais "well"'', written <Û, û>).<br /> /χ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [x] (written <X, x>), while /x/ itself was most likely described as [xˤ] (written <ÎX, îx>).<br /> /ŋ/ was probably described as [ɲˤ] (written <ÎÑ, îñ>), while the sound described as [ŋ] (written <ÎÑg, îñg>) probably corresponded to /ᵑg/.<br /> /ɾ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [r̺] (written <ĦÛ, ħû>, as well as part of the cluster /bɾ/+V with the help of <Ë, ë> as [bɾə], described as [br̺ə]).<br /> /r/ might have been what was described as [r] (''sorte de « r » roulé à la japonaise'', written <LÛ, lû>).<br /> /ɧ̙ʷ/ and its voiced version /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ are, to this day, subject to doubt regarding their IPA descriptions. They were most likely corresponding to the sounds described as [ʃ ̪ ] (written <ÎQ, îq>) and [ʒ̺̺̺ ] (written <ÎÖ, îö> or <LÎÖ, lîö>).<br /> /t̚/ and /d̚/ are also subject to some doubt regarding their IPA descriptions still. They were described as [t̪] (written <TÛ, tû>) and [d̪] (written <DÛ, dû>).<br /> The phoneme described as [ʃʲ] probably has a realization closer to [ç] or [ɕ] (written <QÛ, qû>).<br /> <br /> Unidentified or very doubtful phonemes :<br /> Some /h/-like phoneme, described as [hˤ] (written <ÎH, îh>). It might have corresponded to /ɣ/, but it is not very likely.<br /> /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ might have been what was described as [l̤ʲ] (written <HÛ, hû>). Based on its spelling it is more likely to be devoiced.<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i y<br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ<br /> |colspan="2"|u<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e ø<br /> |colspan="2"| ə<br /> |colspan="2"|o<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ œ ɛ̃ œ̃<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ ɔ̃<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä<br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃<br /> |}<br /> Vowel length is supposed to be phonemic, with regular (or short) vowels, and long vowels.<br /> <br /> Similarly to consonants, some vowels had to be "re-identified" from previous documentation and some deviations arise :<br /> <poem><br /> /œ/ is probably what was described as [æ] (written <Ù, ù> or <E, ĕ> or <EÔ/Eô, eô>).<br /> /œ̃/ is probably what was described as [æ̃] (written <Ä, è> or <Ä, ä>).<br /> /ø/ is probably what was described as [œ] (written <EU/Eu, eu> or <OE/Oe, oe>).<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Orthography===<br /> Orthography was made complicated on purpose.<br /> <br /> ====Alphabet====<br /> <poem><br /> A, a /a/<br /> B, b /b/<br /> C, c /s/<br /> D, d /d/<br /> E, e /ə/ ; E, ç/ë /e/ ; E, ù/ĕ /œ/ ; E, ÿ/ê /ɛ/<br /> F, f /f/<br /> G, g /g/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> H, h /h/<br /> Ħ, ħ soundless ; mostly used in composed graphemes.<br /> I, i /i/<br /> J, j /ð/<br /> K, k /k/<br /> L, l /l/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> M, m /m/<br /> N, n /n/<br /> O, o /o/ or /ɔ/<br /> P, p /p/<br /> Q, q /ʃ/<br /> R, r /ʁ/<br /> S, s /θ/<br /> T, t /t/<br /> U, u /y/<br /> V, v /v/<br /> W, w /wi/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> X, x /χ/<br /> Y, y /jo/ or /ɔj/<br /> Z, z /z/<br /> Â, â /aj/<br /> Ê, ê /ja/<br /> Û, û /ɫ/<br /> Î, î /ɨ/ soundless when used in composed graphemes.<br /> Ô, ô /o/<br /> Ä, ä /ɑ̃/ ; Ä, à/ă /ɔ̃/ ; Ä, é/â /ɛ̃/ ; Ä, è/ä /œ̃/<br /> Ë, ë /bɾə/<br /> Ü, ü /j/<br /> Ï, ï /ɨ/<br /> Ö, ö /ʒ/<br /> Ã, ã /a/<br /> Õ, õ /o/<br /> Ñ, ñ /ɲ/<br /> </poem><br /> =====History=====<br /> Like most, if not all, versions of Tolsian, Qtolqjimctadû was meant to be written with the original Tolsian script. Some graphemes were chosen because of the limitations of the French keyboard, but were initally supposed to correspond to another, preexisting grapheme, with a diacritic, in order to reflect the original script. Some graphemes with diacritic are supposed to represent letters in the original script that are not simply versions of another letter with a diacritic ; this is why in the list below, <nowiki><ë></nowiki> appears to represent /e/, alongside <nowiki><ç></nowiki>, whereas in <Ë, ë> it represents /bɾə/ in the alphabet : they have different underlying identities.<br /> <poem><br /> <e> with diaeresis ¨ becomes <ç> (or <ë>)<br /> <e> with cedilla or possibly hook below (''accent « petite courbe vers le bas »'') becomes <ù> (or <ĕ>)<br /> <e> with circumflex accent ^ becomes <ÿ> (or <ê>)<br /> <O, o> (or <Ô, ô> ?) with circumflex accent becomes <Õ, õ><br /> <U, u> with dieresis becomes <Ü, ü><br /> <U, u> with circumflex accent becomes <Û, û><br /> <Â, â> with circumflex accent becomes <Ê, ê><br /> <Î, î> with circumflex accent becomes <Ï, ï><br /> <ä> with cedilla or hook below becomes <à> (o <ă>)<br /> <ä> with circumflex becomes <é> (or <â>)<br /> <ä> with diaeresis becomes <è> (or <ä>)<br /> <Â, â> with circumflex becomes <Ã, ã><br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ====Spelling rules====<br /> Long vowels are spelled with doubled graphemes (<Aa, aa> /a:/, etc).<br /> <br /> Some graphemes, namely <E, e> /ə/ ; <E, ç/ë> /e/ ; <E, ù/ĕ> /œ/ ; <E, ÿ/ê> /ɛ/ and <Ä, ä> /ɑ̃/ ; <Ä, à/ă> /ɔ̃/ ; <Ä, é/â> /ɛ̃/ ; <Ä, è/ä /œ̃/> use the same capital letter, but different minuscule letters, for different phonemes. This is partly due to limitations on a French keyboard, and partly to reflect the original Tolsian script in which these phonemes use the same letter but with different diacritics.<br /> <br /> The grapheme <Î, î> denotes /ɨ/, except in front of some consonants (<F, f>, <V, v>, <Q, q>, <Ö, ö>, <Ñ, ñ>, <X, x>, <H, h>) ; the grapheme <Ï, ï> is used instead in order to denote /ɨ/.<br /> <br /> There are many digraphs and even trigraphs ; usually, all letters are capitalized, when capitalization is needed.<br /> =====Digraphs with <Î, î>=====<br /> In the original documentation, these are described as "purified" (''épurés'').<br /> <poem><br /> ÎF, îf /ɸ/<br /> ÎV, îv /β/<br /> ÎQ, îq /ɧ̙ʷ/<br /> ÎÖ, îö /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ <br /> ÎÑ, îñ /ŋ/<br /> ÎX, îx /x/<br /> ÎH, îh unknown, possibly /ɣ/<br /> </poem><br /> It is unclear if the following are considered to be "purified" :<br /> <poem><br /> <Äî, äî> /an/<br /> <Äî, àî> /on/ or /ɔn/<br /> <Äî, éî> /in/ or /im/<br /> <Äî, èî> /un/ or /œm/<br /> </poem><br /> =====Trigraphs with <Î, î>=====<br /> These were also considered to be "purified".<br /> <poem><br /> LÎÖ, lîö /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ <br /> ÎÑg, îñg /ᵑg/<br /> </poem><br /> =====Digraphs with <Û, û>=====<br /> Some of these digraphs were originally described as "wet" (''mouillés'') :<br /> <poem><br /> TÛ, tû /t̚/<br /> QÛ, qû /ʃʲ/ (probably realized [ç] or [ɕ])<br /> DÛ, dû /d̚/<br /> </poem><br /> Others were not considered to be "wet" :<br /> <poem><br /> LÛ, lû /r/<br /> HÛ, hû possibly /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ <br /> ĦÛ, ħû /ɾ/<br /> RÛ, rû /ɹ/ <br /> <br /> =====Trigraphs with <Û, û>=====<br /> There is only one such trigraph, and only the first letter is capitalized, if needed. It is possibly meant to appear only word-initially as it was only given as <Tûhh> :<br /> Tûhh /θ/<br /> <br /> =====Digraphs with <Ħ, ħ>=====<br /> These can also be written as trigraphs, swapping <Ħ, ħ> for <Hh, hh>. As digraphs, one may likewise capitalize both letters or only the first one. As trigraphs, Only the first letter is capitalized.<br /> Ħ, ħ can be found on its own but is soundless. It may be used as part of the following digraphs, or used to maintain a hiatus between vowels and <I, i> or <O, o>. It can also be written <Hh, hh>.<br /> PĦ/Pħ, pħ /f/ (or <Phh, phh>)<br /> TĦ/Tħ, tħ /s/ (or <Thh, thh><br /> JĦ/Jħ, jħ /ʒ/ (or <Jhh, jhh>)<br /> BĦ/Bħ, bħ /v/ (or <Bhh, bhh>)<br /> DĦ/Dħ, dħ /z/ (or <Dhh, dhh>)<br /> SĦ/Sħ, sħ /z/ (or <Shh, shh>)<br /> <br /> =====Digraphs and trigraph with <Ë, ë>=====<br /> The phoneme /ɾ/ also appears as part of a syllable /bɾə/, written <Ë, ë>. When <Ë, ë> is followed by a vowel, the /ə/ is replaced by that vowel :<br /> Ëa, ëa [bɾa]<br /> Ëç, ëç [bɾe]<br /> Ëÿ, ëÿ [bɾɛ]<br /> Ëu, ëu [bɾy]<br /> Ëo, ëo [bɾo] or [bɾɔ]<br /> Ëï, ëï [bɾi]<br /> Ëä, ëä [bɾɑ̃]<br /> Ëà, ëà [bɾɔ̃]<br /> Ëé, ëé [bɾɛ̃]<br /> Ëè, ëè [bɾœ̃]<br /> Ëou, ëou [bɾu]<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> =====Some more consonantal digraphs=====<br /> RX, rx /ʀ/<br /> QJ/Qj, qj /ʒ/<br /> =====Vocalic digraphs=====<br /> <poem><br /> <Oi, oi> [i]<br /> <EU/Eu, eu> [ø]<br /> <OU/Ou, ou> [u]<br /> <EA, ea> [ɛ]<br /> (But <Ea, ea> [əa])<br /> <OE/Oe, oe> [ø]<br /> <EÔ/Eô, eô> [œ]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Nasal vowels=====<br /> Some digraphs and trigraphs denote nasal vowels, with <N, n> and <M, m> :<br /> <poem><br /> <An, an> /ɑ̃/<br /> <Am, am> /ɑ̃/<br /> <En, en> /ɑ̃/<br /> <Em, em> /ɑ̃/<br /> <In, in> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Im, im> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Ein, ein> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Eim, eim> /ɛ̃/<br /> <On, on> /ɔ̃/<br /> <Om, om> /ɔ̃/<br /> <Un, un> /œ̃/<br /> <Um, um> /œ̃/<br /> </poem><br /> However, if there are two <N, n> or <M, m> following a vowel, then it is not nasalized but pronounced as V+[n or m] instead (<Ann, ann> [an], <Amm, amm> [am],... etc). Besides, vocalic graphemes other than <A, a>, <E, e>, <I, i>, <O, o>, <U, u> do not get nasalized when followed by an <N, n> or <M, m>.<br /> =====Diphtongues=====<br /> They have been described as diphtongues, but should rather be analyzed as combinations of vowels and approximants. There are three different approximants : /j/, /w/ and /ɥ/, which only appear in a limited number of cases.<br /> *Diphtongues /j/ + vowel :<br /> They are usually written with a <I, i> followed by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <I, i> stands for /j/ :<br /> <poem><br /> <Ia, ia> [ja]<br /> <Ie, ie> [jə]<br /> <Iç, iç> [je]<br /> <Iù, iù> [jœ]<br /> <Iÿ, iÿ> [jɛ]<br /> <Io, io> [jo] or [jɔ]<br /> <Iu, iu> [jy]<br /> <Iô, iô> [jo]<br /> <Iä, iä> [jɑ̃]<br /> <Ià, ià> [jɔ̃]<br /> <Ié, ié> [jɛ̃]<br /> <Iè, iè> [jœ̃]<br /> <Ii, ii> [ji]<br /> <Iou, iou> [ju]<br /> <Ieu, ieu> [jø]<br /> </poem><br /> However, there are a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> ÜÃ, üã [ja]<br /> ÜÕ, üõ [jo]<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues vowel + /j/ :<br /> They are usually written with a <Ü, ü> preceded by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <Ü, ü> stands for /j/ (minus the exceptions above) :<br /> <poem><br /> <AÜ, aü> [aj]<br /> <EÜ, eü> [əj]<br /> <EÜ, çü> [ej]<br /> <EÜ, ùü> [œj]<br /> <EÜ, ÿü> [ɛj]<br /> <OÜ, oü> [oj] or [ɔj]<br /> <UÜ, uü> [yj]<br /> <ÔÜ, ôü> [oj]<br /> <ÄÜ, äü> [aɑ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, àü> [ɔ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, éü> [ɛ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, èü> [œ̃j]<br /> <ÃÜ, ãü> [aj]<br /> <ÕÜ, õü> [oj]<br /> <EUÜ, euü> [øj]<br /> </poem><br /> There are also a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> EÎ, eî [əj]<br /> EÎ, çî [ej]<br /> EÎ, ùî [œj]<br /> EÎ, ÿî [ɛj]<br /> IÎ, iî [ij]<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues with /w/ :<br /> These are usually written with a <O, o>, either followed or preceded by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <O, o> stands for /w/ :<br /> <poem><br /> <Oa, oa> [wa]<br /> <Oe, oe> [wə]<br /> <Oç, oç> [we]<br /> <Où, où> [wœ]<br /> <Oÿ, oÿ> [wɛ]<br /> <Oo, oo> [wo] or [wɔ]<br /> <Oy, oy> [wy]<br /> <Oô, oô> [wo]<br /> <Oä, oä> [wɑ̃]<br /> <Oà, oà> [wɔ̃]<br /> <Oé, oé> [wɛ̃]<br /> <Oè, oè> [wœ̃] (This one was described as [wœ̃] already in the original documentation (instead of expected [wæ̃] and has therefore cast some doubt on the identification of vowels /ø/, /œ/ and /œ̃/.)<br /> <Oi, oi> [wi]<br /> <Oeu, oeu> [wø]<br /> And reciprocally (<Ao, ao> [aw]... etc).<br /> </poem><br /> There are however a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> <Io, io> is ambiguous and can denote either /iw/ or /jo/<br /> <Oi, oi> is ambiguous and can denote either /i/ or /wi/<br /> <Oe, oe> is ambiguous and can denote either /wə/ or /ø/<br /> <OU/Ou, ou> always denotes /u/ (/wy/ is denoted <Oy, oy> instead).<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues with /ɥ/ :<br /> <poem><br /> UÎ, uî [ɥi]<br /> Ui, ui [ɥi]<br /> Ua, ua [ɥa]<br /> Uç, uç [ɥe]<br /> Uÿ, uÿ [ɥɛ]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Triphtongues=====<br /> They should also be analyzed as combinations of approximant + vowel + approximant. Besides using <I, i> and <O, o> or even <Ü, ü> and <U, u>, there is a handful of special spellings that denote such "triphtongues" :<br /> <poem><br /> ÜÂ, üâ [jaj]<br /> ÜY, üy [jɔj]<br /> ÊÜ, êü [jaj]<br /> YÜ, yü [joj] or [jɔj]<br /> ÃÎ, ãî [aji]<br /> ÕÎ, õî [oji]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Word-final position induced changes=====<br /> The original consonants /g/ <G, g>, /l/ <L, l> and syllable /wi/ <W, w> turn into [j] when in a word-final position. Instead, the spellings <gue>, <lle> and <wi> are used.<br /> <poem><br /> <g> /j/<br /> <l> /j/<br /> <w> /j/<br /> <gue> /g/<br /> <lle> /l/<br /> <wi> /wi/<br /> </poem><br /> There are some other special spellings :<br /> <poem><br /> <ebm> /ɛjm/<br /> <ebn> /ɛjn/<br /> </poem><br /> Finally, some letters are simply not pronounced at the end of a word, and other spellings are used instead :<br /> <poem><br /> <e><br /> <ô><br /> <d><br /> <nowiki><q></nowiki><br /> <nowiki><s></nowiki><br /> <t><br /> <z><br /> <er><br /> <dde> /d/<br /> <qe> /ʃ/<br /> <sse> /θ/ (or possibly /s/ ?)<br /> <tte> /t/<br /> <ze> /z/<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ====Table of phonemes and their principal corresponding graphemes====<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m <M, m><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n <N, n><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ <Ñ, ñ><br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ <ÎÑ, îñ><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p <P, p> ; b <B, b><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ <TÛ, tû> ; t <T, t> ; d̚ <DÛ, dû> ; d <D, d><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k <K, k> ; g <G, g><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s <C, c> alt. <TĦ/Tħ, tħ> ; z <Z, z> alt. <DĦ/Dħ, dħ> alt. <SĦ/Sħ, sħ><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ <Q, q> ; ʒ <Ö, ö> alt. <JĦ/Jħ, jħ> alt. <QJ/Qj, qj><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ <QÛ, qû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ <ÎF, îf> ; β <ÎV, îv><br /> |colspan="2"| f <F, f> alt. <PĦ/Pħ, pħ> ; v <V, v> alt. <BĦ/Bħ, bħ><br /> |colspan="2"| θ <S, s> alt. <Tûhh, s> ; ð <J, j> <br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ <HÛ, hû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ <ÎQ, îq> ; ɧ̙ʷ̬ <ÎÖ, îö> alt. <LÎÖ, lîö><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <ÎX, îx><br /> |colspan="2"| χ <X, x> ; ʁ <R, r><br /> |colspan="2"| h <H, h><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ <RÛ, rû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j <I, i> (before a vowel), <Ü, ü> (after a vowel) ; ɥ <U, u> (before some vowels)<br /> |colspan="2"| w <O, o> (before or after a vowel)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r <LÛ, lû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ <RX, rx><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ <ĦÛ, ħû> <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l <L, l> ɫ <Û, û><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg <ÎÑg, îñg><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i <I, i> alt. <Oi, oi> ; y <U, u><br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ <Î, î> alt. <Ï, ï><br /> |colspan="2"|u <OU/Ou, ou><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e <E, ç/ë> ; ø <EU/Eu, eu> alt. <OE/Oe, oe><br /> |colspan="2"| ə <E, e><br /> |colspan="2"|o <O, o> alt. <Ô, ô> alt. <Õ, õ><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ <E, ÿ/ê> alt. <EA, ea> ; œ <E, ù/ĕ> alt. <EÔ/Eô, eô> ; ɛ̃ <Ä, é/â> ; œ̃ <Ä, è/ä><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ <O, o> ; ɔ̃ <Ä, à/ă><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä <A, a> alt. <Ã, ã><br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃ <Ä, ä><br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Prosody===<br /> ====Stress====<br /> ====Intonation====<br /> <br /> ===Phonotactics===<br /> <br /> ===Morphophonology===<br /> <br /> ==Morphology==<br /> <br /> There are five main parts of speech in Qtolqjimctadû : nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and adpositions.<br /> <br /> ===Nouns===<br /> Nouns have definiteness, gender, and number. Definiteness is marked by definite and indefinite articles which agree in gender and number with the nouns. There are two numbers, singular and plural ; singular is unmarked while plural is marked with a suffix that differs depending on the ending of the noun. There are three genders : neuter, masculine, and feminine. <br /> <br /> ====Gender====<br /> Gender is usually marked by the ending of the noun. Nouns that correspond to non-animate things are usually neutral whereas nouns that describe animate things are usually masculine or feminine. However, some nouns can have all three genders, with the masculine and feminine forms built on an underlying neutral form ; this is common for instance for animal names, or for professions.<br /> <br /> According to documentation, most neuter nouns in the singular end either in <nowiki><-e></nowiki> or in a consonant. There is however no indication of how to distinguish masculine and feminine nouns, but based on the description of neuter forms, it may be posited that they must typically end in some kinds of vowels. Nouns that end in <nowiki><-e></nowiki> in the singular neuter are part of a paradigm that builds masculine and feminine forms on this underlying neuter form :<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Ending in -e<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || -e /ə/ || -ea /ɛ/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || -e /ə/ || -ebn /ɛjn/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || -ea /ɛ/ || -ean /əɑ̃/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> According to documentation, it is common for the neuter to present as a masculine singular ending in the singular, and as a feminine singular ending in the plural.<br /> <br /> ====Definiteness====<br /> Earlier documentation does not explicitly state that the definite and definite articles must agree with nouns in number and gender, but it is apparent in corpus that there is at least a masculine or neutral singular definite article that differs from a feminine singular definite article. From this and comparison with other versions of Tolsian, one can infer that articles, both definite and indefinite, come in at least three forms : masculine singular, feminine singular, and a plural form that covers all genders. Based on the existence of a neutral gender, it may be posited that there must be a neutral singular form as well. There is however no actual indication of whether there is only one plural form for all genders, or if there are also different plural forms for different genders. We'll assume the following paradigm :<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Definite and indefinite articles<br /> |-<br /> ! Definiteness / Gender !! Neuter !! Masculine !! Feminine !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Definite|| - || pna /pna/ || pnÿ /pnɛ/ || -<br /> |-<br /> | Indefinite|| -|| -|| ad /a/ || -<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Neuter singular ending -c, -f, -j, -l, -m, -n, -v, -û, -ë<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || -e /ə/ || -ea /ɛ/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || -e /ə/ || -ebn /ɛjn/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || -ea /ɛ/ || -ean /əɑ̃/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Syntax==<br /> ===Constituent order===<br /> ===Noun phrase===<br /> ===Verb phrase===<br /> ===Sentence phrase===<br /> ===Dependent clauses===<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Example texts==<br /> <br /> ==Other resources==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Qtolqjimctadû]]<br /> [[Category:Languages]]<br /> [[Category:Conlangs]]<br /> [[Category:Tolsian]]</div>

Uvie https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Qtolqjimctad%C3%BB&diff=526403 Qtolqjimctadû 2026-05-20T16:15:06Z

<p>Uvie: /* Gender */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Introduction==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ<br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p b<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ t d̚ d<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k g<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s z<br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ ʒ <br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ β<br /> |colspan="2"| f v<br /> |colspan="2"| θ ð<br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ ɧ̙ʷ̬<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <br /> |colspan="2"| χ ʁ<br /> |colspan="2"| h<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j ɥ<br /> |colspan="2"| w<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l ɫ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> Notes :<br /> <br /> In earlier documentation, proper knowledge of IPA was lacking and several of the phonemes had to be identified from either phonetically inaccurate IPA descriptions or vague, impressionistic ones. Several phonemes could not be recovered. Here is a list of deviations from the above table :<br /> <poem><br /> Identified phonemes :<br /> /ɸ/ was described as [fʷ] (written <ÎF, îf>).<br /> /β/ was described as [vʷ] (written <ÎV, îv>).<br /> /ʁ/ was described as [ʀ] (written <R, r>).<br /> /ʀ/ was described as [rˤ] (''sorte de « r » très roulé'', written <RX, rx>).<br /> /ɹ/ was described as [ʀˤ] (''sorte de « r » anglais'', written <RÛ, rû>).<br /> /ɫ/ was described as [l̪ ] (''comme à la fin du mot anglais "well"'', written <Û, û>).<br /> /χ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [x] (written <X, x>), while /x/ itself was most likely described as [xˤ] (written <ÎX, îx>).<br /> /ŋ/ was probably described as [ɲˤ] (written <ÎÑ, îñ>), while the sound described as [ŋ] (written <ÎÑg, îñg>) probably corresponded to /ᵑg/.<br /> /ɾ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [r̺] (written <ĦÛ, ħû>, as well as part of the cluster /bɾ/+V with the help of <Ë, ë> as [bɾə], described as [br̺ə]).<br /> /r/ might have been what was described as [r] (''sorte de « r » roulé à la japonaise'', written <LÛ, lû>).<br /> /ɧ̙ʷ/ and its voiced version /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ are, to this day, subject to doubt regarding their IPA descriptions. They were most likely corresponding to the sounds described as [ʃ ̪ ] (written <ÎQ, îq>) and [ʒ̺̺̺ ] (written <ÎÖ, îö> or <LÎÖ, lîö>).<br /> /t̚/ and /d̚/ are also subject to some doubt regarding their IPA descriptions still. They were described as [t̪] (written <TÛ, tû>) and [d̪] (written <DÛ, dû>).<br /> The phoneme described as [ʃʲ] probably has a realization closer to [ç] or [ɕ] (written <QÛ, qû>).<br /> <br /> Unidentified or very doubtful phonemes :<br /> Some /h/-like phoneme, described as [hˤ] (written <ÎH, îh>). It might have corresponded to /ɣ/, but it is not very likely.<br /> /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ might have been what was described as [l̤ʲ] (written <HÛ, hû>). Based on its spelling it is more likely to be devoiced.<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i y<br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ<br /> |colspan="2"|u<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e ø<br /> |colspan="2"| ə<br /> |colspan="2"|o<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ œ ɛ̃ œ̃<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ ɔ̃<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä<br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃<br /> |}<br /> Vowel length is supposed to be phonemic, with regular (or short) vowels, and long vowels.<br /> <br /> Similarly to consonants, some vowels had to be "re-identified" from previous documentation and some deviations arise :<br /> <poem><br /> /œ/ is probably what was described as [æ] (written <Ù, ù> or <E, ĕ> or <EÔ/Eô, eô>).<br /> /œ̃/ is probably what was described as [æ̃] (written <Ä, è> or <Ä, ä>).<br /> /ø/ is probably what was described as [œ] (written <EU/Eu, eu> or <OE/Oe, oe>).<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Orthography===<br /> Orthography was made complicated on purpose.<br /> <br /> ====Alphabet====<br /> <poem><br /> A, a /a/<br /> B, b /b/<br /> C, c /s/<br /> D, d /d/<br /> E, e /ə/ ; E, ç/ë /e/ ; E, ù/ĕ /œ/ ; E, ÿ/ê /ɛ/<br /> F, f /f/<br /> G, g /g/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> H, h /h/<br /> Ħ, ħ soundless ; mostly used in composed graphemes.<br /> I, i /i/<br /> J, j /ð/<br /> K, k /k/<br /> L, l /l/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> M, m /m/<br /> N, n /n/<br /> O, o /o/ or /ɔ/<br /> P, p /p/<br /> Q, q /ʃ/<br /> R, r /ʁ/<br /> S, s /θ/<br /> T, t /t/<br /> U, u /y/<br /> V, v /v/<br /> W, w /wi/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> X, x /χ/<br /> Y, y /jo/ or /ɔj/<br /> Z, z /z/<br /> Â, â /aj/<br /> Ê, ê /ja/<br /> Û, û /ɫ/<br /> Î, î /ɨ/ soundless when used in composed graphemes.<br /> Ô, ô /o/<br /> Ä, ä /ɑ̃/ ; Ä, à/ă /ɔ̃/ ; Ä, é/â /ɛ̃/ ; Ä, è/ä /œ̃/<br /> Ë, ë /bɾə/<br /> Ü, ü /j/<br /> Ï, ï /ɨ/<br /> Ö, ö /ʒ/<br /> Ã, ã /a/<br /> Õ, õ /o/<br /> Ñ, ñ /ɲ/<br /> </poem><br /> =====History=====<br /> Like most, if not all, versions of Tolsian, Qtolqjimctadû was meant to be written with the original Tolsian script. Some graphemes were chosen because of the limitations of the French keyboard, but were initally supposed to correspond to another, preexisting grapheme, with a diacritic, in order to reflect the original script. Some graphemes with diacritic are supposed to represent letters in the original script that are not simply versions of another letter with a diacritic ; this is why in the list below, <nowiki><ë></nowiki> appears to represent /e/, alongside <nowiki><ç></nowiki>, whereas in <Ë, ë> it represents /bɾə/ in the alphabet : they have different underlying identities.<br /> <poem><br /> <e> with diaeresis ¨ becomes <ç> (or <ë>)<br /> <e> with cedilla or possibly hook below (''accent « petite courbe vers le bas »'') becomes <ù> (or <ĕ>)<br /> <e> with circumflex accent ^ becomes <ÿ> (or <ê>)<br /> <O, o> (or <Ô, ô> ?) with circumflex accent becomes <Õ, õ><br /> <U, u> with dieresis becomes <Ü, ü><br /> <U, u> with circumflex accent becomes <Û, û><br /> <Â, â> with circumflex accent becomes <Ê, ê><br /> <Î, î> with circumflex accent becomes <Ï, ï><br /> <ä> with cedilla or hook below becomes <à> (o <ă>)<br /> <ä> with circumflex becomes <é> (or <â>)<br /> <ä> with diaeresis becomes <è> (or <ä>)<br /> <Â, â> with circumflex becomes <Ã, ã><br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ====Spelling rules====<br /> Long vowels are spelled with doubled graphemes (<Aa, aa> /a:/, etc).<br /> <br /> Some graphemes, namely <E, e> /ə/ ; <E, ç/ë> /e/ ; <E, ù/ĕ> /œ/ ; <E, ÿ/ê> /ɛ/ and <Ä, ä> /ɑ̃/ ; <Ä, à/ă> /ɔ̃/ ; <Ä, é/â> /ɛ̃/ ; <Ä, è/ä /œ̃/> use the same capital letter, but different minuscule letters, for different phonemes. This is partly due to limitations on a French keyboard, and partly to reflect the original Tolsian script in which these phonemes use the same letter but with different diacritics.<br /> <br /> The grapheme <Î, î> denotes /ɨ/, except in front of some consonants (<F, f>, <V, v>, <Q, q>, <Ö, ö>, <Ñ, ñ>, <X, x>, <H, h>) ; the grapheme <Ï, ï> is used instead in order to denote /ɨ/.<br /> <br /> There are many digraphs and even trigraphs ; usually, all letters are capitalized, when capitalization is needed.<br /> =====Digraphs with <Î, î>=====<br /> In the original documentation, these are described as "purified" (''épurés'').<br /> <poem><br /> ÎF, îf /ɸ/<br /> ÎV, îv /β/<br /> ÎQ, îq /ɧ̙ʷ/<br /> ÎÖ, îö /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ <br /> ÎÑ, îñ /ŋ/<br /> ÎX, îx /x/<br /> ÎH, îh unknown, possibly /ɣ/<br /> </poem><br /> It is unclear if the following are considered to be "purified" :<br /> <poem><br /> <Äî, äî> /an/<br /> <Äî, àî> /on/ or /ɔn/<br /> <Äî, éî> /in/ or /im/<br /> <Äî, èî> /un/ or /œm/<br /> </poem><br /> =====Trigraphs with <Î, î>=====<br /> These were also considered to be "purified".<br /> <poem><br /> LÎÖ, lîö /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ <br /> ÎÑg, îñg /ᵑg/<br /> </poem><br /> =====Digraphs with <Û, û>=====<br /> Some of these digraphs were originally described as "wet" (''mouillés'') :<br /> <poem><br /> TÛ, tû /t̚/<br /> QÛ, qû /ʃʲ/ (probably realized [ç] or [ɕ])<br /> DÛ, dû /d̚/<br /> </poem><br /> Others were not considered to be "wet" :<br /> <poem><br /> LÛ, lû /r/<br /> HÛ, hû possibly /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ <br /> ĦÛ, ħû /ɾ/<br /> RÛ, rû /ɹ/ <br /> <br /> =====Trigraphs with <Û, û>=====<br /> There is only one such trigraph, and only the first letter is capitalized, if needed. It is possibly meant to appear only word-initially as it was only given as <Tûhh> :<br /> Tûhh /θ/<br /> <br /> =====Digraphs with <Ħ, ħ>=====<br /> These can also be written as trigraphs, swapping <Ħ, ħ> for <Hh, hh>. As digraphs, one may likewise capitalize both letters or only the first one. As trigraphs, Only the first letter is capitalized.<br /> Ħ, ħ can be found on its own but is soundless. It may be used as part of the following digraphs, or used to maintain a hiatus between vowels and <I, i> or <O, o>. It can also be written <Hh, hh>.<br /> PĦ/Pħ, pħ /f/ (or <Phh, phh>)<br /> TĦ/Tħ, tħ /s/ (or <Thh, thh><br /> JĦ/Jħ, jħ /ʒ/ (or <Jhh, jhh>)<br /> BĦ/Bħ, bħ /v/ (or <Bhh, bhh>)<br /> DĦ/Dħ, dħ /z/ (or <Dhh, dhh>)<br /> SĦ/Sħ, sħ /z/ (or <Shh, shh>)<br /> <br /> =====Digraphs and trigraph with <Ë, ë>=====<br /> The phoneme /ɾ/ also appears as part of a syllable /bɾə/, written <Ë, ë>. When <Ë, ë> is followed by a vowel, the /ə/ is replaced by that vowel :<br /> Ëa, ëa [bɾa]<br /> Ëç, ëç [bɾe]<br /> Ëÿ, ëÿ [bɾɛ]<br /> Ëu, ëu [bɾy]<br /> Ëo, ëo [bɾo] or [bɾɔ]<br /> Ëï, ëï [bɾi]<br /> Ëä, ëä [bɾɑ̃]<br /> Ëà, ëà [bɾɔ̃]<br /> Ëé, ëé [bɾɛ̃]<br /> Ëè, ëè [bɾœ̃]<br /> Ëou, ëou [bɾu]<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> =====Some more consonantal digraphs=====<br /> RX, rx /ʀ/<br /> QJ/Qj, qj /ʒ/<br /> =====Vocalic digraphs=====<br /> <poem><br /> <Oi, oi> [i]<br /> <EU/Eu, eu> [ø]<br /> <OU/Ou, ou> [u]<br /> <EA, ea> [ɛ]<br /> (But <Ea, ea> [əa])<br /> <OE/Oe, oe> [ø]<br /> <EÔ/Eô, eô> [œ]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Nasal vowels=====<br /> Some digraphs and trigraphs denote nasal vowels, with <N, n> and <M, m> :<br /> <poem><br /> <An, an> /ɑ̃/<br /> <Am, am> /ɑ̃/<br /> <En, en> /ɑ̃/<br /> <Em, em> /ɑ̃/<br /> <In, in> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Im, im> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Ein, ein> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Eim, eim> /ɛ̃/<br /> <On, on> /ɔ̃/<br /> <Om, om> /ɔ̃/<br /> <Un, un> /œ̃/<br /> <Um, um> /œ̃/<br /> </poem><br /> However, if there are two <N, n> or <M, m> following a vowel, then it is not nasalized but pronounced as V+[n or m] instead (<Ann, ann> [an], <Amm, amm> [am],... etc). Besides, vocalic graphemes other than <A, a>, <E, e>, <I, i>, <O, o>, <U, u> do not get nasalized when followed by an <N, n> or <M, m>.<br /> =====Diphtongues=====<br /> They have been described as diphtongues, but should rather be analyzed as combinations of vowels and approximants. There are three different approximants : /j/, /w/ and /ɥ/, which only appear in a limited number of cases.<br /> *Diphtongues /j/ + vowel :<br /> They are usually written with a <I, i> followed by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <I, i> stands for /j/ :<br /> <poem><br /> <Ia, ia> [ja]<br /> <Ie, ie> [jə]<br /> <Iç, iç> [je]<br /> <Iù, iù> [jœ]<br /> <Iÿ, iÿ> [jɛ]<br /> <Io, io> [jo] or [jɔ]<br /> <Iu, iu> [jy]<br /> <Iô, iô> [jo]<br /> <Iä, iä> [jɑ̃]<br /> <Ià, ià> [jɔ̃]<br /> <Ié, ié> [jɛ̃]<br /> <Iè, iè> [jœ̃]<br /> <Ii, ii> [ji]<br /> <Iou, iou> [ju]<br /> <Ieu, ieu> [jø]<br /> </poem><br /> However, there are a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> ÜÃ, üã [ja]<br /> ÜÕ, üõ [jo]<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues vowel + /j/ :<br /> They are usually written with a <Ü, ü> preceded by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <Ü, ü> stands for /j/ (minus the exceptions above) :<br /> <poem><br /> <AÜ, aü> [aj]<br /> <EÜ, eü> [əj]<br /> <EÜ, çü> [ej]<br /> <EÜ, ùü> [œj]<br /> <EÜ, ÿü> [ɛj]<br /> <OÜ, oü> [oj] or [ɔj]<br /> <UÜ, uü> [yj]<br /> <ÔÜ, ôü> [oj]<br /> <ÄÜ, äü> [aɑ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, àü> [ɔ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, éü> [ɛ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, èü> [œ̃j]<br /> <ÃÜ, ãü> [aj]<br /> <ÕÜ, õü> [oj]<br /> <EUÜ, euü> [øj]<br /> </poem><br /> There are also a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> EÎ, eî [əj]<br /> EÎ, çî [ej]<br /> EÎ, ùî [œj]<br /> EÎ, ÿî [ɛj]<br /> IÎ, iî [ij]<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues with /w/ :<br /> These are usually written with a <O, o>, either followed or preceded by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <O, o> stands for /w/ :<br /> <poem><br /> <Oa, oa> [wa]<br /> <Oe, oe> [wə]<br /> <Oç, oç> [we]<br /> <Où, où> [wœ]<br /> <Oÿ, oÿ> [wɛ]<br /> <Oo, oo> [wo] or [wɔ]<br /> <Oy, oy> [wy]<br /> <Oô, oô> [wo]<br /> <Oä, oä> [wɑ̃]<br /> <Oà, oà> [wɔ̃]<br /> <Oé, oé> [wɛ̃]<br /> <Oè, oè> [wœ̃] (This one was described as [wœ̃] already in the original documentation (instead of expected [wæ̃] and has therefore cast some doubt on the identification of vowels /ø/, /œ/ and /œ̃/.)<br /> <Oi, oi> [wi]<br /> <Oeu, oeu> [wø]<br /> And reciprocally (<Ao, ao> [aw]... etc).<br /> </poem><br /> There are however a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> <Io, io> is ambiguous and can denote either /iw/ or /jo/<br /> <Oi, oi> is ambiguous and can denote either /i/ or /wi/<br /> <Oe, oe> is ambiguous and can denote either /wə/ or /ø/<br /> <OU/Ou, ou> always denotes /u/ (/wy/ is denoted <Oy, oy> instead).<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues with /ɥ/ :<br /> <poem><br /> UÎ, uî [ɥi]<br /> Ui, ui [ɥi]<br /> Ua, ua [ɥa]<br /> Uç, uç [ɥe]<br /> Uÿ, uÿ [ɥɛ]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Triphtongues=====<br /> They should also be analyzed as combinations of approximant + vowel + approximant. Besides using <I, i> and <O, o> or even <Ü, ü> and <U, u>, there is a handful of special spellings that denote such "triphtongues" :<br /> <poem><br /> ÜÂ, üâ [jaj]<br /> ÜY, üy [jɔj]<br /> ÊÜ, êü [jaj]<br /> YÜ, yü [joj] or [jɔj]<br /> ÃÎ, ãî [aji]<br /> ÕÎ, õî [oji]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Word-final position induced changes=====<br /> The original consonants /g/ <G, g>, /l/ <L, l> and syllable /wi/ <W, w> turn into [j] when in a word-final position. Instead, the spellings <gue>, <lle> and <wi> are used.<br /> <poem><br /> <g> /j/<br /> <l> /j/<br /> <w> /j/<br /> <gue> /g/<br /> <lle> /l/<br /> <wi> /wi/<br /> </poem><br /> There are some other special spellings :<br /> <poem><br /> <ebm> /ɛjm/<br /> <ebn> /ɛjn/<br /> </poem><br /> Finally, some letters are simply not pronounced at the end of a word, and other spellings are used instead :<br /> <poem><br /> <e><br /> <ô><br /> <d><br /> <nowiki><q></nowiki><br /> <nowiki><s></nowiki><br /> <t><br /> <z><br /> <er><br /> <dde> /d/<br /> <qe> /ʃ/<br /> <sse> /θ/ (or possibly /s/ ?)<br /> <tte> /t/<br /> <ze> /z/<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ====Table of phonemes and their principal corresponding graphemes====<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m <M, m><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n <N, n><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ <Ñ, ñ><br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ <ÎÑ, îñ><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p <P, p> ; b <B, b><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ <TÛ, tû> ; t <T, t> ; d̚ <DÛ, dû> ; d <D, d><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k <K, k> ; g <G, g><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s <C, c> alt. <TĦ/Tħ, tħ> ; z <Z, z> alt. <DĦ/Dħ, dħ> alt. <SĦ/Sħ, sħ><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ <Q, q> ; ʒ <Ö, ö> alt. <JĦ/Jħ, jħ> alt. <QJ/Qj, qj><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ <QÛ, qû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ <ÎF, îf> ; β <ÎV, îv><br /> |colspan="2"| f <F, f> alt. <PĦ/Pħ, pħ> ; v <V, v> alt. <BĦ/Bħ, bħ><br /> |colspan="2"| θ <S, s> alt. <Tûhh, s> ; ð <J, j> <br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ <HÛ, hû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ <ÎQ, îq> ; ɧ̙ʷ̬ <ÎÖ, îö> alt. <LÎÖ, lîö><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <ÎX, îx><br /> |colspan="2"| χ <X, x> ; ʁ <R, r><br /> |colspan="2"| h <H, h><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ <RÛ, rû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j <I, i> (before a vowel), <Ü, ü> (after a vowel) ; ɥ <U, u> (before some vowels)<br /> |colspan="2"| w <O, o> (before or after a vowel)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r <LÛ, lû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ <RX, rx><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ <ĦÛ, ħû> <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l <L, l> ɫ <Û, û><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg <ÎÑg, îñg><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i <I, i> alt. <Oi, oi> ; y <U, u><br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ <Î, î> alt. <Ï, ï><br /> |colspan="2"|u <OU/Ou, ou><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e <E, ç/ë> ; ø <EU/Eu, eu> alt. <OE/Oe, oe><br /> |colspan="2"| ə <E, e><br /> |colspan="2"|o <O, o> alt. <Ô, ô> alt. <Õ, õ><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ <E, ÿ/ê> alt. <EA, ea> ; œ <E, ù/ĕ> alt. <EÔ/Eô, eô> ; ɛ̃ <Ä, é/â> ; œ̃ <Ä, è/ä><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ <O, o> ; ɔ̃ <Ä, à/ă><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä <A, a> alt. <Ã, ã><br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃ <Ä, ä><br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Prosody===<br /> ====Stress====<br /> ====Intonation====<br /> <br /> ===Phonotactics===<br /> <br /> ===Morphophonology===<br /> <br /> ==Morphology==<br /> <br /> There are five main parts of speech in Qtolqjimctadû : nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and adpositions.<br /> <br /> ===Nouns===<br /> Nouns have definiteness, gender, and number. Definiteness is marked by definite and indefinite articles which agree in gender and number with the nouns. There are two numbers, singular and plural ; singular is unmarked while plural is marked with a suffix that differs depending on the ending of the noun. There are three genders : neuter, masculine, and feminine. <br /> <br /> ====Gender====<br /> Gender is usually marked by the ending of the noun. Nouns that correspond to non-animate things are usually neutral whereas nouns that describe animate things are usually masculine or feminine. However, some nouns can have all three genders, with the masculine and feminine forms built on an underlying neutral form ; this is common for instance for animal names, or for professions.<br /> <br /> According to documentation, most neuter nouns in the singular end either in <nowiki><-e></nowiki> or in a consonant. There is however no indication of how to distinguish masculine and feminine nouns, but based on the description of neuter forms, it may be posited that they must typically end in some kinds of vowels. Nouns that end in <nowiki><-e></nowiki> in the singular neuter are part of a paradigm that builds masculine and feminine forms on this underlying neuter form :<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Ending in -e<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || -e /ə/ || -ea /ɛ/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || -e /ə/ || -ebn /ɛjn/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || -ea /ɛ/ || -ean /əɑ̃/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ====Definiteness====<br /> Earlier documentation does not explicitly state that the definite and definite articles must agree with nouns in number and gender, but it is apparent in corpus that there is at least a masculine or neutral singular definite article that differs from a feminine singular definite article. From this and comparison with other versions of Tolsian, one can infer that articles, both definite and indefinite, come in at least three forms : masculine singular, feminine singular, and a plural form that covers all genders. Based on the existence of a neutral gender, it may be posited that there must be a neutral singular form as well. There is however no actual indication of whether there is only one plural form for all genders, or if there are also different plural forms for different genders. We'll assume the following paradigm :<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Definite and indefinite articles<br /> |-<br /> ! Definiteness / Gender !! Neuter !! Masculine !! Feminine !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Definite|| - || pna /pna/ || pnÿ /pnɛ/ || -<br /> |-<br /> | Indefinite|| -|| -|| ad /a/ || -<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Neuter singular ending -c, -f, -j, -l, -m, -n, -v, -û, -ë<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || -e /ə/ || -ea /ɛ/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || -e /ə/ || -ebn /ɛjn/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || -ea /ɛ/ || -ean /əɑ̃/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Syntax==<br /> ===Constituent order===<br /> ===Noun phrase===<br /> ===Verb phrase===<br /> ===Sentence phrase===<br /> ===Dependent clauses===<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Example texts==<br /> <br /> ==Other resources==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Qtolqjimctadû]]<br /> [[Category:Languages]]<br /> [[Category:Conlangs]]<br /> [[Category:Tolsian]]</div>

Uvie https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Qtolqjimctad%C3%BB&diff=526402 Qtolqjimctadû 2026-05-20T16:14:15Z

