'''Vesenian''' (native: ''vesenesko'' /veseˈnesko/) is a Slavic language.


==Introduction==
Vesenian is an attempt to create a "Spanish-sounding" Slavic language.





==Phonology==



===Orthography===
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Vesenian consonant phonemes
! colspan="2" |
! Labial
! Dental
! Alveolar
! Postalveolar/ Palatal
! Velar/ Guttural
|-
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| m
|
| n
| ɲ
| (ŋ)
|-
! rowspan="2" | Stop
! voiceless
| p
| t
|
| c ~ tʃ
| k
|-
! voiced
| b
| d
|
|
| ɡ
|-

! rowspan="2" | Fricative
! voiceless
| f
| θ
| s
|
| x
|-
! voiced
| v
| ð
| z
| ʝ
|
|-
! colspan="2" | Approximant
| (β̞)
| (ð̞)
|
| (j)
| (w), (ɣ˕)
|-
! colspan="2"| Lateral
|
|
| l
| ʎ
|
|-
! colspan="2" | Trill
|
|
| r
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | Tap
|
|
| ɾ
|
|
|}

===Vowels===
===Prosody===
====Stress====
====Intonation====

===Phonotactics===

===Morphophonology===
===Phonological history===
===='''''From Proto-Slavic (with original vowel length preserved) to Proto-Vesenian'''''====

'''Vowels'''
* *oRC > *oRъC
* *eRC > *eRьC
* *ъRC > *ъRъC
* *ьRC > *ьRьC
*Weakening of yers:
**Yers were considered weak (and were likely shortened to some extent but were not completely dropped) when final, and when followed by a syllable in the same word that did not contain a weak yer.
**Yers followed by a syllable containing a weak yer were considered strong.
**Weak yers could not carry an accent. Therefore, any accent they had was shifted to the previous vowel, resulting in the neoacute.
*All final-syllable accents were shifted to the previous syllable (or the syllable before that if the penultimate syllable contained a weak yer), forming more cases of the neoacute.
*Neoacute vowels (including yers) were lengthened.

'''Consonants'''
* *šč > *sc / adjacent to front vowels
* *č > *c / adjacent to front vowels
* *č > *ť / otherwise
* *ždž > *zdz / adjacent to front vowels
* *ždž > *žď / otherwise
* *ž > *z / adjacent to front vowels
* *š > *s / adjacent to front vowels
* *ś > *s / everywhere

'''Proto-Venesian prounciation notes'''
*Preserved *š = /ç/
*Preserved *ž = /ʝ/
* *ť = /c/
* *ď = /ɟ/
* *ь = /ɪ/
* *ъ = /ʊ/

===='''''From Proto-Vesenian to Early Old Vesenian'''''====

'''Vowels'''

*Reformulation of strong and weak yers (only applies to short yers):
**The earlier distinction between strong and weak yers was lost.
**Final yers were preserved except when part of a polysyllabic inflectional ending and in some other exceptional cases.
**Elsewhere, yers were dropped whenever phonotactically feasible (with the second of a sequence of two yers being dropped when possible), lengthening the preceding vowel. This process was highly susceptible to analogy.
**Yers were also added to break impermissible consonant clusters. The quality of the yer was in accordance with the vowel of the syllable that it split.
**A front yer was also added word-initially before clusters of a sibilant + consonant.

* *ь̄ > e
* *ъ̄ > o
* *e > ь / before palatal consonants (j, ž, š, ť, ď)
* *o > vъ / before j initially or after velars
* *o > ъ / before j otherwise

'''''From Early Old Vesenian to Late Old Vesenian'''''

'''Vowels'''
*ь, ъ > i / adjacent to j, ž, š
*ь, ъ > e / adjacent to ť, ď
*ь > e / otherwise
*ъ > o / otherwise
*ě > ē
*ę > ēN / before a consonant (N = homorganic nasal to following consonant)
*ę > ē / otherwise
*ǫ > ōN / before a consonant
*ǫ > ō / otherwise

'''Consonants'''
*šť > ť / initially
*šť > jť / otherwise
*žď > ď / initially
*žď > jď / otherwise
*ť > č /c/ (purely transcription change)
*ď > ž /ʝ/
*j > ∅ / #_i

'''Transcription Notes'''
*Long vowels are consistently marked with macrons.

===='''''From Late Old Vesenian to Modern Vesenian'''''====

'''Vowels (vowel length marked)'''
*Non-final posttonic short vowels were often dropped where phonotactically feasible.
*Posttonic long vowels were shortened.
*ē > ië (note: ë = /ə/)
*ō > uë
*ā > a
*ī > i
*ū > u
*ȳ > ë
*ë > e
*CjV, CijV > CiV (i.e. became an opening diphthong)
*uej > ui /u̯i/
**This occurred after ''gC > jC'' and resulted in Old Vesenian ''ōgC'' becoming ''uiC''.
*uie > Cui
**This (and the change below) occurred after CvV > CuV
*ui > uj / before non-front vowels
*ue > u / _CiV
*ie > i / _CiV
'''Consonants'''
*š /ç/ > x
*c > ť /θ/
*j > j /ʝ/ / except when before a consonant (i.e. in a closing diphthong) or after /i/, in which case it is pronounced /j/
*ž > j /ʝ/
*dz > ď /ð/
*dl > gl
*tl > kl
*g > j / before consonants
*x > f / before consonants
*fv > f
*v > u /w/ / adjacent to consonants and word-finally


*r > r /ɾ/
*ř > ř /r/
*m > n / word-finally

==Morphology==
===Pronouns===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Vesenian personal pronouns
! rowspan="2" |Person/ Number !! rowspan="2" | Subject !! rowspan="2"| Object !! rowspan="2"| Oblique !! rowspan="2"| Approximative !! colspan="2"| Clitic object !! colspan="2" |Possessive
|-
! Direct || Indirect || Weak || Strong
|-
! 1S
| ja || mene || menen || meneh || me || mi || mi || mije
|-
! 2S
| te || tebe || teben || tebeh || te || ti || ti || tije
|-
! 3SM
| ono || niego || niegon || niegoh || go || gi || gi || jego
|-
! 3SF
| ona || nijo || nijon || nijoh || jo || ji || ji || ije
|-
! 3R
| — || sebe || seben || sebeh || se || si || si || sije
|-
! 1P
| ne || namo || namon || namoh || ne || nas || nas || naso
|-
! 2P
| ve || vamo || vamon || vamoh || ve || vas || vas || vaso
|-
! 3PM
| oni || niho || nihon || nihoh || ho || hi || hi || iho
|-
! 3PF
| one || niho || nihon || nihoh || ho || hi || hi || iho
|-
|}
Strong possessives decline as adjectives.



===Nouns===
Original Proto-Slavic case forms were mostly lost, with some relics.

Possessive adjectives, equivalent to -'s in English, are formed with the suffixes ''-vo'' (added after the final vowel of masculine nouns ending in ''-o'' or ''-e'') and ''-ino'' (added to non-masculine nouns, replacing the final vowel). When formed from a plural noun, the suffix is ''-sevo'' (added after the final vowel of the plural).

The plural is regularly formed by changing the final vowel to ''-i'' (masculine) or ''-e'' (feminine). However, if this would result in the word ending in ''-ji'' or ''-ii'', the final vowel instead becomes ''-a'' (yielding ''-ja'' or ''-ia'' respectively). Many nouns have irregular plurals, often co-occurring with regular plurals.

An emphatic plural can be formed with the suffix ''-s'' added after the vowel of the regular plural. However, the emphatic plural is often used colloquially as the default plural.

The oblique is formed by adding a final nasal (''-n'') to a noun in the singular or plural.

The approximative (meaning "around X", "in the area of X", "approximately X") is formed by adding a final (''-h'') to the plural form of the noun.

