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SamSkandinavisk nouns

2020-10-31T13:35:52Z

Parked71: /* Nouns */

====Nouns====
[[SamSkandinavisk]] nouns have two cases; Subject-Object and Genitive. Nouns in the Genitive case get a '''-s''' suffix. Nouns also aquire suffixes to form plurals and to designate indefiniteness or definiteness.

There are two grammatical genders; Common and Neuter. Approximately 75% of nouns are common gender and 25% are neuter gender. The Common Gender represents a merger of the Masculine and Feminine grammatical genders that were present in more archaic stages of the source languages.

===Definite article===
The suffix that is used to designate definiteness is also called the ''enclitic definite article''. Although it is a suffix, it functions in a similar way to the definite article in other Western European languages such as English, German or French. For example '''en ankel''' (common gender = an ankle), '''ett hus''' (neuter gender = a house) and '''parasiter''' (parasites) in definite form become '''anklen''' (the ankle), '''huset''' (the house) and '''parasiterne''' (the parasites).

The enclitic definite article is only used when the noun-phrase is not modified by any other adjectives, determiners or articles. When these are part of the noun-phrase, the enclitic definite article is not used, instead independent, pre-noun definite articles are used; '''det''' for neuter nouns; '''den''' for common gender nouns; and '''de''' for plural nouns. (Incidentally these definite articles are also the 3rd person pronouns for ''it'', ''he/she'' and ''they''). For example:

'''anklen''' = the ankle; '''den ömme ankel''' = the sore ankle.

'''parasiterne''' = the parasites; '''de svultne parasiter''' = the hungry parasites.

'''huset''' = the house; '''det store hus''' = the big house.

===Plurals===
There are two common methods of forming the plural; Called Plural 1 and Plural 2. Plural 1 adds a '''-er''' suffix to the noun stem when making a plural. Plural 2 adds no suffix, the form of the plural is often the same as the singular -- although it’s normally possible to determine the plural from the context and from accompanying adjective inflections and articles. There are also variations on the normal plurals that additionally change the stem vowel by ''umlaut'' ('''omljud''' in SamSka).

Plural 1A: is most normal nouns that form the plural with '''-er'''. This includes 95% common gender nouns and approximately half of neuter nouns.

Plural 1B: There are a few (~3%) common gender nouns that add '''-er''' and that also umlaut the stem-vowel, for example '''a''' changing to '''ä'''; '''o''' to '''ö''' and '''u''' to '''y'''. They are few in number but include some of the more frequent words in the language.

Plural 2A are nouns that don’t get a suffix to form the plural. This includes about half of neuter nouns -- monosyllablic neuter nouns in particular.

Plural 2B: There are a few (~2%) common gender nouns which, like Plural 2A, don’t add a suffix to make the plural. But they do umlaut the stem vowel. This class is notable for including the words for many family members such as '''moder''' (mother), '''fader''' (father), '''broder''' (brother), '''dotter''' (daughter).

The suffixes that mark definiteness, number and genitive case are agglutinated together onto the noun stem, which means that each noun will have a large number of potential endings. For example '''kvinnerns''' ''the womens'' can be analyzed as '''kvinne-r-n-s''' -- made up of '''kvinne''' (stem) plus '''-er''' (plural ending) plus '''-n''' (enclitic definite article) plus '''-s''' (genitive case ending). In all, a noun can have up to 6 forms.

In the example of '''kvinne''' (woman)
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! !! Singular !! !! Plural !!
|-
! Common !! Indefinite !! Definite !! Indefinite !! Definite
|-
| '''Nominative''' || kvinne || kvinnen || kvinner || kvinnerne
|-
| '''Genitive''' || kvinnes || kvinnens || kvinners || kvinnerns
|}

[[Category:Samskandinavisk]]

SamSkandinavisk pronouns

2020-10-31T13:34:31Z

Parked71: /* Personal pronouns */

===Personal pronouns===
The [[SamSkandinavisk]] personal pronoun system is very similar to that of Danish, Norwegian-Bokmål and Swedish, and incidentally quite close to English. Pronouns inflect for person, case, number, and, in the third person singular, gender. Unlike English there is a separate third-person reflexive pronoun '''sig''' (himself, herself, itself, themselves). SamSka also keeps a distinct 2nd person singular '''du''' (you) and '''i''' (you plural), and objective forms of these. Reflexive forms are not used for the first and second person, '''mig''' for example can mean both ''me'' or ''myself''.

====Table of Personal pronouns====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="4"|Singular
!colspan="4"|Plural
|-
! Person
! Nominative
! Objective
! Possessive: com./neut./pl.
! Person
! Nominative
! Objective
! Possessive: com./neut./pl.
|-
! 1st
| ''jeg'' [jeɪ]
| ''mig'' [meɪ]
| ''min'' [miːn] / ''mitt'' [mɪtː] / ''mine'' [ˈmiːnə]
! 1st
| ''vi'' [viː]
| ''oss'' [ɔsː]
| ''vår'' [vɔːr] / ''vårt'' [vɔːʈ] / ''våre'' [ˈvɔːrə]
|-
! 2nd
| ''du'' [duː]
| ''dig'' [deɪ]
| ''din'' [diːn] / ''ditt'' [dɪtː] / ''dine'' [ˈdiːnə]
! 2nd
| ''i'' [iː]
| ''eder'' [ˈeːdər, eːr]
| ''eders'' [ˈeːdəʂ, eːʂ]
|-
! 3rd Masc.
| ''han'' [hanː]
| ''hanem'' [ˈhɑːnəm] / ''ham'' [hamː]
| ''hans'' [hanːs]
!rowspan="5"| 3rd
|rowspan="5"| ''de'' [deː]
|rowspan="5"| ''dem'' [deːm]
|rowspan="5"| ''deres'' [ˈdeːrəs]
|-
! 3rd Fem.
| ''hon'' [hɔnː]
| ''henne'' [ˈhɛnːə]
| ''hennes'' [ˈhɛnːəs]
|-
! 3rd Common
| ''den'' [dɛnː]
| ''den'' [dɛnː]
| ''dens'' [dɛnːs]
|-
! 3rd Neut.
| ''det'' [dɛ]
| ''det'' [dɛ]
| ''dets'' [dɛtːs, dɛsː]
|-
! 3rd Impers.
| ''man'' [manː]
| ''en'' [eːn]
| ''ens'' [eːns]
|-
! (3rd Reflex.)
| —
| ''sig'' [seɪ]
| ''sin'' [siːn] / ''sitt'' [sɪtː] / ''sine'' [ˈsiːnə]
! (3rd Reflex)
| —
| ''sig'' [seɪ]
| ''sin'' [siːn] / ''sitt'' [sɪtː] / ''sine'' [ˈsiːnə]
|}

Some possessive pronouns (for example 1st singular) are inflected similarly to adjectives, agreeing in gender and number with the item possessed.

The distinction between '''du''' and '''i''' is intended to be purely one of number. '''Du''' is to address a single person and '''i''' to address two or more people. There is no particular level of formality associated with either pronoun. Unlike with German ''du'' or French ''tu'', SamSka '''du''' can be used to address adult strangers of any social rank.

'''Den''' is the equivalent of ''it'' used for common gender nouns. It is used for nouns when the grammatical gender is common and they have no physical gender. This could include inanimate objects, abstract concepts and animals where the physical gender is not known or not relevant. For example a '''bok''' (book) would normally be referred to as '''den'''. But a '''hankatt''' (tomcat) might instead be referred to as '''han''' (he) because it has a known and relevant physical gender.
'''Den''' may also be used as a gender neutral pronoun to talk about a person when the physical gender is not yet known or not considered relevant. This can be used in non-sexist language to avoid a preference for male or female.

The third person pronouns '''det''', '''den''' and '''de''' also serve as demonstrative pronouns, roughly equivalent to English ''that'' and ''those'', and as definite articles, equivalent to English ''the''.

The reflexive pronoun is used when the object or possessive is identical to the grammatical subject of the sentence: '''han kysste sin hustru'''. "he kissed his (own) wife". '''han kysste hans hustru''' "he kissed his (somebody else's) wife"

'''Man''' the impersonal pronoun is used in a similar way to formal English "one", or more informally "you" or "they". It refers people in general but to no one in particular.

===Interrogative Pronouns===
'''hvad''' [ʍɑː(d)] what, whatever

'''hvar''' [ʍɑːr] where, how, which

'''hvardan''' [ˌʍɑːrˈdɑːn] how

'''hvarför''' [ˌʍɑːrˈføːr] what for, why

'''när''' [næːr] / '''hvarnär''' [ˌʍɑːrˈnæːr] when, whenever

'''hvarledes''' [ˌʍɑːrˈleːðəs] how

'''hvem''' [ʍɛmː] who, whom, which, which one

'''hvo''' [ʍoː] who

'''hvilken''' [ˈʍɪlːkən] which, which one, who, whom, what, how Neuter = '''hvilket'''; plural = '''hvilke'''.

'''hvis''' [ʍiːs] whose, of which, of whom

===Demonstrative Pronouns===
'''det''' [dɛ] that (neuter)

'''den''' [dɛnː] that (common)

'''de''' [deː] those (plural)

'''dette''' [ˈdɛtːə] this (neuter)

'''denne''' [ˈdɛnːə] this (common)

'''desse''' [ˈdɛsːə] these, such (plural)

'''där''' [dæːr] there, over there, at that place, yonder

'''dit''' [diːt] there, thither, yonder, that way, to that place

'''därfrå''' [ˌdæːrˈfrɔː] from there, thence, therefrom

'''då''' [dɔː] at that time, in that case, then

'''her''' [heːr] here, herein, this place

'''hit''' [hiːt] hither, here, to this place

===Relative Pronouns===
'''hvad''' [ʍɑː(d)] what

'''hvardan''' [ˌʍɑːrˈdɑːn] as, like, such as

'''hvarför''' [ˌʍɑːrˈføːr] why

'''hvem''' [ʍɛmː] that

'''hvilken''' [ˈʍɪlːkən] that, which, who, whom. Neuter = '''hvilket'''; plural = '''hvilke'''.

'''när''' [næːr] when, whenever, as

'''där''' [dæːr] where, which

'''den som''' [dɛnː sɔmː] the one that, who

'''dit''' [diːt] where

'''som''' [sɔmː] that, which, who, whom

===Other Pronouns and Pronoun-like Determiners===
'''all''' [alː] all, any, every, everyone

'''alle''' [ˈalːə] all, everyone, any, everybody

'''allesammen''' [ˌalːəˈsamːən] everybody, everyone, all of them / you / us, altogether

'''allt''' [alːt] all, everything, anything, the lot

'''allting''' [ˌalːˈtɪŋː] everything

'''alltsammen''' [ˌalːtˈsamːən] everything

'''annen''' [ˈanːən] other, another, others, else. Indefinite common = '''annen'''; indefinite neuter = '''annet'''; definite = '''andre'''.

'''enhver''' [ˌeːnˈʍeːr] each, every, all, any, anybody, everybody, everyone

'''hver''' [ʍeːr] each, every, all the, everybody, everyone

'''hverandre''' [ˌʍeːrˈanːdrə] each other, one another

'''ingen''' [ˈɪŋːən] none, nobody, no one, nothing. Neuter = '''inget'''; plural = '''inge'''

'''ingenting''' [ˌɪŋːənˈtɪŋː] nothing, naught

'''mange''' [ˈmaŋːə] Comparative = '''flere / mangere'''; superlative = '''flest / mangest'''. many, a lot

'''någen''' [ˈnɔːjən] any, anybody, anyone, some, somebody, someone, anything, something

'''någet''' [ˈnɔːjət] any, anything, some, something

'''själv''' [ʃɛlːv] oneself

'''somme''' [ˈsɔmːə] some

'''slik''' [sliːk] such

[[Category:Samskandinavisk]]

SamSkandinavisk adjectives

2020-10-31T13:33:36Z

Parked71:

[[SamSkandinavisk]] adjectives must agree with the noun for gender, number and definiteness.
Adjectives have two paradigms for declension -- an indefinite declension and a definite declension.
== Indefinite Paradigm: ==

=== Adjectives in the attributive position. ===
In the attributive and predicative position common gender nouns have no ending. 
Neuter gender nouns take a '''-t''' ending. 
Plural nouns take a '''-e''' ending. 

Neuter: Ett '''grönnt''' tre. = ''A '''green''' tree'' 

Common: En '''klok''' kvinne = ''A '''clever''' woman.'' 

Plural: '''Glade''' drömmer = '''''Happy''' dreams'' 

=== Adjectives in the predicative position. ===
In the predicative position, the adjective must agree with the gender and number of the noun it refers to. It does not however agree with the definite or indefinite status; The form of the adjective in the predicative position always takes the indefinite form. 

Neuter definite: Huset er '''stort'''. = ''The house is '''big'''.'' 

Neuter indefinite: Ett barn er '''sjukt'''. = ''A child is '''sick'''.'' 

Common definite: Jätten er '''vred''' = ''The giant is '''angry'''.'' 

Common indefinite: En bösse kunne väre '''farlig''' = ''A gun could be '''dangerous'''.'' 

Plural definite: Bilerne var '''billige'''. = ''The cars were '''cheap'''.'' 

Plural indefinite: Fisker er '''glatte'''. = ''Fish are '''slippery'''.'' 

== Definite Paradigm: ==
This is used when the noun has the definite article or certain other demonstrative pronouns and determiners.
When definite, all adjectives end in '''-e'''. 

Neuter Definite: Det '''store''' hus. = ''The '''big''' house.'' 

Common Definite: Den '''ömme''' ankel. = ''The '''sore''' ankle.'' 

Plural Definite: De '''skarpe''' sverd. = ''The '''sharp''' swords.'' 

== Comparative and Superlative ==
Similar to other Germanic languages, the comparative is formed by adding '''-ere''' to the stem and the superlative is formed by adding '''-est''' or '''-este.''' 

=== Comparative ===
The comparative ending is always '''-ere''' and doesn’t vary based on gender, number or definiteness. 

Dette barn var '''sjukere'''. = ''This child was '''sicker'''.'' 

'''Vredere''' jätter = '''''angrier''' giants.'' 

=== Superlative ===
The superlative ending is '''–est''' or '''–este'''. This depends on gender, number and definiteness. 

In the Indefinite Paradigm, the superlative ending is '''–est''' for singular neuter and singular common gender nouns. It is '''–este''' for plural nouns. 

Singular Neuter Indefinite: ett barn er '''sjukest''' = ''a child is '''sickest.''''' 

Singular Common Indefinite: en kvinne var '''klokest''' = ''a woman was '''smartest'''.'' 

Plural Indefinite: '''skarpeste''' sverd = '''''sharpest''' swords.'' 
 

In the Definite Paradigm, the superlative ending is always –este. 

Det '''störste''' hus = ''the '''biggest''' house.'' 

Den '''ömmeste''' ankel = ''the '''sorest''' ankle.'' 

De '''skarpeste''' sverd = ''the '''sharpest''' swords.'' 

=== Irregular Comparative and Superlative ===
A minority of adjectives have irregular declensions, typically they change the stem-vowel by umlaut when forming the comparative and superlative. 

For example '''stor''' (big); comparative '''större'''; superlative '''störst'''. 

Some adjectives are further irregular and have totally different stems in the definite form or the plural form of when forming the comparative and superlative. 

For example, with '''god''' (good) the comparative is '''bettre''' and the superlative is '''best'''. 

'''Liten''' (little) is the most irregular adjective. Indefinite common singular = '''liten'''; indefinite neuter = '''litet''', definite singular = '''lille'''; definite and indefinite plural = '''små''' ; comparative = '''mindre'''; superlative = '''minst'''

== Past participle of verbs used as adjectives ==
Verbs have a past participle which can be used as adjectives and they follow similar rules to other adjectives. 

=== Weak Verbs ===
==== Indefinite: ====
The indefinite singular forms, both common gender and neuter, end in '''-(e)t''', just like the supine form of the verb. eg '''tendet''' (lit, illuminated), '''aktiveret''' (activated, enabled) 

==== Indefinite Plural and Definite: ====
The indefinite plural and definite forms end in '''-(e)de''' or '''-te'''. These forms follow the form of the past tense of the verb. If the past tense ends in -'''(e)de''' , it will be '''-(e)de'''. If it ends in '''-te''', it will be '''-te'''. 

'''Tendede''' ljus = '''''lit''' candles.'' 

Det '''aktiverede''' forsvar = ''the '''enabled''' defense.''

=== Strong Verbs: ===
eg '''skoren''' (cut). '''afbruten''' (cancelled)
==== Indefinite Singular: ====
The indefinite singular forms end in '''-en''' when used with common gender nouns. 

En '''skoren''' potate. = ''a '''sliced''' potato.'' 

En '''afbruten''' rekning. = ''a '''cancelled''' account.'' 
 

With Neuter gender nouns, the indefinite singular ends in '''-et''' eg '''skoret, afbrutet''' -- this is the same as the supine of the verb. 

Ett '''skoret''' eple. = ''a '''sliced''' apple.'' 

Ett '''afbrutet''' forsök. = ''an '''interrupted''' experiment.''

==== Indefinite plural and Definite: ====
The indefinite plural and definite forms end in '''-ene.''' 

'''Skorene''' potater. = '''''sliced''' potatoes.'' 

Den '''afbrutene''' rekning. = ''the '''cancelled''' account.''

== Present participle of verbs used as adjectives ==
The present participle of verbs end in '''-ende.''' When used as an adjective, present participles do not vary for gender number or definiteness 
Den '''nuvärende''' kong = ''the '''current''' king.'' 
En '''veltalende''' snakkar = ''an '''articulate''' speaker'' 
De madrasser war '''fjedrende''' = ''the '''matresses''' were springy.''

== Adjectives ending in -en ==
e.g. '''galen''' (crazy), '''open''' (open), '''rotten''' (rotten) 

These behave like past participles of strong verbs. (often these originally were) 
 
Indefinite common end in '''-en.''' 

En '''galen''' ape. = ''a '''crazy''' monkey'' 

En '''open''' dör. = ''an '''open''' door.'' 

En '''rotten''' potate. = ''a '''rotten''' potato.'' 
 

Indefinite Neuter end in '''-et''' 

Ett '''galet''' dyr. = ''a '''crazy''' animal.'' 

Ett '''opet''' vindöge. = ''an '''open''' window.'' 

Ett '''rottet''' eple. = ''a '''rotten''' apple.'' 
 
Indefinite plural and definite end in '''-ene.''' 

'''Galene''' dyr. = '''''crazy''' animals.'' 

Det '''opene''' vindöge. = ''the '''open''' window.'' 

De '''rottene''' potater. = ''the '''rotten''' potatoes.'' 
 
Adverbs end in '''-et''' 

Min bror log '''galet''' = ''my brother laughed '''insanely'''.'' 

Hans kone kunne ikke snakke '''opet''' om hans galenskap. = ''His wife couldn’t talk '''candidly''' about his insanity.'' 

De gammle eple osede '''rottet'''. = ''The old apples '''rottenly''' reeked.''

== Adjectives ending in -d ==
eg '''bred''' (wide) add '''-t''' for indefinite neuter e.g. '''bred''' /bre:d/ > '''bredt''' /bre:t/. The '''d''' becomes silent. 

Add '''-e''' as other words for indefinite plural and definite. eg '''brede'''

== Adverbs from Adjectives ==
Adjectives must have a -t suffix added to be used as adverbs. 

Min kone svimmer. Hon svimmer '''langsamt'''. = ''My wife is swimming. She’s swimming '''slowly'''.'' 

There are some exceptions to this rule. 

=== Adjectives already ending in '''-t.''' ===
These don’t need another '''-t''' to be used as an adverb. 

Han verderede tilstanden '''rett'''. = ''He appraised the situation '''correctly''''' 

=== Comparative adjectives ending in '''-ere'''. ===
These does not require a '''-t''' suffix to be used as adverbs. 

Ingen hest löper '''hastigere'''. = ''No horse runs '''more quickly'''.''
=== Present Participles used as an adverb ===
Adverbs from adjectives using the '''-ende''' present participle suffix do not required a '''-t''' suffix. 
Ditt forsök har sluted '''lovende'''. = ''Your experiment has concluded '''encouragingly'''.'' 
=== Past Participles used as Adverbs. ===
These end in '''-(e)t''' eg '''bedrövet''' = ''sadly''. '''Överdrivet''' = ''excessively''. 

This is the same as the supine. 

=== Adjectives ending -d ===
add '''-t''' also to make an adverb, e.g. '''vid''' ''(wide)''. '''vid''' /vi:d/ > '''vidt''' /vi:t/. The '''-d''' becomes silent here also.

[[Category:Samskandinavisk]]

SamSkandinavisk

2020-10-31T13:31:45Z

Parked71:

SamSkandinavisk (''Samska'' for short) is naturalistic a-posteriori auxlang based on the continental North Germanic languages (Danish, Norwegian, Swedish).

It is intended to be a tool for inter-Nordic communication and integration. It also is intended to be used as a tool for people from outside the Scandinavian region to communicate with Scandinavians -- as an alternative to learning one or all of the natural Scandinavian languages.

Samska includes complex grammatical features, but only when they are present in all of the source languages. It should theoretically be easier and more regular than any one of the natural Scandinavian languages.

The status of the language is currently under construction. There is a lexicon of approximately 3000 words available, but it still lacks many essential words for basic conversation.

==Design Philosophy and Practice==
It is generally intended that linguistic features that are common to two or more of the Scandinavian languages will be included in the language. A linguistic feature is for example a word carrying a particular meaning, a sound in the phonology, a spelling practice or a grammatical rule.

In regards to the grammar, grammatical features must be present in all three of the source languages to be represented in SamSka. This allows certain complex grammatical features and irregularities to be present, but only when they are present in all the source languages and are thus considered intrinsic to the Scandinavian linguistic experience. When there is not total agreement in the grammar, it defaults to what is considered the most regular, simple and schematic solution used by one the source languages.

For example in some cases a verb may have an irregular way of forming the past tense such as being a strong verb that changes the stem vowel. If all 3 of the source languages use this method in their cognates to this verb then in SamSka its equivalent will likewise form the past tense by ''ablaut''. But if only one or two of the source languages use ''ablaut'', or the verb has cognates in only two of the source languages, then the SamSka equivalent will form the past tense according to the default verb rules.

For a word to be represented in SamSka, it needs to have cognates with the same meaning in two or more of the source languages. When cognates are present in all three languages but due to semantic drift no common meanings, then a cognate word will not be present in SamSka. Where a word has cognates with multiple meanings in all three languages, only the meanings that are shared will be in the canonical definition of the SamSka cognate.

The form of words is determined by the ''Etymological Prototype'', using a prototyping scheme inspired by [[Interlingua]]. It is also close to the method used by Ivar Aarsen when developing Nynorsk, which he called "the most perfect form" <ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nynorsk</ref> (''den fuldkomneste Form'') This means the form of SamSka words tend to be relatively close to the original common source of the word in the Scandinavian languages (be that Old Norse, Middle Low German or French). Where the form of the etymological prototype is ambiguous or debatable SamSka allows variant forms. For example the adjective '''[[Contionary:tykk|tykk]]''' /tʏkː/ (thick, fat) has an alternative form of '''[[Contionary:tykk|tjukk]]''' /ʧʊkː/.

==Vocabulary==
SamSka words originate in cognate words in the source languages; Danish, Norwegian and Swedish. Consequently the source of the majority of words are as in those languages, mainly Old Norse, Middle Low German, French and Latin. English and German are also common sources.
SamSka words have cognates with the same meaning in at least two of the three source languages and most have cognates in all three languages. Because two of the source languages, Danish and Norwegian, are lexically quite close, the lexicon of SamSka is closer to Danish and Norwegian than it is to Swedish.
As a feature of the word selection criteria, there are frequently synonyms to express the same concept, for example SamSka has both '''[[Contionary:ete|ete]]''' and '''spise''' meaning to eat. A further feature is words with multiple meanings, for example '''orm''' means both snake and worm. In such cases, the preferred words or preferred meanings are those present in all three languages.

==Orthography==
SamSka uses the standard 26 letter Roman alphabet, plus three additional letters; '''å''', '''ä''', and '''ö'''. The letters q, w, x are rare - only used in names and in very recent borrowings. '''ä''' and '''ö''' can be substituted with '''æ''' and '''ø''' which are considered equally valid substitutes. When '''å''', '''ä''' and '''ö''' may not be easily used or input (for example on primitive computer systems or manual typewriters), they may be substituted with the digraphs '''aa, ae''' and '''oe'''.
The pronunciation of letters in the orthography is often dependent on neighboring letters in the same word. For example the letter '''g''' may be pronounced as /ɡ/ or as /j/ depending on the following vowels. (It is /j/ before '''e,i,y,ä''' or '''ö'''). The length of vowels is marked by the following consonants. Short vowels tend to be followed by a cluster of consonants or a doubled consonant. The same sound may be spelled in more than one way, the choice of letters depends on the etymology of the word and related words. For example short '''e''' /ɛ/ can be spelled in some words with '''e''', in other words with '''ä'''.

==Phonology==
SamSka’s phonology resembles its Scandinavian source languages – it is particularly close to Norwegian and Swedish. It has a large number of vowels which have a long and short distinction. Consonants also have a long-short distinction. Consonant length and vowel length have complimentary relationship. Short vowels are followed by long consonants, long vowels are followed by short consonants.

Because SamSka is an auxiliary language, a range of pronunciations are accepted and some phonemes have alternative forms.

Many consonants have been subject to palatization when before a frontal vowel. For example '''sk-''' is normally /sk/ but before '''e, i, y, ä''' and '''ö''' it is /ʃ/. This means that related words may have quite different consonants. This can even be the case with the inflections of a word - if the vowel changes due to an inflection, then the consonant may be palatized as a result.

===Word Final g===
In the case of the '''g''' consonant, when at the end of word it will be pronounced as /g/. But adding a suffix such as '''-en''' will change the pronunciation to /j/. For example '''[[Contionary:dag|dag]]''' /dɑːg/ > '''[[Contionary:dag|dagen]]''' /ˈdɑːjən/.

===Word Final v===
Some phonemes have allophones that are quite far from the phonemic pronunciation. For example '''v''' after a vowel, at the end of a word can be pronounced as /ʋ/ or even as the vowel /ʊ/. If /ʊ/ it will form a diphthong with the preceding vowel. For example '''brav''' (good, great) can be pronounced /brɑːv/, /brɑːʋ/ or /braʊ/. This also applies to '''v''' at the end of a syllable when the following syllable begins with a consonant. For example '''havde''' (past tense of '''ha''') may be pronounced as /ˈhɑːʊdə/

===Pronunciation of "hv"===
Like Norwegian Nynorsk but unlike standard varieties of Danish, Swedish and Norwegian Bokmål, Samska ''does'' make a distinction in pronunciation between '''v''' and '''hv'''. It has the spelling distinction that is retained by Danish and Bokmål and also has a difference in pronunciation. '''Hv''' is pronounced as /ʍ/ but variations are permitted such as /xʷ/ and /w/. So '''hvar''' /ʍɑːr/ (where) has a distinct pronunciation to '''var''' /vɑːr/ (was/were).

===Retroflex Consonants===
Clusters of '''r''' followed by a dental consonant such as '''rd, rt, rn, rl, rs''' merge to form the retroflex consonants /ɖ/, /ʈ/, /ɳ/, /ɭ/, /ʂ/. This also leads to a compensatory lengthening to stem vowel. For example '''[[Contionary:hard|hard]]''' /haːɖ/. Long versions of the vowel in such instances are considered to be allophones of the short vowels rather than long vowels. The long '''e''' vowel in '''verd''' /vɛːɖ/ is not considered the same vowel as in '''ved''' /veːd/

===Tone===
Many words in SamSka carry a pitch accent (also called a rising tone). These words are nouns, adjectives and verbs in which the stem includes the primarily stressed syllable followed by an unstressed schwa syllable. For example '''slange''' /ˈslǎŋːə/ (''snake'') has a rising tone; '''slang''' /slaŋː/ (slang) has no tone. This extends to inflections of such words when they acquire suffixes. For example '''slangen''' /ˈslǎŋːən/ (''the snake'') looks identical to '''slangen''' /ˈslaŋːən/ (''the slang'') when written but the first word may be distinguished in speech by its rising tone.

In the case of related words such as '''styre''' (noun = ''management'') and '''styre''' (verb = ''to steer''), the stem of the noun is regarded as ending in an unstressed schwa syllable and '''styre''' (noun) will have a rising tone. In the case of the verb, the stem is considered to be '''styr-''' and it will have no tone. This means that '''styret''' (''the management'') will have a rising tone whereas '''styret''' (past participle of '''styre''') will not.

Other words with a rising tone would be two syllable stems that end in '''-el''', '''-en''', or '''-er'''. This would include:

'''avle''' (verb, ''to beget'')
'''enkel''' (adjective, ''simple'')
'''ketel''' (noun, ''kettle'')
'''sakne''' (verb, ''to lack'')
'''galen''' (adjective, ''crazy'')
'''vaten''' (noun, ''water'')
'''slummre''' (verb, ''to slumber'')
'''vakker''' (adjective, ''beautiful'')
'''veder''' (noun, ''weather'')

===Table of Phonemes===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Short vowels !! Variations !! Spelling !! Comments !! Example
|-
| a || ɑ || a || || s'''a'''mmle \ˈsǎmːlə\ to gather
|-
| ɛ || e || e, ä || || [[Contionary:berg|b'''e'''rg]] \bɛrːg\ mountain; [[Contionary:gänge|g'''ä'''nge]] \ˈjɛ̌ŋːə\ screwthread
|-
| ɪ || i || i || || [[Contionary:skikk|sk'''i'''kk]] \ʃɪkː\ behavior
|-
| ɔ || o || o, å || || '''o'''st \ɔsːt\ cheese; sk'''å'''lde \ˈskɔlːdə\ to scald
|-
| ʊ || u || u || || [[Contionary:fuktig|f'''u'''ktig]] \ˈfʊkːti\ moist
|-
| œ || ø || ö || || t'''ö'''mme \ˈtœmːə\ to empty
|-
| ʏ || y || y || || r'''y'''gg \rʏgː\ back
|-
| ə || ɐ || e || || sömm'''e''' \ˈsœmːə\ to stitch
|-
! Long vowels !! Variations !! Spelling !! Comments !! Example
|-
| ɑː || aː || a || || h'''a'''le \ˈhɑ̌ːlə\ tail
|-
| æː || ɛː || ä || || [[Contionary:väte|v'''ä'''te]] \ˈvæːtə\ to wet
|-
| eː || || e || || [[Contionary:dele|d'''e'''le]] \ˈdeːlə\ to divide
|-
| iː || || i || || gr'''i'''s \griːs\ pig
|-
| ɔː || oː , ɒː || å || || [[Contionary:båt|b'''å'''t]] \bɔːt\ boat
|-
| oː || uː || o || || sk'''o'''le \ˈskǒːlə\ school
|-
| uː || ʉː || u || || [[Contionary:slut|sl'''u'''t]] \sluːt\ end
|-
| øː || || ö || || r'''ö'''d \røːd\ red
|-
| yː || || y || || sk'''y'''g \ʃyːg\ shy
|-
! Dipthongs !! Variations !! Spelling !! Comments!! Example
|-
| eɪ || || ej, eg, ig || marginal -- could be interpreted as /e/ +/j/ || [[Contionary:jeg|j'''eg''']] \jeɪ\ I; [[Contionary:dejlig|d'''ej'''lig]] \ˈdeɪli(g)\ lovely
|-
| aɪ || || ei || appearing mainly in borrowings || [[Contionary:feil|f'''ei'''l]] \faɪl\ wrong
|-
| aʊ || aʋ || au || appearing mainly in borrowings || [[Contionary:automat|'''au'''tomat]] \aʊtɔˈmɑːt\ automaton
|-
| ɛʊ || ɛʋ || eu || appearing mainly in borrowings || n'''eu'''tralisere \nɛʊtralɪˈseːrə\ to neutralize
|-
! Consonants !! Variations !! Spelling !! Comments !! Example
|-
| p || || p || || käm'''p'''e \ˈçɛ̌mːpə\ giant
|-
| b || || b || || skru'''bb'''e \ˈskrʊbːə\ to scrub
|-
| t || || t || || ly'''tt'''e \ˈlʏtːə\ to listen
|-
| d || ð || d || '''d''' between two vowels may optionally be pronounced as \ð\ || [[Contionary:dålig|'''d'''ålig]] \ˈdɔːli(g)\ bad; ba'''d'''e \ˈbɑːðə\ to bathe
|-
| k || || k, c || '''c''' before '''a, o, u''' is pronounced /k/ and appears only in names and recent borrowings. || '''k'''alle \ˈkalːə\ to call; '''c'''afé \kaˈfeː\ café
|-
| g || || g || || '''g'''ull \gʊlː\ gold
|-
| m || || m || || dö'''mm'''e \ˈdœmːə\ to judge
|-
| n || || n || || '''n'''y \nyː\ new
|-
| ŋ || || ng || || ra'''ng''' \raŋː\ rank
|-
| f || || f || || '''f'''ri \friː\ free
|-
| v || ʋ || v || Word final or syllable final followed by another consonant can become \ʊ\ || [[Contionary:väre|'''v'''äre]] \ˈvæːrə\ to be; ha'''v''' \hɑːʊ\ sea
|-
| s || s || s, c, z || '''c''' before '''e, i, y, ä, ö''' is pronounced \s\ || '''s'''ol \soːl\ sun; [[Contionary:december|de'''c'''ember]] \dɛˈsɛ̌mːbər\ December; '''z'''one \ˈsǒːnə\ zone
|-
| ʃ || || sk, skj, sj, ch || syllable-initial '''sk''' before '''e, i, j, y, ä and ö''' is \ʃ\ || '''sk'''enke \ˈʃɛŋːkə\ to donate; '''skj'''orte \ˈʃɔ̌ːʈə\ shirt; [[Contionary:själ|'''sj'''äl]] \ʃæːl\ soul; [[Contionary:chokk|'''ch'''okk]] \ʃɔkː\ shock
|-
| ʒ || ʃ || g, j || Marginal -- appearing only in borrowings || kura'''g'''e \kʊˈrɑ̌ːʒə\ courage
|-
| ç || || k, kj || syllable-initial '''k''' before '''e, i, j, y, ä''' and '''ö''' is \ç\ || '''k'''ysse \ˈçʏsːə\ to kiss; '''kj'''ole \ˈçǒːlə\ dress
|-
| ʧ || || tj, ti+vowel || || '''tj'''uv \ʧuːv\ thief; na'''ti'''on \naˈʧoːn\ nation
|-
| h || || h || || '''h'''ate \ˈhɑːtə\ to hate
|-
| r || ʀ || r || || kla'''r''' \klɑːr\ clear
|-
| j || || j, gj, g || '''g''' before '''e, i, j, y, ä''' and '''ö''' is \j\ || '''j'''age \ˈjɑːjə\ to hunt; [[Contionary:gjärne|'''gj'''ärne]] \ˈjɛ̌ːɳə\ willingly; '''g'''ift \jɪfːt\ poison
|-
| l || || l || || '''låg''' \lɔːg\ law
|-
| ʂ || rːs, ʀːs || rs || || ko'''rs''' \kɔːʂ\ cross
|-
| ɖː || rːd, ʀːd || rd || || ge'''rd'''e \ˈjɛ̌ːɖə\ fence
|-
| ʈː || rːt, ʀːt || rt || || sva'''rt''' \svaːʈ\ black
|-
| ɳː || rːn, ʀːn || rn || || ho'''rn''' \hɔːɳ\ horn
|-
| ɭː || rːl, ʀːl || rl || || [[Contionary:verld|ve'''rl'''d]] \vɛːɭd\ world
|-
| ʍ || xʷ, hʋ, v || hv || || '''hv'''ar \ʍɑːr\ where
|-
|}

==Grammar==
===Nouns===
[[SamSkandinavisk nouns|Main article: SamSkandinavisk nouns]]

There are two grammatical genders for nouns; common and neuter. Common gender nouns account for approximately 75% of nouns. The common gender originates in the merger of the Feminine and Masculine gender in earlier phases of the source languages.

Nouns have two cases, a common subject/object case and a genitive/possessive case.
The definite status of a noun is formed by adding '''-en''' to the stem in the case of common gender nouns, '''-et''' in the case of neuter nouns and '''-erne''' in the case of plural nouns. For example '''en [[Contionary:ankel|ankel]]''' (common gender = an ankle), '''ett hus''' (neuter gender = a house) in definite form become '''anklen''' (the ankle) and '''huset''' (the house) However this changes to a pre-noun definite article when it is preceded by an adjective. eg '''anklen''' = the ankle; '''den ömme ankel''' = the sore ankle. '''Huset''' = the house; '''det store hus''' = the big house.

The plural of nouns is commonly formed by adding '''-er''' to the stem. eg '''stokk''' (rod) plural '''stokker'''. However this suffix can be agglutinated to other suffixes that mark case and definite status. eg '''stokkerns''' (the rods'/of the rods). Approximately half of neuter nouns don't add '''-er''' and have same form in plural as in singular. There is also a small minority of nouns that form the plural with a change of the stem-vowel by ''umlaut''. eg '''[[Contionary:tann|tann]]''' (tooth) plural '''[[Contionary:tann|tänner]]'''.

===Pronouns===
[[SamSkandinavisk pronouns|Main article: SamSkandinavisk pronouns]]

Pronouns have 3 cases: subjective, objective and possessive. In the third person there is also a reflexive case and a reflexive-possessive case. Third person singular pronouns have three genders; feminine ('''hon'''), masculine ('''han''') and neuter ('''det'''). There is also '''den''' - a third person singular pronoun which can be used for common gender nouns when they have no natural gender -- such as in the case of inanimate objects or abstract concepts. It may also be used of people when the gender is not known or considered irrelevant.

The second person pronoun has two numbers -- singular ('''du''') and plural ('''i'''). Unlike in German or French for example, it is socially acceptable to address an adult stranger as '''du'''. '''i''' is thus restricted in usage to addressing groups of people.

===Adjectives===
[[SamSkandinavisk adjectives|Main article: SamSkandinavisk adjectives]]

Adjectives have two paradigms for declension -- a indefinite declension and a definite declension. In the predicative position, the adjective must agree with the gender and number of the noun it refers to. It does not however agree with the definite or indefinite status; The form of the adjective in the predicative position always takes the indefinite form

Similar to other Germanic languages, the comparative is formed by adding '''-ere''' to the stem and the superlative is formed by adding '''-est''' or '''-este'''. A minority of adjectives have irregular declensions, typically they change the stem-vowel by ''umlaut'' when forming the comparative and superlative. eg '''stor''' (big); comparative '''större'''; superlative '''störst'''. Some adjectives are further irregular and have totally different stems in the definite form or the plural form of when forming the comparative and superlative. For example, with '''god''' (''good'') the comparative is '''bettre''' and the superlative is '''best'''.