<p>Uvie: /* Nouns */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Introduction==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ<br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p b<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ t d̚ d<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k g<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s z<br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ ʒ <br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ β<br /> |colspan="2"| f v<br /> |colspan="2"| θ ð<br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ ɧ̙ʷ̬<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <br /> |colspan="2"| χ ʁ<br /> |colspan="2"| h<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j ɥ<br /> |colspan="2"| w<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l ɫ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> Notes :<br /> <br /> In earlier documentation, proper knowledge of IPA was lacking and several of the phonemes had to be identified from either phonetically inaccurate IPA descriptions or vague, impressionistic ones. Several phonemes could not be recovered. Here is a list of deviations from the above table :<br /> <poem><br /> Identified phonemes :<br /> /ɸ/ was described as [fʷ] (written <ÎF, îf>).<br /> /β/ was described as [vʷ] (written <ÎV, îv>).<br /> /ʁ/ was described as [ʀ] (written <R, r>).<br /> /ʀ/ was described as [rˤ] (''sorte de « r » très roulé'', written <RX, rx>).<br /> /ɹ/ was described as [ʀˤ] (''sorte de « r » anglais'', written <RÛ, rû>).<br /> /ɫ/ was described as [l̪ ] (''comme à la fin du mot anglais "well"'', written <Û, û>).<br /> /χ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [x] (written <X, x>), while /x/ itself was most likely described as [xˤ] (written <ÎX, îx>).<br /> /ŋ/ was probably described as [ɲˤ] (written <ÎÑ, îñ>), while the sound described as [ŋ] (written <ÎÑg, îñg>) probably corresponded to /ᵑg/.<br /> /ɾ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [r̺] (written <ĦÛ, ħû>, as well as part of the cluster /bɾ/+V with the help of <Ë, ë> as [bɾə], described as [br̺ə]).<br /> /r/ might have been what was described as [r] (''sorte de « r » roulé à la japonaise'', written <LÛ, lû>).<br /> /ɧ̙ʷ/ and its voiced version /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ are, to this day, subject to doubt regarding their IPA descriptions. They were most likely corresponding to the sounds described as [ʃ ̪ ] (written <ÎQ, îq>) and [ʒ̺̺̺ ] (written <ÎÖ, îö> or <LÎÖ, lîö>).<br /> /t̚/ and /d̚/ are also subject to some doubt regarding their IPA descriptions still. They were described as [t̪] (written <TÛ, tû>) and [d̪] (written <DÛ, dû>).<br /> The phoneme described as [ʃʲ] probably has a realization closer to [ç] or [ɕ] (written <QÛ, qû>).<br /> <br /> Unidentified or very doubtful phonemes :<br /> Some /h/-like phoneme, described as [hˤ] (written <ÎH, îh>). It might have corresponded to /ɣ/, but it is not very likely.<br /> /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ might have been what was described as [l̤ʲ] (written <HÛ, hû>). Based on its spelling it is more likely to be devoiced.<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i y<br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ<br /> |colspan="2"|u<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e ø<br /> |colspan="2"| ə<br /> |colspan="2"|o<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ œ ɛ̃ œ̃<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ ɔ̃<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä<br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃<br /> |}<br /> Vowel length is supposed to be phonemic, with regular (or short) vowels, and long vowels.<br /> <br /> Similarly to consonants, some vowels had to be "re-identified" from previous documentation and some deviations arise :<br /> <poem><br /> /œ/ is probably what was described as [æ] (written <Ù, ù> or <E, ĕ> or <EÔ/Eô, eô>).<br /> /œ̃/ is probably what was described as [æ̃] (written <Ä, è> or <Ä, ä>).<br /> /ø/ is probably what was described as [œ] (written <EU/Eu, eu> or <OE/Oe, oe>).<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Orthography===<br /> Orthography was made complicated on purpose.<br /> <br /> ====Alphabet====<br /> <poem><br /> A, a /a/<br /> B, b /b/<br /> C, c /s/<br /> D, d /d/<br /> E, e /ə/ ; E, ç/ë /e/ ; E, ù/ĕ /œ/ ; E, ÿ/ê /ɛ/<br /> F, f /f/<br /> G, g /g/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> H, h /h/<br /> Ħ, ħ soundless ; mostly used in composed graphemes.<br /> I, i /i/<br /> J, j /ð/<br /> K, k /k/<br /> L, l /l/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> M, m /m/<br /> N, n /n/<br /> O, o /o/ or /ɔ/<br /> P, p /p/<br /> Q, q /ʃ/<br /> R, r /ʁ/<br /> S, s /θ/<br /> T, t /t/<br /> U, u /y/<br /> V, v /v/<br /> W, w /wi/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> X, x /χ/<br /> Y, y /jo/ or /ɔj/<br /> Z, z /z/<br /> Â, â /aj/<br /> Ê, ê /ja/<br /> Û, û /ɫ/<br /> Î, î /ɨ/ soundless when used in composed graphemes.<br /> Ô, ô /o/<br /> Ä, ä /ɑ̃/ ; Ä, à/ă /ɔ̃/ ; Ä, é/â /ɛ̃/ ; Ä, è/ä /œ̃/<br /> Ë, ë /bɾə/<br /> Ü, ü /j/<br /> Ï, ï /ɨ/<br /> Ö, ö /ʒ/<br /> Ã, ã /a/<br /> Õ, õ /o/<br /> Ñ, ñ /ɲ/<br /> </poem><br /> =====History=====<br /> Like most, if not all, versions of Tolsian, Qtolqjimctadû was meant to be written with the original Tolsian script. Some graphemes were chosen because of the limitations of the French keyboard, but were initally supposed to correspond to another, preexisting grapheme, with a diacritic, in order to reflect the original script. Some graphemes with diacritic are supposed to represent letters in the original script that are not simply versions of another letter with a diacritic ; this is why in the list below, <nowiki><ë></nowiki> appears to represent /e/, alongside <nowiki><ç></nowiki>, whereas in <Ë, ë> it represents /bɾə/ in the alphabet : they have different underlying identities.<br /> <poem><br /> <e> with diaeresis ¨ becomes <ç> (or <ë>)<br /> <e> with cedilla or possibly hook below (''accent « petite courbe vers le bas »'') becomes <ù> (or <ĕ>)<br /> <e> with circumflex accent ^ becomes <ÿ> (or <ê>)<br /> <O, o> (or <Ô, ô> ?) with circumflex accent becomes <Õ, õ><br /> <U, u> with dieresis becomes <Ü, ü><br /> <U, u> with circumflex accent becomes <Û, û><br /> <Â, â> with circumflex accent becomes <Ê, ê><br /> <Î, î> with circumflex accent becomes <Ï, ï><br /> <ä> with cedilla or hook below becomes <à> (o <ă>)<br /> <ä> with circumflex becomes <é> (or <â>)<br /> <ä> with diaeresis becomes <è> (or <ä>)<br /> <Â, â> with circumflex becomes <Ã, ã><br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ====Spelling rules====<br /> Long vowels are spelled with doubled graphemes (<Aa, aa> /a:/, etc).<br /> <br /> Some graphemes, namely <E, e> /ə/ ; <E, ç/ë> /e/ ; <E, ù/ĕ> /œ/ ; <E, ÿ/ê> /ɛ/ and <Ä, ä> /ɑ̃/ ; <Ä, à/ă> /ɔ̃/ ; <Ä, é/â> /ɛ̃/ ; <Ä, è/ä /œ̃/> use the same capital letter, but different minuscule letters, for different phonemes. This is partly due to limitations on a French keyboard, and partly to reflect the original Tolsian script in which these phonemes use the same letter but with different diacritics.<br /> <br /> The grapheme <Î, î> denotes /ɨ/, except in front of some consonants (<F, f>, <V, v>, <Q, q>, <Ö, ö>, <Ñ, ñ>, <X, x>, <H, h>) ; the grapheme <Ï, ï> is used instead in order to denote /ɨ/.<br /> <br /> There are many digraphs and even trigraphs ; usually, all letters are capitalized, when capitalization is needed.<br /> =====Digraphs with <Î, î>=====<br /> In the original documentation, these are described as "purified" (''épurés'').<br /> <poem><br /> ÎF, îf /ɸ/<br /> ÎV, îv /β/<br /> ÎQ, îq /ɧ̙ʷ/<br /> ÎÖ, îö /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ <br /> ÎÑ, îñ /ŋ/<br /> ÎX, îx /x/<br /> ÎH, îh unknown, possibly /ɣ/<br /> </poem><br /> It is unclear if the following are considered to be "purified" :<br /> <poem><br /> <Äî, äî> /an/<br /> <Äî, àî> /on/ or /ɔn/<br /> <Äî, éî> /in/ or /im/<br /> <Äî, èî> /un/ or /œm/<br /> </poem><br /> =====Trigraphs with <Î, î>=====<br /> These were also considered to be "purified".<br /> <poem><br /> LÎÖ, lîö /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ <br /> ÎÑg, îñg /ᵑg/<br /> </poem><br /> =====Digraphs with <Û, û>=====<br /> Some of these digraphs were originally described as "wet" (''mouillés'') :<br /> <poem><br /> TÛ, tû /t̚/<br /> QÛ, qû /ʃʲ/ (probably realized [ç] or [ɕ])<br /> DÛ, dû /d̚/<br /> </poem><br /> Others were not considered to be "wet" :<br /> <poem><br /> LÛ, lû /r/<br /> HÛ, hû possibly /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ <br /> ĦÛ, ħû /ɾ/<br /> RÛ, rû /ɹ/ <br /> <br /> =====Trigraphs with <Û, û>=====<br /> There is only one such trigraph, and only the first letter is capitalized, if needed. It is possibly meant to appear only word-initially as it was only given as <Tûhh> :<br /> Tûhh /θ/<br /> <br /> =====Digraphs with <Ħ, ħ>=====<br /> These can also be written as trigraphs, swapping <Ħ, ħ> for <Hh, hh>. As digraphs, one may likewise capitalize both letters or only the first one. As trigraphs, Only the first letter is capitalized.<br /> Ħ, ħ can be found on its own but is soundless. It may be used as part of the following digraphs, or used to maintain a hiatus between vowels and <I, i> or <O, o>. It can also be written <Hh, hh>.<br /> PĦ/Pħ, pħ /f/ (or <Phh, phh>)<br /> TĦ/Tħ, tħ /s/ (or <Thh, thh><br /> JĦ/Jħ, jħ /ʒ/ (or <Jhh, jhh>)<br /> BĦ/Bħ, bħ /v/ (or <Bhh, bhh>)<br /> DĦ/Dħ, dħ /z/ (or <Dhh, dhh>)<br /> SĦ/Sħ, sħ /z/ (or <Shh, shh>)<br /> <br /> =====Digraphs and trigraph with <Ë, ë>=====<br /> The phoneme /ɾ/ also appears as part of a syllable /bɾə/, written <Ë, ë>. When <Ë, ë> is followed by a vowel, the /ə/ is replaced by that vowel :<br /> Ëa, ëa [bɾa]<br /> Ëç, ëç [bɾe]<br /> Ëÿ, ëÿ [bɾɛ]<br /> Ëu, ëu [bɾy]<br /> Ëo, ëo [bɾo] or [bɾɔ]<br /> Ëï, ëï [bɾi]<br /> Ëä, ëä [bɾɑ̃]<br /> Ëà, ëà [bɾɔ̃]<br /> Ëé, ëé [bɾɛ̃]<br /> Ëè, ëè [bɾœ̃]<br /> Ëou, ëou [bɾu]<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> =====Some more consonantal digraphs=====<br /> RX, rx /ʀ/<br /> QJ/Qj, qj /ʒ/<br /> =====Vocalic digraphs=====<br /> <poem><br /> <Oi, oi> [i]<br /> <EU/Eu, eu> [ø]<br /> <OU/Ou, ou> [u]<br /> <EA, ea> [ɛ]<br /> (But <Ea, ea> [əa])<br /> <OE/Oe, oe> [ø]<br /> <EÔ/Eô, eô> [œ]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Nasal vowels=====<br /> Some digraphs and trigraphs denote nasal vowels, with <N, n> and <M, m> :<br /> <poem><br /> <An, an> /ɑ̃/<br /> <Am, am> /ɑ̃/<br /> <En, en> /ɑ̃/<br /> <Em, em> /ɑ̃/<br /> <In, in> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Im, im> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Ein, ein> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Eim, eim> /ɛ̃/<br /> <On, on> /ɔ̃/<br /> <Om, om> /ɔ̃/<br /> <Un, un> /œ̃/<br /> <Um, um> /œ̃/<br /> </poem><br /> However, if there are two <N, n> or <M, m> following a vowel, then it is not nasalized but pronounced as V+[n or m] instead (<Ann, ann> [an], <Amm, amm> [am],... etc). Besides, vocalic graphemes other than <A, a>, <E, e>, <I, i>, <O, o>, <U, u> do not get nasalized when followed by an <N, n> or <M, m>.<br /> =====Diphtongues=====<br /> They have been described as diphtongues, but should rather be analyzed as combinations of vowels and approximants. There are three different approximants : /j/, /w/ and /ɥ/, which only appear in a limited number of cases.<br /> *Diphtongues /j/ + vowel :<br /> They are usually written with a <I, i> followed by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <I, i> stands for /j/ :<br /> <poem><br /> <Ia, ia> [ja]<br /> <Ie, ie> [jə]<br /> <Iç, iç> [je]<br /> <Iù, iù> [jœ]<br /> <Iÿ, iÿ> [jɛ]<br /> <Io, io> [jo] or [jɔ]<br /> <Iu, iu> [jy]<br /> <Iô, iô> [jo]<br /> <Iä, iä> [jɑ̃]<br /> <Ià, ià> [jɔ̃]<br /> <Ié, ié> [jɛ̃]<br /> <Iè, iè> [jœ̃]<br /> <Ii, ii> [ji]<br /> <Iou, iou> [ju]<br /> <Ieu, ieu> [jø]<br /> </poem><br /> However, there are a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> ÜÃ, üã [ja]<br /> ÜÕ, üõ [jo]<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues vowel + /j/ :<br /> They are usually written with a <Ü, ü> preceded by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <Ü, ü> stands for /j/ (minus the exceptions above) :<br /> <poem><br /> <AÜ, aü> [aj]<br /> <EÜ, eü> [əj]<br /> <EÜ, çü> [ej]<br /> <EÜ, ùü> [œj]<br /> <EÜ, ÿü> [ɛj]<br /> <OÜ, oü> [oj] or [ɔj]<br /> <UÜ, uü> [yj]<br /> <ÔÜ, ôü> [oj]<br /> <ÄÜ, äü> [aɑ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, àü> [ɔ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, éü> [ɛ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, èü> [œ̃j]<br /> <ÃÜ, ãü> [aj]<br /> <ÕÜ, õü> [oj]<br /> <EUÜ, euü> [øj]<br /> </poem><br /> There are also a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> EÎ, eî [əj]<br /> EÎ, çî [ej]<br /> EÎ, ùî [œj]<br /> EÎ, ÿî [ɛj]<br /> IÎ, iî [ij]<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues with /w/ :<br /> These are usually written with a <O, o>, either followed or preceded by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <O, o> stands for /w/ :<br /> <poem><br /> <Oa, oa> [wa]<br /> <Oe, oe> [wə]<br /> <Oç, oç> [we]<br /> <Où, où> [wœ]<br /> <Oÿ, oÿ> [wɛ]<br /> <Oo, oo> [wo] or [wɔ]<br /> <Oy, oy> [wy]<br /> <Oô, oô> [wo]<br /> <Oä, oä> [wɑ̃]<br /> <Oà, oà> [wɔ̃]<br /> <Oé, oé> [wɛ̃]<br /> <Oè, oè> [wœ̃] (This one was described as [wœ̃] already in the original documentation (instead of expected [wæ̃] and has therefore cast some doubt on the identification of vowels /ø/, /œ/ and /œ̃/.)<br /> <Oi, oi> [wi]<br /> <Oeu, oeu> [wø]<br /> And reciprocally (<Ao, ao> [aw]... etc).<br /> </poem><br /> There are however a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> <Io, io> is ambiguous and can denote either /iw/ or /jo/<br /> <Oi, oi> is ambiguous and can denote either /i/ or /wi/<br /> <Oe, oe> is ambiguous and can denote either /wə/ or /ø/<br /> <OU/Ou, ou> always denotes /u/ (/wy/ is denoted <Oy, oy> instead).<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues with /ɥ/ :<br /> <poem><br /> UÎ, uî [ɥi]<br /> Ui, ui [ɥi]<br /> Ua, ua [ɥa]<br /> Uç, uç [ɥe]<br /> Uÿ, uÿ [ɥɛ]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Triphtongues=====<br /> They should also be analyzed as combinations of approximant + vowel + approximant. Besides using <I, i> and <O, o> or even <Ü, ü> and <U, u>, there is a handful of special spellings that denote such "triphtongues" :<br /> <poem><br /> ÜÂ, üâ [jaj]<br /> ÜY, üy [jɔj]<br /> ÊÜ, êü [jaj]<br /> YÜ, yü [joj] or [jɔj]<br /> ÃÎ, ãî [aji]<br /> ÕÎ, õî [oji]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Word-final position induced changes=====<br /> The original consonants /g/ <G, g>, /l/ <L, l> and syllable /wi/ <W, w> turn into [j] when in a word-final position. Instead, the spellings <gue>, <lle> and <wi> are used.<br /> <poem><br /> <g> /j/<br /> <l> /j/<br /> <w> /j/<br /> <gue> /g/<br /> <lle> /l/<br /> <wi> /wi/<br /> </poem><br /> There are some other special spellings :<br /> <poem><br /> <ebm> /ɛjm/<br /> <ebn> /ɛjn/<br /> </poem><br /> Finally, some letters are simply not pronounced at the end of a word, and other spellings are used instead :<br /> <poem><br /> <e><br /> <ô><br /> <d><br /> <nowiki><q></nowiki><br /> <nowiki><s></nowiki><br /> <t><br /> <z><br /> <er><br /> <dde> /d/<br /> <qe> /ʃ/<br /> <sse> /θ/ (or possibly /s/ ?)<br /> <tte> /t/<br /> <ze> /z/<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ====Table of phonemes and their principal corresponding graphemes====<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m <M, m><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n <N, n><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ <Ñ, ñ><br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ <ÎÑ, îñ><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p <P, p> ; b <B, b><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ <TÛ, tû> ; t <T, t> ; d̚ <DÛ, dû> ; d <D, d><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k <K, k> ; g <G, g><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s <C, c> alt. <TĦ/Tħ, tħ> ; z <Z, z> alt. <DĦ/Dħ, dħ> alt. <SĦ/Sħ, sħ><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ <Q, q> ; ʒ <Ö, ö> alt. <JĦ/Jħ, jħ> alt. <QJ/Qj, qj><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ <QÛ, qû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ <ÎF, îf> ; β <ÎV, îv><br /> |colspan="2"| f <F, f> alt. <PĦ/Pħ, pħ> ; v <V, v> alt. <BĦ/Bħ, bħ><br /> |colspan="2"| θ <S, s> alt. <Tûhh, s> ; ð <J, j> <br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ <HÛ, hû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ <ÎQ, îq> ; ɧ̙ʷ̬ <ÎÖ, îö> alt. <LÎÖ, lîö><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <ÎX, îx><br /> |colspan="2"| χ <X, x> ; ʁ <R, r><br /> |colspan="2"| h <H, h><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ <RÛ, rû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j <I, i> (before a vowel), <Ü, ü> (after a vowel) ; ɥ <U, u> (before some vowels)<br /> |colspan="2"| w <O, o> (before or after a vowel)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r <LÛ, lû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ <RX, rx><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ <ĦÛ, ħû> <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l <L, l> ɫ <Û, û><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg <ÎÑg, îñg><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i <I, i> alt. <Oi, oi> ; y <U, u><br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ <Î, î> alt. <Ï, ï><br /> |colspan="2"|u <OU/Ou, ou><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e <E, ç/ë> ; ø <EU/Eu, eu> alt. <OE/Oe, oe><br /> |colspan="2"| ə <E, e><br /> |colspan="2"|o <O, o> alt. <Ô, ô> alt. <Õ, õ><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ <E, ÿ/ê> alt. <EA, ea> ; œ <E, ù/ĕ> alt. <EÔ/Eô, eô> ; ɛ̃ <Ä, é/â> ; œ̃ <Ä, è/ä><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ <O, o> ; ɔ̃ <Ä, à/ă><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä <A, a> alt. <Ã, ã><br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃ <Ä, ä><br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Prosody===<br /> ====Stress====<br /> ====Intonation====<br /> <br /> ===Phonotactics===<br /> <br /> ===Morphophonology===<br /> <br /> ==Morphology==<br /> <br /> There are five main parts of speech in Qtolqjimctadû : nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and adpositions.<br /> <br /> ===Nouns===<br /> Nouns have definiteness, gender, and number. Definiteness is marked by definite and indefinite articles which agree in gender and number with the nouns. There are two numbers, singular and plural ; singular is unmarked while plural is marked with a suffix that differs depending on the ending of the noun. There are three genders : neuter, masculine, and feminine. <br /> <br /> ====Gender====<br /> Gender is usually marked by the ending of the noun. Nouns that correspond to non-animate things are usually neutral whereas nouns that describe animate things are usually masculine or feminine. However, some nouns can have all three genders, with the masculine and feminine forms built on an underlying neutral form ; this is common for instance for animal names, or for professions.<br /> <br /> According to documentation, most neuter nouns in the singular end either in <nowiki><-e></nowiki> or in a consonant. There is however no indication of how to distinguish masculine and feminine nouns, but based on the description of neuter forms, it may be posited that they must typically end in some kinds of vowels. Nouns that end in <nowiki><-e></nowiki> in the singular neuter ar part of a paradigm that builds masculine and feminine forms on this underlying neuter form :<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Ending in -e<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || -e /ə/ || -ea /ɛ/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || -e /ə/ || -ebn /ɛjn/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || -ea /ɛ/ || -ean /əɑ̃/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ====Definiteness====<br /> Earlier documentation does not explicitly state that the definite and definite articles must agree with nouns in number and gender, but it is apparent in corpus that there is at least a masculine or neutral singular definite article that differs from a feminine singular definite article. From this and comparison with other versions of Tolsian, one can infer that articles, both definite and indefinite, come in at least three forms : masculine singular, feminine singular, and a plural form that covers all genders. Based on the existence of a neutral gender, it may be posited that there must be a neutral singular form as well. There is however no actual indication of whether there is only one plural form for all genders, or if there are also different plural forms for different genders. We'll assume the following paradigm :<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Definite and indefinite articles<br /> |-<br /> ! Definiteness / Gender !! Neuter !! Masculine !! Feminine !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Definite|| - || pna /pna/ || pnÿ /pnɛ/ || -<br /> |-<br /> | Indefinite|| -|| -|| ad /a/ || -<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Neuter singular ending -c, -f, -j, -l, -m, -n, -v, -û, -ë<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || -e /ə/ || -ea /ɛ/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || -e /ə/ || -ebn /ɛjn/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || -ea /ɛ/ || -ean /əɑ̃/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Syntax==<br /> ===Constituent order===<br /> ===Noun phrase===<br /> ===Verb phrase===<br /> ===Sentence phrase===<br /> ===Dependent clauses===<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Example texts==<br /> <br /> ==Other resources==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Qtolqjimctadû]]<br /> [[Category:Languages]]<br /> [[Category:Conlangs]]<br /> [[Category:Tolsian]]</div>

Uvie https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Qtolqjimctad%C3%BB&diff=526399 Qtolqjimctadû 2026-05-20T16:07:20Z

<p>Uvie: /* Definiteness */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Introduction==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ<br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p b<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ t d̚ d<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k g<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s z<br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ ʒ <br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ β<br /> |colspan="2"| f v<br /> |colspan="2"| θ ð<br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ ɧ̙ʷ̬<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <br /> |colspan="2"| χ ʁ<br /> |colspan="2"| h<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j ɥ<br /> |colspan="2"| w<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l ɫ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> Notes :<br /> <br /> In earlier documentation, proper knowledge of IPA was lacking and several of the phonemes had to be identified from either phonetically inaccurate IPA descriptions or vague, impressionistic ones. Several phonemes could not be recovered. Here is a list of deviations from the above table :<br /> <poem><br /> Identified phonemes :<br /> /ɸ/ was described as [fʷ] (written <ÎF, îf>).<br /> /β/ was described as [vʷ] (written <ÎV, îv>).<br /> /ʁ/ was described as [ʀ] (written <R, r>).<br /> /ʀ/ was described as [rˤ] (''sorte de « r » très roulé'', written <RX, rx>).<br /> /ɹ/ was described as [ʀˤ] (''sorte de « r » anglais'', written <RÛ, rû>).<br /> /ɫ/ was described as [l̪ ] (''comme à la fin du mot anglais "well"'', written <Û, û>).<br /> /χ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [x] (written <X, x>), while /x/ itself was most likely described as [xˤ] (written <ÎX, îx>).<br /> /ŋ/ was probably described as [ɲˤ] (written <ÎÑ, îñ>), while the sound described as [ŋ] (written <ÎÑg, îñg>) probably corresponded to /ᵑg/.<br /> /ɾ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [r̺] (written <ĦÛ, ħû>, as well as part of the cluster /bɾ/+V with the help of <Ë, ë> as [bɾə], described as [br̺ə]).<br /> /r/ might have been what was described as [r] (''sorte de « r » roulé à la japonaise'', written <LÛ, lû>).<br /> /ɧ̙ʷ/ and its voiced version /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ are, to this day, subject to doubt regarding their IPA descriptions. They were most likely corresponding to the sounds described as [ʃ ̪ ] (written <ÎQ, îq>) and [ʒ̺̺̺ ] (written <ÎÖ, îö> or <LÎÖ, lîö>).<br /> /t̚/ and /d̚/ are also subject to some doubt regarding their IPA descriptions still. They were described as [t̪] (written <TÛ, tû>) and [d̪] (written <DÛ, dû>).<br /> The phoneme described as [ʃʲ] probably has a realization closer to [ç] or [ɕ] (written <QÛ, qû>).<br /> <br /> Unidentified or very doubtful phonemes :<br /> Some /h/-like phoneme, described as [hˤ] (written <ÎH, îh>). It might have corresponded to /ɣ/, but it is not very likely.<br /> /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ might have been what was described as [l̤ʲ] (written <HÛ, hû>). Based on its spelling it is more likely to be devoiced.<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i y<br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ<br /> |colspan="2"|u<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e ø<br /> |colspan="2"| ə<br /> |colspan="2"|o<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ œ ɛ̃ œ̃<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ ɔ̃<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä<br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃<br /> |}<br /> Vowel length is supposed to be phonemic, with regular (or short) vowels, and long vowels.<br /> <br /> Similarly to consonants, some vowels had to be "re-identified" from previous documentation and some deviations arise :<br /> <poem><br /> /œ/ is probably what was described as [æ] (written <Ù, ù> or <E, ĕ> or <EÔ/Eô, eô>).<br /> /œ̃/ is probably what was described as [æ̃] (written <Ä, è> or <Ä, ä>).<br /> /ø/ is probably what was described as [œ] (written <EU/Eu, eu> or <OE/Oe, oe>).<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Orthography===<br /> Orthography was made complicated on purpose.<br /> <br /> ====Alphabet====<br /> <poem><br /> A, a /a/<br /> B, b /b/<br /> C, c /s/<br /> D, d /d/<br /> E, e /ə/ ; E, ç/ë /e/ ; E, ù/ĕ /œ/ ; E, ÿ/ê /ɛ/<br /> F, f /f/<br /> G, g /g/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> H, h /h/<br /> Ħ, ħ soundless ; mostly used in composed graphemes.<br /> I, i /i/<br /> J, j /ð/<br /> K, k /k/<br /> L, l /l/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> M, m /m/<br /> N, n /n/<br /> O, o /o/ or /ɔ/<br /> P, p /p/<br /> Q, q /ʃ/<br /> R, r /ʁ/<br /> S, s /θ/<br /> T, t /t/<br /> U, u /y/<br /> V, v /v/<br /> W, w /wi/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> X, x /χ/<br /> Y, y /jo/ or /ɔj/<br /> Z, z /z/<br /> Â, â /aj/<br /> Ê, ê /ja/<br /> Û, û /ɫ/<br /> Î, î /ɨ/ soundless when used in composed graphemes.<br /> Ô, ô /o/<br /> Ä, ä /ɑ̃/ ; Ä, à/ă /ɔ̃/ ; Ä, é/â /ɛ̃/ ; Ä, è/ä /œ̃/<br /> Ë, ë /bɾə/<br /> Ü, ü /j/<br /> Ï, ï /ɨ/<br /> Ö, ö /ʒ/<br /> Ã, ã /a/<br /> Õ, õ /o/<br /> Ñ, ñ /ɲ/<br /> </poem><br /> =====History=====<br /> Like most, if not all, versions of Tolsian, Qtolqjimctadû was meant to be written with the original Tolsian script. Some graphemes were chosen because of the limitations of the French keyboard, but were initally supposed to correspond to another, preexisting grapheme, with a diacritic, in order to reflect the original script. Some graphemes with diacritic are supposed to represent letters in the original script that are not simply versions of another letter with a diacritic ; this is why in the list below, <nowiki><ë></nowiki> appears to represent /e/, alongside <nowiki><ç></nowiki>, whereas in <Ë, ë> it represents /bɾə/ in the alphabet : they have different underlying identities.<br /> <poem><br /> <e> with diaeresis ¨ becomes <ç> (or <ë>)<br /> <e> with cedilla or possibly hook below (''accent « petite courbe vers le bas »'') becomes <ù> (or <ĕ>)<br /> <e> with circumflex accent ^ becomes <ÿ> (or <ê>)<br /> <O, o> (or <Ô, ô> ?) with circumflex accent becomes <Õ, õ><br /> <U, u> with dieresis becomes <Ü, ü><br /> <U, u> with circumflex accent becomes <Û, û><br /> <Â, â> with circumflex accent becomes <Ê, ê><br /> <Î, î> with circumflex accent becomes <Ï, ï><br /> <ä> with cedilla or hook below becomes <à> (o <ă>)<br /> <ä> with circumflex becomes <é> (or <â>)<br /> <ä> with diaeresis becomes <è> (or <ä>)<br /> <Â, â> with circumflex becomes <Ã, ã><br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ====Spelling rules====<br /> Long vowels are spelled with doubled graphemes (<Aa, aa> /a:/, etc).<br /> <br /> Some graphemes, namely <E, e> /ə/ ; <E, ç/ë> /e/ ; <E, ù/ĕ> /œ/ ; <E, ÿ/ê> /ɛ/ and <Ä, ä> /ɑ̃/ ; <Ä, à/ă> /ɔ̃/ ; <Ä, é/â> /ɛ̃/ ; <Ä, è/ä /œ̃/> use the same capital letter, but different minuscule letters, for different phonemes. This is partly due to limitations on a French keyboard, and partly to reflect the original Tolsian script in which these phonemes use the same letter but with different diacritics.<br /> <br /> The grapheme <Î, î> denotes /ɨ/, except in front of some consonants (<F, f>, <V, v>, <Q, q>, <Ö, ö>, <Ñ, ñ>, <X, x>, <H, h>) ; the grapheme <Ï, ï> is used instead in order to denote /ɨ/.<br /> <br /> There are many digraphs and even trigraphs ; usually, all letters are capitalized, when capitalization is needed.<br /> =====Digraphs with <Î, î>=====<br /> In the original documentation, these are described as "purified" (''épurés'').<br /> <poem><br /> ÎF, îf /ɸ/<br /> ÎV, îv /β/<br /> ÎQ, îq /ɧ̙ʷ/<br /> ÎÖ, îö /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ <br /> ÎÑ, îñ /ŋ/<br /> ÎX, îx /x/<br /> ÎH, îh unknown, possibly /ɣ/<br /> </poem><br /> It is unclear if the following are considered to be "purified" :<br /> <poem><br /> <Äî, äî> /an/<br /> <Äî, àî> /on/ or /ɔn/<br /> <Äî, éî> /in/ or /im/<br /> <Äî, èî> /un/ or /œm/<br /> </poem><br /> =====Trigraphs with <Î, î>=====<br /> These were also considered to be "purified".<br /> <poem><br /> LÎÖ, lîö /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ <br /> ÎÑg, îñg /ᵑg/<br /> </poem><br /> =====Digraphs with <Û, û>=====<br /> Some of these digraphs were originally described as "wet" (''mouillés'') :<br /> <poem><br /> TÛ, tû /t̚/<br /> QÛ, qû /ʃʲ/ (probably realized [ç] or [ɕ])<br /> DÛ, dû /d̚/<br /> </poem><br /> Others were not considered to be "wet" :<br /> <poem><br /> LÛ, lû /r/<br /> HÛ, hû possibly /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ <br /> ĦÛ, ħû /ɾ/<br /> RÛ, rû /ɹ/ <br /> <br /> =====Trigraphs with <Û, û>=====<br /> There is only one such trigraph, and only the first letter is capitalized, if needed. It is possibly meant to appear only word-initially as it was only given as <Tûhh> :<br /> Tûhh /θ/<br /> <br /> =====Digraphs with <Ħ, ħ>=====<br /> These can also be written as trigraphs, swapping <Ħ, ħ> for <Hh, hh>. As digraphs, one may likewise capitalize both letters or only the first one. As trigraphs, Only the first letter is capitalized.<br /> Ħ, ħ can be found on its own but is soundless. It may be used as part of the following digraphs, or used to maintain a hiatus between vowels and <I, i> or <O, o>. It can also be written <Hh, hh>.<br /> PĦ/Pħ, pħ /f/ (or <Phh, phh>)<br /> TĦ/Tħ, tħ /s/ (or <Thh, thh><br /> JĦ/Jħ, jħ /ʒ/ (or <Jhh, jhh>)<br /> BĦ/Bħ, bħ /v/ (or <Bhh, bhh>)<br /> DĦ/Dħ, dħ /z/ (or <Dhh, dhh>)<br /> SĦ/Sħ, sħ /z/ (or <Shh, shh>)<br /> <br /> =====Digraphs and trigraph with <Ë, ë>=====<br /> The phoneme /ɾ/ also appears as part of a syllable /bɾə/, written <Ë, ë>. When <Ë, ë> is followed by a vowel, the /ə/ is replaced by that vowel :<br /> Ëa, ëa [bɾa]<br /> Ëç, ëç [bɾe]<br /> Ëÿ, ëÿ [bɾɛ]<br /> Ëu, ëu [bɾy]<br /> Ëo, ëo [bɾo] or [bɾɔ]<br /> Ëï, ëï [bɾi]<br /> Ëä, ëä [bɾɑ̃]<br /> Ëà, ëà [bɾɔ̃]<br /> Ëé, ëé [bɾɛ̃]<br /> Ëè, ëè [bɾœ̃]<br /> Ëou, ëou [bɾu]<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> =====Some more consonantal digraphs=====<br /> RX, rx /ʀ/<br /> QJ/Qj, qj /ʒ/<br /> =====Vocalic digraphs=====<br /> <poem><br /> <Oi, oi> [i]<br /> <EU/Eu, eu> [ø]<br /> <OU/Ou, ou> [u]<br /> <EA, ea> [ɛ]<br /> (But <Ea, ea> [əa])<br /> <OE/Oe, oe> [ø]<br /> <EÔ/Eô, eô> [œ]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Nasal vowels=====<br /> Some digraphs and trigraphs denote nasal vowels, with <N, n> and <M, m> :<br /> <poem><br /> <An, an> /ɑ̃/<br /> <Am, am> /ɑ̃/<br /> <En, en> /ɑ̃/<br /> <Em, em> /ɑ̃/<br /> <In, in> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Im, im> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Ein, ein> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Eim, eim> /ɛ̃/<br /> <On, on> /ɔ̃/<br /> <Om, om> /ɔ̃/<br /> <Un, un> /œ̃/<br /> <Um, um> /œ̃/<br /> </poem><br /> However, if there are two <N, n> or <M, m> following a vowel, then it is not nasalized but pronounced as V+[n or m] instead (<Ann, ann> [an], <Amm, amm> [am],... etc). Besides, vocalic graphemes other than <A, a>, <E, e>, <I, i>, <O, o>, <U, u> do not get nasalized when followed by an <N, n> or <M, m>.<br /> =====Diphtongues=====<br /> They have been described as diphtongues, but should rather be analyzed as combinations of vowels and approximants. There are three different approximants : /j/, /w/ and /ɥ/, which only appear in a limited number of cases.<br /> *Diphtongues /j/ + vowel :<br /> They are usually written with a <I, i> followed by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <I, i> stands for /j/ :<br /> <poem><br /> <Ia, ia> [ja]<br /> <Ie, ie> [jə]<br /> <Iç, iç> [je]<br /> <Iù, iù> [jœ]<br /> <Iÿ, iÿ> [jɛ]<br /> <Io, io> [jo] or [jɔ]<br /> <Iu, iu> [jy]<br /> <Iô, iô> [jo]<br /> <Iä, iä> [jɑ̃]<br /> <Ià, ià> [jɔ̃]<br /> <Ié, ié> [jɛ̃]<br /> <Iè, iè> [jœ̃]<br /> <Ii, ii> [ji]<br /> <Iou, iou> [ju]<br /> <Ieu, ieu> [jø]<br /> </poem><br /> However, there are a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> ÜÃ, üã [ja]<br /> ÜÕ, üõ [jo]<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues vowel + /j/ :<br /> They are usually written with a <Ü, ü> preceded by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <Ü, ü> stands for /j/ (minus the exceptions above) :<br /> <poem><br /> <AÜ, aü> [aj]<br /> <EÜ, eü> [əj]<br /> <EÜ, çü> [ej]<br /> <EÜ, ùü> [œj]<br /> <EÜ, ÿü> [ɛj]<br /> <OÜ, oü> [oj] or [ɔj]<br /> <UÜ, uü> [yj]<br /> <ÔÜ, ôü> [oj]<br /> <ÄÜ, äü> [aɑ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, àü> [ɔ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, éü> [ɛ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, èü> [œ̃j]<br /> <ÃÜ, ãü> [aj]<br /> <ÕÜ, õü> [oj]<br /> <EUÜ, euü> [øj]<br /> </poem><br /> There are also a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> EÎ, eî [əj]<br /> EÎ, çî [ej]<br /> EÎ, ùî [œj]<br /> EÎ, ÿî [ɛj]<br /> IÎ, iî [ij]<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues with /w/ :<br /> These are usually written with a <O, o>, either followed or preceded by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <O, o> stands for /w/ :<br /> <poem><br /> <Oa, oa> [wa]<br /> <Oe, oe> [wə]<br /> <Oç, oç> [we]<br /> <Où, où> [wœ]<br /> <Oÿ, oÿ> [wɛ]<br /> <Oo, oo> [wo] or [wɔ]<br /> <Oy, oy> [wy]<br /> <Oô, oô> [wo]<br /> <Oä, oä> [wɑ̃]<br /> <Oà, oà> [wɔ̃]<br /> <Oé, oé> [wɛ̃]<br /> <Oè, oè> [wœ̃] (This one was described as [wœ̃] already in the original documentation (instead of expected [wæ̃] and has therefore cast some doubt on the identification of vowels /ø/, /œ/ and /œ̃/.)<br /> <Oi, oi> [wi]<br /> <Oeu, oeu> [wø]<br /> And reciprocally (<Ao, ao> [aw]... etc).<br /> </poem><br /> There are however a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> <Io, io> is ambiguous and can denote either /iw/ or /jo/<br /> <Oi, oi> is ambiguous and can denote either /i/ or /wi/<br /> <Oe, oe> is ambiguous and can denote either /wə/ or /ø/<br /> <OU/Ou, ou> always denotes /u/ (/wy/ is denoted <Oy, oy> instead).<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues with /ɥ/ :<br /> <poem><br /> UÎ, uî [ɥi]<br /> Ui, ui [ɥi]<br /> Ua, ua [ɥa]<br /> Uç, uç [ɥe]<br /> Uÿ, uÿ [ɥɛ]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Triphtongues=====<br /> They should also be analyzed as combinations of approximant + vowel + approximant. Besides using <I, i> and <O, o> or even <Ü, ü> and <U, u>, there is a handful of special spellings that denote such "triphtongues" :<br /> <poem><br /> ÜÂ, üâ [jaj]<br /> ÜY, üy [jɔj]<br /> ÊÜ, êü [jaj]<br /> YÜ, yü [joj] or [jɔj]<br /> ÃÎ, ãî [aji]<br /> ÕÎ, õî [oji]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Word-final position induced changes=====<br /> The original consonants /g/ <G, g>, /l/ <L, l> and syllable /wi/ <W, w> turn into [j] when in a word-final position. Instead, the spellings <gue>, <lle> and <wi> are used.<br /> <poem><br /> <g> /j/<br /> <l> /j/<br /> <w> /j/<br /> <gue> /g/<br /> <lle> /l/<br /> <wi> /wi/<br /> </poem><br /> There are some other special spellings :<br /> <poem><br /> <ebm> /ɛjm/<br /> <ebn> /ɛjn/<br /> </poem><br /> Finally, some letters are simply not pronounced at the end of a word, and other spellings are used instead :<br /> <poem><br /> <e><br /> <ô><br /> <d><br /> <nowiki><q></nowiki><br /> <nowiki><s></nowiki><br /> <t><br /> <z><br /> <er><br /> <dde> /d/<br /> <qe> /ʃ/<br /> <sse> /θ/ (or possibly /s/ ?)<br /> <tte> /t/<br /> <ze> /z/<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ====Table of phonemes and their principal corresponding graphemes====<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m <M, m><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n <N, n><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ <Ñ, ñ><br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ <ÎÑ, îñ><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p <P, p> ; b <B, b><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ <TÛ, tû> ; t <T, t> ; d̚ <DÛ, dû> ; d <D, d><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k <K, k> ; g <G, g><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s <C, c> alt. <TĦ/Tħ, tħ> ; z <Z, z> alt. <DĦ/Dħ, dħ> alt. <SĦ/Sħ, sħ><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ <Q, q> ; ʒ <Ö, ö> alt. <JĦ/Jħ, jħ> alt. <QJ/Qj, qj><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ <QÛ, qû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ <ÎF, îf> ; β <ÎV, îv><br /> |colspan="2"| f <F, f> alt. <PĦ/Pħ, pħ> ; v <V, v> alt. <BĦ/Bħ, bħ><br /> |colspan="2"| θ <S, s> alt. <Tûhh, s> ; ð <J, j> <br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ <HÛ, hû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ <ÎQ, îq> ; ɧ̙ʷ̬ <ÎÖ, îö> alt. <LÎÖ, lîö><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <ÎX, îx><br /> |colspan="2"| χ <X, x> ; ʁ <R, r><br /> |colspan="2"| h <H, h><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ <RÛ, rû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j <I, i> (before a vowel), <Ü, ü> (after a vowel) ; ɥ <U, u> (before some vowels)<br /> |colspan="2"| w <O, o> (before or after a vowel)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r <LÛ, lû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ <RX, rx><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ <ĦÛ, ħû> <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l <L, l> ɫ <Û, û><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg <ÎÑg, îñg><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i <I, i> alt. <Oi, oi> ; y <U, u><br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ <Î, î> alt. <Ï, ï><br /> |colspan="2"|u <OU/Ou, ou><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e <E, ç/ë> ; ø <EU/Eu, eu> alt. <OE/Oe, oe><br /> |colspan="2"| ə <E, e><br /> |colspan="2"|o <O, o> alt. <Ô, ô> alt. <Õ, õ><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ <E, ÿ/ê> alt. <EA, ea> ; œ <E, ù/ĕ> alt. <EÔ/Eô, eô> ; ɛ̃ <Ä, é/â> ; œ̃ <Ä, è/ä><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ <O, o> ; ɔ̃ <Ä, à/ă><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä <A, a> alt. <Ã, ã><br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃ <Ä, ä><br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Prosody===<br /> ====Stress====<br /> ====Intonation====<br /> <br /> ===Phonotactics===<br /> <br /> ===Morphophonology===<br /> <br /> ==Morphology==<br /> <br /> There are five main parts of speech in Qtolqjimctadû : nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and adpositions.<br /> <br /> ===Nouns===<br /> Nouns have definiteness, gender, and number. Definiteness is marked by definite and indefinite articles which agree in gender and number with the nouns. There are two numbers, singular and plural ; singular is unmarked while plural is marked with a suffix that differs depending on the ending of the noun. There are three genders : neuter, masculine, and feminine. Gender is usually marked by the ending of the noun. Nouns that correspond to non-animate things are usually neutral whereas nouns that describe animate things are usually masculine or feminine. However, some nouns can have all three genders, with the masculine and feminine forms built on an underlying neutral form ; this is common for instance for animal names, or for professions. <br /> <br /> ====Definiteness====<br /> Earlier documentation does not explicitly state that the definite and definite articles must agree with nouns in number and gender, but it is apparent in corpus that there is at least a masculine or neutral singular definite article that differs from a feminine singular definite article. From this and comparison with other versions of Tolsian, one can infer that articles, both definite and indefinite, come in at least three forms : masculine singular, feminine singular, and a plural form that covers all genders. Based on the existence of a neutral gender, it may be posited that there must be a neutral singular form as well. There is however no actual indication of whether there is only one plural form for all genders, or if there are also different plural forms for different genders. We'll assume the following paradigm :<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Definite and indefinite articles<br /> |-<br /> ! Definiteness / Gender !! Neuter !! Masculine !! Feminine !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Definite|| - || pna /pna/ || pnÿ /pnɛ/ || -<br /> |-<br /> | Indefinite|| -|| -|| ad /a/ || -<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Ending in -e<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || -e /ə/ || -ea /ɛ/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || -e /ə/ || -ebn /ɛjn/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || -ea /ɛ/ || -ean /əɑ̃/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Neuter singular ending -c, -f, -j, -l, -m, -n, -v, -û, -ë<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || -e /ə/ || -ea /ɛ/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || -e /ə/ || -ebn /ɛjn/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || -ea /ɛ/ || -ean /əɑ̃/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Syntax==<br /> ===Constituent order===<br /> ===Noun phrase===<br /> ===Verb phrase===<br /> ===Sentence phrase===<br /> ===Dependent clauses===<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Example texts==<br /> <br /> ==Other resources==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Qtolqjimctadû]]<br /> [[Category:Languages]]<br /> [[Category:Conlangs]]<br /> [[Category:Tolsian]]</div>

Uvie https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Qtolqjimctad%C3%BB&diff=526398 Qtolqjimctadû 2026-05-20T16:06:13Z

<p>Uvie: /* Definiteness */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Introduction==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ<br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p b<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ t d̚ d<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k g<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s z<br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ ʒ <br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ β<br /> |colspan="2"| f v<br /> |colspan="2"| θ ð<br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ ɧ̙ʷ̬<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <br /> |colspan="2"| χ ʁ<br /> |colspan="2"| h<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j ɥ<br /> |colspan="2"| w<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l ɫ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> Notes :<br /> <br /> In earlier documentation, proper knowledge of IPA was lacking and several of the phonemes had to be identified from either phonetically inaccurate IPA descriptions or vague, impressionistic ones. Several phonemes could not be recovered. Here is a list of deviations from the above table :<br /> <poem><br /> Identified phonemes :<br /> /ɸ/ was described as [fʷ] (written <ÎF, îf>).<br /> /β/ was described as [vʷ] (written <ÎV, îv>).<br /> /ʁ/ was described as [ʀ] (written <R, r>).<br /> /ʀ/ was described as [rˤ] (''sorte de « r » très roulé'', written <RX, rx>).<br /> /ɹ/ was described as [ʀˤ] (''sorte de « r » anglais'', written <RÛ, rû>).<br /> /ɫ/ was described as [l̪ ] (''comme à la fin du mot anglais "well"'', written <Û, û>).<br /> /χ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [x] (written <X, x>), while /x/ itself was most likely described as [xˤ] (written <ÎX, îx>).<br /> /ŋ/ was probably described as [ɲˤ] (written <ÎÑ, îñ>), while the sound described as [ŋ] (written <ÎÑg, îñg>) probably corresponded to /ᵑg/.<br /> /ɾ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [r̺] (written <ĦÛ, ħû>, as well as part of the cluster /bɾ/+V with the help of <Ë, ë> as [bɾə], described as [br̺ə]).<br /> /r/ might have been what was described as [r] (''sorte de « r » roulé à la japonaise'', written <LÛ, lû>).<br /> /ɧ̙ʷ/ and its voiced version /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ are, to this day, subject to doubt regarding their IPA descriptions. They were most likely corresponding to the sounds described as [ʃ ̪ ] (written <ÎQ, îq>) and [ʒ̺̺̺ ] (written <ÎÖ, îö> or <LÎÖ, lîö>).<br /> /t̚/ and /d̚/ are also subject to some doubt regarding their IPA descriptions still. They were described as [t̪] (written <TÛ, tû>) and [d̪] (written <DÛ, dû>).<br /> The phoneme described as [ʃʲ] probably has a realization closer to [ç] or [ɕ] (written <QÛ, qû>).<br /> <br /> Unidentified or very doubtful phonemes :<br /> Some /h/-like phoneme, described as [hˤ] (written <ÎH, îh>). It might have corresponded to /ɣ/, but it is not very likely.<br /> /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ might have been what was described as [l̤ʲ] (written <HÛ, hû>). Based on its spelling it is more likely to be devoiced.<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i y<br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ<br /> |colspan="2"|u<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e ø<br /> |colspan="2"| ə<br /> |colspan="2"|o<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ œ ɛ̃ œ̃<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ ɔ̃<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä<br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃<br /> |}<br /> Vowel length is supposed to be phonemic, with regular (or short) vowels, and long vowels.<br /> <br /> Similarly to consonants, some vowels had to be "re-identified" from previous documentation and some deviations arise :<br /> <poem><br /> /œ/ is probably what was described as [æ] (written <Ù, ù> or <E, ĕ> or <EÔ/Eô, eô>).<br /> /œ̃/ is probably what was described as [æ̃] (written <Ä, è> or <Ä, ä>).<br /> /ø/ is probably what was described as [œ] (written <EU/Eu, eu> or <OE/Oe, oe>).<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Orthography===<br /> Orthography was made complicated on purpose.<br /> <br /> ====Alphabet====<br /> <poem><br /> A, a /a/<br /> B, b /b/<br /> C, c /s/<br /> D, d /d/<br /> E, e /ə/ ; E, ç/ë /e/ ; E, ù/ĕ /œ/ ; E, ÿ/ê /ɛ/<br /> F, f /f/<br /> G, g /g/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> H, h /h/<br /> Ħ, ħ soundless ; mostly used in composed graphemes.<br /> I, i /i/<br /> J, j /ð/<br /> K, k /k/<br /> L, l /l/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> M, m /m/<br /> N, n /n/<br /> O, o /o/ or /ɔ/<br /> P, p /p/<br /> Q, q /ʃ/<br /> R, r /ʁ/<br /> S, s /θ/<br /> T, t /t/<br /> U, u /y/<br /> V, v /v/<br /> W, w /wi/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> X, x /χ/<br /> Y, y /jo/ or /ɔj/<br /> Z, z /z/<br /> Â, â /aj/<br /> Ê, ê /ja/<br /> Û, û /ɫ/<br /> Î, î /ɨ/ soundless when used in composed graphemes.<br /> Ô, ô /o/<br /> Ä, ä /ɑ̃/ ; Ä, à/ă /ɔ̃/ ; Ä, é/â /ɛ̃/ ; Ä, è/ä /œ̃/<br /> Ë, ë /bɾə/<br /> Ü, ü /j/<br /> Ï, ï /ɨ/<br /> Ö, ö /ʒ/<br /> Ã, ã /a/<br /> Õ, õ /o/<br /> Ñ, ñ /ɲ/<br /> </poem><br /> =====History=====<br /> Like most, if not all, versions of Tolsian, Qtolqjimctadû was meant to be written with the original Tolsian script. Some graphemes were chosen because of the limitations of the French keyboard, but were initally supposed to correspond to another, preexisting grapheme, with a diacritic, in order to reflect the original script. Some graphemes with diacritic are supposed to represent letters in the original script that are not simply versions of another letter with a diacritic ; this is why in the list below, <nowiki><ë></nowiki> appears to represent /e/, alongside <nowiki><ç></nowiki>, whereas in <Ë, ë> it represents /bɾə/ in the alphabet : they have different underlying identities.<br /> <poem><br /> <e> with diaeresis ¨ becomes <ç> (or <ë>)<br /> <e> with cedilla or possibly hook below (''accent « petite courbe vers le bas »'') becomes <ù> (or <ĕ>)<br /> <e> with circumflex accent ^ becomes <ÿ> (or <ê>)<br /> <O, o> (or <Ô, ô> ?) with circumflex accent becomes <Õ, õ><br /> <U, u> with dieresis becomes <Ü, ü><br /> <U, u> with circumflex accent becomes <Û, û><br /> <Â, â> with circumflex accent becomes <Ê, ê><br /> <Î, î> with circumflex accent becomes <Ï, ï><br /> <ä> with cedilla or hook below becomes <à> (o <ă>)<br /> <ä> with circumflex becomes <é> (or <â>)<br /> <ä> with diaeresis becomes <è> (or <ä>)<br /> <Â, â> with circumflex becomes <Ã, ã><br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ====Spelling rules====<br /> Long vowels are spelled with doubled graphemes (<Aa, aa> /a:/, etc).<br /> <br /> Some graphemes, namely <E, e> /ə/ ; <E, ç/ë> /e/ ; <E, ù/ĕ> /œ/ ; <E, ÿ/ê> /ɛ/ and <Ä, ä> /ɑ̃/ ; <Ä, à/ă> /ɔ̃/ ; <Ä, é/â> /ɛ̃/ ; <Ä, è/ä /œ̃/> use the same capital letter, but different minuscule letters, for different phonemes. This is partly due to limitations on a French keyboard, and partly to reflect the original Tolsian script in which these phonemes use the same letter but with different diacritics.<br /> <br /> The grapheme <Î, î> denotes /ɨ/, except in front of some consonants (<F, f>, <V, v>, <Q, q>, <Ö, ö>, <Ñ, ñ>, <X, x>, <H, h>) ; the grapheme <Ï, ï> is used instead in order to denote /ɨ/.<br /> <br /> There are many digraphs and even trigraphs ; usually, all letters are capitalized, when capitalization is needed.<br /> =====Digraphs with <Î, î>=====<br /> In the original documentation, these are described as "purified" (''épurés'').<br /> <poem><br /> ÎF, îf /ɸ/<br /> ÎV, îv /β/<br /> ÎQ, îq /ɧ̙ʷ/<br /> ÎÖ, îö /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ <br /> ÎÑ, îñ /ŋ/<br /> ÎX, îx /x/<br /> ÎH, îh unknown, possibly /ɣ/<br /> </poem><br /> It is unclear if the following are considered to be "purified" :<br /> <poem><br /> <Äî, äî> /an/<br /> <Äî, àî> /on/ or /ɔn/<br /> <Äî, éî> /in/ or /im/<br /> <Äî, èî> /un/ or /œm/<br /> </poem><br /> =====Trigraphs with <Î, î>=====<br /> These were also considered to be "purified".<br /> <poem><br /> LÎÖ, lîö /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ <br /> ÎÑg, îñg /ᵑg/<br /> </poem><br /> =====Digraphs with <Û, û>=====<br /> Some of these digraphs were originally described as "wet" (''mouillés'') :<br /> <poem><br /> TÛ, tû /t̚/<br /> QÛ, qû /ʃʲ/ (probably realized [ç] or [ɕ])<br /> DÛ, dû /d̚/<br /> </poem><br /> Others were not considered to be "wet" :<br /> <poem><br /> LÛ, lû /r/<br /> HÛ, hû possibly /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ <br /> ĦÛ, ħû /ɾ/<br /> RÛ, rû /ɹ/ <br /> <br /> =====Trigraphs with <Û, û>=====<br /> There is only one such trigraph, and only the first letter is capitalized, if needed. It is possibly meant to appear only word-initially as it was only given as <Tûhh> :<br /> Tûhh /θ/<br /> <br /> =====Digraphs with <Ħ, ħ>=====<br /> These can also be written as trigraphs, swapping <Ħ, ħ> for <Hh, hh>. As digraphs, one may likewise capitalize both letters or only the first one. As trigraphs, Only the first letter is capitalized.<br /> Ħ, ħ can be found on its own but is soundless. It may be used as part of the following digraphs, or used to maintain a hiatus between vowels and <I, i> or <O, o>. It can also be written <Hh, hh>.<br /> PĦ/Pħ, pħ /f/ (or <Phh, phh>)<br /> TĦ/Tħ, tħ /s/ (or <Thh, thh><br /> JĦ/Jħ, jħ /ʒ/ (or <Jhh, jhh>)<br /> BĦ/Bħ, bħ /v/ (or <Bhh, bhh>)<br /> DĦ/Dħ, dħ /z/ (or <Dhh, dhh>)<br /> SĦ/Sħ, sħ /z/ (or <Shh, shh>)<br /> <br /> =====Digraphs and trigraph with <Ë, ë>=====<br /> The phoneme /ɾ/ also appears as part of a syllable /bɾə/, written <Ë, ë>. When <Ë, ë> is followed by a vowel, the /ə/ is replaced by that vowel :<br /> Ëa, ëa [bɾa]<br /> Ëç, ëç [bɾe]<br /> Ëÿ, ëÿ [bɾɛ]<br /> Ëu, ëu [bɾy]<br /> Ëo, ëo [bɾo] or [bɾɔ]<br /> Ëï, ëï [bɾi]<br /> Ëä, ëä [bɾɑ̃]<br /> Ëà, ëà [bɾɔ̃]<br /> Ëé, ëé [bɾɛ̃]<br /> Ëè, ëè [bɾœ̃]<br /> Ëou, ëou [bɾu]<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> =====Some more consonantal digraphs=====<br /> RX, rx /ʀ/<br /> QJ/Qj, qj /ʒ/<br /> =====Vocalic digraphs=====<br /> <poem><br /> <Oi, oi> [i]<br /> <EU/Eu, eu> [ø]<br /> <OU/Ou, ou> [u]<br /> <EA, ea> [ɛ]<br /> (But <Ea, ea> [əa])<br /> <OE/Oe, oe> [ø]<br /> <EÔ/Eô, eô> [œ]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Nasal vowels=====<br /> Some digraphs and trigraphs denote nasal vowels, with <N, n> and <M, m> :<br /> <poem><br /> <An, an> /ɑ̃/<br /> <Am, am> /ɑ̃/<br /> <En, en> /ɑ̃/<br /> <Em, em> /ɑ̃/<br /> <In, in> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Im, im> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Ein, ein> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Eim, eim> /ɛ̃/<br /> <On, on> /ɔ̃/<br /> <Om, om> /ɔ̃/<br /> <Un, un> /œ̃/<br /> <Um, um> /œ̃/<br /> </poem><br /> However, if there are two <N, n> or <M, m> following a vowel, then it is not nasalized but pronounced as V+[n or m] instead (<Ann, ann> [an], <Amm, amm> [am],... etc). Besides, vocalic graphemes other than <A, a>, <E, e>, <I, i>, <O, o>, <U, u> do not get nasalized when followed by an <N, n> or <M, m>.<br /> =====Diphtongues=====<br /> They have been described as diphtongues, but should rather be analyzed as combinations of vowels and approximants. There are three different approximants : /j/, /w/ and /ɥ/, which only appear in a limited number of cases.<br /> *Diphtongues /j/ + vowel :<br /> They are usually written with a <I, i> followed by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <I, i> stands for /j/ :<br /> <poem><br /> <Ia, ia> [ja]<br /> <Ie, ie> [jə]<br /> <Iç, iç> [je]<br /> <Iù, iù> [jœ]<br /> <Iÿ, iÿ> [jɛ]<br /> <Io, io> [jo] or [jɔ]<br /> <Iu, iu> [jy]<br /> <Iô, iô> [jo]<br /> <Iä, iä> [jɑ̃]<br /> <Ià, ià> [jɔ̃]<br /> <Ié, ié> [jɛ̃]<br /> <Iè, iè> [jœ̃]<br /> <Ii, ii> [ji]<br /> <Iou, iou> [ju]<br /> <Ieu, ieu> [jø]<br /> </poem><br /> However, there are a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> ÜÃ, üã [ja]<br /> ÜÕ, üõ [jo]<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues vowel + /j/ :<br /> They are usually written with a <Ü, ü> preceded by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <Ü, ü> stands for /j/ (minus the exceptions above) :<br /> <poem><br /> <AÜ, aü> [aj]<br /> <EÜ, eü> [əj]<br /> <EÜ, çü> [ej]<br /> <EÜ, ùü> [œj]<br /> <EÜ, ÿü> [ɛj]<br /> <OÜ, oü> [oj] or [ɔj]<br /> <UÜ, uü> [yj]<br /> <ÔÜ, ôü> [oj]<br /> <ÄÜ, äü> [aɑ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, àü> [ɔ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, éü> [ɛ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, èü> [œ̃j]<br /> <ÃÜ, ãü> [aj]<br /> <ÕÜ, õü> [oj]<br /> <EUÜ, euü> [øj]<br /> </poem><br /> There are also a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> EÎ, eî [əj]<br /> EÎ, çî [ej]<br /> EÎ, ùî [œj]<br /> EÎ, ÿî [ɛj]<br /> IÎ, iî [ij]<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues with /w/ :<br /> These are usually written with a <O, o>, either followed or preceded by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <O, o> stands for /w/ :<br /> <poem><br /> <Oa, oa> [wa]<br /> <Oe, oe> [wə]<br /> <Oç, oç> [we]<br /> <Où, où> [wœ]<br /> <Oÿ, oÿ> [wɛ]<br /> <Oo, oo> [wo] or [wɔ]<br /> <Oy, oy> [wy]<br /> <Oô, oô> [wo]<br /> <Oä, oä> [wɑ̃]<br /> <Oà, oà> [wɔ̃]<br /> <Oé, oé> [wɛ̃]<br /> <Oè, oè> [wœ̃] (This one was described as [wœ̃] already in the original documentation (instead of expected [wæ̃] and has therefore cast some doubt on the identification of vowels /ø/, /œ/ and /œ̃/.)<br /> <Oi, oi> [wi]<br /> <Oeu, oeu> [wø]<br /> And reciprocally (<Ao, ao> [aw]... etc).<br /> </poem><br /> There are however a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> <Io, io> is ambiguous and can denote either /iw/ or /jo/<br /> <Oi, oi> is ambiguous and can denote either /i/ or /wi/<br /> <Oe, oe> is ambiguous and can denote either /wə/ or /ø/<br /> <OU/Ou, ou> always denotes /u/ (/wy/ is denoted <Oy, oy> instead).<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues with /ɥ/ :<br /> <poem><br /> UÎ, uî [ɥi]<br /> Ui, ui [ɥi]<br /> Ua, ua [ɥa]<br /> Uç, uç [ɥe]<br /> Uÿ, uÿ [ɥɛ]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Triphtongues=====<br /> They should also be analyzed as combinations of approximant + vowel + approximant. Besides using <I, i> and <O, o> or even <Ü, ü> and <U, u>, there is a handful of special spellings that denote such "triphtongues" :<br /> <poem><br /> ÜÂ, üâ [jaj]<br /> ÜY, üy [jɔj]<br /> ÊÜ, êü [jaj]<br /> YÜ, yü [joj] or [jɔj]<br /> ÃÎ, ãî [aji]<br /> ÕÎ, õî [oji]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Word-final position induced changes=====<br /> The original consonants /g/ <G, g>, /l/ <L, l> and syllable /wi/ <W, w> turn into [j] when in a word-final position. Instead, the spellings <gue>, <lle> and <wi> are used.<br /> <poem><br /> <g> /j/<br /> <l> /j/<br /> <w> /j/<br /> <gue> /g/<br /> <lle> /l/<br /> <wi> /wi/<br /> </poem><br /> There are some other special spellings :<br /> <poem><br /> <ebm> /ɛjm/<br /> <ebn> /ɛjn/<br /> </poem><br /> Finally, some letters are simply not pronounced at the end of a word, and other spellings are used instead :<br /> <poem><br /> <e><br /> <ô><br /> <d><br /> <nowiki><q></nowiki><br /> <nowiki><s></nowiki><br /> <t><br /> <z><br /> <er><br /> <dde> /d/<br /> <qe> /ʃ/<br /> <sse> /θ/ (or possibly /s/ ?)<br /> <tte> /t/<br /> <ze> /z/<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ====Table of phonemes and their principal corresponding graphemes====<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m <M, m><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n <N, n><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ <Ñ, ñ><br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ <ÎÑ, îñ><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p <P, p> ; b <B, b><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ <TÛ, tû> ; t <T, t> ; d̚ <DÛ, dû> ; d <D, d><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k <K, k> ; g <G, g><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s <C, c> alt. <TĦ/Tħ, tħ> ; z <Z, z> alt. <DĦ/Dħ, dħ> alt. <SĦ/Sħ, sħ><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ <Q, q> ; ʒ <Ö, ö> alt. <JĦ/Jħ, jħ> alt. <QJ/Qj, qj><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ <QÛ, qû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ <ÎF, îf> ; β <ÎV, îv><br /> |colspan="2"| f <F, f> alt. <PĦ/Pħ, pħ> ; v <V, v> alt. <BĦ/Bħ, bħ><br /> |colspan="2"| θ <S, s> alt. <Tûhh, s> ; ð <J, j> <br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ <HÛ, hû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ <ÎQ, îq> ; ɧ̙ʷ̬ <ÎÖ, îö> alt. <LÎÖ, lîö><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <ÎX, îx><br /> |colspan="2"| χ <X, x> ; ʁ <R, r><br /> |colspan="2"| h <H, h><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ <RÛ, rû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j <I, i> (before a vowel), <Ü, ü> (after a vowel) ; ɥ <U, u> (before some vowels)<br /> |colspan="2"| w <O, o> (before or after a vowel)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r <LÛ, lû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ <RX, rx><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ <ĦÛ, ħû> <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l <L, l> ɫ <Û, û><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg <ÎÑg, îñg><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i <I, i> alt. <Oi, oi> ; y <U, u><br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ <Î, î> alt. <Ï, ï><br /> |colspan="2"|u <OU/Ou, ou><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e <E, ç/ë> ; ø <EU/Eu, eu> alt. <OE/Oe, oe><br /> |colspan="2"| ə <E, e><br /> |colspan="2"|o <O, o> alt. <Ô, ô> alt. <Õ, õ><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ <E, ÿ/ê> alt. <EA, ea> ; œ <E, ù/ĕ> alt. <EÔ/Eô, eô> ; ɛ̃ <Ä, é/â> ; œ̃ <Ä, è/ä><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ <O, o> ; ɔ̃ <Ä, à/ă><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä <A, a> alt. <Ã, ã><br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃ <Ä, ä><br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Prosody===<br /> ====Stress====<br /> ====Intonation====<br /> <br /> ===Phonotactics===<br /> <br /> ===Morphophonology===<br /> <br /> ==Morphology==<br /> <br /> There are five main parts of speech in Qtolqjimctadû : nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and adpositions.<br /> <br /> ===Nouns===<br /> Nouns have definiteness, gender, and number. Definiteness is marked by definite and indefinite articles which agree in gender and number with the nouns. There are two numbers, singular and plural ; singular is unmarked while plural is marked with a suffix that differs depending on the ending of the noun. There are three genders : neuter, masculine, and feminine. Gender is usually marked by the ending of the noun. Nouns that correspond to non-animate things are usually neutral whereas nouns that describe animate things are usually masculine or feminine. However, some nouns can have all three genders, with the masculine and feminine forms built on an underlying neutral form ; this is common for instance for animal names, or for professions. <br /> <br /> ====Definiteness====<br /> Earlier documentation does not explicitly state that the definite and definite articles must agree with nouns in number and gender, but it is apparent in corpus that there is at least a masculine or neutral singular definite article that differs from a feminine singular definite article. From this and comparison with other versions of Tolsian, one can infer that articles, both definite and indefinite, come in at least three forms : masculine singular, feminine singular, and a plural form that covers all genders. Based on the existence of a neutral gender, it may be posited that there must be a neutral singular form as well. There is however no actual indication of whether there is only one plural form for all genders, or if there are also different plural forms for different genders. we'll assume a smaller paradigm :<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Definite and indefinite articles<br /> |-<br /> ! Definiteness / Gender !! Neuter !! Masculine !! Feminine !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Definite|| - || pna /pna/ || pnÿ /pnɛ/ || -<br /> |-<br /> | Indefinite|| -|| -|| ad /a/ || -<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Ending in -e<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || -e /ə/ || -ea /ɛ/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || -e /ə/ || -ebn /ɛjn/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || -ea /ɛ/ || -ean /əɑ̃/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Neuter singular ending -c, -f, -j, -l, -m, -n, -v, -û, -ë<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || -e /ə/ || -ea /ɛ/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || -e /ə/ || -ebn /ɛjn/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || -ea /ɛ/ || -ean /əɑ̃/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Syntax==<br /> ===Constituent order===<br /> ===Noun phrase===<br /> ===Verb phrase===<br /> ===Sentence phrase===<br /> ===Dependent clauses===<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Example texts==<br /> <br /> ==Other resources==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Qtolqjimctadû]]<br /> [[Category:Languages]]<br /> [[Category:Conlangs]]<br /> [[Category:Tolsian]]</div>