===Numerals===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Vesenian numerals
! # !! Cardinal !! Ordinal
|-
! 0
| zero; niťo
| zereno
|-
! 1
| eno, ena
| pervo
|-
! 2
| dova, dove
| votoro
|-
! 3
| tri
| trete
|-
! 4
| ťeteri
| ťeterto
|-
! 5
| piente
| piento
|-
! 6
| seste
| sesto
|-
! 7
| sedme
| sedmo
|-
! 8
| osme
| osmo
|-
! 9
| deviente
| deviento
|-
! 10
| desiente
| desiento
|-
! 11
| enaťie
|
|-
! 12
| dovanaťie
|
|-
! 13
| trinaťie
|
|-
! 14
| ťeterinaťie
|
|-
! 15
| pientenaťie
|
|-
! 16
| sestenaťie
|
|-
! 17
| sedmenaťie
|
|-
! 18
| osmenaťie
|
|-
! 19
| devientenaťie
|
|-
! 20
| dovaťién
|
|-
! 21
| dovaťién i eno
|
|-
! 30
| triťién
|
|-
! 40
| ťeteriťién
|
|-
! 50
| pienteťién
|
|-
! 60
| sesteťién
|
|-
! 70
| sedmeťién
|
|-
!80
| osmeťién
|
|-
! 90
| devienteťién
|
|-
! 100
| soto
| soteno
|-
! 200
| dovasta
| dovasteno
|-
! 300
| trista
| tristeno
|-
! 400
| ťeteristo
|
|-
! 500
| pientesto
|
|-
! 1000
| tesienťa
|
|-
! 2000
| dova tesienťe
|
|}

===Verbs===

====Features====
* Lexical aspect is highly regularized.
* Most verbs regularly form the perfective and habitual from the imperfective (via the prefix ''po-'' and the suffix ''-va-'' respectively).
* Verbs that are inherently perfective form the imperfective via the ''-va-'' suffix appended to the perfective form. This applies to most prefixed verbs.
** Note: The ''-va-'' suffix is appended after the theme vowel, but a preceding ''-a-'' becomes ''-e-'' (except in monosyllabic or originally monosyllabic stems).
* A durative can be formed from any base verb (whether imperfective or perfective) by combining the prefix ''po-'' and the suffix ''-va-''. This gives a meaning of "to do (verb) for a period of time".
* Aspectual counterparts essentially behave as tense/aspect counterparts of a single verb.
* Verbs formed from imperfectives with prefixes other than ''po-'' are also usually perfective, but they have additional meaning and behave as derived verbs, with their own regularly formed imperfective, habitual, and durative aspectual forms.

====''a''-stems====
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Conjugation of ''dielati'' "to be doing" (impf.)
! colspan="2"| Infinitive
| colspan="2"| diel'''ati'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Present active participle
| colspan="2"| diel'''anťe'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Past active participle
| colspan="2"| diel'''alo'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Passive participle
| colspan="2"| diel'''ano'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Verbal noun
| colspan="2"| diel'''anie'''
|-
! Person/Number !! Present !! Past !! Imperative
|-
! 1S
| diel'''ó''' || diel'''ah''' ||
|-
! 2S
| diel'''ás''' || diel'''ases''' || diel'''aj'''
|-
! 3S
| diel'''á''' || diel'''ase''' ||
|-
! 1P
| diel'''amo''' || diel'''asmo''' || diel'''ajmo'''
|-
! 2P
| diel'''ate''' || diel'''aste''' || diel'''ajte'''
|-
! 3P
| diel'''án''' || diel'''ahon''' ||
|}


====''ie''-stems====
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Conjugation of ''bilieti'' "to be whitening" (impf.)
! colspan="2"| Infinitive
| colspan="2"| bil'''ieti'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Present active participle
| colspan="2"| bil'''ienťe'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Past active participle
| colspan="2"| bil'''ielo'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Passive participle
| colspan="2"| bil'''ieno'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Verbal noun
| colspan="2"| bil'''ienie'''
|-
! Person/Number !! Present !! Past !! Imperative
|-
! 1S
| bil'''ijo''' || bil'''ieh''' ||
|-
! 2S
| bil'''ijes''' || bil'''ieses''' || bil'''í'''
|-
! 3S
| bil'''ije''' || bil'''iese''' ||
|-
! 1P
| bil'''imo''' || bil'''iesmo''' || bil'''imo'''
|-
! 2P
| bil'''ite''' || bil'''ieste''' || bil'''ite'''
|-
! 3P
| bil'''ijon''' || bil'''iehon''' ||
|}


====''i''-stems====
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Conjugation of ''voditi'' "to be leading" (impf.)
! colspan="2"| Infinitive
| colspan="2"| vod'''iti'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Present active participle
| colspan="2"| vod'''ienťe'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Past active participle
| colspan="2"| vod'''ilo'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Passive participle
| colspan="2"| vod'''ino'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Verbal noun
| colspan="2"| vod'''inie'''
|-
! Person/Number !! Present !! Past !! Imperative
|-
! 1S
| vod'''io''' || vod'''ih''' ||
|-
! 2S
| vod'''is''' || vod'''ises''' || vod'''i'''
|-
! 3S
| vod'''i''' || vod'''ise''' ||
|-
! 1P
| vod'''imo''' || vod'''ismo''' || vod'''imo'''
|-
! 2P
| vod'''ite''' || vos'''iste''' || vod'''ite'''
|-
! 3P
| vod'''ien''' || vod'''ihon''' ||
|}


====''u''-stems====
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Conjugation of ''tolkuati'' "to be interpreting" (impf.)
! colspan="2"| Infinitive
| colspan="2"| tolk'''uati'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Present active participle
| colspan="2"| tolk'''ujenťe'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Past active participle
| colspan="2"| tolk'''ualo'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Passive participle
| colspan="2"| tolk'''uano'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Verbal noun
| colspan="2"| tolk'''uanie'''
|-
! Person/Number !! Present !! Past !! Imperative
|-
! 1S
| tolk'''ujo''' || tolk'''uah''' ||
|-
! 2S
| tolk'''ujes''' || tolk'''uases''' || tolk'''uj'''
|-
! 3S
| tolk'''uje''' || tolk'''uase''' ||
|-
! 1P
| tolk'''ujmo''' || tolk'''uasmo''' || tolk'''ujmo'''
|-
! 2P
| tolk'''ujte''' || tolk'''uaste''' || tolk'''ujte'''
|-
! 3P
| tolk'''ujon''' || tolk'''uahon''' ||
|}


====Consonant stems====
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Conjugation of ''paseti'' "to be grazing" (impf.)
! colspan="2"| Infinitive
| colspan="2"| pas'''eti'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Present active participle
| colspan="2"| pas'''ienťe'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Past active participle
| colspan="2"| pas'''elo'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Passive participle
| colspan="2"| pas'''eno'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Verbal noun
| colspan="2"| pas'''enie'''
|-
! Person/Number !! Present !! Past !! Imperative
|-
! 1S
| pas'''o''' || pas'''eh''' ||
|-
! 2S
| pas'''es''' || pas'''eses''' || pas'''i'''
|-
! 3S
| pas'''e''' || pas'''ese''' ||
|-
! 1P
| pas'''emo''' || pas'''esmo''' || pas'''imo'''
|-
! 2P
| pas'''ete''' || pas'''este''' || pas'''ite'''
|-
! 3P
| pas'''on''' || pas'''ehon''' ||
|}


====Example of a regular verb====
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Conjugation of ''dielati'' "to be doing" (impf.)
! Person/Number !! Present !!  Past !! Imperative
|-
! 1S
| diel'''ó''' ||  diel'''ah''' ||
|-
! 2S
| diel'''ás''' ||  diel'''ases''' || diel'''aj'''
|-
! 3S
| diel'''á''' ||  diel'''ase''' ||
|-
! 1P
| diel'''amo''' ||  diel'''asmo''' || diel'''ajmo'''
|-
! 2P
| diel'''ate''' ||  diel'''aste''' || diel'''ajte'''
|-
! 3P
| diel'''án''' ||  diel'''ahon''' ||
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Conjugation of ''podielati'' "to have done" (perf.)
! Person/Number !! Present !!  Past !! Imperative
|-
! 1S
| podiel'''ó''' ||  podiel'''ah''' ||
|-
! 2S
| podiel'''ás''' ||  podiel'''ases''' || podiel'''aj'''
|-
! 3S
| podiel'''á''' ||  podiel'''ase''' ||
|-
! 1P
| podiel'''amo''' ||  podiel'''asmo''' || podiel'''ajmo'''
|-
! 2P
| podiel'''ate''' ||  podiel'''aste''' || podiel'''ajte'''
|-
! 3P
| podiel'''án''' ||  podiel'''ahon''' ||
|}