====Adverbs====
Adjectives must have a '''-t''' suffix added to be used as adverbs.

===Verbs===
Verbs end in '''-e''' in the infinitive. The present tense in all persons and numbers is formed by adding '''-er''' to the stem. The past tense is formed by adding '''-de''', '''-te''', or '''-ede''' to the stem. The past participle is formed by adding '''-t''' or '''-et'''.
Transitive verbs can have a passive form which is made by adding '''-es''' to the stem.
There are many irregular verbs where the stem vowel also changes when forming the past tense and past participle. There are also seven classes of strong verb where the stem vowel changes by ''ablaut'' when forming the past tense and past participle.

== Sample Texts ==
''Snart skall vi dverger endeligt besegre våre nuvärende fjender ok hevne alle gammle vanärer. Då skall det väre en ny gulltid för den skeggige slekt. Hvis männene ok halflingerne kenner sin rang ok klasse, skall de have ären för at tjäne oss. Halflingerne skall röre vår gröt ok bäre våre ölkrus. Männene skall slite i våre gullgruber ok hente för oss ting som står på höge hyller.''

[[File:Samska_snart_skall_vi_dverger.ogg]]

(Soon we dwarfs will finally defeat our current enemies and avenge all ancient dishonors. Then it will be a new golden age for the bearded race. If the men and halflings know their place, they will have the honor of serving us. The halflings will stir our porridge and bear our ale tankards. The men will toil in our gold mines and fetch for us things that are located on high shelves.)

''I den mörke tommrumm af tidens begynnelse, blev kämpen Ymir födet af gift ok frost, ok han diede hos den store ku Auðumbla. Frå henne kåm vesnet Búri som avlede Burr som avlede guderne Óðinn, Vili ok Vé. Burrs söner drepede Ymir ok skapede Jorden af hans lik. Den förste mann samt den förste kvinne, Ask ok Embla, blev skapet frå ett asktre ok ett almtre henhåldsvist.''

(In the dark void of time's beginning, the giant Ymir was born of poison and frost, and he suckled at the great cow Auðumbla. From her came the being Búri who begat Burr who begat the gods Óðinn, Vili and Vé. Burr's sons slew Ymir and created the Earth from his corpse. The first man and woman, Ask and Embla were created from an ash-tree and an elm respectively.)

''Durianen er en tropiskt frukt som er meket populär i landerne i Sydöstasie. Den omdömes at have en meket sterk ok särskilt lukt ok mange folk anser den at have en motbjudelig smak. Men hvardan smaker durianen faktiskt?''
''Förestell eder en meken stor lök som har blivet litt rotten. Nå förestell eder at en seksgalen ape har knullt denne rottene lök. Durian er präcist likesom det... men i ett godt vis.''
''Min hustru er uenig. Hon seger at det er likesom at kysse mig tidlig på morgenen förut för jeg har rengort mine tänner. Likesom smaken af denne kysse men med ekstra sukker.''
''Underligt, efter den förste provning af Durian, blir smaken ok den vämmelige duft ufornuftigt tvingende — likesom stanken af de svetige trusser af den Brazilianiske kvinners volleyballlag.''

(The Durian is a tropical fruit that is very popular in the lands of South-East-Asia. It has a repuation to have a very strong and distinctive odour and many people consider to have a revolting flavour. But in fact how does the durian taste?
Imagine a very large onion that has gone a little rotten. Now imagine that a sex-crazed monkey has made love to this rotten onion. Durian is precisely like that... but in a good way.
My wife doesn't agree. She says that it is like kissing me early in the morning before I have cleaned my teeth. Like the smell of this kiss but with extra sugar.
Curiously, after that first taste of durian, the taste and the horrid aroma become inexplicably compelling — like the stench of the sweaty panties of the Brazilian women's volleyball team.)

''Nordvinden ok Solen på SamSka''

''Nordvinden ok Solen bestred om hvem var sterkere, då kåm en reisende förbi som klädde sig i en varm kappe. De stemmde at den som först kunne vålde reisenden at tage af sin kappe skulle anses sterkere enn den andre. Då blåsede Nordvinden så hardt som han kunne, men jo mer han blåsede, desto tettere reisenden hyljede kappen omkring sig; ok til sidst uppgav Nordvinden forsöket. Då skinede Solen varmt, ok straks tog reisenden af kappen. Så måtte Nordvinden erkenne at var Solen den sterkere af dem.''

(The North Wind and The Sun were arguing about who was stronger, when along came a traveler who was wearing a warm cloak. They agreed that the first who could make the traveler take off his cloak should be considered stronger than the other. Then the North Wind blew as hard as he could, but the more he blew, the tighter the traveler wrapped the cloak around himself; and eventually the North Wind gave up the attempt. The the Sun shone warmly, and immediately the traveler took off the cloak. So the North Wind had to acknowledge that the Sun was the stronger of the two.)

[[Category:Germanic languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:North Germanic languages]]
[[Category:Samskandinavisk]]

SamSkandinavisk nouns

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Parked71:

====Nouns====
Nouns have two cases; Subject-Object and Genitive. Nouns in the Genitive case get a '''-s''' suffix. Nouns also aquire suffixes to form plurals and to designate indefiniteness or definiteness.

There are two grammatical genders; Common and Neuter. Approximately 75% of nouns are common gender and 25% are neuter gender. The Common Gender represents a merger of the Masculine and Feminine grammatical genders that were present in more archaic stages of the source languages.

===Definite article===
The suffix that is used to designate definiteness is also called the ''enclitic definite article''. Although it is a suffix, it functions in a similar way to the definite article in other Western European languages such as English, German or French. For example '''en ankel''' (common gender = an ankle), '''ett hus''' (neuter gender = a house) and '''parasiter''' (parasites) in definite form become '''anklen''' (the ankle), '''huset''' (the house) and '''parasiterne''' (the parasites).

The enclitic definite article is only used when the noun-phrase is not modified by any other adjectives, determiners or articles. When these are part of the noun-phrase, the enclitic definite article is not used, instead independent, pre-noun definite articles are used; '''det''' for neuter nouns; '''den''' for common gender nouns; and '''de''' for plural nouns. (Incidentally these definite articles are also the 3rd person pronouns for ''it'', ''he/she'' and ''they''). For example:

'''anklen''' = the ankle; '''den ömme ankel''' = the sore ankle.

'''parasiterne''' = the parasites; '''de svultne parasiter''' = the hungry parasites.

'''huset''' = the house; '''det store hus''' = the big house.

===Plurals===
There are two common methods of forming the plural; Called Plural 1 and Plural 2. Plural 1 adds a '''-er''' suffix to the noun stem when making a plural. Plural 2 adds no suffix, the form of the plural is often the same as the singular -- although it’s normally possible to determine the plural from the context and from accompanying adjective inflections and articles. There are also variations on the normal plurals that additionally change the stem vowel by ''umlaut'' ('''omljud''' in SamSka).

Plural 1A: is most normal nouns that form the plural with '''-er'''. This includes 95% common gender nouns and approximately half of neuter nouns.

Plural 1B: There are a few (~3%) common gender nouns that add '''-er''' and that also umlaut the stem-vowel, for example '''a''' changing to '''ä'''; '''o''' to '''ö''' and '''u''' to '''y'''. They are few in number but include some of the more frequent words in the language.

Plural 2A are nouns that don’t get a suffix to form the plural. This includes about half of neuter nouns -- monosyllablic neuter nouns in particular.

Plural 2B: There are a few (~2%) common gender nouns which, like Plural 2A, don’t add a suffix to make the plural. But they do umlaut the stem vowel. This class is notable for including the words for many family members such as '''moder''' (mother), '''fader''' (father), '''broder''' (brother), '''dotter''' (daughter).

The suffixes that mark definiteness, number and genitive case are agglutinated together onto the noun stem, which means that each noun will have a large number of potential endings. For example '''kvinnerns''' ''the womens'' can be analyzed as '''kvinne-r-n-s''' -- made up of '''kvinne''' (stem) plus '''-er''' (plural ending) plus '''-n''' (enclitic definite article) plus '''-s''' (genitive case ending). In all, a noun can have up to 6 forms.

In the example of '''kvinne''' (woman)
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! !! Singular !! !! Plural !!
|-
! Common !! Indefinite !! Definite !! Indefinite !! Definite
|-
| '''Nominative''' || kvinne || kvinnen || kvinner || kvinnerne
|-
| '''Genitive''' || kvinnes || kvinnens || kvinners || kvinnerns
|}

[[Category:Samskandinavisk]]

Category:Samskandinavisk

2020-10-31T13:27:46Z

Parked71: Created blank page

SamSkandinavisk pronouns

2020-10-31T13:25:52Z

Parked71:

===Personal pronouns===
The SamSkandinavisk personal pronoun system is very similar to that of Danish, Norwegian-Bokmål and Swedish, and incidentally quite close to English. Pronouns inflect for person, case, number, and, in the third person singular, gender. Unlike English there is a separate third-person reflexive pronoun '''sig''' (himself, herself, itself, themselves). SamSka also keeps a distinct 2nd person singular '''du''' (you) and '''i''' (you plural), and objective forms of these. Reflexive forms are not used for the first and second person, '''mig''' for example can mean both ''me'' or ''myself''.

====Table of Personal pronouns====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="4"|Singular
!colspan="4"|Plural
|-
! Person
! Nominative
! Objective
! Possessive: com./neut./pl.
! Person
! Nominative
! Objective
! Possessive: com./neut./pl.
|-
! 1st
| ''jeg'' [jeɪ]
| ''mig'' [meɪ]
| ''min'' [miːn] / ''mitt'' [mɪtː] / ''mine'' [ˈmiːnə]
! 1st
| ''vi'' [viː]
| ''oss'' [ɔsː]
| ''vår'' [vɔːr] / ''vårt'' [vɔːʈ] / ''våre'' [ˈvɔːrə]
|-
! 2nd
| ''du'' [duː]
| ''dig'' [deɪ]
| ''din'' [diːn] / ''ditt'' [dɪtː] / ''dine'' [ˈdiːnə]
! 2nd
| ''i'' [iː]
| ''eder'' [ˈeːdər, eːr]
| ''eders'' [ˈeːdəʂ, eːʂ]
|-
! 3rd Masc.
| ''han'' [hanː]
| ''hanem'' [ˈhɑːnəm] / ''ham'' [hamː]
| ''hans'' [hanːs]
!rowspan="5"| 3rd
|rowspan="5"| ''de'' [deː]
|rowspan="5"| ''dem'' [deːm]
|rowspan="5"| ''deres'' [ˈdeːrəs]
|-
! 3rd Fem.
| ''hon'' [hɔnː]
| ''henne'' [ˈhɛnːə]
| ''hennes'' [ˈhɛnːəs]
|-
! 3rd Common
| ''den'' [dɛnː]
| ''den'' [dɛnː]
| ''dens'' [dɛnːs]
|-
! 3rd Neut.
| ''det'' [dɛ]
| ''det'' [dɛ]
| ''dets'' [dɛtːs, dɛsː]
|-
! 3rd Impers.
| ''man'' [manː]
| ''en'' [eːn]
| ''ens'' [eːns]
|-
! (3rd Reflex.)
| —
| ''sig'' [seɪ]
| ''sin'' [siːn] / ''sitt'' [sɪtː] / ''sine'' [ˈsiːnə]
! (3rd Reflex)
| —
| ''sig'' [seɪ]
| ''sin'' [siːn] / ''sitt'' [sɪtː] / ''sine'' [ˈsiːnə]
|}

Some possessive pronouns (for example 1st singular) are inflected similarly to adjectives, agreeing in gender and number with the item possessed.

The distinction between '''du''' and '''i''' is intended to be purely one of number. '''Du''' is to address a single person and '''i''' to address two or more people. There is no particular level of formality associated with either pronoun. Unlike with German ''du'' or French ''tu'', SamSka '''du''' can be used to address adult strangers of any social rank.

'''Den''' is the equivalent of ''it'' used for common gender nouns. It is used for nouns when the grammatical gender is common and they have no physical gender. This could include inanimate objects, abstract concepts and animals where the physical gender is not known or not relevant. For example a '''bok''' (book) would normally be referred to as '''den'''. But a '''hankatt''' (tomcat) might instead be referred to as '''han''' (he) because it has a known and relevant physical gender.
'''Den''' may also be used as a gender neutral pronoun to talk about a person when the physical gender is not yet known or not considered relevant. This can be used in non-sexist language to avoid a preference for male or female.

The third person pronouns '''det''', '''den''' and '''de''' also serve as demonstrative pronouns, roughly equivalent to English ''that'' and ''those'', and as definite articles, equivalent to English ''the''.

The reflexive pronoun is used when the object or possessive is identical to the grammatical subject of the sentence: '''han kysste sin hustru'''. "he kissed his (own) wife". '''han kysste hans hustru''' "he kissed his (somebody else's) wife"

'''Man''' the impersonal pronoun is used in a similar way to formal English "one", or more informally "you" or "they". It refers people in general but to no one in particular.

===Interrogative Pronouns===
'''hvad''' [ʍɑː(d)] what, whatever

'''hvar''' [ʍɑːr] where, how, which

'''hvardan''' [ˌʍɑːrˈdɑːn] how

'''hvarför''' [ˌʍɑːrˈføːr] what for, why

'''när''' [næːr] / '''hvarnär''' [ˌʍɑːrˈnæːr] when, whenever

'''hvarledes''' [ˌʍɑːrˈleːðəs] how

'''hvem''' [ʍɛmː] who, whom, which, which one

'''hvo''' [ʍoː] who

'''hvilken''' [ˈʍɪlːkən] which, which one, who, whom, what, how Neuter = '''hvilket'''; plural = '''hvilke'''.

'''hvis''' [ʍiːs] whose, of which, of whom

===Demonstrative Pronouns===
'''det''' [dɛ] that (neuter)

'''den''' [dɛnː] that (common)

'''de''' [deː] those (plural)

'''dette''' [ˈdɛtːə] this (neuter)

'''denne''' [ˈdɛnːə] this (common)

'''desse''' [ˈdɛsːə] these, such (plural)

'''där''' [dæːr] there, over there, at that place, yonder

'''dit''' [diːt] there, thither, yonder, that way, to that place

'''därfrå''' [ˌdæːrˈfrɔː] from there, thence, therefrom

'''då''' [dɔː] at that time, in that case, then

'''her''' [heːr] here, herein, this place

'''hit''' [hiːt] hither, here, to this place

===Relative Pronouns===
'''hvad''' [ʍɑː(d)] what

'''hvardan''' [ˌʍɑːrˈdɑːn] as, like, such as

'''hvarför''' [ˌʍɑːrˈføːr] why

'''hvem''' [ʍɛmː] that

'''hvilken''' [ˈʍɪlːkən] that, which, who, whom. Neuter = '''hvilket'''; plural = '''hvilke'''.

'''när''' [næːr] when, whenever, as

'''där''' [dæːr] where, which

'''den som''' [dɛnː sɔmː] the one that, who

'''dit''' [diːt] where

'''som''' [sɔmː] that, which, who, whom

===Other Pronouns and Pronoun-like Determiners===
'''all''' [alː] all, any, every, everyone

'''alle''' [ˈalːə] all, everyone, any, everybody

'''allesammen''' [ˌalːəˈsamːən] everybody, everyone, all of them / you / us, altogether

'''allt''' [alːt] all, everything, anything, the lot

'''allting''' [ˌalːˈtɪŋː] everything

'''alltsammen''' [ˌalːtˈsamːən] everything

'''annen''' [ˈanːən] other, another, others, else. Indefinite common = '''annen'''; indefinite neuter = '''annet'''; definite = '''andre'''.

'''enhver''' [ˌeːnˈʍeːr] each, every, all, any, anybody, everybody, everyone

'''hver''' [ʍeːr] each, every, all the, everybody, everyone

'''hverandre''' [ˌʍeːrˈanːdrə] each other, one another

'''ingen''' [ˈɪŋːən] none, nobody, no one, nothing. Neuter = '''inget'''; plural = '''inge'''

'''ingenting''' [ˌɪŋːənˈtɪŋː] nothing, naught

'''mange''' [ˈmaŋːə] Comparative = '''flere / mangere'''; superlative = '''flest / mangest'''. many, a lot

'''någen''' [ˈnɔːjən] any, anybody, anyone, some, somebody, someone, anything, something

'''någet''' [ˈnɔːjət] any, anything, some, something

'''själv''' [ʃɛlːv] oneself

'''somme''' [ˈsɔmːə] some

'''slik''' [sliːk] such

[[Category:Samskandinavisk]]

SamSkandinavisk adjectives

2020-10-31T13:24:56Z

Parked71:

Adjectives must agree with the noun for gender, number and definiteness.
Adjectives have two paradigms for declension -- an indefinite declension and a definite declension.
== Indefinite Paradigm: ==

=== Adjectives in the attributive position. ===
In the attributive and predicative position common gender nouns have no ending. 
Neuter gender nouns take a '''-t''' ending. 
Plural nouns take a '''-e''' ending. 

Neuter: Ett '''grönnt''' tre. = ''A '''green''' tree'' 

Common: En '''klok''' kvinne = ''A '''clever''' woman.'' 

Plural: '''Glade''' drömmer = '''''Happy''' dreams'' 

=== Adjectives in the predicative position. ===
In the predicative position, the adjective must agree with the gender and number of the noun it refers to. It does not however agree with the definite or indefinite status; The form of the adjective in the predicative position always takes the indefinite form. 

Neuter definite: Huset er '''stort'''. = ''The house is '''big'''.'' 

Neuter indefinite: Ett barn er '''sjukt'''. = ''A child is '''sick'''.'' 

Common definite: Jätten er '''vred''' = ''The giant is '''angry'''.'' 

Common indefinite: En bösse kunne väre '''farlig''' = ''A gun could be '''dangerous'''.'' 

Plural definite: Bilerne var '''billige'''. = ''The cars were '''cheap'''.'' 

Plural indefinite: Fisker er '''glatte'''. = ''Fish are '''slippery'''.'' 

== Definite Paradigm: ==
This is used when the noun has the definite article or certain other demonstrative pronouns and determiners.
When definite, all adjectives end in '''-e'''. 

Neuter Definite: Det '''store''' hus. = ''The '''big''' house.'' 

Common Definite: Den '''ömme''' ankel. = ''The '''sore''' ankle.'' 

Plural Definite: De '''skarpe''' sverd. = ''The '''sharp''' swords.'' 

== Comparative and Superlative ==
Similar to other Germanic languages, the comparative is formed by adding '''-ere''' to the stem and the superlative is formed by adding '''-est''' or '''-este.''' 

=== Comparative ===
The comparative ending is always '''-ere''' and doesn’t vary based on gender, number or definiteness. 

Dette barn var '''sjukere'''. = ''This child was '''sicker'''.'' 

'''Vredere''' jätter = '''''angrier''' giants.'' 

=== Superlative ===
The superlative ending is '''–est''' or '''–este'''. This depends on gender, number and definiteness. 

In the Indefinite Paradigm, the superlative ending is '''–est''' for singular neuter and singular common gender nouns. It is '''–este''' for plural nouns. 

Singular Neuter Indefinite: ett barn er '''sjukest''' = ''a child is '''sickest.''''' 

Singular Common Indefinite: en kvinne var '''klokest''' = ''a woman was '''smartest'''.'' 

Plural Indefinite: '''skarpeste''' sverd = '''''sharpest''' swords.'' 
 

In the Definite Paradigm, the superlative ending is always –este. 

Det '''störste''' hus = ''the '''biggest''' house.'' 

Den '''ömmeste''' ankel = ''the '''sorest''' ankle.'' 

De '''skarpeste''' sverd = ''the '''sharpest''' swords.'' 

=== Irregular Comparative and Superlative ===
A minority of adjectives have irregular declensions, typically they change the stem-vowel by umlaut when forming the comparative and superlative. 

For example '''stor''' (big); comparative '''större'''; superlative '''störst'''. 

Some adjectives are further irregular and have totally different stems in the definite form or the plural form of when forming the comparative and superlative. 

For example, with '''god''' (good) the comparative is '''bettre''' and the superlative is '''best'''. 

'''Liten''' (little) is the most irregular adjective. Indefinite common singular = '''liten'''; indefinite neuter = '''litet''', definite singular = '''lille'''; definite and indefinite plural = '''små''' ; comparative = '''mindre'''; superlative = '''minst'''

== Past participle of verbs used as adjectives ==
Verbs have a past participle which can be used as adjectives and they follow similar rules to other adjectives. 

=== Weak Verbs ===
==== Indefinite: ====
The indefinite singular forms, both common gender and neuter, end in '''-(e)t''', just like the supine form of the verb. eg '''tendet''' (lit, illuminated), '''aktiveret''' (activated, enabled) 

==== Indefinite Plural and Definite: ====
The indefinite plural and definite forms end in '''-(e)de''' or '''-te'''. These forms follow the form of the past tense of the verb. If the past tense ends in -'''(e)de''' , it will be '''-(e)de'''. If it ends in '''-te''', it will be '''-te'''. 

'''Tendede''' ljus = '''''lit''' candles.'' 

Det '''aktiverede''' forsvar = ''the '''enabled''' defense.''

=== Strong Verbs: ===
eg '''skoren''' (cut). '''afbruten''' (cancelled)
==== Indefinite Singular: ====
The indefinite singular forms end in '''-en''' when used with common gender nouns. 

En '''skoren''' potate. = ''a '''sliced''' potato.'' 

En '''afbruten''' rekning. = ''a '''cancelled''' account.'' 
 

With Neuter gender nouns, the indefinite singular ends in '''-et''' eg '''skoret, afbrutet''' -- this is the same as the supine of the verb. 

Ett '''skoret''' eple. = ''a '''sliced''' apple.'' 

Ett '''afbrutet''' forsök. = ''an '''interrupted''' experiment.''

==== Indefinite plural and Definite: ====
The indefinite plural and definite forms end in '''-ene.''' 

'''Skorene''' potater. = '''''sliced''' potatoes.'' 

Den '''afbrutene''' rekning. = ''the '''cancelled''' account.''

== Present participle of verbs used as adjectives ==
The present participle of verbs end in '''-ende.''' When used as an adjective, present participles do not vary for gender number or definiteness 
Den '''nuvärende''' kong = ''the '''current''' king.'' 
En '''veltalende''' snakkar = ''an '''articulate''' speaker'' 
De madrasser war '''fjedrende''' = ''the '''matresses''' were springy.''

== Adjectives ending in -en ==
e.g. '''galen''' (crazy), '''open''' (open), '''rotten''' (rotten) 

These behave like past participles of strong verbs. (often these originally were) 
 
Indefinite common end in '''-en.''' 

En '''galen''' ape. = ''a '''crazy''' monkey'' 

En '''open''' dör. = ''an '''open''' door.'' 

En '''rotten''' potate. = ''a '''rotten''' potato.'' 
 

Indefinite Neuter end in '''-et''' 

Ett '''galet''' dyr. = ''a '''crazy''' animal.'' 

Ett '''opet''' vindöge. = ''an '''open''' window.'' 

Ett '''rottet''' eple. = ''a '''rotten''' apple.'' 
 
Indefinite plural and definite end in '''-ene.''' 

'''Galene''' dyr. = '''''crazy''' animals.'' 

Det '''opene''' vindöge. = ''the '''open''' window.'' 

De '''rottene''' potater. = ''the '''rotten''' potatoes.'' 
 
Adverbs end in '''-et''' 

Min bror log '''galet''' = ''my brother laughed '''insanely'''.'' 

Hans kone kunne ikke snakke '''opet''' om hans galenskap. = ''His wife couldn’t talk '''candidly''' about his insanity.'' 

De gammle eple osede '''rottet'''. = ''The old apples '''rottenly''' reeked.''

== Adjectives ending in -d ==
eg '''bred''' (wide) add '''-t''' for indefinite neuter e.g. '''bred''' /bre:d/ > '''bredt''' /bre:t/. The '''d''' becomes silent. 

Add '''-e''' as other words for indefinite plural and definite. eg '''brede'''

== Adverbs from Adjectives ==
Adjectives must have a -t suffix added to be used as adverbs. 

Min kone svimmer. Hon svimmer '''langsamt'''. = ''My wife is swimming. She’s swimming '''slowly'''.'' 

There are some exceptions to this rule. 

=== Adjectives already ending in '''-t.''' ===
These don’t need another '''-t''' to be used as an adverb. 

Han verderede tilstanden '''rett'''. = ''He appraised the situation '''correctly''''' 

=== Comparative adjectives ending in '''-ere'''. ===
These does not require a '''-t''' suffix to be used as adverbs. 

Ingen hest löper '''hastigere'''. = ''No horse runs '''more quickly'''.''
=== Present Participles used as an adverb ===
Adverbs from adjectives using the '''-ende''' present participle suffix do not required a '''-t''' suffix. 
Ditt forsök har sluted '''lovende'''. = ''Your experiment has concluded '''encouragingly'''.'' 
=== Past Participles used as Adverbs. ===
These end in '''-(e)t''' eg '''bedrövet''' = ''sadly''. '''Överdrivet''' = ''excessively''. 

This is the same as the supine. 

=== Adjectives ending -d ===
add '''-t''' also to make an adverb, e.g. '''vid''' ''(wide)''. '''vid''' /vi:d/ > '''vidt''' /vi:t/. The '''-d''' becomes silent here also.

[[Category:Samskandinavisk]]

SamSkandinavisk adjectives

2020-10-31T13:22:21Z

Parked71: /* Present participle of verbs used as adjectives */

SamSkandinavisk adjectives

2020-10-31T13:21:40Z

Parked71: /* Strong Verbs: */

Adjectives must agree with the noun for gender, number and definiteness.
Adjectives have two paradigms for declension -- an indefinite declension and a definite declension.
== Indefinite Paradigm: ==

=== Adjectives in the attributive position. ===
In the attributive and predicative position common gender nouns have no ending. 
Neuter gender nouns take a '''-t''' ending. 
Plural nouns take a '''-e''' ending. 

Neuter: Ett '''grönnt''' tre. = ''A '''green''' tree'' 

Common: En '''klok''' kvinne = ''A '''clever''' woman.'' 

Plural: '''Glade''' drömmer = '''''Happy''' dreams'' 

=== Adjectives in the predicative position. ===
In the predicative position, the adjective must agree with the gender and number of the noun it refers to. It does not however agree with the definite or indefinite status; The form of the adjective in the predicative position always takes the indefinite form. 

Neuter definite: Huset er '''stort'''. = ''The house is '''big'''.'' 

Neuter indefinite: Ett barn er '''sjukt'''. = ''A child is '''sick'''.'' 

Common definite: Jätten er '''vred''' = ''The giant is '''angry'''.'' 

Common indefinite: En bösse kunne väre '''farlig''' = ''A gun could be '''dangerous'''.'' 

Plural definite: Bilerne var '''billige'''. = ''The cars were '''cheap'''.'' 

Plural indefinite: Fisker er '''glatte'''. = ''Fish are '''slippery'''.'' 

== Definite Paradigm: ==
This is used when the noun has the definite article or certain other demonstrative pronouns and determiners.
When definite, all adjectives end in '''-e'''. 

Neuter Definite: Det '''store''' hus. = ''The '''big''' house.'' 

Common Definite: Den '''ömme''' ankel. = ''The '''sore''' ankle.'' 

Plural Definite: De '''skarpe''' sverd. = ''The '''sharp''' swords.'' 

== Comparative and Superlative ==
Similar to other Germanic languages, the comparative is formed by adding '''-ere''' to the stem and the superlative is formed by adding '''-est''' or '''-este.''' 

=== Comparative ===
The comparative ending is always '''-ere''' and doesn’t vary based on gender, number or definiteness. 

Dette barn var '''sjukere'''. = ''This child was '''sicker'''.'' 

'''Vredere''' jätter = '''''angrier''' giants.'' 

=== Superlative ===
The superlative ending is '''–est''' or '''–este'''. This depends on gender, number and definiteness. 

In the Indefinite Paradigm, the superlative ending is '''–est''' for singular neuter and singular common gender nouns. It is '''–este''' for plural nouns. 

Singular Neuter Indefinite: ett barn er '''sjukest''' = ''a child is '''sickest.''''' 

Singular Common Indefinite: en kvinne var '''klokest''' = ''a woman was '''smartest'''.'' 

Plural Indefinite: '''skarpeste''' sverd = '''''sharpest''' swords.'' 
 

In the Definite Paradigm, the superlative ending is always –este. 

Det '''störste''' hus = ''the '''biggest''' house.'' 

Den '''ömmeste''' ankel = ''the '''sorest''' ankle.'' 

De '''skarpeste''' sverd = ''the '''sharpest''' swords.'' 

=== Irregular Comparative and Superlative ===
A minority of adjectives have irregular declensions, typically they change the stem-vowel by umlaut when forming the comparative and superlative. 

For example '''stor''' (big); comparative '''större'''; superlative '''störst'''. 

Some adjectives are further irregular and have totally different stems in the definite form or the plural form of when forming the comparative and superlative. 

For example, with '''god''' (good) the comparative is '''bettre''' and the superlative is '''best'''. 

'''Liten''' (little) is the most irregular adjective. Indefinite common singular = '''liten'''; indefinite neuter = '''litet''', definite singular = '''lille'''; definite and indefinite plural = '''små''' ; comparative = '''mindre'''; superlative = '''minst'''

== Past participle of verbs used as adjectives ==
Verbs have a past participle which can be used as adjectives and they follow similar rules to other adjectives. 

=== Weak Verbs ===
==== Indefinite: ====
The indefinite singular forms, both common gender and neuter, end in '''-(e)t''', just like the supine form of the verb. eg '''tendet''' (lit, illuminated), '''aktiveret''' (activated, enabled) 

==== Indefinite Plural and Definite: ====
The indefinite plural and definite forms end in '''-(e)de''' or '''-te'''. These forms follow the form of the past tense of the verb. If the past tense ends in -'''(e)de''' , it will be '''-(e)de'''. If it ends in '''-te''', it will be '''-te'''. 

'''Tendede''' ljus = '''''lit''' candles.'' 

Det '''aktiverede''' forsvar = ''the '''enabled''' defense.''

=== Strong Verbs: ===
eg '''skoren''' (cut). '''afbruten''' (cancelled)
==== Indefinite Singular: ====
The indefinite singular forms end in '''-en''' when used with common gender nouns. 

En '''skoren''' potate. = ''a '''sliced''' potato.'' 

En '''afbruten''' rekning. = ''a '''cancelled''' account.'' 
 

With Neuter gender nouns, the indefinite singular ends in '''-et''' eg '''skoret, afbrutet''' -- this is the same as the supine of the verb. 

Ett '''skoret''' eple. = ''a '''sliced''' apple.'' 

Ett '''afbrutet''' forsök. = ''an '''interrupted''' experiment.''

==== Indefinite plural and Definite: ====
The indefinite plural and definite forms end in '''-ene.''' 

'''Skorene''' potater. = '''''sliced''' potatoes.'' 

Den '''afbrutene''' rekning. = ''the '''cancelled''' account.''

== Present participle of verbs used as adjectives ==
The present participle of verbs end in -ende. When used as an adjective present participles do not vary for gender number or definiteness 
Den '''nuvärende''' kong = ''the '''current''' king.'' 
En '''veltalende''' snakkar = ''an '''articulate''' speaker'' 
De madrasser war '''fjedrende''' = ''the '''matresses''' were springy.''

== Adjectives ending in -en ==
e.g. '''galen''' (crazy), '''open''' (open), '''rotten''' (rotten) 

These behave like past participles of strong verbs. (often these originally were) 
 
Indefinite common end in '''-en.''' 

En '''galen''' ape. = ''a '''crazy''' monkey'' 

En '''open''' dör. = ''an '''open''' door.'' 

En '''rotten''' potate. = ''a '''rotten''' potato.'' 
 

Indefinite Neuter end in '''-et''' 

Ett '''galet''' dyr. = ''a '''crazy''' animal.'' 

Ett '''opet''' vindöge. = ''an '''open''' window.'' 

Ett '''rottet''' eple. = ''a '''rotten''' apple.'' 
 
Indefinite plural and definite end in '''-ene.''' 

'''Galene''' dyr. = '''''crazy''' animals.'' 

Det '''opene''' vindöge. = ''the '''open''' window.'' 

De '''rottene''' potater. = ''the '''rotten''' potatoes.'' 
 
Adverbs end in '''-et''' 

Min bror log '''galet''' = ''my brother laughed '''insanely'''.'' 

Hans kone kunne ikke snakke '''opet''' om hans galenskap. = ''His wife couldn’t talk '''candidly''' about his insanity.'' 

De gammle eple osede '''rottet'''. = ''The old apples '''rottenly''' reeked.''

== Adjectives ending in -d ==
eg '''bred''' (wide) add '''-t''' for indefinite neuter e.g. '''bred''' /bre:d/ > '''bredt''' /bre:t/. The '''d''' becomes silent. 

Add '''-e''' as other words for indefinite plural and definite. eg '''brede'''

== Adverbs from Adjectives ==
Adjectives must have a -t suffix added to be used as adverbs. 

Min kone svimmer. Hon svimmer '''langsamt'''. = ''My wife is swimming. She’s swimming '''slowly'''.'' 

There are some exceptions to this rule. 

=== Adjectives already ending in '''-t.''' ===
These don’t need another '''-t''' to be used as an adverb. 

Han verderede tilstanden '''rett'''. = ''He appraised the situation '''correctly''''' 

=== Comparative adjectives ending in '''-ere'''. ===
These does not require a '''-t''' suffix to be used as adverbs. 

Ingen hest löper '''hastigere'''. = ''No horse runs '''more quickly'''.''
=== Present Participles used as an adverb ===
Adverbs from adjectives using the '''-ende''' present participle suffix do not required a '''-t''' suffix. 
Ditt forsök har sluted '''lovende'''. = ''Your experiment has concluded '''encouragingly'''.'' 
=== Past Participles used as Adverbs. ===
These end in '''-(e)t''' eg '''bedrövet''' = ''sadly''. '''Överdrivet''' = ''excessively''. 

This is the same as the supine. 

=== Adjectives ending -d ===
add '''-t''' also to make an adverb, e.g. '''vid''' ''(wide)''. '''vid''' /vi:d/ > '''vidt''' /vi:t/. The '''-d''' becomes silent here also.

SamSkandinavisk adjectives

2020-10-31T13:20:58Z

Parked71: /* Past participle of verbs used as adjectives */

Adjectives must agree with the noun for gender, number and definiteness.
Adjectives have two paradigms for declension -- an indefinite declension and a definite declension.
== Indefinite Paradigm: ==

=== Adjectives in the attributive position. ===
In the attributive and predicative position common gender nouns have no ending. 
Neuter gender nouns take a '''-t''' ending. 
Plural nouns take a '''-e''' ending. 

Neuter: Ett '''grönnt''' tre. = ''A '''green''' tree'' 

Common: En '''klok''' kvinne = ''A '''clever''' woman.'' 

Plural: '''Glade''' drömmer = '''''Happy''' dreams'' 

=== Adjectives in the predicative position. ===
In the predicative position, the adjective must agree with the gender and number of the noun it refers to. It does not however agree with the definite or indefinite status; The form of the adjective in the predicative position always takes the indefinite form. 

Neuter definite: Huset er '''stort'''. = ''The house is '''big'''.'' 

Neuter indefinite: Ett barn er '''sjukt'''. = ''A child is '''sick'''.'' 

Common definite: Jätten er '''vred''' = ''The giant is '''angry'''.'' 

Common indefinite: En bösse kunne väre '''farlig''' = ''A gun could be '''dangerous'''.'' 

Plural definite: Bilerne var '''billige'''. = ''The cars were '''cheap'''.'' 

Plural indefinite: Fisker er '''glatte'''. = ''Fish are '''slippery'''.'' 

== Definite Paradigm: ==
This is used when the noun has the definite article or certain other demonstrative pronouns and determiners.
When definite, all adjectives end in '''-e'''. 

Neuter Definite: Det '''store''' hus. = ''The '''big''' house.'' 

Common Definite: Den '''ömme''' ankel. = ''The '''sore''' ankle.'' 

Plural Definite: De '''skarpe''' sverd. = ''The '''sharp''' swords.'' 

== Comparative and Superlative ==
Similar to other Germanic languages, the comparative is formed by adding '''-ere''' to the stem and the superlative is formed by adding '''-est''' or '''-este.''' 

=== Comparative ===
The comparative ending is always '''-ere''' and doesn’t vary based on gender, number or definiteness. 

Dette barn var '''sjukere'''. = ''This child was '''sicker'''.'' 

'''Vredere''' jätter = '''''angrier''' giants.'' 

=== Superlative ===
The superlative ending is '''–est''' or '''–este'''. This depends on gender, number and definiteness. 

In the Indefinite Paradigm, the superlative ending is '''–est''' for singular neuter and singular common gender nouns. It is '''–este''' for plural nouns. 

Singular Neuter Indefinite: ett barn er '''sjukest''' = ''a child is '''sickest.''''' 

Singular Common Indefinite: en kvinne var '''klokest''' = ''a woman was '''smartest'''.'' 

Plural Indefinite: '''skarpeste''' sverd = '''''sharpest''' swords.'' 
 

In the Definite Paradigm, the superlative ending is always –este. 

Det '''störste''' hus = ''the '''biggest''' house.'' 

Den '''ömmeste''' ankel = ''the '''sorest''' ankle.'' 

De '''skarpeste''' sverd = ''the '''sharpest''' swords.'' 

=== Irregular Comparative and Superlative ===
A minority of adjectives have irregular declensions, typically they change the stem-vowel by umlaut when forming the comparative and superlative. 

For example '''stor''' (big); comparative '''större'''; superlative '''störst'''. 

Some adjectives are further irregular and have totally different stems in the definite form or the plural form of when forming the comparative and superlative. 

For example, with '''god''' (good) the comparative is '''bettre''' and the superlative is '''best'''. 

'''Liten''' (little) is the most irregular adjective. Indefinite common singular = '''liten'''; indefinite neuter = '''litet''', definite singular = '''lille'''; definite and indefinite plural = '''små''' ; comparative = '''mindre'''; superlative = '''minst'''

== Past participle of verbs used as adjectives ==
Verbs have a past participle which can be used as adjectives and they follow similar rules to other adjectives. 

=== Weak Verbs ===
==== Indefinite: ====
The indefinite singular forms, both common gender and neuter, end in '''-(e)t''', just like the supine form of the verb. eg '''tendet''' (lit, illuminated), '''aktiveret''' (activated, enabled) 

==== Indefinite Plural and Definite: ====
The indefinite plural and definite forms end in '''-(e)de''' or '''-te'''. These forms follow the form of the past tense of the verb. If the past tense ends in -'''(e)de''' , it will be '''-(e)de'''. If it ends in '''-te''', it will be '''-te'''. 