Uvie https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Qtolqjimctad%C3%BB&diff=526397 Qtolqjimctadû 2026-05-20T16:05:12Z

<p>Uvie: /* Morphology */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Introduction==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ<br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p b<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ t d̚ d<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k g<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s z<br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ ʒ <br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ β<br /> |colspan="2"| f v<br /> |colspan="2"| θ ð<br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ ɧ̙ʷ̬<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <br /> |colspan="2"| χ ʁ<br /> |colspan="2"| h<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j ɥ<br /> |colspan="2"| w<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l ɫ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> Notes :<br /> <br /> In earlier documentation, proper knowledge of IPA was lacking and several of the phonemes had to be identified from either phonetically inaccurate IPA descriptions or vague, impressionistic ones. Several phonemes could not be recovered. Here is a list of deviations from the above table :<br /> <poem><br /> Identified phonemes :<br /> /ɸ/ was described as [fʷ] (written <ÎF, îf>).<br /> /β/ was described as [vʷ] (written <ÎV, îv>).<br /> /ʁ/ was described as [ʀ] (written <R, r>).<br /> /ʀ/ was described as [rˤ] (''sorte de « r » très roulé'', written <RX, rx>).<br /> /ɹ/ was described as [ʀˤ] (''sorte de « r » anglais'', written <RÛ, rû>).<br /> /ɫ/ was described as [l̪ ] (''comme à la fin du mot anglais "well"'', written <Û, û>).<br /> /χ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [x] (written <X, x>), while /x/ itself was most likely described as [xˤ] (written <ÎX, îx>).<br /> /ŋ/ was probably described as [ɲˤ] (written <ÎÑ, îñ>), while the sound described as [ŋ] (written <ÎÑg, îñg>) probably corresponded to /ᵑg/.<br /> /ɾ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [r̺] (written <ĦÛ, ħû>, as well as part of the cluster /bɾ/+V with the help of <Ë, ë> as [bɾə], described as [br̺ə]).<br /> /r/ might have been what was described as [r] (''sorte de « r » roulé à la japonaise'', written <LÛ, lû>).<br /> /ɧ̙ʷ/ and its voiced version /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ are, to this day, subject to doubt regarding their IPA descriptions. They were most likely corresponding to the sounds described as [ʃ ̪ ] (written <ÎQ, îq>) and [ʒ̺̺̺ ] (written <ÎÖ, îö> or <LÎÖ, lîö>).<br /> /t̚/ and /d̚/ are also subject to some doubt regarding their IPA descriptions still. They were described as [t̪] (written <TÛ, tû>) and [d̪] (written <DÛ, dû>).<br /> The phoneme described as [ʃʲ] probably has a realization closer to [ç] or [ɕ] (written <QÛ, qû>).<br /> <br /> Unidentified or very doubtful phonemes :<br /> Some /h/-like phoneme, described as [hˤ] (written <ÎH, îh>). It might have corresponded to /ɣ/, but it is not very likely.<br /> /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ might have been what was described as [l̤ʲ] (written <HÛ, hû>). Based on its spelling it is more likely to be devoiced.<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i y<br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ<br /> |colspan="2"|u<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e ø<br /> |colspan="2"| ə<br /> |colspan="2"|o<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ œ ɛ̃ œ̃<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ ɔ̃<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä<br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃<br /> |}<br /> Vowel length is supposed to be phonemic, with regular (or short) vowels, and long vowels.<br /> <br /> Similarly to consonants, some vowels had to be "re-identified" from previous documentation and some deviations arise :<br /> <poem><br /> /œ/ is probably what was described as [æ] (written <Ù, ù> or <E, ĕ> or <EÔ/Eô, eô>).<br /> /œ̃/ is probably what was described as [æ̃] (written <Ä, è> or <Ä, ä>).<br /> /ø/ is probably what was described as [œ] (written <EU/Eu, eu> or <OE/Oe, oe>).<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Orthography===<br /> Orthography was made complicated on purpose.<br /> <br /> ====Alphabet====<br /> <poem><br /> A, a /a/<br /> B, b /b/<br /> C, c /s/<br /> D, d /d/<br /> E, e /ə/ ; E, ç/ë /e/ ; E, ù/ĕ /œ/ ; E, ÿ/ê /ɛ/<br /> F, f /f/<br /> G, g /g/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> H, h /h/<br /> Ħ, ħ soundless ; mostly used in composed graphemes.<br /> I, i /i/<br /> J, j /ð/<br /> K, k /k/<br /> L, l /l/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> M, m /m/<br /> N, n /n/<br /> O, o /o/ or /ɔ/<br /> P, p /p/<br /> Q, q /ʃ/<br /> R, r /ʁ/<br /> S, s /θ/<br /> T, t /t/<br /> U, u /y/<br /> V, v /v/<br /> W, w /wi/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> X, x /χ/<br /> Y, y /jo/ or /ɔj/<br /> Z, z /z/<br /> Â, â /aj/<br /> Ê, ê /ja/<br /> Û, û /ɫ/<br /> Î, î /ɨ/ soundless when used in composed graphemes.<br /> Ô, ô /o/<br /> Ä, ä /ɑ̃/ ; Ä, à/ă /ɔ̃/ ; Ä, é/â /ɛ̃/ ; Ä, è/ä /œ̃/<br /> Ë, ë /bɾə/<br /> Ü, ü /j/<br /> Ï, ï /ɨ/<br /> Ö, ö /ʒ/<br /> Ã, ã /a/<br /> Õ, õ /o/<br /> Ñ, ñ /ɲ/<br /> </poem><br /> =====History=====<br /> Like most, if not all, versions of Tolsian, Qtolqjimctadû was meant to be written with the original Tolsian script. Some graphemes were chosen because of the limitations of the French keyboard, but were initally supposed to correspond to another, preexisting grapheme, with a diacritic, in order to reflect the original script. Some graphemes with diacritic are supposed to represent letters in the original script that are not simply versions of another letter with a diacritic ; this is why in the list below, <nowiki><ë></nowiki> appears to represent /e/, alongside <nowiki><ç></nowiki>, whereas in <Ë, ë> it represents /bɾə/ in the alphabet : they have different underlying identities.<br /> <poem><br /> <e> with diaeresis ¨ becomes <ç> (or <ë>)<br /> <e> with cedilla or possibly hook below (''accent « petite courbe vers le bas »'') becomes <ù> (or <ĕ>)<br /> <e> with circumflex accent ^ becomes <ÿ> (or <ê>)<br /> <O, o> (or <Ô, ô> ?) with circumflex accent becomes <Õ, õ><br /> <U, u> with dieresis becomes <Ü, ü><br /> <U, u> with circumflex accent becomes <Û, û><br /> <Â, â> with circumflex accent becomes <Ê, ê><br /> <Î, î> with circumflex accent becomes <Ï, ï><br /> <ä> with cedilla or hook below becomes <à> (o <ă>)<br /> <ä> with circumflex becomes <é> (or <â>)<br /> <ä> with diaeresis becomes <è> (or <ä>)<br /> <Â, â> with circumflex becomes <Ã, ã><br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ====Spelling rules====<br /> Long vowels are spelled with doubled graphemes (<Aa, aa> /a:/, etc).<br /> <br /> Some graphemes, namely <E, e> /ə/ ; <E, ç/ë> /e/ ; <E, ù/ĕ> /œ/ ; <E, ÿ/ê> /ɛ/ and <Ä, ä> /ɑ̃/ ; <Ä, à/ă> /ɔ̃/ ; <Ä, é/â> /ɛ̃/ ; <Ä, è/ä /œ̃/> use the same capital letter, but different minuscule letters, for different phonemes. This is partly due to limitations on a French keyboard, and partly to reflect the original Tolsian script in which these phonemes use the same letter but with different diacritics.<br /> <br /> The grapheme <Î, î> denotes /ɨ/, except in front of some consonants (<F, f>, <V, v>, <Q, q>, <Ö, ö>, <Ñ, ñ>, <X, x>, <H, h>) ; the grapheme <Ï, ï> is used instead in order to denote /ɨ/.<br /> <br /> There are many digraphs and even trigraphs ; usually, all letters are capitalized, when capitalization is needed.<br /> =====Digraphs with <Î, î>=====<br /> In the original documentation, these are described as "purified" (''épurés'').<br /> <poem><br /> ÎF, îf /ɸ/<br /> ÎV, îv /β/<br /> ÎQ, îq /ɧ̙ʷ/<br /> ÎÖ, îö /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ <br /> ÎÑ, îñ /ŋ/<br /> ÎX, îx /x/<br /> ÎH, îh unknown, possibly /ɣ/<br /> </poem><br /> It is unclear if the following are considered to be "purified" :<br /> <poem><br /> <Äî, äî> /an/<br /> <Äî, àî> /on/ or /ɔn/<br /> <Äî, éî> /in/ or /im/<br /> <Äî, èî> /un/ or /œm/<br /> </poem><br /> =====Trigraphs with <Î, î>=====<br /> These were also considered to be "purified".<br /> <poem><br /> LÎÖ, lîö /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ <br /> ÎÑg, îñg /ᵑg/<br /> </poem><br /> =====Digraphs with <Û, û>=====<br /> Some of these digraphs were originally described as "wet" (''mouillés'') :<br /> <poem><br /> TÛ, tû /t̚/<br /> QÛ, qû /ʃʲ/ (probably realized [ç] or [ɕ])<br /> DÛ, dû /d̚/<br /> </poem><br /> Others were not considered to be "wet" :<br /> <poem><br /> LÛ, lû /r/<br /> HÛ, hû possibly /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ <br /> ĦÛ, ħû /ɾ/<br /> RÛ, rû /ɹ/ <br /> <br /> =====Trigraphs with <Û, û>=====<br /> There is only one such trigraph, and only the first letter is capitalized, if needed. It is possibly meant to appear only word-initially as it was only given as <Tûhh> :<br /> Tûhh /θ/<br /> <br /> =====Digraphs with <Ħ, ħ>=====<br /> These can also be written as trigraphs, swapping <Ħ, ħ> for <Hh, hh>. As digraphs, one may likewise capitalize both letters or only the first one. As trigraphs, Only the first letter is capitalized.<br /> Ħ, ħ can be found on its own but is soundless. It may be used as part of the following digraphs, or used to maintain a hiatus between vowels and <I, i> or <O, o>. It can also be written <Hh, hh>.<br /> PĦ/Pħ, pħ /f/ (or <Phh, phh>)<br /> TĦ/Tħ, tħ /s/ (or <Thh, thh><br /> JĦ/Jħ, jħ /ʒ/ (or <Jhh, jhh>)<br /> BĦ/Bħ, bħ /v/ (or <Bhh, bhh>)<br /> DĦ/Dħ, dħ /z/ (or <Dhh, dhh>)<br /> SĦ/Sħ, sħ /z/ (or <Shh, shh>)<br /> <br /> =====Digraphs and trigraph with <Ë, ë>=====<br /> The phoneme /ɾ/ also appears as part of a syllable /bɾə/, written <Ë, ë>. When <Ë, ë> is followed by a vowel, the /ə/ is replaced by that vowel :<br /> Ëa, ëa [bɾa]<br /> Ëç, ëç [bɾe]<br /> Ëÿ, ëÿ [bɾɛ]<br /> Ëu, ëu [bɾy]<br /> Ëo, ëo [bɾo] or [bɾɔ]<br /> Ëï, ëï [bɾi]<br /> Ëä, ëä [bɾɑ̃]<br /> Ëà, ëà [bɾɔ̃]<br /> Ëé, ëé [bɾɛ̃]<br /> Ëè, ëè [bɾœ̃]<br /> Ëou, ëou [bɾu]<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> =====Some more consonantal digraphs=====<br /> RX, rx /ʀ/<br /> QJ/Qj, qj /ʒ/<br /> =====Vocalic digraphs=====<br /> <poem><br /> <Oi, oi> [i]<br /> <EU/Eu, eu> [ø]<br /> <OU/Ou, ou> [u]<br /> <EA, ea> [ɛ]<br /> (But <Ea, ea> [əa])<br /> <OE/Oe, oe> [ø]<br /> <EÔ/Eô, eô> [œ]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Nasal vowels=====<br /> Some digraphs and trigraphs denote nasal vowels, with <N, n> and <M, m> :<br /> <poem><br /> <An, an> /ɑ̃/<br /> <Am, am> /ɑ̃/<br /> <En, en> /ɑ̃/<br /> <Em, em> /ɑ̃/<br /> <In, in> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Im, im> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Ein, ein> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Eim, eim> /ɛ̃/<br /> <On, on> /ɔ̃/<br /> <Om, om> /ɔ̃/<br /> <Un, un> /œ̃/<br /> <Um, um> /œ̃/<br /> </poem><br /> However, if there are two <N, n> or <M, m> following a vowel, then it is not nasalized but pronounced as V+[n or m] instead (<Ann, ann> [an], <Amm, amm> [am],... etc). Besides, vocalic graphemes other than <A, a>, <E, e>, <I, i>, <O, o>, <U, u> do not get nasalized when followed by an <N, n> or <M, m>.<br /> =====Diphtongues=====<br /> They have been described as diphtongues, but should rather be analyzed as combinations of vowels and approximants. There are three different approximants : /j/, /w/ and /ɥ/, which only appear in a limited number of cases.<br /> *Diphtongues /j/ + vowel :<br /> They are usually written with a <I, i> followed by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <I, i> stands for /j/ :<br /> <poem><br /> <Ia, ia> [ja]<br /> <Ie, ie> [jə]<br /> <Iç, iç> [je]<br /> <Iù, iù> [jœ]<br /> <Iÿ, iÿ> [jɛ]<br /> <Io, io> [jo] or [jɔ]<br /> <Iu, iu> [jy]<br /> <Iô, iô> [jo]<br /> <Iä, iä> [jɑ̃]<br /> <Ià, ià> [jɔ̃]<br /> <Ié, ié> [jɛ̃]<br /> <Iè, iè> [jœ̃]<br /> <Ii, ii> [ji]<br /> <Iou, iou> [ju]<br /> <Ieu, ieu> [jø]<br /> </poem><br /> However, there are a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> ÜÃ, üã [ja]<br /> ÜÕ, üõ [jo]<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues vowel + /j/ :<br /> They are usually written with a <Ü, ü> preceded by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <Ü, ü> stands for /j/ (minus the exceptions above) :<br /> <poem><br /> <AÜ, aü> [aj]<br /> <EÜ, eü> [əj]<br /> <EÜ, çü> [ej]<br /> <EÜ, ùü> [œj]<br /> <EÜ, ÿü> [ɛj]<br /> <OÜ, oü> [oj] or [ɔj]<br /> <UÜ, uü> [yj]<br /> <ÔÜ, ôü> [oj]<br /> <ÄÜ, äü> [aɑ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, àü> [ɔ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, éü> [ɛ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, èü> [œ̃j]<br /> <ÃÜ, ãü> [aj]<br /> <ÕÜ, õü> [oj]<br /> <EUÜ, euü> [øj]<br /> </poem><br /> There are also a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> EÎ, eî [əj]<br /> EÎ, çî [ej]<br /> EÎ, ùî [œj]<br /> EÎ, ÿî [ɛj]<br /> IÎ, iî [ij]<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues with /w/ :<br /> These are usually written with a <O, o>, either followed or preceded by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <O, o> stands for /w/ :<br /> <poem><br /> <Oa, oa> [wa]<br /> <Oe, oe> [wə]<br /> <Oç, oç> [we]<br /> <Où, où> [wœ]<br /> <Oÿ, oÿ> [wɛ]<br /> <Oo, oo> [wo] or [wɔ]<br /> <Oy, oy> [wy]<br /> <Oô, oô> [wo]<br /> <Oä, oä> [wɑ̃]<br /> <Oà, oà> [wɔ̃]<br /> <Oé, oé> [wɛ̃]<br /> <Oè, oè> [wœ̃] (This one was described as [wœ̃] already in the original documentation (instead of expected [wæ̃] and has therefore cast some doubt on the identification of vowels /ø/, /œ/ and /œ̃/.)<br /> <Oi, oi> [wi]<br /> <Oeu, oeu> [wø]<br /> And reciprocally (<Ao, ao> [aw]... etc).<br /> </poem><br /> There are however a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> <Io, io> is ambiguous and can denote either /iw/ or /jo/<br /> <Oi, oi> is ambiguous and can denote either /i/ or /wi/<br /> <Oe, oe> is ambiguous and can denote either /wə/ or /ø/<br /> <OU/Ou, ou> always denotes /u/ (/wy/ is denoted <Oy, oy> instead).<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues with /ɥ/ :<br /> <poem><br /> UÎ, uî [ɥi]<br /> Ui, ui [ɥi]<br /> Ua, ua [ɥa]<br /> Uç, uç [ɥe]<br /> Uÿ, uÿ [ɥɛ]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Triphtongues=====<br /> They should also be analyzed as combinations of approximant + vowel + approximant. Besides using <I, i> and <O, o> or even <Ü, ü> and <U, u>, there is a handful of special spellings that denote such "triphtongues" :<br /> <poem><br /> ÜÂ, üâ [jaj]<br /> ÜY, üy [jɔj]<br /> ÊÜ, êü [jaj]<br /> YÜ, yü [joj] or [jɔj]<br /> ÃÎ, ãî [aji]<br /> ÕÎ, õî [oji]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Word-final position induced changes=====<br /> The original consonants /g/ <G, g>, /l/ <L, l> and syllable /wi/ <W, w> turn into [j] when in a word-final position. Instead, the spellings <gue>, <lle> and <wi> are used.<br /> <poem><br /> <g> /j/<br /> <l> /j/<br /> <w> /j/<br /> <gue> /g/<br /> <lle> /l/<br /> <wi> /wi/<br /> </poem><br /> There are some other special spellings :<br /> <poem><br /> <ebm> /ɛjm/<br /> <ebn> /ɛjn/<br /> </poem><br /> Finally, some letters are simply not pronounced at the end of a word, and other spellings are used instead :<br /> <poem><br /> <e><br /> <ô><br /> <d><br /> <nowiki><q></nowiki><br /> <nowiki><s></nowiki><br /> <t><br /> <z><br /> <er><br /> <dde> /d/<br /> <qe> /ʃ/<br /> <sse> /θ/ (or possibly /s/ ?)<br /> <tte> /t/<br /> <ze> /z/<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ====Table of phonemes and their principal corresponding graphemes====<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m <M, m><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n <N, n><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ <Ñ, ñ><br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ <ÎÑ, îñ><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p <P, p> ; b <B, b><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ <TÛ, tû> ; t <T, t> ; d̚ <DÛ, dû> ; d <D, d><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k <K, k> ; g <G, g><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s <C, c> alt. <TĦ/Tħ, tħ> ; z <Z, z> alt. <DĦ/Dħ, dħ> alt. <SĦ/Sħ, sħ><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ <Q, q> ; ʒ <Ö, ö> alt. <JĦ/Jħ, jħ> alt. <QJ/Qj, qj><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ <QÛ, qû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ <ÎF, îf> ; β <ÎV, îv><br /> |colspan="2"| f <F, f> alt. <PĦ/Pħ, pħ> ; v <V, v> alt. <BĦ/Bħ, bħ><br /> |colspan="2"| θ <S, s> alt. <Tûhh, s> ; ð <J, j> <br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ <HÛ, hû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ <ÎQ, îq> ; ɧ̙ʷ̬ <ÎÖ, îö> alt. <LÎÖ, lîö><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <ÎX, îx><br /> |colspan="2"| χ <X, x> ; ʁ <R, r><br /> |colspan="2"| h <H, h><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ <RÛ, rû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j <I, i> (before a vowel), <Ü, ü> (after a vowel) ; ɥ <U, u> (before some vowels)<br /> |colspan="2"| w <O, o> (before or after a vowel)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r <LÛ, lû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ <RX, rx><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ <ĦÛ, ħû> <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l <L, l> ɫ <Û, û><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg <ÎÑg, îñg><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i <I, i> alt. <Oi, oi> ; y <U, u><br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ <Î, î> alt. <Ï, ï><br /> |colspan="2"|u <OU/Ou, ou><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e <E, ç/ë> ; ø <EU/Eu, eu> alt. <OE/Oe, oe><br /> |colspan="2"| ə <E, e><br /> |colspan="2"|o <O, o> alt. <Ô, ô> alt. <Õ, õ><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ <E, ÿ/ê> alt. <EA, ea> ; œ <E, ù/ĕ> alt. <EÔ/Eô, eô> ; ɛ̃ <Ä, é/â> ; œ̃ <Ä, è/ä><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ <O, o> ; ɔ̃ <Ä, à/ă><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä <A, a> alt. <Ã, ã><br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃ <Ä, ä><br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Prosody===<br /> ====Stress====<br /> ====Intonation====<br /> <br /> ===Phonotactics===<br /> <br /> ===Morphophonology===<br /> <br /> ==Morphology==<br /> <br /> There are five main parts of speech in Qtolqjimctadû : nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and adpositions.<br /> <br /> ===Nouns===<br /> Nouns have definiteness, gender, and number. Definiteness is marked by definite and indefinite articles which agree in gender and number with the nouns. There are two numbers, singular and plural ; singular is unmarked while plural is marked with a suffix that differs depending on the ending of the noun. There are three genders : neuter, masculine, and feminine. Gender is usually marked by the ending of the noun. Nouns that correspond to non-animate things are usually neutral whereas nouns that describe animate things are usually masculine or feminine. However, some nouns can have all three genders, with the masculine and feminine forms built on an underlying neutral form ; this is common for instance for animal names, or for professions. <br /> <br /> ====Definiteness====<br /> Earlier documentation does not explicitly state that the definite and definite articles must agree with nouns in number and gender, but it is apparent in corpus that there is at least a masculine or neutral singular definite article that differs from a feminine singular definite article. From this and comparison with other versions of Tolsian, one can infer that articles, both definite and indefinite, come in at least three forms : masculine singular, feminine singular, and a plural form that covers all genders. Based on the existence of a neutral gender, it may be posited that there must be a neutral singular form as well. There is however no actual indication of whether there is only one plural form for all genders, or if there are also different plural forms for different genders. we'll assume a smaller paradigm :<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Caption text<br /> |-<br /> ! Definiteness / Gender !! Neuter !! Masculine !! Feminine !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Definite|| - || pna /pna/ || pnÿ /pnɛ/ || -<br /> |-<br /> | Indefinite|| -|| -|| ad /a/ || -<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Ending in -e<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || -e /ə/ || -ea /ɛ/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || -e /ə/ || -ebn /ɛjn/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || -ea /ɛ/ || -ean /əɑ̃/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Neuter singular ending -c, -f, -j, -l, -m, -n, -v, -û, -ë<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || -e /ə/ || -ea /ɛ/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || -e /ə/ || -ebn /ɛjn/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || -ea /ɛ/ || -ean /əɑ̃/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Syntax==<br /> ===Constituent order===<br /> ===Noun phrase===<br /> ===Verb phrase===<br /> ===Sentence phrase===<br /> ===Dependent clauses===<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Example texts==<br /> <br /> ==Other resources==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Qtolqjimctadû]]<br /> [[Category:Languages]]<br /> [[Category:Conlangs]]<br /> [[Category:Tolsian]]</div>

Uvie https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Qtolqjimctad%C3%BB&diff=526312 Qtolqjimctadû 2026-05-19T20:13:08Z

<p>Uvie: /* Nouns */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Introduction==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ<br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p b<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ t d̚ d<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k g<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s z<br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ ʒ <br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ β<br /> |colspan="2"| f v<br /> |colspan="2"| θ ð<br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ ɧ̙ʷ̬<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <br /> |colspan="2"| χ ʁ<br /> |colspan="2"| h<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j ɥ<br /> |colspan="2"| w<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l ɫ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> Notes :<br /> <br /> In earlier documentation, proper knowledge of IPA was lacking and several of the phonemes had to be identified from either phonetically inaccurate IPA descriptions or vague, impressionistic ones. Several phonemes could not be recovered. Here is a list of deviations from the above table :<br /> <poem><br /> Identified phonemes :<br /> /ɸ/ was described as [fʷ] (written <ÎF, îf>).<br /> /β/ was described as [vʷ] (written <ÎV, îv>).<br /> /ʁ/ was described as [ʀ] (written <R, r>).<br /> /ʀ/ was described as [rˤ] (''sorte de « r » très roulé'', written <RX, rx>).<br /> /ɹ/ was described as [ʀˤ] (''sorte de « r » anglais'', written <RÛ, rû>).<br /> /ɫ/ was described as [l̪ ] (''comme à la fin du mot anglais "well"'', written <Û, û>).<br /> /χ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [x] (written <X, x>), while /x/ itself was most likely described as [xˤ] (written <ÎX, îx>).<br /> /ŋ/ was probably described as [ɲˤ] (written <ÎÑ, îñ>), while the sound described as [ŋ] (written <ÎÑg, îñg>) probably corresponded to /ᵑg/.<br /> /ɾ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [r̺] (written <ĦÛ, ħû>, as well as part of the cluster /bɾ/+V with the help of <Ë, ë> as [bɾə], described as [br̺ə]).<br /> /r/ might have been what was described as [r] (''sorte de « r » roulé à la japonaise'', written <LÛ, lû>).<br /> /ɧ̙ʷ/ and its voiced version /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ are, to this day, subject to doubt regarding their IPA descriptions. They were most likely corresponding to the sounds described as [ʃ ̪ ] (written <ÎQ, îq>) and [ʒ̺̺̺ ] (written <ÎÖ, îö> or <LÎÖ, lîö>).<br /> /t̚/ and /d̚/ are also subject to some doubt regarding their IPA descriptions still. They were described as [t̪] (written <TÛ, tû>) and [d̪] (written <DÛ, dû>).<br /> The phoneme described as [ʃʲ] probably has a realization closer to [ç] or [ɕ] (written <QÛ, qû>).<br /> <br /> Unidentified or very doubtful phonemes :<br /> Some /h/-like phoneme, described as [hˤ] (written <ÎH, îh>). It might have corresponded to /ɣ/, but it is not very likely.<br /> /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ might have been what was described as [l̤ʲ] (written <HÛ, hû>). Based on its spelling it is more likely to be devoiced.<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i y<br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ<br /> |colspan="2"|u<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e ø<br /> |colspan="2"| ə<br /> |colspan="2"|o<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ œ ɛ̃ œ̃<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ ɔ̃<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä<br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃<br /> |}<br /> Vowel length is supposed to be phonemic, with regular (or short) vowels, and long vowels.<br /> <br /> Similarly to consonants, some vowels had to be "re-identified" from previous documentation and some deviations arise :<br /> <poem><br /> /œ/ is probably what was described as [æ] (written <Ù, ù> or <E, ĕ> or <EÔ/Eô, eô>).<br /> /œ̃/ is probably what was described as [æ̃] (written <Ä, è> or <Ä, ä>).<br /> /ø/ is probably what was described as [œ] (written <EU/Eu, eu> or <OE/Oe, oe>).<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Orthography===<br /> Orthography was made complicated on purpose.<br /> <br /> ====Alphabet====<br /> <poem><br /> A, a /a/<br /> B, b /b/<br /> C, c /s/<br /> D, d /d/<br /> E, e /ə/ ; E, ç/ë /e/ ; E, ù/ĕ /œ/ ; E, ÿ/ê /ɛ/<br /> F, f /f/<br /> G, g /g/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> H, h /h/<br /> Ħ, ħ soundless ; mostly used in composed graphemes.<br /> I, i /i/<br /> J, j /ð/<br /> K, k /k/<br /> L, l /l/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> M, m /m/<br /> N, n /n/<br /> O, o /o/ or /ɔ/<br /> P, p /p/<br /> Q, q /ʃ/<br /> R, r /ʁ/<br /> S, s /θ/<br /> T, t /t/<br /> U, u /y/<br /> V, v /v/<br /> W, w /wi/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> X, x /χ/<br /> Y, y /jo/ or /ɔj/<br /> Z, z /z/<br /> Â, â /aj/<br /> Ê, ê /ja/<br /> Û, û /ɫ/<br /> Î, î /ɨ/ soundless when used in composed graphemes.<br /> Ô, ô /o/<br /> Ä, ä /ɑ̃/ ; Ä, à/ă /ɔ̃/ ; Ä, é/â /ɛ̃/ ; Ä, è/ä /œ̃/<br /> Ë, ë /bɾə/<br /> Ü, ü /j/<br /> Ï, ï /ɨ/<br /> Ö, ö /ʒ/<br /> Ã, ã /a/<br /> Õ, õ /o/<br /> Ñ, ñ /ɲ/<br /> </poem><br /> =====History=====<br /> Like most, if not all, versions of Tolsian, Qtolqjimctadû was meant to be written with the original Tolsian script. Some graphemes were chosen because of the limitations of the French keyboard, but were initally supposed to correspond to another, preexisting grapheme, with a diacritic, in order to reflect the original script. Some graphemes with diacritic are supposed to represent letters in the original script that are not simply versions of another letter with a diacritic ; this is why in the list below, <nowiki><ë></nowiki> appears to represent /e/, alongside <nowiki><ç></nowiki>, whereas in <Ë, ë> it represents /bɾə/ in the alphabet : they have different underlying identities.<br /> <poem><br /> <e> with diaeresis ¨ becomes <ç> (or <ë>)<br /> <e> with cedilla or possibly hook below (''accent « petite courbe vers le bas »'') becomes <ù> (or <ĕ>)<br /> <e> with circumflex accent ^ becomes <ÿ> (or <ê>)<br /> <O, o> (or <Ô, ô> ?) with circumflex accent becomes <Õ, õ><br /> <U, u> with dieresis becomes <Ü, ü><br /> <U, u> with circumflex accent becomes <Û, û><br /> <Â, â> with circumflex accent becomes <Ê, ê><br /> <Î, î> with circumflex accent becomes <Ï, ï><br /> <ä> with cedilla or hook below becomes <à> (o <ă>)<br /> <ä> with circumflex becomes <é> (or <â>)<br /> <ä> with diaeresis becomes <è> (or <ä>)<br /> <Â, â> with circumflex becomes <Ã, ã><br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ====Spelling rules====<br /> Long vowels are spelled with doubled graphemes (<Aa, aa> /a:/, etc).<br /> <br /> Some graphemes, namely <E, e> /ə/ ; <E, ç/ë> /e/ ; <E, ù/ĕ> /œ/ ; <E, ÿ/ê> /ɛ/ and <Ä, ä> /ɑ̃/ ; <Ä, à/ă> /ɔ̃/ ; <Ä, é/â> /ɛ̃/ ; <Ä, è/ä /œ̃/> use the same capital letter, but different minuscule letters, for different phonemes. This is partly due to limitations on a French keyboard, and partly to reflect the original Tolsian script in which these phonemes use the same letter but with different diacritics.<br /> <br /> The grapheme <Î, î> denotes /ɨ/, except in front of some consonants (<F, f>, <V, v>, <Q, q>, <Ö, ö>, <Ñ, ñ>, <X, x>, <H, h>) ; the grapheme <Ï, ï> is used instead in order to denote /ɨ/.<br /> <br /> There are many digraphs and even trigraphs ; usually, all letters are capitalized, when capitalization is needed.<br /> =====Digraphs with <Î, î>=====<br /> In the original documentation, these are described as "purified" (''épurés'').<br /> <poem><br /> ÎF, îf /ɸ/<br /> ÎV, îv /β/<br /> ÎQ, îq /ɧ̙ʷ/<br /> ÎÖ, îö /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ <br /> ÎÑ, îñ /ŋ/<br /> ÎX, îx /x/<br /> ÎH, îh unknown, possibly /ɣ/<br /> </poem><br /> It is unclear if the following are considered to be "purified" :<br /> <poem><br /> <Äî, äî> /an/<br /> <Äî, àî> /on/ or /ɔn/<br /> <Äî, éî> /in/ or /im/<br /> <Äî, èî> /un/ or /œm/<br /> </poem><br /> =====Trigraphs with <Î, î>=====<br /> These were also considered to be "purified".<br /> <poem><br /> LÎÖ, lîö /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ <br /> ÎÑg, îñg /ᵑg/<br /> </poem><br /> =====Digraphs with <Û, û>=====<br /> Some of these digraphs were originally described as "wet" (''mouillés'') :<br /> <poem><br /> TÛ, tû /t̚/<br /> QÛ, qû /ʃʲ/ (probably realized [ç] or [ɕ])<br /> DÛ, dû /d̚/<br /> </poem><br /> Others were not considered to be "wet" :<br /> <poem><br /> LÛ, lû /r/<br /> HÛ, hû possibly /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ <br /> ĦÛ, ħû /ɾ/<br /> RÛ, rû /ɹ/ <br /> <br /> =====Trigraphs with <Û, û>=====<br /> There is only one such trigraph, and only the first letter is capitalized, if needed. It is possibly meant to appear only word-initially as it was only given as <Tûhh> :<br /> Tûhh /θ/<br /> <br /> =====Digraphs with <Ħ, ħ>=====<br /> These can also be written as trigraphs, swapping <Ħ, ħ> for <Hh, hh>. As digraphs, one may likewise capitalize both letters or only the first one. As trigraphs, Only the first letter is capitalized.<br /> Ħ, ħ can be found on its own but is soundless. It may be used as part of the following digraphs, or used to maintain a hiatus between vowels and <I, i> or <O, o>. It can also be written <Hh, hh>.<br /> PĦ/Pħ, pħ /f/ (or <Phh, phh>)<br /> TĦ/Tħ, tħ /s/ (or <Thh, thh><br /> JĦ/Jħ, jħ /ʒ/ (or <Jhh, jhh>)<br /> BĦ/Bħ, bħ /v/ (or <Bhh, bhh>)<br /> DĦ/Dħ, dħ /z/ (or <Dhh, dhh>)<br /> SĦ/Sħ, sħ /z/ (or <Shh, shh>)<br /> <br /> =====Digraphs and trigraph with <Ë, ë>=====<br /> The phoneme /ɾ/ also appears as part of a syllable /bɾə/, written <Ë, ë>. When <Ë, ë> is followed by a vowel, the /ə/ is replaced by that vowel :<br /> Ëa, ëa [bɾa]<br /> Ëç, ëç [bɾe]<br /> Ëÿ, ëÿ [bɾɛ]<br /> Ëu, ëu [bɾy]<br /> Ëo, ëo [bɾo] or [bɾɔ]<br /> Ëï, ëï [bɾi]<br /> Ëä, ëä [bɾɑ̃]<br /> Ëà, ëà [bɾɔ̃]<br /> Ëé, ëé [bɾɛ̃]<br /> Ëè, ëè [bɾœ̃]<br /> Ëou, ëou [bɾu]<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> =====Some more consonantal digraphs=====<br /> RX, rx /ʀ/<br /> QJ/Qj, qj /ʒ/<br /> =====Vocalic digraphs=====<br /> <poem><br /> <Oi, oi> [i]<br /> <EU/Eu, eu> [ø]<br /> <OU/Ou, ou> [u]<br /> <EA, ea> [ɛ]<br /> (But <Ea, ea> [əa])<br /> <OE/Oe, oe> [ø]<br /> <EÔ/Eô, eô> [œ]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Nasal vowels=====<br /> Some digraphs and trigraphs denote nasal vowels, with <N, n> and <M, m> :<br /> <poem><br /> <An, an> /ɑ̃/<br /> <Am, am> /ɑ̃/<br /> <En, en> /ɑ̃/<br /> <Em, em> /ɑ̃/<br /> <In, in> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Im, im> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Ein, ein> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Eim, eim> /ɛ̃/<br /> <On, on> /ɔ̃/<br /> <Om, om> /ɔ̃/<br /> <Un, un> /œ̃/<br /> <Um, um> /œ̃/<br /> </poem><br /> However, if there are two <N, n> or <M, m> following a vowel, then it is not nasalized but pronounced as V+[n or m] instead (<Ann, ann> [an], <Amm, amm> [am],... etc). Besides, vocalic graphemes other than <A, a>, <E, e>, <I, i>, <O, o>, <U, u> do not get nasalized when followed by an <N, n> or <M, m>.<br /> =====Diphtongues=====<br /> They have been described as diphtongues, but should rather be analyzed as combinations of vowels and approximants. There are three different approximants : /j/, /w/ and /ɥ/, which only appear in a limited number of cases.<br /> *Diphtongues /j/ + vowel :<br /> They are usually written with a <I, i> followed by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <I, i> stands for /j/ :<br /> <poem><br /> <Ia, ia> [ja]<br /> <Ie, ie> [jə]<br /> <Iç, iç> [je]<br /> <Iù, iù> [jœ]<br /> <Iÿ, iÿ> [jɛ]<br /> <Io, io> [jo] or [jɔ]<br /> <Iu, iu> [jy]<br /> <Iô, iô> [jo]<br /> <Iä, iä> [jɑ̃]<br /> <Ià, ià> [jɔ̃]<br /> <Ié, ié> [jɛ̃]<br /> <Iè, iè> [jœ̃]<br /> <Ii, ii> [ji]<br /> <Iou, iou> [ju]<br /> <Ieu, ieu> [jø]<br /> </poem><br /> However, there are a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> ÜÃ, üã [ja]<br /> ÜÕ, üõ [jo]<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues vowel + /j/ :<br /> They are usually written with a <Ü, ü> preceded by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <Ü, ü> stands for /j/ (minus the exceptions above) :<br /> <poem><br /> <AÜ, aü> [aj]<br /> <EÜ, eü> [əj]<br /> <EÜ, çü> [ej]<br /> <EÜ, ùü> [œj]<br /> <EÜ, ÿü> [ɛj]<br /> <OÜ, oü> [oj] or [ɔj]<br /> <UÜ, uü> [yj]<br /> <ÔÜ, ôü> [oj]<br /> <ÄÜ, äü> [aɑ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, àü> [ɔ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, éü> [ɛ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, èü> [œ̃j]<br /> <ÃÜ, ãü> [aj]<br /> <ÕÜ, õü> [oj]<br /> <EUÜ, euü> [øj]<br /> </poem><br /> There are also a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> EÎ, eî [əj]<br /> EÎ, çî [ej]<br /> EÎ, ùî [œj]<br /> EÎ, ÿî [ɛj]<br /> IÎ, iî [ij]<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues with /w/ :<br /> These are usually written with a <O, o>, either followed or preceded by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <O, o> stands for /w/ :<br /> <poem><br /> <Oa, oa> [wa]<br /> <Oe, oe> [wə]<br /> <Oç, oç> [we]<br /> <Où, où> [wœ]<br /> <Oÿ, oÿ> [wɛ]<br /> <Oo, oo> [wo] or [wɔ]<br /> <Oy, oy> [wy]<br /> <Oô, oô> [wo]<br /> <Oä, oä> [wɑ̃]<br /> <Oà, oà> [wɔ̃]<br /> <Oé, oé> [wɛ̃]<br /> <Oè, oè> [wœ̃] (This one was described as [wœ̃] already in the original documentation (instead of expected [wæ̃] and has therefore cast some doubt on the identification of vowels /ø/, /œ/ and /œ̃/.)<br /> <Oi, oi> [wi]<br /> <Oeu, oeu> [wø]<br /> And reciprocally (<Ao, ao> [aw]... etc).<br /> </poem><br /> There are however a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> <Io, io> is ambiguous and can denote either /iw/ or /jo/<br /> <Oi, oi> is ambiguous and can denote either /i/ or /wi/<br /> <Oe, oe> is ambiguous and can denote either /wə/ or /ø/<br /> <OU/Ou, ou> always denotes /u/ (/wy/ is denoted <Oy, oy> instead).<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues with /ɥ/ :<br /> <poem><br /> UÎ, uî [ɥi]<br /> Ui, ui [ɥi]<br /> Ua, ua [ɥa]<br /> Uç, uç [ɥe]<br /> Uÿ, uÿ [ɥɛ]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Triphtongues=====<br /> They should also be analyzed as combinations of approximant + vowel + approximant. Besides using <I, i> and <O, o> or even <Ü, ü> and <U, u>, there is a handful of special spellings that denote such "triphtongues" :<br /> <poem><br /> ÜÂ, üâ [jaj]<br /> ÜY, üy [jɔj]<br /> ÊÜ, êü [jaj]<br /> YÜ, yü [joj] or [jɔj]<br /> ÃÎ, ãî [aji]<br /> ÕÎ, õî [oji]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Word-final position induced changes=====<br /> The original consonants /g/ <G, g>, /l/ <L, l> and syllable /wi/ <W, w> turn into [j] when in a word-final position. Instead, the spellings <gue>, <lle> and <wi> are used.<br /> <poem><br /> <g> /j/<br /> <l> /j/<br /> <w> /j/<br /> <gue> /g/<br /> <lle> /l/<br /> <wi> /wi/<br /> </poem><br /> There are some other special spellings :<br /> <poem><br /> <ebm> /ɛjm/<br /> <ebn> /ɛjn/<br /> </poem><br /> Finally, some letters are simply not pronounced at the end of a word, and other spellings are used instead :<br /> <poem><br /> <e><br /> <ô><br /> <d><br /> <nowiki><q></nowiki><br /> <nowiki><s></nowiki><br /> <t><br /> <z><br /> <er><br /> <dde> /d/<br /> <qe> /ʃ/<br /> <sse> /θ/ (or possibly /s/ ?)<br /> <tte> /t/<br /> <ze> /z/<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ====Table of phonemes and their principal corresponding graphemes====<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m <M, m><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n <N, n><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ <Ñ, ñ><br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ <ÎÑ, îñ><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p <P, p> ; b <B, b><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ <TÛ, tû> ; t <T, t> ; d̚ <DÛ, dû> ; d <D, d><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k <K, k> ; g <G, g><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s <C, c> alt. <TĦ/Tħ, tħ> ; z <Z, z> alt. <DĦ/Dħ, dħ> alt. <SĦ/Sħ, sħ><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ <Q, q> ; ʒ <Ö, ö> alt. <JĦ/Jħ, jħ> alt. <QJ/Qj, qj><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ <QÛ, qû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ <ÎF, îf> ; β <ÎV, îv><br /> |colspan="2"| f <F, f> alt. <PĦ/Pħ, pħ> ; v <V, v> alt. <BĦ/Bħ, bħ><br /> |colspan="2"| θ <S, s> alt. <Tûhh, s> ; ð <J, j> <br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ <HÛ, hû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ <ÎQ, îq> ; ɧ̙ʷ̬ <ÎÖ, îö> alt. <LÎÖ, lîö><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <ÎX, îx><br /> |colspan="2"| χ <X, x> ; ʁ <R, r><br /> |colspan="2"| h <H, h><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ <RÛ, rû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j <I, i> (before a vowel), <Ü, ü> (after a vowel) ; ɥ <U, u> (before some vowels)<br /> |colspan="2"| w <O, o> (before or after a vowel)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r <LÛ, lû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ <RX, rx><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ <ĦÛ, ħû> <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l <L, l> ɫ <Û, û><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg <ÎÑg, îñg><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i <I, i> alt. <Oi, oi> ; y <U, u><br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ <Î, î> alt. <Ï, ï><br /> |colspan="2"|u <OU/Ou, ou><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e <E, ç/ë> ; ø <EU/Eu, eu> alt. <OE/Oe, oe><br /> |colspan="2"| ə <E, e><br /> |colspan="2"|o <O, o> alt. <Ô, ô> alt. <Õ, õ><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ <E, ÿ/ê> alt. <EA, ea> ; œ <E, ù/ĕ> alt. <EÔ/Eô, eô> ; ɛ̃ <Ä, é/â> ; œ̃ <Ä, è/ä><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ <O, o> ; ɔ̃ <Ä, à/ă><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä <A, a> alt. <Ã, ã><br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃ <Ä, ä><br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Prosody===<br /> ====Stress====<br /> ====Intonation====<br /> <br /> ===Phonotactics===<br /> <br /> ===Morphophonology===<br /> <br /> ==Morphology==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Nouns===<br /> Nouns have three genders in Qtolqjimctadû : neuter, masculine, and feminine. Genders are marked by the ending. Nouns that represent inanimate things are usually neutral, with masculine and feminine generally found in nouns that represent animate things. Some nouns can have all three genders (for example, male and female animal names are often built on the same underlying neutral form). Nouns also have two numbers : singular and plural. The plural is marked with a suffix that comes after any gender mark, while the singular is unmarked. The "dictionary" form when a given noun can have several genders is the singular neuter. Most nouns in the singular neuter end either with a <nowiki><e></nowiki> or with a consonant. The plural takes a different form depending on the ending of the word, in the singular neuter if applicable.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Ending in -e<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || -e /ə/ || -ea /ɛ/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || -e /ə/ || -ebn /ɛjn/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || -ea /ɛ/ || -ean /əɑ̃/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Neuter singular ending -c, -f, -j, -l, -m, -n, -v, -û, -ë<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || -e /ə/ || -ea /ɛ/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || -e /ə/ || -ebn /ɛjn/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || -ea /ɛ/ || -ean /əɑ̃/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Syntax==<br /> ===Constituent order===<br /> ===Noun phrase===<br /> ===Verb phrase===<br /> ===Sentence phrase===<br /> ===Dependent clauses===<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Example texts==<br /> <br /> ==Other resources==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Qtolqjimctadû]]<br /> [[Category:Languages]]<br /> [[Category:Conlangs]]<br /> [[Category:Tolsian]]</div>

Uvie https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Qtolqjimctad%C3%BB&diff=526311 Qtolqjimctadû 2026-05-19T20:01:55Z