{| class="wikitable"
|+ Conjugation of ''dielevati'' "to do" (hab.)
! Person/Number !! Present !!  Past !! Imperative
|-
! 1S
| diel'''evó''' ||  diel'''evah''' ||
|-
! 2S
| diel'''evás''' ||  diel'''evases''' || diel'''evaj'''
|-
! 3S
| diel'''evá''' ||  diel'''evase''' ||
|-
! 1P
| diel'''evamo''' ||  diel'''evasmo''' || diel'''evajmo'''
|-
! 2P
| diel'''evate''' ||  diel'''aste''' || diel'''evajte'''
|-
! 3P
| diel'''eván''' ||  diel'''evahon''' ||
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Conjugation of ''podielevati'' "to do for a while" (2⁰ impf.)
! Person/Number !! Present !!  Past !! Imperative
|-
! 1S
| podiel'''evó''' ||  podiel'''evah''' ||
|-
! 2S
| podiel'''evás''' ||  podiel'''evases''' || podiel'''evaj'''
|-
! 3S
| podiel'''evá''' ||  podiel'''evase''' ||
|-
! 1P
| podiel'''evamo''' ||  podiel'''evasmo''' || podiel'''evajmo'''
|-
! 2P
| podiel'''evate''' ||  podiel'''aste''' || podiel'''evajte'''
|-
! 3P
| podiel'''eván''' ||  podiel'''evahon''' ||
|}

====Example of a highly irregular verb====
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Conjugation of ''beti'' "to be" (impf.)
! colspan="2"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| beti
|-
! colspan="2"| Present active participle
| colspan="3"| sienťe
|-
! colspan="2"| Past active participle
| colspan="3"| belo
|-
! colspan="2"| Passive participle
| colspan="3"| beno
|-
! colspan="2"| Verbal noun
| colspan="3"| benie
|-
! Person/Number !! Present !! Past !! Future !! Imperative
|-
! 1S
| esme || beh || buendo ||
|-
! 2S
| es || beses || buendes || buendi
|-
! 3S
| este e || bese || buende ||
|-
! 1P
| esmo || besmo || buendemo || buendimo
|-
! 2P
| este || beste || buendete || buendite
|-
! 3P
| suen || behon || buendon ||
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Conjugation of ''estati'' "to be, become" (perf.)
! colspan="2"| Infinitive
| colspan="2"| estati
|-
! colspan="2"| Present active participle
| colspan="2"| estanťe
|-
! colspan="2"| Past active participle
| colspan="2"| estalo
|-
! colspan="2"| Passive participle
| colspan="2"| —
|-
! colspan="2"| Verbal noun
| colspan="2"| estanie
|-
! Person/Number !! Present !! Past !! Imperative
|-
! 1S
| estano || estah ||
|-
! 2S
| estanes || estases || estani
|-
! 3S
| estane || estase ||
|-
! 1P
| estanemo || estasmo || estanimo
|-
! 2P
| estanete || esaste || estanite
|-
! 3P
| estanon || estahon ||
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Conjugation of ''bevati'' "to be" (hab./gnomic)
! colspan="2"| Infinitive
| colspan="2"| bevati
|-
! colspan="2"| Present active participle
| colspan="2"| bevanťe
|-
! colspan="2"| Past active participle
| colspan="2"| bevalo
|-
! colspan="2"| Passive participle
| colspan="2"| —
|-
! colspan="2"| Verbal noun
| colspan="2"| bevanie
|-
! Person/Number !! Present !! Past !! Imperative
|-
! 1S
| bevó || bevah ||
|-
! 2S
| bevás || bevases || bevaj
|-
! 3S
| bevá || bevase ||
|-
! 1P
| bevamo || bevasmo || bevajmo
|-
! 2P
| bevate || bevaste || bevajte
|-
! 3P
| beván || bevahon ||
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Conjugation of ''estavati'' "to become" (hab.)
! colspan="2"| Infinitive
| colspan="2"| estavati
|-
! colspan="2"| Present active participle
| colspan="2"| estavanťe
|-
! colspan="2"| Past active participle
| colspan="2"| estavalo
|-
! colspan="2"| Passive participle
| colspan="2"| —
|-
! colspan="2"| Verbal noun
| colspan="2"| estavanie
|-
! Person/Number !! Present !! Past !! Imperative
|-
! 1S
| estavó || estavah ||
|-
! 2S
| estavás || estavases || estavaj
|-
! 3S
| estavá || estavase ||
|-
! 1P
| estavamo || estavasmo || estavajmo
|-
! 2P
| estavate || estavaste || estavajte
|-
! 3P
| estaván || estavahon ||
|}

Other forms:
* Durative: ''postavati'' "to be for a while"

==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==

===Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)===

Vesi ti ljudie rodien se soboni i orueni vo dostineste i zakone. 

IPA: /ˈvesi ti ˈʎudje ˈrodjen se soˈboni i oˈɾweni vo dostiˈneste i zaˈkone /

==Other resources==
[[Vesenian/Swadesh_list|Swadesh list]]




[[Category:Vesenian]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Slavic languages]]

Vesenian

2025-02-06T19:29:18Z

Shariifka: /* Numerals */

'''Vesenian''' (native: ''vesenesko'' /veseˈnesko/) is a Slavic language.


==Introduction==
Vesenian is an attempt to create a "Spanish-sounding" Slavic language.





==Phonology==



===Orthography===
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Vesenian consonant phonemes
! colspan="2" |
! Labial
! Dental
! Alveolar
! Postalveolar/ Palatal
! Velar/ Guttural
|-
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| m
|
| n
| ɲ
| (ŋ)
|-
! rowspan="2" | Stop
! voiceless
| p
| t
|
| c ~ tʃ
| k
|-
! voiced
| b
| d
|
|
| ɡ
|-

! rowspan="2" | Fricative
! voiceless
| f
| θ
| s
|
| x
|-
! voiced
| v
| ð
| z
| ʝ
|
|-
! colspan="2" | Approximant
| (β̞)
| (ð̞)
|
| (j)
| (w), (ɣ˕)
|-
! colspan="2"| Lateral
|
|
| l
| ʎ
|
|-
! colspan="2" | Trill
|
|
| r
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | Tap
|
|
| ɾ
|
|
|}

===Vowels===
===Prosody===
====Stress====
====Intonation====

===Phonotactics===

===Morphophonology===
===Phonological history===
===='''''From Proto-Slavic (with original vowel length preserved) to Proto-Vesenian'''''====

'''Vowels'''
* *oRC > *oRъC
* *eRC > *eRьC
* *ъRC > *ъRъC
* *ьRC > *ьRьC
*Weakening of yers:
**Yers were considered weak (and were likely shortened to some extent but were not completely dropped) when final, and when followed by a syllable in the same word that did not contain a weak yer.
**Yers followed by a syllable containing a weak yer were considered strong.
**Weak yers could not carry an accent. Therefore, any accent they had was shifted to the previous vowel, resulting in the neoacute.
*All final-syllable accents were shifted to the previous syllable (or the syllable before that if the penultimate syllable contained a weak yer), forming more cases of the neoacute.
*Neoacute vowels (including yers) were lengthened.

'''Consonants'''
* *šč > *sc / adjacent to front vowels
* *č > *c / adjacent to front vowels
* *č > *ť / otherwise
* *ždž > *zdz / adjacent to front vowels
* *ždž > *žď / otherwise
* *ž > *z / adjacent to front vowels
* *š > *s / adjacent to front vowels
* *ś > *s / everywhere

'''Proto-Venesian prounciation notes'''
*Preserved *š = /ç/
*Preserved *ž = /ʝ/
* *ť = /c/
* *ď = /ɟ/
* *ь = /ɪ/
* *ъ = /ʊ/

===='''''From Proto-Vesenian to Early Old Vesenian'''''====

'''Vowels'''

*Reformulation of strong and weak yers (only applies to short yers):
**The earlier distinction between strong and weak yers was lost.
**Final yers were preserved except when part of a polysyllabic inflectional ending and in some other exceptional cases.
**Elsewhere, yers were dropped whenever phonotactically feasible (with the second of a sequence of two yers being dropped when possible), lengthening the preceding vowel. This process was highly susceptible to analogy.
**Yers were also added to break impermissible consonant clusters. The quality of the yer was in accordance with the vowel of the syllable that it split.
**A front yer was also added word-initially before clusters of a sibilant + consonant.