'''Tendede''' ljus = '''''lit''' candles.'' 

Det '''aktiverede''' forsvar = ''the '''enabled''' defense.''

=== Strong Verbs: ===
eg '''skoren''' (cut). '''afbruten''' (cancelled)
==== Indefinite Singular: ====
The indefinite singular forms end in '''-en''' when used with common gender nouns. 

En '''skoren''' potate. = ''a '''sliced''' potato.'' 

En '''afbruten''' rekning. = ''a '''cancelled''' account.'' 
 
 

With Neuter gender nouns, the indefinite singular ends in '''-et''' eg '''skoret, afbrutet''' -- this is the same as the supine of the verb. 

Ett '''skoret''' eple. = ''a '''sliced''' apple.'' 

Ett '''afbrutet''' forsök. = ''an '''interrupted''' experiment.''

==== Indefinite plural and Definite: ====
The indefinite plural and definite forms end in '''-ene.''' 

'''Skorene''' potater. = '''''sliced''' potatoes.'' 

Den '''afbrutene''' rekning. = ''the '''cancelled''' account.''

== Present participle of verbs used as adjectives ==
The present participle of verbs end in -ende. When used as an adjective present participles do not vary for gender number or definiteness 
Den '''nuvärende''' kong = ''the '''current''' king.'' 
En '''veltalende''' snakkar = ''an '''articulate''' speaker'' 
De madrasser war '''fjedrende''' = ''the '''matresses''' were springy.''

== Adjectives ending in -en ==
e.g. '''galen''' (crazy), '''open''' (open), '''rotten''' (rotten) 

These behave like past participles of strong verbs. (often these originally were) 
 
Indefinite common end in '''-en.''' 

En '''galen''' ape. = ''a '''crazy''' monkey'' 

En '''open''' dör. = ''an '''open''' door.'' 

En '''rotten''' potate. = ''a '''rotten''' potato.'' 
 

Indefinite Neuter end in '''-et''' 

Ett '''galet''' dyr. = ''a '''crazy''' animal.'' 

Ett '''opet''' vindöge. = ''an '''open''' window.'' 

Ett '''rottet''' eple. = ''a '''rotten''' apple.'' 
 
Indefinite plural and definite end in '''-ene.''' 

'''Galene''' dyr. = '''''crazy''' animals.'' 

Det '''opene''' vindöge. = ''the '''open''' window.'' 

De '''rottene''' potater. = ''the '''rotten''' potatoes.'' 
 
Adverbs end in '''-et''' 

Min bror log '''galet''' = ''my brother laughed '''insanely'''.'' 

Hans kone kunne ikke snakke '''opet''' om hans galenskap. = ''His wife couldn’t talk '''candidly''' about his insanity.'' 

De gammle eple osede '''rottet'''. = ''The old apples '''rottenly''' reeked.''

== Adjectives ending in -d ==
eg '''bred''' (wide) add '''-t''' for indefinite neuter e.g. '''bred''' /bre:d/ > '''bredt''' /bre:t/. The '''d''' becomes silent. 

Add '''-e''' as other words for indefinite plural and definite. eg '''brede'''

== Adverbs from Adjectives ==
Adjectives must have a -t suffix added to be used as adverbs. 

Min kone svimmer. Hon svimmer '''langsamt'''. = ''My wife is swimming. She’s swimming '''slowly'''.'' 

There are some exceptions to this rule. 

=== Adjectives already ending in '''-t.''' ===
These don’t need another '''-t''' to be used as an adverb. 

Han verderede tilstanden '''rett'''. = ''He appraised the situation '''correctly''''' 

=== Comparative adjectives ending in '''-ere'''. ===
These does not require a '''-t''' suffix to be used as adverbs. 

Ingen hest löper '''hastigere'''. = ''No horse runs '''more quickly'''.''
=== Present Participles used as an adverb ===
Adverbs from adjectives using the '''-ende''' present participle suffix do not required a '''-t''' suffix. 
Ditt forsök har sluted '''lovende'''. = ''Your experiment has concluded '''encouragingly'''.'' 
=== Past Participles used as Adverbs. ===
These end in '''-(e)t''' eg '''bedrövet''' = ''sadly''. '''Överdrivet''' = ''excessively''. 

This is the same as the supine. 

=== Adjectives ending -d ===
add '''-t''' also to make an adverb, e.g. '''vid''' ''(wide)''. '''vid''' /vi:d/ > '''vidt''' /vi:t/. The '''-d''' becomes silent here also.

SamSkandinavisk adjectives

2020-10-31T13:04:39Z

Parked71: /* Superlative */

Adjectives must agree with the noun for gender, number and definiteness.
Adjectives have two paradigms for declension -- an indefinite declension and a definite declension.
== Indefinite Paradigm: ==

=== Adjectives in the attributive position. ===
In the attributive and predicative position common gender nouns have no ending. 
Neuter gender nouns take a '''-t''' ending. 
Plural nouns take a '''-e''' ending. 

Neuter: Ett '''grönnt''' tre. = ''A '''green''' tree'' 

Common: En '''klok''' kvinne = ''A '''clever''' woman.'' 

Plural: '''Glade''' drömmer = '''''Happy''' dreams'' 

=== Adjectives in the predicative position. ===
In the predicative position, the adjective must agree with the gender and number of the noun it refers to. It does not however agree with the definite or indefinite status; The form of the adjective in the predicative position always takes the indefinite form. 

Neuter definite: Huset er '''stort'''. = ''The house is '''big'''.'' 

Neuter indefinite: Ett barn er '''sjukt'''. = ''A child is '''sick'''.'' 

Common definite: Jätten er '''vred''' = ''The giant is '''angry'''.'' 

Common indefinite: En bösse kunne väre '''farlig''' = ''A gun could be '''dangerous'''.'' 

Plural definite: Bilerne var '''billige'''. = ''The cars were '''cheap'''.'' 

Plural indefinite: Fisker er '''glatte'''. = ''Fish are '''slippery'''.'' 

== Definite Paradigm: ==
This is used when the noun has the definite article or certain other demonstrative pronouns and determiners.
When definite, all adjectives end in '''-e'''. 

Neuter Definite: Det '''store''' hus. = ''The '''big''' house.'' 

Common Definite: Den '''ömme''' ankel. = ''The '''sore''' ankle.'' 

Plural Definite: De '''skarpe''' sverd. = ''The '''sharp''' swords.'' 

== Comparative and Superlative ==
Similar to other Germanic languages, the comparative is formed by adding '''-ere''' to the stem and the superlative is formed by adding '''-est''' or '''-este.''' 

=== Comparative ===
The comparative ending is always '''-ere''' and doesn’t vary based on gender, number or definiteness. 

Dette barn var '''sjukere'''. = ''This child was '''sicker'''.'' 

'''Vredere''' jätter = '''''angrier''' giants.'' 

=== Superlative ===
The superlative ending is '''–est''' or '''–este'''. This depends on gender, number and definiteness. 

In the Indefinite Paradigm, the superlative ending is '''–est''' for singular neuter and singular common gender nouns. It is '''–este''' for plural nouns. 

Singular Neuter Indefinite: ett barn er '''sjukest''' = ''a child is '''sickest.''''' 

Singular Common Indefinite: en kvinne var '''klokest''' = ''a woman was '''smartest'''.'' 

Plural Indefinite: '''skarpeste''' sverd = '''''sharpest''' swords.'' 
 

In the Definite Paradigm, the superlative ending is always –este. 

Det '''störste''' hus = ''the '''biggest''' house.'' 

Den '''ömmeste''' ankel = ''the '''sorest''' ankle.'' 

De '''skarpeste''' sverd = ''the '''sharpest''' swords.'' 

=== Irregular Comparative and Superlative ===
A minority of adjectives have irregular declensions, typically they change the stem-vowel by umlaut when forming the comparative and superlative. 

For example '''stor''' (big); comparative '''större'''; superlative '''störst'''. 

Some adjectives are further irregular and have totally different stems in the definite form or the plural form of when forming the comparative and superlative. 

For example, with '''god''' (good) the comparative is '''bettre''' and the superlative is '''best'''. 

'''Liten''' (little) is the most irregular adjective. Indefinite common singular = '''liten'''; indefinite neuter = '''litet''', definite singular = '''lille'''; definite and indefinite plural = '''små''' ; comparative = '''mindre'''; superlative = '''minst'''

== Past participle of verbs used as adjectives ==
Verbs have a past participle which can be used as adjectives and they follow similar rules to other adjectives. 

=== Weak Verbs ===
==== Indefinite: ====
The indefinite singular forms, both common gender and neuter, end in '''-(e)t''', just like the supine form of the verb. eg '''tendet''' (lit, illuminated), '''aktiveret''' (activated, enabled) 

==== Indefinite Plural and Definite: ====
The indefinite plural and definite forms end in '''-(e)de''' or '''-te'''. These forms follow the form of the past tense of the verb. If the past tense ends in -'''(e)de''' , it will be '''-(e)de'''. If it ends in '''-te''', it will be '''-te'''. 

'''Tendede''' ljus = '''''lit''' candles.'' 

Det '''aktiverede''' forsvar = ''the '''enabled''' defense.''

=== Strong Verbs: ===
eg '''skoren''' (cut). '''afbruten''' (cancelled)
==== Indefinite Singular: ====
The indefinite singular forms end in '''-en''' when used with common gender nouns. 

En '''skoren''' potate. = ''a '''sliced''' potato.'' 

En '''afbruten''' rekning. = ''a '''cancelled''' account.'' 

With Neuter gender nouns, the indefinite singular ends in '''-et''' eg '''skoret, afbrutet''' -- this is the same as the supine of the verb. 

Ett '''skoret''' eple. = ''a '''sliced''' apple.'' 

Ett '''afbrutet''' forsök. = ''an '''interrupted''' experiment.''

==== Indefinite plural and Definite: ====
The indefinite plural and definite forms end in '''-ene.''' 

'''Skorene''' potater. = '''''sliced''' potatoes.'' 

Den '''afbrutene''' rekning. = ''the '''cancelled''' account.''

== Adjectives ending in -en ==
e.g. '''galen''' (crazy), '''open''' (open), '''rotten''' (rotten) 

These behave like past participles of strong verbs. (often these originally were) 
 
Indefinite common end in '''-en.''' 

En '''galen''' ape. = ''a '''crazy''' monkey'' 

En '''open''' dör. = ''an '''open''' door.'' 

En '''rotten''' potate. = ''a '''rotten''' potato.'' 
 

Indefinite Neuter end in '''-et''' 

Ett '''galet''' dyr. = ''a '''crazy''' animal.'' 

Ett '''opet''' vindöge. = ''an '''open''' window.'' 

Ett '''rottet''' eple. = ''a '''rotten''' apple.'' 
 
Indefinite plural and definite end in '''-ene.''' 

'''Galene''' dyr. = '''''crazy''' animals.'' 

Det '''opene''' vindöge. = ''the '''open''' window.'' 

De '''rottene''' potater. = ''the '''rotten''' potatoes.'' 
 
Adverbs end in '''-et''' 

Min bror log '''galet''' = ''my brother laughed '''insanely'''.'' 

Hans kone kunne ikke snakke '''opet''' om hans galenskap. = ''His wife couldn’t talk '''candidly''' about his insanity.'' 

De gammle eple osede '''rottet'''. = ''The old apples '''rottenly''' reeked.''

== Adjectives ending in -d ==
eg '''bred''' (wide) add '''-t''' for indefinite neuter e.g. '''bred''' /bre:d/ > '''bredt''' /bre:t/. The '''d''' becomes silent. 

Add '''-e''' as other words for indefinite plural and definite. eg '''brede'''

== Adverbs from Adjectives ==
Adjectives must have a -t suffix added to be used as adverbs. 

Min kone svimmer. Hon svimmer '''langsamt'''. = ''My wife is swimming. She’s swimming '''slowly'''.'' 

There are some exceptions to this rule. 

=== Adjectives already ending in '''-t.''' ===
These don’t need another '''-t''' to be used as an adverb. 

Han verderede tilstanden '''rett'''. = ''He appraised the situation '''correctly''''' 

=== Comparative adjectives ending in '''-ere'''. ===
These does not require a '''-t''' suffix to be used as adverbs. 

Ingen hest löper '''hastigere'''. = ''No horse runs '''more quickly'''.''
=== Present Participles used as an adverb ===
Adverbs from adjectives using the '''-ende''' present participle suffix do not required a '''-t''' suffix. 
Ditt forsök har sluted '''lovende'''. = ''Your experiment has concluded '''encouragingly'''.'' 
=== Past Participles used as Adverbs. ===
These end in '''-(e)t''' eg '''bedrövet''' = ''sadly''. '''Överdrivet''' = ''excessively''. 

This is the same as the supine. 

=== Adjectives ending -d ===
add '''-t''' also to make an adverb, e.g. '''vid''' ''(wide)''. '''vid''' /vi:d/ > '''vidt''' /vi:t/. The '''-d''' becomes silent here also.

SamSkandinavisk adjectives

2020-10-31T13:01:06Z

Parked71: /* Indefinite plural and Definite: */

Adjectives must agree with the noun for gender, number and definiteness.
Adjectives have two paradigms for declension -- an indefinite declension and a definite declension.
== Indefinite Paradigm: ==

=== Adjectives in the attributive position. ===
In the attributive and predicative position common gender nouns have no ending. 
Neuter gender nouns take a '''-t''' ending. 
Plural nouns take a '''-e''' ending. 

Neuter: Ett '''grönnt''' tre. = ''A '''green''' tree'' 

Common: En '''klok''' kvinne = ''A '''clever''' woman.'' 

Plural: '''Glade''' drömmer = '''''Happy''' dreams'' 

=== Adjectives in the predicative position. ===
In the predicative position, the adjective must agree with the gender and number of the noun it refers to. It does not however agree with the definite or indefinite status; The form of the adjective in the predicative position always takes the indefinite form. 

Neuter definite: Huset er '''stort'''. = ''The house is '''big'''.'' 

Neuter indefinite: Ett barn er '''sjukt'''. = ''A child is '''sick'''.'' 

Common definite: Jätten er '''vred''' = ''The giant is '''angry'''.'' 

Common indefinite: En bösse kunne väre '''farlig''' = ''A gun could be '''dangerous'''.'' 

Plural definite: Bilerne var '''billige'''. = ''The cars were '''cheap'''.'' 

Plural indefinite: Fisker er '''glatte'''. = ''Fish are '''slippery'''.'' 

== Definite Paradigm: ==
This is used when the noun has the definite article or certain other demonstrative pronouns and determiners.
When definite, all adjectives end in '''-e'''. 

Neuter Definite: Det '''store''' hus. = ''The '''big''' house.'' 

Common Definite: Den '''ömme''' ankel. = ''The '''sore''' ankle.'' 

Plural Definite: De '''skarpe''' sverd. = ''The '''sharp''' swords.'' 

== Comparative and Superlative ==
Similar to other Germanic languages, the comparative is formed by adding '''-ere''' to the stem and the superlative is formed by adding '''-est''' or '''-este.''' 

=== Comparative ===
The comparative ending is always '''-ere''' and doesn’t vary based on gender, number or definiteness. 

Dette barn var '''sjukere'''. = ''This child was '''sicker'''.'' 

'''Vredere''' jätter = '''''angrier''' giants.'' 

=== Superlative ===
The superlative ending is '''–est''' or '''–este'''. This depends on gender, number and definiteness. 

In the Indefinite Paradigm, the superlative ending is '''–est''' for singular neuter and singular common gender nouns. It is '''–este''' for plural nouns. 

Singular Neuter Indefinite: ett barn er '''sjukest''' = ''a child is '''sickest.''''' 

Singular Common Indefinite: en kvinne var '''klokest''' = '''a woman was '''smartest'''.''' 

Plural Indefinite: '''skarpeste''' sverd = '''''sharpest''' swords.'' 
 

In the Definite Paradigm, the superlative ending is always –este. 

Det '''störste''' hus = ''the '''biggest''' house.'' 

Den '''ömmeste''' ankel = ''the '''sorest''' ankle.'' 

De '''skarpeste''' sverd = ''the '''sharpest''' swords.'' 

=== Irregular Comparative and Superlative ===
A minority of adjectives have irregular declensions, typically they change the stem-vowel by umlaut when forming the comparative and superlative. 

For example '''stor''' (big); comparative '''större'''; superlative '''störst'''. 

Some adjectives are further irregular and have totally different stems in the definite form or the plural form of when forming the comparative and superlative. 

For example, with '''god''' (good) the comparative is '''bettre''' and the superlative is '''best'''. 

'''Liten''' (little) is the most irregular adjective. Indefinite common singular = '''liten'''; indefinite neuter = '''litet''', definite singular = '''lille'''; definite and indefinite plural = '''små''' ; comparative = '''mindre'''; superlative = '''minst'''

== Past participle of verbs used as adjectives ==
Verbs have a past participle which can be used as adjectives and they follow similar rules to other adjectives. 

=== Weak Verbs ===
==== Indefinite: ====
The indefinite singular forms, both common gender and neuter, end in '''-(e)t''', just like the supine form of the verb. eg '''tendet''' (lit, illuminated), '''aktiveret''' (activated, enabled) 

==== Indefinite Plural and Definite: ====
The indefinite plural and definite forms end in '''-(e)de''' or '''-te'''. These forms follow the form of the past tense of the verb. If the past tense ends in -'''(e)de''' , it will be '''-(e)de'''. If it ends in '''-te''', it will be '''-te'''. 

'''Tendede''' ljus = '''''lit''' candles.'' 

Det '''aktiverede''' forsvar = ''the '''enabled''' defense.''

=== Strong Verbs: ===
eg '''skoren''' (cut). '''afbruten''' (cancelled)
==== Indefinite Singular: ====
The indefinite singular forms end in '''-en''' when used with common gender nouns. 

En '''skoren''' potate. = ''a '''sliced''' potato.'' 

En '''afbruten''' rekning. = ''a '''cancelled''' account.'' 

With Neuter gender nouns, the indefinite singular ends in '''-et''' eg '''skoret, afbrutet''' -- this is the same as the supine of the verb. 

Ett '''skoret''' eple. = ''a '''sliced''' apple.'' 

Ett '''afbrutet''' forsök. = ''an '''interrupted''' experiment.''

==== Indefinite plural and Definite: ====
The indefinite plural and definite forms end in '''-ene.''' 

'''Skorene''' potater. = '''''sliced''' potatoes.'' 

Den '''afbrutene''' rekning. = ''the '''cancelled''' account.''

== Adjectives ending in -en ==
e.g. '''galen''' (crazy), '''open''' (open), '''rotten''' (rotten) 

These behave like past participles of strong verbs. (often these originally were) 
 
Indefinite common end in '''-en.''' 

En '''galen''' ape. = ''a '''crazy''' monkey'' 

En '''open''' dör. = ''an '''open''' door.'' 

En '''rotten''' potate. = ''a '''rotten''' potato.'' 
 

Indefinite Neuter end in '''-et''' 

Ett '''galet''' dyr. = ''a '''crazy''' animal.'' 

Ett '''opet''' vindöge. = ''an '''open''' window.'' 

Ett '''rottet''' eple. = ''a '''rotten''' apple.'' 
 
Indefinite plural and definite end in '''-ene.''' 

'''Galene''' dyr. = '''''crazy''' animals.'' 

Det '''opene''' vindöge. = ''the '''open''' window.'' 

De '''rottene''' potater. = ''the '''rotten''' potatoes.'' 
 
Adverbs end in '''-et''' 

Min bror log '''galet''' = ''my brother laughed '''insanely'''.'' 

Hans kone kunne ikke snakke '''opet''' om hans galenskap. = ''His wife couldn’t talk '''candidly''' about his insanity.'' 

De gammle eple osede '''rottet'''. = ''The old apples '''rottenly''' reeked.''

== Adjectives ending in -d ==
eg '''bred''' (wide) add '''-t''' for indefinite neuter e.g. '''bred''' /bre:d/ > '''bredt''' /bre:t/. The '''d''' becomes silent. 

Add '''-e''' as other words for indefinite plural and definite. eg '''brede'''

== Adverbs from Adjectives ==
Adjectives must have a -t suffix added to be used as adverbs. 

Min kone svimmer. Hon svimmer '''langsamt'''. = ''My wife is swimming. She’s swimming '''slowly'''.'' 

There are some exceptions to this rule. 

=== Adjectives already ending in '''-t.''' ===
These don’t need another '''-t''' to be used as an adverb. 

Han verderede tilstanden '''rett'''. = ''He appraised the situation '''correctly''''' 

=== Comparative adjectives ending in '''-ere'''. ===
These does not require a '''-t''' suffix to be used as adverbs. 

Ingen hest löper '''hastigere'''. = ''No horse runs '''more quickly'''.''
=== Present Participles used as an adverb ===
Adverbs from adjectives using the '''-ende''' present participle suffix do not required a '''-t''' suffix. 
Ditt forsök har sluted '''lovende'''. = ''Your experiment has concluded '''encouragingly'''.'' 
=== Past Participles used as Adverbs. ===
These end in '''-(e)t''' eg '''bedrövet''' = ''sadly''. '''Överdrivet''' = ''excessively''. 

This is the same as the supine. 

=== Adjectives ending -d ===
add '''-t''' also to make an adverb, e.g. '''vid''' ''(wide)''. '''vid''' /vi:d/ > '''vidt''' /vi:t/. The '''-d''' becomes silent here also.

SamSkandinavisk adjectives

2020-10-31T13:00:15Z

Parked71: /* Indefinite Singular: */

Adjectives must agree with the noun for gender, number and definiteness.
Adjectives have two paradigms for declension -- an indefinite declension and a definite declension.
== Indefinite Paradigm: ==

=== Adjectives in the attributive position. ===
In the attributive and predicative position common gender nouns have no ending. 
Neuter gender nouns take a '''-t''' ending. 
Plural nouns take a '''-e''' ending. 

Neuter: Ett '''grönnt''' tre. = ''A '''green''' tree'' 

Common: En '''klok''' kvinne = ''A '''clever''' woman.'' 

Plural: '''Glade''' drömmer = '''''Happy''' dreams'' 

=== Adjectives in the predicative position. ===
In the predicative position, the adjective must agree with the gender and number of the noun it refers to. It does not however agree with the definite or indefinite status; The form of the adjective in the predicative position always takes the indefinite form. 

Neuter definite: Huset er '''stort'''. = ''The house is '''big'''.'' 

Neuter indefinite: Ett barn er '''sjukt'''. = ''A child is '''sick'''.'' 

Common definite: Jätten er '''vred''' = ''The giant is '''angry'''.'' 

Common indefinite: En bösse kunne väre '''farlig''' = ''A gun could be '''dangerous'''.'' 

Plural definite: Bilerne var '''billige'''. = ''The cars were '''cheap'''.'' 

Plural indefinite: Fisker er '''glatte'''. = ''Fish are '''slippery'''.'' 

== Definite Paradigm: ==
This is used when the noun has the definite article or certain other demonstrative pronouns and determiners.
When definite, all adjectives end in '''-e'''. 

Neuter Definite: Det '''store''' hus. = ''The '''big''' house.'' 

Common Definite: Den '''ömme''' ankel. = ''The '''sore''' ankle.'' 

Plural Definite: De '''skarpe''' sverd. = ''The '''sharp''' swords.'' 

== Comparative and Superlative ==
Similar to other Germanic languages, the comparative is formed by adding '''-ere''' to the stem and the superlative is formed by adding '''-est''' or '''-este.''' 

=== Comparative ===
The comparative ending is always '''-ere''' and doesn’t vary based on gender, number or definiteness. 

Dette barn var '''sjukere'''. = ''This child was '''sicker'''.'' 

'''Vredere''' jätter = '''''angrier''' giants.'' 

=== Superlative ===
The superlative ending is '''–est''' or '''–este'''. This depends on gender, number and definiteness. 

In the Indefinite Paradigm, the superlative ending is '''–est''' for singular neuter and singular common gender nouns. It is '''–este''' for plural nouns. 

Singular Neuter Indefinite: ett barn er '''sjukest''' = ''a child is '''sickest.''''' 

Singular Common Indefinite: en kvinne var '''klokest''' = '''a woman was '''smartest'''.''' 

Plural Indefinite: '''skarpeste''' sverd = '''''sharpest''' swords.'' 
 

In the Definite Paradigm, the superlative ending is always –este. 

Det '''störste''' hus = ''the '''biggest''' house.'' 

Den '''ömmeste''' ankel = ''the '''sorest''' ankle.'' 

De '''skarpeste''' sverd = ''the '''sharpest''' swords.'' 

=== Irregular Comparative and Superlative ===
A minority of adjectives have irregular declensions, typically they change the stem-vowel by umlaut when forming the comparative and superlative. 

For example '''stor''' (big); comparative '''större'''; superlative '''störst'''. 

Some adjectives are further irregular and have totally different stems in the definite form or the plural form of when forming the comparative and superlative. 

For example, with '''god''' (good) the comparative is '''bettre''' and the superlative is '''best'''. 

'''Liten''' (little) is the most irregular adjective. Indefinite common singular = '''liten'''; indefinite neuter = '''litet''', definite singular = '''lille'''; definite and indefinite plural = '''små''' ; comparative = '''mindre'''; superlative = '''minst'''

== Past participle of verbs used as adjectives ==
Verbs have a past participle which can be used as adjectives and they follow similar rules to other adjectives. 

=== Weak Verbs ===
==== Indefinite: ====
The indefinite singular forms, both common gender and neuter, end in '''-(e)t''', just like the supine form of the verb. eg '''tendet''' (lit, illuminated), '''aktiveret''' (activated, enabled) 

==== Indefinite Plural and Definite: ====
The indefinite plural and definite forms end in '''-(e)de''' or '''-te'''. These forms follow the form of the past tense of the verb. If the past tense ends in -'''(e)de''' , it will be '''-(e)de'''. If it ends in '''-te''', it will be '''-te'''. 

'''Tendede''' ljus = '''''lit''' candles.'' 

Det '''aktiverede''' forsvar = ''the '''enabled''' defense.''

=== Strong Verbs: ===
eg '''skoren''' (cut). '''afbruten''' (cancelled)
==== Indefinite Singular: ====
The indefinite singular forms end in '''-en''' when used with common gender nouns. 

En '''skoren''' potate. = ''a '''sliced''' potato.'' 

En '''afbruten''' rekning. = ''a '''cancelled''' account.'' 

With Neuter gender nouns, the indefinite singular ends in '''-et''' eg '''skoret, afbrutet''' -- this is the same as the supine of the verb. 

Ett '''skoret''' eple. = ''a '''sliced''' apple.'' 

Ett '''afbrutet''' forsök. = ''an '''interrupted''' experiment.''

==== Indefinite plural and Definite: ====
The indefinite plural and definite forms end in '''-ene.''''''Bold text'''
'''Skorene''' potater. = '''''sliced''' potatoes.''
Den '''afbrutene''' rekning. = ''the '''cancelled''' account.''

== Adjectives ending in -en ==
e.g. '''galen''' (crazy), '''open''' (open), '''rotten''' (rotten) 

These behave like past participles of strong verbs. (often these originally were) 
 
Indefinite common end in '''-en.''' 

En '''galen''' ape. = ''a '''crazy''' monkey'' 

En '''open''' dör. = ''an '''open''' door.'' 

En '''rotten''' potate. = ''a '''rotten''' potato.'' 
 

Indefinite Neuter end in '''-et''' 

Ett '''galet''' dyr. = ''a '''crazy''' animal.'' 

Ett '''opet''' vindöge. = ''an '''open''' window.'' 

Ett '''rottet''' eple. = ''a '''rotten''' apple.'' 
 
Indefinite plural and definite end in '''-ene.''' 

'''Galene''' dyr. = '''''crazy''' animals.'' 

Det '''opene''' vindöge. = ''the '''open''' window.'' 

De '''rottene''' potater. = ''the '''rotten''' potatoes.'' 
 
Adverbs end in '''-et''' 

Min bror log '''galet''' = ''my brother laughed '''insanely'''.'' 

Hans kone kunne ikke snakke '''opet''' om hans galenskap. = ''His wife couldn’t talk '''candidly''' about his insanity.'' 

De gammle eple osede '''rottet'''. = ''The old apples '''rottenly''' reeked.''

== Adjectives ending in -d ==
eg '''bred''' (wide) add '''-t''' for indefinite neuter e.g. '''bred''' /bre:d/ > '''bredt''' /bre:t/. The '''d''' becomes silent. 

Add '''-e''' as other words for indefinite plural and definite. eg '''brede'''

== Adverbs from Adjectives ==
Adjectives must have a -t suffix added to be used as adverbs. 

Min kone svimmer. Hon svimmer '''langsamt'''. = ''My wife is swimming. She’s swimming '''slowly'''.'' 

There are some exceptions to this rule. 

=== Adjectives already ending in '''-t.''' ===
These don’t need another '''-t''' to be used as an adverb. 

Han verderede tilstanden '''rett'''. = ''He appraised the situation '''correctly''''' 

=== Comparative adjectives ending in '''-ere'''. ===
These does not require a '''-t''' suffix to be used as adverbs. 

Ingen hest löper '''hastigere'''. = ''No horse runs '''more quickly'''.''
=== Present Participles used as an adverb ===
Adverbs from adjectives using the '''-ende''' present participle suffix do not required a '''-t''' suffix. 
Ditt forsök har sluted '''lovende'''. = ''Your experiment has concluded '''encouragingly'''.'' 
=== Past Participles used as Adverbs. ===
These end in '''-(e)t''' eg '''bedrövet''' = ''sadly''. '''Överdrivet''' = ''excessively''. 

This is the same as the supine. 

=== Adjectives ending -d ===
add '''-t''' also to make an adverb, e.g. '''vid''' ''(wide)''. '''vid''' /vi:d/ > '''vidt''' /vi:t/. The '''-d''' becomes silent here also.

SamSkandinavisk adjectives

2020-10-31T12:59:03Z

Parked71: /* Indefinite Plural and Definite: */

Adjectives must agree with the noun for gender, number and definiteness.
Adjectives have two paradigms for declension -- an indefinite declension and a definite declension.
== Indefinite Paradigm: ==

=== Adjectives in the attributive position. ===
In the attributive and predicative position common gender nouns have no ending. 
Neuter gender nouns take a '''-t''' ending. 
Plural nouns take a '''-e''' ending. 

Neuter: Ett '''grönnt''' tre. = ''A '''green''' tree'' 

Common: En '''klok''' kvinne = ''A '''clever''' woman.'' 

Plural: '''Glade''' drömmer = '''''Happy''' dreams'' 

=== Adjectives in the predicative position. ===
In the predicative position, the adjective must agree with the gender and number of the noun it refers to. It does not however agree with the definite or indefinite status; The form of the adjective in the predicative position always takes the indefinite form. 

Neuter definite: Huset er '''stort'''. = ''The house is '''big'''.'' 

Neuter indefinite: Ett barn er '''sjukt'''. = ''A child is '''sick'''.'' 

Common definite: Jätten er '''vred''' = ''The giant is '''angry'''.'' 

Common indefinite: En bösse kunne väre '''farlig''' = ''A gun could be '''dangerous'''.'' 

Plural definite: Bilerne var '''billige'''. = ''The cars were '''cheap'''.'' 

Plural indefinite: Fisker er '''glatte'''. = ''Fish are '''slippery'''.'' 

== Definite Paradigm: ==
This is used when the noun has the definite article or certain other demonstrative pronouns and determiners.
When definite, all adjectives end in '''-e'''. 

Neuter Definite: Det '''store''' hus. = ''The '''big''' house.'' 

Common Definite: Den '''ömme''' ankel. = ''The '''sore''' ankle.'' 

Plural Definite: De '''skarpe''' sverd. = ''The '''sharp''' swords.'' 

== Comparative and Superlative ==
Similar to other Germanic languages, the comparative is formed by adding '''-ere''' to the stem and the superlative is formed by adding '''-est''' or '''-este.''' 

=== Comparative ===
The comparative ending is always '''-ere''' and doesn’t vary based on gender, number or definiteness. 

Dette barn var '''sjukere'''. = ''This child was '''sicker'''.'' 

'''Vredere''' jätter = '''''angrier''' giants.'' 

=== Superlative ===
The superlative ending is '''–est''' or '''–este'''. This depends on gender, number and definiteness. 

In the Indefinite Paradigm, the superlative ending is '''–est''' for singular neuter and singular common gender nouns. It is '''–este''' for plural nouns. 

Singular Neuter Indefinite: ett barn er '''sjukest''' = ''a child is '''sickest.''''' 

Singular Common Indefinite: en kvinne var '''klokest''' = '''a woman was '''smartest'''.''' 

Plural Indefinite: '''skarpeste''' sverd = '''''sharpest''' swords.'' 
 

In the Definite Paradigm, the superlative ending is always –este. 

Det '''störste''' hus = ''the '''biggest''' house.'' 

Den '''ömmeste''' ankel = ''the '''sorest''' ankle.'' 

De '''skarpeste''' sverd = ''the '''sharpest''' swords.'' 

=== Irregular Comparative and Superlative ===
A minority of adjectives have irregular declensions, typically they change the stem-vowel by umlaut when forming the comparative and superlative. 

For example '''stor''' (big); comparative '''större'''; superlative '''störst'''. 

Some adjectives are further irregular and have totally different stems in the definite form or the plural form of when forming the comparative and superlative. 

For example, with '''god''' (good) the comparative is '''bettre''' and the superlative is '''best'''. 

'''Liten''' (little) is the most irregular adjective. Indefinite common singular = '''liten'''; indefinite neuter = '''litet''', definite singular = '''lille'''; definite and indefinite plural = '''små''' ; comparative = '''mindre'''; superlative = '''minst'''

== Past participle of verbs used as adjectives ==
Verbs have a past participle which can be used as adjectives and they follow similar rules to other adjectives. 

=== Weak Verbs ===
==== Indefinite: ====
The indefinite singular forms, both common gender and neuter, end in '''-(e)t''', just like the supine form of the verb. eg '''tendet''' (lit, illuminated), '''aktiveret''' (activated, enabled) 

==== Indefinite Plural and Definite: ====
The indefinite plural and definite forms end in '''-(e)de''' or '''-te'''. These forms follow the form of the past tense of the verb. If the past tense ends in -'''(e)de''' , it will be '''-(e)de'''. If it ends in '''-te''', it will be '''-te'''. 

'''Tendede''' ljus = '''''lit''' candles.'' 

Det '''aktiverede''' forsvar = ''the '''enabled''' defense.''

=== Strong Verbs: ===
eg '''skoren''' (cut). '''afbruten''' (cancelled)
==== Indefinite Singular: ====
The indefinite singular forms end in '''-en''' when used with common gender nouns. 

En '''skoren''' potate. = ''a '''sliced''' potato.'' 

En '''afbruten''' rekning. = ''a '''cancelled''' account.'' 

With Neuter gender nouns, the indefinite singular ends in '''-et''' eg '''skoret, afbrutet''' -- this is the same as the supine of the verb. 

Ett '''skoret''' eple. = ''a '''sliced''' apple.''
Ett '''afbrutet''' forsök. = ''an '''interrupted''' experiment.''
==== Indefinite plural and Definite: ====
The indefinite plural and definite forms end in '''-ene.''''''Bold text'''
'''Skorene''' potater. = '''''sliced''' potatoes.''
Den '''afbrutene''' rekning. = ''the '''cancelled''' account.''

== Adjectives ending in -en ==
e.g. '''galen''' (crazy), '''open''' (open), '''rotten''' (rotten) 

These behave like past participles of strong verbs. (often these originally were) 
 
Indefinite common end in '''-en.''' 

En '''galen''' ape. = ''a '''crazy''' monkey'' 

En '''open''' dör. = ''an '''open''' door.'' 

En '''rotten''' potate. = ''a '''rotten''' potato.'' 
 

Indefinite Neuter end in '''-et''' 

Ett '''galet''' dyr. = ''a '''crazy''' animal.'' 

Ett '''opet''' vindöge. = ''an '''open''' window.'' 

Ett '''rottet''' eple. = ''a '''rotten''' apple.'' 
 
Indefinite plural and definite end in '''-ene.''' 

'''Galene''' dyr. = '''''crazy''' animals.'' 

Det '''opene''' vindöge. = ''the '''open''' window.'' 

De '''rottene''' potater. = ''the '''rotten''' potatoes.'' 
 
Adverbs end in '''-et''' 

Min bror log '''galet''' = ''my brother laughed '''insanely'''.'' 

Hans kone kunne ikke snakke '''opet''' om hans galenskap. = ''His wife couldn’t talk '''candidly''' about his insanity.'' 

De gammle eple osede '''rottet'''. = ''The old apples '''rottenly''' reeked.''

== Adjectives ending in -d ==
eg '''bred''' (wide) add '''-t''' for indefinite neuter e.g. '''bred''' /bre:d/ > '''bredt''' /bre:t/. The '''d''' becomes silent. 

Add '''-e''' as other words for indefinite plural and definite. eg '''brede'''

== Adverbs from Adjectives ==
Adjectives must have a -t suffix added to be used as adverbs. 

Min kone svimmer. Hon svimmer '''langsamt'''. = ''My wife is swimming. She’s swimming '''slowly'''.'' 

There are some exceptions to this rule. 

=== Adjectives already ending in '''-t.''' ===
These don’t need another '''-t''' to be used as an adverb. 

Han verderede tilstanden '''rett'''. = ''He appraised the situation '''correctly''''' 

=== Comparative adjectives ending in '''-ere'''. ===
These does not require a '''-t''' suffix to be used as adverbs. 

Ingen hest löper '''hastigere'''. = ''No horse runs '''more quickly'''.''
=== Present Participles used as an adverb ===
Adverbs from adjectives using the '''-ende''' present participle suffix do not required a '''-t''' suffix. 
Ditt forsök har sluted '''lovende'''. = ''Your experiment has concluded '''encouragingly'''.'' 
=== Past Participles used as Adverbs. ===
These end in '''-(e)t''' eg '''bedrövet''' = ''sadly''. '''Överdrivet''' = ''excessively''. 

This is the same as the supine. 

=== Adjectives ending -d ===
add '''-t''' also to make an adverb, e.g. '''vid''' ''(wide)''. '''vid''' /vi:d/ > '''vidt''' /vi:t/. The '''-d''' becomes silent here also.

SamSkandinavisk adjectives

2020-10-31T12:58:08Z

Parked71: /* Indefinite: */

Adjectives must agree with the noun for gender, number and definiteness.
Adjectives have two paradigms for declension -- an indefinite declension and a definite declension.
== Indefinite Paradigm: ==

=== Adjectives in the attributive position. ===
In the attributive and predicative position common gender nouns have no ending. 
Neuter gender nouns take a '''-t''' ending. 
Plural nouns take a '''-e''' ending. 