<p>Uvie: /* Nouns */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Introduction==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ<br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p b<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ t d̚ d<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k g<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s z<br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ ʒ <br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ β<br /> |colspan="2"| f v<br /> |colspan="2"| θ ð<br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ ɧ̙ʷ̬<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <br /> |colspan="2"| χ ʁ<br /> |colspan="2"| h<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j ɥ<br /> |colspan="2"| w<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l ɫ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> Notes :<br /> <br /> In earlier documentation, proper knowledge of IPA was lacking and several of the phonemes had to be identified from either phonetically inaccurate IPA descriptions or vague, impressionistic ones. Several phonemes could not be recovered. Here is a list of deviations from the above table :<br /> <poem><br /> Identified phonemes :<br /> /ɸ/ was described as [fʷ] (written <ÎF, îf>).<br /> /β/ was described as [vʷ] (written <ÎV, îv>).<br /> /ʁ/ was described as [ʀ] (written <R, r>).<br /> /ʀ/ was described as [rˤ] (''sorte de « r » très roulé'', written <RX, rx>).<br /> /ɹ/ was described as [ʀˤ] (''sorte de « r » anglais'', written <RÛ, rû>).<br /> /ɫ/ was described as [l̪ ] (''comme à la fin du mot anglais "well"'', written <Û, û>).<br /> /χ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [x] (written <X, x>), while /x/ itself was most likely described as [xˤ] (written <ÎX, îx>).<br /> /ŋ/ was probably described as [ɲˤ] (written <ÎÑ, îñ>), while the sound described as [ŋ] (written <ÎÑg, îñg>) probably corresponded to /ᵑg/.<br /> /ɾ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [r̺] (written <ĦÛ, ħû>, as well as part of the cluster /bɾ/+V with the help of <Ë, ë> as [bɾə], described as [br̺ə]).<br /> /r/ might have been what was described as [r] (''sorte de « r » roulé à la japonaise'', written <LÛ, lû>).<br /> /ɧ̙ʷ/ and its voiced version /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ are, to this day, subject to doubt regarding their IPA descriptions. They were most likely corresponding to the sounds described as [ʃ ̪ ] (written <ÎQ, îq>) and [ʒ̺̺̺ ] (written <ÎÖ, îö> or <LÎÖ, lîö>).<br /> /t̚/ and /d̚/ are also subject to some doubt regarding their IPA descriptions still. They were described as [t̪] (written <TÛ, tû>) and [d̪] (written <DÛ, dû>).<br /> The phoneme described as [ʃʲ] probably has a realization closer to [ç] or [ɕ] (written <QÛ, qû>).<br /> <br /> Unidentified or very doubtful phonemes :<br /> Some /h/-like phoneme, described as [hˤ] (written <ÎH, îh>). It might have corresponded to /ɣ/, but it is not very likely.<br /> /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ might have been what was described as [l̤ʲ] (written <HÛ, hû>). Based on its spelling it is more likely to be devoiced.<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i y<br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ<br /> |colspan="2"|u<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e ø<br /> |colspan="2"| ə<br /> |colspan="2"|o<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ œ ɛ̃ œ̃<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ ɔ̃<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä<br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃<br /> |}<br /> Vowel length is supposed to be phonemic, with regular (or short) vowels, and long vowels.<br /> <br /> Similarly to consonants, some vowels had to be "re-identified" from previous documentation and some deviations arise :<br /> <poem><br /> /œ/ is probably what was described as [æ] (written <Ù, ù> or <E, ĕ> or <EÔ/Eô, eô>).<br /> /œ̃/ is probably what was described as [æ̃] (written <Ä, è> or <Ä, ä>).<br /> /ø/ is probably what was described as [œ] (written <EU/Eu, eu> or <OE/Oe, oe>).<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Orthography===<br /> Orthography was made complicated on purpose.<br /> <br /> ====Alphabet====<br /> <poem><br /> A, a /a/<br /> B, b /b/<br /> C, c /s/<br /> D, d /d/<br /> E, e /ə/ ; E, ç/ë /e/ ; E, ù/ĕ /œ/ ; E, ÿ/ê /ɛ/<br /> F, f /f/<br /> G, g /g/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> H, h /h/<br /> Ħ, ħ soundless ; mostly used in composed graphemes.<br /> I, i /i/<br /> J, j /ð/<br /> K, k /k/<br /> L, l /l/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> M, m /m/<br /> N, n /n/<br /> O, o /o/ or /ɔ/<br /> P, p /p/<br /> Q, q /ʃ/<br /> R, r /ʁ/<br /> S, s /θ/<br /> T, t /t/<br /> U, u /y/<br /> V, v /v/<br /> W, w /wi/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> X, x /χ/<br /> Y, y /jo/ or /ɔj/<br /> Z, z /z/<br /> Â, â /aj/<br /> Ê, ê /ja/<br /> Û, û /ɫ/<br /> Î, î /ɨ/ soundless when used in composed graphemes.<br /> Ô, ô /o/<br /> Ä, ä /ɑ̃/ ; Ä, à/ă /ɔ̃/ ; Ä, é/â /ɛ̃/ ; Ä, è/ä /œ̃/<br /> Ë, ë /bɾə/<br /> Ü, ü /j/<br /> Ï, ï /ɨ/<br /> Ö, ö /ʒ/<br /> Ã, ã /a/<br /> Õ, õ /o/<br /> Ñ, ñ /ɲ/<br /> </poem><br /> =====History=====<br /> Like most, if not all, versions of Tolsian, Qtolqjimctadû was meant to be written with the original Tolsian script. Some graphemes were chosen because of the limitations of the French keyboard, but were initally supposed to correspond to another, preexisting grapheme, with a diacritic, in order to reflect the original script. Some graphemes with diacritic are supposed to represent letters in the original script that are not simply versions of another letter with a diacritic ; this is why in the list below, <nowiki><ë></nowiki> appears to represent /e/, alongside <nowiki><ç></nowiki>, whereas in <Ë, ë> it represents /bɾə/ in the alphabet : they have different underlying identities.<br /> <poem><br /> <e> with diaeresis ¨ becomes <ç> (or <ë>)<br /> <e> with cedilla or possibly hook below (''accent « petite courbe vers le bas »'') becomes <ù> (or <ĕ>)<br /> <e> with circumflex accent ^ becomes <ÿ> (or <ê>)<br /> <O, o> (or <Ô, ô> ?) with circumflex accent becomes <Õ, õ><br /> <U, u> with dieresis becomes <Ü, ü><br /> <U, u> with circumflex accent becomes <Û, û><br /> <Â, â> with circumflex accent becomes <Ê, ê><br /> <Î, î> with circumflex accent becomes <Ï, ï><br /> <ä> with cedilla or hook below becomes <à> (o <ă>)<br /> <ä> with circumflex becomes <é> (or <â>)<br /> <ä> with diaeresis becomes <è> (or <ä>)<br /> <Â, â> with circumflex becomes <Ã, ã><br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ====Spelling rules====<br /> Long vowels are spelled with doubled graphemes (<Aa, aa> /a:/, etc).<br /> <br /> Some graphemes, namely <E, e> /ə/ ; <E, ç/ë> /e/ ; <E, ù/ĕ> /œ/ ; <E, ÿ/ê> /ɛ/ and <Ä, ä> /ɑ̃/ ; <Ä, à/ă> /ɔ̃/ ; <Ä, é/â> /ɛ̃/ ; <Ä, è/ä /œ̃/> use the same capital letter, but different minuscule letters, for different phonemes. This is partly due to limitations on a French keyboard, and partly to reflect the original Tolsian script in which these phonemes use the same letter but with different diacritics.<br /> <br /> The grapheme <Î, î> denotes /ɨ/, except in front of some consonants (<F, f>, <V, v>, <Q, q>, <Ö, ö>, <Ñ, ñ>, <X, x>, <H, h>) ; the grapheme <Ï, ï> is used instead in order to denote /ɨ/.<br /> <br /> There are many digraphs and even trigraphs ; usually, all letters are capitalized, when capitalization is needed.<br /> =====Digraphs with <Î, î>=====<br /> In the original documentation, these are described as "purified" (''épurés'').<br /> <poem><br /> ÎF, îf /ɸ/<br /> ÎV, îv /β/<br /> ÎQ, îq /ɧ̙ʷ/<br /> ÎÖ, îö /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ <br /> ÎÑ, îñ /ŋ/<br /> ÎX, îx /x/<br /> ÎH, îh unknown, possibly /ɣ/<br /> </poem><br /> It is unclear if the following are considered to be "purified" :<br /> <poem><br /> <Äî, äî> /an/<br /> <Äî, àî> /on/ or /ɔn/<br /> <Äî, éî> /in/ or /im/<br /> <Äî, èî> /un/ or /œm/<br /> </poem><br /> =====Trigraphs with <Î, î>=====<br /> These were also considered to be "purified".<br /> <poem><br /> LÎÖ, lîö /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ <br /> ÎÑg, îñg /ᵑg/<br /> </poem><br /> =====Digraphs with <Û, û>=====<br /> Some of these digraphs were originally described as "wet" (''mouillés'') :<br /> <poem><br /> TÛ, tû /t̚/<br /> QÛ, qû /ʃʲ/ (probably realized [ç] or [ɕ])<br /> DÛ, dû /d̚/<br /> </poem><br /> Others were not considered to be "wet" :<br /> <poem><br /> LÛ, lû /r/<br /> HÛ, hû possibly /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ <br /> ĦÛ, ħû /ɾ/<br /> RÛ, rû /ɹ/ <br /> <br /> =====Trigraphs with <Û, û>=====<br /> There is only one such trigraph, and only the first letter is capitalized, if needed. It is possibly meant to appear only word-initially as it was only given as <Tûhh> :<br /> Tûhh /θ/<br /> <br /> =====Digraphs with <Ħ, ħ>=====<br /> These can also be written as trigraphs, swapping <Ħ, ħ> for <Hh, hh>. As digraphs, one may likewise capitalize both letters or only the first one. As trigraphs, Only the first letter is capitalized.<br /> Ħ, ħ can be found on its own but is soundless. It may be used as part of the following digraphs, or used to maintain a hiatus between vowels and <I, i> or <O, o>. It can also be written <Hh, hh>.<br /> PĦ/Pħ, pħ /f/ (or <Phh, phh>)<br /> TĦ/Tħ, tħ /s/ (or <Thh, thh><br /> JĦ/Jħ, jħ /ʒ/ (or <Jhh, jhh>)<br /> BĦ/Bħ, bħ /v/ (or <Bhh, bhh>)<br /> DĦ/Dħ, dħ /z/ (or <Dhh, dhh>)<br /> SĦ/Sħ, sħ /z/ (or <Shh, shh>)<br /> <br /> =====Digraphs and trigraph with <Ë, ë>=====<br /> The phoneme /ɾ/ also appears as part of a syllable /bɾə/, written <Ë, ë>. When <Ë, ë> is followed by a vowel, the /ə/ is replaced by that vowel :<br /> Ëa, ëa [bɾa]<br /> Ëç, ëç [bɾe]<br /> Ëÿ, ëÿ [bɾɛ]<br /> Ëu, ëu [bɾy]<br /> Ëo, ëo [bɾo] or [bɾɔ]<br /> Ëï, ëï [bɾi]<br /> Ëä, ëä [bɾɑ̃]<br /> Ëà, ëà [bɾɔ̃]<br /> Ëé, ëé [bɾɛ̃]<br /> Ëè, ëè [bɾœ̃]<br /> Ëou, ëou [bɾu]<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> =====Some more consonantal digraphs=====<br /> RX, rx /ʀ/<br /> QJ/Qj, qj /ʒ/<br /> =====Vocalic digraphs=====<br /> <poem><br /> <Oi, oi> [i]<br /> <EU/Eu, eu> [ø]<br /> <OU/Ou, ou> [u]<br /> <EA, ea> [ɛ]<br /> (But <Ea, ea> [əa])<br /> <OE/Oe, oe> [ø]<br /> <EÔ/Eô, eô> [œ]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Nasal vowels=====<br /> Some digraphs and trigraphs denote nasal vowels, with <N, n> and <M, m> :<br /> <poem><br /> <An, an> /ɑ̃/<br /> <Am, am> /ɑ̃/<br /> <En, en> /ɑ̃/<br /> <Em, em> /ɑ̃/<br /> <In, in> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Im, im> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Ein, ein> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Eim, eim> /ɛ̃/<br /> <On, on> /ɔ̃/<br /> <Om, om> /ɔ̃/<br /> <Un, un> /œ̃/<br /> <Um, um> /œ̃/<br /> </poem><br /> However, if there are two <N, n> or <M, m> following a vowel, then it is not nasalized but pronounced as V+[n or m] instead (<Ann, ann> [an], <Amm, amm> [am],... etc). Besides, vocalic graphemes other than <A, a>, <E, e>, <I, i>, <O, o>, <U, u> do not get nasalized when followed by an <N, n> or <M, m>.<br /> =====Diphtongues=====<br /> They have been described as diphtongues, but should rather be analyzed as combinations of vowels and approximants. There are three different approximants : /j/, /w/ and /ɥ/, which only appear in a limited number of cases.<br /> *Diphtongues /j/ + vowel :<br /> They are usually written with a <I, i> followed by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <I, i> stands for /j/ :<br /> <poem><br /> <Ia, ia> [ja]<br /> <Ie, ie> [jə]<br /> <Iç, iç> [je]<br /> <Iù, iù> [jœ]<br /> <Iÿ, iÿ> [jɛ]<br /> <Io, io> [jo] or [jɔ]<br /> <Iu, iu> [jy]<br /> <Iô, iô> [jo]<br /> <Iä, iä> [jɑ̃]<br /> <Ià, ià> [jɔ̃]<br /> <Ié, ié> [jɛ̃]<br /> <Iè, iè> [jœ̃]<br /> <Ii, ii> [ji]<br /> <Iou, iou> [ju]<br /> <Ieu, ieu> [jø]<br /> </poem><br /> However, there are a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> ÜÃ, üã [ja]<br /> ÜÕ, üõ [jo]<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues vowel + /j/ :<br /> They are usually written with a <Ü, ü> preceded by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <Ü, ü> stands for /j/ (minus the exceptions above) :<br /> <poem><br /> <AÜ, aü> [aj]<br /> <EÜ, eü> [əj]<br /> <EÜ, çü> [ej]<br /> <EÜ, ùü> [œj]<br /> <EÜ, ÿü> [ɛj]<br /> <OÜ, oü> [oj] or [ɔj]<br /> <UÜ, uü> [yj]<br /> <ÔÜ, ôü> [oj]<br /> <ÄÜ, äü> [aɑ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, àü> [ɔ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, éü> [ɛ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, èü> [œ̃j]<br /> <ÃÜ, ãü> [aj]<br /> <ÕÜ, õü> [oj]<br /> <EUÜ, euü> [øj]<br /> </poem><br /> There are also a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> EÎ, eî [əj]<br /> EÎ, çî [ej]<br /> EÎ, ùî [œj]<br /> EÎ, ÿî [ɛj]<br /> IÎ, iî [ij]<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues with /w/ :<br /> These are usually written with a <O, o>, either followed or preceded by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <O, o> stands for /w/ :<br /> <poem><br /> <Oa, oa> [wa]<br /> <Oe, oe> [wə]<br /> <Oç, oç> [we]<br /> <Où, où> [wœ]<br /> <Oÿ, oÿ> [wɛ]<br /> <Oo, oo> [wo] or [wɔ]<br /> <Oy, oy> [wy]<br /> <Oô, oô> [wo]<br /> <Oä, oä> [wɑ̃]<br /> <Oà, oà> [wɔ̃]<br /> <Oé, oé> [wɛ̃]<br /> <Oè, oè> [wœ̃] (This one was described as [wœ̃] already in the original documentation (instead of expected [wæ̃] and has therefore cast some doubt on the identification of vowels /ø/, /œ/ and /œ̃/.)<br /> <Oi, oi> [wi]<br /> <Oeu, oeu> [wø]<br /> And reciprocally (<Ao, ao> [aw]... etc).<br /> </poem><br /> There are however a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> <Io, io> is ambiguous and can denote either /iw/ or /jo/<br /> <Oi, oi> is ambiguous and can denote either /i/ or /wi/<br /> <Oe, oe> is ambiguous and can denote either /wə/ or /ø/<br /> <OU/Ou, ou> always denotes /u/ (/wy/ is denoted <Oy, oy> instead).<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues with /ɥ/ :<br /> <poem><br /> UÎ, uî [ɥi]<br /> Ui, ui [ɥi]<br /> Ua, ua [ɥa]<br /> Uç, uç [ɥe]<br /> Uÿ, uÿ [ɥɛ]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Triphtongues=====<br /> They should also be analyzed as combinations of approximant + vowel + approximant. Besides using <I, i> and <O, o> or even <Ü, ü> and <U, u>, there is a handful of special spellings that denote such "triphtongues" :<br /> <poem><br /> ÜÂ, üâ [jaj]<br /> ÜY, üy [jɔj]<br /> ÊÜ, êü [jaj]<br /> YÜ, yü [joj] or [jɔj]<br /> ÃÎ, ãî [aji]<br /> ÕÎ, õî [oji]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Word-final position induced changes=====<br /> The original consonants /g/ <G, g>, /l/ <L, l> and syllable /wi/ <W, w> turn into [j] when in a word-final position. Instead, the spellings <gue>, <lle> and <wi> are used.<br /> <poem><br /> <g> /j/<br /> <l> /j/<br /> <w> /j/<br /> <gue> /g/<br /> <lle> /l/<br /> <wi> /wi/<br /> </poem><br /> There are some other special spellings :<br /> <poem><br /> <ebm> /ɛjm/<br /> <ebn> /ɛjn/<br /> </poem><br /> Finally, some letters are simply not pronounced at the end of a word, and other spellings are used instead :<br /> <poem><br /> <e><br /> <ô><br /> <d><br /> <nowiki><q></nowiki><br /> <nowiki><s></nowiki><br /> <t><br /> <z><br /> <er><br /> <dde> /d/<br /> <qe> /ʃ/<br /> <sse> /θ/ (or possibly /s/ ?)<br /> <tte> /t/<br /> <ze> /z/<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ====Table of phonemes and their principal corresponding graphemes====<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m <M, m><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n <N, n><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ <Ñ, ñ><br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ <ÎÑ, îñ><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p <P, p> ; b <B, b><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ <TÛ, tû> ; t <T, t> ; d̚ <DÛ, dû> ; d <D, d><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k <K, k> ; g <G, g><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s <C, c> alt. <TĦ/Tħ, tħ> ; z <Z, z> alt. <DĦ/Dħ, dħ> alt. <SĦ/Sħ, sħ><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ <Q, q> ; ʒ <Ö, ö> alt. <JĦ/Jħ, jħ> alt. <QJ/Qj, qj><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ <QÛ, qû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ <ÎF, îf> ; β <ÎV, îv><br /> |colspan="2"| f <F, f> alt. <PĦ/Pħ, pħ> ; v <V, v> alt. <BĦ/Bħ, bħ><br /> |colspan="2"| θ <S, s> alt. <Tûhh, s> ; ð <J, j> <br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ <HÛ, hû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ <ÎQ, îq> ; ɧ̙ʷ̬ <ÎÖ, îö> alt. <LÎÖ, lîö><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <ÎX, îx><br /> |colspan="2"| χ <X, x> ; ʁ <R, r><br /> |colspan="2"| h <H, h><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ <RÛ, rû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j <I, i> (before a vowel), <Ü, ü> (after a vowel) ; ɥ <U, u> (before some vowels)<br /> |colspan="2"| w <O, o> (before or after a vowel)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r <LÛ, lû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ <RX, rx><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ <ĦÛ, ħû> <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l <L, l> ɫ <Û, û><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg <ÎÑg, îñg><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i <I, i> alt. <Oi, oi> ; y <U, u><br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ <Î, î> alt. <Ï, ï><br /> |colspan="2"|u <OU/Ou, ou><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e <E, ç/ë> ; ø <EU/Eu, eu> alt. <OE/Oe, oe><br /> |colspan="2"| ə <E, e><br /> |colspan="2"|o <O, o> alt. <Ô, ô> alt. <Õ, õ><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ <E, ÿ/ê> alt. <EA, ea> ; œ <E, ù/ĕ> alt. <EÔ/Eô, eô> ; ɛ̃ <Ä, é/â> ; œ̃ <Ä, è/ä><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ <O, o> ; ɔ̃ <Ä, à/ă><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä <A, a> alt. <Ã, ã><br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃ <Ä, ä><br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Prosody===<br /> ====Stress====<br /> ====Intonation====<br /> <br /> ===Phonotactics===<br /> <br /> ===Morphophonology===<br /> <br /> ==Morphology==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Nouns===<br /> Nouns have three genders in Qtolqjimctadû : neuter, masculine, and feminine. Genders are marked by the ending and are usually a lexical property. Nouns also have two numbers : singular and plural. The plural is marked with a suffix that comes after any gender mark, while the singular is unmarked. The "dictionary" form is the singular neuter, and most nouns in the singular neuter end either with a <nowiki><e></nowiki> or with a consonant. The plural takes a different form depending on the ending of the word.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Ending in -e<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || -e /ə/ || -ea /ɛ/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || -e /ə/ || -ebn /ɛjn/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || -ea /ɛ/ || -ean /əɑ̃/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Syntax==<br /> ===Constituent order===<br /> ===Noun phrase===<br /> ===Verb phrase===<br /> ===Sentence phrase===<br /> ===Dependent clauses===<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Example texts==<br /> <br /> ==Other resources==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Qtolqjimctadû]]<br /> [[Category:Languages]]<br /> [[Category:Conlangs]]<br /> [[Category:Tolsian]]</div>

Uvie https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Qtolqjimctad%C3%BB&diff=526310 Qtolqjimctadû 2026-05-19T20:01:39Z

<p>Uvie: /* Nouns */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Introduction==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ<br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p b<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ t d̚ d<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k g<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s z<br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ ʒ <br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ β<br /> |colspan="2"| f v<br /> |colspan="2"| θ ð<br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ ɧ̙ʷ̬<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <br /> |colspan="2"| χ ʁ<br /> |colspan="2"| h<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j ɥ<br /> |colspan="2"| w<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l ɫ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> Notes :<br /> <br /> In earlier documentation, proper knowledge of IPA was lacking and several of the phonemes had to be identified from either phonetically inaccurate IPA descriptions or vague, impressionistic ones. Several phonemes could not be recovered. Here is a list of deviations from the above table :<br /> <poem><br /> Identified phonemes :<br /> /ɸ/ was described as [fʷ] (written <ÎF, îf>).<br /> /β/ was described as [vʷ] (written <ÎV, îv>).<br /> /ʁ/ was described as [ʀ] (written <R, r>).<br /> /ʀ/ was described as [rˤ] (''sorte de « r » très roulé'', written <RX, rx>).<br /> /ɹ/ was described as [ʀˤ] (''sorte de « r » anglais'', written <RÛ, rû>).<br /> /ɫ/ was described as [l̪ ] (''comme à la fin du mot anglais "well"'', written <Û, û>).<br /> /χ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [x] (written <X, x>), while /x/ itself was most likely described as [xˤ] (written <ÎX, îx>).<br /> /ŋ/ was probably described as [ɲˤ] (written <ÎÑ, îñ>), while the sound described as [ŋ] (written <ÎÑg, îñg>) probably corresponded to /ᵑg/.<br /> /ɾ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [r̺] (written <ĦÛ, ħû>, as well as part of the cluster /bɾ/+V with the help of <Ë, ë> as [bɾə], described as [br̺ə]).<br /> /r/ might have been what was described as [r] (''sorte de « r » roulé à la japonaise'', written <LÛ, lû>).<br /> /ɧ̙ʷ/ and its voiced version /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ are, to this day, subject to doubt regarding their IPA descriptions. They were most likely corresponding to the sounds described as [ʃ ̪ ] (written <ÎQ, îq>) and [ʒ̺̺̺ ] (written <ÎÖ, îö> or <LÎÖ, lîö>).<br /> /t̚/ and /d̚/ are also subject to some doubt regarding their IPA descriptions still. They were described as [t̪] (written <TÛ, tû>) and [d̪] (written <DÛ, dû>).<br /> The phoneme described as [ʃʲ] probably has a realization closer to [ç] or [ɕ] (written <QÛ, qû>).<br /> <br /> Unidentified or very doubtful phonemes :<br /> Some /h/-like phoneme, described as [hˤ] (written <ÎH, îh>). It might have corresponded to /ɣ/, but it is not very likely.<br /> /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ might have been what was described as [l̤ʲ] (written <HÛ, hû>). Based on its spelling it is more likely to be devoiced.<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i y<br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ<br /> |colspan="2"|u<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e ø<br /> |colspan="2"| ə<br /> |colspan="2"|o<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ œ ɛ̃ œ̃<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ ɔ̃<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä<br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃<br /> |}<br /> Vowel length is supposed to be phonemic, with regular (or short) vowels, and long vowels.<br /> <br /> Similarly to consonants, some vowels had to be "re-identified" from previous documentation and some deviations arise :<br /> <poem><br /> /œ/ is probably what was described as [æ] (written <Ù, ù> or <E, ĕ> or <EÔ/Eô, eô>).<br /> /œ̃/ is probably what was described as [æ̃] (written <Ä, è> or <Ä, ä>).<br /> /ø/ is probably what was described as [œ] (written <EU/Eu, eu> or <OE/Oe, oe>).<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Orthography===<br /> Orthography was made complicated on purpose.<br /> <br /> ====Alphabet====<br /> <poem><br /> A, a /a/<br /> B, b /b/<br /> C, c /s/<br /> D, d /d/<br /> E, e /ə/ ; E, ç/ë /e/ ; E, ù/ĕ /œ/ ; E, ÿ/ê /ɛ/<br /> F, f /f/<br /> G, g /g/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> H, h /h/<br /> Ħ, ħ soundless ; mostly used in composed graphemes.<br /> I, i /i/<br /> J, j /ð/<br /> K, k /k/<br /> L, l /l/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> M, m /m/<br /> N, n /n/<br /> O, o /o/ or /ɔ/<br /> P, p /p/<br /> Q, q /ʃ/<br /> R, r /ʁ/<br /> S, s /θ/<br /> T, t /t/<br /> U, u /y/<br /> V, v /v/<br /> W, w /wi/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> X, x /χ/<br /> Y, y /jo/ or /ɔj/<br /> Z, z /z/<br /> Â, â /aj/<br /> Ê, ê /ja/<br /> Û, û /ɫ/<br /> Î, î /ɨ/ soundless when used in composed graphemes.<br /> Ô, ô /o/<br /> Ä, ä /ɑ̃/ ; Ä, à/ă /ɔ̃/ ; Ä, é/â /ɛ̃/ ; Ä, è/ä /œ̃/<br /> Ë, ë /bɾə/<br /> Ü, ü /j/<br /> Ï, ï /ɨ/<br /> Ö, ö /ʒ/<br /> Ã, ã /a/<br /> Õ, õ /o/<br /> Ñ, ñ /ɲ/<br /> </poem><br /> =====History=====<br /> Like most, if not all, versions of Tolsian, Qtolqjimctadû was meant to be written with the original Tolsian script. Some graphemes were chosen because of the limitations of the French keyboard, but were initally supposed to correspond to another, preexisting grapheme, with a diacritic, in order to reflect the original script. Some graphemes with diacritic are supposed to represent letters in the original script that are not simply versions of another letter with a diacritic ; this is why in the list below, <nowiki><ë></nowiki> appears to represent /e/, alongside <nowiki><ç></nowiki>, whereas in <Ë, ë> it represents /bɾə/ in the alphabet : they have different underlying identities.<br /> <poem><br /> <e> with diaeresis ¨ becomes <ç> (or <ë>)<br /> <e> with cedilla or possibly hook below (''accent « petite courbe vers le bas »'') becomes <ù> (or <ĕ>)<br /> <e> with circumflex accent ^ becomes <ÿ> (or <ê>)<br /> <O, o> (or <Ô, ô> ?) with circumflex accent becomes <Õ, õ><br /> <U, u> with dieresis becomes <Ü, ü><br /> <U, u> with circumflex accent becomes <Û, û><br /> <Â, â> with circumflex accent becomes <Ê, ê><br /> <Î, î> with circumflex accent becomes <Ï, ï><br /> <ä> with cedilla or hook below becomes <à> (o <ă>)<br /> <ä> with circumflex becomes <é> (or <â>)<br /> <ä> with diaeresis becomes <è> (or <ä>)<br /> <Â, â> with circumflex becomes <Ã, ã><br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ====Spelling rules====<br /> Long vowels are spelled with doubled graphemes (<Aa, aa> /a:/, etc).<br /> <br /> Some graphemes, namely <E, e> /ə/ ; <E, ç/ë> /e/ ; <E, ù/ĕ> /œ/ ; <E, ÿ/ê> /ɛ/ and <Ä, ä> /ɑ̃/ ; <Ä, à/ă> /ɔ̃/ ; <Ä, é/â> /ɛ̃/ ; <Ä, è/ä /œ̃/> use the same capital letter, but different minuscule letters, for different phonemes. This is partly due to limitations on a French keyboard, and partly to reflect the original Tolsian script in which these phonemes use the same letter but with different diacritics.<br /> <br /> The grapheme <Î, î> denotes /ɨ/, except in front of some consonants (<F, f>, <V, v>, <Q, q>, <Ö, ö>, <Ñ, ñ>, <X, x>, <H, h>) ; the grapheme <Ï, ï> is used instead in order to denote /ɨ/.<br /> <br /> There are many digraphs and even trigraphs ; usually, all letters are capitalized, when capitalization is needed.<br /> =====Digraphs with <Î, î>=====<br /> In the original documentation, these are described as "purified" (''épurés'').<br /> <poem><br /> ÎF, îf /ɸ/<br /> ÎV, îv /β/<br /> ÎQ, îq /ɧ̙ʷ/<br /> ÎÖ, îö /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ <br /> ÎÑ, îñ /ŋ/<br /> ÎX, îx /x/<br /> ÎH, îh unknown, possibly /ɣ/<br /> </poem><br /> It is unclear if the following are considered to be "purified" :<br /> <poem><br /> <Äî, äî> /an/<br /> <Äî, àî> /on/ or /ɔn/<br /> <Äî, éî> /in/ or /im/<br /> <Äî, èî> /un/ or /œm/<br /> </poem><br /> =====Trigraphs with <Î, î>=====<br /> These were also considered to be "purified".<br /> <poem><br /> LÎÖ, lîö /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ <br /> ÎÑg, îñg /ᵑg/<br /> </poem><br /> =====Digraphs with <Û, û>=====<br /> Some of these digraphs were originally described as "wet" (''mouillés'') :<br /> <poem><br /> TÛ, tû /t̚/<br /> QÛ, qû /ʃʲ/ (probably realized [ç] or [ɕ])<br /> DÛ, dû /d̚/<br /> </poem><br /> Others were not considered to be "wet" :<br /> <poem><br /> LÛ, lû /r/<br /> HÛ, hû possibly /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ <br /> ĦÛ, ħû /ɾ/<br /> RÛ, rû /ɹ/ <br /> <br /> =====Trigraphs with <Û, û>=====<br /> There is only one such trigraph, and only the first letter is capitalized, if needed. It is possibly meant to appear only word-initially as it was only given as <Tûhh> :<br /> Tûhh /θ/<br /> <br /> =====Digraphs with <Ħ, ħ>=====<br /> These can also be written as trigraphs, swapping <Ħ, ħ> for <Hh, hh>. As digraphs, one may likewise capitalize both letters or only the first one. As trigraphs, Only the first letter is capitalized.<br /> Ħ, ħ can be found on its own but is soundless. It may be used as part of the following digraphs, or used to maintain a hiatus between vowels and <I, i> or <O, o>. It can also be written <Hh, hh>.<br /> PĦ/Pħ, pħ /f/ (or <Phh, phh>)<br /> TĦ/Tħ, tħ /s/ (or <Thh, thh><br /> JĦ/Jħ, jħ /ʒ/ (or <Jhh, jhh>)<br /> BĦ/Bħ, bħ /v/ (or <Bhh, bhh>)<br /> DĦ/Dħ, dħ /z/ (or <Dhh, dhh>)<br /> SĦ/Sħ, sħ /z/ (or <Shh, shh>)<br /> <br /> =====Digraphs and trigraph with <Ë, ë>=====<br /> The phoneme /ɾ/ also appears as part of a syllable /bɾə/, written <Ë, ë>. When <Ë, ë> is followed by a vowel, the /ə/ is replaced by that vowel :<br /> Ëa, ëa [bɾa]<br /> Ëç, ëç [bɾe]<br /> Ëÿ, ëÿ [bɾɛ]<br /> Ëu, ëu [bɾy]<br /> Ëo, ëo [bɾo] or [bɾɔ]<br /> Ëï, ëï [bɾi]<br /> Ëä, ëä [bɾɑ̃]<br /> Ëà, ëà [bɾɔ̃]<br /> Ëé, ëé [bɾɛ̃]<br /> Ëè, ëè [bɾœ̃]<br /> Ëou, ëou [bɾu]<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> =====Some more consonantal digraphs=====<br /> RX, rx /ʀ/<br /> QJ/Qj, qj /ʒ/<br /> =====Vocalic digraphs=====<br /> <poem><br /> <Oi, oi> [i]<br /> <EU/Eu, eu> [ø]<br /> <OU/Ou, ou> [u]<br /> <EA, ea> [ɛ]<br /> (But <Ea, ea> [əa])<br /> <OE/Oe, oe> [ø]<br /> <EÔ/Eô, eô> [œ]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Nasal vowels=====<br /> Some digraphs and trigraphs denote nasal vowels, with <N, n> and <M, m> :<br /> <poem><br /> <An, an> /ɑ̃/<br /> <Am, am> /ɑ̃/<br /> <En, en> /ɑ̃/<br /> <Em, em> /ɑ̃/<br /> <In, in> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Im, im> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Ein, ein> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Eim, eim> /ɛ̃/<br /> <On, on> /ɔ̃/<br /> <Om, om> /ɔ̃/<br /> <Un, un> /œ̃/<br /> <Um, um> /œ̃/<br /> </poem><br /> However, if there are two <N, n> or <M, m> following a vowel, then it is not nasalized but pronounced as V+[n or m] instead (<Ann, ann> [an], <Amm, amm> [am],... etc). Besides, vocalic graphemes other than <A, a>, <E, e>, <I, i>, <O, o>, <U, u> do not get nasalized when followed by an <N, n> or <M, m>.<br /> =====Diphtongues=====<br /> They have been described as diphtongues, but should rather be analyzed as combinations of vowels and approximants. There are three different approximants : /j/, /w/ and /ɥ/, which only appear in a limited number of cases.<br /> *Diphtongues /j/ + vowel :<br /> They are usually written with a <I, i> followed by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <I, i> stands for /j/ :<br /> <poem><br /> <Ia, ia> [ja]<br /> <Ie, ie> [jə]<br /> <Iç, iç> [je]<br /> <Iù, iù> [jœ]<br /> <Iÿ, iÿ> [jɛ]<br /> <Io, io> [jo] or [jɔ]<br /> <Iu, iu> [jy]<br /> <Iô, iô> [jo]<br /> <Iä, iä> [jɑ̃]<br /> <Ià, ià> [jɔ̃]<br /> <Ié, ié> [jɛ̃]<br /> <Iè, iè> [jœ̃]<br /> <Ii, ii> [ji]<br /> <Iou, iou> [ju]<br /> <Ieu, ieu> [jø]<br /> </poem><br /> However, there are a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> ÜÃ, üã [ja]<br /> ÜÕ, üõ [jo]<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues vowel + /j/ :<br /> They are usually written with a <Ü, ü> preceded by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <Ü, ü> stands for /j/ (minus the exceptions above) :<br /> <poem><br /> <AÜ, aü> [aj]<br /> <EÜ, eü> [əj]<br /> <EÜ, çü> [ej]<br /> <EÜ, ùü> [œj]<br /> <EÜ, ÿü> [ɛj]<br /> <OÜ, oü> [oj] or [ɔj]<br /> <UÜ, uü> [yj]<br /> <ÔÜ, ôü> [oj]<br /> <ÄÜ, äü> [aɑ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, àü> [ɔ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, éü> [ɛ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, èü> [œ̃j]<br /> <ÃÜ, ãü> [aj]<br /> <ÕÜ, õü> [oj]<br /> <EUÜ, euü> [øj]<br /> </poem><br /> There are also a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> EÎ, eî [əj]<br /> EÎ, çî [ej]<br /> EÎ, ùî [œj]<br /> EÎ, ÿî [ɛj]<br /> IÎ, iî [ij]<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues with /w/ :<br /> These are usually written with a <O, o>, either followed or preceded by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <O, o> stands for /w/ :<br /> <poem><br /> <Oa, oa> [wa]<br /> <Oe, oe> [wə]<br /> <Oç, oç> [we]<br /> <Où, où> [wœ]<br /> <Oÿ, oÿ> [wɛ]<br /> <Oo, oo> [wo] or [wɔ]<br /> <Oy, oy> [wy]<br /> <Oô, oô> [wo]<br /> <Oä, oä> [wɑ̃]<br /> <Oà, oà> [wɔ̃]<br /> <Oé, oé> [wɛ̃]<br /> <Oè, oè> [wœ̃] (This one was described as [wœ̃] already in the original documentation (instead of expected [wæ̃] and has therefore cast some doubt on the identification of vowels /ø/, /œ/ and /œ̃/.)<br /> <Oi, oi> [wi]<br /> <Oeu, oeu> [wø]<br /> And reciprocally (<Ao, ao> [aw]... etc).<br /> </poem><br /> There are however a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> <Io, io> is ambiguous and can denote either /iw/ or /jo/<br /> <Oi, oi> is ambiguous and can denote either /i/ or /wi/<br /> <Oe, oe> is ambiguous and can denote either /wə/ or /ø/<br /> <OU/Ou, ou> always denotes /u/ (/wy/ is denoted <Oy, oy> instead).<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues with /ɥ/ :<br /> <poem><br /> UÎ, uî [ɥi]<br /> Ui, ui [ɥi]<br /> Ua, ua [ɥa]<br /> Uç, uç [ɥe]<br /> Uÿ, uÿ [ɥɛ]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Triphtongues=====<br /> They should also be analyzed as combinations of approximant + vowel + approximant. Besides using <I, i> and <O, o> or even <Ü, ü> and <U, u>, there is a handful of special spellings that denote such "triphtongues" :<br /> <poem><br /> ÜÂ, üâ [jaj]<br /> ÜY, üy [jɔj]<br /> ÊÜ, êü [jaj]<br /> YÜ, yü [joj] or [jɔj]<br /> ÃÎ, ãî [aji]<br /> ÕÎ, õî [oji]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Word-final position induced changes=====<br /> The original consonants /g/ <G, g>, /l/ <L, l> and syllable /wi/ <W, w> turn into [j] when in a word-final position. Instead, the spellings <gue>, <lle> and <wi> are used.<br /> <poem><br /> <g> /j/<br /> <l> /j/<br /> <w> /j/<br /> <gue> /g/<br /> <lle> /l/<br /> <wi> /wi/<br /> </poem><br /> There are some other special spellings :<br /> <poem><br /> <ebm> /ɛjm/<br /> <ebn> /ɛjn/<br /> </poem><br /> Finally, some letters are simply not pronounced at the end of a word, and other spellings are used instead :<br /> <poem><br /> <e><br /> <ô><br /> <d><br /> <nowiki><q></nowiki><br /> <nowiki><s></nowiki><br /> <t><br /> <z><br /> <er><br /> <dde> /d/<br /> <qe> /ʃ/<br /> <sse> /θ/ (or possibly /s/ ?)<br /> <tte> /t/<br /> <ze> /z/<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ====Table of phonemes and their principal corresponding graphemes====<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m <M, m><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n <N, n><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ <Ñ, ñ><br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ <ÎÑ, îñ><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p <P, p> ; b <B, b><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ <TÛ, tû> ; t <T, t> ; d̚ <DÛ, dû> ; d <D, d><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k <K, k> ; g <G, g><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s <C, c> alt. <TĦ/Tħ, tħ> ; z <Z, z> alt. <DĦ/Dħ, dħ> alt. <SĦ/Sħ, sħ><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ <Q, q> ; ʒ <Ö, ö> alt. <JĦ/Jħ, jħ> alt. <QJ/Qj, qj><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ <QÛ, qû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ <ÎF, îf> ; β <ÎV, îv><br /> |colspan="2"| f <F, f> alt. <PĦ/Pħ, pħ> ; v <V, v> alt. <BĦ/Bħ, bħ><br /> |colspan="2"| θ <S, s> alt. <Tûhh, s> ; ð <J, j> <br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ <HÛ, hû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ <ÎQ, îq> ; ɧ̙ʷ̬ <ÎÖ, îö> alt. <LÎÖ, lîö><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <ÎX, îx><br /> |colspan="2"| χ <X, x> ; ʁ <R, r><br /> |colspan="2"| h <H, h><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ <RÛ, rû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j <I, i> (before a vowel), <Ü, ü> (after a vowel) ; ɥ <U, u> (before some vowels)<br /> |colspan="2"| w <O, o> (before or after a vowel)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r <LÛ, lû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ <RX, rx><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ <ĦÛ, ħû> <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l <L, l> ɫ <Û, û><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg <ÎÑg, îñg><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i <I, i> alt. <Oi, oi> ; y <U, u><br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ <Î, î> alt. <Ï, ï><br /> |colspan="2"|u <OU/Ou, ou><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e <E, ç/ë> ; ø <EU/Eu, eu> alt. <OE/Oe, oe><br /> |colspan="2"| ə <E, e><br /> |colspan="2"|o <O, o> alt. <Ô, ô> alt. <Õ, õ><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ <E, ÿ/ê> alt. <EA, ea> ; œ <E, ù/ĕ> alt. <EÔ/Eô, eô> ; ɛ̃ <Ä, é/â> ; œ̃ <Ä, è/ä><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ <O, o> ; ɔ̃ <Ä, à/ă><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä <A, a> alt. <Ã, ã><br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃ <Ä, ä><br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Prosody===<br /> ====Stress====<br /> ====Intonation====<br /> <br /> ===Phonotactics===<br /> <br /> ===Morphophonology===<br /> <br /> ==Morphology==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Nouns===<br /> Nouns have three genders in Qtolqjimctadû : neuter, masculine, and feminine. Genders are marked by the ending and are usually a lexical property. Nouns also have two numbers : singular and plural. The plural is marked with a suffix that comes after any gender mark, while the singular is unmarked. The "dictionary" form is the singular neuter, and most nouns in the singular neuter end either with a <nowiki><e></nowiki> or with a consonant. The plural takes a different form depending on the ending of the word.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Caption Ending in -e<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Neuter || -e /ə/ || -ea /ɛ/<br /> |-<br /> | Masculine || -e /ə/ || -ebn /ɛjn/<br /> |-<br /> | Feminine || -ea /ɛ/ || -ean /əɑ̃/<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Syntax==<br /> ===Constituent order===<br /> ===Noun phrase===<br /> ===Verb phrase===<br /> ===Sentence phrase===<br /> ===Dependent clauses===<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Example texts==<br /> <br /> ==Other resources==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Qtolqjimctadû]]<br /> [[Category:Languages]]<br /> [[Category:Conlangs]]<br /> [[Category:Tolsian]]</div>

Uvie https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Qtolqjimctad%C3%BB&diff=526309 Qtolqjimctadû 2026-05-19T19:57:48Z

<p>Uvie: /* Morphology */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Introduction==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ<br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p b<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ t d̚ d<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k g<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s z<br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ ʒ <br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ β<br /> |colspan="2"| f v<br /> |colspan="2"| θ ð<br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ ɧ̙ʷ̬<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <br /> |colspan="2"| χ ʁ<br /> |colspan="2"| h<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j ɥ<br /> |colspan="2"| w<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l ɫ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> Notes :<br /> <br /> In earlier documentation, proper knowledge of IPA was lacking and several of the phonemes had to be identified from either phonetically inaccurate IPA descriptions or vague, impressionistic ones. Several phonemes could not be recovered. Here is a list of deviations from the above table :<br /> <poem><br /> Identified phonemes :<br /> /ɸ/ was described as [fʷ] (written <ÎF, îf>).<br /> /β/ was described as [vʷ] (written <ÎV, îv>).<br /> /ʁ/ was described as [ʀ] (written <R, r>).<br /> /ʀ/ was described as [rˤ] (''sorte de « r » très roulé'', written <RX, rx>).<br /> /ɹ/ was described as [ʀˤ] (''sorte de « r » anglais'', written <RÛ, rû>).<br /> /ɫ/ was described as [l̪ ] (''comme à la fin du mot anglais "well"'', written <Û, û>).<br /> /χ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [x] (written <X, x>), while /x/ itself was most likely described as [xˤ] (written <ÎX, îx>).<br /> /ŋ/ was probably described as [ɲˤ] (written <ÎÑ, îñ>), while the sound described as [ŋ] (written <ÎÑg, îñg>) probably corresponded to /ᵑg/.<br /> /ɾ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [r̺] (written <ĦÛ, ħû>, as well as part of the cluster /bɾ/+V with the help of <Ë, ë> as [bɾə], described as [br̺ə]).<br /> /r/ might have been what was described as [r] (''sorte de « r » roulé à la japonaise'', written <LÛ, lû>).<br /> /ɧ̙ʷ/ and its voiced version /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ are, to this day, subject to doubt regarding their IPA descriptions. They were most likely corresponding to the sounds described as [ʃ ̪ ] (written <ÎQ, îq>) and [ʒ̺̺̺ ] (written <ÎÖ, îö> or <LÎÖ, lîö>).<br /> /t̚/ and /d̚/ are also subject to some doubt regarding their IPA descriptions still. They were described as [t̪] (written <TÛ, tû>) and [d̪] (written <DÛ, dû>).<br /> The phoneme described as [ʃʲ] probably has a realization closer to [ç] or [ɕ] (written <QÛ, qû>).<br /> <br /> Unidentified or very doubtful phonemes :<br /> Some /h/-like phoneme, described as [hˤ] (written <ÎH, îh>). It might have corresponded to /ɣ/, but it is not very likely.<br /> /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ might have been what was described as [l̤ʲ] (written <HÛ, hû>). Based on its spelling it is more likely to be devoiced.<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i y<br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ<br /> |colspan="2"|u<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e ø<br /> |colspan="2"| ə<br /> |colspan="2"|o<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ œ ɛ̃ œ̃<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ ɔ̃<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä<br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃<br /> |}<br /> Vowel length is supposed to be phonemic, with regular (or short) vowels, and long vowels.<br /> <br /> Similarly to consonants, some vowels had to be "re-identified" from previous documentation and some deviations arise :<br /> <poem><br /> /œ/ is probably what was described as [æ] (written <Ù, ù> or <E, ĕ> or <EÔ/Eô, eô>).<br /> /œ̃/ is probably what was described as [æ̃] (written <Ä, è> or <Ä, ä>).<br /> /ø/ is probably what was described as [œ] (written <EU/Eu, eu> or <OE/Oe, oe>).<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Orthography===<br /> Orthography was made complicated on purpose.<br /> <br /> ====Alphabet====<br /> <poem><br /> A, a /a/<br /> B, b /b/<br /> C, c /s/<br /> D, d /d/<br /> E, e /ə/ ; E, ç/ë /e/ ; E, ù/ĕ /œ/ ; E, ÿ/ê /ɛ/<br /> F, f /f/<br /> G, g /g/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> H, h /h/<br /> Ħ, ħ soundless ; mostly used in composed graphemes.<br /> I, i /i/<br /> J, j /ð/<br /> K, k /k/<br /> L, l /l/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> M, m /m/<br /> N, n /n/<br /> O, o /o/ or /ɔ/<br /> P, p /p/<br /> Q, q /ʃ/<br /> R, r /ʁ/<br /> S, s /θ/<br /> T, t /t/<br /> U, u /y/<br /> V, v /v/<br /> W, w /wi/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> X, x /χ/<br /> Y, y /jo/ or /ɔj/<br /> Z, z /z/<br /> Â, â /aj/<br /> Ê, ê /ja/<br /> Û, û /ɫ/<br /> Î, î /ɨ/ soundless when used in composed graphemes.<br /> Ô, ô /o/<br /> Ä, ä /ɑ̃/ ; Ä, à/ă /ɔ̃/ ; Ä, é/â /ɛ̃/ ; Ä, è/ä /œ̃/<br /> Ë, ë /bɾə/<br /> Ü, ü /j/<br /> Ï, ï /ɨ/<br /> Ö, ö /ʒ/<br /> Ã, ã /a/<br /> Õ, õ /o/<br /> Ñ, ñ /ɲ/<br /> </poem><br /> =====History=====<br /> Like most, if not all, versions of Tolsian, Qtolqjimctadû was meant to be written with the original Tolsian script. Some graphemes were chosen because of the limitations of the French keyboard, but were initally supposed to correspond to another, preexisting grapheme, with a diacritic, in order to reflect the original script. Some graphemes with diacritic are supposed to represent letters in the original script that are not simply versions of another letter with a diacritic ; this is why in the list below, <nowiki><ë></nowiki> appears to represent /e/, alongside <nowiki><ç></nowiki>, whereas in <Ë, ë> it represents /bɾə/ in the alphabet : they have different underlying identities.<br /> <poem><br /> <e> with diaeresis ¨ becomes <ç> (or <ë>)<br /> <e> with cedilla or possibly hook below (''accent « petite courbe vers le bas »'') becomes <ù> (or <ĕ>)<br /> <e> with circumflex accent ^ becomes <ÿ> (or <ê>)<br /> <O, o> (or <Ô, ô> ?) with circumflex accent becomes <Õ, õ><br /> <U, u> with dieresis becomes <Ü, ü><br /> <U, u> with circumflex accent becomes <Û, û><br /> <Â, â> with circumflex accent becomes <Ê, ê><br /> <Î, î> with circumflex accent becomes <Ï, ï><br /> <ä> with cedilla or hook below becomes <à> (o <ă>)<br /> <ä> with circumflex becomes <é> (or <â>)<br /> <ä> with diaeresis becomes <è> (or <ä>)<br /> <Â, â> with circumflex becomes <Ã, ã><br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ====Spelling rules====<br /> Long vowels are spelled with doubled graphemes (<Aa, aa> /a:/, etc).<br /> <br /> Some graphemes, namely <E, e> /ə/ ; <E, ç/ë> /e/ ; <E, ù/ĕ> /œ/ ; <E, ÿ/ê> /ɛ/ and <Ä, ä> /ɑ̃/ ; <Ä, à/ă> /ɔ̃/ ; <Ä, é/â> /ɛ̃/ ; <Ä, è/ä /œ̃/> use the same capital letter, but different minuscule letters, for different phonemes. This is partly due to limitations on a French keyboard, and partly to reflect the original Tolsian script in which these phonemes use the same letter but with different diacritics.<br /> <br /> The grapheme <Î, î> denotes /ɨ/, except in front of some consonants (<F, f>, <V, v>, <Q, q>, <Ö, ö>, <Ñ, ñ>, <X, x>, <H, h>) ; the grapheme <Ï, ï> is used instead in order to denote /ɨ/.<br /> <br /> There are many digraphs and even trigraphs ; usually, all letters are capitalized, when capitalization is needed.<br /> =====Digraphs with <Î, î>=====<br /> In the original documentation, these are described as "purified" (''épurés'').<br /> <poem><br /> ÎF, îf /ɸ/<br /> ÎV, îv /β/<br /> ÎQ, îq /ɧ̙ʷ/<br /> ÎÖ, îö /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ <br /> ÎÑ, îñ /ŋ/<br /> ÎX, îx /x/<br /> ÎH, îh unknown, possibly /ɣ/<br /> </poem><br /> It is unclear if the following are considered to be "purified" :<br /> <poem><br /> <Äî, äî> /an/<br /> <Äî, àî> /on/ or /ɔn/<br /> <Äî, éî> /in/ or /im/<br /> <Äî, èî> /un/ or /œm/<br /> </poem><br /> =====Trigraphs with <Î, î>=====<br /> These were also considered to be "purified".<br /> <poem><br /> LÎÖ, lîö /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ <br /> ÎÑg, îñg /ᵑg/<br /> </poem><br /> =====Digraphs with <Û, û>=====<br /> Some of these digraphs were originally described as "wet" (''mouillés'') :<br /> <poem><br /> TÛ, tû /t̚/<br /> QÛ, qû /ʃʲ/ (probably realized [ç] or [ɕ])<br /> DÛ, dû /d̚/<br /> </poem><br /> Others were not considered to be "wet" :<br /> <poem><br /> LÛ, lû /r/<br /> HÛ, hû possibly /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ <br /> ĦÛ, ħû /ɾ/<br /> RÛ, rû /ɹ/ <br /> <br /> =====Trigraphs with <Û, û>=====<br /> There is only one such trigraph, and only the first letter is capitalized, if needed. It is possibly meant to appear only word-initially as it was only given as <Tûhh> :<br /> Tûhh /θ/<br /> <br /> =====Digraphs with <Ħ, ħ>=====<br /> These can also be written as trigraphs, swapping <Ħ, ħ> for <Hh, hh>. As digraphs, one may likewise capitalize both letters or only the first one. As trigraphs, Only the first letter is capitalized.<br /> Ħ, ħ can be found on its own but is soundless. It may be used as part of the following digraphs, or used to maintain a hiatus between vowels and <I, i> or <O, o>. It can also be written <Hh, hh>.<br /> PĦ/Pħ, pħ /f/ (or <Phh, phh>)<br /> TĦ/Tħ, tħ /s/ (or <Thh, thh><br /> JĦ/Jħ, jħ /ʒ/ (or <Jhh, jhh>)<br /> BĦ/Bħ, bħ /v/ (or <Bhh, bhh>)<br /> DĦ/Dħ, dħ /z/ (or <Dhh, dhh>)<br /> SĦ/Sħ, sħ /z/ (or <Shh, shh>)<br /> <br /> =====Digraphs and trigraph with <Ë, ë>=====<br /> The phoneme /ɾ/ also appears as part of a syllable /bɾə/, written <Ë, ë>. When <Ë, ë> is followed by a vowel, the /ə/ is replaced by that vowel :<br /> Ëa, ëa [bɾa]<br /> Ëç, ëç [bɾe]<br /> Ëÿ, ëÿ [bɾɛ]<br /> Ëu, ëu [bɾy]<br /> Ëo, ëo [bɾo] or [bɾɔ]<br /> Ëï, ëï [bɾi]<br /> Ëä, ëä [bɾɑ̃]<br /> Ëà, ëà [bɾɔ̃]<br /> Ëé, ëé [bɾɛ̃]<br /> Ëè, ëè [bɾœ̃]<br /> Ëou, ëou [bɾu]<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> =====Some more consonantal digraphs=====<br /> RX, rx /ʀ/<br /> QJ/Qj, qj /ʒ/<br /> =====Vocalic digraphs=====<br /> <poem><br /> <Oi, oi> [i]<br /> <EU/Eu, eu> [ø]<br /> <OU/Ou, ou> [u]<br /> <EA, ea> [ɛ]<br /> (But <Ea, ea> [əa])<br /> <OE/Oe, oe> [ø]<br /> <EÔ/Eô, eô> [œ]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Nasal vowels=====<br /> Some digraphs and trigraphs denote nasal vowels, with <N, n> and <M, m> :<br /> <poem><br /> <An, an> /ɑ̃/<br /> <Am, am> /ɑ̃/<br /> <En, en> /ɑ̃/<br /> <Em, em> /ɑ̃/<br /> <In, in> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Im, im> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Ein, ein> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Eim, eim> /ɛ̃/<br /> <On, on> /ɔ̃/<br /> <Om, om> /ɔ̃/<br /> <Un, un> /œ̃/<br /> <Um, um> /œ̃/<br /> </poem><br /> However, if there are two <N, n> or <M, m> following a vowel, then it is not nasalized but pronounced as V+[n or m] instead (<Ann, ann> [an], <Amm, amm> [am],... etc). Besides, vocalic graphemes other than <A, a>, <E, e>, <I, i>, <O, o>, <U, u> do not get nasalized when followed by an <N, n> or <M, m>.<br /> =====Diphtongues=====<br /> They have been described as diphtongues, but should rather be analyzed as combinations of vowels and approximants. There are three different approximants : /j/, /w/ and /ɥ/, which only appear in a limited number of cases.<br /> *Diphtongues /j/ + vowel :<br /> They are usually written with a <I, i> followed by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <I, i> stands for /j/ :<br /> <poem><br /> <Ia, ia> [ja]<br /> <Ie, ie> [jə]<br /> <Iç, iç> [je]<br /> <Iù, iù> [jœ]<br /> <Iÿ, iÿ> [jɛ]<br /> <Io, io> [jo] or [jɔ]<br /> <Iu, iu> [jy]<br /> <Iô, iô> [jo]<br /> <Iä, iä> [jɑ̃]<br /> <Ià, ià> [jɔ̃]<br /> <Ié, ié> [jɛ̃]<br /> <Iè, iè> [jœ̃]<br /> <Ii, ii> [ji]<br /> <Iou, iou> [ju]<br /> <Ieu, ieu> [jø]<br /> </poem><br /> However, there are a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> ÜÃ, üã [ja]<br /> ÜÕ, üõ [jo]<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues vowel + /j/ :<br /> They are usually written with a <Ü, ü> preceded by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <Ü, ü> stands for /j/ (minus the exceptions above) :<br /> <poem><br /> <AÜ, aü> [aj]<br /> <EÜ, eü> [əj]<br /> <EÜ, çü> [ej]<br /> <EÜ, ùü> [œj]<br /> <EÜ, ÿü> [ɛj]<br /> <OÜ, oü> [oj] or [ɔj]<br /> <UÜ, uü> [yj]<br /> <ÔÜ, ôü> [oj]<br /> <ÄÜ, äü> [aɑ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, àü> [ɔ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, éü> [ɛ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, èü> [œ̃j]<br /> <ÃÜ, ãü> [aj]<br /> <ÕÜ, õü> [oj]<br /> <EUÜ, euü> [øj]<br /> </poem><br /> There are also a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> EÎ, eî [əj]<br /> EÎ, çî [ej]<br /> EÎ, ùî [œj]<br /> EÎ, ÿî [ɛj]<br /> IÎ, iî [ij]<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues with /w/ :<br /> These are usually written with a <O, o>, either followed or preceded by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <O, o> stands for /w/ :<br /> <poem><br /> <Oa, oa> [wa]<br /> <Oe, oe> [wə]<br /> <Oç, oç> [we]<br /> <Où, où> [wœ]<br /> <Oÿ, oÿ> [wɛ]<br /> <Oo, oo> [wo] or [wɔ]<br /> <Oy, oy> [wy]<br /> <Oô, oô> [wo]<br /> <Oä, oä> [wɑ̃]<br /> <Oà, oà> [wɔ̃]<br /> <Oé, oé> [wɛ̃]<br /> <Oè, oè> [wœ̃] (This one was described as [wœ̃] already in the original documentation (instead of expected [wæ̃] and has therefore cast some doubt on the identification of vowels /ø/, /œ/ and /œ̃/.)<br /> <Oi, oi> [wi]<br /> <Oeu, oeu> [wø]<br /> And reciprocally (<Ao, ao> [aw]... etc).<br /> </poem><br /> There are however a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> <Io, io> is ambiguous and can denote either /iw/ or /jo/<br /> <Oi, oi> is ambiguous and can denote either /i/ or /wi/<br /> <Oe, oe> is ambiguous and can denote either /wə/ or /ø/<br /> <OU/Ou, ou> always denotes /u/ (/wy/ is denoted <Oy, oy> instead).<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues with /ɥ/ :<br /> <poem><br /> UÎ, uî [ɥi]<br /> Ui, ui [ɥi]<br /> Ua, ua [ɥa]<br /> Uç, uç [ɥe]<br /> Uÿ, uÿ [ɥɛ]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Triphtongues=====<br /> They should also be analyzed as combinations of approximant + vowel + approximant. Besides using <I, i> and <O, o> or even <Ü, ü> and <U, u>, there is a handful of special spellings that denote such "triphtongues" :<br /> <poem><br /> ÜÂ, üâ [jaj]<br /> ÜY, üy [jɔj]<br /> ÊÜ, êü [jaj]<br /> YÜ, yü [joj] or [jɔj]<br /> ÃÎ, ãî [aji]<br /> ÕÎ, õî [oji]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Word-final position induced changes=====<br /> The original consonants /g/ <G, g>, /l/ <L, l> and syllable /wi/ <W, w> turn into [j] when in a word-final position. Instead, the spellings <gue>, <lle> and <wi> are used.<br /> <poem><br /> <g> /j/<br /> <l> /j/<br /> <w> /j/<br /> <gue> /g/<br /> <lle> /l/<br /> <wi> /wi/<br /> </poem><br /> There are some other special spellings :<br /> <poem><br /> <ebm> /ɛjm/<br /> <ebn> /ɛjn/<br /> </poem><br /> Finally, some letters are simply not pronounced at the end of a word, and other spellings are used instead :<br /> <poem><br /> <e><br /> <ô><br /> <d><br /> <nowiki><q></nowiki><br /> <nowiki><s></nowiki><br /> <t><br /> <z><br /> <er><br /> <dde> /d/<br /> <qe> /ʃ/<br /> <sse> /θ/ (or possibly /s/ ?)<br /> <tte> /t/<br /> <ze> /z/<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ====Table of phonemes and their principal corresponding graphemes====<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m <M, m><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n <N, n><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ <Ñ, ñ><br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ <ÎÑ, îñ><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p <P, p> ; b <B, b><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ <TÛ, tû> ; t <T, t> ; d̚ <DÛ, dû> ; d <D, d><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k <K, k> ; g <G, g><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s <C, c> alt. <TĦ/Tħ, tħ> ; z <Z, z> alt. <DĦ/Dħ, dħ> alt. <SĦ/Sħ, sħ><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ <Q, q> ; ʒ <Ö, ö> alt. <JĦ/Jħ, jħ> alt. <QJ/Qj, qj><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ <QÛ, qû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ <ÎF, îf> ; β <ÎV, îv><br /> |colspan="2"| f <F, f> alt. <PĦ/Pħ, pħ> ; v <V, v> alt. <BĦ/Bħ, bħ><br /> |colspan="2"| θ <S, s> alt. <Tûhh, s> ; ð <J, j> <br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ <HÛ, hû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ <ÎQ, îq> ; ɧ̙ʷ̬ <ÎÖ, îö> alt. <LÎÖ, lîö><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <ÎX, îx><br /> |colspan="2"| χ <X, x> ; ʁ <R, r><br /> |colspan="2"| h <H, h><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ <RÛ, rû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j <I, i> (before a vowel), <Ü, ü> (after a vowel) ; ɥ <U, u> (before some vowels)<br /> |colspan="2"| w <O, o> (before or after a vowel)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r <LÛ, lû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ <RX, rx><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ <ĦÛ, ħû> <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l <L, l> ɫ <Û, û><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg <ÎÑg, îñg><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i <I, i> alt. <Oi, oi> ; y <U, u><br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ <Î, î> alt. <Ï, ï><br /> |colspan="2"|u <OU/Ou, ou><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e <E, ç/ë> ; ø <EU/Eu, eu> alt. <OE/Oe, oe><br /> |colspan="2"| ə <E, e><br /> |colspan="2"|o <O, o> alt. <Ô, ô> alt. <Õ, õ><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ <E, ÿ/ê> alt. <EA, ea> ; œ <E, ù/ĕ> alt. <EÔ/Eô, eô> ; ɛ̃ <Ä, é/â> ; œ̃ <Ä, è/ä><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ <O, o> ; ɔ̃ <Ä, à/ă><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä <A, a> alt. <Ã, ã><br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃ <Ä, ä><br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Prosody===<br /> ====Stress====<br /> ====Intonation====<br /> <br /> ===Phonotactics===<br /> <br /> ===Morphophonology===<br /> <br /> ==Morphology==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Nouns===<br /> Nouns have three genders in Qtolqjimctadû : neuter, masculine, and feminine. Genders are marked by the ending and are usually a lexical property. Nouns also have two numbers : singular and plural. The plural is marked with a suffix that comes after any gender mark, while the singular is unmarked. The "dictionary" form is the singular neuter, and most nouns in the singular neuter end either with a <nowiki><e></nowiki> or with a consonant. The plural takes a different form depending on the ending of the word.<br /> {| class="wikitable"<br /> |+ Caption text<br /> |-<br /> ! Gender / Number !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Example || Example || Example<br /> |-<br /> | Example || Example || Example<br /> |-<br /> | Example || Example || Example<br /> |-<br /> | Example || Example || Example<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Syntax==<br /> ===Constituent order===<br /> ===Noun phrase===<br /> ===Verb phrase===<br /> ===Sentence phrase===<br /> ===Dependent clauses===<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Example texts==<br /> <br /> ==Other resources==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Qtolqjimctadû]]<br /> [[Category:Languages]]<br /> [[Category:Conlangs]]<br /> [[Category:Tolsian]]</div>