* *ь̄ > e
* *ъ̄ > o
* *e > ь / before palatal consonants (j, ž, š, ť, ď)
* *o > vъ / before j initially or after velars
* *o > ъ / before j otherwise

'''''From Early Old Vesenian to Late Old Vesenian'''''

'''Vowels'''
*ь, ъ > i / adjacent to j, ž, š
*ь, ъ > e / adjacent to ť, ď
*ь > e / otherwise
*ъ > o / otherwise
*ě > ē
*ę > ēN / before a consonant (N = homorganic nasal to following consonant)
*ę > ē / otherwise
*ǫ > ōN / before a consonant
*ǫ > ō / otherwise

'''Consonants'''
*šť > ť / initially
*šť > jť / otherwise
*žď > ď / initially
*žď > jď / otherwise
*ť > č /c/ (purely transcription change)
*ď > ž /ʝ/
*j > ∅ / #_i

'''Transcription Notes'''
*Long vowels are consistently marked with macrons.

===='''''From Late Old Vesenian to Modern Vesenian'''''====

'''Vowels (vowel length marked)'''
*Non-final posttonic short vowels were often dropped where phonotactically feasible.
*Posttonic long vowels were shortened.
*ē > ië (note: ë = /ə/)
*ō > uë
*ā > a
*ī > i
*ū > u
*ȳ > ë
*ë > e
*CjV, CijV > CiV (i.e. became an opening diphthong)
*uej > ui /u̯i/
**This occurred after ''gC > jC'' and resulted in Old Vesenian ''ōgC'' becoming ''uiC''.
*uie > Cui
**This (and the change below) occurred after CvV > CuV
*ui > uj / before non-front vowels
*ue > u / _CiV
*ie > i / _CiV
'''Consonants'''
*š /ç/ > x
*c > ť /θ/
*j > j /ʝ/ / except when before a consonant (i.e. in a closing diphthong) or after /i/, in which case it is pronounced /j/
*ž > j /ʝ/
*dz > ď /ð/
*dl > gl
*tl > kl
*g > j / before consonants
*x > f / before consonants
*fv > f
*v > u /w/ / adjacent to consonants and word-finally


*r > r /ɾ/
*ř > ř /r/
*m > n / word-finally

==Morphology==
===Pronouns===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Vesenian personal pronouns
! rowspan="2" |Person/ Number !! rowspan="2" | Subject !! rowspan="2"| Object !! rowspan="2"| Oblique !! rowspan="2"| Approximative !! colspan="2"| Clitic object !! colspan="2" |Possessive
|-
! Direct || Indirect || Weak || Strong
|-
! 1S
| ja || mene || menen || meneh || me || mi || mi || mije
|-
! 2S
| te || tebe || teben || tebeh || te || ti || ti || tije
|-
! 3SM
| ono || niego || niegon || niegoh || go || gi || gi || jego
|-
! 3SF
| ona || nijo || nijon || nijoh || jo || ji || ji || ije
|-
! 3R
| — || sebe || seben || sebeh || se || si || si || sije
|-
! 1P
| ne || namo || namon || namoh || ne || nas || nas || naso
|-
! 2P
| ve || vamo || vamon || vamoh || ve || vas || vas || vaso
|-
! 3PM
| oni || niho || nihon || nihoh || ho || hi || hi || iho
|-
! 3PF
| one || niho || nihon || nihoh || ho || hi || hi || iho
|-
|}
Strong possessives decline as adjectives.



===Nouns===
Original Proto-Slavic case forms were mostly lost, with some relics.

Possessive adjectives, equivalent to -'s in English, are formed with the suffixes ''-vo'' (added after the final vowel of masculine nouns ending in ''-o'' or ''-e'') and ''-ino'' (added to non-masculine nouns, replacing the final vowel). When formed from a plural noun, the suffix is ''-sevo'' (added after the final vowel of the plural).

The plural is regularly formed by changing the final vowel to ''-i'' (masculine) or ''-e'' (feminine). However, if this would result in the word ending in ''-ji'' or ''-ii'', the final vowel instead becomes ''-a'' (yielding ''-ja'' or ''-ia'' respectively). Many nouns have irregular plurals, often co-occurring with regular plurals.

An emphatic plural can be formed with the suffix ''-s'' added after the vowel of the regular plural. However, the emphatic plural is often used colloquially as the default plural.

The oblique is formed by adding a final nasal (''-n'') to a noun in the singular or plural.

The approximative (meaning "around X", "in the area of X", "approximately X") is formed by adding a final (''-h'') to the plural form of the noun.

===Numerals===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Vesenian numerals
! # !! Cardinal !! Ordinal
|-
! 0
| zero; niťo
| zereno
|-
! 1
| eno, ena
| pervo
|-
! 2
| dova, dove
| votoro
|-
! 3
| tri
| trete
|-
! 4
| ťeteri
| ťeterto
|-
! 5
| piente
| piento
|-
! 6
| seste
| sesto
|-
! 7
| sedme
| sedmo
|-
! 8
| osme
| osmo
|-
! 9
| deviente
| deviento
|-
! 10
| desiente
| desiento
|-
! 11
| enaťie
|
|-
! 12
| dovanaťie
|
|-
! 13
| trinaťie
|
|-
! 14
| ťeterinaťie
|
|-
! 15
| pientenaťie
|
|-
! 16
| sestenaťie
|
|-
! 17
| sedmenaťie
|
|-
! 18
| osmenaťie
|
|-
! 19
| devientenaťie
|
|-
! 20
| dovaťién
|
|-
! 21
| dovaťién i eno
|
|-
! 30
| triťién
|
|-
! 40
| ťeteriťién
|
|-
! 50
| pienteťién
|
|-
! 60
| sesteťién
|
|-
! 70
| sedmeťién
|
|-
!80
| osmeťién
|
|-
! 90
| devienteťién
|
|-
! 100
| soto
| soteno
|-
! 200
| dovasta
| dovasteno
|-
! 300
| trista
| tristeno
|-
! 400
| ťeteri sto
|
|-
! 500
| piente sto
|
|-
! 1000
| tesienťa
|
|-
! 2000
| dova tesienťe
|
|}

===Verbs===

====Features====
* Lexical aspect is highly regularized.
* Most verbs regularly form the perfective and habitual from the imperfective (via the prefix ''po-'' and the suffix ''-va-'' respectively).
* Verbs that are inherently perfective form the imperfective via the ''-va-'' suffix appended to the perfective form. This applies to most prefixed verbs.
** Note: The ''-va-'' suffix is appended after the theme vowel, but a preceding ''-a-'' becomes ''-e-'' (except in monosyllabic or originally monosyllabic stems).
* A durative can be formed from any base verb (whether imperfective or perfective) by combining the prefix ''po-'' and the suffix ''-va-''. This gives a meaning of "to do (verb) for a period of time".
* Aspectual counterparts essentially behave as tense/aspect counterparts of a single verb.
* Verbs formed from imperfectives with prefixes other than ''po-'' are also usually perfective, but they have additional meaning and behave as derived verbs, with their own regularly formed imperfective, habitual, and durative aspectual forms.