Neuter: Ett '''grönnt''' tre. = ''A '''green''' tree'' 

Common: En '''klok''' kvinne = ''A '''clever''' woman.'' 

Plural: '''Glade''' drömmer = '''''Happy''' dreams'' 

=== Adjectives in the predicative position. ===
In the predicative position, the adjective must agree with the gender and number of the noun it refers to. It does not however agree with the definite or indefinite status; The form of the adjective in the predicative position always takes the indefinite form. 

Neuter definite: Huset er '''stort'''. = ''The house is '''big'''.'' 

Neuter indefinite: Ett barn er '''sjukt'''. = ''A child is '''sick'''.'' 

Common definite: Jätten er '''vred''' = ''The giant is '''angry'''.'' 

Common indefinite: En bösse kunne väre '''farlig''' = ''A gun could be '''dangerous'''.'' 

Plural definite: Bilerne var '''billige'''. = ''The cars were '''cheap'''.'' 

Plural indefinite: Fisker er '''glatte'''. = ''Fish are '''slippery'''.'' 

== Definite Paradigm: ==
This is used when the noun has the definite article or certain other demonstrative pronouns and determiners.
When definite, all adjectives end in '''-e'''. 

Neuter Definite: Det '''store''' hus. = ''The '''big''' house.'' 

Common Definite: Den '''ömme''' ankel. = ''The '''sore''' ankle.'' 

Plural Definite: De '''skarpe''' sverd. = ''The '''sharp''' swords.'' 

== Comparative and Superlative ==
Similar to other Germanic languages, the comparative is formed by adding '''-ere''' to the stem and the superlative is formed by adding '''-est''' or '''-este.''' 

=== Comparative ===
The comparative ending is always '''-ere''' and doesn’t vary based on gender, number or definiteness. 

Dette barn var '''sjukere'''. = ''This child was '''sicker'''.'' 

'''Vredere''' jätter = '''''angrier''' giants.'' 

=== Superlative ===
The superlative ending is '''–est''' or '''–este'''. This depends on gender, number and definiteness. 

In the Indefinite Paradigm, the superlative ending is '''–est''' for singular neuter and singular common gender nouns. It is '''–este''' for plural nouns. 

Singular Neuter Indefinite: ett barn er '''sjukest''' = ''a child is '''sickest.''''' 

Singular Common Indefinite: en kvinne var '''klokest''' = '''a woman was '''smartest'''.''' 

Plural Indefinite: '''skarpeste''' sverd = '''''sharpest''' swords.'' 
 

In the Definite Paradigm, the superlative ending is always –este. 

Det '''störste''' hus = ''the '''biggest''' house.'' 

Den '''ömmeste''' ankel = ''the '''sorest''' ankle.'' 

De '''skarpeste''' sverd = ''the '''sharpest''' swords.'' 

=== Irregular Comparative and Superlative ===
A minority of adjectives have irregular declensions, typically they change the stem-vowel by umlaut when forming the comparative and superlative. 

For example '''stor''' (big); comparative '''större'''; superlative '''störst'''. 

Some adjectives are further irregular and have totally different stems in the definite form or the plural form of when forming the comparative and superlative. 

For example, with '''god''' (good) the comparative is '''bettre''' and the superlative is '''best'''. 

'''Liten''' (little) is the most irregular adjective. Indefinite common singular = '''liten'''; indefinite neuter = '''litet''', definite singular = '''lille'''; definite and indefinite plural = '''små''' ; comparative = '''mindre'''; superlative = '''minst'''

== Past participle of verbs used as adjectives ==
Verbs have a past participle which can be used as adjectives and they follow similar rules to other adjectives. 

=== Weak Verbs ===
==== Indefinite: ====
The indefinite singular forms, both common gender and neuter, end in '''-(e)t''', just like the supine form of the verb. eg '''tendet''' (lit, illuminated), '''aktiveret''' (activated, enabled) 

==== Indefinite Plural and Definite: ====
The indefinite plural and definite forms end in '''-(e)de''' or '''-te'''. These forms follow the form of the past tense of the verb. If the past tense ends in -'''(e)de''' , it will be '''-(e)de'''. If it ends in '''-te''', it will be '''-te'''. 

'''Tendede''' ljus = '''''lit''' candles.''
Det '''aktiverede''' forsvar = ''the '''enabled''' defense.''

=== Strong Verbs: ===
eg '''skoren''' (cut). '''afbruten''' (cancelled)
==== Indefinite Singular: ====
The indefinite singular forms end in '''-en''' when used with common gender nouns. 

En '''skoren''' potate. = ''a '''sliced''' potato.'' 

En '''afbruten''' rekning. = ''a '''cancelled''' account.'' 

With Neuter gender nouns, the indefinite singular ends in '''-et''' eg '''skoret, afbrutet''' -- this is the same as the supine of the verb. 

Ett '''skoret''' eple. = ''a '''sliced''' apple.''
Ett '''afbrutet''' forsök. = ''an '''interrupted''' experiment.''
==== Indefinite plural and Definite: ====
The indefinite plural and definite forms end in '''-ene.''''''Bold text'''
'''Skorene''' potater. = '''''sliced''' potatoes.''
Den '''afbrutene''' rekning. = ''the '''cancelled''' account.''

== Adjectives ending in -en ==
e.g. '''galen''' (crazy), '''open''' (open), '''rotten''' (rotten) 

These behave like past participles of strong verbs. (often these originally were) 
 
Indefinite common end in '''-en.''' 

En '''galen''' ape. = ''a '''crazy''' monkey'' 

En '''open''' dör. = ''an '''open''' door.'' 

En '''rotten''' potate. = ''a '''rotten''' potato.'' 
 

Indefinite Neuter end in '''-et''' 

Ett '''galet''' dyr. = ''a '''crazy''' animal.'' 

Ett '''opet''' vindöge. = ''an '''open''' window.'' 

Ett '''rottet''' eple. = ''a '''rotten''' apple.'' 
 
Indefinite plural and definite end in '''-ene.''' 

'''Galene''' dyr. = '''''crazy''' animals.'' 

Det '''opene''' vindöge. = ''the '''open''' window.'' 

De '''rottene''' potater. = ''the '''rotten''' potatoes.'' 
 
Adverbs end in '''-et''' 

Min bror log '''galet''' = ''my brother laughed '''insanely'''.'' 

Hans kone kunne ikke snakke '''opet''' om hans galenskap. = ''His wife couldn’t talk '''candidly''' about his insanity.'' 

De gammle eple osede '''rottet'''. = ''The old apples '''rottenly''' reeked.''

== Adjectives ending in -d ==
eg '''bred''' (wide) add '''-t''' for indefinite neuter e.g. '''bred''' /bre:d/ > '''bredt''' /bre:t/. The '''d''' becomes silent. 

Add '''-e''' as other words for indefinite plural and definite. eg '''brede'''

== Adverbs from Adjectives ==
Adjectives must have a -t suffix added to be used as adverbs. 

Min kone svimmer. Hon svimmer '''langsamt'''. = ''My wife is swimming. She’s swimming '''slowly'''.'' 

There are some exceptions to this rule. 

=== Adjectives already ending in '''-t.''' ===
These don’t need another '''-t''' to be used as an adverb. 

Han verderede tilstanden '''rett'''. = ''He appraised the situation '''correctly''''' 

=== Comparative adjectives ending in '''-ere'''. ===
These does not require a '''-t''' suffix to be used as adverbs. 

Ingen hest löper '''hastigere'''. = ''No horse runs '''more quickly'''.''
=== Present Participles used as an adverb ===
Adverbs from adjectives using the '''-ende''' present participle suffix do not required a '''-t''' suffix. 
Ditt forsök har sluted '''lovende'''. = ''Your experiment has concluded '''encouragingly'''.'' 
=== Past Participles used as Adverbs. ===
These end in '''-(e)t''' eg '''bedrövet''' = ''sadly''. '''Överdrivet''' = ''excessively''. 

This is the same as the supine. 

=== Adjectives ending -d ===
add '''-t''' also to make an adverb, e.g. '''vid''' ''(wide)''. '''vid''' /vi:d/ > '''vidt''' /vi:t/. The '''-d''' becomes silent here also.

SamSkandinavisk adjectives

2020-10-31T12:57:26Z

Parked71: /* Indefinite: */

Adjectives must agree with the noun for gender, number and definiteness.
Adjectives have two paradigms for declension -- an indefinite declension and a definite declension.
== Indefinite Paradigm: ==

=== Adjectives in the attributive position. ===
In the attributive and predicative position common gender nouns have no ending. 
Neuter gender nouns take a '''-t''' ending. 
Plural nouns take a '''-e''' ending. 

Neuter: Ett '''grönnt''' tre. = ''A '''green''' tree'' 

Common: En '''klok''' kvinne = ''A '''clever''' woman.'' 

Plural: '''Glade''' drömmer = '''''Happy''' dreams'' 

=== Adjectives in the predicative position. ===
In the predicative position, the adjective must agree with the gender and number of the noun it refers to. It does not however agree with the definite or indefinite status; The form of the adjective in the predicative position always takes the indefinite form. 

Neuter definite: Huset er '''stort'''. = ''The house is '''big'''.'' 

Neuter indefinite: Ett barn er '''sjukt'''. = ''A child is '''sick'''.'' 

Common definite: Jätten er '''vred''' = ''The giant is '''angry'''.'' 

Common indefinite: En bösse kunne väre '''farlig''' = ''A gun could be '''dangerous'''.'' 

Plural definite: Bilerne var '''billige'''. = ''The cars were '''cheap'''.'' 

Plural indefinite: Fisker er '''glatte'''. = ''Fish are '''slippery'''.'' 

== Definite Paradigm: ==
This is used when the noun has the definite article or certain other demonstrative pronouns and determiners.
When definite, all adjectives end in '''-e'''. 

Neuter Definite: Det '''store''' hus. = ''The '''big''' house.'' 

Common Definite: Den '''ömme''' ankel. = ''The '''sore''' ankle.'' 

Plural Definite: De '''skarpe''' sverd. = ''The '''sharp''' swords.'' 

== Comparative and Superlative ==
Similar to other Germanic languages, the comparative is formed by adding '''-ere''' to the stem and the superlative is formed by adding '''-est''' or '''-este.''' 

=== Comparative ===
The comparative ending is always '''-ere''' and doesn’t vary based on gender, number or definiteness. 

Dette barn var '''sjukere'''. = ''This child was '''sicker'''.'' 

'''Vredere''' jätter = '''''angrier''' giants.'' 

=== Superlative ===
The superlative ending is '''–est''' or '''–este'''. This depends on gender, number and definiteness. 

In the Indefinite Paradigm, the superlative ending is '''–est''' for singular neuter and singular common gender nouns. It is '''–este''' for plural nouns. 

Singular Neuter Indefinite: ett barn er '''sjukest''' = ''a child is '''sickest.''''' 

Singular Common Indefinite: en kvinne var '''klokest''' = '''a woman was '''smartest'''.''' 

Plural Indefinite: '''skarpeste''' sverd = '''''sharpest''' swords.'' 
 

In the Definite Paradigm, the superlative ending is always –este. 

Det '''störste''' hus = ''the '''biggest''' house.'' 

Den '''ömmeste''' ankel = ''the '''sorest''' ankle.'' 

De '''skarpeste''' sverd = ''the '''sharpest''' swords.'' 

=== Irregular Comparative and Superlative ===
A minority of adjectives have irregular declensions, typically they change the stem-vowel by umlaut when forming the comparative and superlative. 

For example '''stor''' (big); comparative '''större'''; superlative '''störst'''. 

Some adjectives are further irregular and have totally different stems in the definite form or the plural form of when forming the comparative and superlative. 

For example, with '''god''' (good) the comparative is '''bettre''' and the superlative is '''best'''. 

'''Liten''' (little) is the most irregular adjective. Indefinite common singular = '''liten'''; indefinite neuter = '''litet''', definite singular = '''lille'''; definite and indefinite plural = '''små''' ; comparative = '''mindre'''; superlative = '''minst'''

== Past participle of verbs used as adjectives ==
Verbs have a past participle which can be used as adjectives and they follow similar rules to other adjectives. 

=== Weak Verbs ===
==== Indefinite: ====
The indefinite singular forms, both common gender and neuter, end in '''-(e)t''', just like the supine form of the verb. eg '''tendet''' (lit, illuminated), '''aktiveret''' (enabled) 

==== Indefinite Plural and Definite: ====
The indefinite plural and definite forms end in '''-(e)de''' or '''-te'''. These forms follow the form of the past tense of the verb. If the past tense ends in -'''(e)de''' , it will be '''-(e)de'''. If it ends in '''-te''', it will be '''-te'''. 

'''Tendede''' ljus = '''''lit''' candles.''
Det '''aktiverede''' forsvar = ''the '''enabled''' defense.''

=== Strong Verbs: ===
eg '''skoren''' (cut). '''afbruten''' (cancelled)
==== Indefinite Singular: ====
The indefinite singular forms end in '''-en''' when used with common gender nouns. 

En '''skoren''' potate. = ''a '''sliced''' potato.'' 

En '''afbruten''' rekning. = ''a '''cancelled''' account.'' 

With Neuter gender nouns, the indefinite singular ends in '''-et''' eg '''skoret, afbrutet''' -- this is the same as the supine of the verb. 

Ett '''skoret''' eple. = ''a '''sliced''' apple.''
Ett '''afbrutet''' forsök. = ''an '''interrupted''' experiment.''
==== Indefinite plural and Definite: ====
The indefinite plural and definite forms end in '''-ene.''''''Bold text'''
'''Skorene''' potater. = '''''sliced''' potatoes.''
Den '''afbrutene''' rekning. = ''the '''cancelled''' account.''

== Adjectives ending in -en ==
e.g. '''galen''' (crazy), '''open''' (open), '''rotten''' (rotten) 

These behave like past participles of strong verbs. (often these originally were) 
 
Indefinite common end in '''-en.''' 

En '''galen''' ape. = ''a '''crazy''' monkey'' 

En '''open''' dör. = ''an '''open''' door.'' 

En '''rotten''' potate. = ''a '''rotten''' potato.'' 
 

Indefinite Neuter end in '''-et''' 

Ett '''galet''' dyr. = ''a '''crazy''' animal.'' 

Ett '''opet''' vindöge. = ''an '''open''' window.'' 

Ett '''rottet''' eple. = ''a '''rotten''' apple.'' 
 
Indefinite plural and definite end in '''-ene.''' 

'''Galene''' dyr. = '''''crazy''' animals.'' 

Det '''opene''' vindöge. = ''the '''open''' window.'' 

De '''rottene''' potater. = ''the '''rotten''' potatoes.'' 
 
Adverbs end in '''-et''' 

Min bror log '''galet''' = ''my brother laughed '''insanely'''.'' 

Hans kone kunne ikke snakke '''opet''' om hans galenskap. = ''His wife couldn’t talk '''candidly''' about his insanity.'' 

De gammle eple osede '''rottet'''. = ''The old apples '''rottenly''' reeked.''

== Adjectives ending in -d ==
eg '''bred''' (wide) add '''-t''' for indefinite neuter e.g. '''bred''' /bre:d/ > '''bredt''' /bre:t/. The '''d''' becomes silent. 

Add '''-e''' as other words for indefinite plural and definite. eg '''brede'''

== Adverbs from Adjectives ==
Adjectives must have a -t suffix added to be used as adverbs. 

Min kone svimmer. Hon svimmer '''langsamt'''. = ''My wife is swimming. She’s swimming '''slowly'''.'' 

There are some exceptions to this rule. 

=== Adjectives already ending in '''-t.''' ===
These don’t need another '''-t''' to be used as an adverb. 

Han verderede tilstanden '''rett'''. = ''He appraised the situation '''correctly''''' 

=== Comparative adjectives ending in '''-ere'''. ===
These does not require a '''-t''' suffix to be used as adverbs. 

Ingen hest löper '''hastigere'''. = ''No horse runs '''more quickly'''.''
=== Present Participles used as an adverb ===
Adverbs from adjectives using the '''-ende''' present participle suffix do not required a '''-t''' suffix. 
Ditt forsök har sluted '''lovende'''. = ''Your experiment has concluded '''encouragingly'''.'' 
=== Past Participles used as Adverbs. ===
These end in '''-(e)t''' eg '''bedrövet''' = ''sadly''. '''Överdrivet''' = ''excessively''. 

This is the same as the supine. 

=== Adjectives ending -d ===
add '''-t''' also to make an adverb, e.g. '''vid''' ''(wide)''. '''vid''' /vi:d/ > '''vidt''' /vi:t/. The '''-d''' becomes silent here also.

SamSkandinavisk adjectives

2020-10-31T12:56:33Z

Parked71: /* Indefinite Plural and Definite: */

Adjectives must agree with the noun for gender, number and definiteness.
Adjectives have two paradigms for declension -- an indefinite declension and a definite declension.
== Indefinite Paradigm: ==

=== Adjectives in the attributive position. ===
In the attributive and predicative position common gender nouns have no ending. 
Neuter gender nouns take a '''-t''' ending. 
Plural nouns take a '''-e''' ending. 

Neuter: Ett '''grönnt''' tre. = ''A '''green''' tree'' 

Common: En '''klok''' kvinne = ''A '''clever''' woman.'' 

Plural: '''Glade''' drömmer = '''''Happy''' dreams'' 

=== Adjectives in the predicative position. ===
In the predicative position, the adjective must agree with the gender and number of the noun it refers to. It does not however agree with the definite or indefinite status; The form of the adjective in the predicative position always takes the indefinite form. 

Neuter definite: Huset er '''stort'''. = ''The house is '''big'''.'' 

Neuter indefinite: Ett barn er '''sjukt'''. = ''A child is '''sick'''.'' 

Common definite: Jätten er '''vred''' = ''The giant is '''angry'''.'' 

Common indefinite: En bösse kunne väre '''farlig''' = ''A gun could be '''dangerous'''.'' 

Plural definite: Bilerne var '''billige'''. = ''The cars were '''cheap'''.'' 

Plural indefinite: Fisker er '''glatte'''. = ''Fish are '''slippery'''.'' 

== Definite Paradigm: ==
This is used when the noun has the definite article or certain other demonstrative pronouns and determiners.
When definite, all adjectives end in '''-e'''. 

Neuter Definite: Det '''store''' hus. = ''The '''big''' house.'' 

Common Definite: Den '''ömme''' ankel. = ''The '''sore''' ankle.'' 

Plural Definite: De '''skarpe''' sverd. = ''The '''sharp''' swords.'' 

== Comparative and Superlative ==
Similar to other Germanic languages, the comparative is formed by adding '''-ere''' to the stem and the superlative is formed by adding '''-est''' or '''-este.''' 

=== Comparative ===
The comparative ending is always '''-ere''' and doesn’t vary based on gender, number or definiteness. 

Dette barn var '''sjukere'''. = ''This child was '''sicker'''.'' 

'''Vredere''' jätter = '''''angrier''' giants.'' 

=== Superlative ===
The superlative ending is '''–est''' or '''–este'''. This depends on gender, number and definiteness. 

In the Indefinite Paradigm, the superlative ending is '''–est''' for singular neuter and singular common gender nouns. It is '''–este''' for plural nouns. 

Singular Neuter Indefinite: ett barn er '''sjukest''' = ''a child is '''sickest.''''' 

Singular Common Indefinite: en kvinne var '''klokest''' = '''a woman was '''smartest'''.''' 

Plural Indefinite: '''skarpeste''' sverd = '''''sharpest''' swords.'' 
 

In the Definite Paradigm, the superlative ending is always –este. 

Det '''störste''' hus = ''the '''biggest''' house.'' 

Den '''ömmeste''' ankel = ''the '''sorest''' ankle.'' 

De '''skarpeste''' sverd = ''the '''sharpest''' swords.'' 

=== Irregular Comparative and Superlative ===
A minority of adjectives have irregular declensions, typically they change the stem-vowel by umlaut when forming the comparative and superlative. 

For example '''stor''' (big); comparative '''större'''; superlative '''störst'''. 

Some adjectives are further irregular and have totally different stems in the definite form or the plural form of when forming the comparative and superlative. 

For example, with '''god''' (good) the comparative is '''bettre''' and the superlative is '''best'''. 

'''Liten''' (little) is the most irregular adjective. Indefinite common singular = '''liten'''; indefinite neuter = '''litet''', definite singular = '''lille'''; definite and indefinite plural = '''små''' ; comparative = '''mindre'''; superlative = '''minst'''

== Past participle of verbs used as adjectives ==
Verbs have a past participle which can be used as adjectives and they follow similar rules to other adjectives. 

=== Weak Verbs ===
==== Indefinite: ====
The indefinite singular forms end in '''-(e)t''', just like the supine form of the verb. eg '''tendet''' (lit, illuminated), '''aktiveret''' (enabled) 

==== Indefinite Plural and Definite: ====
The indefinite plural and definite forms end in '''-(e)de''' or '''-te'''. These forms follow the form of the past tense of the verb. If the past tense ends in -'''(e)de''' , it will be '''-(e)de'''. If it ends in '''-te''', it will be '''-te'''. 

'''Tendede''' ljus = '''''lit''' candles.''
Det '''aktiverede''' forsvar = ''the '''enabled''' defense.''

=== Strong Verbs: ===
eg '''skoren''' (cut). '''afbruten''' (cancelled)
==== Indefinite Singular: ====
The indefinite singular forms end in '''-en''' when used with common gender nouns. 

En '''skoren''' potate. = ''a '''sliced''' potato.'' 

En '''afbruten''' rekning. = ''a '''cancelled''' account.'' 

With Neuter gender nouns, the indefinite singular ends in '''-et''' eg '''skoret, afbrutet''' -- this is the same as the supine of the verb. 

Ett '''skoret''' eple. = ''a '''sliced''' apple.''
Ett '''afbrutet''' forsök. = ''an '''interrupted''' experiment.''
==== Indefinite plural and Definite: ====
The indefinite plural and definite forms end in '''-ene.''''''Bold text'''
'''Skorene''' potater. = '''''sliced''' potatoes.''
Den '''afbrutene''' rekning. = ''the '''cancelled''' account.''

== Adjectives ending in -en ==
e.g. '''galen''' (crazy), '''open''' (open), '''rotten''' (rotten) 

These behave like past participles of strong verbs. (often these originally were) 
 
Indefinite common end in '''-en.''' 

En '''galen''' ape. = ''a '''crazy''' monkey'' 

En '''open''' dör. = ''an '''open''' door.'' 

En '''rotten''' potate. = ''a '''rotten''' potato.'' 
 

Indefinite Neuter end in '''-et''' 

Ett '''galet''' dyr. = ''a '''crazy''' animal.'' 

Ett '''opet''' vindöge. = ''an '''open''' window.'' 

Ett '''rottet''' eple. = ''a '''rotten''' apple.'' 
 
Indefinite plural and definite end in '''-ene.''' 

'''Galene''' dyr. = '''''crazy''' animals.'' 

Det '''opene''' vindöge. = ''the '''open''' window.'' 

De '''rottene''' potater. = ''the '''rotten''' potatoes.'' 
 
Adverbs end in '''-et''' 

Min bror log '''galet''' = ''my brother laughed '''insanely'''.'' 

Hans kone kunne ikke snakke '''opet''' om hans galenskap. = ''His wife couldn’t talk '''candidly''' about his insanity.'' 

De gammle eple osede '''rottet'''. = ''The old apples '''rottenly''' reeked.''

== Adjectives ending in -d ==
eg '''bred''' (wide) add '''-t''' for indefinite neuter e.g. '''bred''' /bre:d/ > '''bredt''' /bre:t/. The '''d''' becomes silent. 

Add '''-e''' as other words for indefinite plural and definite. eg '''brede'''

== Adverbs from Adjectives ==
Adjectives must have a -t suffix added to be used as adverbs. 

Min kone svimmer. Hon svimmer '''langsamt'''. = ''My wife is swimming. She’s swimming '''slowly'''.'' 

There are some exceptions to this rule. 

=== Adjectives already ending in '''-t.''' ===
These don’t need another '''-t''' to be used as an adverb. 

Han verderede tilstanden '''rett'''. = ''He appraised the situation '''correctly''''' 

=== Comparative adjectives ending in '''-ere'''. ===
These does not require a '''-t''' suffix to be used as adverbs. 

Ingen hest löper '''hastigere'''. = ''No horse runs '''more quickly'''.''
=== Present Participles used as an adverb ===
Adverbs from adjectives using the '''-ende''' present participle suffix do not required a '''-t''' suffix. 
Ditt forsök har sluted '''lovende'''. = ''Your experiment has concluded '''encouragingly'''.'' 
=== Past Participles used as Adverbs. ===
These end in '''-(e)t''' eg '''bedrövet''' = ''sadly''. '''Överdrivet''' = ''excessively''. 

This is the same as the supine. 

=== Adjectives ending -d ===
add '''-t''' also to make an adverb, e.g. '''vid''' ''(wide)''. '''vid''' /vi:d/ > '''vidt''' /vi:t/. The '''-d''' becomes silent here also.

SamSkandinavisk adjectives

2020-10-31T12:56:05Z

Parked71: /* Past participle of verbs used as adjectives */

Adjectives must agree with the noun for gender, number and definiteness.
Adjectives have two paradigms for declension -- an indefinite declension and a definite declension.
== Indefinite Paradigm: ==

=== Adjectives in the attributive position. ===
In the attributive and predicative position common gender nouns have no ending. 
Neuter gender nouns take a '''-t''' ending. 
Plural nouns take a '''-e''' ending. 

Neuter: Ett '''grönnt''' tre. = ''A '''green''' tree'' 

Common: En '''klok''' kvinne = ''A '''clever''' woman.'' 

Plural: '''Glade''' drömmer = '''''Happy''' dreams'' 

=== Adjectives in the predicative position. ===
In the predicative position, the adjective must agree with the gender and number of the noun it refers to. It does not however agree with the definite or indefinite status; The form of the adjective in the predicative position always takes the indefinite form. 

Neuter definite: Huset er '''stort'''. = ''The house is '''big'''.'' 

Neuter indefinite: Ett barn er '''sjukt'''. = ''A child is '''sick'''.'' 

Common definite: Jätten er '''vred''' = ''The giant is '''angry'''.'' 

Common indefinite: En bösse kunne väre '''farlig''' = ''A gun could be '''dangerous'''.'' 

Plural definite: Bilerne var '''billige'''. = ''The cars were '''cheap'''.'' 

Plural indefinite: Fisker er '''glatte'''. = ''Fish are '''slippery'''.'' 

== Definite Paradigm: ==
This is used when the noun has the definite article or certain other demonstrative pronouns and determiners.
When definite, all adjectives end in '''-e'''. 

Neuter Definite: Det '''store''' hus. = ''The '''big''' house.'' 

Common Definite: Den '''ömme''' ankel. = ''The '''sore''' ankle.'' 

Plural Definite: De '''skarpe''' sverd. = ''The '''sharp''' swords.'' 

== Comparative and Superlative ==
Similar to other Germanic languages, the comparative is formed by adding '''-ere''' to the stem and the superlative is formed by adding '''-est''' or '''-este.''' 

=== Comparative ===
The comparative ending is always '''-ere''' and doesn’t vary based on gender, number or definiteness. 

Dette barn var '''sjukere'''. = ''This child was '''sicker'''.'' 

'''Vredere''' jätter = '''''angrier''' giants.'' 

=== Superlative ===
The superlative ending is '''–est''' or '''–este'''. This depends on gender, number and definiteness. 

In the Indefinite Paradigm, the superlative ending is '''–est''' for singular neuter and singular common gender nouns. It is '''–este''' for plural nouns. 

Singular Neuter Indefinite: ett barn er '''sjukest''' = ''a child is '''sickest.''''' 

Singular Common Indefinite: en kvinne var '''klokest''' = '''a woman was '''smartest'''.''' 

Plural Indefinite: '''skarpeste''' sverd = '''''sharpest''' swords.'' 
 

In the Definite Paradigm, the superlative ending is always –este. 

Det '''störste''' hus = ''the '''biggest''' house.'' 

Den '''ömmeste''' ankel = ''the '''sorest''' ankle.'' 

De '''skarpeste''' sverd = ''the '''sharpest''' swords.'' 

=== Irregular Comparative and Superlative ===
A minority of adjectives have irregular declensions, typically they change the stem-vowel by umlaut when forming the comparative and superlative. 

For example '''stor''' (big); comparative '''större'''; superlative '''störst'''. 

Some adjectives are further irregular and have totally different stems in the definite form or the plural form of when forming the comparative and superlative. 

For example, with '''god''' (good) the comparative is '''bettre''' and the superlative is '''best'''. 

'''Liten''' (little) is the most irregular adjective. Indefinite common singular = '''liten'''; indefinite neuter = '''litet''', definite singular = '''lille'''; definite and indefinite plural = '''små''' ; comparative = '''mindre'''; superlative = '''minst'''

== Past participle of verbs used as adjectives ==
Verbs have a past participle which can be used as adjectives and they follow similar rules to other adjectives. 

=== Weak Verbs ===
==== Indefinite: ====
The indefinite singular forms end in '''-(e)t''', just like the supine form of the verb. eg '''tendet''' (lit, illuminated), '''aktiveret''' (enabled) 

==== Indefinite Plural and Definite: ====
The indefinite plural and definite forms end in '''-(e)de''' or '''-te'''. These forms follow the form of the past tense of the verb. If the past tense ends in -'''(e)de''' , it will be '''-(e)de'''. If it ends in '''-te''', it will be '''-te'''. 

'''Tendede''' ljus = '''''lit''' candles.''
Det '''aktiverede''' forsvar = ''the '''enabled''' defense.''
=== Strong Verbs: ===
eg '''skoren''' (cut). '''afbruten''' (cancelled)
==== Indefinite Singular: ====
The indefinite singular forms end in '''-en''' when used with common gender nouns. 

En '''skoren''' potate. = ''a '''sliced''' potato.'' 

En '''afbruten''' rekning. = ''a '''cancelled''' account.'' 

With Neuter gender nouns, the indefinite singular ends in '''-et''' eg '''skoret, afbrutet''' -- this is the same as the supine of the verb. 

Ett '''skoret''' eple. = ''a '''sliced''' apple.''
Ett '''afbrutet''' forsök. = ''an '''interrupted''' experiment.''
==== Indefinite plural and Definite: ====
The indefinite plural and definite forms end in '''-ene.''''''Bold text'''
'''Skorene''' potater. = '''''sliced''' potatoes.''
Den '''afbrutene''' rekning. = ''the '''cancelled''' account.''

== Adjectives ending in -en ==
e.g. '''galen''' (crazy), '''open''' (open), '''rotten''' (rotten) 

These behave like past participles of strong verbs. (often these originally were) 
 
Indefinite common end in '''-en.''' 

En '''galen''' ape. = ''a '''crazy''' monkey'' 

En '''open''' dör. = ''an '''open''' door.'' 

En '''rotten''' potate. = ''a '''rotten''' potato.'' 
 

Indefinite Neuter end in '''-et''' 

Ett '''galet''' dyr. = ''a '''crazy''' animal.'' 

Ett '''opet''' vindöge. = ''an '''open''' window.'' 

Ett '''rottet''' eple. = ''a '''rotten''' apple.'' 
 
Indefinite plural and definite end in '''-ene.''' 

'''Galene''' dyr. = '''''crazy''' animals.'' 

Det '''opene''' vindöge. = ''the '''open''' window.'' 

De '''rottene''' potater. = ''the '''rotten''' potatoes.'' 
 
Adverbs end in '''-et''' 

Min bror log '''galet''' = ''my brother laughed '''insanely'''.'' 

Hans kone kunne ikke snakke '''opet''' om hans galenskap. = ''His wife couldn’t talk '''candidly''' about his insanity.'' 

De gammle eple osede '''rottet'''. = ''The old apples '''rottenly''' reeked.''

== Adjectives ending in -d ==
eg '''bred''' (wide) add '''-t''' for indefinite neuter e.g. '''bred''' /bre:d/ > '''bredt''' /bre:t/. The '''d''' becomes silent. 

Add '''-e''' as other words for indefinite plural and definite. eg '''brede'''

== Adverbs from Adjectives ==
Adjectives must have a -t suffix added to be used as adverbs. 

Min kone svimmer. Hon svimmer '''langsamt'''. = ''My wife is swimming. She’s swimming '''slowly'''.'' 

There are some exceptions to this rule. 

=== Adjectives already ending in '''-t.''' ===
These don’t need another '''-t''' to be used as an adverb. 

Han verderede tilstanden '''rett'''. = ''He appraised the situation '''correctly''''' 

=== Comparative adjectives ending in '''-ere'''. ===
These does not require a '''-t''' suffix to be used as adverbs. 

Ingen hest löper '''hastigere'''. = ''No horse runs '''more quickly'''.''
=== Present Participles used as an adverb ===
Adverbs from adjectives using the '''-ende''' present participle suffix do not required a '''-t''' suffix. 
Ditt forsök har sluted '''lovende'''. = ''Your experiment has concluded '''encouragingly'''.'' 
=== Past Participles used as Adverbs. ===
These end in '''-(e)t''' eg '''bedrövet''' = ''sadly''. '''Överdrivet''' = ''excessively''. 

This is the same as the supine. 

=== Adjectives ending -d ===
add '''-t''' also to make an adverb, e.g. '''vid''' ''(wide)''. '''vid''' /vi:d/ > '''vidt''' /vi:t/. The '''-d''' becomes silent here also.

SamSkandinavisk adjectives

2020-10-31T12:52:40Z

Parked71: /* Past participle of verbs used as adjectives */

Adjectives must agree with the noun for gender, number and definiteness.
Adjectives have two paradigms for declension -- an indefinite declension and a definite declension.
== Indefinite Paradigm: ==

=== Adjectives in the attributive position. ===
In the attributive and predicative position common gender nouns have no ending. 
Neuter gender nouns take a '''-t''' ending. 
Plural nouns take a '''-e''' ending. 

Neuter: Ett '''grönnt''' tre. = ''A '''green''' tree'' 

Common: En '''klok''' kvinne = ''A '''clever''' woman.'' 

Plural: '''Glade''' drömmer = '''''Happy''' dreams'' 

=== Adjectives in the predicative position. ===
In the predicative position, the adjective must agree with the gender and number of the noun it refers to. It does not however agree with the definite or indefinite status; The form of the adjective in the predicative position always takes the indefinite form. 

Neuter definite: Huset er '''stort'''. = ''The house is '''big'''.'' 

Neuter indefinite: Ett barn er '''sjukt'''. = ''A child is '''sick'''.'' 

Common definite: Jätten er '''vred''' = ''The giant is '''angry'''.'' 

Common indefinite: En bösse kunne väre '''farlig''' = ''A gun could be '''dangerous'''.'' 

Plural definite: Bilerne var '''billige'''. = ''The cars were '''cheap'''.'' 

Plural indefinite: Fisker er '''glatte'''. = ''Fish are '''slippery'''.'' 

== Definite Paradigm: ==
This is used when the noun has the definite article or certain other demonstrative pronouns and determiners.
When definite, all adjectives end in '''-e'''. 

Neuter Definite: Det '''store''' hus. = ''The '''big''' house.'' 

Common Definite: Den '''ömme''' ankel. = ''The '''sore''' ankle.'' 

Plural Definite: De '''skarpe''' sverd. = ''The '''sharp''' swords.'' 

== Comparative and Superlative ==
Similar to other Germanic languages, the comparative is formed by adding '''-ere''' to the stem and the superlative is formed by adding '''-est''' or '''-este.''' 

=== Comparative ===
The comparative ending is always '''-ere''' and doesn’t vary based on gender, number or definiteness. 

Dette barn var '''sjukere'''. = ''This child was '''sicker'''.'' 

'''Vredere''' jätter = '''''angrier''' giants.'' 

=== Superlative ===
The superlative ending is '''–est''' or '''–este'''. This depends on gender, number and definiteness. 

In the Indefinite Paradigm, the superlative ending is '''–est''' for singular neuter and singular common gender nouns. It is '''–este''' for plural nouns. 

Singular Neuter Indefinite: ett barn er '''sjukest''' = ''a child is '''sickest.''''' 

Singular Common Indefinite: en kvinne var '''klokest''' = '''a woman was '''smartest'''.''' 

Plural Indefinite: '''skarpeste''' sverd = '''''sharpest''' swords.'' 
 

In the Definite Paradigm, the superlative ending is always –este. 

Det '''störste''' hus = ''the '''biggest''' house.'' 

Den '''ömmeste''' ankel = ''the '''sorest''' ankle.'' 

De '''skarpeste''' sverd = ''the '''sharpest''' swords.'' 

=== Irregular Comparative and Superlative ===
A minority of adjectives have irregular declensions, typically they change the stem-vowel by umlaut when forming the comparative and superlative. 

For example '''stor''' (big); comparative '''större'''; superlative '''störst'''. 

Some adjectives are further irregular and have totally different stems in the definite form or the plural form of when forming the comparative and superlative. 

For example, with '''god''' (good) the comparative is '''bettre''' and the superlative is '''best'''. 

'''Liten''' (little) is the most irregular adjective. Indefinite common singular = '''liten'''; indefinite neuter = '''litet''', definite singular = '''lille'''; definite and indefinite plural = '''små''' ; comparative = '''mindre'''; superlative = '''minst'''

== Past participle of verbs used as adjectives ==
Verbs have a past participle which can be used as adjectives and they follow similar rules to other adjectives. 

=== Weak Verbs ===
==== Indefinite: ====
The indefinite singular forms end in '''-(e)t''', just like the supine form of the verb. eg '''tendet''' (lit, illuminated), '''aktiveret''' (enabled) 

==== Indefinite Plural and Definite: ====
The indefinite plural and definite forms end in '''-(e)de''' or '''-te'''. These forms follow the form of the past tense of the verb. If the past tense ends in -'''(e)de''' , it will be '''-(e)de'''. If it ends in '''-te''', it will be '''-te'''. 

'''Tendede''' ljus = '''''lit''' candles.''
Det '''aktiverede''' forsvar = ''the '''enabled''' defense.''
=== Strong Verbs: ===
eg '''skoren''' (cut). '''afbruten''' (cancelled)
==== Indefinite Singular: ====
The indefinite singular forms end in '''-en''' when used with common gender nouns. 

En '''skoren''' potate. = ''a '''sliced''' potato.'' 

En '''afbruten''' rekning. = ''a '''cancelled''' account.''
With Neuter gender nouns, the indefinite singular ends in -et eg skoret, afbrutet -- this is the same as the supine of the verb.
Ett skoret eple. = a sliced apple.
Ett afbrutet forsök. = an interrupted experiment.
Indefinite plural and Definite:
The indefinite plural and definite forms end in -ene.
Skorene potater. = Sliced potatoes.
Den afbrutene rekning. = the cancelled account.