Uvie https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Qtolqjimctad%C3%BB&diff=526308 Qtolqjimctadû 2026-05-19T19:44:13Z

<p>Uvie: /* Alphabet */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Introduction==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ<br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p b<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ t d̚ d<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k g<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s z<br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ ʒ <br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ β<br /> |colspan="2"| f v<br /> |colspan="2"| θ ð<br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ ɧ̙ʷ̬<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <br /> |colspan="2"| χ ʁ<br /> |colspan="2"| h<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j ɥ<br /> |colspan="2"| w<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l ɫ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> Notes :<br /> <br /> In earlier documentation, proper knowledge of IPA was lacking and several of the phonemes had to be identified from either phonetically inaccurate IPA descriptions or vague, impressionistic ones. Several phonemes could not be recovered. Here is a list of deviations from the above table :<br /> <poem><br /> Identified phonemes :<br /> /ɸ/ was described as [fʷ] (written <ÎF, îf>).<br /> /β/ was described as [vʷ] (written <ÎV, îv>).<br /> /ʁ/ was described as [ʀ] (written <R, r>).<br /> /ʀ/ was described as [rˤ] (''sorte de « r » très roulé'', written <RX, rx>).<br /> /ɹ/ was described as [ʀˤ] (''sorte de « r » anglais'', written <RÛ, rû>).<br /> /ɫ/ was described as [l̪ ] (''comme à la fin du mot anglais "well"'', written <Û, û>).<br /> /χ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [x] (written <X, x>), while /x/ itself was most likely described as [xˤ] (written <ÎX, îx>).<br /> /ŋ/ was probably described as [ɲˤ] (written <ÎÑ, îñ>), while the sound described as [ŋ] (written <ÎÑg, îñg>) probably corresponded to /ᵑg/.<br /> /ɾ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [r̺] (written <ĦÛ, ħû>, as well as part of the cluster /bɾ/+V with the help of <Ë, ë> as [bɾə], described as [br̺ə]).<br /> /r/ might have been what was described as [r] (''sorte de « r » roulé à la japonaise'', written <LÛ, lû>).<br /> /ɧ̙ʷ/ and its voiced version /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ are, to this day, subject to doubt regarding their IPA descriptions. They were most likely corresponding to the sounds described as [ʃ ̪ ] (written <ÎQ, îq>) and [ʒ̺̺̺ ] (written <ÎÖ, îö> or <LÎÖ, lîö>).<br /> /t̚/ and /d̚/ are also subject to some doubt regarding their IPA descriptions still. They were described as [t̪] (written <TÛ, tû>) and [d̪] (written <DÛ, dû>).<br /> The phoneme described as [ʃʲ] probably has a realization closer to [ç] or [ɕ] (written <QÛ, qû>).<br /> <br /> Unidentified or very doubtful phonemes :<br /> Some /h/-like phoneme, described as [hˤ] (written <ÎH, îh>). It might have corresponded to /ɣ/, but it is not very likely.<br /> /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ might have been what was described as [l̤ʲ] (written <HÛ, hû>). Based on its spelling it is more likely to be devoiced.<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i y<br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ<br /> |colspan="2"|u<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e ø<br /> |colspan="2"| ə<br /> |colspan="2"|o<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ œ ɛ̃ œ̃<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ ɔ̃<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä<br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃<br /> |}<br /> Vowel length is supposed to be phonemic, with regular (or short) vowels, and long vowels.<br /> <br /> Similarly to consonants, some vowels had to be "re-identified" from previous documentation and some deviations arise :<br /> <poem><br /> /œ/ is probably what was described as [æ] (written <Ù, ù> or <E, ĕ> or <EÔ/Eô, eô>).<br /> /œ̃/ is probably what was described as [æ̃] (written <Ä, è> or <Ä, ä>).<br /> /ø/ is probably what was described as [œ] (written <EU/Eu, eu> or <OE/Oe, oe>).<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Orthography===<br /> Orthography was made complicated on purpose.<br /> <br /> ====Alphabet====<br /> <poem><br /> A, a /a/<br /> B, b /b/<br /> C, c /s/<br /> D, d /d/<br /> E, e /ə/ ; E, ç/ë /e/ ; E, ù/ĕ /œ/ ; E, ÿ/ê /ɛ/<br /> F, f /f/<br /> G, g /g/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> H, h /h/<br /> Ħ, ħ soundless ; mostly used in composed graphemes.<br /> I, i /i/<br /> J, j /ð/<br /> K, k /k/<br /> L, l /l/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> M, m /m/<br /> N, n /n/<br /> O, o /o/ or /ɔ/<br /> P, p /p/<br /> Q, q /ʃ/<br /> R, r /ʁ/<br /> S, s /θ/<br /> T, t /t/<br /> U, u /y/<br /> V, v /v/<br /> W, w /wi/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> X, x /χ/<br /> Y, y /jo/ or /ɔj/<br /> Z, z /z/<br /> Â, â /aj/<br /> Ê, ê /ja/<br /> Û, û /ɫ/<br /> Î, î /ɨ/ soundless when used in composed graphemes.<br /> Ô, ô /o/<br /> Ä, ä /ɑ̃/ ; Ä, à/ă /ɔ̃/ ; Ä, é/â /ɛ̃/ ; Ä, è/ä /œ̃/<br /> Ë, ë /bɾə/<br /> Ü, ü /j/<br /> Ï, ï /ɨ/<br /> Ö, ö /ʒ/<br /> Ã, ã /a/<br /> Õ, õ /o/<br /> Ñ, ñ /ɲ/<br /> </poem><br /> =====History=====<br /> Like most, if not all, versions of Tolsian, Qtolqjimctadû was meant to be written with the original Tolsian script. Some graphemes were chosen because of the limitations of the French keyboard, but were initally supposed to correspond to another, preexisting grapheme, with a diacritic, in order to reflect the original script. Some graphemes with diacritic are supposed to represent letters in the original script that are not simply versions of another letter with a diacritic ; this is why in the list below, <nowiki><ë></nowiki> appears to represent /e/, alongside <nowiki><ç></nowiki>, whereas in <Ë, ë> it represents /bɾə/ in the alphabet : they have different underlying identities.<br /> <poem><br /> <e> with diaeresis ¨ becomes <ç> (or <ë>)<br /> <e> with cedilla or possibly hook below (''accent « petite courbe vers le bas »'') becomes <ù> (or <ĕ>)<br /> <e> with circumflex accent ^ becomes <ÿ> (or <ê>)<br /> <O, o> (or <Ô, ô> ?) with circumflex accent becomes <Õ, õ><br /> <U, u> with dieresis becomes <Ü, ü><br /> <U, u> with circumflex accent becomes <Û, û><br /> <Â, â> with circumflex accent becomes <Ê, ê><br /> <Î, î> with circumflex accent becomes <Ï, ï><br /> <ä> with cedilla or hook below becomes <à> (o <ă>)<br /> <ä> with circumflex becomes <é> (or <â>)<br /> <ä> with diaeresis becomes <è> (or <ä>)<br /> <Â, â> with circumflex becomes <Ã, ã><br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ====Spelling rules====<br /> Long vowels are spelled with doubled graphemes (<Aa, aa> /a:/, etc).<br /> <br /> Some graphemes, namely <E, e> /ə/ ; <E, ç/ë> /e/ ; <E, ù/ĕ> /œ/ ; <E, ÿ/ê> /ɛ/ and <Ä, ä> /ɑ̃/ ; <Ä, à/ă> /ɔ̃/ ; <Ä, é/â> /ɛ̃/ ; <Ä, è/ä /œ̃/> use the same capital letter, but different minuscule letters, for different phonemes. This is partly due to limitations on a French keyboard, and partly to reflect the original Tolsian script in which these phonemes use the same letter but with different diacritics.<br /> <br /> The grapheme <Î, î> denotes /ɨ/, except in front of some consonants (<F, f>, <V, v>, <Q, q>, <Ö, ö>, <Ñ, ñ>, <X, x>, <H, h>) ; the grapheme <Ï, ï> is used instead in order to denote /ɨ/.<br /> <br /> There are many digraphs and even trigraphs ; usually, all letters are capitalized, when capitalization is needed.<br /> =====Digraphs with <Î, î>=====<br /> In the original documentation, these are described as "purified" (''épurés'').<br /> <poem><br /> ÎF, îf /ɸ/<br /> ÎV, îv /β/<br /> ÎQ, îq /ɧ̙ʷ/<br /> ÎÖ, îö /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ <br /> ÎÑ, îñ /ŋ/<br /> ÎX, îx /x/<br /> ÎH, îh unknown, possibly /ɣ/<br /> </poem><br /> It is unclear if the following are considered to be "purified" :<br /> <poem><br /> <Äî, äî> /an/<br /> <Äî, àî> /on/ or /ɔn/<br /> <Äî, éî> /in/ or /im/<br /> <Äî, èî> /un/ or /œm/<br /> </poem><br /> =====Trigraphs with <Î, î>=====<br /> These were also considered to be "purified".<br /> <poem><br /> LÎÖ, lîö /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ <br /> ÎÑg, îñg /ᵑg/<br /> </poem><br /> =====Digraphs with <Û, û>=====<br /> Some of these digraphs were originally described as "wet" (''mouillés'') :<br /> <poem><br /> TÛ, tû /t̚/<br /> QÛ, qû /ʃʲ/ (probably realized [ç] or [ɕ])<br /> DÛ, dû /d̚/<br /> </poem><br /> Others were not considered to be "wet" :<br /> <poem><br /> LÛ, lû /r/<br /> HÛ, hû possibly /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ <br /> ĦÛ, ħû /ɾ/<br /> RÛ, rû /ɹ/ <br /> <br /> =====Trigraphs with <Û, û>=====<br /> There is only one such trigraph, and only the first letter is capitalized, if needed. It is possibly meant to appear only word-initially as it was only given as <Tûhh> :<br /> Tûhh /θ/<br /> <br /> =====Digraphs with <Ħ, ħ>=====<br /> These can also be written as trigraphs, swapping <Ħ, ħ> for <Hh, hh>. As digraphs, one may likewise capitalize both letters or only the first one. As trigraphs, Only the first letter is capitalized.<br /> Ħ, ħ can be found on its own but is soundless. It may be used as part of the following digraphs, or used to maintain a hiatus between vowels and <I, i> or <O, o>. It can also be written <Hh, hh>.<br /> PĦ/Pħ, pħ /f/ (or <Phh, phh>)<br /> TĦ/Tħ, tħ /s/ (or <Thh, thh><br /> JĦ/Jħ, jħ /ʒ/ (or <Jhh, jhh>)<br /> BĦ/Bħ, bħ /v/ (or <Bhh, bhh>)<br /> DĦ/Dħ, dħ /z/ (or <Dhh, dhh>)<br /> SĦ/Sħ, sħ /z/ (or <Shh, shh>)<br /> <br /> =====Digraphs and trigraph with <Ë, ë>=====<br /> The phoneme /ɾ/ also appears as part of a syllable /bɾə/, written <Ë, ë>. When <Ë, ë> is followed by a vowel, the /ə/ is replaced by that vowel :<br /> Ëa, ëa [bɾa]<br /> Ëç, ëç [bɾe]<br /> Ëÿ, ëÿ [bɾɛ]<br /> Ëu, ëu [bɾy]<br /> Ëo, ëo [bɾo] or [bɾɔ]<br /> Ëï, ëï [bɾi]<br /> Ëä, ëä [bɾɑ̃]<br /> Ëà, ëà [bɾɔ̃]<br /> Ëé, ëé [bɾɛ̃]<br /> Ëè, ëè [bɾœ̃]<br /> Ëou, ëou [bɾu]<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> =====Some more consonantal digraphs=====<br /> RX, rx /ʀ/<br /> QJ/Qj, qj /ʒ/<br /> =====Vocalic digraphs=====<br /> <poem><br /> <Oi, oi> [i]<br /> <EU/Eu, eu> [ø]<br /> <OU/Ou, ou> [u]<br /> <EA, ea> [ɛ]<br /> (But <Ea, ea> [əa])<br /> <OE/Oe, oe> [ø]<br /> <EÔ/Eô, eô> [œ]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Nasal vowels=====<br /> Some digraphs and trigraphs denote nasal vowels, with <N, n> and <M, m> :<br /> <poem><br /> <An, an> /ɑ̃/<br /> <Am, am> /ɑ̃/<br /> <En, en> /ɑ̃/<br /> <Em, em> /ɑ̃/<br /> <In, in> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Im, im> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Ein, ein> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Eim, eim> /ɛ̃/<br /> <On, on> /ɔ̃/<br /> <Om, om> /ɔ̃/<br /> <Un, un> /œ̃/<br /> <Um, um> /œ̃/<br /> </poem><br /> However, if there are two <N, n> or <M, m> following a vowel, then it is not nasalized but pronounced as V+[n or m] instead (<Ann, ann> [an], <Amm, amm> [am],... etc). Besides, vocalic graphemes other than <A, a>, <E, e>, <I, i>, <O, o>, <U, u> do not get nasalized when followed by an <N, n> or <M, m>.<br /> =====Diphtongues=====<br /> They have been described as diphtongues, but should rather be analyzed as combinations of vowels and approximants. There are three different approximants : /j/, /w/ and /ɥ/, which only appear in a limited number of cases.<br /> *Diphtongues /j/ + vowel :<br /> They are usually written with a <I, i> followed by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <I, i> stands for /j/ :<br /> <poem><br /> <Ia, ia> [ja]<br /> <Ie, ie> [jə]<br /> <Iç, iç> [je]<br /> <Iù, iù> [jœ]<br /> <Iÿ, iÿ> [jɛ]<br /> <Io, io> [jo] or [jɔ]<br /> <Iu, iu> [jy]<br /> <Iô, iô> [jo]<br /> <Iä, iä> [jɑ̃]<br /> <Ià, ià> [jɔ̃]<br /> <Ié, ié> [jɛ̃]<br /> <Iè, iè> [jœ̃]<br /> <Ii, ii> [ji]<br /> <Iou, iou> [ju]<br /> <Ieu, ieu> [jø]<br /> </poem><br /> However, there are a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> ÜÃ, üã [ja]<br /> ÜÕ, üõ [jo]<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues vowel + /j/ :<br /> They are usually written with a <Ü, ü> preceded by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <Ü, ü> stands for /j/ (minus the exceptions above) :<br /> <poem><br /> <AÜ, aü> [aj]<br /> <EÜ, eü> [əj]<br /> <EÜ, çü> [ej]<br /> <EÜ, ùü> [œj]<br /> <EÜ, ÿü> [ɛj]<br /> <OÜ, oü> [oj] or [ɔj]<br /> <UÜ, uü> [yj]<br /> <ÔÜ, ôü> [oj]<br /> <ÄÜ, äü> [aɑ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, àü> [ɔ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, éü> [ɛ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, èü> [œ̃j]<br /> <ÃÜ, ãü> [aj]<br /> <ÕÜ, õü> [oj]<br /> <EUÜ, euü> [øj]<br /> </poem><br /> There are also a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> EÎ, eî [əj]<br /> EÎ, çî [ej]<br /> EÎ, ùî [œj]<br /> EÎ, ÿî [ɛj]<br /> IÎ, iî [ij]<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues with /w/ :<br /> These are usually written with a <O, o>, either followed or preceded by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <O, o> stands for /w/ :<br /> <poem><br /> <Oa, oa> [wa]<br /> <Oe, oe> [wə]<br /> <Oç, oç> [we]<br /> <Où, où> [wœ]<br /> <Oÿ, oÿ> [wɛ]<br /> <Oo, oo> [wo] or [wɔ]<br /> <Oy, oy> [wy]<br /> <Oô, oô> [wo]<br /> <Oä, oä> [wɑ̃]<br /> <Oà, oà> [wɔ̃]<br /> <Oé, oé> [wɛ̃]<br /> <Oè, oè> [wœ̃] (This one was described as [wœ̃] already in the original documentation (instead of expected [wæ̃] and has therefore cast some doubt on the identification of vowels /ø/, /œ/ and /œ̃/.)<br /> <Oi, oi> [wi]<br /> <Oeu, oeu> [wø]<br /> And reciprocally (<Ao, ao> [aw]... etc).<br /> </poem><br /> There are however a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> <Io, io> is ambiguous and can denote either /iw/ or /jo/<br /> <Oi, oi> is ambiguous and can denote either /i/ or /wi/<br /> <Oe, oe> is ambiguous and can denote either /wə/ or /ø/<br /> <OU/Ou, ou> always denotes /u/ (/wy/ is denoted <Oy, oy> instead).<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues with /ɥ/ :<br /> <poem><br /> UÎ, uî [ɥi]<br /> Ui, ui [ɥi]<br /> Ua, ua [ɥa]<br /> Uç, uç [ɥe]<br /> Uÿ, uÿ [ɥɛ]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Triphtongues=====<br /> They should also be analyzed as combinations of approximant + vowel + approximant. Besides using <I, i> and <O, o> or even <Ü, ü> and <U, u>, there is a handful of special spellings that denote such "triphtongues" :<br /> <poem><br /> ÜÂ, üâ [jaj]<br /> ÜY, üy [jɔj]<br /> ÊÜ, êü [jaj]<br /> YÜ, yü [joj] or [jɔj]<br /> ÃÎ, ãî [aji]<br /> ÕÎ, õî [oji]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Word-final position induced changes=====<br /> The original consonants /g/ <G, g>, /l/ <L, l> and syllable /wi/ <W, w> turn into [j] when in a word-final position. Instead, the spellings <gue>, <lle> and <wi> are used.<br /> <poem><br /> <g> /j/<br /> <l> /j/<br /> <w> /j/<br /> <gue> /g/<br /> <lle> /l/<br /> <wi> /wi/<br /> </poem><br /> There are some other special spellings :<br /> <poem><br /> <ebm> /ɛjm/<br /> <ebn> /ɛjn/<br /> </poem><br /> Finally, some letters are simply not pronounced at the end of a word, and other spellings are used instead :<br /> <poem><br /> <e><br /> <ô><br /> <d><br /> <nowiki><q></nowiki><br /> <nowiki><s></nowiki><br /> <t><br /> <z><br /> <er><br /> <dde> /d/<br /> <qe> /ʃ/<br /> <sse> /θ/ (or possibly /s/ ?)<br /> <tte> /t/<br /> <ze> /z/<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ====Table of phonemes and their principal corresponding graphemes====<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m <M, m><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n <N, n><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ <Ñ, ñ><br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ <ÎÑ, îñ><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p <P, p> ; b <B, b><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ <TÛ, tû> ; t <T, t> ; d̚ <DÛ, dû> ; d <D, d><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k <K, k> ; g <G, g><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s <C, c> alt. <TĦ/Tħ, tħ> ; z <Z, z> alt. <DĦ/Dħ, dħ> alt. <SĦ/Sħ, sħ><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ <Q, q> ; ʒ <Ö, ö> alt. <JĦ/Jħ, jħ> alt. <QJ/Qj, qj><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ <QÛ, qû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ <ÎF, îf> ; β <ÎV, îv><br /> |colspan="2"| f <F, f> alt. <PĦ/Pħ, pħ> ; v <V, v> alt. <BĦ/Bħ, bħ><br /> |colspan="2"| θ <S, s> alt. <Tûhh, s> ; ð <J, j> <br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ <HÛ, hû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ <ÎQ, îq> ; ɧ̙ʷ̬ <ÎÖ, îö> alt. <LÎÖ, lîö><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <ÎX, îx><br /> |colspan="2"| χ <X, x> ; ʁ <R, r><br /> |colspan="2"| h <H, h><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ <RÛ, rû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j <I, i> (before a vowel), <Ü, ü> (after a vowel) ; ɥ <U, u> (before some vowels)<br /> |colspan="2"| w <O, o> (before or after a vowel)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r <LÛ, lû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ <RX, rx><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ <ĦÛ, ħû> <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l <L, l> ɫ <Û, û><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg <ÎÑg, îñg><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i <I, i> alt. <Oi, oi> ; y <U, u><br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ <Î, î> alt. <Ï, ï><br /> |colspan="2"|u <OU/Ou, ou><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e <E, ç/ë> ; ø <EU/Eu, eu> alt. <OE/Oe, oe><br /> |colspan="2"| ə <E, e><br /> |colspan="2"|o <O, o> alt. <Ô, ô> alt. <Õ, õ><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ <E, ÿ/ê> alt. <EA, ea> ; œ <E, ù/ĕ> alt. <EÔ/Eô, eô> ; ɛ̃ <Ä, é/â> ; œ̃ <Ä, è/ä><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ <O, o> ; ɔ̃ <Ä, à/ă><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä <A, a> alt. <Ã, ã><br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃ <Ä, ä><br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Prosody===<br /> ====Stress====<br /> ====Intonation====<br /> <br /> ===Phonotactics===<br /> <br /> ===Morphophonology===<br /> <br /> ==Morphology==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Syntax==<br /> ===Constituent order===<br /> ===Noun phrase===<br /> ===Verb phrase===<br /> ===Sentence phrase===<br /> ===Dependent clauses===<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Example texts==<br /> <br /> ==Other resources==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Qtolqjimctadû]]<br /> [[Category:Languages]]<br /> [[Category:Conlangs]]<br /> [[Category:Tolsian]]</div>

Uvie https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Qtolqjimctad%C3%BB&diff=526301 Qtolqjimctadû 2026-05-19T19:17:33Z

<p>Uvie: /* Digraphs with */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Introduction==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ<br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p b<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ t d̚ d<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k g<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s z<br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ ʒ <br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ β<br /> |colspan="2"| f v<br /> |colspan="2"| θ ð<br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ ɧ̙ʷ̬<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <br /> |colspan="2"| χ ʁ<br /> |colspan="2"| h<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j ɥ<br /> |colspan="2"| w<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l ɫ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> Notes :<br /> <br /> In earlier documentation, proper knowledge of IPA was lacking and several of the phonemes had to be identified from either phonetically inaccurate IPA descriptions or vague, impressionistic ones. Several phonemes could not be recovered. Here is a list of deviations from the above table :<br /> <poem><br /> Identified phonemes :<br /> /ɸ/ was described as [fʷ] (written <ÎF, îf>).<br /> /β/ was described as [vʷ] (written <ÎV, îv>).<br /> /ʁ/ was described as [ʀ] (written <R, r>).<br /> /ʀ/ was described as [rˤ] (''sorte de « r » très roulé'', written <RX, rx>).<br /> /ɹ/ was described as [ʀˤ] (''sorte de « r » anglais'', written <RÛ, rû>).<br /> /ɫ/ was described as [l̪ ] (''comme à la fin du mot anglais "well"'', written <Û, û>).<br /> /χ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [x] (written <X, x>), while /x/ itself was most likely described as [xˤ] (written <ÎX, îx>).<br /> /ŋ/ was probably described as [ɲˤ] (written <ÎÑ, îñ>), while the sound described as [ŋ] (written <ÎÑg, îñg>) probably corresponded to /ᵑg/.<br /> /ɾ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [r̺] (written <ĦÛ, ħû>, as well as part of the cluster /bɾ/+V with the help of <Ë, ë> as [bɾə], described as [br̺ə]).<br /> /r/ might have been what was described as [r] (''sorte de « r » roulé à la japonaise'', written <LÛ, lû>).<br /> /ɧ̙ʷ/ and its voiced version /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ are, to this day, subject to doubt regarding their IPA descriptions. They were most likely corresponding to the sounds described as [ʃ ̪ ] (written <ÎQ, îq>) and [ʒ̺̺̺ ] (written <ÎÖ, îö> or <LÎÖ, lîö>).<br /> /t̚/ and /d̚/ are also subject to some doubt regarding their IPA descriptions still. They were described as [t̪] (written <TÛ, tû>) and [d̪] (written <DÛ, dû>).<br /> The phoneme described as [ʃʲ] probably has a realization closer to [ç] or [ɕ] (written <QÛ, qû>).<br /> <br /> Unidentified or very doubtful phonemes :<br /> Some /h/-like phoneme, described as [hˤ] (written <ÎH, îh>). It might have corresponded to /ɣ/, but it is not very likely.<br /> /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ might have been what was described as [l̤ʲ] (written <HÛ, hû>). Based on its spelling it is more likely to be devoiced.<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i y<br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ<br /> |colspan="2"|u<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e ø<br /> |colspan="2"| ə<br /> |colspan="2"|o<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ œ ɛ̃ œ̃<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ ɔ̃<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä<br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃<br /> |}<br /> Vowel length is supposed to be phonemic, with regular (or short) vowels, and long vowels.<br /> <br /> Similarly to consonants, some vowels had to be "re-identified" from previous documentation and some deviations arise :<br /> <poem><br /> /œ/ is probably what was described as [æ] (written <Ù, ù> or <E, ĕ> or <EÔ/Eô, eô>).<br /> /œ̃/ is probably what was described as [æ̃] (written <Ä, è> or <Ä, ä>).<br /> /ø/ is probably what was described as [œ] (written <EU/Eu, eu> or <OE/Oe, oe>).<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Orthography===<br /> Orthography was made complicated on purpose.<br /> <br /> ====Alphabet====<br /> <poem><br /> A, a /a/<br /> B, b /b/<br /> C, c /s/<br /> D, d /d/<br /> E, e /ə/ ; E, ç/ë /e/ ; E, ù/ĕ /œ/ ; E, ÿ/ê /ɛ/<br /> F, f /f/<br /> G, g /g/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> H, h /h/<br /> Ħ, ħ soundless ; mostly used in composed graphemes.<br /> I, i /i/<br /> J, j /ð/<br /> K, k /k/<br /> L, l /l/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> M, m /m/<br /> N, n /n/<br /> O, o /o/ or /ɔ/<br /> P, p /p/<br /> Q, q /ʃ/<br /> R, r /ʁ/<br /> S, s /θ/<br /> T, t /t/<br /> U, u /y/<br /> V, v /v/<br /> W, w /wi/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> X, x /χ/<br /> Y, y /jo/ or /ɔj/<br /> Z, z /z/<br /> Â, â /aj/<br /> Ê, ê /ja/<br /> Û, û /ɫ/<br /> Î, î /ɨ/ soundless when used in composed graphemes.<br /> Ô, ô /o/<br /> Ä, ä /ɑ̃/ ; Ä, à/ă /ɔ̃/ ; Ä, é/â /ɛ̃/ ; Ä, è/ä /œ̃/<br /> Ë, ë /bɾə/<br /> Ü, ü /j/<br /> Ï, ï /ɨ/<br /> Ö, ö /ʒ/<br /> Ã, ã /a/<br /> Õ, õ /o/<br /> Ñ, ñ /ɲ/<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ====Spelling rules====<br /> Long vowels are spelled with doubled graphemes (<Aa, aa> /a:/, etc).<br /> <br /> Some graphemes, namely <E, e> /ə/ ; <E, ç/ë> /e/ ; <E, ù/ĕ> /œ/ ; <E, ÿ/ê> /ɛ/ and <Ä, ä> /ɑ̃/ ; <Ä, à/ă> /ɔ̃/ ; <Ä, é/â> /ɛ̃/ ; <Ä, è/ä /œ̃/> use the same capital letter, but different minuscule letters, for different phonemes. This is partly due to limitations on a French keyboard, and partly to reflect the original Tolsian script in which these phonemes use the same letter but with different diacritics.<br /> <br /> The grapheme <Î, î> denotes /ɨ/, except in front of some consonants (<F, f>, <V, v>, <Q, q>, <Ö, ö>, <Ñ, ñ>, <X, x>, <H, h>) ; the grapheme <Ï, ï> is used instead in order to denote /ɨ/.<br /> <br /> There are many digraphs and even trigraphs ; usually, all letters are capitalized, when capitalization is needed.<br /> =====Digraphs with <Î, î>=====<br /> In the original documentation, these are described as "purified" (''épurés'').<br /> <poem><br /> ÎF, îf /ɸ/<br /> ÎV, îv /β/<br /> ÎQ, îq /ɧ̙ʷ/<br /> ÎÖ, îö /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ <br /> ÎÑ, îñ /ŋ/<br /> ÎX, îx /x/<br /> ÎH, îh unknown, possibly /ɣ/<br /> </poem><br /> It is unclear if the following are considered to be "purified" :<br /> <poem><br /> <Äî, äî> /an/<br /> <Äî, àî> /on/ or /ɔn/<br /> <Äî, éî> /in/ or /im/<br /> <Äî, èî> /un/ or /œm/<br /> </poem><br /> =====Trigraphs with <Î, î>=====<br /> These were also considered to be "purified".<br /> <poem><br /> LÎÖ, lîö /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ <br /> ÎÑg, îñg /ᵑg/<br /> </poem><br /> =====Digraphs with <Û, û>=====<br /> Some of these digraphs were originally described as "wet" (''mouillés'') :<br /> <poem><br /> TÛ, tû /t̚/<br /> QÛ, qû /ʃʲ/ (probably realized [ç] or [ɕ])<br /> DÛ, dû /d̚/<br /> </poem><br /> Others were not considered to be "wet" :<br /> <poem><br /> LÛ, lû /r/<br /> HÛ, hû possibly /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ <br /> ĦÛ, ħû /ɾ/<br /> RÛ, rû /ɹ/ <br /> <br /> =====Trigraphs with <Û, û>=====<br /> There is only one such trigraph, and only the first letter is capitalized, if needed. It is possibly meant to appear only word-initially as it was only given as <Tûhh> :<br /> Tûhh /θ/<br /> <br /> =====Digraphs with <Ħ, ħ>=====<br /> These can also be written as trigraphs, swapping <Ħ, ħ> for <Hh, hh>. As digraphs, one may likewise capitalize both letters or only the first one. As trigraphs, Only the first letter is capitalized.<br /> Ħ, ħ can be found on its own but is soundless. It may be used as part of the following digraphs, or used to maintain a hiatus between vowels and <I, i> or <O, o>. It can also be written <Hh, hh>.<br /> PĦ/Pħ, pħ /f/ (or <Phh, phh>)<br /> TĦ/Tħ, tħ /s/ (or <Thh, thh><br /> JĦ/Jħ, jħ /ʒ/ (or <Jhh, jhh>)<br /> BĦ/Bħ, bħ /v/ (or <Bhh, bhh>)<br /> DĦ/Dħ, dħ /z/ (or <Dhh, dhh>)<br /> SĦ/Sħ, sħ /z/ (or <Shh, shh>)<br /> <br /> =====Digraphs and trigraph with <Ë, ë>=====<br /> The phoneme /ɾ/ also appears as part of a syllable /bɾə/, written <Ë, ë>. When <Ë, ë> is followed by a vowel, the /ə/ is replaced by that vowel :<br /> Ëa, ëa [bɾa]<br /> Ëç, ëç [bɾe]<br /> Ëÿ, ëÿ [bɾɛ]<br /> Ëu, ëu [bɾy]<br /> Ëo, ëo [bɾo] or [bɾɔ]<br /> Ëï, ëï [bɾi]<br /> Ëä, ëä [bɾɑ̃]<br /> Ëà, ëà [bɾɔ̃]<br /> Ëé, ëé [bɾɛ̃]<br /> Ëè, ëè [bɾœ̃]<br /> Ëou, ëou [bɾu]<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> =====Some more consonantal digraphs=====<br /> RX, rx /ʀ/<br /> QJ/Qj, qj /ʒ/<br /> =====Vocalic digraphs=====<br /> <poem><br /> <Oi, oi> [i]<br /> <EU/Eu, eu> [ø]<br /> <OU/Ou, ou> [u]<br /> <EA, ea> [ɛ]<br /> (But <Ea, ea> [əa])<br /> <OE/Oe, oe> [ø]<br /> <EÔ/Eô, eô> [œ]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Nasal vowels=====<br /> Some digraphs and trigraphs denote nasal vowels, with <N, n> and <M, m> :<br /> <poem><br /> <An, an> /ɑ̃/<br /> <Am, am> /ɑ̃/<br /> <En, en> /ɑ̃/<br /> <Em, em> /ɑ̃/<br /> <In, in> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Im, im> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Ein, ein> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Eim, eim> /ɛ̃/<br /> <On, on> /ɔ̃/<br /> <Om, om> /ɔ̃/<br /> <Un, un> /œ̃/<br /> <Um, um> /œ̃/<br /> </poem><br /> However, if there are two <N, n> or <M, m> following a vowel, then it is not nasalized but pronounced as V+[n or m] instead (<Ann, ann> [an], <Amm, amm> [am],... etc). Besides, vocalic graphemes other than <A, a>, <E, e>, <I, i>, <O, o>, <U, u> do not get nasalized when followed by an <N, n> or <M, m>.<br /> =====Diphtongues=====<br /> They have been described as diphtongues, but should rather be analyzed as combinations of vowels and approximants. There are three different approximants : /j/, /w/ and /ɥ/, which only appear in a limited number of cases.<br /> *Diphtongues /j/ + vowel :<br /> They are usually written with a <I, i> followed by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <I, i> stands for /j/ :<br /> <poem><br /> <Ia, ia> [ja]<br /> <Ie, ie> [jə]<br /> <Iç, iç> [je]<br /> <Iù, iù> [jœ]<br /> <Iÿ, iÿ> [jɛ]<br /> <Io, io> [jo] or [jɔ]<br /> <Iu, iu> [jy]<br /> <Iô, iô> [jo]<br /> <Iä, iä> [jɑ̃]<br /> <Ià, ià> [jɔ̃]<br /> <Ié, ié> [jɛ̃]<br /> <Iè, iè> [jœ̃]<br /> <Ii, ii> [ji]<br /> <Iou, iou> [ju]<br /> <Ieu, ieu> [jø]<br /> </poem><br /> However, there are a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> ÜÃ, üã [ja]<br /> ÜÕ, üõ [jo]<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues vowel + /j/ :<br /> They are usually written with a <Ü, ü> preceded by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <Ü, ü> stands for /j/ (minus the exceptions above) :<br /> <poem><br /> <AÜ, aü> [aj]<br /> <EÜ, eü> [əj]<br /> <EÜ, çü> [ej]<br /> <EÜ, ùü> [œj]<br /> <EÜ, ÿü> [ɛj]<br /> <OÜ, oü> [oj] or [ɔj]<br /> <UÜ, uü> [yj]<br /> <ÔÜ, ôü> [oj]<br /> <ÄÜ, äü> [aɑ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, àü> [ɔ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, éü> [ɛ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, èü> [œ̃j]<br /> <ÃÜ, ãü> [aj]<br /> <ÕÜ, õü> [oj]<br /> <EUÜ, euü> [øj]<br /> </poem><br /> There are also a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> EÎ, eî [əj]<br /> EÎ, çî [ej]<br /> EÎ, ùî [œj]<br /> EÎ, ÿî [ɛj]<br /> IÎ, iî [ij]<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues with /w/ :<br /> These are usually written with a <O, o>, either followed or preceded by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <O, o> stands for /w/ :<br /> <poem><br /> <Oa, oa> [wa]<br /> <Oe, oe> [wə]<br /> <Oç, oç> [we]<br /> <Où, où> [wœ]<br /> <Oÿ, oÿ> [wɛ]<br /> <Oo, oo> [wo] or [wɔ]<br /> <Oy, oy> [wy]<br /> <Oô, oô> [wo]<br /> <Oä, oä> [wɑ̃]<br /> <Oà, oà> [wɔ̃]<br /> <Oé, oé> [wɛ̃]<br /> <Oè, oè> [wœ̃] (This one was described as [wœ̃] already in the original documentation (instead of expected [wæ̃] and has therefore cast some doubt on the identification of vowels /ø/, /œ/ and /œ̃/.)<br /> <Oi, oi> [wi]<br /> <Oeu, oeu> [wø]<br /> And reciprocally (<Ao, ao> [aw]... etc).<br /> </poem><br /> There are however a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> <Io, io> is ambiguous and can denote either /iw/ or /jo/<br /> <Oi, oi> is ambiguous and can denote either /i/ or /wi/<br /> <Oe, oe> is ambiguous and can denote either /wə/ or /ø/<br /> <OU/Ou, ou> always denotes /u/ (/wy/ is denoted <Oy, oy> instead).<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues with /ɥ/ :<br /> <poem><br /> UÎ, uî [ɥi]<br /> Ui, ui [ɥi]<br /> Ua, ua [ɥa]<br /> Uç, uç [ɥe]<br /> Uÿ, uÿ [ɥɛ]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Triphtongues=====<br /> They should also be analyzed as combinations of approximant + vowel + approximant. Besides using <I, i> and <O, o> or even <Ü, ü> and <U, u>, there is a handful of special spellings that denote such "triphtongues" :<br /> <poem><br /> ÜÂ, üâ [jaj]<br /> ÜY, üy [jɔj]<br /> ÊÜ, êü [jaj]<br /> YÜ, yü [joj] or [jɔj]<br /> ÃÎ, ãî [aji]<br /> ÕÎ, õî [oji]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Word-final position induced changes=====<br /> The original consonants /g/ <G, g>, /l/ <L, l> and syllable /wi/ <W, w> turn into [j] when in a word-final position. Instead, the spellings <gue>, <lle> and <wi> are used.<br /> <poem><br /> <g> /j/<br /> <l> /j/<br /> <w> /j/<br /> <gue> /g/<br /> <lle> /l/<br /> <wi> /wi/<br /> </poem><br /> There are some other special spellings :<br /> <poem><br /> <ebm> /ɛjm/<br /> <ebn> /ɛjn/<br /> </poem><br /> Finally, some letters are simply not pronounced at the end of a word, and other spellings are used instead :<br /> <poem><br /> <e><br /> <ô><br /> <d><br /> <nowiki><q></nowiki><br /> <nowiki><s></nowiki><br /> <t><br /> <z><br /> <er><br /> <dde> /d/<br /> <qe> /ʃ/<br /> <sse> /θ/ (or possibly /s/ ?)<br /> <tte> /t/<br /> <ze> /z/<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ====Table of phonemes and their principal corresponding graphemes====<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m <M, m><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n <N, n><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ <Ñ, ñ><br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ <ÎÑ, îñ><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p <P, p> ; b <B, b><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ <TÛ, tû> ; t <T, t> ; d̚ <DÛ, dû> ; d <D, d><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k <K, k> ; g <G, g><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s <C, c> alt. <TĦ/Tħ, tħ> ; z <Z, z> alt. <DĦ/Dħ, dħ> alt. <SĦ/Sħ, sħ><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ <Q, q> ; ʒ <Ö, ö> alt. <JĦ/Jħ, jħ> alt. <QJ/Qj, qj><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ <QÛ, qû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ <ÎF, îf> ; β <ÎV, îv><br /> |colspan="2"| f <F, f> alt. <PĦ/Pħ, pħ> ; v <V, v> alt. <BĦ/Bħ, bħ><br /> |colspan="2"| θ <S, s> alt. <Tûhh, s> ; ð <J, j> <br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ <HÛ, hû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ <ÎQ, îq> ; ɧ̙ʷ̬ <ÎÖ, îö> alt. <LÎÖ, lîö><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <ÎX, îx><br /> |colspan="2"| χ <X, x> ; ʁ <R, r><br /> |colspan="2"| h <H, h><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ <RÛ, rû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j <I, i> (before a vowel), <Ü, ü> (after a vowel) ; ɥ <U, u> (before some vowels)<br /> |colspan="2"| w <O, o> (before or after a vowel)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r <LÛ, lû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ <RX, rx><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ <ĦÛ, ħû> <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l <L, l> ɫ <Û, û><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg <ÎÑg, îñg><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i <I, i> alt. <Oi, oi> ; y <U, u><br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ <Î, î> alt. <Ï, ï><br /> |colspan="2"|u <OU/Ou, ou><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e <E, ç/ë> ; ø <EU/Eu, eu> alt. <OE/Oe, oe><br /> |colspan="2"| ə <E, e><br /> |colspan="2"|o <O, o> alt. <Ô, ô> alt. <Õ, õ><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ <E, ÿ/ê> alt. <EA, ea> ; œ <E, ù/ĕ> alt. <EÔ/Eô, eô> ; ɛ̃ <Ä, é/â> ; œ̃ <Ä, è/ä><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ <O, o> ; ɔ̃ <Ä, à/ă><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä <A, a> alt. <Ã, ã><br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃ <Ä, ä><br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Prosody===<br /> ====Stress====<br /> ====Intonation====<br /> <br /> ===Phonotactics===<br /> <br /> ===Morphophonology===<br /> <br /> ==Morphology==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Syntax==<br /> ===Constituent order===<br /> ===Noun phrase===<br /> ===Verb phrase===<br /> ===Sentence phrase===<br /> ===Dependent clauses===<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Example texts==<br /> <br /> ==Other resources==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Qtolqjimctadû]]<br /> [[Category:Languages]]<br /> [[Category:Conlangs]]<br /> [[Category:Tolsian]]</div>

Uvie https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Qtolqjimctad%C3%BB&diff=526300 Qtolqjimctadû 2026-05-19T19:15:53Z

<p>Uvie: /* Vowels */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Introduction==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ<br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p b<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ t d̚ d<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k g<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s z<br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ ʒ <br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ β<br /> |colspan="2"| f v<br /> |colspan="2"| θ ð<br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ ɧ̙ʷ̬<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <br /> |colspan="2"| χ ʁ<br /> |colspan="2"| h<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j ɥ<br /> |colspan="2"| w<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l ɫ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> Notes :<br /> <br /> In earlier documentation, proper knowledge of IPA was lacking and several of the phonemes had to be identified from either phonetically inaccurate IPA descriptions or vague, impressionistic ones. Several phonemes could not be recovered. Here is a list of deviations from the above table :<br /> <poem><br /> Identified phonemes :<br /> /ɸ/ was described as [fʷ] (written <ÎF, îf>).<br /> /β/ was described as [vʷ] (written <ÎV, îv>).<br /> /ʁ/ was described as [ʀ] (written <R, r>).<br /> /ʀ/ was described as [rˤ] (''sorte de « r » très roulé'', written <RX, rx>).<br /> /ɹ/ was described as [ʀˤ] (''sorte de « r » anglais'', written <RÛ, rû>).<br /> /ɫ/ was described as [l̪ ] (''comme à la fin du mot anglais "well"'', written <Û, û>).<br /> /χ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [x] (written <X, x>), while /x/ itself was most likely described as [xˤ] (written <ÎX, îx>).<br /> /ŋ/ was probably described as [ɲˤ] (written <ÎÑ, îñ>), while the sound described as [ŋ] (written <ÎÑg, îñg>) probably corresponded to /ᵑg/.<br /> /ɾ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [r̺] (written <ĦÛ, ħû>, as well as part of the cluster /bɾ/+V with the help of <Ë, ë> as [bɾə], described as [br̺ə]).<br /> /r/ might have been what was described as [r] (''sorte de « r » roulé à la japonaise'', written <LÛ, lû>).<br /> /ɧ̙ʷ/ and its voiced version /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ are, to this day, subject to doubt regarding their IPA descriptions. They were most likely corresponding to the sounds described as [ʃ ̪ ] (written <ÎQ, îq>) and [ʒ̺̺̺ ] (written <ÎÖ, îö> or <LÎÖ, lîö>).<br /> /t̚/ and /d̚/ are also subject to some doubt regarding their IPA descriptions still. They were described as [t̪] (written <TÛ, tû>) and [d̪] (written <DÛ, dû>).<br /> The phoneme described as [ʃʲ] probably has a realization closer to [ç] or [ɕ] (written <QÛ, qû>).<br /> <br /> Unidentified or very doubtful phonemes :<br /> Some /h/-like phoneme, described as [hˤ] (written <ÎH, îh>). It might have corresponded to /ɣ/, but it is not very likely.<br /> /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ might have been what was described as [l̤ʲ] (written <HÛ, hû>). Based on its spelling it is more likely to be devoiced.<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i y<br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ<br /> |colspan="2"|u<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e ø<br /> |colspan="2"| ə<br /> |colspan="2"|o<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ œ ɛ̃ œ̃<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ ɔ̃<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä<br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃<br /> |}<br /> Vowel length is supposed to be phonemic, with regular (or short) vowels, and long vowels.<br /> <br /> Similarly to consonants, some vowels had to be "re-identified" from previous documentation and some deviations arise :<br /> <poem><br /> /œ/ is probably what was described as [æ] (written <Ù, ù> or <E, ĕ> or <EÔ/Eô, eô>).<br /> /œ̃/ is probably what was described as [æ̃] (written <Ä, è> or <Ä, ä>).<br /> /ø/ is probably what was described as [œ] (written <EU/Eu, eu> or <OE/Oe, oe>).<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Orthography===<br /> Orthography was made complicated on purpose.<br /> <br /> ====Alphabet====<br /> <poem><br /> A, a /a/<br /> B, b /b/<br /> C, c /s/<br /> D, d /d/<br /> E, e /ə/ ; E, ç/ë /e/ ; E, ù/ĕ /œ/ ; E, ÿ/ê /ɛ/<br /> F, f /f/<br /> G, g /g/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> H, h /h/<br /> Ħ, ħ soundless ; mostly used in composed graphemes.<br /> I, i /i/<br /> J, j /ð/<br /> K, k /k/<br /> L, l /l/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> M, m /m/<br /> N, n /n/<br /> O, o /o/ or /ɔ/<br /> P, p /p/<br /> Q, q /ʃ/<br /> R, r /ʁ/<br /> S, s /θ/<br /> T, t /t/<br /> U, u /y/<br /> V, v /v/<br /> W, w /wi/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> X, x /χ/<br /> Y, y /jo/ or /ɔj/<br /> Z, z /z/<br /> Â, â /aj/<br /> Ê, ê /ja/<br /> Û, û /ɫ/<br /> Î, î /ɨ/ soundless when used in composed graphemes.<br /> Ô, ô /o/<br /> Ä, ä /ɑ̃/ ; Ä, à/ă /ɔ̃/ ; Ä, é/â /ɛ̃/ ; Ä, è/ä /œ̃/<br /> Ë, ë /bɾə/<br /> Ü, ü /j/<br /> Ï, ï /ɨ/<br /> Ö, ö /ʒ/<br /> Ã, ã /a/<br /> Õ, õ /o/<br /> Ñ, ñ /ɲ/<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ====Spelling rules====<br /> Long vowels are spelled with doubled graphemes (<Aa, aa> /a:/, etc).<br /> <br /> Some graphemes, namely <E, e> /ə/ ; <E, ç/ë> /e/ ; <E, ù/ĕ> /œ/ ; <E, ÿ/ê> /ɛ/ and <Ä, ä> /ɑ̃/ ; <Ä, à/ă> /ɔ̃/ ; <Ä, é/â> /ɛ̃/ ; <Ä, è/ä /œ̃/> use the same capital letter, but different minuscule letters, for different phonemes. This is partly due to limitations on a French keyboard, and partly to reflect the original Tolsian script in which these phonemes use the same letter but with different diacritics.<br /> <br /> The grapheme <Î, î> denotes /ɨ/, except in front of some consonants (<F, f>, <V, v>, <Q, q>, <Ö, ö>, <Ñ, ñ>, <X, x>, <H, h>) ; the grapheme <Ï, ï> is used instead in order to denote /ɨ/.<br /> <br /> There are many digraphs and even trigraphs ; usually, all letters are capitalized, when capitalization is needed.<br /> =====Digraphs with <Î, î>=====<br /> In the original documentation, these are described as "purified" (''épurés'').<br /> <poem><br /> ÎF, îf /ɸ/<br /> ÎV, îv /β/<br /> ÎQ, îq /ɧ̙ʷ/<br /> ÎÖ, îö /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ <br /> ÎÑ, îñ /ŋ/<br /> ÎX, îx /x/<br /> ÎH, îh unknown, possibly /ɣ/<br /> </poem><br /> It is unclear if the following are considered to be "purified" :<br /> <poem><br /> <Äî, äî> /an/<br /> <Äî, àî> /on/ or /ɔn/<br /> <Äî, éî> /in/ or /im/<br /> <Äî, èî> /un/ or /œm/<br /> </poem><br /> =====Trigraphs with <Î, î>=====<br /> These were also considered to be "purified".<br /> <poem><br /> LÎÖ, lîö /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ <br /> ÎÑg, îñg /ᵑg/<br /> </poem><br /> =====Digraphs with <Û, û>=====<br /> Some of these digraphs were originally described as "wet" (''mouillés'') :<br /> <poem><br /> TÛ, tû /t̚/<br /> QÛ, qû /ʃʲ/ (probably realized [ç] or [ɕ])<br /> DÛ, dû /d̚/<br /> </poem><br /> Others were not considered to be "wet" :<br /> <poem><br /> LÛ, lû /r/<br /> HÛ, hû possibly /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ <br /> ĦÛ, ħû /ɾ/<br /> RÛ, rû /ɹ/ <br /> =====Trigraphs with <Û, û>=====<br /> There is only one such trigraph, and only the first letter is capitalized, if needed. It is possibly meant to appear only word-initially as it was only given as <Tûhh> :<br /> Tûhh /θ/<br /> =====Digraphs with <Ħ, ħ>=====<br /> These can also be written as trigraphs, swapping <Ħ, ħ> for <Hh, hh>. As digraphs, one may likewise capitalize both letters or only the first one. As trigraphs, Only the first letter is capitalized.<br /> Ħ, ħ can be found on its own but is soundless. It may be used as part of the following digraphs, or used to maintain a hiatus between vowels and <I, i> or <O, o>. It can also be written <Hh, hh>.<br /> PĦ/Pħ, pħ /f/ (or <Phh, phh>)<br /> TĦ/Tħ, tħ /s/ (or <Thh, thh><br /> JĦ/Jħ, jħ /ʒ/ (or <Jhh, jhh>)<br /> BĦ/Bħ, bħ /v/ (or <Bhh, bhh>)<br /> DĦ/Dħ, dħ /z/ (or <Dhh, dhh>)<br /> SĦ/Sħ, sħ /z/ (or <Shh, shh>)<br /> =====Digraphs and trigraph with <Ë, ë>=====<br /> The phoneme /ɾ/ also appears as part of a syllable /bɾə/, written <Ë, ë>. When <Ë, ë> is followed by a vowel, the /ə/ is replaced by that vowel :<br /> Ëa, ëa [bɾa]<br /> Ëç, ëç [bɾe]<br /> Ëÿ, ëÿ [bɾɛ]<br /> Ëu, ëu [bɾy]<br /> Ëo, ëo [bɾo] or [bɾɔ]<br /> Ëï, ëï [bɾi]<br /> Ëä, ëä [bɾɑ̃]<br /> Ëà, ëà [bɾɔ̃]<br /> Ëé, ëé [bɾɛ̃]<br /> Ëè, ëè [bɾœ̃]<br /> Ëou, ëou [bɾu]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Some more consonantal digraphs=====<br /> RX, rx /ʀ/<br /> QJ/Qj, qj /ʒ/<br /> =====Vocalic digraphs=====<br /> <poem><br /> <Oi, oi> [i]<br /> <EU/Eu, eu> [ø]<br /> <OU/Ou, ou> [u]<br /> <EA, ea> [ɛ]<br /> (But <Ea, ea> [əa])<br /> <OE/Oe, oe> [ø]<br /> <EÔ/Eô, eô> [œ]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Nasal vowels=====<br /> Some digraphs and trigraphs denote nasal vowels, with <N, n> and <M, m> :<br /> <poem><br /> <An, an> /ɑ̃/<br /> <Am, am> /ɑ̃/<br /> <En, en> /ɑ̃/<br /> <Em, em> /ɑ̃/<br /> <In, in> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Im, im> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Ein, ein> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Eim, eim> /ɛ̃/<br /> <On, on> /ɔ̃/<br /> <Om, om> /ɔ̃/<br /> <Un, un> /œ̃/<br /> <Um, um> /œ̃/<br /> </poem><br /> However, if there are two <N, n> or <M, m> following a vowel, then it is not nasalized but pronounced as V+[n or m] instead (<Ann, ann> [an], <Amm, amm> [am],... etc). Besides, vocalic graphemes other than <A, a>, <E, e>, <I, i>, <O, o>, <U, u> do not get nasalized when followed by an <N, n> or <M, m>.<br /> =====Diphtongues=====<br /> They have been described as diphtongues, but should rather be analyzed as combinations of vowels and approximants. There are three different approximants : /j/, /w/ and /ɥ/, which only appear in a limited number of cases.<br /> *Diphtongues /j/ + vowel :<br /> They are usually written with a <I, i> followed by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <I, i> stands for /j/ :<br /> <poem><br /> <Ia, ia> [ja]<br /> <Ie, ie> [jə]<br /> <Iç, iç> [je]<br /> <Iù, iù> [jœ]<br /> <Iÿ, iÿ> [jɛ]<br /> <Io, io> [jo] or [jɔ]<br /> <Iu, iu> [jy]<br /> <Iô, iô> [jo]<br /> <Iä, iä> [jɑ̃]<br /> <Ià, ià> [jɔ̃]<br /> <Ié, ié> [jɛ̃]<br /> <Iè, iè> [jœ̃]<br /> <Ii, ii> [ji]<br /> <Iou, iou> [ju]<br /> <Ieu, ieu> [jø]<br /> </poem><br /> However, there are a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> ÜÃ, üã [ja]<br /> ÜÕ, üõ [jo]<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues vowel + /j/ :<br /> They are usually written with a <Ü, ü> preceded by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <Ü, ü> stands for /j/ (minus the exceptions above) :<br /> <poem><br /> <AÜ, aü> [aj]<br /> <EÜ, eü> [əj]<br /> <EÜ, çü> [ej]<br /> <EÜ, ùü> [œj]<br /> <EÜ, ÿü> [ɛj]<br /> <OÜ, oü> [oj] or [ɔj]<br /> <UÜ, uü> [yj]<br /> <ÔÜ, ôü> [oj]<br /> <ÄÜ, äü> [aɑ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, àü> [ɔ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, éü> [ɛ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, èü> [œ̃j]<br /> <ÃÜ, ãü> [aj]<br /> <ÕÜ, õü> [oj]<br /> <EUÜ, euü> [øj]<br /> </poem><br /> There are also a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> EÎ, eî [əj]<br /> EÎ, çî [ej]<br /> EÎ, ùî [œj]<br /> EÎ, ÿî [ɛj]<br /> IÎ, iî [ij]<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues with /w/ :<br /> These are usually written with a <O, o>, either followed or preceded by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <O, o> stands for /w/ :<br /> <poem><br /> <Oa, oa> [wa]<br /> <Oe, oe> [wə]<br /> <Oç, oç> [we]<br /> <Où, où> [wœ]<br /> <Oÿ, oÿ> [wɛ]<br /> <Oo, oo> [wo] or [wɔ]<br /> <Oy, oy> [wy]<br /> <Oô, oô> [wo]<br /> <Oä, oä> [wɑ̃]<br /> <Oà, oà> [wɔ̃]<br /> <Oé, oé> [wɛ̃]<br /> <Oè, oè> [wœ̃] (This one was described as [wœ̃] already in the original documentation (instead of expected [wæ̃] and has therefore cast some doubt on the identification of vowels /ø/, /œ/ and /œ̃/.)<br /> <Oi, oi> [wi]<br /> <Oeu, oeu> [wø]<br /> And reciprocally (<Ao, ao> [aw]... etc).<br /> </poem><br /> There are however a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> <Io, io> is ambiguous and can denote either /iw/ or /jo/<br /> <Oi, oi> is ambiguous and can denote either /i/ or /wi/<br /> <Oe, oe> is ambiguous and can denote either /wə/ or /ø/<br /> <OU/Ou, ou> always denotes /u/ (/wy/ is denoted <Oy, oy> instead).<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues with /ɥ/ :<br /> <poem><br /> UÎ, uî [ɥi]<br /> Ui, ui [ɥi]<br /> Ua, ua [ɥa]<br /> Uç, uç [ɥe]<br /> Uÿ, uÿ [ɥɛ]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Triphtongues=====<br /> They should also be analyzed as combinations of approximant + vowel + approximant. Besides using <I, i> and <O, o> or even <Ü, ü> and <U, u>, there is a handful of special spellings that denote such "triphtongues" :<br /> <poem><br /> ÜÂ, üâ [jaj]<br /> ÜY, üy [jɔj]<br /> ÊÜ, êü [jaj]<br /> YÜ, yü [joj] or [jɔj]<br /> ÃÎ, ãî [aji]<br /> ÕÎ, õî [oji]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Word-final position induced changes=====<br /> The original consonants /g/ <G, g>, /l/ <L, l> and syllable /wi/ <W, w> turn into [j] when in a word-final position. Instead, the spellings <gue>, <lle> and <wi> are used.<br /> <poem><br /> <g> /j/<br /> <l> /j/<br /> <w> /j/<br /> <gue> /g/<br /> <lle> /l/<br /> <wi> /wi/<br /> </poem><br /> There are some other special spellings :<br /> <poem><br /> <ebm> /ɛjm/<br /> <ebn> /ɛjn/<br /> </poem><br /> Finally, some letters are simply not pronounced at the end of a word, and other spellings are used instead :<br /> <poem><br /> <e><br /> <ô><br /> <d><br /> <nowiki><q></nowiki><br /> <nowiki><s></nowiki><br /> <t><br /> <z><br /> <er><br /> <dde> /d/<br /> <qe> /ʃ/<br /> <sse> /θ/ (or possibly /s/ ?)<br /> <tte> /t/<br /> <ze> /z/<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ====Table of phonemes and their principal corresponding graphemes====<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m <M, m><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n <N, n><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ <Ñ, ñ><br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ <ÎÑ, îñ><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p <P, p> ; b <B, b><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ <TÛ, tû> ; t <T, t> ; d̚ <DÛ, dû> ; d <D, d><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k <K, k> ; g <G, g><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s <C, c> alt. <TĦ/Tħ, tħ> ; z <Z, z> alt. <DĦ/Dħ, dħ> alt. <SĦ/Sħ, sħ><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ <Q, q> ; ʒ <Ö, ö> alt. <JĦ/Jħ, jħ> alt. <QJ/Qj, qj><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ <QÛ, qû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ <ÎF, îf> ; β <ÎV, îv><br /> |colspan="2"| f <F, f> alt. <PĦ/Pħ, pħ> ; v <V, v> alt. <BĦ/Bħ, bħ><br /> |colspan="2"| θ <S, s> alt. <Tûhh, s> ; ð <J, j> <br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ <HÛ, hû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ <ÎQ, îq> ; ɧ̙ʷ̬ <ÎÖ, îö> alt. <LÎÖ, lîö><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <ÎX, îx><br /> |colspan="2"| χ <X, x> ; ʁ <R, r><br /> |colspan="2"| h <H, h><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ <RÛ, rû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j <I, i> (before a vowel), <Ü, ü> (after a vowel) ; ɥ <U, u> (before some vowels)<br /> |colspan="2"| w <O, o> (before or after a vowel)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r <LÛ, lû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ <RX, rx><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ <ĦÛ, ħû> <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l <L, l> ɫ <Û, û><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg <ÎÑg, îñg><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i <I, i> alt. <Oi, oi> ; y <U, u><br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ <Î, î> alt. <Ï, ï><br /> |colspan="2"|u <OU/Ou, ou><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e <E, ç/ë> ; ø <EU/Eu, eu> alt. <OE/Oe, oe><br /> |colspan="2"| ə <E, e><br /> |colspan="2"|o <O, o> alt. <Ô, ô> alt. <Õ, õ><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ <E, ÿ/ê> alt. <EA, ea> ; œ <E, ù/ĕ> alt. <EÔ/Eô, eô> ; ɛ̃ <Ä, é/â> ; œ̃ <Ä, è/ä><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ <O, o> ; ɔ̃ <Ä, à/ă><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä <A, a> alt. <Ã, ã><br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃ <Ä, ä><br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Prosody===<br /> ====Stress====<br /> ====Intonation====<br /> <br /> ===Phonotactics===<br /> <br /> ===Morphophonology===<br /> <br /> ==Morphology==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Syntax==<br /> ===Constituent order===<br /> ===Noun phrase===<br /> ===Verb phrase===<br /> ===Sentence phrase===<br /> ===Dependent clauses===<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Example texts==<br /> <br /> ==Other resources==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Qtolqjimctadû]]<br /> [[Category:Languages]]<br /> [[Category:Conlangs]]<br /> [[Category:Tolsian]]</div>