====''a''-stems====
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Conjugation of ''dielati'' "to be doing" (impf.)
! colspan="2"| Infinitive
| colspan="2"| diel'''ati'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Present active participle
| colspan="2"| diel'''anťe'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Past active participle
| colspan="2"| diel'''alo'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Passive participle
| colspan="2"| diel'''ano'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Verbal noun
| colspan="2"| diel'''anie'''
|-
! Person/Number !! Present !! Past !! Imperative
|-
! 1S
| diel'''ó''' || diel'''ah''' ||
|-
! 2S
| diel'''ás''' || diel'''ases''' || diel'''aj'''
|-
! 3S
| diel'''á''' || diel'''ase''' ||
|-
! 1P
| diel'''amo''' || diel'''asmo''' || diel'''ajmo'''
|-
! 2P
| diel'''ate''' || diel'''aste''' || diel'''ajte'''
|-
! 3P
| diel'''án''' || diel'''ahon''' ||
|}


====''ie''-stems====
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Conjugation of ''bilieti'' "to be whitening" (impf.)
! colspan="2"| Infinitive
| colspan="2"| bil'''ieti'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Present active participle
| colspan="2"| bil'''ienťe'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Past active participle
| colspan="2"| bil'''ielo'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Passive participle
| colspan="2"| bil'''ieno'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Verbal noun
| colspan="2"| bil'''ienie'''
|-
! Person/Number !! Present !! Past !! Imperative
|-
! 1S
| bil'''ijo''' || bil'''ieh''' ||
|-
! 2S
| bil'''ijes''' || bil'''ieses''' || bil'''í'''
|-
! 3S
| bil'''ije''' || bil'''iese''' ||
|-
! 1P
| bil'''imo''' || bil'''iesmo''' || bil'''imo'''
|-
! 2P
| bil'''ite''' || bil'''ieste''' || bil'''ite'''
|-
! 3P
| bil'''ijon''' || bil'''iehon''' ||
|}


====''i''-stems====
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Conjugation of ''voditi'' "to be leading" (impf.)
! colspan="2"| Infinitive
| colspan="2"| vod'''iti'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Present active participle
| colspan="2"| vod'''ienťe'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Past active participle
| colspan="2"| vod'''ilo'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Passive participle
| colspan="2"| vod'''ino'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Verbal noun
| colspan="2"| vod'''inie'''
|-
! Person/Number !! Present !! Past !! Imperative
|-
! 1S
| vod'''io''' || vod'''ih''' ||
|-
! 2S
| vod'''is''' || vod'''ises''' || vod'''i'''
|-
! 3S
| vod'''i''' || vod'''ise''' ||
|-
! 1P
| vod'''imo''' || vod'''ismo''' || vod'''imo'''
|-
! 2P
| vod'''ite''' || vos'''iste''' || vod'''ite'''
|-
! 3P
| vod'''ien''' || vod'''ihon''' ||
|}


====''u''-stems====
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Conjugation of ''tolkuati'' "to be interpreting" (impf.)
! colspan="2"| Infinitive
| colspan="2"| tolk'''uati'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Present active participle
| colspan="2"| tolk'''ujenťe'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Past active participle
| colspan="2"| tolk'''ualo'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Passive participle
| colspan="2"| tolk'''uano'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Verbal noun
| colspan="2"| tolk'''uanie'''
|-
! Person/Number !! Present !! Past !! Imperative
|-
! 1S
| tolk'''ujo''' || tolk'''uah''' ||
|-
! 2S
| tolk'''ujes''' || tolk'''uases''' || tolk'''uj'''
|-
! 3S
| tolk'''uje''' || tolk'''uase''' ||
|-
! 1P
| tolk'''ujmo''' || tolk'''uasmo''' || tolk'''ujmo'''
|-
! 2P
| tolk'''ujte''' || tolk'''uaste''' || tolk'''ujte'''
|-
! 3P
| tolk'''ujon''' || tolk'''uahon''' ||
|}


====Consonant stems====
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Conjugation of ''paseti'' "to be grazing" (impf.)
! colspan="2"| Infinitive
| colspan="2"| pas'''eti'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Present active participle
| colspan="2"| pas'''ienťe'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Past active participle
| colspan="2"| pas'''elo'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Passive participle
| colspan="2"| pas'''eno'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Verbal noun
| colspan="2"| pas'''enie'''
|-
! Person/Number !! Present !! Past !! Imperative
|-
! 1S
| pas'''o''' || pas'''eh''' ||
|-
! 2S
| pas'''es''' || pas'''eses''' || pas'''i'''
|-
! 3S
| pas'''e''' || pas'''ese''' ||
|-
! 1P
| pas'''emo''' || pas'''esmo''' || pas'''imo'''
|-
! 2P
| pas'''ete''' || pas'''este''' || pas'''ite'''
|-
! 3P
| pas'''on''' || pas'''ehon''' ||
|}


====Example of a regular verb====
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Conjugation of ''dielati'' "to be doing" (impf.)
! Person/Number !! Present !!  Past !! Imperative
|-
! 1S
| diel'''ó''' ||  diel'''ah''' ||
|-
! 2S
| diel'''ás''' ||  diel'''ases''' || diel'''aj'''
|-
! 3S
| diel'''á''' ||  diel'''ase''' ||
|-
! 1P
| diel'''amo''' ||  diel'''asmo''' || diel'''ajmo'''
|-
! 2P
| diel'''ate''' ||  diel'''aste''' || diel'''ajte'''
|-
! 3P
| diel'''án''' ||  diel'''ahon''' ||
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Conjugation of ''podielati'' "to have done" (perf.)
! Person/Number !! Present !!  Past !! Imperative
|-
! 1S
| podiel'''ó''' ||  podiel'''ah''' ||
|-
! 2S
| podiel'''ás''' ||  podiel'''ases''' || podiel'''aj'''
|-
! 3S
| podiel'''á''' ||  podiel'''ase''' ||
|-
! 1P
| podiel'''amo''' ||  podiel'''asmo''' || podiel'''ajmo'''
|-
! 2P
| podiel'''ate''' ||  podiel'''aste''' || podiel'''ajte'''
|-
! 3P
| podiel'''án''' ||  podiel'''ahon''' ||
|}


{| class="wikitable"
|+ Conjugation of ''dielevati'' "to do" (hab.)
! Person/Number !! Present !!  Past !! Imperative
|-
! 1S
| diel'''evó''' ||  diel'''evah''' ||
|-
! 2S
| diel'''evás''' ||  diel'''evases''' || diel'''evaj'''
|-
! 3S
| diel'''evá''' ||  diel'''evase''' ||
|-
! 1P
| diel'''evamo''' ||  diel'''evasmo''' || diel'''evajmo'''
|-
! 2P
| diel'''evate''' ||  diel'''aste''' || diel'''evajte'''
|-
! 3P
| diel'''eván''' ||  diel'''evahon''' ||
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Conjugation of ''podielevati'' "to do for a while" (2⁰ impf.)
! Person/Number !! Present !!  Past !! Imperative
|-
! 1S
| podiel'''evó''' ||  podiel'''evah''' ||
|-
! 2S
| podiel'''evás''' ||  podiel'''evases''' || podiel'''evaj'''
|-
! 3S
| podiel'''evá''' ||  podiel'''evase''' ||
|-
! 1P
| podiel'''evamo''' ||  podiel'''evasmo''' || podiel'''evajmo'''
|-
! 2P
| podiel'''evate''' ||  podiel'''aste''' || podiel'''evajte'''
|-
! 3P
| podiel'''eván''' ||  podiel'''evahon''' ||
|}