== Adjectives ending in -en ==
e.g. '''galen''' (crazy), '''open''' (open), '''rotten''' (rotten) 

These behave like past participles of strong verbs. (often these originally were) 
 
Indefinite common end in '''-en.''' 

En '''galen''' ape. = ''a '''crazy''' monkey'' 

En '''open''' dör. = ''an '''open''' door.'' 

En '''rotten''' potate. = ''a '''rotten''' potato.'' 
 

Indefinite Neuter end in '''-et''' 

Ett '''galet''' dyr. = ''a '''crazy''' animal.'' 

Ett '''opet''' vindöge. = ''an '''open''' window.'' 

Ett '''rottet''' eple. = ''a '''rotten''' apple.'' 
 
Indefinite plural and definite end in '''-ene.''' 

'''Galene''' dyr. = '''''crazy''' animals.'' 

Det '''opene''' vindöge. = ''the '''open''' window.'' 

De '''rottene''' potater. = ''the '''rotten''' potatoes.'' 
 
Adverbs end in '''-et''' 

Min bror log '''galet''' = ''my brother laughed '''insanely'''.'' 

Hans kone kunne ikke snakke '''opet''' om hans galenskap. = ''His wife couldn’t talk '''candidly''' about his insanity.'' 

De gammle eple osede '''rottet'''. = ''The old apples '''rottenly''' reeked.''

== Adjectives ending in -d ==
eg '''bred''' (wide) add '''-t''' for indefinite neuter e.g. '''bred''' /bre:d/ > '''bredt''' /bre:t/. The '''d''' becomes silent. 

Add '''-e''' as other words for indefinite plural and definite. eg '''brede'''

== Adverbs from Adjectives ==
Adjectives must have a -t suffix added to be used as adverbs. 

Min kone svimmer. Hon svimmer '''langsamt'''. = ''My wife is swimming. She’s swimming '''slowly'''.'' 

There are some exceptions to this rule. 

=== Adjectives already ending in '''-t.''' ===
These don’t need another '''-t''' to be used as an adverb. 

Han verderede tilstanden '''rett'''. = ''He appraised the situation '''correctly''''' 

=== Comparative adjectives ending in '''-ere'''. ===
These does not require a '''-t''' suffix to be used as adverbs. 

Ingen hest löper '''hastigere'''. = ''No horse runs '''more quickly'''.''
=== Present Participles used as an adverb ===
Adverbs from adjectives using the '''-ende''' present participle suffix do not required a '''-t''' suffix. 
Ditt forsök har sluted '''lovende'''. = ''Your experiment has concluded '''encouragingly'''.'' 
=== Past Participles used as Adverbs. ===
These end in '''-(e)t''' eg '''bedrövet''' = ''sadly''. '''Överdrivet''' = ''excessively''. 

This is the same as the supine. 

=== Adjectives ending -d ===
add '''-t''' also to make an adverb, e.g. '''vid''' ''(wide)''. '''vid''' /vi:d/ > '''vidt''' /vi:t/. The '''-d''' becomes silent here also.

SamSkandinavisk adjectives

2020-10-31T12:45:27Z

Parked71: /* Irregular Comparative and Superlative */

Adjectives must agree with the noun for gender, number and definiteness.
Adjectives have two paradigms for declension -- an indefinite declension and a definite declension.
== Indefinite Paradigm: ==

=== Adjectives in the attributive position. ===
In the attributive and predicative position common gender nouns have no ending. 
Neuter gender nouns take a '''-t''' ending. 
Plural nouns take a '''-e''' ending. 

Neuter: Ett '''grönnt''' tre. = ''A '''green''' tree'' 

Common: En '''klok''' kvinne = ''A '''clever''' woman.'' 

Plural: '''Glade''' drömmer = '''''Happy''' dreams'' 

=== Adjectives in the predicative position. ===
In the predicative position, the adjective must agree with the gender and number of the noun it refers to. It does not however agree with the definite or indefinite status; The form of the adjective in the predicative position always takes the indefinite form. 

Neuter definite: Huset er '''stort'''. = ''The house is '''big'''.'' 

Neuter indefinite: Ett barn er '''sjukt'''. = ''A child is '''sick'''.'' 

Common definite: Jätten er '''vred''' = ''The giant is '''angry'''.'' 

Common indefinite: En bösse kunne väre '''farlig''' = ''A gun could be '''dangerous'''.'' 

Plural definite: Bilerne var '''billige'''. = ''The cars were '''cheap'''.'' 

Plural indefinite: Fisker er '''glatte'''. = ''Fish are '''slippery'''.'' 

== Definite Paradigm: ==
This is used when the noun has the definite article or certain other demonstrative pronouns and determiners.
When definite, all adjectives end in '''-e'''. 

Neuter Definite: Det '''store''' hus. = ''The '''big''' house.'' 

Common Definite: Den '''ömme''' ankel. = ''The '''sore''' ankle.'' 

Plural Definite: De '''skarpe''' sverd. = ''The '''sharp''' swords.'' 

== Comparative and Superlative ==
Similar to other Germanic languages, the comparative is formed by adding '''-ere''' to the stem and the superlative is formed by adding '''-est''' or '''-este.''' 

=== Comparative ===
The comparative ending is always '''-ere''' and doesn’t vary based on gender, number or definiteness. 

Dette barn var '''sjukere'''. = ''This child was '''sicker'''.'' 

'''Vredere''' jätter = '''''angrier''' giants.'' 

=== Superlative ===
The superlative ending is '''–est''' or '''–este'''. This depends on gender, number and definiteness. 

In the Indefinite Paradigm, the superlative ending is '''–est''' for singular neuter and singular common gender nouns. It is '''–este''' for plural nouns. 

Singular Neuter Indefinite: ett barn er '''sjukest''' = ''a child is '''sickest.''''' 

Singular Common Indefinite: en kvinne var '''klokest''' = '''a woman was '''smartest'''.''' 

Plural Indefinite: '''skarpeste''' sverd = '''''sharpest''' swords.'' 
 

In the Definite Paradigm, the superlative ending is always –este. 

Det '''störste''' hus = ''the '''biggest''' house.'' 

Den '''ömmeste''' ankel = ''the '''sorest''' ankle.'' 

De '''skarpeste''' sverd = ''the '''sharpest''' swords.'' 

=== Irregular Comparative and Superlative ===
A minority of adjectives have irregular declensions, typically they change the stem-vowel by umlaut when forming the comparative and superlative. 

For example '''stor''' (big); comparative '''större'''; superlative '''störst'''. 

Some adjectives are further irregular and have totally different stems in the definite form or the plural form of when forming the comparative and superlative. 

For example, with '''god''' (good) the comparative is '''bettre''' and the superlative is '''best'''. 

'''Liten''' (little) is the most irregular adjective. Indefinite common singular = '''liten'''; indefinite neuter = '''litet''', definite singular = '''lille'''; definite and indefinite plural = '''små''' ; comparative = '''mindre'''; superlative = '''minst'''

== Past participle of verbs used as adjectives ==
Verbs have a past participle which can be used as adjectives and they follow similar rules to other adjectives.
Weak Verbs:
Indefinite: The indefinite singular forms end in -(e)t, just like the supine form of the verb. eg tendet (lit, illuminated), aktiveret (enabled)
Indefinite Plural and Definite The indefinite plural and definite forms end in -(e)de, or -te These forms follow the form of the past tense of the verb. If the past tense ends in -(e)de , it will be -(e)de. If it ends in -te, it will be -te.
Tendede ljus = lit candles,
Det aktiverede forsvar = the enabled defense.
Strong Verbs:
eg skoren (cut). afbruten (cancelled)
Indefinite Singular:
The indefinite singular forms end in -en when used with common gender nouns
En skoren potate. = a sliced potato
En afbruten rekning. = a cancelled account.
With Neuter gender nouns, the indefinite singular ends in -et eg skoret, afbrutet -- this is the same as the supine of the verb.
Ett skoret eple. = a sliced apple.
Ett afbrutet forsök. = an interrupted experiment.
Indefinite plural and Definite:
The indefinite plural and definite forms end in -ene.
Skorene potater. = Sliced potatoes.
Den afbrutene rekning. = the cancelled account.
== Adjectives ending in -en ==
e.g. '''galen''' (crazy), '''open''' (open), '''rotten''' (rotten) 

These behave like past participles of strong verbs. (often these originally were) 
 
Indefinite common end in '''-en.''' 

En '''galen''' ape. = ''a '''crazy''' monkey'' 

En '''open''' dör. = ''an '''open''' door.'' 

En '''rotten''' potate. = ''a '''rotten''' potato.'' 
 

Indefinite Neuter end in '''-et''' 

Ett '''galet''' dyr. = ''a '''crazy''' animal.'' 

Ett '''opet''' vindöge. = ''an '''open''' window.'' 

Ett '''rottet''' eple. = ''a '''rotten''' apple.'' 
 
Indefinite plural and definite end in '''-ene.''' 

'''Galene''' dyr. = '''''crazy''' animals.'' 

Det '''opene''' vindöge. = ''the '''open''' window.'' 

De '''rottene''' potater. = ''the '''rotten''' potatoes.'' 
 
Adverbs end in '''-et''' 

Min bror log '''galet''' = ''my brother laughed '''insanely'''.'' 

Hans kone kunne ikke snakke '''opet''' om hans galenskap. = ''His wife couldn’t talk '''candidly''' about his insanity.'' 

De gammle eple osede '''rottet'''. = ''The old apples '''rottenly''' reeked.''

== Adjectives ending in -d ==
eg '''bred''' (wide) add '''-t''' for indefinite neuter e.g. '''bred''' /bre:d/ > '''bredt''' /bre:t/. The '''d''' becomes silent. 

Add '''-e''' as other words for indefinite plural and definite. eg '''brede'''

== Adverbs from Adjectives ==
Adjectives must have a -t suffix added to be used as adverbs. 

Min kone svimmer. Hon svimmer '''langsamt'''. = ''My wife is swimming. She’s swimming '''slowly'''.'' 

There are some exceptions to this rule. 

=== Adjectives already ending in '''-t.''' ===
These don’t need another '''-t''' to be used as an adverb. 

Han verderede tilstanden '''rett'''. = ''He appraised the situation '''correctly''''' 

=== Comparative adjectives ending in '''-ere'''. ===
These does not require a '''-t''' suffix to be used as adverbs. 

Ingen hest löper '''hastigere'''. = ''No horse runs '''more quickly'''.''
=== Present Participles used as an adverb ===
Adverbs from adjectives using the '''-ende''' present participle suffix do not required a '''-t''' suffix. 
Ditt forsök har sluted '''lovende'''. = ''Your experiment has concluded '''encouragingly'''.'' 
=== Past Participles used as Adverbs. ===
These end in '''-(e)t''' eg '''bedrövet''' = ''sadly''. '''Överdrivet''' = ''excessively''. 

This is the same as the supine. 

=== Adjectives ending -d ===
add '''-t''' also to make an adverb, e.g. '''vid''' ''(wide)''. '''vid''' /vi:d/ > '''vidt''' /vi:t/. The '''-d''' becomes silent here also.

SamSkandinavisk adjectives

2020-10-31T12:43:51Z

Parked71: /* Comparative and Superlative */

Adjectives must agree with the noun for gender, number and definiteness.
Adjectives have two paradigms for declension -- an indefinite declension and a definite declension.
== Indefinite Paradigm: ==

=== Adjectives in the attributive position. ===
In the attributive and predicative position common gender nouns have no ending. 
Neuter gender nouns take a '''-t''' ending. 
Plural nouns take a '''-e''' ending. 

Neuter: Ett '''grönnt''' tre. = ''A '''green''' tree'' 

Common: En '''klok''' kvinne = ''A '''clever''' woman.'' 

Plural: '''Glade''' drömmer = '''''Happy''' dreams'' 

=== Adjectives in the predicative position. ===
In the predicative position, the adjective must agree with the gender and number of the noun it refers to. It does not however agree with the definite or indefinite status; The form of the adjective in the predicative position always takes the indefinite form. 

Neuter definite: Huset er '''stort'''. = ''The house is '''big'''.'' 

Neuter indefinite: Ett barn er '''sjukt'''. = ''A child is '''sick'''.'' 

Common definite: Jätten er '''vred''' = ''The giant is '''angry'''.'' 

Common indefinite: En bösse kunne väre '''farlig''' = ''A gun could be '''dangerous'''.'' 

Plural definite: Bilerne var '''billige'''. = ''The cars were '''cheap'''.'' 

Plural indefinite: Fisker er '''glatte'''. = ''Fish are '''slippery'''.'' 

== Definite Paradigm: ==
This is used when the noun has the definite article or certain other demonstrative pronouns and determiners.
When definite, all adjectives end in '''-e'''. 

Neuter Definite: Det '''store''' hus. = ''The '''big''' house.'' 

Common Definite: Den '''ömme''' ankel. = ''The '''sore''' ankle.'' 

Plural Definite: De '''skarpe''' sverd. = ''The '''sharp''' swords.'' 

== Comparative and Superlative ==
Similar to other Germanic languages, the comparative is formed by adding '''-ere''' to the stem and the superlative is formed by adding '''-est''' or '''-este.''' 

=== Comparative ===
The comparative ending is always '''-ere''' and doesn’t vary based on gender, number or definiteness. 

Dette barn var '''sjukere'''. = ''This child was '''sicker'''.'' 

'''Vredere''' jätter = '''''angrier''' giants.'' 

=== Superlative ===
The superlative ending is '''–est''' or '''–este'''. This depends on gender, number and definiteness. 

In the Indefinite Paradigm, the superlative ending is '''–est''' for singular neuter and singular common gender nouns. It is '''–este''' for plural nouns. 

Singular Neuter Indefinite: ett barn er '''sjukest''' = ''a child is '''sickest.''''' 

Singular Common Indefinite: en kvinne var '''klokest''' = '''a woman was '''smartest'''.''' 

Plural Indefinite: '''skarpeste''' sverd = '''''sharpest''' swords.'' 
 

In the Definite Paradigm, the superlative ending is always –este. 

Det '''störste''' hus = ''the '''biggest''' house.'' 

Den '''ömmeste''' ankel = ''the '''sorest''' ankle.'' 

De '''skarpeste''' sverd = ''the '''sharpest''' swords.'' 

=== Irregular Comparative and Superlative ===
A minority of adjectives have irregular declensions, typically they change the stem-vowel by umlaut when forming the comparative and superlative. 

For example '''stor''' (big); comparative '''större'''; superlative '''störst'''. 

Some adjectives are further irregular and have totally different stems in the definite form or the plural form of when forming the comparative and superlative. 

For example, with '''god''' (good) the comparative is '''bettre''' and the superlative is '''best'''. 

Liten (little) is the most irregular adjective. Indefinite common singular = liten; indefinite neuter = litet, definite singular = lille; definite and indefinite plural = små ; comparative = mindre; superlative = minst

== Past participle of verbs used as adjectives ==
Verbs have a past participle which can be used as adjectives and they follow similar rules to other adjectives.
Weak Verbs:
Indefinite: The indefinite singular forms end in -(e)t, just like the supine form of the verb. eg tendet (lit, illuminated), aktiveret (enabled)
Indefinite Plural and Definite The indefinite plural and definite forms end in -(e)de, or -te These forms follow the form of the past tense of the verb. If the past tense ends in -(e)de , it will be -(e)de. If it ends in -te, it will be -te.
Tendede ljus = lit candles,
Det aktiverede forsvar = the enabled defense.
Strong Verbs:
eg skoren (cut). afbruten (cancelled)
Indefinite Singular:
The indefinite singular forms end in -en when used with common gender nouns
En skoren potate. = a sliced potato
En afbruten rekning. = a cancelled account.
With Neuter gender nouns, the indefinite singular ends in -et eg skoret, afbrutet -- this is the same as the supine of the verb.
Ett skoret eple. = a sliced apple.
Ett afbrutet forsök. = an interrupted experiment.
Indefinite plural and Definite:
The indefinite plural and definite forms end in -ene.
Skorene potater. = Sliced potatoes.
Den afbrutene rekning. = the cancelled account.
== Adjectives ending in -en ==
e.g. '''galen''' (crazy), '''open''' (open), '''rotten''' (rotten) 

These behave like past participles of strong verbs. (often these originally were) 
 
Indefinite common end in '''-en.''' 

En '''galen''' ape. = ''a '''crazy''' monkey'' 

En '''open''' dör. = ''an '''open''' door.'' 

En '''rotten''' potate. = ''a '''rotten''' potato.'' 
 

Indefinite Neuter end in '''-et''' 

Ett '''galet''' dyr. = ''a '''crazy''' animal.'' 

Ett '''opet''' vindöge. = ''an '''open''' window.'' 

Ett '''rottet''' eple. = ''a '''rotten''' apple.'' 
 
Indefinite plural and definite end in '''-ene.''' 

'''Galene''' dyr. = '''''crazy''' animals.'' 

Det '''opene''' vindöge. = ''the '''open''' window.'' 

De '''rottene''' potater. = ''the '''rotten''' potatoes.'' 
 
Adverbs end in '''-et''' 

Min bror log '''galet''' = ''my brother laughed '''insanely'''.'' 

Hans kone kunne ikke snakke '''opet''' om hans galenskap. = ''His wife couldn’t talk '''candidly''' about his insanity.'' 

De gammle eple osede '''rottet'''. = ''The old apples '''rottenly''' reeked.''

== Adjectives ending in -d ==
eg '''bred''' (wide) add '''-t''' for indefinite neuter e.g. '''bred''' /bre:d/ > '''bredt''' /bre:t/. The '''d''' becomes silent. 

Add '''-e''' as other words for indefinite plural and definite. eg '''brede'''

== Adverbs from Adjectives ==
Adjectives must have a -t suffix added to be used as adverbs. 

Min kone svimmer. Hon svimmer '''langsamt'''. = ''My wife is swimming. She’s swimming '''slowly'''.'' 

There are some exceptions to this rule. 

=== Adjectives already ending in '''-t.''' ===
These don’t need another '''-t''' to be used as an adverb. 

Han verderede tilstanden '''rett'''. = ''He appraised the situation '''correctly''''' 

=== Comparative adjectives ending in '''-ere'''. ===
These does not require a '''-t''' suffix to be used as adverbs. 

Ingen hest löper '''hastigere'''. = ''No horse runs '''more quickly'''.''
=== Present Participles used as an adverb ===
Adverbs from adjectives using the '''-ende''' present participle suffix do not required a '''-t''' suffix. 
Ditt forsök har sluted '''lovende'''. = ''Your experiment has concluded '''encouragingly'''.'' 
=== Past Participles used as Adverbs. ===
These end in '''-(e)t''' eg '''bedrövet''' = ''sadly''. '''Överdrivet''' = ''excessively''. 

This is the same as the supine. 

=== Adjectives ending -d ===
add '''-t''' also to make an adverb, e.g. '''vid''' ''(wide)''. '''vid''' /vi:d/ > '''vidt''' /vi:t/. The '''-d''' becomes silent here also.

SamSkandinavisk adjectives

2020-10-31T12:39:51Z

Parked71: /* Superlative */

Adjectives must agree with the noun for gender, number and definiteness.
Adjectives have two paradigms for declension -- an indefinite declension and a definite declension.
== Indefinite Paradigm: ==

=== Adjectives in the attributive position. ===
In the attributive and predicative position common gender nouns have no ending. 
Neuter gender nouns take a '''-t''' ending. 
Plural nouns take a '''-e''' ending. 

Neuter: Ett '''grönnt''' tre. = ''A '''green''' tree'' 

Common: En '''klok''' kvinne = ''A '''clever''' woman.'' 

Plural: '''Glade''' drömmer = '''''Happy''' dreams'' 

=== Adjectives in the predicative position. ===
In the predicative position, the adjective must agree with the gender and number of the noun it refers to. It does not however agree with the definite or indefinite status; The form of the adjective in the predicative position always takes the indefinite form. 

Neuter definite: Huset er '''stort'''. = ''The house is '''big'''.'' 

Neuter indefinite: Ett barn er '''sjukt'''. = ''A child is '''sick'''.'' 

Common definite: Jätten er '''vred''' = ''The giant is '''angry'''.'' 

Common indefinite: En bösse kunne väre '''farlig''' = ''A gun could be '''dangerous'''.'' 

Plural definite: Bilerne var '''billige'''. = ''The cars were '''cheap'''.'' 

Plural indefinite: Fisker er '''glatte'''. = ''Fish are '''slippery'''.'' 

== Definite Paradigm: ==
This is used when the noun has the definite article or certain other demonstrative pronouns and determiners.
When definite, all adjectives end in '''-e'''. 

Neuter Definite: Det '''store''' hus. = ''The '''big''' house.'' 

Common Definite: Den '''ömme''' ankel. = ''The '''sore''' ankle.'' 

Plural Definite: De '''skarpe''' sverd. = ''The '''sharp''' swords.'' 

== Comparative and Superlative ==
Similar to other Germanic languages, the comparative is formed by adding '''-ere''' to the stem and the superlative is formed by adding '''-est''' or '''-este.''' 

=== Comparative ===
The comparative ending is always '''-ere''' and doesn’t vary based on gender, number or definiteness. 

Dette barn var '''sjukere'''. = ''This child was '''sicker'''.'' 

'''Vredere''' jätter = '''''angrier''' giants.'' 

=== Superlative ===
The superlative ending is '''–est''' or '''–este'''. This depends on gender, number and definiteness. 

In the Indefinite Paradigm, the superlative ending is '''–est''' for singular neuter and singular common gender nouns. It is '''–este''' for plural nouns. 

Singular Neuter Indefinite: ett barn er sjukest = a child is sickest 

Singular Common Indefinite: en kvinne er klokest = a woman is smartest. 

Plural Indefinite: skarpeste sverd = sharpest swords. 
 

In the Definite Paradigm, the superlative ending is always –este. 

Det störste hus = the biggest house 

Den ömmeste ankel = the sorest ankle 

De skarpeste sverd = the sharpest swords. 
 

=== Irregular Comparative and Superlative ===
A minority of adjectives have irregular declensions, typically they change the stem-vowel by umlaut when forming the comparative and superlative. 

For example stor (big); comparative större; superlative störst. 

Some adjectives are further irregular and have totally different stems in the definite form or the plural form of when forming the comparative and superlative. 

For example, with god (good) the comparative is bettre and the superlative is best. 

Liten (little) is the most irregular adjective. Indefinite common singular = liten; indefinite neuter = litet, definite singular = lille; definite and indefinite plural = små ; comparative = mindre; superlative = minst

== Past participle of verbs used as adjectives ==
Verbs have a past participle which can be used as adjectives and they follow similar rules to other adjectives.
Weak Verbs:
Indefinite: The indefinite singular forms end in -(e)t, just like the supine form of the verb. eg tendet (lit, illuminated), aktiveret (enabled)
Indefinite Plural and Definite The indefinite plural and definite forms end in -(e)de, or -te These forms follow the form of the past tense of the verb. If the past tense ends in -(e)de , it will be -(e)de. If it ends in -te, it will be -te.
Tendede ljus = lit candles,
Det aktiverede forsvar = the enabled defense.
Strong Verbs:
eg skoren (cut). afbruten (cancelled)
Indefinite Singular:
The indefinite singular forms end in -en when used with common gender nouns
En skoren potate. = a sliced potato
En afbruten rekning. = a cancelled account.
With Neuter gender nouns, the indefinite singular ends in -et eg skoret, afbrutet -- this is the same as the supine of the verb.
Ett skoret eple. = a sliced apple.
Ett afbrutet forsök. = an interrupted experiment.
Indefinite plural and Definite:
The indefinite plural and definite forms end in -ene.
Skorene potater. = Sliced potatoes.
Den afbrutene rekning. = the cancelled account.
== Adjectives ending in -en ==
e.g. '''galen''' (crazy), '''open''' (open), '''rotten''' (rotten) 

These behave like past participles of strong verbs. (often these originally were) 
 
Indefinite common end in '''-en.''' 

En '''galen''' ape. = ''a '''crazy''' monkey'' 

En '''open''' dör. = ''an '''open''' door.'' 

En '''rotten''' potate. = ''a '''rotten''' potato.'' 
 

Indefinite Neuter end in '''-et''' 

Ett '''galet''' dyr. = ''a '''crazy''' animal.'' 

Ett '''opet''' vindöge. = ''an '''open''' window.'' 

Ett '''rottet''' eple. = ''a '''rotten''' apple.'' 
 
Indefinite plural and definite end in '''-ene.''' 

'''Galene''' dyr. = '''''crazy''' animals.'' 

Det '''opene''' vindöge. = ''the '''open''' window.'' 

De '''rottene''' potater. = ''the '''rotten''' potatoes.'' 
 
Adverbs end in '''-et''' 

Min bror log '''galet''' = ''my brother laughed '''insanely'''.'' 

Hans kone kunne ikke snakke '''opet''' om hans galenskap. = ''His wife couldn’t talk '''candidly''' about his insanity.'' 

De gammle eple osede '''rottet'''. = ''The old apples '''rottenly''' reeked.''

== Adjectives ending in -d ==
eg '''bred''' (wide) add '''-t''' for indefinite neuter e.g. '''bred''' /bre:d/ > '''bredt''' /bre:t/. The '''d''' becomes silent. 

Add '''-e''' as other words for indefinite plural and definite. eg '''brede'''

== Adverbs from Adjectives ==
Adjectives must have a -t suffix added to be used as adverbs. 

Min kone svimmer. Hon svimmer '''langsamt'''. = ''My wife is swimming. She’s swimming '''slowly'''.'' 

There are some exceptions to this rule. 

=== Adjectives already ending in '''-t.''' ===
These don’t need another '''-t''' to be used as an adverb. 

Han verderede tilstanden '''rett'''. = ''He appraised the situation '''correctly''''' 

=== Comparative adjectives ending in '''-ere'''. ===
These does not require a '''-t''' suffix to be used as adverbs. 

Ingen hest löper '''hastigere'''. = ''No horse runs '''more quickly'''.''
=== Present Participles used as an adverb ===
Adverbs from adjectives using the '''-ende''' present participle suffix do not required a '''-t''' suffix. 
Ditt forsök har sluted '''lovende'''. = ''Your experiment has concluded '''encouragingly'''.'' 
=== Past Participles used as Adverbs. ===
These end in '''-(e)t''' eg '''bedrövet''' = ''sadly''. '''Överdrivet''' = ''excessively''. 

This is the same as the supine. 

=== Adjectives ending -d ===
add '''-t''' also to make an adverb, e.g. '''vid''' ''(wide)''. '''vid''' /vi:d/ > '''vidt''' /vi:t/. The '''-d''' becomes silent here also.

SamSkandinavisk adjectives

2020-10-31T12:38:39Z

Parked71: /* Comparative and Superlative */

Adjectives must agree with the noun for gender, number and definiteness.
Adjectives have two paradigms for declension -- an indefinite declension and a definite declension.
== Indefinite Paradigm: ==

=== Adjectives in the attributive position. ===
In the attributive and predicative position common gender nouns have no ending. 
Neuter gender nouns take a '''-t''' ending. 
Plural nouns take a '''-e''' ending. 

Neuter: Ett '''grönnt''' tre. = ''A '''green''' tree'' 

Common: En '''klok''' kvinne = ''A '''clever''' woman.'' 

Plural: '''Glade''' drömmer = '''''Happy''' dreams'' 

=== Adjectives in the predicative position. ===
In the predicative position, the adjective must agree with the gender and number of the noun it refers to. It does not however agree with the definite or indefinite status; The form of the adjective in the predicative position always takes the indefinite form. 

Neuter definite: Huset er '''stort'''. = ''The house is '''big'''.'' 

Neuter indefinite: Ett barn er '''sjukt'''. = ''A child is '''sick'''.'' 

Common definite: Jätten er '''vred''' = ''The giant is '''angry'''.'' 

Common indefinite: En bösse kunne väre '''farlig''' = ''A gun could be '''dangerous'''.'' 

Plural definite: Bilerne var '''billige'''. = ''The cars were '''cheap'''.'' 

Plural indefinite: Fisker er '''glatte'''. = ''Fish are '''slippery'''.'' 

== Definite Paradigm: ==
This is used when the noun has the definite article or certain other demonstrative pronouns and determiners.
When definite, all adjectives end in '''-e'''. 

Neuter Definite: Det '''store''' hus. = ''The '''big''' house.'' 

Common Definite: Den '''ömme''' ankel. = ''The '''sore''' ankle.'' 

Plural Definite: De '''skarpe''' sverd. = ''The '''sharp''' swords.'' 

== Comparative and Superlative ==
Similar to other Germanic languages, the comparative is formed by adding '''-ere''' to the stem and the superlative is formed by adding '''-est''' or '''-este.''' 

=== Comparative ===
The comparative ending is always '''-ere''' and doesn’t vary based on gender, number or definiteness. 

Dette barn var '''sjukere'''. = ''This child was '''sicker'''.'' 

'''Vredere''' jätter = '''''angrier''' giants.'' 

== Superlative ==
The superlative ending is '''–est''' or '''–este'''. This depends on gender, number and definiteness. 

In the Indefinite Paradigm, the superlative ending is '''–est''' for singular neuter and singular common gender nouns. It is '''–este''' for plural nouns. 

Singular Neuter Indefinite: ett barn er sjukest = a child is sickest 

Singular Common Indefinite: en kvinne er klokest = a woman is smartest. 

Plural Indefinite: skarpeste sverd = sharpest swords. 
 

In the Definite Paradigm, the superlative ending is always –este. 

Det störste hus = the biggest house 

Den ömmeste ankel = the sorest ankle 

De skarpeste sverd = the sharpest swords. 
 

A minority of adjectives have irregular declensions, typically they change the stem-vowel by umlaut when forming the comparative and superlative. 

For example stor (big); comparative större; superlative störst. 

Some adjectives are further irregular and have totally different stems in the definite form or the plural form of when forming the comparative and superlative. 

For example, with god (good) the comparative is bettre and the superlative is best. 

Liten (little) is the most irregular adjective. Indefinite common singular = liten; indefinite neuter = litet, definite singular = lille; definite and indefinite plural = små ; comparative = mindre; superlative = minst

== Past participle of verbs used as adjectives ==
Verbs have a past participle which can be used as adjectives and they follow similar rules to other adjectives.
Weak Verbs:
Indefinite: The indefinite singular forms end in -(e)t, just like the supine form of the verb. eg tendet (lit, illuminated), aktiveret (enabled)
Indefinite Plural and Definite The indefinite plural and definite forms end in -(e)de, or -te These forms follow the form of the past tense of the verb. If the past tense ends in -(e)de , it will be -(e)de. If it ends in -te, it will be -te.
Tendede ljus = lit candles,
Det aktiverede forsvar = the enabled defense.
Strong Verbs:
eg skoren (cut). afbruten (cancelled)
Indefinite Singular:
The indefinite singular forms end in -en when used with common gender nouns
En skoren potate. = a sliced potato
En afbruten rekning. = a cancelled account.
With Neuter gender nouns, the indefinite singular ends in -et eg skoret, afbrutet -- this is the same as the supine of the verb.
Ett skoret eple. = a sliced apple.
Ett afbrutet forsök. = an interrupted experiment.
Indefinite plural and Definite:
The indefinite plural and definite forms end in -ene.
Skorene potater. = Sliced potatoes.
Den afbrutene rekning. = the cancelled account.
== Adjectives ending in -en ==
e.g. '''galen''' (crazy), '''open''' (open), '''rotten''' (rotten) 

These behave like past participles of strong verbs. (often these originally were) 
 
Indefinite common end in '''-en.''' 

En '''galen''' ape. = ''a '''crazy''' monkey'' 

En '''open''' dör. = ''an '''open''' door.'' 

En '''rotten''' potate. = ''a '''rotten''' potato.'' 
 

Indefinite Neuter end in '''-et''' 

Ett '''galet''' dyr. = ''a '''crazy''' animal.'' 

Ett '''opet''' vindöge. = ''an '''open''' window.'' 

Ett '''rottet''' eple. = ''a '''rotten''' apple.'' 
 
Indefinite plural and definite end in '''-ene.''' 

'''Galene''' dyr. = '''''crazy''' animals.'' 

Det '''opene''' vindöge. = ''the '''open''' window.'' 

De '''rottene''' potater. = ''the '''rotten''' potatoes.'' 
 
Adverbs end in '''-et''' 

Min bror log '''galet''' = ''my brother laughed '''insanely'''.'' 

Hans kone kunne ikke snakke '''opet''' om hans galenskap. = ''His wife couldn’t talk '''candidly''' about his insanity.'' 

De gammle eple osede '''rottet'''. = ''The old apples '''rottenly''' reeked.''

== Adjectives ending in -d ==
eg '''bred''' (wide) add '''-t''' for indefinite neuter e.g. '''bred''' /bre:d/ > '''bredt''' /bre:t/. The '''d''' becomes silent. 

Add '''-e''' as other words for indefinite plural and definite. eg '''brede'''

== Adverbs from Adjectives ==
Adjectives must have a -t suffix added to be used as adverbs. 

Min kone svimmer. Hon svimmer '''langsamt'''. = ''My wife is swimming. She’s swimming '''slowly'''.'' 

There are some exceptions to this rule. 

=== Adjectives already ending in '''-t.''' ===
These don’t need another '''-t''' to be used as an adverb. 

Han verderede tilstanden '''rett'''. = ''He appraised the situation '''correctly''''' 

=== Comparative adjectives ending in '''-ere'''. ===
These does not require a '''-t''' suffix to be used as adverbs. 

Ingen hest löper '''hastigere'''. = ''No horse runs '''more quickly'''.''
=== Present Participles used as an adverb ===
Adverbs from adjectives using the '''-ende''' present participle suffix do not required a '''-t''' suffix. 
Ditt forsök har sluted '''lovende'''. = ''Your experiment has concluded '''encouragingly'''.'' 
=== Past Participles used as Adverbs. ===
These end in '''-(e)t''' eg '''bedrövet''' = ''sadly''. '''Överdrivet''' = ''excessively''. 

This is the same as the supine. 

=== Adjectives ending -d ===
add '''-t''' also to make an adverb, e.g. '''vid''' ''(wide)''. '''vid''' /vi:d/ > '''vidt''' /vi:t/. The '''-d''' becomes silent here also.

SamSkandinavisk adjectives

2020-10-31T12:38:00Z

Parked71: /* Comparative */

Adjectives must agree with the noun for gender, number and definiteness.
Adjectives have two paradigms for declension -- an indefinite declension and a definite declension.
== Indefinite Paradigm: ==

=== Adjectives in the attributive position. ===
In the attributive and predicative position common gender nouns have no ending. 
Neuter gender nouns take a '''-t''' ending. 
Plural nouns take a '''-e''' ending. 

Neuter: Ett '''grönnt''' tre. = ''A '''green''' tree'' 

Common: En '''klok''' kvinne = ''A '''clever''' woman.'' 

Plural: '''Glade''' drömmer = '''''Happy''' dreams'' 

=== Adjectives in the predicative position. ===
In the predicative position, the adjective must agree with the gender and number of the noun it refers to. It does not however agree with the definite or indefinite status; The form of the adjective in the predicative position always takes the indefinite form. 

Neuter definite: Huset er '''stort'''. = ''The house is '''big'''.'' 

Neuter indefinite: Ett barn er '''sjukt'''. = ''A child is '''sick'''.'' 

Common definite: Jätten er '''vred''' = ''The giant is '''angry'''.'' 

Common indefinite: En bösse kunne väre '''farlig''' = ''A gun could be '''dangerous'''.'' 

Plural definite: Bilerne var '''billige'''. = ''The cars were '''cheap'''.'' 

Plural indefinite: Fisker er '''glatte'''. = ''Fish are '''slippery'''.'' 

== Definite Paradigm: ==
This is used when the noun has the definite article or certain other demonstrative pronouns and determiners.
When definite, all adjectives end in '''-e'''. 

Neuter Definite: Det '''store''' hus. = ''The '''big''' house.'' 

Common Definite: Den '''ömme''' ankel. = ''The '''sore''' ankle.'' 

Plural Definite: De '''skarpe''' sverd. = ''The '''sharp''' swords.'' 

== Comparative and Superlative ==
Similar to other Germanic languages, the comparative is formed by adding '''-ere''' to the stem and the superlative is formed by adding '''-est''' or '''-este.''' 

The comparative ending is always '''-ere''' and doesn’t vary based on gender, number or definiteness. 

Dette barn var '''sjukere'''. = ''This child was '''sicker'''.'' 

'''Vredere''' jätter = '''''angrier''' giants.'' 

== Superlative ==
The superlative ending is '''–est''' or '''–este'''. This depends on gender, number and definiteness. 

In the Indefinite Paradigm, the superlative ending is '''–est''' for singular neuter and singular common gender nouns. It is '''–este''' for plural nouns. 

Singular Neuter Indefinite: ett barn er sjukest = a child is sickest 

Singular Common Indefinite: en kvinne er klokest = a woman is smartest. 

Plural Indefinite: skarpeste sverd = sharpest swords. 
 

In the Definite Paradigm, the superlative ending is always –este. 

Det störste hus = the biggest house 

Den ömmeste ankel = the sorest ankle 

De skarpeste sverd = the sharpest swords. 
 

A minority of adjectives have irregular declensions, typically they change the stem-vowel by umlaut when forming the comparative and superlative. 

For example stor (big); comparative större; superlative störst. 

Some adjectives are further irregular and have totally different stems in the definite form or the plural form of when forming the comparative and superlative. 

For example, with god (good) the comparative is bettre and the superlative is best. 

Liten (little) is the most irregular adjective. Indefinite common singular = liten; indefinite neuter = litet, definite singular = lille; definite and indefinite plural = små ; comparative = mindre; superlative = minst

== Past participle of verbs used as adjectives ==
Verbs have a past participle which can be used as adjectives and they follow similar rules to other adjectives.
Weak Verbs:
Indefinite: The indefinite singular forms end in -(e)t, just like the supine form of the verb. eg tendet (lit, illuminated), aktiveret (enabled)
Indefinite Plural and Definite The indefinite plural and definite forms end in -(e)de, or -te These forms follow the form of the past tense of the verb. If the past tense ends in -(e)de , it will be -(e)de. If it ends in -te, it will be -te.
Tendede ljus = lit candles,
Det aktiverede forsvar = the enabled defense.
Strong Verbs:
eg skoren (cut). afbruten (cancelled)
Indefinite Singular:
The indefinite singular forms end in -en when used with common gender nouns
En skoren potate. = a sliced potato
En afbruten rekning. = a cancelled account.
With Neuter gender nouns, the indefinite singular ends in -et eg skoret, afbrutet -- this is the same as the supine of the verb.
Ett skoret eple. = a sliced apple.
Ett afbrutet forsök. = an interrupted experiment.
Indefinite plural and Definite:
The indefinite plural and definite forms end in -ene.
Skorene potater. = Sliced potatoes.
Den afbrutene rekning. = the cancelled account.
== Adjectives ending in -en ==
e.g. '''galen''' (crazy), '''open''' (open), '''rotten''' (rotten) 

These behave like past participles of strong verbs. (often these originally were) 
 
Indefinite common end in '''-en.''' 