Uvie https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Qtolqjimctad%C3%BB&diff=526299 Qtolqjimctadû 2026-05-19T19:14:23Z

<p>Uvie: /* Orthography */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Introduction==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ<br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p b<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ t d̚ d<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k g<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s z<br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ ʒ <br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ β<br /> |colspan="2"| f v<br /> |colspan="2"| θ ð<br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ ɧ̙ʷ̬<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <br /> |colspan="2"| χ ʁ<br /> |colspan="2"| h<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j ɥ<br /> |colspan="2"| w<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l ɫ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> Notes :<br /> <br /> In earlier documentation, proper knowledge of IPA was lacking and several of the phonemes had to be identified from either phonetically inaccurate IPA descriptions or vague, impressionistic ones. Several phonemes could not be recovered. Here is a list of deviations from the above table :<br /> <poem><br /> Identified phonemes :<br /> /ɸ/ was described as [fʷ] (written <ÎF, îf>).<br /> /β/ was described as [vʷ] (written <ÎV, îv>).<br /> /ʁ/ was described as [ʀ] (written <R, r>).<br /> /ʀ/ was described as [rˤ] (''sorte de « r » très roulé'', written <RX, rx>).<br /> /ɹ/ was described as [ʀˤ] (''sorte de « r » anglais'', written <RÛ, rû>).<br /> /ɫ/ was described as [l̪ ] (''comme à la fin du mot anglais "well"'', written <Û, û>).<br /> /χ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [x] (written <X, x>), while /x/ itself was most likely described as [xˤ] (written <ÎX, îx>).<br /> /ŋ/ was probably described as [ɲˤ] (written <ÎÑ, îñ>), while the sound described as [ŋ] (written <ÎÑg, îñg>) probably corresponded to /ᵑg/.<br /> /ɾ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [r̺] (written <ĦÛ, ħû>, as well as part of the cluster /bɾ/+V with the help of <Ë, ë> as [bɾə], described as [br̺ə]).<br /> /r/ might have been what was described as [r] (''sorte de « r » roulé à la japonaise'', written <LÛ, lû>).<br /> /ɧ̙ʷ/ and its voiced version /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ are, to this day, subject to doubt regarding their IPA descriptions. They were most likely corresponding to the sounds described as [ʃ ̪ ] (written <ÎQ, îq>) and [ʒ̺̺̺ ] (written <ÎÖ, îö> or <LÎÖ, lîö>).<br /> /t̚/ and /d̚/ are also subject to some doubt regarding their IPA descriptions still. They were described as [t̪] (written <TÛ, tû>) and [d̪] (written <DÛ, dû>).<br /> The phoneme described as [ʃʲ] probably has a realization closer to [ç] or [ɕ] (written <QÛ, qû>).<br /> <br /> Unidentified or very doubtful phonemes :<br /> Some /h/-like phoneme, described as [hˤ] (written <ÎH, îh>). It might have corresponded to /ɣ/, but it is not very likely.<br /> /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ might have been what was described as [l̤ʲ] (written <HÛ, hû>). Based on its spelling it is more likely to be devoiced.<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i y<br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ<br /> |colspan="2"|u<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e ø<br /> |colspan="2"| ə<br /> |colspan="2"|o<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ œ ɛ̃ œ̃<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ ɔ̃<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä<br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Similarly to consonants, some vowels had to be "re-identified" from previous documentation and some deviations arise :<br /> <poem><br /> /œ/ is probably what was described as [æ] (written <Ù, ù> or <E, ĕ> or <EÔ/Eô, eô>).<br /> /œ̃/ is probably what was described as [æ̃] (written <Ä, è> or <Ä, ä>).<br /> /ø/ is probably what was described as [œ] (written <EU/Eu, eu> or <OE/Oe, oe>).<br /> </poem><br /> ===Orthography===<br /> Orthography was made complicated on purpose.<br /> <br /> ====Alphabet====<br /> <poem><br /> A, a /a/<br /> B, b /b/<br /> C, c /s/<br /> D, d /d/<br /> E, e /ə/ ; E, ç/ë /e/ ; E, ù/ĕ /œ/ ; E, ÿ/ê /ɛ/<br /> F, f /f/<br /> G, g /g/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> H, h /h/<br /> Ħ, ħ soundless ; mostly used in composed graphemes.<br /> I, i /i/<br /> J, j /ð/<br /> K, k /k/<br /> L, l /l/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> M, m /m/<br /> N, n /n/<br /> O, o /o/ or /ɔ/<br /> P, p /p/<br /> Q, q /ʃ/<br /> R, r /ʁ/<br /> S, s /θ/<br /> T, t /t/<br /> U, u /y/<br /> V, v /v/<br /> W, w /wi/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> X, x /χ/<br /> Y, y /jo/ or /ɔj/<br /> Z, z /z/<br /> Â, â /aj/<br /> Ê, ê /ja/<br /> Û, û /ɫ/<br /> Î, î /ɨ/ soundless when used in composed graphemes.<br /> Ô, ô /o/<br /> Ä, ä /ɑ̃/ ; Ä, à/ă /ɔ̃/ ; Ä, é/â /ɛ̃/ ; Ä, è/ä /œ̃/<br /> Ë, ë /bɾə/<br /> Ü, ü /j/<br /> Ï, ï /ɨ/<br /> Ö, ö /ʒ/<br /> Ã, ã /a/<br /> Õ, õ /o/<br /> Ñ, ñ /ɲ/<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ====Spelling rules====<br /> Long vowels are spelled with doubled graphemes (<Aa, aa> /a:/, etc).<br /> <br /> Some graphemes, namely <E, e> /ə/ ; <E, ç/ë> /e/ ; <E, ù/ĕ> /œ/ ; <E, ÿ/ê> /ɛ/ and <Ä, ä> /ɑ̃/ ; <Ä, à/ă> /ɔ̃/ ; <Ä, é/â> /ɛ̃/ ; <Ä, è/ä /œ̃/> use the same capital letter, but different minuscule letters, for different phonemes. This is partly due to limitations on a French keyboard, and partly to reflect the original Tolsian script in which these phonemes use the same letter but with different diacritics.<br /> <br /> The grapheme <Î, î> denotes /ɨ/, except in front of some consonants (<F, f>, <V, v>, <Q, q>, <Ö, ö>, <Ñ, ñ>, <X, x>, <H, h>) ; the grapheme <Ï, ï> is used instead in order to denote /ɨ/.<br /> <br /> There are many digraphs and even trigraphs ; usually, all letters are capitalized, when capitalization is needed.<br /> =====Digraphs with <Î, î>=====<br /> In the original documentation, these are described as "purified" (''épurés'').<br /> <poem><br /> ÎF, îf /ɸ/<br /> ÎV, îv /β/<br /> ÎQ, îq /ɧ̙ʷ/<br /> ÎÖ, îö /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ <br /> ÎÑ, îñ /ŋ/<br /> ÎX, îx /x/<br /> ÎH, îh unknown, possibly /ɣ/<br /> </poem><br /> It is unclear if the following are considered to be "purified" :<br /> <poem><br /> <Äî, äî> /an/<br /> <Äî, àî> /on/ or /ɔn/<br /> <Äî, éî> /in/ or /im/<br /> <Äî, èî> /un/ or /œm/<br /> </poem><br /> =====Trigraphs with <Î, î>=====<br /> These were also considered to be "purified".<br /> <poem><br /> LÎÖ, lîö /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ <br /> ÎÑg, îñg /ᵑg/<br /> </poem><br /> =====Digraphs with <Û, û>=====<br /> Some of these digraphs were originally described as "wet" (''mouillés'') :<br /> <poem><br /> TÛ, tû /t̚/<br /> QÛ, qû /ʃʲ/ (probably realized [ç] or [ɕ])<br /> DÛ, dû /d̚/<br /> </poem><br /> Others were not considered to be "wet" :<br /> <poem><br /> LÛ, lû /r/<br /> HÛ, hû possibly /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ <br /> ĦÛ, ħû /ɾ/<br /> RÛ, rû /ɹ/ <br /> =====Trigraphs with <Û, û>=====<br /> There is only one such trigraph, and only the first letter is capitalized, if needed. It is possibly meant to appear only word-initially as it was only given as <Tûhh> :<br /> Tûhh /θ/<br /> =====Digraphs with <Ħ, ħ>=====<br /> These can also be written as trigraphs, swapping <Ħ, ħ> for <Hh, hh>. As digraphs, one may likewise capitalize both letters or only the first one. As trigraphs, Only the first letter is capitalized.<br /> Ħ, ħ can be found on its own but is soundless. It may be used as part of the following digraphs, or used to maintain a hiatus between vowels and <I, i> or <O, o>. It can also be written <Hh, hh>.<br /> PĦ/Pħ, pħ /f/ (or <Phh, phh>)<br /> TĦ/Tħ, tħ /s/ (or <Thh, thh><br /> JĦ/Jħ, jħ /ʒ/ (or <Jhh, jhh>)<br /> BĦ/Bħ, bħ /v/ (or <Bhh, bhh>)<br /> DĦ/Dħ, dħ /z/ (or <Dhh, dhh>)<br /> SĦ/Sħ, sħ /z/ (or <Shh, shh>)<br /> =====Digraphs and trigraph with <Ë, ë>=====<br /> The phoneme /ɾ/ also appears as part of a syllable /bɾə/, written <Ë, ë>. When <Ë, ë> is followed by a vowel, the /ə/ is replaced by that vowel :<br /> Ëa, ëa [bɾa]<br /> Ëç, ëç [bɾe]<br /> Ëÿ, ëÿ [bɾɛ]<br /> Ëu, ëu [bɾy]<br /> Ëo, ëo [bɾo] or [bɾɔ]<br /> Ëï, ëï [bɾi]<br /> Ëä, ëä [bɾɑ̃]<br /> Ëà, ëà [bɾɔ̃]<br /> Ëé, ëé [bɾɛ̃]<br /> Ëè, ëè [bɾœ̃]<br /> Ëou, ëou [bɾu]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Some more consonantal digraphs=====<br /> RX, rx /ʀ/<br /> QJ/Qj, qj /ʒ/<br /> =====Vocalic digraphs=====<br /> <poem><br /> <Oi, oi> [i]<br /> <EU/Eu, eu> [ø]<br /> <OU/Ou, ou> [u]<br /> <EA, ea> [ɛ]<br /> (But <Ea, ea> [əa])<br /> <OE/Oe, oe> [ø]<br /> <EÔ/Eô, eô> [œ]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Nasal vowels=====<br /> Some digraphs and trigraphs denote nasal vowels, with <N, n> and <M, m> :<br /> <poem><br /> <An, an> /ɑ̃/<br /> <Am, am> /ɑ̃/<br /> <En, en> /ɑ̃/<br /> <Em, em> /ɑ̃/<br /> <In, in> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Im, im> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Ein, ein> /ɛ̃/<br /> <Eim, eim> /ɛ̃/<br /> <On, on> /ɔ̃/<br /> <Om, om> /ɔ̃/<br /> <Un, un> /œ̃/<br /> <Um, um> /œ̃/<br /> </poem><br /> However, if there are two <N, n> or <M, m> following a vowel, then it is not nasalized but pronounced as V+[n or m] instead (<Ann, ann> [an], <Amm, amm> [am],... etc). Besides, vocalic graphemes other than <A, a>, <E, e>, <I, i>, <O, o>, <U, u> do not get nasalized when followed by an <N, n> or <M, m>.<br /> =====Diphtongues=====<br /> They have been described as diphtongues, but should rather be analyzed as combinations of vowels and approximants. There are three different approximants : /j/, /w/ and /ɥ/, which only appear in a limited number of cases.<br /> *Diphtongues /j/ + vowel :<br /> They are usually written with a <I, i> followed by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <I, i> stands for /j/ :<br /> <poem><br /> <Ia, ia> [ja]<br /> <Ie, ie> [jə]<br /> <Iç, iç> [je]<br /> <Iù, iù> [jœ]<br /> <Iÿ, iÿ> [jɛ]<br /> <Io, io> [jo] or [jɔ]<br /> <Iu, iu> [jy]<br /> <Iô, iô> [jo]<br /> <Iä, iä> [jɑ̃]<br /> <Ià, ià> [jɔ̃]<br /> <Ié, ié> [jɛ̃]<br /> <Iè, iè> [jœ̃]<br /> <Ii, ii> [ji]<br /> <Iou, iou> [ju]<br /> <Ieu, ieu> [jø]<br /> </poem><br /> However, there are a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> ÜÃ, üã [ja]<br /> ÜÕ, üõ [jo]<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues vowel + /j/ :<br /> They are usually written with a <Ü, ü> preceded by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <Ü, ü> stands for /j/ (minus the exceptions above) :<br /> <poem><br /> <AÜ, aü> [aj]<br /> <EÜ, eü> [əj]<br /> <EÜ, çü> [ej]<br /> <EÜ, ùü> [œj]<br /> <EÜ, ÿü> [ɛj]<br /> <OÜ, oü> [oj] or [ɔj]<br /> <UÜ, uü> [yj]<br /> <ÔÜ, ôü> [oj]<br /> <ÄÜ, äü> [aɑ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, àü> [ɔ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, éü> [ɛ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, èü> [œ̃j]<br /> <ÃÜ, ãü> [aj]<br /> <ÕÜ, õü> [oj]<br /> <EUÜ, euü> [øj]<br /> </poem><br /> There are also a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> EÎ, eî [əj]<br /> EÎ, çî [ej]<br /> EÎ, ùî [œj]<br /> EÎ, ÿî [ɛj]<br /> IÎ, iî [ij]<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues with /w/ :<br /> These are usually written with a <O, o>, either followed or preceded by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <O, o> stands for /w/ :<br /> <poem><br /> <Oa, oa> [wa]<br /> <Oe, oe> [wə]<br /> <Oç, oç> [we]<br /> <Où, où> [wœ]<br /> <Oÿ, oÿ> [wɛ]<br /> <Oo, oo> [wo] or [wɔ]<br /> <Oy, oy> [wy]<br /> <Oô, oô> [wo]<br /> <Oä, oä> [wɑ̃]<br /> <Oà, oà> [wɔ̃]<br /> <Oé, oé> [wɛ̃]<br /> <Oè, oè> [wœ̃] (This one was described as [wœ̃] already in the original documentation (instead of expected [wæ̃] and has therefore cast some doubt on the identification of vowels /ø/, /œ/ and /œ̃/.)<br /> <Oi, oi> [wi]<br /> <Oeu, oeu> [wø]<br /> And reciprocally (<Ao, ao> [aw]... etc).<br /> </poem><br /> There are however a few exceptions :<br /> <poem><br /> <Io, io> is ambiguous and can denote either /iw/ or /jo/<br /> <Oi, oi> is ambiguous and can denote either /i/ or /wi/<br /> <Oe, oe> is ambiguous and can denote either /wə/ or /ø/<br /> <OU/Ou, ou> always denotes /u/ (/wy/ is denoted <Oy, oy> instead).<br /> </poem><br /> *Diphtongues with /ɥ/ :<br /> <poem><br /> UÎ, uî [ɥi]<br /> Ui, ui [ɥi]<br /> Ua, ua [ɥa]<br /> Uç, uç [ɥe]<br /> Uÿ, uÿ [ɥɛ]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Triphtongues=====<br /> They should also be analyzed as combinations of approximant + vowel + approximant. Besides using <I, i> and <O, o> or even <Ü, ü> and <U, u>, there is a handful of special spellings that denote such "triphtongues" :<br /> <poem><br /> ÜÂ, üâ [jaj]<br /> ÜY, üy [jɔj]<br /> ÊÜ, êü [jaj]<br /> YÜ, yü [joj] or [jɔj]<br /> ÃÎ, ãî [aji]<br /> ÕÎ, õî [oji]<br /> </poem><br /> =====Word-final position induced changes=====<br /> The original consonants /g/ <G, g>, /l/ <L, l> and syllable /wi/ <W, w> turn into [j] when in a word-final position. Instead, the spellings <gue>, <lle> and <wi> are used.<br /> <poem><br /> <g> /j/<br /> <l> /j/<br /> <w> /j/<br /> <gue> /g/<br /> <lle> /l/<br /> <wi> /wi/<br /> </poem><br /> There are some other special spellings :<br /> <poem><br /> <ebm> /ɛjm/<br /> <ebn> /ɛjn/<br /> </poem><br /> Finally, some letters are simply not pronounced at the end of a word, and other spellings are used instead :<br /> <poem><br /> <e><br /> <ô><br /> <d><br /> <nowiki><q></nowiki><br /> <nowiki><s></nowiki><br /> <t><br /> <z><br /> <er><br /> <dde> /d/<br /> <qe> /ʃ/<br /> <sse> /θ/ (or possibly /s/ ?)<br /> <tte> /t/<br /> <ze> /z/<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ====Table of phonemes and their principal corresponding graphemes====<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m <M, m><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n <N, n><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ <Ñ, ñ><br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ <ÎÑ, îñ><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p <P, p> ; b <B, b><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ <TÛ, tû> ; t <T, t> ; d̚ <DÛ, dû> ; d <D, d><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k <K, k> ; g <G, g><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s <C, c> alt. <TĦ/Tħ, tħ> ; z <Z, z> alt. <DĦ/Dħ, dħ> alt. <SĦ/Sħ, sħ><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ <Q, q> ; ʒ <Ö, ö> alt. <JĦ/Jħ, jħ> alt. <QJ/Qj, qj><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ <QÛ, qû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ <ÎF, îf> ; β <ÎV, îv><br /> |colspan="2"| f <F, f> alt. <PĦ/Pħ, pħ> ; v <V, v> alt. <BĦ/Bħ, bħ><br /> |colspan="2"| θ <S, s> alt. <Tûhh, s> ; ð <J, j> <br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ <HÛ, hû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ <ÎQ, îq> ; ɧ̙ʷ̬ <ÎÖ, îö> alt. <LÎÖ, lîö><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <ÎX, îx><br /> |colspan="2"| χ <X, x> ; ʁ <R, r><br /> |colspan="2"| h <H, h><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ <RÛ, rû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j <I, i> (before a vowel), <Ü, ü> (after a vowel) ; ɥ <U, u> (before some vowels)<br /> |colspan="2"| w <O, o> (before or after a vowel)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r <LÛ, lû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ <RX, rx><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ <ĦÛ, ħû> <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l <L, l> ɫ <Û, û><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg <ÎÑg, îñg><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i <I, i> alt. <Oi, oi> ; y <U, u><br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ <Î, î> alt. <Ï, ï><br /> |colspan="2"|u <OU/Ou, ou><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e <E, ç/ë> ; ø <EU/Eu, eu> alt. <OE/Oe, oe><br /> |colspan="2"| ə <E, e><br /> |colspan="2"|o <O, o> alt. <Ô, ô> alt. <Õ, õ><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ <E, ÿ/ê> alt. <EA, ea> ; œ <E, ù/ĕ> alt. <EÔ/Eô, eô> ; ɛ̃ <Ä, é/â> ; œ̃ <Ä, è/ä><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ <O, o> ; ɔ̃ <Ä, à/ă><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä <A, a> alt. <Ã, ã><br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃ <Ä, ä><br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Prosody===<br /> ====Stress====<br /> ====Intonation====<br /> <br /> ===Phonotactics===<br /> <br /> ===Morphophonology===<br /> <br /> ==Morphology==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Syntax==<br /> ===Constituent order===<br /> ===Noun phrase===<br /> ===Verb phrase===<br /> ===Sentence phrase===<br /> ===Dependent clauses===<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Example texts==<br /> <br /> ==Other resources==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Qtolqjimctadû]]<br /> [[Category:Languages]]<br /> [[Category:Conlangs]]<br /> [[Category:Tolsian]]</div>

Uvie https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Qtolqjimctad%C3%BB&diff=526292 Qtolqjimctadû 2026-05-19T17:34:03Z

<p>Uvie: /* Alphabet */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Introduction==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ<br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p b<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ t d̚ d<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k g<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s z<br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ ʒ <br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ β<br /> |colspan="2"| f v<br /> |colspan="2"| θ ð<br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ ɧ̙ʷ̬<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <br /> |colspan="2"| χ ʁ<br /> |colspan="2"| h<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j ɥ<br /> |colspan="2"| w<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l ɫ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> Notes :<br /> <br /> In earlier documentation, proper knowledge of IPA was lacking and several of the phonemes had to be identified from either phonetically inaccurate IPA descriptions or vague, impressionistic ones. Several phonemes could not be recovered. Here is a list of deviations from the above table :<br /> <poem><br /> Identified phonemes :<br /> /ɸ/ was described as [fʷ] (written <ÎF, îf>).<br /> /β/ was described as [vʷ] (written <ÎV, îv>).<br /> /ʁ/ was described as [ʀ] (written <R, r>).<br /> /ʀ/ was described as [rˤ] (''sorte de « r » très roulé'', written <RX, rx>).<br /> /ɹ/ was described as [ʀˤ] (''sorte de « r » anglais'', written <RÛ, rû>).<br /> /ɫ/ was described as [l̪ ] (''comme à la fin du mot anglais "well"'', written <Û, û>).<br /> /χ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [x] (written <X, x>), while /x/ itself was most likely described as [xˤ] (written <ÎX, îx>).<br /> /ŋ/ was probably described as [ɲˤ] (written <ÎÑ, îñ>), while the sound described as [ŋ] (written <ÎÑg, îñg>) probably corresponded to /ᵑg/.<br /> /ɾ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [r̺] (written <ĦÛ, ħû>, as well as part of the cluster /bɾ/+V with the help of <Ë, ë> as [bɾə], described as [br̺ə]).<br /> /r/ might have been what was described as [r] (''sorte de « r » roulé à la japonaise'', written <LÛ, lû>).<br /> /ɧ̙ʷ/ and its voiced version /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ are, to this day, subject to doubt regarding their IPA descriptions. They were most likely corresponding to the sounds described as [ʃ ̪ ] (written <ÎQ, îq>) and [ʒ̺̺̺ ] (written <ÎÖ, îö> or <LÎÖ, lîö>).<br /> /t̚/ and /d̚/ are also subject to some doubt regarding their IPA descriptions still. They were described as [t̪] (written <TÛ, tû>) and [d̪] (written <DÛ, dû>).<br /> The phoneme described as [ʃʲ] probably has a realization closer to [ç] or [ɕ] (written <QÛ, qû>).<br /> <br /> Unidentified or very doubtful phonemes :<br /> Some /h/-like phoneme, described as [hˤ] (written <ÎH, îh>). It might have corresponded to /ɣ/, but it is not very likely.<br /> /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ might have been what was described as [l̤ʲ] (written <HÛ, hû>). Based on its spelling it is more likely to be devoiced.<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i y<br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ<br /> |colspan="2"|u<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e ø<br /> |colspan="2"| ə<br /> |colspan="2"|o<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ œ ɛ̃ œ̃<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ ɔ̃<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä<br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Similarly to consonants, some vowels had to be "re-identified" from previous documentation and some deviations arise :<br /> <poem><br /> /œ/ is probably what was described as [æ] (written <Ù, ù> or <E, ĕ> or <EÔ/Eô, eô>).<br /> /œ̃/ is probably what was described as [æ̃] (written <Ä, è> or <Ä, ä>).<br /> /ø/ is probably what was described as [œ] (written <EU/Eu, eu> or <OE/Oe, oe>).<br /> </poem><br /> ===Orthography===<br /> Orthography was made complicated on purpose.<br /> <br /> ====Alphabet====<br /> <poem><br /> A, a /a/<br /> B, b /b/<br /> C, c /s/<br /> D, d /d/<br /> E, e /ə/ ; E, ç/ë /e/ ; E, ù/ĕ /œ/ ; E, ÿ/ê /ɛ/<br /> F, f /f/<br /> G, g /g/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> H, h /h/<br /> Ħ, ħ soundless ; mostly used in composed graphemes.<br /> I, i /i/<br /> J, j /ð/<br /> K, k /k/<br /> L, l /l/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> M, m /m/<br /> N, n /n/<br /> O, o /o/ or /ɔ/<br /> P, p /p/<br /> Q, q /ʃ/<br /> R, r /ʁ/<br /> S, s /θ/<br /> T, t /t/<br /> U, u /y/<br /> V, v /v/<br /> W, w /wi/ (/j/ in word-final position)<br /> X, x /χ/<br /> Y, y /jo/ or /ɔj/<br /> Z, z /z/<br /> Â, â /aj/<br /> Ê, ê /ja/<br /> Û, û /ɫ/<br /> Î, î /ɨ/ soundless when used in composed graphemes.<br /> Ô, ô /o/<br /> Ä, ä /ɑ̃/ ; Ä, à/ă /ɔ̃/ ; Ä, é/â /ɛ̃/ ; Ä, è/ä /œ̃/<br /> Ë, ë /bɾə/<br /> Ü, ü /j/<br /> Ï, ï /ɨ/<br /> Ö, ö /ʒ/<br /> Ã, ã /a/<br /> Õ, õ /o/<br /> Ñ, ñ /ɲ/<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ====Table of phonemes and their corresponding graphemes====<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m <M, m><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n <N, n><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ <Ñ, ñ><br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ <ÎÑ, îñ><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p <P, p> ; b <B, b><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ <TÛ, tû> ; t <T, t> ; d̚ <DÛ, dû> ; d <D, d><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k <K, k> ; g <G, g><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s <C, c> alt. <TĦ/Tħ, tħ> ; z <Z, z> alt. <DĦ/Dħ, dħ> alt. <SĦ/Sħ, sħ><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ <Q, q> ; ʒ <Ö, ö> alt. <JĦ/Jħ, jħ> alt. <QJ/Qj, qj><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ <QÛ, qû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ <ÎF, îf> ; β <ÎV, îv><br /> |colspan="2"| f <F, f> alt. <PĦ/Pħ, pħ> ; v <V, v> alt. <BĦ/Bħ, bħ><br /> |colspan="2"| θ <S, s> alt. <Tûhh, s> ; ð <J, j> <br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ <HÛ, hû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ <ÎQ, îq> ; ɧ̙ʷ̬ <ÎÖ, îö> alt. <LÎÖ, lîö><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <ÎX, îx><br /> |colspan="2"| χ <X, x> ; ʁ <R, r><br /> |colspan="2"| h <H, h><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ <RÛ, rû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j <I, i> (before a vowel), <Ü, ü> (after a vowel)<sup>(1)</sup> ; ɥ <U, u> (before some vowels)<sup>(2)</sup><br /> |colspan="2"| w <O, o> (before or after a vowel)<sup>(3)</sup><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r <LÛ, lû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ <RX, rx><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ <ĦÛ, ħû><sup>(4)</sup><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l <L, l> ɫ <Û, û><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg <ÎÑg, îñg><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> '''Notes on consonants :'''<br /> <br /> <poem><br /> '''(1)''' There are a few exceptions, where <ü> appears in front of a vowel, or <î> is used after a vowel :<br /> ÜÃ, üã [ja]<br /> ÜÕ, üõ [jo]<br /> EÎ, eî [əj]<br /> EÎ, çî [ej]<br /> EÎ, ùî [œj]<br /> EÎ, ÿî [ɛj]<br /> IÎ, iî [ij]<br /> There is a list of accepted spelling where <I, i> stands for /j/ :<br /> <Ia, ia> [ja]<br /> <Ie, ie> [jə]<br /> <Iç, iç> [je]<br /> <Iù, iù> [jœ]<br /> <Iÿ, iÿ> [jɛ]<br /> <Io, io> [jo] or [jɔ]<br /> <Iu, iu> [jy]<br /> <Iô, iô> [jo]<br /> <Iä, iä> [jɑ̃]<br /> <Ià, ià> [jɔ̃]<br /> <Ié, ié> [jɛ̃]<br /> <Iè, iè> [jœ̃]<br /> <Ii, ii> [ji]<br /> <Iou, iou> [ju]<br /> <Ieu, ieu> [jø]<br /> And a list of accepted spellings where <Ü, ü> stands for /j/ (minus the exceptions above) :<br /> <AÜ, aü> [aj]<br /> <EÜ, eü> [əj]<br /> <EÜ, çü> [ej]<br /> <EÜ, ùü> [œj]<br /> <EÜ, ÿü> [ɛj]<br /> <OÜ, oü> [oj] or [ɔj]<br /> <UÜ, uü> [yj]<br /> <ÔÜ, ôü> [oj]<br /> <ÄÜ, äü> [aɑ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, àü> [ɔ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, éü> [ɛ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, èü> [œ̃j]<br /> <ÃÜ, ãü> [aj]<br /> <ÕÜ, õü> [oj]<br /> <EUÜ, euü> [øj]<br /> Some other exceptions are due to original consonants /g/ <G, g>, /l/ <L, l> and syllable /wi/ <W, w> turning into [j] when in a word-final position. Instead, the spellings <gue>, <lle> and <wi> are used to denote the sounds [g], [l] and [wi] at the end of a word.<br /> '''(2)''' The phoneme /ɥ/ only appears in a handful of diphtongues :<br /> UÎ, uî [ɥi]<br /> Ui, ui [ɥi]<br /> Ua, ua [ɥa]<br /> Uç, uç [ɥe]<br /> Uÿ, uÿ [ɥɛ]<br /> '''(3)''' The grapheme <io> is thus ambiguous and can denote either /iw/ or /jo/. Similarly, <Oi, oi> denotes either /i/ or /wi/, and <Oe, oe>, which denotes either /wə/ or /ø/. Another exception is <OU/Ou, ou> which denotes /u/.<br /> There is a list of accepted spellings where <O, o> stands for /w/ :<br /> <Oa, oa> [wa]<br /> <Oe, oe> [wə]<br /> <Oç, oç> [we]<br /> <Où, où> [wœ]<br /> <Oÿ, oÿ> [wɛ]<br /> <Oo, oo> [wo] or [wɔ]<br /> <Oy, oy> [wy]<br /> <Oô, oô> [wo]<br /> <Oä, oä> [wɑ̃]<br /> <Oà, oà> [wɔ̃]<br /> <Oé, oé> [wɛ̃]<br /> <Oè, oè> [wœ̃] (This one was described as [wœ̃] already in the original documentation (instead of expected [wæ̃] and has therefore cast some doubt on the identification of vowels /ø/, /œ/ and /œ̃/.)<br /> <Oi, oi> [wi]<br /> <Oeu, oeu> [wø]<br /> And reciprocally (<Ao, ao> [aw]... etc).<br /> '''(4)''' The phoneme /ɾ/ also appears as part of a syllable /bɾə/, written <Ë, ë>. When <Ë, ë> is followed by a vowel, the /ə/ is replaced by that vowel :<br /> Ëa, ëa [bɾa]<br /> Ëç, ëç [bɾe]<br /> Ëÿ, ëÿ [bɾɛ]<br /> Ëu, ëu [bɾy]<br /> Ëo, ëo [bɾo] or [bɾɔ]<br /> Ëï, ëï [bɾi]<br /> Ëä, ëä [bɾɑ̃]<br /> Ëà, ëà [bɾɔ̃]<br /> Ëé, ëé [bɾɛ̃]<br /> Ëè, ëè [bɾœ̃]<br /> Ëou, ëou [bɾu]<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i <I, i> alt. <Oi, oi> ; y <U, u><br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ <Î, î> alt. <Ï, ï><sup>(1)</sup><br /> |colspan="2"|u <OU/Ou, ou><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e <E, ç/ë> ; ø <EU/Eu, eu> alt. <OE/Oe, oe><br /> |colspan="2"| ə <E, e><br /> |colspan="2"|o <O, o> alt. <Ô, ô> alt. <Õ, õ><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ <E, ÿ/ê> alt. <EA, ea> ; œ <E, ù/ĕ> alt. <EÔ/Eô, eô> ; ɛ̃ <Ä, é/â><sup>(2)</sup> ; œ̃ <Ä, è/ä><sup>(2)</sup><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ <O, o> ; ɔ̃ <Ä, à/ă><sup>(2)</sup><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä <A, a> alt. <Ã, ã><br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃ <Ä, ä><sup>(2)</sup><br /> |}<br /> <br /> '''Notes on vowels :'''<br /> <poem><br /> Long vowels are simply written with a double grapheme (<Aa, aa> /a:/,... etc).<br /> '''(1)''' The grapheme <Î, î> denotes /ɨ/, except in front of some consonants (<F, f>, <V, v>, <Q, q>, <Ö, ö>, <Ñ, ñ>, <X, x>, <H, h>) ; the grapheme <Ï, ï> is used instead in order to denote /ɨ/.<br /> '''(2)''' Nasal vowels can also be written with some vowels followed by a <N, n> or a <M, m> :<br /> /ɑ̃/ <An, an> ; <Am, am> ; <En, en> ; <Em, em><br /> /ɛ̃/ <In, in> , <Im, im> ; <Ein, ein> ; <Eim, eim><br /> /ɔ̃/ <On, on> ; <Om, om><br /> /œ̃/ <Un, un> ; <Um, um><br /> However, if there are two <N, n> or <M, m> following a vowel, then it is not nasalized and pronounced as V+[n or m] (<Ann, ann> [an], <Amm, amm> [am],... etc).<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> '''General notes :'''<br /> <poem><br /> The grapheme <Ħ, ħ> can also be written <Hh, hh>.<br /> There are a few more noteworthy spellings with unexpected pronunciations :<br /> <Äî, äî> [an]<br /> <Äî, àî> [on] or [ɔn]<br /> <Äî, éî> [in] or [im]<br /> <Äî, èî> [un] or [œm]<br /> <br /> <ÜÂ, üâ> [jaj]<br /> <ÜY, üy> [jɔj]<br /> <ÊÜ, êü> [jaj]<br /> <YÜ, yü> [joj] or [jɔj]<br /> <ÃÎ, ãî> [aji]<br /> <ÕÎ, õî> [oji]<br /> <br /> <br /> Word-final spellings :<br /> Besides the final <g>, <l> and <wi> that become [j], there are also final <ebm> and <ebn> that are pronounced [ɛjm] and [ɛjn], respectively.<br /> Moreover, final <e>, <ô>, <d>, <nowiki><q></nowiki>, <nowiki><s></nowiki>, <t>, <z>, <er> are not pronounced. Instead, final spellings <dde>, <qe>, <sse>, <tte>, <ze> are pronounced [d], [ʃ], [θ] (or possibly [s] ?), [t], [z], respectively.<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Prosody===<br /> ====Stress====<br /> ====Intonation====<br /> <br /> ===Phonotactics===<br /> <br /> ===Morphophonology===<br /> <br /> ==Morphology==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Syntax==<br /> ===Constituent order===<br /> ===Noun phrase===<br /> ===Verb phrase===<br /> ===Sentence phrase===<br /> ===Dependent clauses===<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Example texts==<br /> <br /> ==Other resources==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Qtolqjimctadû]]<br /> [[Category:Languages]]<br /> [[Category:Conlangs]]<br /> [[Category:Tolsian]]</div>

Uvie https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Qtolqjimctad%C3%BB&diff=526281 Qtolqjimctadû 2026-05-19T17:07:57Z

<p>Uvie: /* Consonants */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Introduction==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ<br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p b<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ t d̚ d<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k g<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s z<br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ ʒ <br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ β<br /> |colspan="2"| f v<br /> |colspan="2"| θ ð<br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ ɧ̙ʷ̬<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <br /> |colspan="2"| χ ʁ<br /> |colspan="2"| h<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j ɥ<br /> |colspan="2"| w<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l ɫ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> Notes :<br /> <br /> In earlier documentation, proper knowledge of IPA was lacking and several of the phonemes had to be identified from either phonetically inaccurate IPA descriptions or vague, impressionistic ones. Several phonemes could not be recovered. Here is a list of deviations from the above table :<br /> <poem><br /> Identified phonemes :<br /> /ɸ/ was described as [fʷ] (written <ÎF, îf>).<br /> /β/ was described as [vʷ] (written <ÎV, îv>).<br /> /ʁ/ was described as [ʀ] (written <R, r>).<br /> /ʀ/ was described as [rˤ] (''sorte de « r » très roulé'', written <RX, rx>).<br /> /ɹ/ was described as [ʀˤ] (''sorte de « r » anglais'', written <RÛ, rû>).<br /> /ɫ/ was described as [l̪ ] (''comme à la fin du mot anglais "well"'', written <Û, û>).<br /> /χ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [x] (written <X, x>), while /x/ itself was most likely described as [xˤ] (written <ÎX, îx>).<br /> /ŋ/ was probably described as [ɲˤ] (written <ÎÑ, îñ>), while the sound described as [ŋ] (written <ÎÑg, îñg>) probably corresponded to /ᵑg/.<br /> /ɾ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [r̺] (written <ĦÛ, ħû>, as well as part of the cluster /bɾ/+V with the help of <Ë, ë> as [bɾə], described as [br̺ə]).<br /> /r/ might have been what was described as [r] (''sorte de « r » roulé à la japonaise'', written <LÛ, lû>).<br /> /ɧ̙ʷ/ and its voiced version /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ are, to this day, subject to doubt regarding their IPA descriptions. They were most likely corresponding to the sounds described as [ʃ ̪ ] (written <ÎQ, îq>) and [ʒ̺̺̺ ] (written <ÎÖ, îö> or <LÎÖ, lîö>).<br /> /t̚/ and /d̚/ are also subject to some doubt regarding their IPA descriptions still. They were described as [t̪] (written <TÛ, tû>) and [d̪] (written <DÛ, dû>).<br /> The phoneme described as [ʃʲ] probably has a realization closer to [ç] or [ɕ] (written <QÛ, qû>).<br /> <br /> Unidentified or very doubtful phonemes :<br /> Some /h/-like phoneme, described as [hˤ] (written <ÎH, îh>). It might have corresponded to /ɣ/, but it is not very likely.<br /> /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ might have been what was described as [l̤ʲ] (written <HÛ, hû>). Based on its spelling it is more likely to be devoiced.<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i y<br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ<br /> |colspan="2"|u<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e ø<br /> |colspan="2"| ə<br /> |colspan="2"|o<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ œ ɛ̃ œ̃<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ ɔ̃<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä<br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Similarly to consonants, some vowels had to be "re-identified" from previous documentation and some deviations arise :<br /> <poem><br /> /œ/ is probably what was described as [æ] (written <Ù, ù> or <E, ĕ> or <EÔ/Eô, eô>).<br /> /œ̃/ is probably what was described as [æ̃] (written <Ä, è> or <Ä, ä>).<br /> /ø/ is probably what was described as [œ] (written <EU/Eu, eu> or <OE/Oe, oe>).<br /> </poem><br /> ===Orthography===<br /> Orthography was made complicated on purpose.<br /> <br /> ====Alphabet====<br /> <br /> ====Table of phonemes and their corresponding graphemes====<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m <M, m><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n <N, n><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ <Ñ, ñ><br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ <ÎÑ, îñ><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p <P, p> ; b <B, b><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ <TÛ, tû> ; t <T, t> ; d̚ <DÛ, dû> ; d <D, d><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k <K, k> ; g <G, g><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s <C, c> alt. <TĦ/Tħ, tħ> ; z <Z, z> alt. <DĦ/Dħ, dħ> alt. <SĦ/Sħ, sħ><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ <Q, q> ; ʒ <Ö, ö> alt. <JĦ/Jħ, jħ> alt. <QJ/Qj, qj><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ <QÛ, qû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ <ÎF, îf> ; β <ÎV, îv><br /> |colspan="2"| f <F, f> alt. <PĦ/Pħ, pħ> ; v <V, v> alt. <BĦ/Bħ, bħ><br /> |colspan="2"| θ <S, s> alt. <Tûhh, s> ; ð <J, j> <br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ <HÛ, hû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ <ÎQ, îq> ; ɧ̙ʷ̬ <ÎÖ, îö> alt. <LÎÖ, lîö><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <ÎX, îx><br /> |colspan="2"| χ <X, x> ; ʁ <R, r><br /> |colspan="2"| h <H, h><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ <RÛ, rû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j <I, i> (before a vowel), <Ü, ü> (after a vowel)<sup>(1)</sup> ; ɥ <U, u> (before some vowels)<sup>(2)</sup><br /> |colspan="2"| w <O, o> (before or after a vowel)<sup>(3)</sup><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r <LÛ, lû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ <RX, rx><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ <ĦÛ, ħû><sup>(4)</sup><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l <L, l> ɫ <Û, û><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg <ÎÑg, îñg><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> '''Notes on consonants :'''<br /> <br /> <poem><br /> '''(1)''' There are a few exceptions, where <ü> appears in front of a vowel, or <î> is used after a vowel :<br /> ÜÃ, üã [ja]<br /> ÜÕ, üõ [jo]<br /> EÎ, eî [əj]<br /> EÎ, çî [ej]<br /> EÎ, ùî [œj]<br /> EÎ, ÿî [ɛj]<br /> IÎ, iî [ij]<br /> There is a list of accepted spelling where <I, i> stands for /j/ :<br /> <Ia, ia> [ja]<br /> <Ie, ie> [jə]<br /> <Iç, iç> [je]<br /> <Iù, iù> [jœ]<br /> <Iÿ, iÿ> [jɛ]<br /> <Io, io> [jo] or [jɔ]<br /> <Iu, iu> [jy]<br /> <Iô, iô> [jo]<br /> <Iä, iä> [jɑ̃]<br /> <Ià, ià> [jɔ̃]<br /> <Ié, ié> [jɛ̃]<br /> <Iè, iè> [jœ̃]<br /> <Ii, ii> [ji]<br /> <Iou, iou> [ju]<br /> <Ieu, ieu> [jø]<br /> And a list of accepted spellings where <Ü, ü> stands for /j/ (minus the exceptions above) :<br /> <AÜ, aü> [aj]<br /> <EÜ, eü> [əj]<br /> <EÜ, çü> [ej]<br /> <EÜ, ùü> [œj]<br /> <EÜ, ÿü> [ɛj]<br /> <OÜ, oü> [oj] or [ɔj]<br /> <UÜ, uü> [yj]<br /> <ÔÜ, ôü> [oj]<br /> <ÄÜ, äü> [aɑ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, àü> [ɔ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, éü> [ɛ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, èü> [œ̃j]<br /> <ÃÜ, ãü> [aj]<br /> <ÕÜ, õü> [oj]<br /> <EUÜ, euü> [øj]<br /> Some other exceptions are due to original consonants /g/ <G, g>, /l/ <L, l> and syllable /wi/ <W, w> turning into [j] when in a word-final position. Instead, the spellings <gue>, <lle> and <wi> are used to denote the sounds [g], [l] and [wi] at the end of a word.<br /> '''(2)''' The phoneme /ɥ/ only appears in a handful of diphtongues :<br /> UÎ, uî [ɥi]<br /> Ui, ui [ɥi]<br /> Ua, ua [ɥa]<br /> Uç, uç [ɥe]<br /> Uÿ, uÿ [ɥɛ]<br /> '''(3)''' The grapheme <io> is thus ambiguous and can denote either /iw/ or /jo/. Similarly, <Oi, oi> denotes either /i/ or /wi/, and <Oe, oe>, which denotes either /wə/ or /ø/. Another exception is <OU/Ou, ou> which denotes /u/.<br /> There is a list of accepted spellings where <O, o> stands for /w/ :<br /> <Oa, oa> [wa]<br /> <Oe, oe> [wə]<br /> <Oç, oç> [we]<br /> <Où, où> [wœ]<br /> <Oÿ, oÿ> [wɛ]<br /> <Oo, oo> [wo] or [wɔ]<br /> <Oy, oy> [wy]<br /> <Oô, oô> [wo]<br /> <Oä, oä> [wɑ̃]<br /> <Oà, oà> [wɔ̃]<br /> <Oé, oé> [wɛ̃]<br /> <Oè, oè> [wœ̃] (This one was described as [wœ̃] already in the original documentation (instead of expected [wæ̃] and has therefore cast some doubt on the identification of vowels /ø/, /œ/ and /œ̃/.)<br /> <Oi, oi> [wi]<br /> <Oeu, oeu> [wø]<br /> And reciprocally (<Ao, ao> [aw]... etc).<br /> '''(4)''' The phoneme /ɾ/ also appears as part of a syllable /bɾə/, written <Ë, ë>. When <Ë, ë> is followed by a vowel, the /ə/ is replaced by that vowel :<br /> Ëa, ëa [bɾa]<br /> Ëç, ëç [bɾe]<br /> Ëÿ, ëÿ [bɾɛ]<br /> Ëu, ëu [bɾy]<br /> Ëo, ëo [bɾo] or [bɾɔ]<br /> Ëï, ëï [bɾi]<br /> Ëä, ëä [bɾɑ̃]<br /> Ëà, ëà [bɾɔ̃]<br /> Ëé, ëé [bɾɛ̃]<br /> Ëè, ëè [bɾœ̃]<br /> Ëou, ëou [bɾu]<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i <I, i> alt. <Oi, oi> ; y <U, u><br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ <Î, î> alt. <Ï, ï><sup>(1)</sup><br /> |colspan="2"|u <OU/Ou, ou><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e <E, ç/ë> ; ø <EU/Eu, eu> alt. <OE/Oe, oe><br /> |colspan="2"| ə <E, e><br /> |colspan="2"|o <O, o> alt. <Ô, ô> alt. <Õ, õ><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ <E, ÿ/ê> alt. <EA, ea> ; œ <E, ù/ĕ> alt. <EÔ/Eô, eô> ; ɛ̃ <Ä, é/â><sup>(2)</sup> ; œ̃ <Ä, è/ä><sup>(2)</sup><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ <O, o> ; ɔ̃ <Ä, à/ă><sup>(2)</sup><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä <A, a> alt. <Ã, ã><br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃ <Ä, ä><sup>(2)</sup><br /> |}<br /> <br /> '''Notes on vowels :'''<br /> <poem><br /> Long vowels are simply written with a double grapheme (<Aa, aa> /a:/,... etc).<br /> '''(1)''' The grapheme <Î, î> denotes /ɨ/, except in front of some consonants (<F, f>, <V, v>, <Q, q>, <Ö, ö>, <Ñ, ñ>, <X, x>, <H, h>) ; the grapheme <Ï, ï> is used instead in order to denote /ɨ/.<br /> '''(2)''' Nasal vowels can also be written with some vowels followed by a <N, n> or a <M, m> :<br /> /ɑ̃/ <An, an> ; <Am, am> ; <En, en> ; <Em, em><br /> /ɛ̃/ <In, in> , <Im, im> ; <Ein, ein> ; <Eim, eim><br /> /ɔ̃/ <On, on> ; <Om, om><br /> /œ̃/ <Un, un> ; <Um, um><br /> However, if there are two <N, n> or <M, m> following a vowel, then it is not nasalized and pronounced as V+[n or m] (<Ann, ann> [an], <Amm, amm> [am],... etc).<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> '''General notes :'''<br /> <poem><br /> The grapheme <Ħ, ħ> can also be written <Hh, hh>.<br /> There are a few more noteworthy spellings with unexpected pronunciations :<br /> <Äî, äî> [an]<br /> <Äî, àî> [on] or [ɔn]<br /> <Äî, éî> [in] or [im]<br /> <Äî, èî> [un] or [œm]<br /> <br /> <ÜÂ, üâ> [jaj]<br /> <ÜY, üy> [jɔj]<br /> <ÊÜ, êü> [jaj]<br /> <YÜ, yü> [joj] or [jɔj]<br /> <ÃÎ, ãî> [aji]<br /> <ÕÎ, õî> [oji]<br /> <br /> <br /> Word-final spellings :<br /> Besides the final <g>, <l> and <wi> that become [j], there are also final <ebm> and <ebn> that are pronounced [ɛjm] and [ɛjn], respectively.<br /> Moreover, final <e>, <ô>, <d>, <nowiki><q></nowiki>, <nowiki><s></nowiki>, <t>, <z>, <er> are not pronounced. Instead, final spellings <dde>, <qe>, <sse>, <tte>, <ze> are pronounced [d], [ʃ], [θ] (or possibly [s] ?), [t], [z], respectively.<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Prosody===<br /> ====Stress====<br /> ====Intonation====<br /> <br /> ===Phonotactics===<br /> <br /> ===Morphophonology===<br /> <br /> ==Morphology==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Syntax==<br /> ===Constituent order===<br /> ===Noun phrase===<br /> ===Verb phrase===<br /> ===Sentence phrase===<br /> ===Dependent clauses===<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Example texts==<br /> <br /> ==Other resources==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Qtolqjimctadû]]<br /> [[Category:Languages]]<br /> [[Category:Conlangs]]<br /> [[Category:Tolsian]]</div>