====Example of a highly irregular verb====
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Conjugation of ''beti'' "to be" (impf.)
! colspan="2"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| beti
|-
! colspan="2"| Present active participle
| colspan="3"| sienťe
|-
! colspan="2"| Past active participle
| colspan="3"| belo
|-
! colspan="2"| Passive participle
| colspan="3"| beno
|-
! colspan="2"| Verbal noun
| colspan="3"| benie
|-
! Person/Number !! Present !! Past !! Future !! Imperative
|-
! 1S
| esme || beh || buendo ||
|-
! 2S
| es || beses || buendes || buendi
|-
! 3S
| este e || bese || buende ||
|-
! 1P
| esmo || besmo || buendemo || buendimo
|-
! 2P
| este || beste || buendete || buendite
|-
! 3P
| suen || behon || buendon ||
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Conjugation of ''estati'' "to be, become" (perf.)
! colspan="2"| Infinitive
| colspan="2"| estati
|-
! colspan="2"| Present active participle
| colspan="2"| estanťe
|-
! colspan="2"| Past active participle
| colspan="2"| estalo
|-
! colspan="2"| Passive participle
| colspan="2"| —
|-
! colspan="2"| Verbal noun
| colspan="2"| estanie
|-
! Person/Number !! Present !! Past !! Imperative
|-
! 1S
| estano || estah ||
|-
! 2S
| estanes || estases || estani
|-
! 3S
| estane || estase ||
|-
! 1P
| estanemo || estasmo || estanimo
|-
! 2P
| estanete || esaste || estanite
|-
! 3P
| estanon || estahon ||
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Conjugation of ''bevati'' "to be" (hab./gnomic)
! colspan="2"| Infinitive
| colspan="2"| bevati
|-
! colspan="2"| Present active participle
| colspan="2"| bevanťe
|-
! colspan="2"| Past active participle
| colspan="2"| bevalo
|-
! colspan="2"| Passive participle
| colspan="2"| —
|-
! colspan="2"| Verbal noun
| colspan="2"| bevanie
|-
! Person/Number !! Present !! Past !! Imperative
|-
! 1S
| bevó || bevah ||
|-
! 2S
| bevás || bevases || bevaj
|-
! 3S
| bevá || bevase ||
|-
! 1P
| bevamo || bevasmo || bevajmo
|-
! 2P
| bevate || bevaste || bevajte
|-
! 3P
| beván || bevahon ||
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Conjugation of ''estavati'' "to become" (hab.)
! colspan="2"| Infinitive
| colspan="2"| estavati
|-
! colspan="2"| Present active participle
| colspan="2"| estavanťe
|-
! colspan="2"| Past active participle
| colspan="2"| estavalo
|-
! colspan="2"| Passive participle
| colspan="2"| —
|-
! colspan="2"| Verbal noun
| colspan="2"| estavanie
|-
! Person/Number !! Present !! Past !! Imperative
|-
! 1S
| estavó || estavah ||
|-
! 2S
| estavás || estavases || estavaj
|-
! 3S
| estavá || estavase ||
|-
! 1P
| estavamo || estavasmo || estavajmo
|-
! 2P
| estavate || estavaste || estavajte
|-
! 3P
| estaván || estavahon ||
|}

Other forms:
* Durative: ''postavati'' "to be for a while"

==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==

===Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)===

Vesi ti ljudie rodien se soboni i orueni vo dostineste i zakone. 

IPA: /ˈvesi ti ˈʎudje ˈrodjen se soˈboni i oˈɾweni vo dostiˈneste i zaˈkone /

==Other resources==
[[Vesenian/Swadesh_list|Swadesh list]]




[[Category:Vesenian]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Slavic languages]]

Vesenian

2025-02-06T18:14:28Z

Shariifka: /* Numerals */

'''Vesenian''' (native: ''vesenesko'' /veseˈnesko/) is a Slavic language.


==Introduction==
Vesenian is an attempt to create a "Spanish-sounding" Slavic language.





==Phonology==



===Orthography===
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Vesenian consonant phonemes
! colspan="2" |
! Labial
! Dental
! Alveolar
! Postalveolar/ Palatal
! Velar/ Guttural
|-
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| m
|
| n
| ɲ
| (ŋ)
|-
! rowspan="2" | Stop
! voiceless
| p
| t
|
| c ~ tʃ
| k
|-
! voiced
| b
| d
|
|
| ɡ
|-

! rowspan="2" | Fricative
! voiceless
| f
| θ
| s
|
| x
|-
! voiced
| v
| ð
| z
| ʝ
|
|-
! colspan="2" | Approximant
| (β̞)
| (ð̞)
|
| (j)
| (w), (ɣ˕)
|-
! colspan="2"| Lateral
|
|
| l
| ʎ
|
|-
! colspan="2" | Trill
|
|
| r
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | Tap
|
|
| ɾ
|
|
|}

===Vowels===
===Prosody===
====Stress====
====Intonation====

===Phonotactics===

===Morphophonology===
===Phonological history===
===='''''From Proto-Slavic (with original vowel length preserved) to Proto-Vesenian'''''====

'''Vowels'''
* *oRC > *oRъC
* *eRC > *eRьC
* *ъRC > *ъRъC
* *ьRC > *ьRьC
*Weakening of yers:
**Yers were considered weak (and were likely shortened to some extent but were not completely dropped) when final, and when followed by a syllable in the same word that did not contain a weak yer.
**Yers followed by a syllable containing a weak yer were considered strong.
**Weak yers could not carry an accent. Therefore, any accent they had was shifted to the previous vowel, resulting in the neoacute.
*All final-syllable accents were shifted to the previous syllable (or the syllable before that if the penultimate syllable contained a weak yer), forming more cases of the neoacute.
*Neoacute vowels (including yers) were lengthened.

'''Consonants'''
* *šč > *sc / adjacent to front vowels
* *č > *c / adjacent to front vowels
* *č > *ť / otherwise
* *ždž > *zdz / adjacent to front vowels
* *ždž > *žď / otherwise
* *ž > *z / adjacent to front vowels
* *š > *s / adjacent to front vowels
* *ś > *s / everywhere

'''Proto-Venesian prounciation notes'''
*Preserved *š = /ç/
*Preserved *ž = /ʝ/
* *ť = /c/
* *ď = /ɟ/
* *ь = /ɪ/
* *ъ = /ʊ/

===='''''From Proto-Vesenian to Early Old Vesenian'''''====

'''Vowels'''

*Reformulation of strong and weak yers (only applies to short yers):
**The earlier distinction between strong and weak yers was lost.
**Final yers were preserved except when part of a polysyllabic inflectional ending and in some other exceptional cases.
**Elsewhere, yers were dropped whenever phonotactically feasible (with the second of a sequence of two yers being dropped when possible), lengthening the preceding vowel. This process was highly susceptible to analogy.
**Yers were also added to break impermissible consonant clusters. The quality of the yer was in accordance with the vowel of the syllable that it split.
**A front yer was also added word-initially before clusters of a sibilant + consonant.

* *ь̄ > e
* *ъ̄ > o
* *e > ь / before palatal consonants (j, ž, š, ť, ď)
* *o > vъ / before j initially or after velars
* *o > ъ / before j otherwise

'''''From Early Old Vesenian to Late Old Vesenian'''''

'''Vowels'''
*ь, ъ > i / adjacent to j, ž, š
*ь, ъ > e / adjacent to ť, ď
*ь > e / otherwise
*ъ > o / otherwise
*ě > ē
*ę > ēN / before a consonant (N = homorganic nasal to following consonant)
*ę > ē / otherwise
*ǫ > ōN / before a consonant
*ǫ > ō / otherwise

'''Consonants'''
*šť > ť / initially
*šť > jť / otherwise
*žď > ď / initially
*žď > jď / otherwise
*ť > č /c/ (purely transcription change)
*ď > ž /ʝ/
*j > ∅ / #_i

'''Transcription Notes'''
*Long vowels are consistently marked with macrons.

===='''''From Late Old Vesenian to Modern Vesenian'''''====

'''Vowels (vowel length marked)'''
*Non-final posttonic short vowels were often dropped where phonotactically feasible.
*Posttonic long vowels were shortened.
*ē > ië (note: ë = /ə/)
*ō > uë
*ā > a
*ī > i
*ū > u
*ȳ > ë
*ë > e
*CjV, CijV > CiV (i.e. became an opening diphthong)
*uej > ui /u̯i/
**This occurred after ''gC > jC'' and resulted in Old Vesenian ''ōgC'' becoming ''uiC''.
*uie > Cui
**This (and the change below) occurred after CvV > CuV
*ui > uj / before non-front vowels
*ue > u / _CiV
*ie > i / _CiV
'''Consonants'''
*š /ç/ > x
*c > ť /θ/
*j > j /ʝ/ / except when before a consonant (i.e. in a closing diphthong) or after /i/, in which case it is pronounced /j/
*ž > j /ʝ/
*dz > ď /ð/
*dl > gl
*tl > kl
*g > j / before consonants
*x > f / before consonants
*fv > f
*v > u /w/ / adjacent to consonants and word-finally


*r > r /ɾ/
*ř > ř /r/
*m > n / word-finally

==Morphology==
===Pronouns===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Vesenian personal pronouns
! rowspan="2" |Person/ Number !! rowspan="2" | Subject !! rowspan="2"| Object !! rowspan="2"| Oblique !! rowspan="2"| Approximative !! colspan="2"| Clitic object !! colspan="2" |Possessive
|-
! Direct || Indirect || Weak || Strong
|-
! 1S
| ja || mene || menen || meneh || me || mi || mi || mije
|-
! 2S
| te || tebe || teben || tebeh || te || ti || ti || tije
|-
! 3SM
| ono || niego || niegon || niegoh || go || gi || gi || jego
|-
! 3SF
| ona || nijo || nijon || nijoh || jo || ji || ji || ije
|-
! 3R
| — || sebe || seben || sebeh || se || si || si || sije
|-
! 1P
| ne || namo || namon || namoh || ne || nas || nas || naso
|-
! 2P
| ve || vamo || vamon || vamoh || ve || vas || vas || vaso
|-
! 3PM
| oni || niho || nihon || nihoh || ho || hi || hi || iho
|-
! 3PF
| one || niho || nihon || nihoh || ho || hi || hi || iho
|-
|}
Strong possessives decline as adjectives.