En '''galen''' ape. = ''a '''crazy''' monkey'' 

En '''open''' dör. = ''an '''open''' door.'' 

En '''rotten''' potate. = ''a '''rotten''' potato.'' 
 

Indefinite Neuter end in '''-et''' 

Ett '''galet''' dyr. = ''a '''crazy''' animal.'' 

Ett '''opet''' vindöge. = ''an '''open''' window.'' 

Ett '''rottet''' eple. = ''a '''rotten''' apple.'' 
 
Indefinite plural and definite end in '''-ene.''' 

'''Galene''' dyr. = '''''crazy''' animals.'' 

Det '''opene''' vindöge. = ''the '''open''' window.'' 

De '''rottene''' potater. = ''the '''rotten''' potatoes.'' 
 
Adverbs end in '''-et''' 

Min bror log '''galet''' = ''my brother laughed '''insanely'''.'' 

Hans kone kunne ikke snakke '''opet''' om hans galenskap. = ''His wife couldn’t talk '''candidly''' about his insanity.'' 

De gammle eple osede '''rottet'''. = ''The old apples '''rottenly''' reeked.''

== Adjectives ending in -d ==
eg '''bred''' (wide) add '''-t''' for indefinite neuter e.g. '''bred''' /bre:d/ > '''bredt''' /bre:t/. The '''d''' becomes silent. 

Add '''-e''' as other words for indefinite plural and definite. eg '''brede'''

== Adverbs from Adjectives ==
Adjectives must have a -t suffix added to be used as adverbs. 

Min kone svimmer. Hon svimmer '''langsamt'''. = ''My wife is swimming. She’s swimming '''slowly'''.'' 

There are some exceptions to this rule. 

=== Adjectives already ending in '''-t.''' ===
These don’t need another '''-t''' to be used as an adverb. 

Han verderede tilstanden '''rett'''. = ''He appraised the situation '''correctly''''' 

=== Comparative adjectives ending in '''-ere'''. ===
These does not require a '''-t''' suffix to be used as adverbs. 

Ingen hest löper '''hastigere'''. = ''No horse runs '''more quickly'''.''
=== Present Participles used as an adverb ===
Adverbs from adjectives using the '''-ende''' present participle suffix do not required a '''-t''' suffix. 
Ditt forsök har sluted '''lovende'''. = ''Your experiment has concluded '''encouragingly'''.'' 
=== Past Participles used as Adverbs. ===
These end in '''-(e)t''' eg '''bedrövet''' = ''sadly''. '''Överdrivet''' = ''excessively''. 

This is the same as the supine. 

=== Adjectives ending -d ===
add '''-t''' also to make an adverb, e.g. '''vid''' ''(wide)''. '''vid''' /vi:d/ > '''vidt''' /vi:t/. The '''-d''' becomes silent here also.

SamSkandinavisk adjectives

2020-10-31T12:37:20Z

Parked71: /* Superlative */

Adjectives must agree with the noun for gender, number and definiteness.
Adjectives have two paradigms for declension -- an indefinite declension and a definite declension.
== Indefinite Paradigm: ==

=== Adjectives in the attributive position. ===
In the attributive and predicative position common gender nouns have no ending. 
Neuter gender nouns take a '''-t''' ending. 
Plural nouns take a '''-e''' ending. 

Neuter: Ett '''grönnt''' tre. = ''A '''green''' tree'' 

Common: En '''klok''' kvinne = ''A '''clever''' woman.'' 

Plural: '''Glade''' drömmer = '''''Happy''' dreams'' 

=== Adjectives in the predicative position. ===
In the predicative position, the adjective must agree with the gender and number of the noun it refers to. It does not however agree with the definite or indefinite status; The form of the adjective in the predicative position always takes the indefinite form. 

Neuter definite: Huset er '''stort'''. = ''The house is '''big'''.'' 

Neuter indefinite: Ett barn er '''sjukt'''. = ''A child is '''sick'''.'' 

Common definite: Jätten er '''vred''' = ''The giant is '''angry'''.'' 

Common indefinite: En bösse kunne väre '''farlig''' = ''A gun could be '''dangerous'''.'' 

Plural definite: Bilerne var '''billige'''. = ''The cars were '''cheap'''.'' 

Plural indefinite: Fisker er '''glatte'''. = ''Fish are '''slippery'''.'' 

== Definite Paradigm: ==
This is used when the noun has the definite article or certain other demonstrative pronouns and determiners.
When definite, all adjectives end in '''-e'''. 

Neuter Definite: Det '''store''' hus. = ''The '''big''' house.'' 

Common Definite: Den '''ömme''' ankel. = ''The '''sore''' ankle.'' 

Plural Definite: De '''skarpe''' sverd. = ''The '''sharp''' swords.'' 

== Comparative ==
Similar to other Germanic languages, the comparative is formed by adding '''-ere''' to the stem and the superlative is formed by adding '''-est''' or '''-este.''' 

The comparative ending is always '''-ere''' and doesn’t vary based on gender, number or definiteness. 

Dette barn var '''sjukere'''. = ''This child was '''sicker'''.'' 

'''Vredere''' jätter = '''''angrier''' giants.'' 

== Superlative ==
The superlative ending is '''–est''' or '''–este'''. This depends on gender, number and definiteness. 

In the Indefinite Paradigm, the superlative ending is '''–est''' for singular neuter and singular common gender nouns. It is '''–este''' for plural nouns. 

Singular Neuter Indefinite: ett barn er sjukest = a child is sickest 

Singular Common Indefinite: en kvinne er klokest = a woman is smartest. 

Plural Indefinite: skarpeste sverd = sharpest swords. 
 

In the Definite Paradigm, the superlative ending is always –este. 

Det störste hus = the biggest house 

Den ömmeste ankel = the sorest ankle 

De skarpeste sverd = the sharpest swords. 
 

A minority of adjectives have irregular declensions, typically they change the stem-vowel by umlaut when forming the comparative and superlative. 

For example stor (big); comparative större; superlative störst. 

Some adjectives are further irregular and have totally different stems in the definite form or the plural form of when forming the comparative and superlative. 

For example, with god (good) the comparative is bettre and the superlative is best. 

Liten (little) is the most irregular adjective. Indefinite common singular = liten; indefinite neuter = litet, definite singular = lille; definite and indefinite plural = små ; comparative = mindre; superlative = minst

== Past participle of verbs used as adjectives ==
Verbs have a past participle which can be used as adjectives and they follow similar rules to other adjectives.
Weak Verbs:
Indefinite: The indefinite singular forms end in -(e)t, just like the supine form of the verb. eg tendet (lit, illuminated), aktiveret (enabled)
Indefinite Plural and Definite The indefinite plural and definite forms end in -(e)de, or -te These forms follow the form of the past tense of the verb. If the past tense ends in -(e)de , it will be -(e)de. If it ends in -te, it will be -te.
Tendede ljus = lit candles,
Det aktiverede forsvar = the enabled defense.
Strong Verbs:
eg skoren (cut). afbruten (cancelled)
Indefinite Singular:
The indefinite singular forms end in -en when used with common gender nouns
En skoren potate. = a sliced potato
En afbruten rekning. = a cancelled account.
With Neuter gender nouns, the indefinite singular ends in -et eg skoret, afbrutet -- this is the same as the supine of the verb.
Ett skoret eple. = a sliced apple.
Ett afbrutet forsök. = an interrupted experiment.
Indefinite plural and Definite:
The indefinite plural and definite forms end in -ene.
Skorene potater. = Sliced potatoes.
Den afbrutene rekning. = the cancelled account.
== Adjectives ending in -en ==
e.g. '''galen''' (crazy), '''open''' (open), '''rotten''' (rotten) 

These behave like past participles of strong verbs. (often these originally were) 
 
Indefinite common end in '''-en.''' 

En '''galen''' ape. = ''a '''crazy''' monkey'' 

En '''open''' dör. = ''an '''open''' door.'' 

En '''rotten''' potate. = ''a '''rotten''' potato.'' 
 

Indefinite Neuter end in '''-et''' 

Ett '''galet''' dyr. = ''a '''crazy''' animal.'' 

Ett '''opet''' vindöge. = ''an '''open''' window.'' 

Ett '''rottet''' eple. = ''a '''rotten''' apple.'' 
 
Indefinite plural and definite end in '''-ene.''' 

'''Galene''' dyr. = '''''crazy''' animals.'' 

Det '''opene''' vindöge. = ''the '''open''' window.'' 

De '''rottene''' potater. = ''the '''rotten''' potatoes.'' 
 
Adverbs end in '''-et''' 

Min bror log '''galet''' = ''my brother laughed '''insanely'''.'' 

Hans kone kunne ikke snakke '''opet''' om hans galenskap. = ''His wife couldn’t talk '''candidly''' about his insanity.'' 

De gammle eple osede '''rottet'''. = ''The old apples '''rottenly''' reeked.''

== Adjectives ending in -d ==
eg '''bred''' (wide) add '''-t''' for indefinite neuter e.g. '''bred''' /bre:d/ > '''bredt''' /bre:t/. The '''d''' becomes silent. 

Add '''-e''' as other words for indefinite plural and definite. eg '''brede'''

== Adverbs from Adjectives ==
Adjectives must have a -t suffix added to be used as adverbs. 

Min kone svimmer. Hon svimmer '''langsamt'''. = ''My wife is swimming. She’s swimming '''slowly'''.'' 

There are some exceptions to this rule. 

=== Adjectives already ending in '''-t.''' ===
These don’t need another '''-t''' to be used as an adverb. 

Han verderede tilstanden '''rett'''. = ''He appraised the situation '''correctly''''' 

=== Comparative adjectives ending in '''-ere'''. ===
These does not require a '''-t''' suffix to be used as adverbs. 

Ingen hest löper '''hastigere'''. = ''No horse runs '''more quickly'''.''
=== Present Participles used as an adverb ===
Adverbs from adjectives using the '''-ende''' present participle suffix do not required a '''-t''' suffix. 
Ditt forsök har sluted '''lovende'''. = ''Your experiment has concluded '''encouragingly'''.'' 
=== Past Participles used as Adverbs. ===
These end in '''-(e)t''' eg '''bedrövet''' = ''sadly''. '''Överdrivet''' = ''excessively''. 

This is the same as the supine. 

=== Adjectives ending -d ===
add '''-t''' also to make an adverb, e.g. '''vid''' ''(wide)''. '''vid''' /vi:d/ > '''vidt''' /vi:t/. The '''-d''' becomes silent here also.

SamSkandinavisk adjectives

2020-10-31T12:33:15Z

Parked71: /* Adjectives ending in -en */

Adjectives must agree with the noun for gender, number and definiteness.
Adjectives have two paradigms for declension -- an indefinite declension and a definite declension.
== Indefinite Paradigm: ==

=== Adjectives in the attributive position. ===
In the attributive and predicative position common gender nouns have no ending. 
Neuter gender nouns take a '''-t''' ending. 
Plural nouns take a '''-e''' ending. 

Neuter: Ett '''grönnt''' tre. = ''A '''green''' tree'' 

Common: En '''klok''' kvinne = ''A '''clever''' woman.'' 

Plural: '''Glade''' drömmer = '''''Happy''' dreams'' 

=== Adjectives in the predicative position. ===
In the predicative position, the adjective must agree with the gender and number of the noun it refers to. It does not however agree with the definite or indefinite status; The form of the adjective in the predicative position always takes the indefinite form. 

Neuter definite: Huset er '''stort'''. = ''The house is '''big'''.'' 

Neuter indefinite: Ett barn er '''sjukt'''. = ''A child is '''sick'''.'' 

Common definite: Jätten er '''vred''' = ''The giant is '''angry'''.'' 

Common indefinite: En bösse kunne väre '''farlig''' = ''A gun could be '''dangerous'''.'' 

Plural definite: Bilerne var '''billige'''. = ''The cars were '''cheap'''.'' 

Plural indefinite: Fisker er '''glatte'''. = ''Fish are '''slippery'''.'' 

== Definite Paradigm: ==
This is used when the noun has the definite article or certain other demonstrative pronouns and determiners.
When definite, all adjectives end in '''-e'''. 

Neuter Definite: Det '''store''' hus. = ''The '''big''' house.'' 

Common Definite: Den '''ömme''' ankel. = ''The '''sore''' ankle.'' 

Plural Definite: De '''skarpe''' sverd. = ''The '''sharp''' swords.'' 

== Comparative ==
Similar to other Germanic languages, the comparative is formed by adding '''-ere''' to the stem and the superlative is formed by adding '''-est''' or '''-este.''' 

The comparative ending is always '''-ere''' and doesn’t vary based on gender, number or definiteness. 

Dette barn var '''sjukere'''. = ''This child was '''sicker'''.'' 

'''Vredere''' jätter = '''''angrier''' giants.'' 

== Superlative ==
The superlative ending is –est or –este. This depends on gender, number and definiteness.
In the Indefinite Paradigm, the superlative ending is –est for singular neuter and singular common gender nouns. It is –este for plural nouns.
Singular Neuter Indefinite: ett barn er sjukest = a child is sickest
Singular Common Indefinite: en kvinne er klokest = a woman is smartest.
Plural Indefinite: skarpeste sverd = sharpest swords.
In the Definite Paradigm, the superlative ending is always –este.
Det störste hus = the biggest house
Den ömmeste ankel = the sorest ankle
De skarpeste sverd = the sharpest swords.
A minority of adjectives have irregular declensions, typically they change the stem-vowel by umlaut when forming the comparative and superlative.
For example stor (big); comparative större; superlative störst.
Some adjectives are further irregular and have totally different stems in the definite form or the plural form of when forming the comparative and superlative.
For example, with god (good) the comparative is bettre and the superlative is best.
Liten (little) is the most irregular adjective. Indefinite common singular = liten; indefinite neuter = litet, definite singular = lille; definite and indefinite plural = små ; comparative = mindre; superlative = minst
== Past participle of verbs used as adjectives ==
Verbs have a past participle which can be used as adjectives and they follow similar rules to other adjectives.
Weak Verbs:
Indefinite: The indefinite singular forms end in -(e)t, just like the supine form of the verb. eg tendet (lit, illuminated), aktiveret (enabled)
Indefinite Plural and Definite The indefinite plural and definite forms end in -(e)de, or -te These forms follow the form of the past tense of the verb. If the past tense ends in -(e)de , it will be -(e)de. If it ends in -te, it will be -te.
Tendede ljus = lit candles,
Det aktiverede forsvar = the enabled defense.
Strong Verbs:
eg skoren (cut). afbruten (cancelled)
Indefinite Singular:
The indefinite singular forms end in -en when used with common gender nouns
En skoren potate. = a sliced potato
En afbruten rekning. = a cancelled account.
With Neuter gender nouns, the indefinite singular ends in -et eg skoret, afbrutet -- this is the same as the supine of the verb.
Ett skoret eple. = a sliced apple.
Ett afbrutet forsök. = an interrupted experiment.
Indefinite plural and Definite:
The indefinite plural and definite forms end in -ene.
Skorene potater. = Sliced potatoes.
Den afbrutene rekning. = the cancelled account.
== Adjectives ending in -en ==
e.g. '''galen''' (crazy), '''open''' (open), '''rotten''' (rotten) 

These behave like past participles of strong verbs. (often these originally were) 
 
Indefinite common end in '''-en.''' 

En '''galen''' ape. = ''a '''crazy''' monkey'' 

En '''open''' dör. = ''an '''open''' door.'' 

En '''rotten''' potate. = ''a '''rotten''' potato.'' 
 

Indefinite Neuter end in '''-et''' 

Ett '''galet''' dyr. = ''a '''crazy''' animal.'' 

Ett '''opet''' vindöge. = ''an '''open''' window.'' 

Ett '''rottet''' eple. = ''a '''rotten''' apple.'' 
 
Indefinite plural and definite end in '''-ene.''' 

'''Galene''' dyr. = '''''crazy''' animals.'' 

Det '''opene''' vindöge. = ''the '''open''' window.'' 

De '''rottene''' potater. = ''the '''rotten''' potatoes.'' 
 
Adverbs end in '''-et''' 

Min bror log '''galet''' = ''my brother laughed '''insanely'''.'' 

Hans kone kunne ikke snakke '''opet''' om hans galenskap. = ''His wife couldn’t talk '''candidly''' about his insanity.'' 

De gammle eple osede '''rottet'''. = ''The old apples '''rottenly''' reeked.''

== Adjectives ending in -d ==
eg '''bred''' (wide) add '''-t''' for indefinite neuter e.g. '''bred''' /bre:d/ > '''bredt''' /bre:t/. The '''d''' becomes silent. 

Add '''-e''' as other words for indefinite plural and definite. eg '''brede'''

== Adverbs from Adjectives ==
Adjectives must have a -t suffix added to be used as adverbs. 

Min kone svimmer. Hon svimmer '''langsamt'''. = ''My wife is swimming. She’s swimming '''slowly'''.'' 

There are some exceptions to this rule. 

=== Adjectives already ending in '''-t.''' ===
These don’t need another '''-t''' to be used as an adverb. 

Han verderede tilstanden '''rett'''. = ''He appraised the situation '''correctly''''' 

=== Comparative adjectives ending in '''-ere'''. ===
These does not require a '''-t''' suffix to be used as adverbs. 

Ingen hest löper '''hastigere'''. = ''No horse runs '''more quickly'''.''
=== Present Participles used as an adverb ===
Adverbs from adjectives using the '''-ende''' present participle suffix do not required a '''-t''' suffix. 
Ditt forsök har sluted '''lovende'''. = ''Your experiment has concluded '''encouragingly'''.'' 
=== Past Participles used as Adverbs. ===
These end in '''-(e)t''' eg '''bedrövet''' = ''sadly''. '''Överdrivet''' = ''excessively''. 

This is the same as the supine. 

=== Adjectives ending -d ===
add '''-t''' also to make an adverb, e.g. '''vid''' ''(wide)''. '''vid''' /vi:d/ > '''vidt''' /vi:t/. The '''-d''' becomes silent here also.

SamSkandinavisk adjectives

2020-10-31T12:32:22Z

Parked71: /* Adjectives ending in -en */

Adjectives must agree with the noun for gender, number and definiteness.
Adjectives have two paradigms for declension -- an indefinite declension and a definite declension.
== Indefinite Paradigm: ==

=== Adjectives in the attributive position. ===
In the attributive and predicative position common gender nouns have no ending. 
Neuter gender nouns take a '''-t''' ending. 
Plural nouns take a '''-e''' ending. 

Neuter: Ett '''grönnt''' tre. = ''A '''green''' tree'' 

Common: En '''klok''' kvinne = ''A '''clever''' woman.'' 

Plural: '''Glade''' drömmer = '''''Happy''' dreams'' 

=== Adjectives in the predicative position. ===
In the predicative position, the adjective must agree with the gender and number of the noun it refers to. It does not however agree with the definite or indefinite status; The form of the adjective in the predicative position always takes the indefinite form. 

Neuter definite: Huset er '''stort'''. = ''The house is '''big'''.'' 

Neuter indefinite: Ett barn er '''sjukt'''. = ''A child is '''sick'''.'' 

Common definite: Jätten er '''vred''' = ''The giant is '''angry'''.'' 

Common indefinite: En bösse kunne väre '''farlig''' = ''A gun could be '''dangerous'''.'' 

Plural definite: Bilerne var '''billige'''. = ''The cars were '''cheap'''.'' 

Plural indefinite: Fisker er '''glatte'''. = ''Fish are '''slippery'''.'' 

== Definite Paradigm: ==
This is used when the noun has the definite article or certain other demonstrative pronouns and determiners.
When definite, all adjectives end in '''-e'''. 

Neuter Definite: Det '''store''' hus. = ''The '''big''' house.'' 

Common Definite: Den '''ömme''' ankel. = ''The '''sore''' ankle.'' 

Plural Definite: De '''skarpe''' sverd. = ''The '''sharp''' swords.'' 

== Comparative ==
Similar to other Germanic languages, the comparative is formed by adding '''-ere''' to the stem and the superlative is formed by adding '''-est''' or '''-este.''' 

The comparative ending is always '''-ere''' and doesn’t vary based on gender, number or definiteness. 

Dette barn var '''sjukere'''. = ''This child was '''sicker'''.'' 

'''Vredere''' jätter = '''''angrier''' giants.'' 

== Superlative ==
The superlative ending is –est or –este. This depends on gender, number and definiteness.
In the Indefinite Paradigm, the superlative ending is –est for singular neuter and singular common gender nouns. It is –este for plural nouns.
Singular Neuter Indefinite: ett barn er sjukest = a child is sickest
Singular Common Indefinite: en kvinne er klokest = a woman is smartest.
Plural Indefinite: skarpeste sverd = sharpest swords.
In the Definite Paradigm, the superlative ending is always –este.
Det störste hus = the biggest house
Den ömmeste ankel = the sorest ankle
De skarpeste sverd = the sharpest swords.
A minority of adjectives have irregular declensions, typically they change the stem-vowel by umlaut when forming the comparative and superlative.
For example stor (big); comparative större; superlative störst.
Some adjectives are further irregular and have totally different stems in the definite form or the plural form of when forming the comparative and superlative.
For example, with god (good) the comparative is bettre and the superlative is best.
Liten (little) is the most irregular adjective. Indefinite common singular = liten; indefinite neuter = litet, definite singular = lille; definite and indefinite plural = små ; comparative = mindre; superlative = minst
== Past participle of verbs used as adjectives ==
Verbs have a past participle which can be used as adjectives and they follow similar rules to other adjectives.
Weak Verbs:
Indefinite: The indefinite singular forms end in -(e)t, just like the supine form of the verb. eg tendet (lit, illuminated), aktiveret (enabled)
Indefinite Plural and Definite The indefinite plural and definite forms end in -(e)de, or -te These forms follow the form of the past tense of the verb. If the past tense ends in -(e)de , it will be -(e)de. If it ends in -te, it will be -te.
Tendede ljus = lit candles,
Det aktiverede forsvar = the enabled defense.
Strong Verbs:
eg skoren (cut). afbruten (cancelled)
Indefinite Singular:
The indefinite singular forms end in -en when used with common gender nouns
En skoren potate. = a sliced potato
En afbruten rekning. = a cancelled account.
With Neuter gender nouns, the indefinite singular ends in -et eg skoret, afbrutet -- this is the same as the supine of the verb.
Ett skoret eple. = a sliced apple.
Ett afbrutet forsök. = an interrupted experiment.
Indefinite plural and Definite:
The indefinite plural and definite forms end in -ene.
Skorene potater. = Sliced potatoes.
Den afbrutene rekning. = the cancelled account.
== Adjectives ending in -en ==
e.g. '''galen''' (crazy), '''open''' (open), '''rotten''' (rotten) 

These behave like past participles of strong verbs. (often these originally were) 
 
Indefinite common end in '''-en.''' 

En '''galen''' ape. = ''a '''crazy''' monkey'' 

En '''open''' dör. = ''an '''open''' door.'' 

En '''rotten''' potate. = ''a '''rotten''' potato.'' 

Indefinite Neuter end in '''-et''' 

Ett '''galet''' dyr. = ''a '''crazy''' animal.'' 

Ett '''opet''' vindöge. = ''an '''open''' window.'' 

Ett '''rottet''' eple. = ''a '''rotten''' apple.'' 
 

Indefinite plural and definite end in '''-ene.''' 

'''Galene''' dyr. = '''''crazy''' animals.'' 

Det '''opene''' vindöge. = ''the '''open''' window.'' 

De '''rottene''' potater. = ''the '''rotten''' potatoes.'' 
 
Adverbs end in '''-et''' 

Min bror log '''galet''' = ''my brother laughed '''insanely'''.'' 

Hans kone kunne ikke snakke '''opet''' om hans galenskap. = ''His wife couldn’t talk '''candidly''' about his insanity.'' 

De gammle eple osede '''rottet'''. = ''The old apples '''rottenly''' reeked.''

== Adjectives ending in -d ==
eg '''bred''' (wide) add '''-t''' for indefinite neuter e.g. '''bred''' /bre:d/ > '''bredt''' /bre:t/. The '''d''' becomes silent. 

Add '''-e''' as other words for indefinite plural and definite. eg '''brede'''

== Adverbs from Adjectives ==
Adjectives must have a -t suffix added to be used as adverbs. 

Min kone svimmer. Hon svimmer '''langsamt'''. = ''My wife is swimming. She’s swimming '''slowly'''.'' 

There are some exceptions to this rule. 

=== Adjectives already ending in '''-t.''' ===
These don’t need another '''-t''' to be used as an adverb. 

Han verderede tilstanden '''rett'''. = ''He appraised the situation '''correctly''''' 

=== Comparative adjectives ending in '''-ere'''. ===
These does not require a '''-t''' suffix to be used as adverbs. 

Ingen hest löper '''hastigere'''. = ''No horse runs '''more quickly'''.''
=== Present Participles used as an adverb ===
Adverbs from adjectives using the '''-ende''' present participle suffix do not required a '''-t''' suffix. 
Ditt forsök har sluted '''lovende'''. = ''Your experiment has concluded '''encouragingly'''.'' 
=== Past Participles used as Adverbs. ===
These end in '''-(e)t''' eg '''bedrövet''' = ''sadly''. '''Överdrivet''' = ''excessively''. 

This is the same as the supine. 

=== Adjectives ending -d ===
add '''-t''' also to make an adverb, e.g. '''vid''' ''(wide)''. '''vid''' /vi:d/ > '''vidt''' /vi:t/. The '''-d''' becomes silent here also.

SamSkandinavisk adjectives

2020-10-31T12:31:24Z

Parked71: /* Comparative */

Adjectives must agree with the noun for gender, number and definiteness.
Adjectives have two paradigms for declension -- an indefinite declension and a definite declension.
== Indefinite Paradigm: ==

=== Adjectives in the attributive position. ===
In the attributive and predicative position common gender nouns have no ending. 
Neuter gender nouns take a '''-t''' ending. 
Plural nouns take a '''-e''' ending. 

Neuter: Ett '''grönnt''' tre. = ''A '''green''' tree'' 

Common: En '''klok''' kvinne = ''A '''clever''' woman.'' 

Plural: '''Glade''' drömmer = '''''Happy''' dreams'' 

=== Adjectives in the predicative position. ===
In the predicative position, the adjective must agree with the gender and number of the noun it refers to. It does not however agree with the definite or indefinite status; The form of the adjective in the predicative position always takes the indefinite form. 

Neuter definite: Huset er '''stort'''. = ''The house is '''big'''.'' 

Neuter indefinite: Ett barn er '''sjukt'''. = ''A child is '''sick'''.'' 

Common definite: Jätten er '''vred''' = ''The giant is '''angry'''.'' 

Common indefinite: En bösse kunne väre '''farlig''' = ''A gun could be '''dangerous'''.'' 

Plural definite: Bilerne var '''billige'''. = ''The cars were '''cheap'''.'' 

Plural indefinite: Fisker er '''glatte'''. = ''Fish are '''slippery'''.'' 

== Definite Paradigm: ==
This is used when the noun has the definite article or certain other demonstrative pronouns and determiners.
When definite, all adjectives end in '''-e'''. 

Neuter Definite: Det '''store''' hus. = ''The '''big''' house.'' 

Common Definite: Den '''ömme''' ankel. = ''The '''sore''' ankle.'' 

Plural Definite: De '''skarpe''' sverd. = ''The '''sharp''' swords.'' 

== Comparative ==
Similar to other Germanic languages, the comparative is formed by adding '''-ere''' to the stem and the superlative is formed by adding '''-est''' or '''-este.''' 

The comparative ending is always '''-ere''' and doesn’t vary based on gender, number or definiteness. 

Dette barn var '''sjukere'''. = ''This child was '''sicker'''.'' 

'''Vredere''' jätter = '''''angrier''' giants.'' 

== Superlative ==
The superlative ending is –est or –este. This depends on gender, number and definiteness.
In the Indefinite Paradigm, the superlative ending is –est for singular neuter and singular common gender nouns. It is –este for plural nouns.
Singular Neuter Indefinite: ett barn er sjukest = a child is sickest
Singular Common Indefinite: en kvinne er klokest = a woman is smartest.
Plural Indefinite: skarpeste sverd = sharpest swords.
In the Definite Paradigm, the superlative ending is always –este.
Det störste hus = the biggest house
Den ömmeste ankel = the sorest ankle
De skarpeste sverd = the sharpest swords.
A minority of adjectives have irregular declensions, typically they change the stem-vowel by umlaut when forming the comparative and superlative.
For example stor (big); comparative större; superlative störst.
Some adjectives are further irregular and have totally different stems in the definite form or the plural form of when forming the comparative and superlative.
For example, with god (good) the comparative is bettre and the superlative is best.
Liten (little) is the most irregular adjective. Indefinite common singular = liten; indefinite neuter = litet, definite singular = lille; definite and indefinite plural = små ; comparative = mindre; superlative = minst
== Past participle of verbs used as adjectives ==
Verbs have a past participle which can be used as adjectives and they follow similar rules to other adjectives.
Weak Verbs:
Indefinite: The indefinite singular forms end in -(e)t, just like the supine form of the verb. eg tendet (lit, illuminated), aktiveret (enabled)
Indefinite Plural and Definite The indefinite plural and definite forms end in -(e)de, or -te These forms follow the form of the past tense of the verb. If the past tense ends in -(e)de , it will be -(e)de. If it ends in -te, it will be -te.
Tendede ljus = lit candles,
Det aktiverede forsvar = the enabled defense.
Strong Verbs:
eg skoren (cut). afbruten (cancelled)
Indefinite Singular:
The indefinite singular forms end in -en when used with common gender nouns
En skoren potate. = a sliced potato
En afbruten rekning. = a cancelled account.
With Neuter gender nouns, the indefinite singular ends in -et eg skoret, afbrutet -- this is the same as the supine of the verb.
Ett skoret eple. = a sliced apple.
Ett afbrutet forsök. = an interrupted experiment.
Indefinite plural and Definite:
The indefinite plural and definite forms end in -ene.
Skorene potater. = Sliced potatoes.
Den afbrutene rekning. = the cancelled account.
== Adjectives ending in -en ==
e.g. '''galen''' (crazy), '''open''' (open), '''rotten''' (rotten) 

These behave like past participles of strong verbs. (often these originally were) 
 

Indefinite common end in '''-en.''' 

En '''galen''' ape. = ''a '''crazy''' monkey'' 

En '''open''' dör. = ''an '''open''' door.'' 

En '''rotten''' potate. = ''a '''rotten''' potato.'' 

Indefinite Neuter end in '''-et''' 

Ett '''galet''' dyr. = ''a '''crazy''' animal.'' 

Ett '''opet''' vindöge. = ''an '''open''' window.'' 

Ett '''rottet''' eple. = ''a '''rotten''' apple.'' 
 

Indefinite plural and definite end in '''-ene.''' 

'''Galene''' dyr. = '''''crazy''' animals.'' 

Det '''opene''' vindöge. = ''the '''open''' window.'' 

De '''rottene''' potater. = ''the '''rotten''' potatoes.'' 
 

Adverbs end in '''-et''' 

Min bror log '''galet''' = ''my brother laughed '''insanely'''.'' 

Hans kone kunne ikke snakke '''opet''' om hans galenskap. = ''His wife couldn’t talk '''candidly''' about his insanity.'' 

De gammle eple osede '''rottet'''. = ''The old apples '''rottenly''' reeked.''

== Adjectives ending in -d ==
eg '''bred''' (wide) add '''-t''' for indefinite neuter e.g. '''bred''' /bre:d/ > '''bredt''' /bre:t/. The '''d''' becomes silent. 

Add '''-e''' as other words for indefinite plural and definite. eg '''brede'''

== Adverbs from Adjectives ==
Adjectives must have a -t suffix added to be used as adverbs. 

Min kone svimmer. Hon svimmer '''langsamt'''. = ''My wife is swimming. She’s swimming '''slowly'''.'' 

There are some exceptions to this rule. 

=== Adjectives already ending in '''-t.''' ===
These don’t need another '''-t''' to be used as an adverb. 

Han verderede tilstanden '''rett'''. = ''He appraised the situation '''correctly''''' 

=== Comparative adjectives ending in '''-ere'''. ===
These does not require a '''-t''' suffix to be used as adverbs. 

Ingen hest löper '''hastigere'''. = ''No horse runs '''more quickly'''.''
=== Present Participles used as an adverb ===
Adverbs from adjectives using the '''-ende''' present participle suffix do not required a '''-t''' suffix. 
Ditt forsök har sluted '''lovende'''. = ''Your experiment has concluded '''encouragingly'''.'' 
=== Past Participles used as Adverbs. ===
These end in '''-(e)t''' eg '''bedrövet''' = ''sadly''. '''Överdrivet''' = ''excessively''. 

This is the same as the supine. 

=== Adjectives ending -d ===
add '''-t''' also to make an adverb, e.g. '''vid''' ''(wide)''. '''vid''' /vi:d/ > '''vidt''' /vi:t/. The '''-d''' becomes silent here also.

SamSkandinavisk adjectives

2020-10-31T12:29:13Z

Parked71: /* Definite Paradigm: */

Adjectives must agree with the noun for gender, number and definiteness.
Adjectives have two paradigms for declension -- an indefinite declension and a definite declension.
== Indefinite Paradigm: ==

=== Adjectives in the attributive position. ===
In the attributive and predicative position common gender nouns have no ending. 
Neuter gender nouns take a '''-t''' ending. 
Plural nouns take a '''-e''' ending. 

Neuter: Ett '''grönnt''' tre. = ''A '''green''' tree'' 

Common: En '''klok''' kvinne = ''A '''clever''' woman.'' 

Plural: '''Glade''' drömmer = '''''Happy''' dreams'' 

=== Adjectives in the predicative position. ===
In the predicative position, the adjective must agree with the gender and number of the noun it refers to. It does not however agree with the definite or indefinite status; The form of the adjective in the predicative position always takes the indefinite form. 

Neuter definite: Huset er '''stort'''. = ''The house is '''big'''.'' 

Neuter indefinite: Ett barn er '''sjukt'''. = ''A child is '''sick'''.'' 

Common definite: Jätten er '''vred''' = ''The giant is '''angry'''.'' 

Common indefinite: En bösse kunne väre '''farlig''' = ''A gun could be '''dangerous'''.'' 

Plural definite: Bilerne var '''billige'''. = ''The cars were '''cheap'''.'' 

Plural indefinite: Fisker er '''glatte'''. = ''Fish are '''slippery'''.'' 

== Definite Paradigm: ==
This is used when the noun has the definite article or certain other demonstrative pronouns and determiners.
When definite, all adjectives end in '''-e'''. 

Neuter Definite: Det '''store''' hus. = ''The '''big''' house.'' 

Common Definite: Den '''ömme''' ankel. = ''The '''sore''' ankle.'' 

Plural Definite: De '''skarpe''' sverd. = ''The '''sharp''' swords.'' 

== Comparative ==
Similar to other Germanic languages, the comparative is formed by adding -ere to the stem and the superlative is formed by adding -est or -este.
The comparative ending is always -ere and doesn’t vary based on gender, number or definiteness.
Dette barn var sjukere. = This child was sicker.
Vredere jätter = angrier giants.
== Superlative ==
The superlative ending is –est or –este. This depends on gender, number and definiteness.
In the Indefinite Paradigm, the superlative ending is –est for singular neuter and singular common gender nouns. It is –este for plural nouns.
Singular Neuter Indefinite: ett barn er sjukest = a child is sickest
Singular Common Indefinite: en kvinne er klokest = a woman is smartest.
Plural Indefinite: skarpeste sverd = sharpest swords.
In the Definite Paradigm, the superlative ending is always –este.
Det störste hus = the biggest house
Den ömmeste ankel = the sorest ankle
De skarpeste sverd = the sharpest swords.
A minority of adjectives have irregular declensions, typically they change the stem-vowel by umlaut when forming the comparative and superlative.
For example stor (big); comparative större; superlative störst.
Some adjectives are further irregular and have totally different stems in the definite form or the plural form of when forming the comparative and superlative.
For example, with god (good) the comparative is bettre and the superlative is best.
Liten (little) is the most irregular adjective. Indefinite common singular = liten; indefinite neuter = litet, definite singular = lille; definite and indefinite plural = små ; comparative = mindre; superlative = minst
== Past participle of verbs used as adjectives ==
Verbs have a past participle which can be used as adjectives and they follow similar rules to other adjectives.
Weak Verbs:
Indefinite: The indefinite singular forms end in -(e)t, just like the supine form of the verb. eg tendet (lit, illuminated), aktiveret (enabled)
Indefinite Plural and Definite The indefinite plural and definite forms end in -(e)de, or -te These forms follow the form of the past tense of the verb. If the past tense ends in -(e)de , it will be -(e)de. If it ends in -te, it will be -te.
Tendede ljus = lit candles,
Det aktiverede forsvar = the enabled defense.
Strong Verbs:
eg skoren (cut). afbruten (cancelled)
Indefinite Singular:
The indefinite singular forms end in -en when used with common gender nouns
En skoren potate. = a sliced potato
En afbruten rekning. = a cancelled account.
With Neuter gender nouns, the indefinite singular ends in -et eg skoret, afbrutet -- this is the same as the supine of the verb.
Ett skoret eple. = a sliced apple.
Ett afbrutet forsök. = an interrupted experiment.
Indefinite plural and Definite:
The indefinite plural and definite forms end in -ene.
Skorene potater. = Sliced potatoes.
Den afbrutene rekning. = the cancelled account.
== Adjectives ending in -en ==
e.g. '''galen''' (crazy), '''open''' (open), '''rotten''' (rotten) 

These behave like past participles of strong verbs. (often these originally were) 
 

Indefinite common end in '''-en.''' 

En '''galen''' ape. = ''a '''crazy''' monkey'' 

En '''open''' dör. = ''an '''open''' door.'' 

En '''rotten''' potate. = ''a '''rotten''' potato.'' 

Indefinite Neuter end in '''-et''' 

Ett '''galet''' dyr. = ''a '''crazy''' animal.'' 

Ett '''opet''' vindöge. = ''an '''open''' window.'' 

Ett '''rottet''' eple. = ''a '''rotten''' apple.'' 
 

Indefinite plural and definite end in '''-ene.''' 

'''Galene''' dyr. = '''''crazy''' animals.'' 

Det '''opene''' vindöge. = ''the '''open''' window.'' 

De '''rottene''' potater. = ''the '''rotten''' potatoes.'' 
 