Uvie https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Qtolqjimctad%C3%BB&diff=526280 Qtolqjimctadû 2026-05-19T17:07:29Z

<p>Uvie: /* Table of phonemes and their corresponding graphemes */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Introduction==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ<br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p b<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ t d̚ d<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k g<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s z<br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ ʒ <br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ β<br /> |colspan="2"| f v<br /> |colspan="2"| θ ð<br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ ɧ̙ʷ̬<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <br /> |colspan="2"| χ ʁ<br /> |colspan="2"| h<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j<br /> |colspan="2"| w<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l ɫ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> Notes :<br /> <br /> In earlier documentation, proper knowledge of IPA was lacking and several of the phonemes had to be identified from either phonetically inaccurate IPA descriptions or vague, impressionistic ones. Several phonemes could not be recovered. Here is a list of deviations from the above table :<br /> <poem><br /> Identified phonemes :<br /> /ɸ/ was described as [fʷ] (written <ÎF, îf>).<br /> /β/ was described as [vʷ] (written <ÎV, îv>).<br /> /ʁ/ was described as [ʀ] (written <R, r>).<br /> /ʀ/ was described as [rˤ] (''sorte de « r » très roulé'', written <RX, rx>).<br /> /ɹ/ was described as [ʀˤ] (''sorte de « r » anglais'', written <RÛ, rû>).<br /> /ɫ/ was described as [l̪ ] (''comme à la fin du mot anglais "well"'', written <Û, û>).<br /> /χ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [x] (written <X, x>), while /x/ itself was most likely described as [xˤ] (written <ÎX, îx>).<br /> /ŋ/ was probably described as [ɲˤ] (written <ÎÑ, îñ>), while the sound described as [ŋ] (written <ÎÑg, îñg>) probably corresponded to /ᵑg/.<br /> /ɾ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [r̺] (written <ĦÛ, ħû>, as well as part of the cluster /bɾ/+V with the help of <Ë, ë> as [bɾə], described as [br̺ə]).<br /> /r/ might have been what was described as [r] (''sorte de « r » roulé à la japonaise'', written <LÛ, lû>).<br /> /ɧ̙ʷ/ and its voiced version /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ are, to this day, subject to doubt regarding their IPA descriptions. They were most likely corresponding to the sounds described as [ʃ ̪ ] (written <ÎQ, îq>) and [ʒ̺̺̺ ] (written <ÎÖ, îö> or <LÎÖ, lîö>).<br /> /t̚/ and /d̚/ are also subject to some doubt regarding their IPA descriptions still. They were described as [t̪] (written <TÛ, tû>) and [d̪] (written <DÛ, dû>).<br /> The phoneme described as [ʃʲ] probably has a realization closer to [ç] or [ɕ] (written <QÛ, qû>).<br /> <br /> Unidentified or very doubtful phonemes :<br /> Some /h/-like phoneme, described as [hˤ] (written <ÎH, îh>). It might have corresponded to /ɣ/, but it is not very likely.<br /> /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ might have been what was described as [l̤ʲ] (written <HÛ, hû>). Based on its spelling it is more likely to be devoiced.<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i y<br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ<br /> |colspan="2"|u<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e ø<br /> |colspan="2"| ə<br /> |colspan="2"|o<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ œ ɛ̃ œ̃<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ ɔ̃<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä<br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Similarly to consonants, some vowels had to be "re-identified" from previous documentation and some deviations arise :<br /> <poem><br /> /œ/ is probably what was described as [æ] (written <Ù, ù> or <E, ĕ> or <EÔ/Eô, eô>).<br /> /œ̃/ is probably what was described as [æ̃] (written <Ä, è> or <Ä, ä>).<br /> /ø/ is probably what was described as [œ] (written <EU/Eu, eu> or <OE/Oe, oe>).<br /> </poem><br /> ===Orthography===<br /> Orthography was made complicated on purpose.<br /> <br /> ====Alphabet====<br /> <br /> ====Table of phonemes and their corresponding graphemes====<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m <M, m><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n <N, n><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ <Ñ, ñ><br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ <ÎÑ, îñ><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p <P, p> ; b <B, b><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ <TÛ, tû> ; t <T, t> ; d̚ <DÛ, dû> ; d <D, d><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k <K, k> ; g <G, g><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s <C, c> alt. <TĦ/Tħ, tħ> ; z <Z, z> alt. <DĦ/Dħ, dħ> alt. <SĦ/Sħ, sħ><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ <Q, q> ; ʒ <Ö, ö> alt. <JĦ/Jħ, jħ> alt. <QJ/Qj, qj><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ <QÛ, qû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ <ÎF, îf> ; β <ÎV, îv><br /> |colspan="2"| f <F, f> alt. <PĦ/Pħ, pħ> ; v <V, v> alt. <BĦ/Bħ, bħ><br /> |colspan="2"| θ <S, s> alt. <Tûhh, s> ; ð <J, j> <br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ <HÛ, hû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ <ÎQ, îq> ; ɧ̙ʷ̬ <ÎÖ, îö> alt. <LÎÖ, lîö><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <ÎX, îx><br /> |colspan="2"| χ <X, x> ; ʁ <R, r><br /> |colspan="2"| h <H, h><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ <RÛ, rû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j <I, i> (before a vowel), <Ü, ü> (after a vowel)<sup>(1)</sup> ; ɥ <U, u> (before some vowels)<sup>(2)</sup><br /> |colspan="2"| w <O, o> (before or after a vowel)<sup>(3)</sup><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r <LÛ, lû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ <RX, rx><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ <ĦÛ, ħû><sup>(4)</sup><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l <L, l> ɫ <Û, û><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg <ÎÑg, îñg><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> '''Notes on consonants :'''<br /> <br /> <poem><br /> '''(1)''' There are a few exceptions, where <ü> appears in front of a vowel, or <î> is used after a vowel :<br /> ÜÃ, üã [ja]<br /> ÜÕ, üõ [jo]<br /> EÎ, eî [əj]<br /> EÎ, çî [ej]<br /> EÎ, ùî [œj]<br /> EÎ, ÿî [ɛj]<br /> IÎ, iî [ij]<br /> There is a list of accepted spelling where <I, i> stands for /j/ :<br /> <Ia, ia> [ja]<br /> <Ie, ie> [jə]<br /> <Iç, iç> [je]<br /> <Iù, iù> [jœ]<br /> <Iÿ, iÿ> [jɛ]<br /> <Io, io> [jo] or [jɔ]<br /> <Iu, iu> [jy]<br /> <Iô, iô> [jo]<br /> <Iä, iä> [jɑ̃]<br /> <Ià, ià> [jɔ̃]<br /> <Ié, ié> [jɛ̃]<br /> <Iè, iè> [jœ̃]<br /> <Ii, ii> [ji]<br /> <Iou, iou> [ju]<br /> <Ieu, ieu> [jø]<br /> And a list of accepted spellings where <Ü, ü> stands for /j/ (minus the exceptions above) :<br /> <AÜ, aü> [aj]<br /> <EÜ, eü> [əj]<br /> <EÜ, çü> [ej]<br /> <EÜ, ùü> [œj]<br /> <EÜ, ÿü> [ɛj]<br /> <OÜ, oü> [oj] or [ɔj]<br /> <UÜ, uü> [yj]<br /> <ÔÜ, ôü> [oj]<br /> <ÄÜ, äü> [aɑ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, àü> [ɔ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, éü> [ɛ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, èü> [œ̃j]<br /> <ÃÜ, ãü> [aj]<br /> <ÕÜ, õü> [oj]<br /> <EUÜ, euü> [øj]<br /> Some other exceptions are due to original consonants /g/ <G, g>, /l/ <L, l> and syllable /wi/ <W, w> turning into [j] when in a word-final position. Instead, the spellings <gue>, <lle> and <wi> are used to denote the sounds [g], [l] and [wi] at the end of a word.<br /> '''(2)''' The phoneme /ɥ/ only appears in a handful of diphtongues :<br /> UÎ, uî [ɥi]<br /> Ui, ui [ɥi]<br /> Ua, ua [ɥa]<br /> Uç, uç [ɥe]<br /> Uÿ, uÿ [ɥɛ]<br /> '''(3)''' The grapheme <io> is thus ambiguous and can denote either /iw/ or /jo/. Similarly, <Oi, oi> denotes either /i/ or /wi/, and <Oe, oe>, which denotes either /wə/ or /ø/. Another exception is <OU/Ou, ou> which denotes /u/.<br /> There is a list of accepted spellings where <O, o> stands for /w/ :<br /> <Oa, oa> [wa]<br /> <Oe, oe> [wə]<br /> <Oç, oç> [we]<br /> <Où, où> [wœ]<br /> <Oÿ, oÿ> [wɛ]<br /> <Oo, oo> [wo] or [wɔ]<br /> <Oy, oy> [wy]<br /> <Oô, oô> [wo]<br /> <Oä, oä> [wɑ̃]<br /> <Oà, oà> [wɔ̃]<br /> <Oé, oé> [wɛ̃]<br /> <Oè, oè> [wœ̃] (This one was described as [wœ̃] already in the original documentation (instead of expected [wæ̃] and has therefore cast some doubt on the identification of vowels /ø/, /œ/ and /œ̃/.)<br /> <Oi, oi> [wi]<br /> <Oeu, oeu> [wø]<br /> And reciprocally (<Ao, ao> [aw]... etc).<br /> '''(4)''' The phoneme /ɾ/ also appears as part of a syllable /bɾə/, written <Ë, ë>. When <Ë, ë> is followed by a vowel, the /ə/ is replaced by that vowel :<br /> Ëa, ëa [bɾa]<br /> Ëç, ëç [bɾe]<br /> Ëÿ, ëÿ [bɾɛ]<br /> Ëu, ëu [bɾy]<br /> Ëo, ëo [bɾo] or [bɾɔ]<br /> Ëï, ëï [bɾi]<br /> Ëä, ëä [bɾɑ̃]<br /> Ëà, ëà [bɾɔ̃]<br /> Ëé, ëé [bɾɛ̃]<br /> Ëè, ëè [bɾœ̃]<br /> Ëou, ëou [bɾu]<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i <I, i> alt. <Oi, oi> ; y <U, u><br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ <Î, î> alt. <Ï, ï><sup>(1)</sup><br /> |colspan="2"|u <OU/Ou, ou><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e <E, ç/ë> ; ø <EU/Eu, eu> alt. <OE/Oe, oe><br /> |colspan="2"| ə <E, e><br /> |colspan="2"|o <O, o> alt. <Ô, ô> alt. <Õ, õ><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ <E, ÿ/ê> alt. <EA, ea> ; œ <E, ù/ĕ> alt. <EÔ/Eô, eô> ; ɛ̃ <Ä, é/â><sup>(2)</sup> ; œ̃ <Ä, è/ä><sup>(2)</sup><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ <O, o> ; ɔ̃ <Ä, à/ă><sup>(2)</sup><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä <A, a> alt. <Ã, ã><br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃ <Ä, ä><sup>(2)</sup><br /> |}<br /> <br /> '''Notes on vowels :'''<br /> <poem><br /> Long vowels are simply written with a double grapheme (<Aa, aa> /a:/,... etc).<br /> '''(1)''' The grapheme <Î, î> denotes /ɨ/, except in front of some consonants (<F, f>, <V, v>, <Q, q>, <Ö, ö>, <Ñ, ñ>, <X, x>, <H, h>) ; the grapheme <Ï, ï> is used instead in order to denote /ɨ/.<br /> '''(2)''' Nasal vowels can also be written with some vowels followed by a <N, n> or a <M, m> :<br /> /ɑ̃/ <An, an> ; <Am, am> ; <En, en> ; <Em, em><br /> /ɛ̃/ <In, in> , <Im, im> ; <Ein, ein> ; <Eim, eim><br /> /ɔ̃/ <On, on> ; <Om, om><br /> /œ̃/ <Un, un> ; <Um, um><br /> However, if there are two <N, n> or <M, m> following a vowel, then it is not nasalized and pronounced as V+[n or m] (<Ann, ann> [an], <Amm, amm> [am],... etc).<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> '''General notes :'''<br /> <poem><br /> The grapheme <Ħ, ħ> can also be written <Hh, hh>.<br /> There are a few more noteworthy spellings with unexpected pronunciations :<br /> <Äî, äî> [an]<br /> <Äî, àî> [on] or [ɔn]<br /> <Äî, éî> [in] or [im]<br /> <Äî, èî> [un] or [œm]<br /> <br /> <ÜÂ, üâ> [jaj]<br /> <ÜY, üy> [jɔj]<br /> <ÊÜ, êü> [jaj]<br /> <YÜ, yü> [joj] or [jɔj]<br /> <ÃÎ, ãî> [aji]<br /> <ÕÎ, õî> [oji]<br /> <br /> <br /> Word-final spellings :<br /> Besides the final <g>, <l> and <wi> that become [j], there are also final <ebm> and <ebn> that are pronounced [ɛjm] and [ɛjn], respectively.<br /> Moreover, final <e>, <ô>, <d>, <nowiki><q></nowiki>, <nowiki><s></nowiki>, <t>, <z>, <er> are not pronounced. Instead, final spellings <dde>, <qe>, <sse>, <tte>, <ze> are pronounced [d], [ʃ], [θ] (or possibly [s] ?), [t], [z], respectively.<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Prosody===<br /> ====Stress====<br /> ====Intonation====<br /> <br /> ===Phonotactics===<br /> <br /> ===Morphophonology===<br /> <br /> ==Morphology==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Syntax==<br /> ===Constituent order===<br /> ===Noun phrase===<br /> ===Verb phrase===<br /> ===Sentence phrase===<br /> ===Dependent clauses===<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Example texts==<br /> <br /> ==Other resources==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Qtolqjimctadû]]<br /> [[Category:Languages]]<br /> [[Category:Conlangs]]<br /> [[Category:Tolsian]]</div>

Uvie https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Qtolqjimctad%C3%BB&diff=526278 Qtolqjimctadû 2026-05-19T17:06:38Z

<p>Uvie: /* Table of phonemes and their corresponding graphemes */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Introduction==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ<br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p b<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ t d̚ d<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k g<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s z<br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ ʒ <br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ β<br /> |colspan="2"| f v<br /> |colspan="2"| θ ð<br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ ɧ̙ʷ̬<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <br /> |colspan="2"| χ ʁ<br /> |colspan="2"| h<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j<br /> |colspan="2"| w<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l ɫ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> Notes :<br /> <br /> In earlier documentation, proper knowledge of IPA was lacking and several of the phonemes had to be identified from either phonetically inaccurate IPA descriptions or vague, impressionistic ones. Several phonemes could not be recovered. Here is a list of deviations from the above table :<br /> <poem><br /> Identified phonemes :<br /> /ɸ/ was described as [fʷ] (written <ÎF, îf>).<br /> /β/ was described as [vʷ] (written <ÎV, îv>).<br /> /ʁ/ was described as [ʀ] (written <R, r>).<br /> /ʀ/ was described as [rˤ] (''sorte de « r » très roulé'', written <RX, rx>).<br /> /ɹ/ was described as [ʀˤ] (''sorte de « r » anglais'', written <RÛ, rû>).<br /> /ɫ/ was described as [l̪ ] (''comme à la fin du mot anglais "well"'', written <Û, û>).<br /> /χ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [x] (written <X, x>), while /x/ itself was most likely described as [xˤ] (written <ÎX, îx>).<br /> /ŋ/ was probably described as [ɲˤ] (written <ÎÑ, îñ>), while the sound described as [ŋ] (written <ÎÑg, îñg>) probably corresponded to /ᵑg/.<br /> /ɾ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [r̺] (written <ĦÛ, ħû>, as well as part of the cluster /bɾ/+V with the help of <Ë, ë> as [bɾə], described as [br̺ə]).<br /> /r/ might have been what was described as [r] (''sorte de « r » roulé à la japonaise'', written <LÛ, lû>).<br /> /ɧ̙ʷ/ and its voiced version /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ are, to this day, subject to doubt regarding their IPA descriptions. They were most likely corresponding to the sounds described as [ʃ ̪ ] (written <ÎQ, îq>) and [ʒ̺̺̺ ] (written <ÎÖ, îö> or <LÎÖ, lîö>).<br /> /t̚/ and /d̚/ are also subject to some doubt regarding their IPA descriptions still. They were described as [t̪] (written <TÛ, tû>) and [d̪] (written <DÛ, dû>).<br /> The phoneme described as [ʃʲ] probably has a realization closer to [ç] or [ɕ] (written <QÛ, qû>).<br /> <br /> Unidentified or very doubtful phonemes :<br /> Some /h/-like phoneme, described as [hˤ] (written <ÎH, îh>). It might have corresponded to /ɣ/, but it is not very likely.<br /> /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ might have been what was described as [l̤ʲ] (written <HÛ, hû>). Based on its spelling it is more likely to be devoiced.<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i y<br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ<br /> |colspan="2"|u<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e ø<br /> |colspan="2"| ə<br /> |colspan="2"|o<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ œ ɛ̃ œ̃<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ ɔ̃<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä<br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Similarly to consonants, some vowels had to be "re-identified" from previous documentation and some deviations arise :<br /> <poem><br /> /œ/ is probably what was described as [æ] (written <Ù, ù> or <E, ĕ> or <EÔ/Eô, eô>).<br /> /œ̃/ is probably what was described as [æ̃] (written <Ä, è> or <Ä, ä>).<br /> /ø/ is probably what was described as [œ] (written <EU/Eu, eu> or <OE/Oe, oe>).<br /> </poem><br /> ===Orthography===<br /> Orthography was made complicated on purpose.<br /> <br /> ====Alphabet====<br /> <br /> ====Table of phonemes and their corresponding graphemes====<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m <M, m><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n <N, n><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ <Ñ, ñ><br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ <ÎÑ, îñ><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p <P, p> ; b <B, b><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ <TÛ, tû> ; t <T, t> ; d̚ <DÛ, dû> ; d <D, d><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k <K, k> ; g <G, g><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s <C, c> alt. <TĦ/Tħ, tħ> ; z <Z, z> alt. <DĦ/Dħ, dħ> alt. <SĦ/Sħ, sħ><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ <Q, q> ; ʒ <Ö, ö> alt. <JĦ/Jħ, jħ> alt. <QJ/Qj, qj><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ <QÛ, qû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ <ÎF, îf> ; β <ÎV, îv><br /> |colspan="2"| f <F, f> alt. <PĦ/Pħ, pħ> ; v <V, v> alt. <BĦ/Bħ, bħ><br /> |colspan="2"| θ <S, s> alt. <Tûhh, s> ; ð <J, j> <br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ <HÛ, hû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ <ÎQ, îq> ; ɧ̙ʷ̬ <ÎÖ, îö> alt. <LÎÖ, lîö><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <ÎX, îx><br /> |colspan="2"| χ <X, x> ; ʁ <R, r><br /> |colspan="2"| h <H, h><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ <RÛ, rû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j <I, i> (before a vowel), <Ü, ü> (after a vowel)<sup>(1)</sup> ; ɥ <U, u> (before some vowels)<sup>(2)</sup><br /> |colspan="2"| w <O, o> (before or after a vowel)<sup>(3)</sup><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r <LÛ, lû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ <RX, rx><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ <ĦÛ, ħû><sup>(4)</sup><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l <L, l> ɫ <Û, û><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg <ÎÑg, îñg><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> '''Notes on consonants :'''<br /> <br /> <poem><br /> '''(1)''' There are a few exceptions, where <ü> appears in front of a vowel, or <î> is used after a vowel :<br /> ÜÃ, üã [ja]<br /> ÜÕ, üõ [jo]<br /> EÎ, eî [əj]<br /> EÎ, çî [ej]<br /> EÎ, ùî [œj]<br /> EÎ, ÿî [ɛj]<br /> IÎ, iî [ij]<br /> There is a list of accepted spelling where <I, i> stands for /j/ :<br /> <Ia, ia> [ja]<br /> <Ie, ie> [jə]<br /> <Iç, iç> [je]<br /> <Iù, iù> [jœ]<br /> <Iÿ, iÿ> [jɛ]<br /> <Io, io> [jo] or [jɔ]<br /> <Iu, iu> [jy]<br /> <Iô, iô> [jo]<br /> <Iä, iä> [jɑ̃]<br /> <Ià, ià> [jɔ̃]<br /> <Ié, ié> [jɛ̃]<br /> <Iè, iè> [jœ̃]<br /> <Ii, ii> [ji]<br /> <Iou, iou> [ju]<br /> <Ieu, ieu> [jø]<br /> And a list of accepted spellings where <Ü, ü> stands for /j/ (minus the exceptions above) :<br /> <AÜ, aü> [aj]<br /> <EÜ, eü> [əj]<br /> <EÜ, çü> [ej]<br /> <EÜ, ùü> [œj]<br /> <EÜ, ÿü> [ɛj]<br /> <OÜ, oü> [oj] or [ɔj]<br /> <UÜ, uü> [yj]<br /> <ÔÜ, ôü> [oj]<br /> <ÄÜ, äü> [aɑ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, àü> [ɔ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, éü> [ɛ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, èü> [œ̃j]<br /> <ÃÜ, ãü> [aj]<br /> <ÕÜ, õü> [oj]<br /> <EUÜ, euü> [øj]<br /> Some other exceptions are due to original consonants /g/ <G, g>, /l/ <L, l> and syllable /wi/ <W, w> turning into [j] when in a word-final position. Instead, the spellings <gue>, <lle> and <wi> are used to denote the sounds [g], [l] and [wi] at the end of a word.<br /> '''(2)''' The phoneme /ɥ/ only appears in a handful of diphtongues :<br /> UÎ, uî [ɥi]<br /> Ui, ui [ɥi]<br /> Ua, ua [ɥa]<br /> Uç, uç [ɥe]<br /> Uÿ, uÿ [ɥɛ]<br /> '''(3)''' The grapheme <io> is thus ambiguous and can denote either /iw/ or /jo/. Similarly, <Oi, oi> denotes either /i/ or /wi/, and <Oe, oe>, which denotes either /wə/ or /ø/. Another exception is <OU/Ou, ou> which denotes /u/.<br /> There is a list of accepted spellings where <O, o> stands for /w/ :<br /> <Oa, oa> [wa]<br /> <Oe, oe> [wə]<br /> <Oç, oç> [we]<br /> <Où, où> [wœ]<br /> <Oÿ, oÿ> [wɛ]<br /> <Oo, oo> [wo] or [wɔ]<br /> <Oy, oy> [wy]<br /> <Oô, oô> [wo]<br /> <Oä, oä> [wɑ̃]<br /> <Oà, oà> [wɔ̃]<br /> <Oé, oé> [wɛ̃]<br /> <Oè, oè> [wœ̃] (This one was described as [wœ̃] already in the original documentation (instead of expected [wæ̃] and has therefore cast some doubt on the identification of vowels /ø/, /œ/ and /œ̃/.)<br /> <Oi, oi> [wi]<br /> <Oeu, oeu> [wø]<br /> And reciprocally (<Ao, ao> [aw]... etc).<br /> '''(4)''' The phoneme /ɾ/ also appears as part of a syllable /bɾə/, written <Ë, ë>. When <Ë, ë> is followed by a vowel, the /ə/ is replaced by that vowel :<br /> Ëa, ëa [bɾa]<br /> Ëç, ëç [bɾe]<br /> Ëÿ, ëÿ [bɾɛ]<br /> Ëu, ëu [bɾy]<br /> Ëo, ëo [bɾo] or [bɾɔ]<br /> Ëï, ëï [bɾi]<br /> Ëä, ëä [bɾɑ̃]<br /> Ëà, ëà [bɾɔ̃]<br /> Ëé, ëé [bɾɛ̃]<br /> Ëè, ëè [bɾœ̃]<br /> Ëou, ëou [bɾu]<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i <I, i> alt. <Oi, oi> ; y <U, u><br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ <Î, î> alt. <Ï, ï><sup>(1)</sup><br /> |colspan="2"|u <OU/Ou, ou><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e <E, ç/ë> ; ø <EU/Eu, eu> alt. <OE/Oe, oe><br /> |colspan="2"| ə <E, e><br /> |colspan="2"|o <O, o> alt. <Ô, ô> alt. <Õ, õ><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ <E, ÿ/ê> alt. <EA, ea> ; œ <E, ù/ĕ> alt. <EÔ/Eô, eô> ; ɛ̃ <Ä, é/â><sup>(2)</sup> ; œ̃ <Ä, è/ä><sup>(2)</sup><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ <O, o> ; ɔ̃ <Ä, à/ă><sup>(2)</sup><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä <A, a> alt. <Ã, ã><br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃ <Ä, ä><sup>(2)</sup><br /> |}<br /> <br /> '''Notes on vowels :'''<br /> <poem><br /> Long vowels are simply written with a double grapheme (<Aa, aa> /a:/,... etc).<br /> '''(1)''' The grapheme <Î, î> denotes /ɨ/, except in front of some consonants (<F, f>, <V, v>, <Q, q>, <Ö, ö>, <Ñ, ñ>, <X, x>, <H, h>) ; the grapheme <Ï, ï> is used instead in order to denote /ɨ/.<br /> '''(2)''' Nasal vowels can also be written with some vowels followed by a <N, n> or a <M, m> :<br /> /ɑ̃/ <An, an> ; <Am, am> ; <En, en> ; <Em, em><br /> /ɛ̃/ <In, in> , <Im, im> ; <Ein, ein> ; <Eim, eim><br /> /ɔ̃/ <On, on> ; <Om, om><br /> /œ̃/ <Un, un> ; <Um, um><br /> However, if there are two <N, n> or <M, m> following a vowel, then it is not nasalized and pronounced as V+[n or m] (<Ann, ann> [an], <Amm, amm> [am],... etc).<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> '''General notes :'''<br /> <poem><br /> The grapheme <Ħ, ħ> can also be written <Hh, hh>.<br /> There are a few more noteworthy spellings with unexpected pronunciations :<br /> <Äî, äî> [an]<br /> <Äî, àî> [on] or [ɔn]<br /> <Äî, éî> [in] or [im]<br /> <Äî, èî> [un] or [œm]<br /> <br /> <ÜÂ, üâ> [jaj]<br /> <ÜY, üy> [jɔj]<br /> <ÊÜ, êü> [jaj]<br /> <YÜ, yü> [joj] or [jɔj]<br /> <ÃÎ, ãî> [aji]<br /> <ÕÎ, õî> [oji]<br /> <br /> <br /> Word-final spellings :<br /> Besides the final <g>, <l> and <wi> that become [j], there are also final <ebm> and <ebn> that are pronounced [ɛjm] and [ɛjn], respectively.<br /> Moreover, final <e>, <ô>, <d>, <nowiki><q></nowiki>, <nowiki><s></nowiki>, <t>, <z>, <er> are not pronounced. Instead, final spellings <dde>, <qe>, <sse>, <tte>, <ze> are pronounced [d], [ʃ], [θ] (or possibly [s) ?), [t], [z], respectively.<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Prosody===<br /> ====Stress====<br /> ====Intonation====<br /> <br /> ===Phonotactics===<br /> <br /> ===Morphophonology===<br /> <br /> ==Morphology==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Syntax==<br /> ===Constituent order===<br /> ===Noun phrase===<br /> ===Verb phrase===<br /> ===Sentence phrase===<br /> ===Dependent clauses===<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Example texts==<br /> <br /> ==Other resources==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Qtolqjimctadû]]<br /> [[Category:Languages]]<br /> [[Category:Conlangs]]<br /> [[Category:Tolsian]]</div>

Uvie https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Qtolqjimctad%C3%BB&diff=526277 Qtolqjimctadû 2026-05-19T17:03:54Z

<p>Uvie: /* Table of phonemes and their corresponding graphemes */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Introduction==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ<br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p b<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ t d̚ d<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k g<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s z<br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ ʒ <br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ β<br /> |colspan="2"| f v<br /> |colspan="2"| θ ð<br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ ɧ̙ʷ̬<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <br /> |colspan="2"| χ ʁ<br /> |colspan="2"| h<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j<br /> |colspan="2"| w<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l ɫ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> Notes :<br /> <br /> In earlier documentation, proper knowledge of IPA was lacking and several of the phonemes had to be identified from either phonetically inaccurate IPA descriptions or vague, impressionistic ones. Several phonemes could not be recovered. Here is a list of deviations from the above table :<br /> <poem><br /> Identified phonemes :<br /> /ɸ/ was described as [fʷ] (written <ÎF, îf>).<br /> /β/ was described as [vʷ] (written <ÎV, îv>).<br /> /ʁ/ was described as [ʀ] (written <R, r>).<br /> /ʀ/ was described as [rˤ] (''sorte de « r » très roulé'', written <RX, rx>).<br /> /ɹ/ was described as [ʀˤ] (''sorte de « r » anglais'', written <RÛ, rû>).<br /> /ɫ/ was described as [l̪ ] (''comme à la fin du mot anglais "well"'', written <Û, û>).<br /> /χ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [x] (written <X, x>), while /x/ itself was most likely described as [xˤ] (written <ÎX, îx>).<br /> /ŋ/ was probably described as [ɲˤ] (written <ÎÑ, îñ>), while the sound described as [ŋ] (written <ÎÑg, îñg>) probably corresponded to /ᵑg/.<br /> /ɾ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [r̺] (written <ĦÛ, ħû>, as well as part of the cluster /bɾ/+V with the help of <Ë, ë> as [bɾə], described as [br̺ə]).<br /> /r/ might have been what was described as [r] (''sorte de « r » roulé à la japonaise'', written <LÛ, lû>).<br /> /ɧ̙ʷ/ and its voiced version /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ are, to this day, subject to doubt regarding their IPA descriptions. They were most likely corresponding to the sounds described as [ʃ ̪ ] (written <ÎQ, îq>) and [ʒ̺̺̺ ] (written <ÎÖ, îö> or <LÎÖ, lîö>).<br /> /t̚/ and /d̚/ are also subject to some doubt regarding their IPA descriptions still. They were described as [t̪] (written <TÛ, tû>) and [d̪] (written <DÛ, dû>).<br /> The phoneme described as [ʃʲ] probably has a realization closer to [ç] or [ɕ] (written <QÛ, qû>).<br /> <br /> Unidentified or very doubtful phonemes :<br /> Some /h/-like phoneme, described as [hˤ] (written <ÎH, îh>). It might have corresponded to /ɣ/, but it is not very likely.<br /> /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ might have been what was described as [l̤ʲ] (written <HÛ, hû>). Based on its spelling it is more likely to be devoiced.<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i y<br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ<br /> |colspan="2"|u<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e ø<br /> |colspan="2"| ə<br /> |colspan="2"|o<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ œ ɛ̃ œ̃<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ ɔ̃<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä<br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Similarly to consonants, some vowels had to be "re-identified" from previous documentation and some deviations arise :<br /> <poem><br /> /œ/ is probably what was described as [æ] (written <Ù, ù> or <E, ĕ> or <EÔ/Eô, eô>).<br /> /œ̃/ is probably what was described as [æ̃] (written <Ä, è> or <Ä, ä>).<br /> /ø/ is probably what was described as [œ] (written <EU/Eu, eu> or <OE/Oe, oe>).<br /> </poem><br /> ===Orthography===<br /> Orthography was made complicated on purpose.<br /> <br /> ====Alphabet====<br /> <br /> ====Table of phonemes and their corresponding graphemes====<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m <M, m><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n <N, n><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ <Ñ, ñ><br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ <ÎÑ, îñ><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p <P, p> ; b <B, b><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ <TÛ, tû> ; t <T, t> ; d̚ <DÛ, dû> ; d <D, d><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k <K, k> ; g <G, g><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s <C, c> alt. <TĦ/Tħ, tħ> ; z <Z, z> alt. <DĦ/Dħ, dħ> alt. <SĦ/Sħ, sħ><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ <Q, q> ; ʒ <Ö, ö> alt. <JĦ/Jħ, jħ> alt. <QJ/Qj, qj><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ <QÛ, qû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ <ÎF, îf> ; β <ÎV, îv><br /> |colspan="2"| f <F, f> alt. <PĦ/Pħ, pħ> ; v <V, v> alt. <BĦ/Bħ, bħ><br /> |colspan="2"| θ <S, s> alt. <Tûhh, s> ; ð <J, j> <br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ <HÛ, hû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ <ÎQ, îq> ; ɧ̙ʷ̬ <ÎÖ, îö> alt. <LÎÖ, lîö><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <ÎX, îx><br /> |colspan="2"| χ <X, x> ; ʁ <R, r><br /> |colspan="2"| h <H, h><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ <RÛ, rû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j <I, i> (before a vowel), <Ü, ü> (after a vowel)<sup>(1)</sup> ; ɥ <U, u> (before some vowels)<sup>(2)</sup><br /> |colspan="2"| w <O, o> (before or after a vowel)<sup>(3)</sup><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r <LÛ, lû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ <RX, rx><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ <ĦÛ, ħû><sup>(4)</sup><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l <L, l> ɫ <Û, û><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg <ÎÑg, îñg><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> '''Notes on consonants :'''<br /> <br /> <poem><br /> '''(1)''' There are a few exceptions, where <ü> appears in front of a vowel, or <î> is used after a vowel :<br /> ÜÃ, üã [ja]<br /> ÜÕ, üõ [jo]<br /> EÎ, eî [əj]<br /> EÎ, çî [ej]<br /> EÎ, ùî [œj]<br /> EÎ, ÿî [ɛj]<br /> IÎ, iî [ij]<br /> There is a list of accepted spelling where <I, i> stands for /j/ :<br /> <Ia, ia> [ja]<br /> <Ie, ie> [jə]<br /> <Iç, iç> [je]<br /> <Iù, iù> [jœ]<br /> <Iÿ, iÿ> [jɛ]<br /> <Io, io> [jo] or [jɔ]<br /> <Iu, iu> [jy]<br /> <Iô, iô> [jo]<br /> <Iä, iä> [jɑ̃]<br /> <Ià, ià> [jɔ̃]<br /> <Ié, ié> [jɛ̃]<br /> <Iè, iè> [jœ̃]<br /> <Ii, ii> [ji]<br /> <Iou, iou> [ju]<br /> <Ieu, ieu> [jø]<br /> And a list of accepted spellings where <Ü, ü> stands for /j/ (minus the exceptions above) :<br /> <AÜ, aü> [aj]<br /> <EÜ, eü> [əj]<br /> <EÜ, çü> [ej]<br /> <EÜ, ùü> [œj]<br /> <EÜ, ÿü> [ɛj]<br /> <OÜ, oü> [oj] or [ɔj]<br /> <UÜ, uü> [yj]<br /> <ÔÜ, ôü> [oj]<br /> <ÄÜ, äü> [aɑ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, àü> [ɔ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, éü> [ɛ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, èü> [œ̃j]<br /> <ÃÜ, ãü> [aj]<br /> <ÕÜ, õü> [oj]<br /> <EUÜ, euü> [øj]<br /> Some other exceptions are due to original consonants /g/ <G, g>, /l/ <L, l> and syllable /wi/ <W, w> turning into [j] when in a word-final position. Instead, the spellings <gue>, <lle> and <wi> are used to denote the sounds [g], [l] and [wi] at the end of a word.<br /> '''(2)''' The phoneme /ɥ/ only appears in a handful of diphtongues :<br /> UÎ, uî [ɥi]<br /> Ui, ui [ɥi]<br /> Ua, ua [ɥa]<br /> Uç, uç [ɥe]<br /> Uÿ, uÿ [ɥɛ]<br /> '''(3)''' The grapheme <io> is thus ambiguous and can denote either /iw/ or /jo/. Similarly, <Oi, oi> denotes either /i/ or /wi/, and <Oe, oe>, which denotes either /wə/ or /ø/. Another exception is <OU/Ou, ou> which denotes /u/.<br /> There is a list of accepted spellings where <O, o> stands for /w/ :<br /> <Oa, oa> [wa]<br /> <Oe, oe> [wə]<br /> <Oç, oç> [we]<br /> <Où, où> [wœ]<br /> <Oÿ, oÿ> [wɛ]<br /> <Oo, oo> [wo] or [wɔ]<br /> <Oy, oy> [wy]<br /> <Oô, oô> [wo]<br /> <Oä, oä> [wɑ̃]<br /> <Oà, oà> [wɔ̃]<br /> <Oé, oé> [wɛ̃]<br /> <Oè, oè> [wœ̃] (This one was described as [wœ̃] already in the original documentation (instead of expected [wæ̃] and has therefore cast some doubt on the identification of vowels /ø/, /œ/ and /œ̃/.)<br /> <Oi, oi> [wi]<br /> <Oeu, oeu> [wø]<br /> And reciprocally (<Ao, ao> [aw]... etc).<br /> '''(4)''' The phoneme /ɾ/ also appears as part of a syllable /bɾə/, written <Ë, ë>. When <Ë, ë> is followed by a vowel, the /ə/ is replaced by that vowel :<br /> Ëa, ëa [bɾa]<br /> Ëç, ëç [bɾe]<br /> Ëÿ, ëÿ [bɾɛ]<br /> Ëu, ëu [bɾy]<br /> Ëo, ëo [bɾo] or [bɾɔ]<br /> Ëï, ëï [bɾi]<br /> Ëä, ëä [bɾɑ̃]<br /> Ëà, ëà [bɾɔ̃]<br /> Ëé, ëé [bɾɛ̃]<br /> Ëè, ëè [bɾœ̃]<br /> Ëou, ëou [bɾu]<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i <I, i> alt. <Oi, oi> ; y <U, u><br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ <Î, î> alt. <Ï, ï><sup>(1)</sup><br /> |colspan="2"|u <OU/Ou, ou><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e <E, ç/ë> ; ø <EU/Eu, eu> alt. <OE/Oe, oe><br /> |colspan="2"| ə <E, e><br /> |colspan="2"|o <O, o> alt. <Ô, ô> alt. <Õ, õ><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ <E, ÿ/ê> alt. <EA, ea> ; œ <E, ù/ĕ> alt. <EÔ/Eô, eô> ; ɛ̃ <Ä, é/â><sup>(2)</sup> ; œ̃ <Ä, è/ä><sup>(2)</sup><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ <O, o> ; ɔ̃ <Ä, à/ă><sup>(2)</sup><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä <A, a> alt. <Ã, ã><br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃ <Ä, ä><sup>(2)</sup><br /> |}<br /> <br /> '''Notes on vowels :'''<br /> <poem><br /> Long vowels are simply written with a double grapheme (<Aa, aa> /a:/,... etc).<br /> '''(1)''' The grapheme <Î, î> denotes /ɨ/, except in front of some consonants (<F, f>, <V, v>, <Q, q>, <Ö, ö>, <Ñ, ñ>, <X, x>, <H, h>) ; the grapheme <Ï, ï> is used instead in order to denote /ɨ/.<br /> '''(2)''' Nasal vowels can also be written with some vowels followed by a <N, n> or a <M, m> :<br /> /ɑ̃/ <An, an> ; <Am, am> ; <En, en> ; <Em, em><br /> /ɛ̃/ <In, in> , <Im, im> ; <Ein, ein> ; <Eim, eim><br /> /ɔ̃/ <On, on> ; <Om, om><br /> /œ̃/ <Un, un> ; <Um, um><br /> However, if there are two <N, n> or <M, m> following a vowel, then it is not nasalized and pronounced as V+[n or m] (<Ann, ann> [an], <Amm, amm> [am],... etc).<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> '''General notes :'''<br /> <poem><br /> The grapheme <Ħ, ħ> can also be written <Hh, hh>.<br /> There are a few more noteworthy spellings with unexpected pronunciations :<br /> <Äî, äî> [an]<br /> <Äî, àî> [on] or [ɔn]<br /> <Äî, éî> [in] or [im]<br /> <Äî, èî> [un] or [œm]<br /> <br /> <ÜÂ, üâ> [jaj]<br /> <ÜY, üy> [jɔj]<br /> <ÊÜ, êü> [jaj]<br /> <YÜ, yü> [joj] or [jɔj]<br /> <ÃÎ, ãî> [aji]<br /> <ÕÎ, õî> [oji]<br /> <br /> <br /> Word-final spellings :<br /> Besides the final <g>, <l> and <wi> that become [j], there are also final <ebm> and <ebn> that are pronounced [ɛjm] and [ɛjn], respectively.<br /> Moreover, final <e>, <ô>, <d>, <nowiki><q><nowiki>, <nowiki><s><nowiki>, <t>, <z>, <er> are not pronounced. Instead, final spellings <dde>, <qe>, <sse>, <tte>, <ze> are pronounced [d], [ʃ], [θ] (or possibly [s) ?), [t], [z], respectively.<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Prosody===<br /> ====Stress====<br /> ====Intonation====<br /> <br /> ===Phonotactics===<br /> <br /> ===Morphophonology===<br /> <br /> ==Morphology==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Syntax==<br /> ===Constituent order===<br /> ===Noun phrase===<br /> ===Verb phrase===<br /> ===Sentence phrase===<br /> ===Dependent clauses===<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Example texts==<br /> <br /> ==Other resources==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Qtolqjimctadû]]<br /> [[Category:Languages]]<br /> [[Category:Conlangs]]<br /> [[Category:Tolsian]]</div>

Uvie https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Qtolqjimctad%C3%BB&diff=526276 Qtolqjimctadû 2026-05-19T17:02:06Z

<p>Uvie: /* Table of phonemes and their corresponding graphemes */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Introduction==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ<br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p b<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ t d̚ d<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k g<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s z<br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ ʒ <br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ β<br /> |colspan="2"| f v<br /> |colspan="2"| θ ð<br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ ɧ̙ʷ̬<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <br /> |colspan="2"| χ ʁ<br /> |colspan="2"| h<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j<br /> |colspan="2"| w<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l ɫ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> Notes :<br /> <br /> In earlier documentation, proper knowledge of IPA was lacking and several of the phonemes had to be identified from either phonetically inaccurate IPA descriptions or vague, impressionistic ones. Several phonemes could not be recovered. Here is a list of deviations from the above table :<br /> <poem><br /> Identified phonemes :<br /> /ɸ/ was described as [fʷ] (written <ÎF, îf>).<br /> /β/ was described as [vʷ] (written <ÎV, îv>).<br /> /ʁ/ was described as [ʀ] (written <R, r>).<br /> /ʀ/ was described as [rˤ] (''sorte de « r » très roulé'', written <RX, rx>).<br /> /ɹ/ was described as [ʀˤ] (''sorte de « r » anglais'', written <RÛ, rû>).<br /> /ɫ/ was described as [l̪ ] (''comme à la fin du mot anglais "well"'', written <Û, û>).<br /> /χ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [x] (written <X, x>), while /x/ itself was most likely described as [xˤ] (written <ÎX, îx>).<br /> /ŋ/ was probably described as [ɲˤ] (written <ÎÑ, îñ>), while the sound described as [ŋ] (written <ÎÑg, îñg>) probably corresponded to /ᵑg/.<br /> /ɾ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [r̺] (written <ĦÛ, ħû>, as well as part of the cluster /bɾ/+V with the help of <Ë, ë> as [bɾə], described as [br̺ə]).<br /> /r/ might have been what was described as [r] (''sorte de « r » roulé à la japonaise'', written <LÛ, lû>).<br /> /ɧ̙ʷ/ and its voiced version /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ are, to this day, subject to doubt regarding their IPA descriptions. They were most likely corresponding to the sounds described as [ʃ ̪ ] (written <ÎQ, îq>) and [ʒ̺̺̺ ] (written <ÎÖ, îö> or <LÎÖ, lîö>).<br /> /t̚/ and /d̚/ are also subject to some doubt regarding their IPA descriptions still. They were described as [t̪] (written <TÛ, tû>) and [d̪] (written <DÛ, dû>).<br /> The phoneme described as [ʃʲ] probably has a realization closer to [ç] or [ɕ] (written <QÛ, qû>).<br /> <br /> Unidentified or very doubtful phonemes :<br /> Some /h/-like phoneme, described as [hˤ] (written <ÎH, îh>). It might have corresponded to /ɣ/, but it is not very likely.<br /> /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ might have been what was described as [l̤ʲ] (written <HÛ, hû>). Based on its spelling it is more likely to be devoiced.<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i y<br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ<br /> |colspan="2"|u<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e ø<br /> |colspan="2"| ə<br /> |colspan="2"|o<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ œ ɛ̃ œ̃<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ ɔ̃<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä<br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Similarly to consonants, some vowels had to be "re-identified" from previous documentation and some deviations arise :<br /> <poem><br /> /œ/ is probably what was described as [æ] (written <Ù, ù> or <E, ĕ> or <EÔ/Eô, eô>).<br /> /œ̃/ is probably what was described as [æ̃] (written <Ä, è> or <Ä, ä>).<br /> /ø/ is probably what was described as [œ] (written <EU/Eu, eu> or <OE/Oe, oe>).<br /> </poem><br /> ===Orthography===<br /> Orthography was made complicated on purpose.<br /> <br /> ====Alphabet====<br /> <br /> ====Table of phonemes and their corresponding graphemes====<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m <M, m><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n <N, n><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ <Ñ, ñ><br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ <ÎÑ, îñ><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p <P, p> ; b <B, b><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ <TÛ, tû> ; t <T, t> ; d̚ <DÛ, dû> ; d <D, d><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k <K, k> ; g <G, g><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s <C, c> alt. <TĦ/Tħ, tħ> ; z <Z, z> alt. <DĦ/Dħ, dħ> alt. <SĦ/Sħ, sħ><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ <Q, q> ; ʒ <Ö, ö> alt. <JĦ/Jħ, jħ> alt. <QJ/Qj, qj><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ <QÛ, qû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ <ÎF, îf> ; β <ÎV, îv><br /> |colspan="2"| f <F, f> alt. <PĦ/Pħ, pħ> ; v <V, v> alt. <BĦ/Bħ, bħ><br /> |colspan="2"| θ <S, s> alt. <Tûhh, s> ; ð <J, j> <br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ <HÛ, hû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ <ÎQ, îq> ; ɧ̙ʷ̬ <ÎÖ, îö> alt. <LÎÖ, lîö><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <ÎX, îx><br /> |colspan="2"| χ <X, x> ; ʁ <R, r><br /> |colspan="2"| h <H, h><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ <RÛ, rû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j <I, i> (before a vowel), <Ü, ü> (after a vowel)<sup>(1)</sup> ; ɥ <U, u> (before some vowels)<sup>(2)</sup><br /> |colspan="2"| w <O, o> (before or after a vowel)<sup>(3)</sup><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r <LÛ, lû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ <RX, rx><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ <ĦÛ, ħû><sup>(4)</sup><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l <L, l> ɫ <Û, û><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg <ÎÑg, îñg><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> '''Notes on consonants :'''<br /> <br /> <poem><br /> '''(1)''' There are a few exceptions, where <ü> appears in front of a vowel, or <î> is used after a vowel :<br /> ÜÃ, üã [ja]<br /> ÜÕ, üõ [jo]<br /> EÎ, eî [əj]<br /> EÎ, çî [ej]<br /> EÎ, ùî [œj]<br /> EÎ, ÿî [ɛj]<br /> IÎ, iî [ij]<br /> There is a list of accepted spelling where <I, i> stands for /j/ :<br /> <Ia, ia> [ja]<br /> <Ie, ie> [jə]<br /> <Iç, iç> [je]<br /> <Iù, iù> [jœ]<br /> <Iÿ, iÿ> [jɛ]<br /> <Io, io> [jo] or [jɔ]<br /> <Iu, iu> [jy]<br /> <Iô, iô> [jo]<br /> <Iä, iä> [jɑ̃]<br /> <Ià, ià> [jɔ̃]<br /> <Ié, ié> [jɛ̃]<br /> <Iè, iè> [jœ̃]<br /> <Ii, ii> [ji]<br /> <Iou, iou> [ju]<br /> <Ieu, ieu> [jø]<br /> And a list of accepted spellings where <Ü, ü> stands for /j/ (minus the exceptions above) :<br /> <AÜ, aü> [aj]<br /> <EÜ, eü> [əj]<br /> <EÜ, çü> [ej]<br /> <EÜ, ùü> [œj]<br /> <EÜ, ÿü> [ɛj]<br /> <OÜ, oü> [oj] or [ɔj]<br /> <UÜ, uü> [yj]<br /> <ÔÜ, ôü> [oj]<br /> <ÄÜ, äü> [aɑ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, àü> [ɔ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, éü> [ɛ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, èü> [œ̃j]<br /> <ÃÜ, ãü> [aj]<br /> <ÕÜ, õü> [oj]<br /> <EUÜ, euü> [øj]<br /> Some other exceptions are due to original consonants /g/ <G, g>, /l/ <L, l> and syllable /wi/ <W, w> turning into [j] when in a word-final position. Instead, the spellings <gue>, <lle> and <wi> are used to denote the sounds [g], [l] and [wi] at the end of a word.<br /> '''(2)''' The phoneme /ɥ/ only appears in a handful of diphtongues :<br /> UÎ, uî [ɥi]<br /> Ui, ui [ɥi]<br /> Ua, ua [ɥa]<br /> Uç, uç [ɥe]<br /> Uÿ, uÿ [ɥɛ]<br /> '''(3)''' The grapheme <io> is thus ambiguous and can denote either /iw/ or /jo/. Similarly, <Oi, oi> denotes either /i/ or /wi/, and <Oe, oe>, which denotes either /wə/ or /ø/. Another exception is <OU/Ou, ou> which denotes /u/.<br /> There is a list of accepted spellings where <O, o> stands for /w/ :<br /> <Oa, oa> [wa]<br /> <Oe, oe> [wə]<br /> <Oç, oç> [we]<br /> <Où, où> [wœ]<br /> <Oÿ, oÿ> [wɛ]<br /> <Oo, oo> [wo] or [wɔ]<br /> <Oy, oy> [wy]<br /> <Oô, oô> [wo]<br /> <Oä, oä> [wɑ̃]<br /> <Oà, oà> [wɔ̃]<br /> <Oé, oé> [wɛ̃]<br /> <Oè, oè> [wœ̃] (This one was described as [wœ̃] already in the original documentation (instead of expected [wæ̃] and has therefore cast some doubt on the identification of vowels /ø/, /œ/ and /œ̃/.)<br /> <Oi, oi> [wi]<br /> <Oeu, oeu> [wø]<br /> And reciprocally (<Ao, ao> [aw]... etc).<br /> '''(4)''' The phoneme /ɾ/ also appears as part of a syllable /bɾə/, written <Ë, ë>. When <Ë, ë> is followed by a vowel, the /ə/ is replaced by that vowel :<br /> Ëa, ëa [bɾa]<br /> Ëç, ëç [bɾe]<br /> Ëÿ, ëÿ [bɾɛ]<br /> Ëu, ëu [bɾy]<br /> Ëo, ëo [bɾo] or [bɾɔ]<br /> Ëï, ëï [bɾi]<br /> Ëä, ëä [bɾɑ̃]<br /> Ëà, ëà [bɾɔ̃]<br /> Ëé, ëé [bɾɛ̃]<br /> Ëè, ëè [bɾœ̃]<br /> Ëou, ëou [bɾu]<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i <I, i> alt. <Oi, oi> ; y <U, u><br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ <Î, î> alt. <Ï, ï><sup>(1)</sup><br /> |colspan="2"|u <OU/Ou, ou><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e <E, ç/ë> ; ø <EU/Eu, eu> alt. <OE/Oe, oe><br /> |colspan="2"| ə <E, e><br /> |colspan="2"|o <O, o> alt. <Ô, ô> alt. <Õ, õ><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ <E, ÿ/ê> alt. <EA, ea> ; œ <E, ù/ĕ> alt. <EÔ/Eô, eô> ; ɛ̃ <Ä, é/â><sup>(2)</sup> ; œ̃ <Ä, è/ä><sup>(2)</sup><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ <O, o> ; ɔ̃ <Ä, à/ă><sup>(2)</sup><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä <A, a> alt. <Ã, ã><br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃ <Ä, ä><sup>(2)</sup><br /> |}<br /> <br /> '''Notes on vowels :'''<br /> <poem><br /> Long vowels are simply written with a double grapheme (<Aa, aa> /a:/,... etc).<br /> '''(1)''' The grapheme <Î, î> denotes /ɨ/, except in front of some consonants (<F, f>, <V, v>, <Q, q>, <Ö, ö>, <Ñ, ñ>, <X, x>, <H, h>) ; the grapheme <Ï, ï> is used instead in order to denote /ɨ/.<br /> '''(2)''' Nasal vowels can also be written with some vowels followed by a <N, n> or a <M, m> :<br /> /ɑ̃/ <An, an> ; <Am, am> ; <En, en> ; <Em, em><br /> /ɛ̃/ <In, in> , <Im, im> ; <Ein, ein> ; <Eim, eim><br /> /ɔ̃/ <On, on> ; <Om, om><br /> /œ̃/ <Un, un> ; <Um, um><br /> However, if there are two <N, n> or <M, m> following a vowel, then it is not nasalized and pronounced as V+[n or m] (<Ann, ann> [an], <Amm, amm> [am],... etc).<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> '''General notes :'''<br /> <poem><br /> The grapheme <Ħ, ħ> can also be written <Hh, hh>.<br /> There are a few more noteworthy spellings with unexpected pronunciations :<br /> <Äî, äî> [an]<br /> <Äî, àî> [on] or [ɔn]<br /> <Äî, éî> [in] or [im]<br /> <Äî, èî> [un] or [œm]<br /> <br /> <ÜÂ, üâ> [jaj]<br /> <ÜY, üy> [jɔj]<br /> <ÊÜ, êü> [jaj]<br /> <YÜ, yü> [joj] or [jɔj]<br /> <ÃÎ, ãî> [aji]<br /> <ÕÎ, õî> [oji]<br /> <br /> <br /> Word-final spellings :<br /> Besides the final <g>, <l> and <wi> that become [j], there are also final <ebm> and <ebn> that are pronounced [ɛjm] and [ɛjn], respectively.<br /> Moreover, final <e>, <ô>, <d>, <q>, <nowiki><s>, <t>, <z>, <er> are not pronounced. Instead, final spellings <dde>, <qe>, <sse>, <tte>, <ze> are pronounced [d], [ʃ], [θ] (or possibly [s) ?), [t], [z], respectively.<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Prosody===<br /> ====Stress====<br /> ====Intonation====<br /> <br /> ===Phonotactics===<br /> <br /> ===Morphophonology===<br /> <br /> ==Morphology==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Syntax==<br /> ===Constituent order===<br /> ===Noun phrase===<br /> ===Verb phrase===<br /> ===Sentence phrase===<br /> ===Dependent clauses===<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Example texts==<br /> <br /> ==Other resources==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Qtolqjimctadû]]<br /> [[Category:Languages]]<br /> [[Category:Conlangs]]<br /> [[Category:Tolsian]]</div>

Uvie https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Qtolqjimctad%C3%BB&diff=526275 Qtolqjimctadû 2026-05-19T16:58:02Z