===Nouns===
Original Proto-Slavic case forms were mostly lost, with some relics.

Possessive adjectives, equivalent to -'s in English, are formed with the suffixes ''-vo'' (added after the final vowel of masculine nouns ending in ''-o'' or ''-e'') and ''-ino'' (added to non-masculine nouns, replacing the final vowel). When formed from a plural noun, the suffix is ''-sevo'' (added after the final vowel of the plural).

The plural is regularly formed by changing the final vowel to ''-i'' (masculine) or ''-e'' (feminine). However, if this would result in the word ending in ''-ji'' or ''-ii'', the final vowel instead becomes ''-a'' (yielding ''-ja'' or ''-ia'' respectively). Many nouns have irregular plurals, often co-occurring with regular plurals.

An emphatic plural can be formed with the suffix ''-s'' added after the vowel of the regular plural. However, the emphatic plural is often used colloquially as the default plural.

The oblique is formed by adding a final nasal (''-n'') to a noun in the singular or plural.

The approximative (meaning "around X", "in the area of X", "approximately X") is formed by adding a final (''-h'') to the plural form of the noun.

===Numerals===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Vesenian numerals
! # !! Cardinal !! Ordinal
|-
! 0
| zero; niťo
| zereno
|-
! 1
| eno, ena
| pervo
|-
! 2
| dova, dove
| votoro
|-
! 3
| tri
| trete
|-
! 4
| ťeteri
| ťeterto
|-
! 5
| piente
| piento
|-
! 6
| seste
| sesto
|-
! 7
| sedme
| sedmo
|-
! 8
| osme
| osmo
|-
! 9
| deviente
| deviento
|-
! 10
| desiente
| desiento
|-
! 11
| enaťie
|
|-
! 12
| dovanaťie
|
|-
! 13
| trinaťie
|
|-
! 14
| ťeterinaťie
|
|-
! 15
| pientenaťie
|
|-
! 16
| sestenaťie
|
|-
! 17
| sedmenaťie
|
|-
! 18
| osmenaťie
|
|-
! 19
| devientenaťie
|
|-
! 20
| dovaťién
|
|-
! 30
| triťién
|
|-
! 40
| ťeteriťién
|
|-
! 50
| pienteťién
|
|-
! 60
| sesteťién
|
|-
! 70
| sedmeťién
|
|-
!80
| osmeťién
|
|-
! 90
| devienteťién
|
|-
! 100
| soto
| soteno
|-
! 200
| dovasta
| dovasteno
|-
! 300
| trista
| tristeno
|-
! 400
| ťeterista
|
|-
! 500
| pientesta
|
|-
! 600
| sestesta
|
|-
! 700
| sedmesta
|
|-
! 800
| osmesta
|
|-
! 900
| devientesta
|
|-
! 1000
| tesienťa
|
|-
! 2000
| dova tesienťe
|
|}

===Verbs===

====Features====
* Lexical aspect is highly regularized.
* Most verbs regularly form the perfective and habitual from the imperfective (via the prefix ''po-'' and the suffix ''-va-'' respectively).
* Verbs that are inherently perfective form the imperfective via the ''-va-'' suffix appended to the perfective form. This applies to most prefixed verbs.
** Note: The ''-va-'' suffix is appended after the theme vowel, but a preceding ''-a-'' becomes ''-e-'' (except in monosyllabic or originally monosyllabic stems).
* A durative can be formed from any base verb (whether imperfective or perfective) by combining the prefix ''po-'' and the suffix ''-va-''. This gives a meaning of "to do (verb) for a period of time".
* Aspectual counterparts essentially behave as tense/aspect counterparts of a single verb.
* Verbs formed from imperfectives with prefixes other than ''po-'' are also usually perfective, but they have additional meaning and behave as derived verbs, with their own regularly formed imperfective, habitual, and durative aspectual forms.

====''a''-stems====
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Conjugation of ''dielati'' "to be doing" (impf.)
! colspan="2"| Infinitive
| colspan="2"| diel'''ati'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Present active participle
| colspan="2"| diel'''anťe'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Past active participle
| colspan="2"| diel'''alo'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Passive participle
| colspan="2"| diel'''ano'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Verbal noun
| colspan="2"| diel'''anie'''
|-
! Person/Number !! Present !! Past !! Imperative
|-
! 1S
| diel'''ó''' || diel'''ah''' ||
|-
! 2S
| diel'''ás''' || diel'''ases''' || diel'''aj'''
|-
! 3S
| diel'''á''' || diel'''ase''' ||
|-
! 1P
| diel'''amo''' || diel'''asmo''' || diel'''ajmo'''
|-
! 2P
| diel'''ate''' || diel'''aste''' || diel'''ajte'''
|-
! 3P
| diel'''án''' || diel'''ahon''' ||
|}


====''ie''-stems====
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Conjugation of ''bilieti'' "to be whitening" (impf.)
! colspan="2"| Infinitive
| colspan="2"| bil'''ieti'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Present active participle
| colspan="2"| bil'''ienťe'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Past active participle
| colspan="2"| bil'''ielo'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Passive participle
| colspan="2"| bil'''ieno'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Verbal noun
| colspan="2"| bil'''ienie'''
|-
! Person/Number !! Present !! Past !! Imperative
|-
! 1S
| bil'''ijo''' || bil'''ieh''' ||
|-
! 2S
| bil'''ijes''' || bil'''ieses''' || bil'''í'''
|-
! 3S
| bil'''ije''' || bil'''iese''' ||
|-
! 1P
| bil'''imo''' || bil'''iesmo''' || bil'''imo'''
|-
! 2P
| bil'''ite''' || bil'''ieste''' || bil'''ite'''
|-
! 3P
| bil'''ijon''' || bil'''iehon''' ||
|}


====''i''-stems====
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Conjugation of ''voditi'' "to be leading" (impf.)
! colspan="2"| Infinitive
| colspan="2"| vod'''iti'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Present active participle
| colspan="2"| vod'''ienťe'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Past active participle
| colspan="2"| vod'''ilo'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Passive participle
| colspan="2"| vod'''ino'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Verbal noun
| colspan="2"| vod'''inie'''
|-
! Person/Number !! Present !! Past !! Imperative
|-
! 1S
| vod'''io''' || vod'''ih''' ||
|-
! 2S
| vod'''is''' || vod'''ises''' || vod'''i'''
|-
! 3S
| vod'''i''' || vod'''ise''' ||
|-
! 1P
| vod'''imo''' || vod'''ismo''' || vod'''imo'''
|-
! 2P
| vod'''ite''' || vos'''iste''' || vod'''ite'''
|-
! 3P
| vod'''ien''' || vod'''ihon''' ||
|}