Adverbs end in '''-et''' 

Min bror log '''galet''' = ''my brother laughed '''insanely'''.'' 

Hans kone kunne ikke snakke '''opet''' om hans galenskap. = ''His wife couldn’t talk '''candidly''' about his insanity.'' 

De gammle eple osede '''rottet'''. = ''The old apples '''rottenly''' reeked.''

== Adjectives ending in -d ==
eg '''bred''' (wide) add '''-t''' for indefinite neuter e.g. '''bred''' /bre:d/ > '''bredt''' /bre:t/. The '''d''' becomes silent. 

Add '''-e''' as other words for indefinite plural and definite. eg '''brede'''

== Adverbs from Adjectives ==
Adjectives must have a -t suffix added to be used as adverbs. 

Min kone svimmer. Hon svimmer '''langsamt'''. = ''My wife is swimming. She’s swimming '''slowly'''.'' 

There are some exceptions to this rule. 

=== Adjectives already ending in '''-t.''' ===
These don’t need another '''-t''' to be used as an adverb. 

Han verderede tilstanden '''rett'''. = ''He appraised the situation '''correctly''''' 

=== Comparative adjectives ending in '''-ere'''. ===
These does not require a '''-t''' suffix to be used as adverbs. 

Ingen hest löper '''hastigere'''. = ''No horse runs '''more quickly'''.''
=== Present Participles used as an adverb ===
Adverbs from adjectives using the '''-ende''' present participle suffix do not required a '''-t''' suffix. 
Ditt forsök har sluted '''lovende'''. = ''Your experiment has concluded '''encouragingly'''.'' 
=== Past Participles used as Adverbs. ===
These end in '''-(e)t''' eg '''bedrövet''' = ''sadly''. '''Överdrivet''' = ''excessively''. 

This is the same as the supine. 

=== Adjectives ending -d ===
add '''-t''' also to make an adverb, e.g. '''vid''' ''(wide)''. '''vid''' /vi:d/ > '''vidt''' /vi:t/. The '''-d''' becomes silent here also.

SamSkandinavisk adjectives

2020-10-30T11:35:37Z

Parked71: /* Adverbs from Adjectives */

Adjectives must agree with the noun for gender, number and definiteness.
Adjectives have two paradigms for declension -- an indefinite declension and a definite declension.
== Indefinite Paradigm: ==

=== Adjectives in the attributive position. ===
In the attributive and predicative position common gender nouns have no ending. 
Neuter gender nouns take a '''-t''' ending. 
Plural nouns take a '''-e''' ending. 

Neuter: Ett '''grönnt''' tre. = ''A '''green''' tree'' 

Common: En '''klok''' kvinne = ''A '''clever''' woman.'' 

Plural: '''Glade''' drömmer = '''''Happy''' dreams'' 

=== Adjectives in the predicative position. ===
In the predicative position, the adjective must agree with the gender and number of the noun it refers to. It does not however agree with the definite or indefinite status; The form of the adjective in the predicative position always takes the indefinite form. 

Neuter definite: Huset er '''stort'''. = ''The house is '''big'''.'' 

Neuter indefinite: Ett barn er '''sjukt'''. = ''A child is '''sick'''.'' 

Common definite: Jätten er '''vred''' = ''The giant is '''angry'''.'' 

Common indefinite: En bösse kunne väre '''farlig''' = ''A gun could be '''dangerous'''.'' 

Plural definite: Bilerne var '''billige'''. = ''The cars were '''cheap'''.'' 

Plural indefinite: Fisker er '''glatte'''. = ''Fish are '''slippery'''.'' 

== Definite Paradigm: ==
This is used when the noun has the definite article or certain other demonstrative pronouns and determiners.
When definite, all adjectives end in -e.
Neuter Definite: Det store hus. = The big house
Common Definite: Den ömme ankel. = The sore ankle.
Plural Definite: De skarpe sverd. = The sharp swords.
== Comparative ==
Similar to other Germanic languages, the comparative is formed by adding -ere to the stem and the superlative is formed by adding -est or -este.
The comparative ending is always -ere and doesn’t vary based on gender, number or definiteness.
Dette barn var sjukere. = This child was sicker.
Vredere jätter = angrier giants.
== Superlative ==
The superlative ending is –est or –este. This depends on gender, number and definiteness.
In the Indefinite Paradigm, the superlative ending is –est for singular neuter and singular common gender nouns. It is –este for plural nouns.
Singular Neuter Indefinite: ett barn er sjukest = a child is sickest
Singular Common Indefinite: en kvinne er klokest = a woman is smartest.
Plural Indefinite: skarpeste sverd = sharpest swords.
In the Definite Paradigm, the superlative ending is always –este.
Det störste hus = the biggest house
Den ömmeste ankel = the sorest ankle
De skarpeste sverd = the sharpest swords.
A minority of adjectives have irregular declensions, typically they change the stem-vowel by umlaut when forming the comparative and superlative.
For example stor (big); comparative större; superlative störst.
Some adjectives are further irregular and have totally different stems in the definite form or the plural form of when forming the comparative and superlative.
For example, with god (good) the comparative is bettre and the superlative is best.
Liten (little) is the most irregular adjective. Indefinite common singular = liten; indefinite neuter = litet, definite singular = lille; definite and indefinite plural = små ; comparative = mindre; superlative = minst
== Past participle of verbs used as adjectives ==
Verbs have a past participle which can be used as adjectives and they follow similar rules to other adjectives.
Weak Verbs:
Indefinite: The indefinite singular forms end in -(e)t, just like the supine form of the verb. eg tendet (lit, illuminated), aktiveret (enabled)
Indefinite Plural and Definite The indefinite plural and definite forms end in -(e)de, or -te These forms follow the form of the past tense of the verb. If the past tense ends in -(e)de , it will be -(e)de. If it ends in -te, it will be -te.
Tendede ljus = lit candles,
Det aktiverede forsvar = the enabled defense.
Strong Verbs:
eg skoren (cut). afbruten (cancelled)
Indefinite Singular:
The indefinite singular forms end in -en when used with common gender nouns
En skoren potate. = a sliced potato
En afbruten rekning. = a cancelled account.
With Neuter gender nouns, the indefinite singular ends in -et eg skoret, afbrutet -- this is the same as the supine of the verb.
Ett skoret eple. = a sliced apple.
Ett afbrutet forsök. = an interrupted experiment.
Indefinite plural and Definite:
The indefinite plural and definite forms end in -ene.
Skorene potater. = Sliced potatoes.
Den afbrutene rekning. = the cancelled account.
== Adjectives ending in -en ==
e.g. '''galen''' (crazy), '''open''' (open), '''rotten''' (rotten) 

These behave like past participles of strong verbs. (often these originally were) 
 

Indefinite common end in '''-en.''' 

En '''galen''' ape. = ''a '''crazy''' monkey'' 

En '''open''' dör. = ''an '''open''' door.'' 

En '''rotten''' potate. = ''a '''rotten''' potato.'' 

Indefinite Neuter end in '''-et''' 

Ett '''galet''' dyr. = ''a '''crazy''' animal.'' 

Ett '''opet''' vindöge. = ''an '''open''' window.'' 

Ett '''rottet''' eple. = ''a '''rotten''' apple.'' 
 

Indefinite plural and definite end in '''-ene.''' 

'''Galene''' dyr. = '''''crazy''' animals.'' 

Det '''opene''' vindöge. = ''the '''open''' window.'' 

De '''rottene''' potater. = ''the '''rotten''' potatoes.'' 
 

Adverbs end in '''-et''' 

Min bror log '''galet''' = ''my brother laughed '''insanely'''.'' 

Hans kone kunne ikke snakke '''opet''' om hans galenskap. = ''His wife couldn’t talk '''candidly''' about his insanity.'' 

De gammle eple osede '''rottet'''. = ''The old apples '''rottenly''' reeked.''

== Adjectives ending in -d ==
eg '''bred''' (wide) add '''-t''' for indefinite neuter e.g. '''bred''' /bre:d/ > '''bredt''' /bre:t/. The '''d''' becomes silent. 

Add '''-e''' as other words for indefinite plural and definite. eg '''brede'''

== Adverbs from Adjectives ==
Adjectives must have a -t suffix added to be used as adverbs. 

Min kone svimmer. Hon svimmer '''langsamt'''. = ''My wife is swimming. She’s swimming '''slowly'''.'' 

There are some exceptions to this rule. 

=== Adjectives already ending in '''-t.''' ===
These don’t need another '''-t''' to be used as an adverb. 

Han verderede tilstanden '''rett'''. = ''He appraised the situation '''correctly''''' 

=== Comparative adjectives ending in '''-ere'''. ===
These does not require a '''-t''' suffix to be used as adverbs. 

Ingen hest löper '''hastigere'''. = ''No horse runs '''more quickly'''.''
=== Present Participles used as an adverb ===
Adverbs from adjectives using the '''-ende''' present participle suffix do not required a '''-t''' suffix. 
Ditt forsök har sluted '''lovende'''. = ''Your experiment has concluded '''encouragingly'''.'' 
=== Past Participles used as Adverbs. ===
These end in '''-(e)t''' eg '''bedrövet''' = ''sadly''. '''Överdrivet''' = ''excessively''. 

This is the same as the supine. 

=== Adjectives ending -d ===
add '''-t''' also to make an adverb, e.g. '''vid''' ''(wide)''. '''vid''' /vi:d/ > '''vidt''' /vi:t/. The '''-d''' becomes silent here also.

SamSkandinavisk adjectives

2020-10-30T11:27:17Z

Parked71: /* Adverbs from Adjectives */

Adjectives must agree with the noun for gender, number and definiteness.
Adjectives have two paradigms for declension -- an indefinite declension and a definite declension.
== Indefinite Paradigm: ==

=== Adjectives in the attributive position. ===
In the attributive and predicative position common gender nouns have no ending. 
Neuter gender nouns take a '''-t''' ending. 
Plural nouns take a '''-e''' ending. 

Neuter: Ett '''grönnt''' tre. = ''A '''green''' tree'' 

Common: En '''klok''' kvinne = ''A '''clever''' woman.'' 

Plural: '''Glade''' drömmer = '''''Happy''' dreams'' 

=== Adjectives in the predicative position. ===
In the predicative position, the adjective must agree with the gender and number of the noun it refers to. It does not however agree with the definite or indefinite status; The form of the adjective in the predicative position always takes the indefinite form. 

Neuter definite: Huset er '''stort'''. = ''The house is '''big'''.'' 

Neuter indefinite: Ett barn er '''sjukt'''. = ''A child is '''sick'''.'' 

Common definite: Jätten er '''vred''' = ''The giant is '''angry'''.'' 

Common indefinite: En bösse kunne väre '''farlig''' = ''A gun could be '''dangerous'''.'' 

Plural definite: Bilerne var '''billige'''. = ''The cars were '''cheap'''.'' 

Plural indefinite: Fisker er '''glatte'''. = ''Fish are '''slippery'''.'' 

== Definite Paradigm: ==
This is used when the noun has the definite article or certain other demonstrative pronouns and determiners.
When definite, all adjectives end in -e.
Neuter Definite: Det store hus. = The big house
Common Definite: Den ömme ankel. = The sore ankle.
Plural Definite: De skarpe sverd. = The sharp swords.
== Comparative ==
Similar to other Germanic languages, the comparative is formed by adding -ere to the stem and the superlative is formed by adding -est or -este.
The comparative ending is always -ere and doesn’t vary based on gender, number or definiteness.
Dette barn var sjukere. = This child was sicker.
Vredere jätter = angrier giants.
== Superlative ==
The superlative ending is –est or –este. This depends on gender, number and definiteness.
In the Indefinite Paradigm, the superlative ending is –est for singular neuter and singular common gender nouns. It is –este for plural nouns.
Singular Neuter Indefinite: ett barn er sjukest = a child is sickest
Singular Common Indefinite: en kvinne er klokest = a woman is smartest.
Plural Indefinite: skarpeste sverd = sharpest swords.
In the Definite Paradigm, the superlative ending is always –este.
Det störste hus = the biggest house
Den ömmeste ankel = the sorest ankle
De skarpeste sverd = the sharpest swords.
A minority of adjectives have irregular declensions, typically they change the stem-vowel by umlaut when forming the comparative and superlative.
For example stor (big); comparative större; superlative störst.
Some adjectives are further irregular and have totally different stems in the definite form or the plural form of when forming the comparative and superlative.
For example, with god (good) the comparative is bettre and the superlative is best.
Liten (little) is the most irregular adjective. Indefinite common singular = liten; indefinite neuter = litet, definite singular = lille; definite and indefinite plural = små ; comparative = mindre; superlative = minst
== Past participle of verbs used as adjectives ==
Verbs have a past participle which can be used as adjectives and they follow similar rules to other adjectives.
Weak Verbs:
Indefinite: The indefinite singular forms end in -(e)t, just like the supine form of the verb. eg tendet (lit, illuminated), aktiveret (enabled)
Indefinite Plural and Definite The indefinite plural and definite forms end in -(e)de, or -te These forms follow the form of the past tense of the verb. If the past tense ends in -(e)de , it will be -(e)de. If it ends in -te, it will be -te.
Tendede ljus = lit candles,
Det aktiverede forsvar = the enabled defense.
Strong Verbs:
eg skoren (cut). afbruten (cancelled)
Indefinite Singular:
The indefinite singular forms end in -en when used with common gender nouns
En skoren potate. = a sliced potato
En afbruten rekning. = a cancelled account.
With Neuter gender nouns, the indefinite singular ends in -et eg skoret, afbrutet -- this is the same as the supine of the verb.
Ett skoret eple. = a sliced apple.
Ett afbrutet forsök. = an interrupted experiment.
Indefinite plural and Definite:
The indefinite plural and definite forms end in -ene.
Skorene potater. = Sliced potatoes.
Den afbrutene rekning. = the cancelled account.
== Adjectives ending in -en ==
e.g. '''galen''' (crazy), '''open''' (open), '''rotten''' (rotten) 

These behave like past participles of strong verbs. (often these originally were) 
 

Indefinite common end in '''-en.''' 

En '''galen''' ape. = ''a '''crazy''' monkey'' 

En '''open''' dör. = ''an '''open''' door.'' 

En '''rotten''' potate. = ''a '''rotten''' potato.'' 

Indefinite Neuter end in '''-et''' 

Ett '''galet''' dyr. = ''a '''crazy''' animal.'' 

Ett '''opet''' vindöge. = ''an '''open''' window.'' 

Ett '''rottet''' eple. = ''a '''rotten''' apple.'' 
 

Indefinite plural and definite end in '''-ene.''' 

'''Galene''' dyr. = '''''crazy''' animals.'' 

Det '''opene''' vindöge. = ''the '''open''' window.'' 

De '''rottene''' potater. = ''the '''rotten''' potatoes.'' 
 

Adverbs end in '''-et''' 

Min bror log '''galet''' = ''my brother laughed '''insanely'''.'' 

Hans kone kunne ikke snakke '''opet''' om hans galenskap. = ''His wife couldn’t talk '''candidly''' about his insanity.'' 

De gammle eple osede '''rottet'''. = ''The old apples '''rottenly''' reeked.''

== Adjectives ending in -d ==
eg '''bred''' (wide) add '''-t''' for indefinite neuter e.g. '''bred''' /bre:d/ > '''bredt''' /bre:t/. The '''d''' becomes silent. 

Add '''-e''' as other words for indefinite plural and definite. eg '''brede'''

== Adverbs from Adjectives ==
Adjectives must have a -t suffix added to be used as adverbs. 

Min kone svimmer. Hon svimmer '''langsamt'''. = ''My wife is swimming. She’s swimming '''slowly'''.'' 

There are some exceptions to this rule. 

=== Adjectives already ending in '''-t.''' ===
These don’t need another '''-t''' to be used as an adverb. 

Han verderede tilstanden '''rett'''. = ''He appraised the situation '''correctly''''' 

=== Comparative adjectives ending in '''-ere'''. ===
These does not require a '''-t''' suffix to be used as adverbs. 

Ingen hest löper '''hastigere'''. = ''No horse runs '''more quickly'''.''
=== Present Participles used as an adverb ===
Adverbs from adjectives using the '''-ende''' present participle suffix do not required a '''-t''' suffix. 

Ditt forsök har sluted lovende. = Your experiment has concluded encouragingly.
Past Participles used as Adverbs.
End in -(e)t eg bedrövet = sadly. Överdrivet = excessively.
This is the same as the supine.
Adjectives ending -d
add -t also to make an adverb, e.g. vid (wide). vid /vi:d/ > vidt /vi:t/. The d becomes silent here also.

SamSkandinavisk adjectives

2020-10-30T11:23:48Z

Parked71: /* Adverbs from Adjectives */

Adjectives must agree with the noun for gender, number and definiteness.
Adjectives have two paradigms for declension -- an indefinite declension and a definite declension.
== Indefinite Paradigm: ==

=== Adjectives in the attributive position. ===
In the attributive and predicative position common gender nouns have no ending. 
Neuter gender nouns take a '''-t''' ending. 
Plural nouns take a '''-e''' ending. 

Neuter: Ett '''grönnt''' tre. = ''A '''green''' tree'' 

Common: En '''klok''' kvinne = ''A '''clever''' woman.'' 

Plural: '''Glade''' drömmer = '''''Happy''' dreams'' 

=== Adjectives in the predicative position. ===
In the predicative position, the adjective must agree with the gender and number of the noun it refers to. It does not however agree with the definite or indefinite status; The form of the adjective in the predicative position always takes the indefinite form. 

Neuter definite: Huset er '''stort'''. = ''The house is '''big'''.'' 

Neuter indefinite: Ett barn er '''sjukt'''. = ''A child is '''sick'''.'' 

Common definite: Jätten er '''vred''' = ''The giant is '''angry'''.'' 

Common indefinite: En bösse kunne väre '''farlig''' = ''A gun could be '''dangerous'''.'' 

Plural definite: Bilerne var '''billige'''. = ''The cars were '''cheap'''.'' 

Plural indefinite: Fisker er '''glatte'''. = ''Fish are '''slippery'''.'' 

== Definite Paradigm: ==
This is used when the noun has the definite article or certain other demonstrative pronouns and determiners.
When definite, all adjectives end in -e.
Neuter Definite: Det store hus. = The big house
Common Definite: Den ömme ankel. = The sore ankle.
Plural Definite: De skarpe sverd. = The sharp swords.
== Comparative ==
Similar to other Germanic languages, the comparative is formed by adding -ere to the stem and the superlative is formed by adding -est or -este.
The comparative ending is always -ere and doesn’t vary based on gender, number or definiteness.
Dette barn var sjukere. = This child was sicker.
Vredere jätter = angrier giants.
== Superlative ==
The superlative ending is –est or –este. This depends on gender, number and definiteness.
In the Indefinite Paradigm, the superlative ending is –est for singular neuter and singular common gender nouns. It is –este for plural nouns.
Singular Neuter Indefinite: ett barn er sjukest = a child is sickest
Singular Common Indefinite: en kvinne er klokest = a woman is smartest.
Plural Indefinite: skarpeste sverd = sharpest swords.
In the Definite Paradigm, the superlative ending is always –este.
Det störste hus = the biggest house
Den ömmeste ankel = the sorest ankle
De skarpeste sverd = the sharpest swords.
A minority of adjectives have irregular declensions, typically they change the stem-vowel by umlaut when forming the comparative and superlative.
For example stor (big); comparative större; superlative störst.
Some adjectives are further irregular and have totally different stems in the definite form or the plural form of when forming the comparative and superlative.
For example, with god (good) the comparative is bettre and the superlative is best.
Liten (little) is the most irregular adjective. Indefinite common singular = liten; indefinite neuter = litet, definite singular = lille; definite and indefinite plural = små ; comparative = mindre; superlative = minst
== Past participle of verbs used as adjectives ==
Verbs have a past participle which can be used as adjectives and they follow similar rules to other adjectives.
Weak Verbs:
Indefinite: The indefinite singular forms end in -(e)t, just like the supine form of the verb. eg tendet (lit, illuminated), aktiveret (enabled)
Indefinite Plural and Definite The indefinite plural and definite forms end in -(e)de, or -te These forms follow the form of the past tense of the verb. If the past tense ends in -(e)de , it will be -(e)de. If it ends in -te, it will be -te.
Tendede ljus = lit candles,
Det aktiverede forsvar = the enabled defense.
Strong Verbs:
eg skoren (cut). afbruten (cancelled)
Indefinite Singular:
The indefinite singular forms end in -en when used with common gender nouns
En skoren potate. = a sliced potato
En afbruten rekning. = a cancelled account.
With Neuter gender nouns, the indefinite singular ends in -et eg skoret, afbrutet -- this is the same as the supine of the verb.
Ett skoret eple. = a sliced apple.
Ett afbrutet forsök. = an interrupted experiment.
Indefinite plural and Definite:
The indefinite plural and definite forms end in -ene.
Skorene potater. = Sliced potatoes.
Den afbrutene rekning. = the cancelled account.
== Adjectives ending in -en ==
e.g. '''galen''' (crazy), '''open''' (open), '''rotten''' (rotten) 

These behave like past participles of strong verbs. (often these originally were) 
 

Indefinite common end in '''-en.''' 

En '''galen''' ape. = ''a '''crazy''' monkey'' 

En '''open''' dör. = ''an '''open''' door.'' 

En '''rotten''' potate. = ''a '''rotten''' potato.'' 

Indefinite Neuter end in '''-et''' 

Ett '''galet''' dyr. = ''a '''crazy''' animal.'' 

Ett '''opet''' vindöge. = ''an '''open''' window.'' 

Ett '''rottet''' eple. = ''a '''rotten''' apple.'' 
 

Indefinite plural and definite end in '''-ene.''' 

'''Galene''' dyr. = '''''crazy''' animals.'' 

Det '''opene''' vindöge. = ''the '''open''' window.'' 

De '''rottene''' potater. = ''the '''rotten''' potatoes.'' 
 

Adverbs end in '''-et''' 

Min bror log '''galet''' = ''my brother laughed '''insanely'''.'' 

Hans kone kunne ikke snakke '''opet''' om hans galenskap. = ''His wife couldn’t talk '''candidly''' about his insanity.'' 

De gammle eple osede '''rottet'''. = ''The old apples '''rottenly''' reeked.''

== Adjectives ending in -d ==
eg '''bred''' (wide) add '''-t''' for indefinite neuter e.g. '''bred''' /bre:d/ > '''bredt''' /bre:t/. The '''d''' becomes silent. 

Add '''-e''' as other words for indefinite plural and definite. eg '''brede'''

== Adverbs from Adjectives ==
Adjectives must have a -t suffix added to be used as adverbs. 

Min kone svimmer. Hon svimmer '''langsamt'''. = ''My wife is swimming. She’s swimming '''slowly'''.'' 

There are some exceptions to this rule. 

=== Adjectives already ending in '''-t.''' ===
These don’t need another '''-t''' to be used as an adverb. 

Han verderede tilstanden '''rett'''. = ''He appraised the situation '''correctly''''' 
 

Comparative adjectives ending in '''-ere'''. These does not require a '''-t''' suffix to be used as adverbs.
Ingen hest löper hastigere. = No horse runs more quickly.
Present Participles used as an adverb do not required a -t suffix.
Ditt forsök har sluted lovende. = Your experiment has concluded encouragingly.
Past Participles used as Adverbs.
End in -(e)t eg bedrövet = sadly. Överdrivet = excessively.
This is the same as the supine.
Adjectives ending -d
add -t also to make an adverb, e.g. vid (wide). vid /vi:d/ > vidt /vi:t/. The d becomes silent here also.

SamSkandinavisk adjectives

2020-10-30T04:40:14Z

Parked71: /* Adjectives ending in -en */

Adjectives must agree with the noun for gender, number and definiteness.
Adjectives have two paradigms for declension -- an indefinite declension and a definite declension.
== Indefinite Paradigm: ==

=== Adjectives in the attributive position. ===
In the attributive and predicative position common gender nouns have no ending. 
Neuter gender nouns take a '''-t''' ending. 
Plural nouns take a '''-e''' ending. 

Neuter: Ett '''grönnt''' tre. = ''A '''green''' tree'' 

Common: En '''klok''' kvinne = ''A '''clever''' woman.'' 

Plural: '''Glade''' drömmer = '''''Happy''' dreams'' 

=== Adjectives in the predicative position. ===
In the predicative position, the adjective must agree with the gender and number of the noun it refers to. It does not however agree with the definite or indefinite status; The form of the adjective in the predicative position always takes the indefinite form. 

Neuter definite: Huset er '''stort'''. = ''The house is '''big'''.'' 

Neuter indefinite: Ett barn er '''sjukt'''. = ''A child is '''sick'''.'' 

Common definite: Jätten er '''vred''' = ''The giant is '''angry'''.'' 

Common indefinite: En bösse kunne väre '''farlig''' = ''A gun could be '''dangerous'''.'' 

Plural definite: Bilerne var '''billige'''. = ''The cars were '''cheap'''.'' 

Plural indefinite: Fisker er '''glatte'''. = ''Fish are '''slippery'''.'' 

== Definite Paradigm: ==
This is used when the noun has the definite article or certain other demonstrative pronouns and determiners.
When definite, all adjectives end in -e.
Neuter Definite: Det store hus. = The big house
Common Definite: Den ömme ankel. = The sore ankle.
Plural Definite: De skarpe sverd. = The sharp swords.
== Comparative ==
Similar to other Germanic languages, the comparative is formed by adding -ere to the stem and the superlative is formed by adding -est or -este.
The comparative ending is always -ere and doesn’t vary based on gender, number or definiteness.
Dette barn var sjukere. = This child was sicker.
Vredere jätter = angrier giants.
== Superlative ==
The superlative ending is –est or –este. This depends on gender, number and definiteness.
In the Indefinite Paradigm, the superlative ending is –est for singular neuter and singular common gender nouns. It is –este for plural nouns.
Singular Neuter Indefinite: ett barn er sjukest = a child is sickest
Singular Common Indefinite: en kvinne er klokest = a woman is smartest.
Plural Indefinite: skarpeste sverd = sharpest swords.
In the Definite Paradigm, the superlative ending is always –este.
Det störste hus = the biggest house
Den ömmeste ankel = the sorest ankle
De skarpeste sverd = the sharpest swords.
A minority of adjectives have irregular declensions, typically they change the stem-vowel by umlaut when forming the comparative and superlative.
For example stor (big); comparative större; superlative störst.
Some adjectives are further irregular and have totally different stems in the definite form or the plural form of when forming the comparative and superlative.
For example, with god (good) the comparative is bettre and the superlative is best.
Liten (little) is the most irregular adjective. Indefinite common singular = liten; indefinite neuter = litet, definite singular = lille; definite and indefinite plural = små ; comparative = mindre; superlative = minst
== Past participle of verbs used as adjectives ==
Verbs have a past participle which can be used as adjectives and they follow similar rules to other adjectives.
Weak Verbs:
Indefinite: The indefinite singular forms end in -(e)t, just like the supine form of the verb. eg tendet (lit, illuminated), aktiveret (enabled)
Indefinite Plural and Definite The indefinite plural and definite forms end in -(e)de, or -te These forms follow the form of the past tense of the verb. If the past tense ends in -(e)de , it will be -(e)de. If it ends in -te, it will be -te.
Tendede ljus = lit candles,
Det aktiverede forsvar = the enabled defense.
Strong Verbs:
eg skoren (cut). afbruten (cancelled)
Indefinite Singular:
The indefinite singular forms end in -en when used with common gender nouns
En skoren potate. = a sliced potato
En afbruten rekning. = a cancelled account.
With Neuter gender nouns, the indefinite singular ends in -et eg skoret, afbrutet -- this is the same as the supine of the verb.
Ett skoret eple. = a sliced apple.
Ett afbrutet forsök. = an interrupted experiment.
Indefinite plural and Definite:
The indefinite plural and definite forms end in -ene.
Skorene potater. = Sliced potatoes.
Den afbrutene rekning. = the cancelled account.
== Adjectives ending in -en ==
e.g. '''galen''' (crazy), '''open''' (open), '''rotten''' (rotten) 

These behave like past participles of strong verbs. (often these originally were) 
 

Indefinite common end in '''-en.''' 

En '''galen''' ape. = ''a '''crazy''' monkey'' 

En '''open''' dör. = ''an '''open''' door.'' 

En '''rotten''' potate. = ''a '''rotten''' potato.'' 

Indefinite Neuter end in '''-et''' 

Ett '''galet''' dyr. = ''a '''crazy''' animal.'' 

Ett '''opet''' vindöge. = ''an '''open''' window.'' 

Ett '''rottet''' eple. = ''a '''rotten''' apple.'' 
 

Indefinite plural and definite end in '''-ene.''' 

'''Galene''' dyr. = '''''crazy''' animals.'' 

Det '''opene''' vindöge. = ''the '''open''' window.'' 

De '''rottene''' potater. = ''the '''rotten''' potatoes.'' 
 

Adverbs end in '''-et''' 

Min bror log '''galet''' = ''my brother laughed '''insanely'''.'' 

Hans kone kunne ikke snakke '''opet''' om hans galenskap. = ''His wife couldn’t talk '''candidly''' about his insanity.'' 

De gammle eple osede '''rottet'''. = ''The old apples '''rottenly''' reeked.''

== Adjectives ending in -d ==
eg '''bred''' (wide) add '''-t''' for indefinite neuter e.g. '''bred''' /bre:d/ > '''bredt''' /bre:t/. The '''d''' becomes silent. 

Add '''-e''' as other words for indefinite plural and definite. eg '''brede'''

== Adverbs from Adjectives ==
Adjectives must have a -t suffix added to be used as adverbs.
Min kone svimmer. Hon svimmer langsamt. = My wife is swimming. She’s swimming slowly.
There are some exceptions to this rule.
Adjectives already ending in -t. These don’t need another -t to be used as an adverb
Han verderede tilstanden rett. = He appraised the situation correctly
Comparative adjectives ending in -ere. These does not require a -t suffix to be used as adverbs.
Ingen hest löper hastigere. = No horse runs more quickly.
Present Participles used as an adverb do not required a -t suffix.
Ditt forsök har sluted lovende. = Your experiment has concluded encouragingly.
Past Participles used as Adverbs.
End in -(e)t eg bedrövet = sadly. Överdrivet = excessively.
This is the same as the supine.
Adjectives ending -d
add -t also to make an adverb, e.g. vid (wide). vid /vi:d/ > vidt /vi:t/. The d becomes silent here also.

SamSkandinavisk adjectives

2020-10-30T04:39:41Z

Parked71: /* Adjectives ending in -en */

Adjectives must agree with the noun for gender, number and definiteness.
Adjectives have two paradigms for declension -- an indefinite declension and a definite declension.
== Indefinite Paradigm: ==

=== Adjectives in the attributive position. ===
In the attributive and predicative position common gender nouns have no ending. 
Neuter gender nouns take a '''-t''' ending. 
Plural nouns take a '''-e''' ending. 

Neuter: Ett '''grönnt''' tre. = ''A '''green''' tree'' 

Common: En '''klok''' kvinne = ''A '''clever''' woman.'' 

Plural: '''Glade''' drömmer = '''''Happy''' dreams'' 

=== Adjectives in the predicative position. ===
In the predicative position, the adjective must agree with the gender and number of the noun it refers to. It does not however agree with the definite or indefinite status; The form of the adjective in the predicative position always takes the indefinite form. 

Neuter definite: Huset er '''stort'''. = ''The house is '''big'''.'' 

Neuter indefinite: Ett barn er '''sjukt'''. = ''A child is '''sick'''.'' 

Common definite: Jätten er '''vred''' = ''The giant is '''angry'''.'' 

Common indefinite: En bösse kunne väre '''farlig''' = ''A gun could be '''dangerous'''.'' 

Plural definite: Bilerne var '''billige'''. = ''The cars were '''cheap'''.'' 

Plural indefinite: Fisker er '''glatte'''. = ''Fish are '''slippery'''.'' 

== Definite Paradigm: ==
This is used when the noun has the definite article or certain other demonstrative pronouns and determiners.
When definite, all adjectives end in -e.
Neuter Definite: Det store hus. = The big house
Common Definite: Den ömme ankel. = The sore ankle.
Plural Definite: De skarpe sverd. = The sharp swords.
== Comparative ==
Similar to other Germanic languages, the comparative is formed by adding -ere to the stem and the superlative is formed by adding -est or -este.
The comparative ending is always -ere and doesn’t vary based on gender, number or definiteness.
Dette barn var sjukere. = This child was sicker.
Vredere jätter = angrier giants.
== Superlative ==
The superlative ending is –est or –este. This depends on gender, number and definiteness.
In the Indefinite Paradigm, the superlative ending is –est for singular neuter and singular common gender nouns. It is –este for plural nouns.
Singular Neuter Indefinite: ett barn er sjukest = a child is sickest
Singular Common Indefinite: en kvinne er klokest = a woman is smartest.
Plural Indefinite: skarpeste sverd = sharpest swords.
In the Definite Paradigm, the superlative ending is always –este.
Det störste hus = the biggest house
Den ömmeste ankel = the sorest ankle
De skarpeste sverd = the sharpest swords.
A minority of adjectives have irregular declensions, typically they change the stem-vowel by umlaut when forming the comparative and superlative.
For example stor (big); comparative större; superlative störst.
Some adjectives are further irregular and have totally different stems in the definite form or the plural form of when forming the comparative and superlative.
For example, with god (good) the comparative is bettre and the superlative is best.
Liten (little) is the most irregular adjective. Indefinite common singular = liten; indefinite neuter = litet, definite singular = lille; definite and indefinite plural = små ; comparative = mindre; superlative = minst
== Past participle of verbs used as adjectives ==
Verbs have a past participle which can be used as adjectives and they follow similar rules to other adjectives.
Weak Verbs:
Indefinite: The indefinite singular forms end in -(e)t, just like the supine form of the verb. eg tendet (lit, illuminated), aktiveret (enabled)
Indefinite Plural and Definite The indefinite plural and definite forms end in -(e)de, or -te These forms follow the form of the past tense of the verb. If the past tense ends in -(e)de , it will be -(e)de. If it ends in -te, it will be -te.
Tendede ljus = lit candles,
Det aktiverede forsvar = the enabled defense.
Strong Verbs:
eg skoren (cut). afbruten (cancelled)
Indefinite Singular:
The indefinite singular forms end in -en when used with common gender nouns
En skoren potate. = a sliced potato
En afbruten rekning. = a cancelled account.
With Neuter gender nouns, the indefinite singular ends in -et eg skoret, afbrutet -- this is the same as the supine of the verb.
Ett skoret eple. = a sliced apple.
Ett afbrutet forsök. = an interrupted experiment.
Indefinite plural and Definite:
The indefinite plural and definite forms end in -ene.
Skorene potater. = Sliced potatoes.
Den afbrutene rekning. = the cancelled account.
== Adjectives ending in -en ==
e.g. '''galen''' (crazy), '''open''' (open), '''rotten''' (rotten) 

These behave like past participles of strong verbs. (often these originally were) 

Indefinite common end in '''-en.''' 

En '''galen''' ape. = ''a '''crazy''' monkey'' 

En '''open''' dör. = ''an '''open''' door.'' 

En '''rotten''' potate. = ''a '''rotten''' potato.'' 

Indefinite Neuter end in '''-et''' 

Ett '''galet''' dyr. = ''a '''crazy''' animal.'' 

Ett '''opet''' vindöge. = ''an '''open''' window.'' 

Ett '''rottet''' eple. = ''a '''rotten''' apple.'' 
 

Indefinite plural and definite end in '''-ene.''' 

'''Galene''' dyr. = '''''crazy''' animals.'' 

Det '''opene''' vindöge. = ''the '''open''' window.'' 

De '''rottene''' potater. = ''the '''rotten''' potatoes.'' 
 

Adverbs end in '''-et''' 

Min bror log '''galet''' = ''my brother laughed '''insanely'''.'' 

Hans kone kunne ikke snakke '''opet''' om hans galenskap. = ''His wife couldn’t talk '''candidly''' about his insanity.'' 

De gammle eple osede '''rottet'''. = ''The old apples '''rottenly''' reeked.''

== Adjectives ending in -d ==
eg '''bred''' (wide) add '''-t''' for indefinite neuter e.g. '''bred''' /bre:d/ > '''bredt''' /bre:t/. The '''d''' becomes silent. 

Add '''-e''' as other words for indefinite plural and definite. eg '''brede'''

== Adverbs from Adjectives ==
Adjectives must have a -t suffix added to be used as adverbs.
Min kone svimmer. Hon svimmer langsamt. = My wife is swimming. She’s swimming slowly.
There are some exceptions to this rule.
Adjectives already ending in -t. These don’t need another -t to be used as an adverb
Han verderede tilstanden rett. = He appraised the situation correctly
Comparative adjectives ending in -ere. These does not require a -t suffix to be used as adverbs.
Ingen hest löper hastigere. = No horse runs more quickly.
Present Participles used as an adverb do not required a -t suffix.
Ditt forsök har sluted lovende. = Your experiment has concluded encouragingly.
Past Participles used as Adverbs.
End in -(e)t eg bedrövet = sadly. Överdrivet = excessively.
This is the same as the supine.
Adjectives ending -d
add -t also to make an adverb, e.g. vid (wide). vid /vi:d/ > vidt /vi:t/. The d becomes silent here also.

SamSkandinavisk adjectives

2020-10-30T04:36:37Z

Parked71: /* Adjectives ending in -en */

Adjectives must agree with the noun for gender, number and definiteness.
Adjectives have two paradigms for declension -- an indefinite declension and a definite declension.
== Indefinite Paradigm: ==

=== Adjectives in the attributive position. ===
In the attributive and predicative position common gender nouns have no ending. 
Neuter gender nouns take a '''-t''' ending. 
Plural nouns take a '''-e''' ending. 

Neuter: Ett '''grönnt''' tre. = ''A '''green''' tree'' 

Common: En '''klok''' kvinne = ''A '''clever''' woman.'' 

Plural: '''Glade''' drömmer = '''''Happy''' dreams'' 

=== Adjectives in the predicative position. ===
In the predicative position, the adjective must agree with the gender and number of the noun it refers to. It does not however agree with the definite or indefinite status; The form of the adjective in the predicative position always takes the indefinite form. 

Neuter definite: Huset er '''stort'''. = ''The house is '''big'''.'' 

Neuter indefinite: Ett barn er '''sjukt'''. = ''A child is '''sick'''.'' 

Common definite: Jätten er '''vred''' = ''The giant is '''angry'''.'' 

Common indefinite: En bösse kunne väre '''farlig''' = ''A gun could be '''dangerous'''.'' 

Plural definite: Bilerne var '''billige'''. = ''The cars were '''cheap'''.'' 

Plural indefinite: Fisker er '''glatte'''. = ''Fish are '''slippery'''.'' 