<p>Uvie: /* Table of phonemes and their corresponding graphemes */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Introduction==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ<br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p b<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ t d̚ d<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k g<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s z<br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ ʒ <br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ β<br /> |colspan="2"| f v<br /> |colspan="2"| θ ð<br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ ɧ̙ʷ̬<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <br /> |colspan="2"| χ ʁ<br /> |colspan="2"| h<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j<br /> |colspan="2"| w<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l ɫ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> Notes :<br /> <br /> In earlier documentation, proper knowledge of IPA was lacking and several of the phonemes had to be identified from either phonetically inaccurate IPA descriptions or vague, impressionistic ones. Several phonemes could not be recovered. Here is a list of deviations from the above table :<br /> <poem><br /> Identified phonemes :<br /> /ɸ/ was described as [fʷ] (written <ÎF, îf>).<br /> /β/ was described as [vʷ] (written <ÎV, îv>).<br /> /ʁ/ was described as [ʀ] (written <R, r>).<br /> /ʀ/ was described as [rˤ] (''sorte de « r » très roulé'', written <RX, rx>).<br /> /ɹ/ was described as [ʀˤ] (''sorte de « r » anglais'', written <RÛ, rû>).<br /> /ɫ/ was described as [l̪ ] (''comme à la fin du mot anglais "well"'', written <Û, û>).<br /> /χ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [x] (written <X, x>), while /x/ itself was most likely described as [xˤ] (written <ÎX, îx>).<br /> /ŋ/ was probably described as [ɲˤ] (written <ÎÑ, îñ>), while the sound described as [ŋ] (written <ÎÑg, îñg>) probably corresponded to /ᵑg/.<br /> /ɾ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [r̺] (written <ĦÛ, ħû>, as well as part of the cluster /bɾ/+V with the help of <Ë, ë> as [bɾə], described as [br̺ə]).<br /> /r/ might have been what was described as [r] (''sorte de « r » roulé à la japonaise'', written <LÛ, lû>).<br /> /ɧ̙ʷ/ and its voiced version /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ are, to this day, subject to doubt regarding their IPA descriptions. They were most likely corresponding to the sounds described as [ʃ ̪ ] (written <ÎQ, îq>) and [ʒ̺̺̺ ] (written <ÎÖ, îö> or <LÎÖ, lîö>).<br /> /t̚/ and /d̚/ are also subject to some doubt regarding their IPA descriptions still. They were described as [t̪] (written <TÛ, tû>) and [d̪] (written <DÛ, dû>).<br /> The phoneme described as [ʃʲ] probably has a realization closer to [ç] or [ɕ] (written <QÛ, qû>).<br /> <br /> Unidentified or very doubtful phonemes :<br /> Some /h/-like phoneme, described as [hˤ] (written <ÎH, îh>). It might have corresponded to /ɣ/, but it is not very likely.<br /> /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ might have been what was described as [l̤ʲ] (written <HÛ, hû>). Based on its spelling it is more likely to be devoiced.<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i y<br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ<br /> |colspan="2"|u<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e ø<br /> |colspan="2"| ə<br /> |colspan="2"|o<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ œ ɛ̃ œ̃<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ ɔ̃<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä<br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Similarly to consonants, some vowels had to be "re-identified" from previous documentation and some deviations arise :<br /> <poem><br /> /œ/ is probably what was described as [æ] (written <Ù, ù> or <E, ĕ> or <EÔ/Eô, eô>).<br /> /œ̃/ is probably what was described as [æ̃] (written <Ä, è> or <Ä, ä>).<br /> /ø/ is probably what was described as [œ] (written <EU/Eu, eu> or <OE/Oe, oe>).<br /> </poem><br /> ===Orthography===<br /> Orthography was made complicated on purpose.<br /> <br /> ====Alphabet====<br /> <br /> ====Table of phonemes and their corresponding graphemes====<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m <M, m><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n <N, n><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ <Ñ, ñ><br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ <ÎÑ, îñ><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p <P, p> ; b <B, b><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ <TÛ, tû> ; t <T, t> ; d̚ <DÛ, dû> ; d <D, d><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k <K, k> ; g <G, g><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s <C, c> alt. <TĦ/Tħ, tħ> ; z <Z, z> alt. <DĦ/Dħ, dħ> alt. <SĦ/Sħ, sħ><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ <Q, q> ; ʒ <Ö, ö> alt. <JĦ/Jħ, jħ> alt. <QJ/Qj, qj><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ <QÛ, qû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ <ÎF, îf> ; β <ÎV, îv><br /> |colspan="2"| f <F, f> alt. <PĦ/Pħ, pħ> ; v <V, v> alt. <BĦ/Bħ, bħ><br /> |colspan="2"| θ <S, s> alt. <Tûhh, s> ; ð <J, j> <br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ <HÛ, hû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ <ÎQ, îq> ; ɧ̙ʷ̬ <ÎÖ, îö> alt. <LÎÖ, lîö><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <ÎX, îx><br /> |colspan="2"| χ <X, x> ; ʁ <R, r><br /> |colspan="2"| h <H, h><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ <RÛ, rû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j <I, i> (before a vowel), <Ü, ü> (after a vowel)<sup>(1)</sup> ; ɥ <U, u> (before some vowels)<sup>(2)</sup><br /> |colspan="2"| w <O, o> (before or after a vowel)<sup>(3)</sup><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r <LÛ, lû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ <RX, rx><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ <ĦÛ, ħû><sup>(4)</sup><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l <L, l> ɫ <Û, û><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg <ÎÑg, îñg><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> '''Notes on consonants :'''<br /> <br /> <poem><br /> '''(1)''' There are a few exceptions, where <ü> appears in front of a vowel, or <î> is used after a vowel :<br /> ÜÃ, üã [ja]<br /> ÜÕ, üõ [jo]<br /> EÎ, eî [əj]<br /> EÎ, çî [ej]<br /> EÎ, ùî [œj]<br /> EÎ, ÿî [ɛj]<br /> IÎ, iî [ij]<br /> There is a list of accepted spelling where <I, i> stands for /j/ :<br /> <Ia, ia> [ja]<br /> <Ie, ie> [jə]<br /> <Iç, iç> [je]<br /> <Iù, iù> [jœ]<br /> <Iÿ, iÿ> [jɛ]<br /> <Io, io> [jo] or [jɔ]<br /> <Iu, iu> [jy]<br /> <Iô, iô> [jo]<br /> <Iä, iä> [jɑ̃]<br /> <Ià, ià> [jɔ̃]<br /> <Ié, ié> [jɛ̃]<br /> <Iè, iè> [jœ̃]<br /> <Ii, ii> [ji]<br /> <Iou, iou> [ju]<br /> <Ieu, ieu> [jø]<br /> And a list of accepted spellings where <Ü, ü> stands for /j/ (minus the exceptions above) :<br /> <AÜ, aü> [aj]<br /> <EÜ, eü> [əj]<br /> <EÜ, çü> [ej]<br /> <EÜ, ùü> [œj]<br /> <EÜ, ÿü> [ɛj]<br /> <OÜ, oü> [oj] or [ɔj]<br /> <UÜ, uü> [yj]<br /> <ÔÜ, ôü> [oj]<br /> <ÄÜ, äü> [aɑ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, àü> [ɔ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, éü> [ɛ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, èü> [œ̃j]<br /> <ÃÜ, ãü> [aj]<br /> <ÕÜ, õü> [oj]<br /> <EUÜ, euü> [øj]<br /> Some other exceptions are due to original consonants /g/ <G, g>, /l/ <L, l> and syllable /wi/ <W, w> turning into [j] when in a word-final position. Instead, the spellings <gue>, <lle> and <wi> are used to denote the sounds [g], [l] and [wi] at the end of a word.<br /> '''(2)''' The phoneme /ɥ/ only appears in a handful of diphtongues :<br /> UÎ, uî [ɥi]<br /> Ui, ui [ɥi]<br /> Ua, ua [ɥa]<br /> Uç, uç [ɥe]<br /> Uÿ, uÿ [ɥɛ]<br /> '''(3)''' The grapheme <io> is thus ambiguous and can denote either /iw/ or /jo/. Similarly, <Oi, oi> denotes either /i/ or /wi/, and <Oe, oe>, which denotes either /wə/ or /ø/. Another exception is <OU/Ou, ou> which denotes /u/.<br /> There is a list of accepted spellings where <O, o> stands for /w/ :<br /> <Oa, oa> [wa]<br /> <Oe, oe> [wə]<br /> <Oç, oç> [we]<br /> <Où, où> [wœ]<br /> <Oÿ, oÿ> [wɛ]<br /> <Oo, oo> [wo] or [wɔ]<br /> <Oy, oy> [wy]<br /> <Oô, oô> [wo]<br /> <Oä, oä> [wɑ̃]<br /> <Oà, oà> [wɔ̃]<br /> <Oé, oé> [wɛ̃]<br /> <Oè, oè> [wœ̃] (This one was described as [wœ̃] already in the original documentation (instead of expected [wæ̃] and has therefore cast some doubt on the identification of vowels /ø/, /œ/ and /œ̃/.)<br /> <Oi, oi> [wi]<br /> <Oeu, oeu> [wø]<br /> And reciprocally (<Ao, ao> [aw]... etc).<br /> '''(4)''' The phoneme /ɾ/ also appears as part of a syllable /bɾə/, written <Ë, ë>. When <Ë, ë> is followed by a vowel, the /ə/ is replaced by that vowel :<br /> Ëa, ëa [bɾa]<br /> Ëç, ëç [bɾe]<br /> Ëÿ, ëÿ [bɾɛ]<br /> Ëu, ëu [bɾy]<br /> Ëo, ëo [bɾo] or [bɾɔ]<br /> Ëï, ëï [bɾi]<br /> Ëä, ëä [bɾɑ̃]<br /> Ëà, ëà [bɾɔ̃]<br /> Ëé, ëé [bɾɛ̃]<br /> Ëè, ëè [bɾœ̃]<br /> Ëou, ëou [bɾu]<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i <I, i> alt. <Oi, oi> ; y <U, u><br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ <Î, î> alt. <Ï, ï><sup>(1)</sup><br /> |colspan="2"|u <OU/Ou, ou><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e <E, ç/ë> ; ø <EU/Eu, eu> alt. <OE/Oe, oe><br /> |colspan="2"| ə <E, e><br /> |colspan="2"|o <O, o> alt. <Ô, ô> alt. <Õ, õ><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ <E, ÿ/ê> alt. <EA, ea> ; œ <E, ù/ĕ> alt. <EÔ/Eô, eô> ; ɛ̃ <Ä, é/â><sup>(2)</sup> ; œ̃ <Ä, è/ä><sup>(2)</sup><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ <O, o> ; ɔ̃ <Ä, à/ă><sup>(2)</sup><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä <A, a> alt. <Ã, ã><br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃ <Ä, ä><sup>(2)</sup><br /> |}<br /> <br /> '''Notes on vowels :'''<br /> <poem><br /> Long vowels are simply written with a double grapheme (<Aa, aa> /a:/,... etc).<br /> '''(1)''' The grapheme <Î, î> denotes /ɨ/, except in front of some consonants (<F, f>, <V, v>, <Q, q>, <Ö, ö>, <Ñ, ñ>, <X, x>, <H, h>) ; the grapheme <Ï, ï> is used instead in order to denote /ɨ/.<br /> '''(2)''' Nasal vowels can also be written with some vowels followed by a <N, n> or a <M, m> :<br /> /ɑ̃/ <An, an> ; <Am, am> ; <En, en> ; <Em, em><br /> /ɛ̃/ <In, in> , <Im, im> ; <Ein, ein> ; <Eim, eim><br /> /ɔ̃/ <On, on> ; <Om, om><br /> /œ̃/ <Un, un> ; <Um, um><br /> However, if there are two <N, n> or <M, m> following a vowel, then it is not nasalized and pronounced as V+[n or m] (<Ann, ann> [an], <Amm, amm> [am],... etc).<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> '''General notes :'''<br /> <poem><br /> The grapheme <Ħ, ħ> can also be written <Hh, hh>.<br /> There are a few more noteworthy spellings with unexpected pronunciations :<br /> <Äî, äî> [an]<br /> <Äî, àî> [on] or [ɔn]<br /> <Äî, éî> [in] or [im]<br /> <Äî, èî> [un] or [œm]<br /> <br /> <ÜÂ, üâ> [jaj]<br /> <ÜY, üy> [jɔj]<br /> <ÊÜ, êü> [jaj]<br /> <YÜ, yü> [joj] or [jɔj]<br /> <ÃÎ, ãî> [aji]<br /> <ÕÎ, õî> [oji]<br /> <br /> <br /> Word-final spellings :<br /> Besides the final <g>, <l> and <wi> that become [j], there are also final <ebm> and <ebn> that are pronounced [ɛjm] and [ɛjn], respectively.<br /> Moreover, final <e>, <ô>, <d>, <q>, <s>, <t>, <z>, <er> are not pronounced. Instead, final spellings <dde>, <qe>, <sse>, <tte>, <ze> are pronounced [d], [ʃ], [θ] (or possibly [s) ?), [t], [z], respectively.<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Prosody===<br /> ====Stress====<br /> ====Intonation====<br /> <br /> ===Phonotactics===<br /> <br /> ===Morphophonology===<br /> <br /> ==Morphology==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Syntax==<br /> ===Constituent order===<br /> ===Noun phrase===<br /> ===Verb phrase===<br /> ===Sentence phrase===<br /> ===Dependent clauses===<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Example texts==<br /> <br /> ==Other resources==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Qtolqjimctadû]]<br /> [[Category:Languages]]<br /> [[Category:Conlangs]]<br /> [[Category:Tolsian]]</div>

Uvie https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Qtolqjimctad%C3%BB&diff=526274 Qtolqjimctadû 2026-05-19T16:57:04Z

<p>Uvie: /* Table of phonemes and their corresponding graphemes */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Introduction==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ<br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p b<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ t d̚ d<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k g<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s z<br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ ʒ <br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ β<br /> |colspan="2"| f v<br /> |colspan="2"| θ ð<br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ ɧ̙ʷ̬<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <br /> |colspan="2"| χ ʁ<br /> |colspan="2"| h<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j<br /> |colspan="2"| w<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l ɫ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> Notes :<br /> <br /> In earlier documentation, proper knowledge of IPA was lacking and several of the phonemes had to be identified from either phonetically inaccurate IPA descriptions or vague, impressionistic ones. Several phonemes could not be recovered. Here is a list of deviations from the above table :<br /> <poem><br /> Identified phonemes :<br /> /ɸ/ was described as [fʷ] (written <ÎF, îf>).<br /> /β/ was described as [vʷ] (written <ÎV, îv>).<br /> /ʁ/ was described as [ʀ] (written <R, r>).<br /> /ʀ/ was described as [rˤ] (''sorte de « r » très roulé'', written <RX, rx>).<br /> /ɹ/ was described as [ʀˤ] (''sorte de « r » anglais'', written <RÛ, rû>).<br /> /ɫ/ was described as [l̪ ] (''comme à la fin du mot anglais "well"'', written <Û, û>).<br /> /χ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [x] (written <X, x>), while /x/ itself was most likely described as [xˤ] (written <ÎX, îx>).<br /> /ŋ/ was probably described as [ɲˤ] (written <ÎÑ, îñ>), while the sound described as [ŋ] (written <ÎÑg, îñg>) probably corresponded to /ᵑg/.<br /> /ɾ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [r̺] (written <ĦÛ, ħû>, as well as part of the cluster /bɾ/+V with the help of <Ë, ë> as [bɾə], described as [br̺ə]).<br /> /r/ might have been what was described as [r] (''sorte de « r » roulé à la japonaise'', written <LÛ, lû>).<br /> /ɧ̙ʷ/ and its voiced version /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ are, to this day, subject to doubt regarding their IPA descriptions. They were most likely corresponding to the sounds described as [ʃ ̪ ] (written <ÎQ, îq>) and [ʒ̺̺̺ ] (written <ÎÖ, îö> or <LÎÖ, lîö>).<br /> /t̚/ and /d̚/ are also subject to some doubt regarding their IPA descriptions still. They were described as [t̪] (written <TÛ, tû>) and [d̪] (written <DÛ, dû>).<br /> The phoneme described as [ʃʲ] probably has a realization closer to [ç] or [ɕ] (written <QÛ, qû>).<br /> <br /> Unidentified or very doubtful phonemes :<br /> Some /h/-like phoneme, described as [hˤ] (written <ÎH, îh>). It might have corresponded to /ɣ/, but it is not very likely.<br /> /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ might have been what was described as [l̤ʲ] (written <HÛ, hû>). Based on its spelling it is more likely to be devoiced.<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i y<br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ<br /> |colspan="2"|u<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e ø<br /> |colspan="2"| ə<br /> |colspan="2"|o<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ œ ɛ̃ œ̃<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ ɔ̃<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä<br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Similarly to consonants, some vowels had to be "re-identified" from previous documentation and some deviations arise :<br /> <poem><br /> /œ/ is probably what was described as [æ] (written <Ù, ù> or <E, ĕ> or <EÔ/Eô, eô>).<br /> /œ̃/ is probably what was described as [æ̃] (written <Ä, è> or <Ä, ä>).<br /> /ø/ is probably what was described as [œ] (written <EU/Eu, eu> or <OE/Oe, oe>).<br /> </poem><br /> ===Orthography===<br /> Orthography was made complicated on purpose.<br /> <br /> ====Alphabet====<br /> <br /> ====Table of phonemes and their corresponding graphemes====<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m <M, m><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n <N, n><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ <Ñ, ñ><br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ <ÎÑ, îñ><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p <P, p> ; b <B, b><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ <TÛ, tû> ; t <T, t> ; d̚ <DÛ, dû> ; d <D, d><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k <K, k> ; g <G, g><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s <C, c> alt. <TĦ/Tħ, tħ> ; z <Z, z> alt. <DĦ/Dħ, dħ> alt. <SĦ/Sħ, sħ><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ <Q, q> ; ʒ <Ö, ö> alt. <JĦ/Jħ, jħ> alt. <QJ/Qj, qj><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ <QÛ, qû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ <ÎF, îf> ; β <ÎV, îv><br /> |colspan="2"| f <F, f> alt. <PĦ/Pħ, pħ> ; v <V, v> alt. <BĦ/Bħ, bħ><br /> |colspan="2"| θ <S, s> alt. <Tûhh, s> ; ð <J, j> <br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ <HÛ, hû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ <ÎQ, îq> ; ɧ̙ʷ̬ <ÎÖ, îö> alt. <LÎÖ, lîö><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <ÎX, îx><br /> |colspan="2"| χ <X, x> ; ʁ <R, r><br /> |colspan="2"| h <H, h><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ <RÛ, rû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j <I, i> (before a vowel), <Ü, ü> (after a vowel)<sup>(1)</sup> ; ɥ <U, u> (before some vowels)<sup>(2)</sup><br /> |colspan="2"| w <O, o> (before or after a vowel)<sup>(3)</sup><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r <LÛ, lû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ <RX, rx><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ <ĦÛ, ħû><sup>(4)</sup><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l <L, l> ɫ <Û, û><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg <ÎÑg, îñg><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> Notes on consonants :<br /> <br /> <poem><br /> '''(1)''' There are a few exceptions, where <ü> appears in front of a vowel, or <î> is used after a vowel :<br /> ÜÃ, üã [ja]<br /> ÜÕ, üõ [jo]<br /> EÎ, eî [əj]<br /> EÎ, çî [ej]<br /> EÎ, ùî [œj]<br /> EÎ, ÿî [ɛj]<br /> IÎ, iî [ij]<br /> There is a list of accepted spelling where <I, i> stands for /j/ :<br /> <Ia, ia> [ja]<br /> <Ie, ie> [jə]<br /> <Iç, iç> [je]<br /> <Iù, iù> [jœ]<br /> <Iÿ, iÿ> [jɛ]<br /> <Io, io> [jo] or [jɔ]<br /> <Iu, iu> [jy]<br /> <Iô, iô> [jo]<br /> <Iä, iä> [jɑ̃]<br /> <Ià, ià> [jɔ̃]<br /> <Ié, ié> [jɛ̃]<br /> <Iè, iè> [jœ̃]<br /> <Ii, ii> [ji]<br /> <Iou, iou> [ju]<br /> <Ieu, ieu> [jø]<br /> And a list of accepted spellings where <Ü, ü> stands for /j/ (minus the exceptions above) :<br /> <AÜ, aü> [aj]<br /> <EÜ, eü> [əj]<br /> <EÜ, çü> [ej]<br /> <EÜ, ùü> [œj]<br /> <EÜ, ÿü> [ɛj]<br /> <OÜ, oü> [oj] or [ɔj]<br /> <UÜ, uü> [yj]<br /> <ÔÜ, ôü> [oj]<br /> <ÄÜ, äü> [aɑ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, àü> [ɔ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, éü> [ɛ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, èü> [œ̃j]<br /> <ÃÜ, ãü> [aj]<br /> <ÕÜ, õü> [oj]<br /> <EUÜ, euü> [øj]<br /> Some other exceptions are due to original consonants /g/ <G, g>, /l/ <L, l> and syllable /wi/ <W, w> turning into [j] when in a word-final position. Instead, the spellings <gue>, <lle> and <wi> are used to denote the sounds [g], [l] and [wi] at the end of a word.<br /> '''(2)''' The phoneme /ɥ/ only appears in a handful of diphtongues :<br /> UÎ, uî [ɥi]<br /> Ui, ui [ɥi]<br /> Ua, ua [ɥa]<br /> Uç, uç [ɥe]<br /> Uÿ, uÿ [ɥɛ]<br /> '''(3)''' The grapheme <io> is thus ambiguous and can denote either /iw/ or /jo/. Similarly, <Oi, oi> denotes either /i/ or /wi/, and <Oe, oe>, which denotes either /wə/ or /ø/. Another exception is <OU/Ou, ou> which denotes /u/.<br /> There is a list of accepted spellings where <O, o> stands for /w/ :<br /> <Oa, oa> [wa]<br /> <Oe, oe> [wə]<br /> <Oç, oç> [we]<br /> <Où, où> [wœ]<br /> <Oÿ, oÿ> [wɛ]<br /> <Oo, oo> [wo] or [wɔ]<br /> <Oy, oy> [wy]<br /> <Oô, oô> [wo]<br /> <Oä, oä> [wɑ̃]<br /> <Oà, oà> [wɔ̃]<br /> <Oé, oé> [wɛ̃]<br /> <Oè, oè> [wœ̃] (This one was described as [wœ̃] already in the original documentation (instead of expected [wæ̃] and has therefore cast some doubt on the identification of vowels /ø/, /œ/ and /œ̃/.)<br /> <Oi, oi> [wi]<br /> <Oeu, oeu> [wø]<br /> And reciprocally (<Ao, ao> [aw]... etc).<br /> '''(4)''' The phoneme /ɾ/ also appears as part of a syllable /bɾə/, written <Ë, ë>. When <Ë, ë> is followed by a vowel, the /ə/ is replaced by that vowel :<br /> Ëa, ëa [bɾa]<br /> Ëç, ëç [bɾe]<br /> Ëÿ, ëÿ [bɾɛ]<br /> Ëu, ëu [bɾy]<br /> Ëo, ëo [bɾo] or [bɾɔ]<br /> Ëï, ëï [bɾi]<br /> Ëä, ëä [bɾɑ̃]<br /> Ëà, ëà [bɾɔ̃]<br /> Ëé, ëé [bɾɛ̃]<br /> Ëè, ëè [bɾœ̃]<br /> Ëou, ëou [bɾu]<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i <I, i> alt. <Oi, oi> ; y <U, u><br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ <Î, î> alt. <Ï, ï><sup>(1)</sup><br /> |colspan="2"|u <OU/Ou, ou><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e <E, ç/ë> ; ø <EU/Eu, eu> alt. <OE/Oe, oe><br /> |colspan="2"| ə <E, e><br /> |colspan="2"|o <O, o> alt. <Ô, ô> alt. <Õ, õ><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ <E, ÿ/ê> alt. <EA, ea> ; œ <E, ù/ĕ> alt. <EÔ/Eô, eô> ; ɛ̃ <Ä, é/â><sup>(2)</sup> ; œ̃ <Ä, è/ä><sup>(2)</sup><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ <O, o> ; ɔ̃ <Ä, à/ă><sup>(2)</sup><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä <A, a> alt. <Ã, ã><br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃ <Ä, ä><sup>(2)</sup><br /> |}<br /> <br /> Notes on vowels :<br /> <poem><br /> Long vowels are simply written with a double grapheme (<Aa, aa> /a:/,... etc).<br /> '''(1)''' The grapheme <Î, î> denotes /ɨ/, except in front of some consonants (<F, f>, <V, v>, <Q, q>, <Ö, ö>, <Ñ, ñ>, <X, x>, <H, h>) ; the grapheme <Ï, ï> is used instead in order to denote /ɨ/.<br /> '''(2)''' Nasal vowels can also be written with some vowels followed by a <N, n> or a <M, m> :<br /> /ɑ̃/ <An, an> ; <Am, am> ; <En, en> ; <Em, em><br /> /ɛ̃/ <In, in> , <Im, im> ; <Ein, ein> ; <Eim, eim><br /> /ɔ̃/ <On, on> ; <Om, om><br /> /œ̃/ <Un, un> ; <Um, um><br /> However, if there are two <N, n> or <M, m> following a vowel, then it is not nasalized and pronounced as V+[n or m] (<Ann, ann> [an], <Amm, amm> [am],... etc).<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> General notes :<br /> <poem><br /> The grapheme <Ħ, ħ> can also be written <Hh, hh>.<br /> There are a few more noteworthy spellings with unexpected pronunciations :<br /> <Äî, äî> [an]<br /> <Äî, àî> [on] or [ɔn]<br /> <Äî, éî> [in] or [im]<br /> <Äî, èî> [un] or [œm]<br /> <br /> <ÜÂ, üâ> [jaj]<br /> <ÜY, üy> [jɔj]<br /> <ÊÜ, êü> [jaj]<br /> <YÜ, yü> [joj] or [jɔj]<br /> <ÃÎ, ãî> [aji]<br /> <ÕÎ, õî> [oji]<br /> <br /> <br /> Word-final spellings :<br /> Besides the final <g>, <l> and <wi> that become [j], there are also final <ebm> and <ebn> that are pronounced [ɛjm] and [ɛjn], respectively.<br /> Moreover, final <e>, <ô>, <d>, <q>, <s>, <t>, <z>, <er> are not pronounced. Instead, final spellings <dde>, <qe>, <sse>, <tte>, <ze> are pronounced [d], [ʃ], [θ] (or possibly [s) ?), [t], [z], respectively.<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Prosody===<br /> ====Stress====<br /> ====Intonation====<br /> <br /> ===Phonotactics===<br /> <br /> ===Morphophonology===<br /> <br /> ==Morphology==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Syntax==<br /> ===Constituent order===<br /> ===Noun phrase===<br /> ===Verb phrase===<br /> ===Sentence phrase===<br /> ===Dependent clauses===<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Example texts==<br /> <br /> ==Other resources==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Qtolqjimctadû]]<br /> [[Category:Languages]]<br /> [[Category:Conlangs]]<br /> [[Category:Tolsian]]</div>

Uvie https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Qtolqjimctad%C3%BB&diff=526273 Qtolqjimctadû 2026-05-19T16:56:03Z

<p>Uvie: /* Table of phonemes and their corresponding graphemes */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Introduction==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ<br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p b<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ t d̚ d<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k g<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s z<br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ ʒ <br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ β<br /> |colspan="2"| f v<br /> |colspan="2"| θ ð<br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ ɧ̙ʷ̬<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <br /> |colspan="2"| χ ʁ<br /> |colspan="2"| h<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j<br /> |colspan="2"| w<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l ɫ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> Notes :<br /> <br /> In earlier documentation, proper knowledge of IPA was lacking and several of the phonemes had to be identified from either phonetically inaccurate IPA descriptions or vague, impressionistic ones. Several phonemes could not be recovered. Here is a list of deviations from the above table :<br /> <poem><br /> Identified phonemes :<br /> /ɸ/ was described as [fʷ] (written <ÎF, îf>).<br /> /β/ was described as [vʷ] (written <ÎV, îv>).<br /> /ʁ/ was described as [ʀ] (written <R, r>).<br /> /ʀ/ was described as [rˤ] (''sorte de « r » très roulé'', written <RX, rx>).<br /> /ɹ/ was described as [ʀˤ] (''sorte de « r » anglais'', written <RÛ, rû>).<br /> /ɫ/ was described as [l̪ ] (''comme à la fin du mot anglais "well"'', written <Û, û>).<br /> /χ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [x] (written <X, x>), while /x/ itself was most likely described as [xˤ] (written <ÎX, îx>).<br /> /ŋ/ was probably described as [ɲˤ] (written <ÎÑ, îñ>), while the sound described as [ŋ] (written <ÎÑg, îñg>) probably corresponded to /ᵑg/.<br /> /ɾ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [r̺] (written <ĦÛ, ħû>, as well as part of the cluster /bɾ/+V with the help of <Ë, ë> as [bɾə], described as [br̺ə]).<br /> /r/ might have been what was described as [r] (''sorte de « r » roulé à la japonaise'', written <LÛ, lû>).<br /> /ɧ̙ʷ/ and its voiced version /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ are, to this day, subject to doubt regarding their IPA descriptions. They were most likely corresponding to the sounds described as [ʃ ̪ ] (written <ÎQ, îq>) and [ʒ̺̺̺ ] (written <ÎÖ, îö> or <LÎÖ, lîö>).<br /> /t̚/ and /d̚/ are also subject to some doubt regarding their IPA descriptions still. They were described as [t̪] (written <TÛ, tû>) and [d̪] (written <DÛ, dû>).<br /> The phoneme described as [ʃʲ] probably has a realization closer to [ç] or [ɕ] (written <QÛ, qû>).<br /> <br /> Unidentified or very doubtful phonemes :<br /> Some /h/-like phoneme, described as [hˤ] (written <ÎH, îh>). It might have corresponded to /ɣ/, but it is not very likely.<br /> /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ might have been what was described as [l̤ʲ] (written <HÛ, hû>). Based on its spelling it is more likely to be devoiced.<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i y<br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ<br /> |colspan="2"|u<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e ø<br /> |colspan="2"| ə<br /> |colspan="2"|o<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ œ ɛ̃ œ̃<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ ɔ̃<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä<br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Similarly to consonants, some vowels had to be "re-identified" from previous documentation and some deviations arise :<br /> <poem><br /> /œ/ is probably what was described as [æ] (written <Ù, ù> or <E, ĕ> or <EÔ/Eô, eô>).<br /> /œ̃/ is probably what was described as [æ̃] (written <Ä, è> or <Ä, ä>).<br /> /ø/ is probably what was described as [œ] (written <EU/Eu, eu> or <OE/Oe, oe>).<br /> </poem><br /> ===Orthography===<br /> Orthography was made complicated on purpose.<br /> <br /> ====Alphabet====<br /> <br /> ====Table of phonemes and their corresponding graphemes====<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m <M, m><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n <N, n><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ <Ñ, ñ><br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ <ÎÑ, îñ><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p <P, p> ; b <B, b><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ <TÛ, tû> ; t <T, t> ; d̚ <DÛ, dû> ; d <D, d><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k <K, k> ; g <G, g><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s <C, c> alt. <TĦ/Tħ, tħ> ; z <Z, z> alt. <DĦ/Dħ, dħ> alt. <SĦ/Sħ, sħ><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ <Q, q> ; ʒ <Ö, ö> alt. <JĦ/Jħ, jħ> alt. <QJ/Qj, qj><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ <QÛ, qû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ <ÎF, îf> ; β <ÎV, îv><br /> |colspan="2"| f <F, f> alt. <PĦ/Pħ, pħ> ; v <V, v> alt. <BĦ/Bħ, bħ><br /> |colspan="2"| θ <S, s> alt. <Tûhh, s> ; ð <J, j> <br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ <HÛ, hû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ <ÎQ, îq> ; ɧ̙ʷ̬ <ÎÖ, îö> alt. <LÎÖ, lîö><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <ÎX, îx><br /> |colspan="2"| χ <X, x> ; ʁ <R, r><br /> |colspan="2"| h <H, h><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ <RÛ, rû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j <I, i> (before a vowel), <Ü, ü> (after a vowel)<sup>(1)</sup> ; ɥ <U, u> (before some vowels)<sup>(2)</sup><br /> |colspan="2"| w <O, o> (before or after a vowel)<sup>(3)</sup><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r <LÛ, lû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ <RX, rx><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ <ĦÛ, ħû><sup>(4)</sup><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l <L, l> ɫ <Û, û><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg <ÎÑg, îñg><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> Notes on consonants :<br /> <br /> <poem><br /> (1) There are a few exceptions, where <ü> appears in front of a vowel, or <î> is used after a vowel :<br /> ÜÃ, üã [ja]<br /> ÜÕ, üõ [jo]<br /> EÎ, eî [əj]<br /> EÎ, çî [ej]<br /> EÎ, ùî [œj]<br /> EÎ, ÿî [ɛj]<br /> IÎ, iî [ij]<br /> There is a list of accepted spelling where <I, i> stands for /j/ :<br /> <Ia, ia> [ja]<br /> <Ie, ie> [jə]<br /> <Iç, iç> [je]<br /> <Iù, iù> [jœ]<br /> <Iÿ, iÿ> [jɛ]<br /> <Io, io> [jo] or [jɔ]<br /> <Iu, iu> [jy]<br /> <Iô, iô> [jo]<br /> <Iä, iä> [jɑ̃]<br /> <Ià, ià> [jɔ̃]<br /> <Ié, ié> [jɛ̃]<br /> <Iè, iè> [jœ̃]<br /> <Ii, ii> [ji]<br /> <Iou, iou> [ju]<br /> <Ieu, ieu> [jø]<br /> And a list of accepted spellings where <Ü, ü> stands for /j/ (minus the exceptions above) :<br /> <AÜ, aü> [aj]<br /> <EÜ, eü> [əj]<br /> <EÜ, çü> [ej]<br /> <EÜ, ùü> [œj]<br /> <EÜ, ÿü> [ɛj]<br /> <OÜ, oü> [oj] or [ɔj]<br /> <UÜ, uü> [yj]<br /> <ÔÜ, ôü> [oj]<br /> <ÄÜ, äü> [aɑ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, àü> [ɔ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, éü> [ɛ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, èü> [œ̃j]<br /> <ÃÜ, ãü> [aj]<br /> <ÕÜ, õü> [oj]<br /> <EUÜ, euü> [øj]<br /> Some other exceptions are due to original consonants /g/ <G, g>, /l/ <L, l> and syllable /wi/ <W, w> turning into [j] when in a word-final position. Instead, the spellings <gue>, <lle> and <wi> are used to denote the sounds [g], [l] and [wi] at the end of a word.<br /> (2) The phoneme /ɥ/ only appears in a handful of diphtongues :<br /> UÎ, uî [ɥi]<br /> Ui, ui [ɥi]<br /> Ua, ua [ɥa]<br /> Uç, uç [ɥe]<br /> Uÿ, uÿ [ɥɛ]<br /> (3) The grapheme <io> is thus ambiguous and can denote either /iw/ or /jo/. Similarly, <Oi, oi> denotes either /i/ or /wi/, and <Oe, oe>, which denotes either /wə/ or /ø/. Another exception is <OU/Ou, ou> which denotes /u/.<br /> There is a list of accepted spellings where <O, o> stands for /w/ :<br /> <Oa, oa> [wa]<br /> <Oe, oe> [wə]<br /> <Oç, oç> [we]<br /> <Où, où> [wœ]<br /> <Oÿ, oÿ> [wɛ]<br /> <Oo, oo> [wo] or [wɔ]<br /> <Oy, oy> [wy]<br /> <Oô, oô> [wo]<br /> <Oä, oä> [wɑ̃]<br /> <Oà, oà> [wɔ̃]<br /> <Oé, oé> [wɛ̃]<br /> <Oè, oè> [wœ̃] (This one was described as [wœ̃] already in the original documentation (instead of expected [wæ̃] and has therefore cast some doubt on the identification of vowels /ø/, /œ/ and /œ̃/.)<br /> <Oi, oi> [wi]<br /> <Oeu, oeu> [wø]<br /> And reciprocally (<Ao, ao> [aw]... etc).<br /> (4) The phoneme /ɾ/ also appears as part of a syllable /bɾə/, written <Ë, ë>. When <Ë, ë> is followed by a vowel, the /ə/ is replaced by that vowel :<br /> Ëa, ëa [bɾa]<br /> Ëç, ëç [bɾe]<br /> Ëÿ, ëÿ [bɾɛ]<br /> Ëu, ëu [bɾy]<br /> Ëo, ëo [bɾo] or [bɾɔ]<br /> Ëï, ëï [bɾi]<br /> Ëä, ëä [bɾɑ̃]<br /> Ëà, ëà [bɾɔ̃]<br /> Ëé, ëé [bɾɛ̃]<br /> Ëè, ëè [bɾœ̃]<br /> Ëou, ëou [bɾu]<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i <I, i> alt. <Oi, oi> ; y <U, u><br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ <Î, î> alt. <Ï, ï><sup>(1)</sup><br /> |colspan="2"|u <OU/Ou, ou><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e <E, ç/ë> ; ø <EU/Eu, eu> alt. <OE/Oe, oe><br /> |colspan="2"| ə <E, e><br /> |colspan="2"|o <O, o> alt. <Ô, ô> alt. <Õ, õ><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ <E, ÿ/ê> alt. <EA, ea> ; œ <E, ù/ĕ> alt. <EÔ/Eô, eô> ; ɛ̃ <Ä, é/â><sup>(2)</sup> ; œ̃ <Ä, è/ä><sup>(2)</sup><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ <O, o> ; ɔ̃ <Ä, à/ă><sup>(2)</sup><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä <A, a> alt. <Ã, ã><br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃ <Ä, ä><sup>(2)</sup><br /> |}<br /> <br /> Notes on vowels :<br /> <poem><br /> Long vowels are simply written with a double grapheme (<Aa, aa> /a:/,... etc).<br /> (1) The grapheme <Î, î> denotes /ɨ/, except in front of some consonants (<F, f>, <V, v>, <Q, q>, <Ö, ö>, <Ñ, ñ>, <X, x>, <H, h>) ; the grapheme <Ï, ï> is used instead in order to denote /ɨ/.<br /> (2) Nasal vowels can also be written with some vowels followed by a <N, n> or a <M, m> :<br /> /ɑ̃/ <An, an> ; <Am, am> ; <En, en> ; <Em, em><br /> /ɛ̃/ <In, in> , <Im, im> ; <Ein, ein> ; <Eim, eim><br /> /ɔ̃/ <On, on> ; <Om, om><br /> /œ̃/ <Un, un> ; <Um, um><br /> However, if there are two <N, n> or <M, m> following a vowel, then it is not nasalized and pronounced as V+[n or m] (<Ann, ann> [an], <Amm, amm> [am],... etc).<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> General notes :<br /> <poem><br /> The grapheme <Ħ, ħ> can also be written <Hh, hh>.<br /> There are a few more noteworthy spellings with unexpected pronunciations :<br /> <Äî, äî> [an]<br /> <Äî, àî> [on] or [ɔn]<br /> <Äî, éî> [in] or [im]<br /> <Äî, èî> [un] or [œm]<br /> <br /> <ÜÂ, üâ> [jaj]<br /> <ÜY, üy> [jɔj]<br /> <ÊÜ, êü> [jaj]<br /> <YÜ, yü> [joj] or [jɔj]<br /> <ÃÎ, ãî> [aji]<br /> <ÕÎ, õî> [oji]<br /> <br /> <br /> Word-final spellings :<br /> Besides the final <g>, <l> and <wi> that become [j], there are also final <ebm> and <ebn> that are pronounced [ɛjm] and [ɛjn], respectively.<br /> Moreover, final <e>, <ô>, <d>, <q>, <s>, <t>, <z>, <er> are not pronounced. Instead, final spellings <dde>, <qe>, <sse>, <tte>, <ze> are pronounced [d], [ʃ], [θ] (or possibly [s) ?), [t], [z], respectively.<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> ===Prosody===<br /> ====Stress====<br /> ====Intonation====<br /> <br /> ===Phonotactics===<br /> <br /> ===Morphophonology===<br /> <br /> ==Morphology==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Syntax==<br /> ===Constituent order===<br /> ===Noun phrase===<br /> ===Verb phrase===<br /> ===Sentence phrase===<br /> ===Dependent clauses===<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Example texts==<br /> <br /> ==Other resources==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Qtolqjimctadû]]<br /> [[Category:Languages]]<br /> [[Category:Conlangs]]<br /> [[Category:Tolsian]]</div>

Uvie https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Qtolqjimctad%C3%BB&diff=526270 Qtolqjimctadû 2026-05-19T16:51:13Z

<p>Uvie: /* Orthography */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Introduction==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ<br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p b<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ t d̚ d<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k g<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s z<br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ ʒ <br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ β<br /> |colspan="2"| f v<br /> |colspan="2"| θ ð<br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ ɧ̙ʷ̬<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <br /> |colspan="2"| χ ʁ<br /> |colspan="2"| h<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j<br /> |colspan="2"| w<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l ɫ<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> Notes :<br /> <br /> In earlier documentation, proper knowledge of IPA was lacking and several of the phonemes had to be identified from either phonetically inaccurate IPA descriptions or vague, impressionistic ones. Several phonemes could not be recovered. Here is a list of deviations from the above table :<br /> <poem><br /> Identified phonemes :<br /> /ɸ/ was described as [fʷ] (written <ÎF, îf>).<br /> /β/ was described as [vʷ] (written <ÎV, îv>).<br /> /ʁ/ was described as [ʀ] (written <R, r>).<br /> /ʀ/ was described as [rˤ] (''sorte de « r » très roulé'', written <RX, rx>).<br /> /ɹ/ was described as [ʀˤ] (''sorte de « r » anglais'', written <RÛ, rû>).<br /> /ɫ/ was described as [l̪ ] (''comme à la fin du mot anglais "well"'', written <Û, û>).<br /> /χ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [x] (written <X, x>), while /x/ itself was most likely described as [xˤ] (written <ÎX, îx>).<br /> /ŋ/ was probably described as [ɲˤ] (written <ÎÑ, îñ>), while the sound described as [ŋ] (written <ÎÑg, îñg>) probably corresponded to /ᵑg/.<br /> /ɾ/ was most likely corresponding to the sound described as [r̺] (written <ĦÛ, ħû>, as well as part of the cluster /bɾ/+V with the help of <Ë, ë> as [bɾə], described as [br̺ə]).<br /> /r/ might have been what was described as [r] (''sorte de « r » roulé à la japonaise'', written <LÛ, lû>).<br /> /ɧ̙ʷ/ and its voiced version /ɧ̙ʷ̬/ are, to this day, subject to doubt regarding their IPA descriptions. They were most likely corresponding to the sounds described as [ʃ ̪ ] (written <ÎQ, îq>) and [ʒ̺̺̺ ] (written <ÎÖ, îö> or <LÎÖ, lîö>).<br /> /t̚/ and /d̚/ are also subject to some doubt regarding their IPA descriptions still. They were described as [t̪] (written <TÛ, tû>) and [d̪] (written <DÛ, dû>).<br /> The phoneme described as [ʃʲ] probably has a realization closer to [ç] or [ɕ] (written <QÛ, qû>).<br /> <br /> Unidentified or very doubtful phonemes :<br /> Some /h/-like phoneme, described as [hˤ] (written <ÎH, îh>). It might have corresponded to /ɣ/, but it is not very likely.<br /> /ɬ/ or /ɮ/ might have been what was described as [l̤ʲ] (written <HÛ, hû>). Based on its spelling it is more likely to be devoiced.<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i y<br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ<br /> |colspan="2"|u<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e ø<br /> |colspan="2"| ə<br /> |colspan="2"|o<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ œ ɛ̃ œ̃<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ ɔ̃<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä<br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Similarly to consonants, some vowels had to be "re-identified" from previous documentation and some deviations arise :<br /> <poem><br /> /œ/ is probably what was described as [æ] (written <Ù, ù> or <E, ĕ> or <EÔ/Eô, eô>).<br /> /œ̃/ is probably what was described as [æ̃] (written <Ä, è> or <Ä, ä>).<br /> /ø/ is probably what was described as [œ] (written <EU/Eu, eu> or <OE/Oe, oe>).<br /> </poem><br /> ===Orthography===<br /> Orthography was made complicated on purpose.<br /> <br /> ====Alphabet====<br /> <br /> ====Table of phonemes and their corresponding graphemes====<br /> <br /> {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> !colspan="2"|Bilabial<br /> !colspan="2"|Labio-dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Dental<br /> !colspan="2"|Alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Post-alveolar<br /> !colspan="2"|Palatal<br /> !colspan="2"|Velar<br /> !colspan="2"|Uvular<br /> !colspan="2"|Glottal<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Nasal<br /> |colspan="2"| m <M, m><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| n <N, n><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɲ <Ñ, ñ><br /> |colspan="2"| ŋ <ÎÑ, îñ><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Plosive<br /> |colspan="2"| p <P, p> ; b <B, b><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| t̚ <TÛ, tû> ; t <T, t> ; d̚ <DÛ, dû> ; d <D, d><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| k <K, k> ; g <G, g><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| s <C, c> alt. <TĦ/Tħ, tħ> ; z <Z, z> alt. <DĦ/Dħ, dħ> alt. <SĦ/Sħ, sħ><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃ <Q, q> ; ʒ <Ö, ö> alt. <JĦ/Jħ, jħ> alt. <QJ/Qj, qj><br /> |colspan="2"| ʃʲ / ç / ɕ <QÛ, qû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"| Non-sibilant Fricative<br /> |colspan="2"| ɸ <ÎF, îf> ; β <ÎV, îv><br /> |colspan="2"| f <F, f> alt. <PĦ/Pħ, pħ> ; v <V, v> alt. <BĦ/Bħ, bħ><br /> |colspan="2"| θ <S, s> alt. <Tûhh, s> ; ð <J, j> <br /> |colspan="2"| (ɬ / ɮ <HÛ, hû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| ɧ̙ʷ <ÎQ, îq> ; ɧ̙ʷ̬ <ÎÖ, îö> alt. <LÎÖ, lîö><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| x <ÎX, îx><br /> |colspan="2"| χ <X, x> ; ʁ <R, r><br /> |colspan="2"| h <H, h><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Approximant<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ɹ <RÛ, rû><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| j <I, i> (before a vowel), <Ü, ü> (after a vowel)* ; ɥ <U, u> (before some vowels)**<br /> |colspan="2"| w <O, o> (before or after a vowel)***<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Trill<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| (r <LÛ, lû>)<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ʀ <RX, rx><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Flap<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ɾ <ĦÛ, ħû>****<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Lateral approx.<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| l <L, l> ɫ <Û, û><br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Prenasalised occlusives<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| ᵑg <ÎÑg, îñg><br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |colspan="2"| <br /> |}<br /> <br /> Notes on consonants :<br /> <br /> <poem><br /> * There are a few exceptions, where <ü> appears in front of a vowel, or <î> is used after a vowel :<br /> ÜÃ, üã [ja]<br /> ÜÕ, üõ [jo]<br /> EÎ, eî [əj]<br /> EÎ, çî [ej]<br /> EÎ, ùî [œj]<br /> EÎ, ÿî [ɛj]<br /> IÎ, iî [ij]<br /> There is a list of accepted spelling where <I, i> stands for /j/ :<br /> <Ia, ia> [ja]<br /> <Ie, ie> [jə]<br /> <Iç, iç> [je]<br /> <Iù, iù> [jœ]<br /> <Iÿ, iÿ> [jɛ]<br /> <Io, io> [jo] or [jɔ]<br /> <Iu, iu> [jy]<br /> <Iô, iô> [jo]<br /> <Iä, iä> [jɑ̃]<br /> <Ià, ià> [jɔ̃]<br /> <Ié, ié> [jɛ̃]<br /> <Iè, iè> [jœ̃]<br /> <Ii, ii> [ji]<br /> <Iou, iou> [ju]<br /> <Ieu, ieu> [jø]<br /> And a list of accepted spellings where <Ü, ü> stands for /j/ (minus the exceptions above) :<br /> <AÜ, aü> [aj]<br /> <EÜ, eü> [əj]<br /> <EÜ, çü> [ej]<br /> <EÜ, ùü> [œj]<br /> <EÜ, ÿü> [ɛj]<br /> <OÜ, oü> [oj] or [ɔj]<br /> <UÜ, uü> [yj]<br /> <ÔÜ, ôü> [oj]<br /> <ÄÜ, äü> [aɑ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, àü> [ɔ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, éü> [ɛ̃j]<br /> <ÄÜ, èü> [œ̃j]<br /> <ÃÜ, ãü> [aj]<br /> <ÕÜ, õü> [oj]<br /> <EUÜ, euü> [øj]<br /> Some other exceptions are due to original consonants /g/ <G, g>, /l/ <L, l> and syllable /wi/ <W, w> turning into [j] when in a word-final position. Instead, the spellings <gue>, <lle> and <wi> are used to denote the sounds [g], [l] and [wi] at the end of a word.<br /> **The phoneme /ɥ/ only appears in a handful of diphtongues :<br /> UÎ, uî [ɥi]<br /> Ui, ui [ɥi]<br /> Ua, ua [ɥa]<br /> Uç, uç [ɥe]<br /> Uÿ, uÿ [ɥɛ]<br /> ***The grapheme <io> is thus ambiguous and can denote either /iw/ or /jo/. Similarly, <Oi, oi> denotes either /i/ or /wi/, and <Oe, oe>, which denotes either /wə/ or /ø/. Another exception is <OU/Ou, ou> which denotes /u/.<br /> There is a list of accepted spellings where <O, o> stands for /w/ :<br /> <Oa, oa> [wa]<br /> <Oe, oe> [wə]<br /> <Oç, oç> [we]<br /> <Où, où> [wœ]<br /> <Oÿ, oÿ> [wɛ]<br /> <Oo, oo> [wo] or [wɔ]<br /> <Oy, oy> [wy]<br /> <Oô, oô> [wo]<br /> <Oä, oä> [wɑ̃]<br /> <Oà, oà> [wɔ̃]<br /> <Oé, oé> [wɛ̃]<br /> <Oè, oè> [wœ̃] (This one was described as [wœ̃] already in the original documentation (instead of expected [wæ̃] and has therefore cast some doubt on the identification of vowels /ø/, /œ/ and /œ̃/.)<br /> <Oi, oi> [wi]<br /> <Oeu, oeu> [wø]<br /> And reciprocally (<Ao, ao> [aw]... etc).<br /> ***The phoneme /ɾ/ also appears as part of a syllable /bɾə/, written <Ë, ë>. When <Ë, ë> is followed by a vowel, the /ə/ is replaced by that vowel :<br /> Ëa, ëa [bɾa]<br /> Ëç, ëç [bɾe]<br /> Ëÿ, ëÿ [bɾɛ]<br /> Ëu, ëu [bɾy]<br /> Ëo, ëo [bɾo] or [bɾɔ]<br /> Ëï, ëï [bɾi]<br /> Ëä, ëä [bɾɑ̃]<br /> Ëà, ëà [bɾɔ̃]<br /> Ëé, ëé [bɾɛ̃]<br /> Ëè, ëè [bɾœ̃]<br /> Ëou, ëou [bɾu]<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"<br /> ! colspan="2"|<br /> ! colspan="2"|Front<br /> ! colspan="2"|Central<br /> ! colspan="2"|Back<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close<br /> |colspan="2"|i <I, i> alt. <Oi, oi> ; y <U, u><br /> |colspan="2"|ɨ <Î, î> alt. <Ï, ï>*<br /> |colspan="2"|u <OU/Ou, ou><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Close-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|e <E, ç/ë> ; ø <EU/Eu, eu> alt. <OE/Oe, oe><br /> |colspan="2"| ə <E, e><br /> |colspan="2"|o <O, o> alt. <Ô, ô> alt. <Õ, õ><br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open-mid<br /> |colspan="2"|ɛ <E, ÿ/ê> alt. <EA, ea> ; œ <E, ù/ĕ> alt. <EÔ/Eô, eô> ; ɛ̃ <Ä, é/â>** ; œ̃ <Ä, è/ä>**<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"|ɔ <O, o> ; ɔ̃ <Ä, à/ă> **<br /> |-<br /> !colspan="2"|Open<br /> |colspan="2"|<br /> |colspan="2"| ä <A, a> alt. <Ã, ã><br /> |colspan="2"| ɑ̃ <Ä, ä>**<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Notes on vowels :<br /> <poem><br /> Long vowels are simply written with a double grapheme (<Aa, aa> /a:/,... etc).<br /> *The grapheme <Î, î> denotes /ɨ/, except in front of some consonants (<F, f>, <V, v>, <Q, q>, <Ö, ö>, <Ñ, ñ>, <X, x>, <H, h>) ; the grapheme <Ï, ï> is used instead in order to denote /ɨ/.<br /> **Nasal vowels can also be written with some vowels followed by a <N, n> or a <M, m> :<br /> /ɑ̃/ <An, an> ; <Am, am> ; <En, en> ; <Em, em><br /> /ɛ̃/ <In, in> , <Im, im> ; <Ein, ein> ; <Eim, eim><br /> /ɔ̃/ <On, on> ; <Om, om><br /> /œ̃/ <Un, un> ; <Um, um><br /> However, if there are two <N, n> or <M, m> following a vowel, then it is not nasalized and pronounced as V+[n or m] (<Ann, ann> [an], <Amm, amm> [am],... etc).<br /> </poem><br /> <br /> General notes :<br /> <poem><br /> The grapheme <Ħ, ħ> can also be written <Hh, hh>.<br /> There are a few more noteworthy spellings with unexpected pronunciations :<br /> <Äî, äî> [an]<br /> <Äî, àî> [on] or [ɔn]<br /> <Äî, éî> [in] or [im]<br /> <Äî, èî> [un] or [œm]<br /> <br /> <ÜÂ, üâ> [jaj]<br /> <ÜY, üy> [jɔj]<br /> <ÊÜ, êü> [jaj]<br /> <YÜ, yü> [joj] or [jɔj]<br /> <ÃÎ, ãî> [aji]<br /> <ÕÎ, õî> [oji]<br /> <br /> <br /> Word-final spellings :<br /> Besides the final <g>, <l> and <wi> that become [j], there are also final <ebm> and <ebn> that are pronounced [ɛjm] and [ɛjn], respectively.<br /> Moreover, final <e>, <ô>, <d>, <q>, <s>, <t>, <z>, <er> are not pronounced. Instead, final spellings <dde>, <qe>, <sse>, <tte>, <ze> are pronounced [d], [ʃ], [θ] (or possibly [s) ?), [t], [z], respectively.<br /> <br /> ===Prosody===<br /> ====Stress====<br /> ====Intonation====<br /> <br /> ===Phonotactics===<br /> <br /> ===Morphophonology===<br /> <br /> ==Morphology==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Syntax==<br /> ===Constituent order===<br /> ===Noun phrase===<br /> ===Verb phrase===<br /> ===Sentence phrase===<br /> ===Dependent clauses===<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Example texts==<br /> <br /> ==Other resources==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Qtolqjimctadû]]<br /> [[Category:Languages]]<br /> [[Category:Conlangs]]<br /> [[Category:Tolsian]]</div>

Uvie https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=User:Uvie&diff=526219 User:Uvie 2026-05-19T14:46:13Z

<p>Uvie: </p> <hr /> <div>My languages on Linguifex :<br /> <br /> https://linguifex.com/wiki/TolsianR<br /> https://linguifex.com/wiki/Lodeen<br /> https://linguifex.com/wiki/Hutala [[Qtolqjimctadû]]</div>

Uvie