====''u''-stems====
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Conjugation of ''tolkuati'' "to be interpreting" (impf.)
! colspan="2"| Infinitive
| colspan="2"| tolk'''uati'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Present active participle
| colspan="2"| tolk'''ujenťe'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Past active participle
| colspan="2"| tolk'''ualo'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Passive participle
| colspan="2"| tolk'''uano'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Verbal noun
| colspan="2"| tolk'''uanie'''
|-
! Person/Number !! Present !! Past !! Imperative
|-
! 1S
| tolk'''ujo''' || tolk'''uah''' ||
|-
! 2S
| tolk'''ujes''' || tolk'''uases''' || tolk'''uj'''
|-
! 3S
| tolk'''uje''' || tolk'''uase''' ||
|-
! 1P
| tolk'''ujmo''' || tolk'''uasmo''' || tolk'''ujmo'''
|-
! 2P
| tolk'''ujte''' || tolk'''uaste''' || tolk'''ujte'''
|-
! 3P
| tolk'''ujon''' || tolk'''uahon''' ||
|}


====Consonant stems====
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Conjugation of ''paseti'' "to be grazing" (impf.)
! colspan="2"| Infinitive
| colspan="2"| pas'''eti'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Present active participle
| colspan="2"| pas'''ienťe'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Past active participle
| colspan="2"| pas'''elo'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Passive participle
| colspan="2"| pas'''eno'''
|-
! colspan="2"| Verbal noun
| colspan="2"| pas'''enie'''
|-
! Person/Number !! Present !! Past !! Imperative
|-
! 1S
| pas'''o''' || pas'''eh''' ||
|-
! 2S
| pas'''es''' || pas'''eses''' || pas'''i'''
|-
! 3S
| pas'''e''' || pas'''ese''' ||
|-
! 1P
| pas'''emo''' || pas'''esmo''' || pas'''imo'''
|-
! 2P
| pas'''ete''' || pas'''este''' || pas'''ite'''
|-
! 3P
| pas'''on''' || pas'''ehon''' ||
|}


====Example of a regular verb====
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Conjugation of ''dielati'' "to be doing" (impf.)
! Person/Number !! Present !!  Past !! Imperative
|-
! 1S
| diel'''ó''' ||  diel'''ah''' ||
|-
! 2S
| diel'''ás''' ||  diel'''ases''' || diel'''aj'''
|-
! 3S
| diel'''á''' ||  diel'''ase''' ||
|-
! 1P
| diel'''amo''' ||  diel'''asmo''' || diel'''ajmo'''
|-
! 2P
| diel'''ate''' ||  diel'''aste''' || diel'''ajte'''
|-
! 3P
| diel'''án''' ||  diel'''ahon''' ||
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Conjugation of ''podielati'' "to have done" (perf.)
! Person/Number !! Present !!  Past !! Imperative
|-
! 1S
| podiel'''ó''' ||  podiel'''ah''' ||
|-
! 2S
| podiel'''ás''' ||  podiel'''ases''' || podiel'''aj'''
|-
! 3S
| podiel'''á''' ||  podiel'''ase''' ||
|-
! 1P
| podiel'''amo''' ||  podiel'''asmo''' || podiel'''ajmo'''
|-
! 2P
| podiel'''ate''' ||  podiel'''aste''' || podiel'''ajte'''
|-
! 3P
| podiel'''án''' ||  podiel'''ahon''' ||
|}


{| class="wikitable"
|+ Conjugation of ''dielevati'' "to do" (hab.)
! Person/Number !! Present !!  Past !! Imperative
|-
! 1S
| diel'''evó''' ||  diel'''evah''' ||
|-
! 2S
| diel'''evás''' ||  diel'''evases''' || diel'''evaj'''
|-
! 3S
| diel'''evá''' ||  diel'''evase''' ||
|-
! 1P
| diel'''evamo''' ||  diel'''evasmo''' || diel'''evajmo'''
|-
! 2P
| diel'''evate''' ||  diel'''aste''' || diel'''evajte'''
|-
! 3P
| diel'''eván''' ||  diel'''evahon''' ||
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Conjugation of ''podielevati'' "to do for a while" (2⁰ impf.)
! Person/Number !! Present !!  Past !! Imperative
|-
! 1S
| podiel'''evó''' ||  podiel'''evah''' ||
|-
! 2S
| podiel'''evás''' ||  podiel'''evases''' || podiel'''evaj'''
|-
! 3S
| podiel'''evá''' ||  podiel'''evase''' ||
|-
! 1P
| podiel'''evamo''' ||  podiel'''evasmo''' || podiel'''evajmo'''
|-
! 2P
| podiel'''evate''' ||  podiel'''aste''' || podiel'''evajte'''
|-
! 3P
| podiel'''eván''' ||  podiel'''evahon''' ||
|}

====Example of a highly irregular verb====
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Conjugation of ''beti'' "to be" (impf.)
! colspan="2"| Infinitive
| colspan="3"| beti
|-
! colspan="2"| Present active participle
| colspan="3"| sienťe
|-
! colspan="2"| Past active participle
| colspan="3"| belo
|-
! colspan="2"| Passive participle
| colspan="3"| beno
|-
! colspan="2"| Verbal noun
| colspan="3"| benie
|-
! Person/Number !! Present !! Past !! Future !! Imperative
|-
! 1S
| esme || beh || buendo ||
|-
! 2S
| es || beses || buendes || buendi
|-
! 3S
| este e || bese || buende ||
|-
! 1P
| esmo || besmo || buendemo || buendimo
|-
! 2P
| este || beste || buendete || buendite
|-
! 3P
| suen || behon || buendon ||
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Conjugation of ''estati'' "to be, become" (perf.)
! colspan="2"| Infinitive
| colspan="2"| estati
|-
! colspan="2"| Present active participle
| colspan="2"| estanťe
|-
! colspan="2"| Past active participle
| colspan="2"| estalo
|-
! colspan="2"| Passive participle
| colspan="2"| —
|-
! colspan="2"| Verbal noun
| colspan="2"| estanie
|-
! Person/Number !! Present !! Past !! Imperative
|-
! 1S
| estano || estah ||
|-
! 2S
| estanes || estases || estani
|-
! 3S
| estane || estase ||
|-
! 1P
| estanemo || estasmo || estanimo
|-
! 2P
| estanete || esaste || estanite
|-
! 3P
| estanon || estahon ||
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Conjugation of ''bevati'' "to be" (hab./gnomic)
! colspan="2"| Infinitive
| colspan="2"| bevati
|-
! colspan="2"| Present active participle
| colspan="2"| bevanťe
|-
! colspan="2"| Past active participle
| colspan="2"| bevalo
|-
! colspan="2"| Passive participle
| colspan="2"| —
|-
! colspan="2"| Verbal noun
| colspan="2"| bevanie
|-
! Person/Number !! Present !! Past !! Imperative
|-
! 1S
| bevó || bevah ||
|-
! 2S
| bevás || bevases || bevaj
|-
! 3S
| bevá || bevase ||
|-
! 1P
| bevamo || bevasmo || bevajmo
|-
! 2P
| bevate || bevaste || bevajte
|-
! 3P
| beván || bevahon ||
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Conjugation of ''estavati'' "to become" (hab.)
! colspan="2"| Infinitive
| colspan="2"| estavati
|-
! colspan="2"| Present active participle
| colspan="2"| estavanťe
|-
! colspan="2"| Past active participle
| colspan="2"| estavalo
|-
! colspan="2"| Passive participle
| colspan="2"| —
|-
! colspan="2"| Verbal noun
| colspan="2"| estavanie
|-
! Person/Number !! Present !! Past !! Imperative
|-
! 1S
| estavó || estavah ||
|-
! 2S
| estavás || estavases || estavaj
|-
! 3S
| estavá || estavase ||
|-
! 1P
| estavamo || estavasmo || estavajmo
|-
! 2P
| estavate || estavaste || estavajte
|-
! 3P
| estaván || estavahon ||
|}

Other forms:
* Durative: ''postavati'' "to be for a while"

==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==

===Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)===

Vesi ti ljudie rodien se soboni i orueni vo dostineste i zakone. 

IPA: /ˈvesi ti ˈʎudje ˈrodjen se soˈboni i oˈɾweni vo dostiˈneste i zaˈkone /

==Other resources==
[[Vesenian/Swadesh_list|Swadesh list]]




[[Category:Vesenian]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Slavic languages]]