== Definite Paradigm: ==
This is used when the noun has the definite article or certain other demonstrative pronouns and determiners.
When definite, all adjectives end in -e.
Neuter Definite: Det store hus. = The big house
Common Definite: Den ömme ankel. = The sore ankle.
Plural Definite: De skarpe sverd. = The sharp swords.
== Comparative ==
Similar to other Germanic languages, the comparative is formed by adding -ere to the stem and the superlative is formed by adding -est or -este.
The comparative ending is always -ere and doesn’t vary based on gender, number or definiteness.
Dette barn var sjukere. = This child was sicker.
Vredere jätter = angrier giants.
== Superlative ==
The superlative ending is –est or –este. This depends on gender, number and definiteness.
In the Indefinite Paradigm, the superlative ending is –est for singular neuter and singular common gender nouns. It is –este for plural nouns.
Singular Neuter Indefinite: ett barn er sjukest = a child is sickest
Singular Common Indefinite: en kvinne er klokest = a woman is smartest.
Plural Indefinite: skarpeste sverd = sharpest swords.
In the Definite Paradigm, the superlative ending is always –este.
Det störste hus = the biggest house
Den ömmeste ankel = the sorest ankle
De skarpeste sverd = the sharpest swords.
A minority of adjectives have irregular declensions, typically they change the stem-vowel by umlaut when forming the comparative and superlative.
For example stor (big); comparative större; superlative störst.
Some adjectives are further irregular and have totally different stems in the definite form or the plural form of when forming the comparative and superlative.
For example, with god (good) the comparative is bettre and the superlative is best.
Liten (little) is the most irregular adjective. Indefinite common singular = liten; indefinite neuter = litet, definite singular = lille; definite and indefinite plural = små ; comparative = mindre; superlative = minst
== Past participle of verbs used as adjectives ==
Verbs have a past participle which can be used as adjectives and they follow similar rules to other adjectives.
Weak Verbs:
Indefinite: The indefinite singular forms end in -(e)t, just like the supine form of the verb. eg tendet (lit, illuminated), aktiveret (enabled)
Indefinite Plural and Definite The indefinite plural and definite forms end in -(e)de, or -te These forms follow the form of the past tense of the verb. If the past tense ends in -(e)de , it will be -(e)de. If it ends in -te, it will be -te.
Tendede ljus = lit candles,
Det aktiverede forsvar = the enabled defense.
Strong Verbs:
eg skoren (cut). afbruten (cancelled)
Indefinite Singular:
The indefinite singular forms end in -en when used with common gender nouns
En skoren potate. = a sliced potato
En afbruten rekning. = a cancelled account.
With Neuter gender nouns, the indefinite singular ends in -et eg skoret, afbrutet -- this is the same as the supine of the verb.
Ett skoret eple. = a sliced apple.
Ett afbrutet forsök. = an interrupted experiment.
Indefinite plural and Definite:
The indefinite plural and definite forms end in -ene.
Skorene potater. = Sliced potatoes.
Den afbrutene rekning. = the cancelled account.
== Adjectives ending in -en ==
e.g. '''galen''' (crazy), '''open''' (open), '''rotten''' (rotten) 

These behave like past participles of strong verbs. (often these originally were) 

Indefinite common end in '''-en.''' 

En '''galen''' ape. = ''a '''crazy''' monkey'' 

En '''open''' dör. = ''an '''open''' door.'' 

En '''rotten''' potate. = ''a '''rotten''' potato.'' 

Indefinite Neuter end in '''-et''' 

Ett '''galet''' dyr. = ''a '''crazy''' animal.'' 

Ett '''opet''' vindöge. = ''an '''open''' window.'' 

Ett '''rottet''' eple. = ''a '''rotten''' apple.'' 

Indefinite plural and definite end in -ene. 

Galene dyr. = crazy animals. 

Det opene vindöge. = the open window. 

De rottene potater. = the rotten potatoes. 

Adverbs end in: -et 

Min bror log galet = my brother laughed insanely. 

Hans kone kunne ikke snakke opet om hans galenskap. = His wife couldn’t talk candidly about his insanity 

De gammle eple osede rottet. = The old apples rottenly reeked.

== Adjectives ending in -d ==
eg '''bred''' (wide) add '''-t''' for indefinite neuter e.g. '''bred''' /bre:d/ > '''bredt''' /bre:t/. The '''d''' becomes silent. 

Add '''-e''' as other words for indefinite plural and definite. eg '''brede'''

== Adverbs from Adjectives ==
Adjectives must have a -t suffix added to be used as adverbs.
Min kone svimmer. Hon svimmer langsamt. = My wife is swimming. She’s swimming slowly.
There are some exceptions to this rule.
Adjectives already ending in -t. These don’t need another -t to be used as an adverb
Han verderede tilstanden rett. = He appraised the situation correctly
Comparative adjectives ending in -ere. These does not require a -t suffix to be used as adverbs.
Ingen hest löper hastigere. = No horse runs more quickly.
Present Participles used as an adverb do not required a -t suffix.
Ditt forsök har sluted lovende. = Your experiment has concluded encouragingly.
Past Participles used as Adverbs.
End in -(e)t eg bedrövet = sadly. Överdrivet = excessively.
This is the same as the supine.
Adjectives ending -d
add -t also to make an adverb, e.g. vid (wide). vid /vi:d/ > vidt /vi:t/. The d becomes silent here also.

SamSkandinavisk adjectives

2020-10-30T04:34:37Z

Parked71: /* Adjectives ending in -en */

Adjectives must agree with the noun for gender, number and definiteness.
Adjectives have two paradigms for declension -- an indefinite declension and a definite declension.
== Indefinite Paradigm: ==

=== Adjectives in the attributive position. ===
In the attributive and predicative position common gender nouns have no ending. 
Neuter gender nouns take a '''-t''' ending. 
Plural nouns take a '''-e''' ending. 

Neuter: Ett '''grönnt''' tre. = ''A '''green''' tree'' 

Common: En '''klok''' kvinne = ''A '''clever''' woman.'' 

Plural: '''Glade''' drömmer = '''''Happy''' dreams'' 

=== Adjectives in the predicative position. ===
In the predicative position, the adjective must agree with the gender and number of the noun it refers to. It does not however agree with the definite or indefinite status; The form of the adjective in the predicative position always takes the indefinite form. 

Neuter definite: Huset er '''stort'''. = ''The house is '''big'''.'' 

Neuter indefinite: Ett barn er '''sjukt'''. = ''A child is '''sick'''.'' 

Common definite: Jätten er '''vred''' = ''The giant is '''angry'''.'' 

Common indefinite: En bösse kunne väre '''farlig''' = ''A gun could be '''dangerous'''.'' 

Plural definite: Bilerne var '''billige'''. = ''The cars were '''cheap'''.'' 

Plural indefinite: Fisker er '''glatte'''. = ''Fish are '''slippery'''.'' 

== Definite Paradigm: ==
This is used when the noun has the definite article or certain other demonstrative pronouns and determiners.
When definite, all adjectives end in -e.
Neuter Definite: Det store hus. = The big house
Common Definite: Den ömme ankel. = The sore ankle.
Plural Definite: De skarpe sverd. = The sharp swords.
== Comparative ==
Similar to other Germanic languages, the comparative is formed by adding -ere to the stem and the superlative is formed by adding -est or -este.
The comparative ending is always -ere and doesn’t vary based on gender, number or definiteness.
Dette barn var sjukere. = This child was sicker.
Vredere jätter = angrier giants.
== Superlative ==
The superlative ending is –est or –este. This depends on gender, number and definiteness.
In the Indefinite Paradigm, the superlative ending is –est for singular neuter and singular common gender nouns. It is –este for plural nouns.
Singular Neuter Indefinite: ett barn er sjukest = a child is sickest
Singular Common Indefinite: en kvinne er klokest = a woman is smartest.
Plural Indefinite: skarpeste sverd = sharpest swords.
In the Definite Paradigm, the superlative ending is always –este.
Det störste hus = the biggest house
Den ömmeste ankel = the sorest ankle
De skarpeste sverd = the sharpest swords.
A minority of adjectives have irregular declensions, typically they change the stem-vowel by umlaut when forming the comparative and superlative.
For example stor (big); comparative större; superlative störst.
Some adjectives are further irregular and have totally different stems in the definite form or the plural form of when forming the comparative and superlative.
For example, with god (good) the comparative is bettre and the superlative is best.
Liten (little) is the most irregular adjective. Indefinite common singular = liten; indefinite neuter = litet, definite singular = lille; definite and indefinite plural = små ; comparative = mindre; superlative = minst
== Past participle of verbs used as adjectives ==
Verbs have a past participle which can be used as adjectives and they follow similar rules to other adjectives.
Weak Verbs:
Indefinite: The indefinite singular forms end in -(e)t, just like the supine form of the verb. eg tendet (lit, illuminated), aktiveret (enabled)
Indefinite Plural and Definite The indefinite plural and definite forms end in -(e)de, or -te These forms follow the form of the past tense of the verb. If the past tense ends in -(e)de , it will be -(e)de. If it ends in -te, it will be -te.
Tendede ljus = lit candles,
Det aktiverede forsvar = the enabled defense.
Strong Verbs:
eg skoren (cut). afbruten (cancelled)
Indefinite Singular:
The indefinite singular forms end in -en when used with common gender nouns
En skoren potate. = a sliced potato
En afbruten rekning. = a cancelled account.
With Neuter gender nouns, the indefinite singular ends in -et eg skoret, afbrutet -- this is the same as the supine of the verb.
Ett skoret eple. = a sliced apple.
Ett afbrutet forsök. = an interrupted experiment.
Indefinite plural and Definite:
The indefinite plural and definite forms end in -ene.
Skorene potater. = Sliced potatoes.
Den afbrutene rekning. = the cancelled account.
== Adjectives ending in -en ==
e.g. galen (crazy), open (open),rotten (rotten) 

These behave like past participles of strong verbs. (often these originally were) 

Indefinite common end in -en. 

En galen ape. = a crazy monkey 

En open dör. = an open door. 

En rotten potate. = a rotten potato. 

Indefinite Neuter end in -et 

Ett galet dyr. = a crazy animal. 

Ett opet vindöge. = an open window. 

Ett rottet eple. = a rotten apple. 

Indefinite plural and definite end in -ene. 

Galene dyr. = crazy animals. 

Det opene vindöge. = the open window. 

De rottene potater. = the rotten potatoes. 

Adverbs end in: -et 

Min bror log galet = my brother laughed insanely. 

Hans kone kunne ikke snakke opet om hans galenskap. = His wife couldn’t talk candidly about his insanity 

De gammle eple osede rottet. = The old apples rottenly reeked.

== Adjectives ending in -d ==
eg '''bred''' (wide) add '''-t''' for indefinite neuter e.g. '''bred''' /bre:d/ > '''bredt''' /bre:t/. The '''d''' becomes silent. 

Add '''-e''' as other words for indefinite plural and definite. eg '''brede'''

== Adverbs from Adjectives ==
Adjectives must have a -t suffix added to be used as adverbs.
Min kone svimmer. Hon svimmer langsamt. = My wife is swimming. She’s swimming slowly.
There are some exceptions to this rule.
Adjectives already ending in -t. These don’t need another -t to be used as an adverb
Han verderede tilstanden rett. = He appraised the situation correctly
Comparative adjectives ending in -ere. These does not require a -t suffix to be used as adverbs.
Ingen hest löper hastigere. = No horse runs more quickly.
Present Participles used as an adverb do not required a -t suffix.
Ditt forsök har sluted lovende. = Your experiment has concluded encouragingly.
Past Participles used as Adverbs.
End in -(e)t eg bedrövet = sadly. Överdrivet = excessively.
This is the same as the supine.
Adjectives ending -d
add -t also to make an adverb, e.g. vid (wide). vid /vi:d/ > vidt /vi:t/. The d becomes silent here also.

SamSkandinavisk adjectives

2020-10-30T04:34:07Z

Parked71: /* Adjectives ending in -en */

Adjectives must agree with the noun for gender, number and definiteness.
Adjectives have two paradigms for declension -- an indefinite declension and a definite declension.
== Indefinite Paradigm: ==

=== Adjectives in the attributive position. ===
In the attributive and predicative position common gender nouns have no ending. 
Neuter gender nouns take a '''-t''' ending. 
Plural nouns take a '''-e''' ending. 

Neuter: Ett '''grönnt''' tre. = ''A '''green''' tree'' 

Common: En '''klok''' kvinne = ''A '''clever''' woman.'' 

Plural: '''Glade''' drömmer = '''''Happy''' dreams'' 

=== Adjectives in the predicative position. ===
In the predicative position, the adjective must agree with the gender and number of the noun it refers to. It does not however agree with the definite or indefinite status; The form of the adjective in the predicative position always takes the indefinite form. 

Neuter definite: Huset er '''stort'''. = ''The house is '''big'''.'' 

Neuter indefinite: Ett barn er '''sjukt'''. = ''A child is '''sick'''.'' 

Common definite: Jätten er '''vred''' = ''The giant is '''angry'''.'' 

Common indefinite: En bösse kunne väre '''farlig''' = ''A gun could be '''dangerous'''.'' 

Plural definite: Bilerne var '''billige'''. = ''The cars were '''cheap'''.'' 

Plural indefinite: Fisker er '''glatte'''. = ''Fish are '''slippery'''.'' 

== Definite Paradigm: ==
This is used when the noun has the definite article or certain other demonstrative pronouns and determiners.
When definite, all adjectives end in -e.
Neuter Definite: Det store hus. = The big house
Common Definite: Den ömme ankel. = The sore ankle.
Plural Definite: De skarpe sverd. = The sharp swords.
== Comparative ==
Similar to other Germanic languages, the comparative is formed by adding -ere to the stem and the superlative is formed by adding -est or -este.
The comparative ending is always -ere and doesn’t vary based on gender, number or definiteness.
Dette barn var sjukere. = This child was sicker.
Vredere jätter = angrier giants.
== Superlative ==
The superlative ending is –est or –este. This depends on gender, number and definiteness.
In the Indefinite Paradigm, the superlative ending is –est for singular neuter and singular common gender nouns. It is –este for plural nouns.
Singular Neuter Indefinite: ett barn er sjukest = a child is sickest
Singular Common Indefinite: en kvinne er klokest = a woman is smartest.
Plural Indefinite: skarpeste sverd = sharpest swords.
In the Definite Paradigm, the superlative ending is always –este.
Det störste hus = the biggest house
Den ömmeste ankel = the sorest ankle
De skarpeste sverd = the sharpest swords.
A minority of adjectives have irregular declensions, typically they change the stem-vowel by umlaut when forming the comparative and superlative.
For example stor (big); comparative större; superlative störst.
Some adjectives are further irregular and have totally different stems in the definite form or the plural form of when forming the comparative and superlative.
For example, with god (good) the comparative is bettre and the superlative is best.
Liten (little) is the most irregular adjective. Indefinite common singular = liten; indefinite neuter = litet, definite singular = lille; definite and indefinite plural = små ; comparative = mindre; superlative = minst
== Past participle of verbs used as adjectives ==
Verbs have a past participle which can be used as adjectives and they follow similar rules to other adjectives.
Weak Verbs:
Indefinite: The indefinite singular forms end in -(e)t, just like the supine form of the verb. eg tendet (lit, illuminated), aktiveret (enabled)
Indefinite Plural and Definite The indefinite plural and definite forms end in -(e)de, or -te These forms follow the form of the past tense of the verb. If the past tense ends in -(e)de , it will be -(e)de. If it ends in -te, it will be -te.
Tendede ljus = lit candles,
Det aktiverede forsvar = the enabled defense.
Strong Verbs:
eg skoren (cut). afbruten (cancelled)
Indefinite Singular:
The indefinite singular forms end in -en when used with common gender nouns
En skoren potate. = a sliced potato
En afbruten rekning. = a cancelled account.
With Neuter gender nouns, the indefinite singular ends in -et eg skoret, afbrutet -- this is the same as the supine of the verb.
Ett skoret eple. = a sliced apple.
Ett afbrutet forsök. = an interrupted experiment.
Indefinite plural and Definite:
The indefinite plural and definite forms end in -ene.
Skorene potater. = Sliced potatoes.
Den afbrutene rekning. = the cancelled account.
== Adjectives ending in -en ==
e.g. galen (crazy), open (open),rotten (rotten) 

These behave like past participles of strong verbs. (often these originally were) 

Indefinite common end in -en. 

En galen ape. = a crazy monkey 

En open dör. = an open door. 

En rotten potate. = a rotten potato. 

Indefinite Neuter end in -et 

Ett galet dyr. = a crazy animal. 

Ett opet vindöge. = an open window. 

Ett rottet eple. = a rotten apple. 

Indefinite plural and definite end in -ene. 

Galene dyr. = crazy animals. 

Det opene vindöge. = the open window. 

De rottene potater. = the rotten potatoes. 

Adverbs end in: -et 

Min bror log galet = my brother laughed insanely. 

Hans kone kunne ikke snakke opet om hans galenskap. = His wife couldn’t talk candidly about his insanity 

De gammle eple osede rottet. = The old apples reeked rottenly.

== Adjectives ending in -d ==
eg '''bred''' (wide) add '''-t''' for indefinite neuter e.g. '''bred''' /bre:d/ > '''bredt''' /bre:t/. The '''d''' becomes silent. 

Add '''-e''' as other words for indefinite plural and definite. eg '''brede'''

== Adverbs from Adjectives ==
Adjectives must have a -t suffix added to be used as adverbs.
Min kone svimmer. Hon svimmer langsamt. = My wife is swimming. She’s swimming slowly.
There are some exceptions to this rule.
Adjectives already ending in -t. These don’t need another -t to be used as an adverb
Han verderede tilstanden rett. = He appraised the situation correctly
Comparative adjectives ending in -ere. These does not require a -t suffix to be used as adverbs.
Ingen hest löper hastigere. = No horse runs more quickly.
Present Participles used as an adverb do not required a -t suffix.
Ditt forsök har sluted lovende. = Your experiment has concluded encouragingly.
Past Participles used as Adverbs.
End in -(e)t eg bedrövet = sadly. Överdrivet = excessively.
This is the same as the supine.
Adjectives ending -d
add -t also to make an adverb, e.g. vid (wide). vid /vi:d/ > vidt /vi:t/. The d becomes silent here also.

SamSkandinavisk adjectives

2020-10-30T04:27:38Z

Parked71: /* Adjectives ending -d */

Adjectives must agree with the noun for gender, number and definiteness.
Adjectives have two paradigms for declension -- an indefinite declension and a definite declension.
== Indefinite Paradigm: ==

=== Adjectives in the attributive position. ===
In the attributive and predicative position common gender nouns have no ending. 
Neuter gender nouns take a '''-t''' ending. 
Plural nouns take a '''-e''' ending. 

Neuter: Ett '''grönnt''' tre. = ''A '''green''' tree'' 

Common: En '''klok''' kvinne = ''A '''clever''' woman.'' 

Plural: '''Glade''' drömmer = '''''Happy''' dreams'' 

=== Adjectives in the predicative position. ===
In the predicative position, the adjective must agree with the gender and number of the noun it refers to. It does not however agree with the definite or indefinite status; The form of the adjective in the predicative position always takes the indefinite form. 

Neuter definite: Huset er '''stort'''. = ''The house is '''big'''.'' 

Neuter indefinite: Ett barn er '''sjukt'''. = ''A child is '''sick'''.'' 

Common definite: Jätten er '''vred''' = ''The giant is '''angry'''.'' 

Common indefinite: En bösse kunne väre '''farlig''' = ''A gun could be '''dangerous'''.'' 

Plural definite: Bilerne var '''billige'''. = ''The cars were '''cheap'''.'' 

Plural indefinite: Fisker er '''glatte'''. = ''Fish are '''slippery'''.'' 

== Definite Paradigm: ==
This is used when the noun has the definite article or certain other demonstrative pronouns and determiners.
When definite, all adjectives end in -e.
Neuter Definite: Det store hus. = The big house
Common Definite: Den ömme ankel. = The sore ankle.
Plural Definite: De skarpe sverd. = The sharp swords.
== Comparative ==
Similar to other Germanic languages, the comparative is formed by adding -ere to the stem and the superlative is formed by adding -est or -este.
The comparative ending is always -ere and doesn’t vary based on gender, number or definiteness.
Dette barn var sjukere. = This child was sicker.
Vredere jätter = angrier giants.
== Superlative ==
The superlative ending is –est or –este. This depends on gender, number and definiteness.
In the Indefinite Paradigm, the superlative ending is –est for singular neuter and singular common gender nouns. It is –este for plural nouns.
Singular Neuter Indefinite: ett barn er sjukest = a child is sickest
Singular Common Indefinite: en kvinne er klokest = a woman is smartest.
Plural Indefinite: skarpeste sverd = sharpest swords.
In the Definite Paradigm, the superlative ending is always –este.
Det störste hus = the biggest house
Den ömmeste ankel = the sorest ankle
De skarpeste sverd = the sharpest swords.
A minority of adjectives have irregular declensions, typically they change the stem-vowel by umlaut when forming the comparative and superlative.
For example stor (big); comparative större; superlative störst.
Some adjectives are further irregular and have totally different stems in the definite form or the plural form of when forming the comparative and superlative.
For example, with god (good) the comparative is bettre and the superlative is best.
Liten (little) is the most irregular adjective. Indefinite common singular = liten; indefinite neuter = litet, definite singular = lille; definite and indefinite plural = små ; comparative = mindre; superlative = minst
== Past participle of verbs used as adjectives ==
Verbs have a past participle which can be used as adjectives and they follow similar rules to other adjectives.
Weak Verbs:
Indefinite: The indefinite singular forms end in -(e)t, just like the supine form of the verb. eg tendet (lit, illuminated), aktiveret (enabled)
Indefinite Plural and Definite The indefinite plural and definite forms end in -(e)de, or -te These forms follow the form of the past tense of the verb. If the past tense ends in -(e)de , it will be -(e)de. If it ends in -te, it will be -te.
Tendede ljus = lit candles,
Det aktiverede forsvar = the enabled defense.
Strong Verbs:
eg skoren (cut). afbruten (cancelled)
Indefinite Singular:
The indefinite singular forms end in -en when used with common gender nouns
En skoren potate. = a sliced potato
En afbruten rekning. = a cancelled account.
With Neuter gender nouns, the indefinite singular ends in -et eg skoret, afbrutet -- this is the same as the supine of the verb.
Ett skoret eple. = a sliced apple.
Ett afbrutet forsök. = an interrupted experiment.
Indefinite plural and Definite:
The indefinite plural and definite forms end in -ene.
Skorene potater. = Sliced potatoes.
Den afbrutene rekning. = the cancelled account.
== Adjectives ending in -en ==
e.g. galen (crazy), open (open),rotten (rotten)
These behave like past participles of strong verbs. (often these originally were)
Indefinite common end in -en.
En galen ape. = a crazy monkey
En open dör. = an open door.
En rotten potate. = a rotten potato.
Indefinite Neuter end in -et
Ett galet dyr. = a crazy animal.
Ett opet vindöge. = an open window.
Ett rottet eple. = a rotten apple.
Indefinite plural and definite end in -ene.
Galene dyr. = crazy animals.
Det opene vindöge. = the open window.
De rottene potater. = the rotten potatoes.
Adverbs end in: -et
Min bror log galet = my brother laughed insanely.
Sin kone kunne ikke snakke opet om hans galenskap. = His wife couldn’t talk candidly about his insanity
De gammle eple sank rottet. = The old apples drooped rottenly.
== Adjectives ending in -d ==
eg '''bred''' (wide) add '''-t''' for indefinite neuter e.g. '''bred''' /bre:d/ > '''bredt''' /bre:t/. The '''d''' becomes silent. 

Add '''-e''' as other words for indefinite plural and definite. eg '''brede'''

== Adverbs from Adjectives ==
Adjectives must have a -t suffix added to be used as adverbs.
Min kone svimmer. Hon svimmer langsamt. = My wife is swimming. She’s swimming slowly.
There are some exceptions to this rule.
Adjectives already ending in -t. These don’t need another -t to be used as an adverb
Han verderede tilstanden rett. = He appraised the situation correctly
Comparative adjectives ending in -ere. These does not require a -t suffix to be used as adverbs.
Ingen hest löper hastigere. = No horse runs more quickly.
Present Participles used as an adverb do not required a -t suffix.
Ditt forsök har sluted lovende. = Your experiment has concluded encouragingly.
Past Participles used as Adverbs.
End in -(e)t eg bedrövet = sadly. Överdrivet = excessively.
This is the same as the supine.
Adjectives ending -d
add -t also to make an adverb, e.g. vid (wide). vid /vi:d/ > vidt /vi:t/. The d becomes silent here also.

SamSkandinavisk adjectives

2020-10-30T04:25:23Z

Parked71:

Adjectives must agree with the noun for gender, number and definiteness.
Adjectives have two paradigms for declension -- an indefinite declension and a definite declension.
== Indefinite Paradigm: ==

=== Adjectives in the attributive position. ===
In the attributive and predicative position common gender nouns have no ending. 
Neuter gender nouns take a '''-t''' ending. 
Plural nouns take a '''-e''' ending. 

Neuter: Ett '''grönnt''' tre. = ''A '''green''' tree'' 

Common: En '''klok''' kvinne = ''A '''clever''' woman.'' 

Plural: '''Glade''' drömmer = '''''Happy''' dreams'' 

=== Adjectives in the predicative position. ===
In the predicative position, the adjective must agree with the gender and number of the noun it refers to. It does not however agree with the definite or indefinite status; The form of the adjective in the predicative position always takes the indefinite form. 

Neuter definite: Huset er '''stort'''. = ''The house is '''big'''.'' 

Neuter indefinite: Ett barn er '''sjukt'''. = ''A child is '''sick'''.'' 

Common definite: Jätten er '''vred''' = ''The giant is '''angry'''.'' 

Common indefinite: En bösse kunne väre '''farlig''' = ''A gun could be '''dangerous'''.'' 

Plural definite: Bilerne var '''billige'''. = ''The cars were '''cheap'''.'' 

Plural indefinite: Fisker er '''glatte'''. = ''Fish are '''slippery'''.'' 

== Definite Paradigm: ==
This is used when the noun has the definite article or certain other demonstrative pronouns and determiners.
When definite, all adjectives end in -e.
Neuter Definite: Det store hus. = The big house
Common Definite: Den ömme ankel. = The sore ankle.
Plural Definite: De skarpe sverd. = The sharp swords.
== Comparative ==
Similar to other Germanic languages, the comparative is formed by adding -ere to the stem and the superlative is formed by adding -est or -este.
The comparative ending is always -ere and doesn’t vary based on gender, number or definiteness.
Dette barn var sjukere. = This child was sicker.
Vredere jätter = angrier giants.
== Superlative ==
The superlative ending is –est or –este. This depends on gender, number and definiteness.
In the Indefinite Paradigm, the superlative ending is –est for singular neuter and singular common gender nouns. It is –este for plural nouns.
Singular Neuter Indefinite: ett barn er sjukest = a child is sickest
Singular Common Indefinite: en kvinne er klokest = a woman is smartest.
Plural Indefinite: skarpeste sverd = sharpest swords.
In the Definite Paradigm, the superlative ending is always –este.
Det störste hus = the biggest house
Den ömmeste ankel = the sorest ankle
De skarpeste sverd = the sharpest swords.
A minority of adjectives have irregular declensions, typically they change the stem-vowel by umlaut when forming the comparative and superlative.
For example stor (big); comparative större; superlative störst.
Some adjectives are further irregular and have totally different stems in the definite form or the plural form of when forming the comparative and superlative.
For example, with god (good) the comparative is bettre and the superlative is best.
Liten (little) is the most irregular adjective. Indefinite common singular = liten; indefinite neuter = litet, definite singular = lille; definite and indefinite plural = små ; comparative = mindre; superlative = minst
== Past participle of verbs used as adjectives ==
Verbs have a past participle which can be used as adjectives and they follow similar rules to other adjectives.
Weak Verbs:
Indefinite: The indefinite singular forms end in -(e)t, just like the supine form of the verb. eg tendet (lit, illuminated), aktiveret (enabled)
Indefinite Plural and Definite The indefinite plural and definite forms end in -(e)de, or -te These forms follow the form of the past tense of the verb. If the past tense ends in -(e)de , it will be -(e)de. If it ends in -te, it will be -te.
Tendede ljus = lit candles,
Det aktiverede forsvar = the enabled defense.
Strong Verbs:
eg skoren (cut). afbruten (cancelled)
Indefinite Singular:
The indefinite singular forms end in -en when used with common gender nouns
En skoren potate. = a sliced potato
En afbruten rekning. = a cancelled account.
With Neuter gender nouns, the indefinite singular ends in -et eg skoret, afbrutet -- this is the same as the supine of the verb.
Ett skoret eple. = a sliced apple.
Ett afbrutet forsök. = an interrupted experiment.
Indefinite plural and Definite:
The indefinite plural and definite forms end in -ene.
Skorene potater. = Sliced potatoes.
Den afbrutene rekning. = the cancelled account.
== Adjectives ending in -en ==
e.g. galen (crazy), open (open),rotten (rotten)
These behave like past participles of strong verbs. (often these originally were)
Indefinite common end in -en.
En galen ape. = a crazy monkey
En open dör. = an open door.
En rotten potate. = a rotten potato.
Indefinite Neuter end in -et
Ett galet dyr. = a crazy animal.
Ett opet vindöge. = an open window.
Ett rottet eple. = a rotten apple.
Indefinite plural and definite end in -ene.
Galene dyr. = crazy animals.
Det opene vindöge. = the open window.
De rottene potater. = the rotten potatoes.
Adverbs end in: -et
Min bror log galet = my brother laughed insanely.
Sin kone kunne ikke snakke opet om hans galenskap. = His wife couldn’t talk candidly about his insanity
De gammle eple sank rottet. = The old apples drooped rottenly.
== Adjectives ending -d ==
eg bred (wide) add -t for indefinite neuter e.g. bred /bre:d/ > bredt /bre:t/. The d becomes silent
Add -e as other words for indefinite plural and definite. eg brede
== Adverbs from Adjectives ==
Adjectives must have a -t suffix added to be used as adverbs.
Min kone svimmer. Hon svimmer langsamt. = My wife is swimming. She’s swimming slowly.
There are some exceptions to this rule.
Adjectives already ending in -t. These don’t need another -t to be used as an adverb
Han verderede tilstanden rett. = He appraised the situation correctly
Comparative adjectives ending in -ere. These does not require a -t suffix to be used as adverbs.
Ingen hest löper hastigere. = No horse runs more quickly.
Present Participles used as an adverb do not required a -t suffix.
Ditt forsök har sluted lovende. = Your experiment has concluded encouragingly.
Past Participles used as Adverbs.
End in -(e)t eg bedrövet = sadly. Överdrivet = excessively.
This is the same as the supine.
Adjectives ending -d
add -t also to make an adverb, e.g. vid (wide). vid /vi:d/ > vidt /vi:t/. The d becomes silent here also.

SamSkandinavisk adjectives

2020-10-30T04:24:13Z

Parked71:

Adjectives must agree with the noun for gender, number and definiteness.
Adjectives have two paradigms for declension -- an indefinite declension and a definite declension.
== Indefinite Paradigm: ==

=== Adjectives in the attributive position. ===
In the attributive and predicative position common gender nouns have no ending. 
Neuter gender nouns take a '''-t''' ending. 
Plural nouns take a '''-e''' ending. 

Neuter: Ett '''grönnt''' tre. = ''A '''green''' tree'' 

Common: En '''klok''' kvinne = ''A '''clever''' woman.'' 

Plural: '''Glade''' drömmer = '''''Happy''' dreams'' 

=== Adjectives in the predicative position. ===
In the predicative position, the adjective must agree with the gender and number of the noun it refers to. It does not however agree with the definite or indefinite status; The form of the adjective in the predicative position always takes the indefinite form. 

Neuter definite: Huset er '''stort'''. = ''The house is '''big'''.'' 

Neuter indefinite: Ett barn er '''sjukt'''. = ''A child is '''sick'''.'' 

Common definite: Jätten er '''vred''' = ''The giant is '''angry'''.'' 

Common indefinite En bösse kunne väre '''farlig''' = ''A gun could be '''dangerous'''.'' 

Plural definite: Bilerne var '''billige'''. = ''The cars were '''cheap'''.'' 

Plural indefinite: Fisker er '''glatte'''. = ''Fish are '''slippery'''.'' 

== Definite Paradigm: ==
This is used when the noun has the definite article or certain other demonstrative pronouns and determiners.
When definite, all adjectives end in -e.
Neuter Definite: Det store hus. = The big house
Common Definite: Den ömme ankel. = The sore ankle.
Plural Definite: De skarpe sverd. = The sharp swords.
== Comparative ==
Similar to other Germanic languages, the comparative is formed by adding -ere to the stem and the superlative is formed by adding -est or -este.
The comparative ending is always -ere and doesn’t vary based on gender, number or definiteness.
Dette barn var sjukere. = This child was sicker.
Vredere jätter = angrier giants.
== Superlative ==
The superlative ending is –est or –este. This depends on gender, number and definiteness.
In the Indefinite Paradigm, the superlative ending is –est for singular neuter and singular common gender nouns. It is –este for plural nouns.
Singular Neuter Indefinite: ett barn er sjukest = a child is sickest
Singular Common Indefinite: en kvinne er klokest = a woman is smartest.
Plural Indefinite: skarpeste sverd = sharpest swords.
In the Definite Paradigm, the superlative ending is always –este.
Det störste hus = the biggest house
Den ömmeste ankel = the sorest ankle
De skarpeste sverd = the sharpest swords.
A minority of adjectives have irregular declensions, typically they change the stem-vowel by umlaut when forming the comparative and superlative.
For example stor (big); comparative större; superlative störst.
Some adjectives are further irregular and have totally different stems in the definite form or the plural form of when forming the comparative and superlative.
For example, with god (good) the comparative is bettre and the superlative is best.
Liten (little) is the most irregular adjective. Indefinite common singular = liten; indefinite neuter = litet, definite singular = lille; definite and indefinite plural = små ; comparative = mindre; superlative = minst
== Past participle of verbs used as adjectives ==
Verbs have a past participle which can be used as adjectives and they follow similar rules to other adjectives.
Weak Verbs:
Indefinite: The indefinite singular forms end in -(e)t, just like the supine form of the verb. eg tendet (lit, illuminated), aktiveret (enabled)
Indefinite Plural and Definite The indefinite plural and definite forms end in -(e)de, or -te These forms follow the form of the past tense of the verb. If the past tense ends in -(e)de , it will be -(e)de. If it ends in -te, it will be -te.
Tendede ljus = lit candles,
Det aktiverede forsvar = the enabled defense.
Strong Verbs:
eg skoren (cut). afbruten (cancelled)
Indefinite Singular:
The indefinite singular forms end in -en when used with common gender nouns
En skoren potate. = a sliced potato
En afbruten rekning. = a cancelled account.
With Neuter gender nouns, the indefinite singular ends in -et eg skoret, afbrutet -- this is the same as the supine of the verb.
Ett skoret eple. = a sliced apple.
Ett afbrutet forsök. = an interrupted experiment.
Indefinite plural and Definite:
The indefinite plural and definite forms end in -ene.
Skorene potater. = Sliced potatoes.
Den afbrutene rekning. = the cancelled account.
== Adjectives ending in -en ==
e.g. galen (crazy), open (open),rotten (rotten)
These behave like past participles of strong verbs. (often these originally were)
Indefinite common end in -en.
En galen ape. = a crazy monkey
En open dör. = an open door.
En rotten potate. = a rotten potato.
Indefinite Neuter end in -et
Ett galet dyr. = a crazy animal.
Ett opet vindöge. = an open window.
Ett rottet eple. = a rotten apple.
Indefinite plural and definite end in -ene.
Galene dyr. = crazy animals.
Det opene vindöge. = the open window.
De rottene potater. = the rotten potatoes.
Adverbs end in: -et
Min bror log galet = my brother laughed insanely.
Sin kone kunne ikke snakke opet om hans galenskap. = His wife couldn’t talk candidly about his insanity
De gammle eple sank rottet. = The old apples drooped rottenly.
== Adjectives ending -d ==
eg bred (wide) add -t for indefinite neuter e.g. bred /bre:d/ > bredt /bre:t/. The d becomes silent
Add -e as other words for indefinite plural and definite. eg brede
== Adverbs from Adjectives ==
Adjectives must have a -t suffix added to be used as adverbs.
Min kone svimmer. Hon svimmer langsamt. = My wife is swimming. She’s swimming slowly.
There are some exceptions to this rule.
Adjectives already ending in -t. These don’t need another -t to be used as an adverb
Han verderede tilstanden rett. = He appraised the situation correctly
Comparative adjectives ending in -ere. These does not require a -t suffix to be used as adverbs.
Ingen hest löper hastigere. = No horse runs more quickly.
Present Participles used as an adverb do not required a -t suffix.
Ditt forsök har sluted lovende. = Your experiment has concluded encouragingly.
Past Participles used as Adverbs.
End in -(e)t eg bedrövet = sadly. Överdrivet = excessively.
This is the same as the supine.
Adjectives ending -d
add -t also to make an adverb, e.g. vid (wide). vid /vi:d/ > vidt /vi:t/. The d becomes silent here also.

SamSkandinavisk adjectives

2020-10-30T04:16:04Z

Parked71:

Adjectives must agree with the noun for gender, number and definiteness.
Adjectives have two paradigms for declension -- an indefinite declension and a definite declension.
== Indefinite Paradigm: ==
In the attributive and predicative position common gender nouns have no ending. 
Neuter gender nouns take a -t ending. 
Plural nouns take a -e ending. 
=== Examples of Adjectives in the attributive position. ===

Neuter: Ett '''grönnt''' tre. = ''A '''green''' tree'' 

Common: En '''klok''' kvinne = ''A '''clever''' woman.'' 

Plural: '''Glade''' drömmer = '''''Happy''' dreams'' 

In the predicative position, the adjective must agree with the gender and number of the noun it refers to. It does not however agree with the definite or indefinite status; The form of the adjective in the predicative position always takes the indefinite form. 

=== Examples of Adjectives in the predicative position. ===
Neuter definite: Huset er stort. = The house is big. 

Neuter indefinite: Ett barn er sjukt. = A child is sick. 

Common definite: Jätten er vred = The giant is angry. 

Common indefinite En bösse kunne väre farlig = A gun could be dangerous. 

Plural definite: Bilerne var billige. The cars were cheap. 

Plural indefinite: Fisker er glatte. = Fish are slippery. 

== Definite Paradigm: ==
This is used when the noun has the definite article or certain other demonstrative pronouns and determiners.
When definite, all adjectives end in -e.
Neuter Definite: Det store hus. = The big house
Common Definite: Den ömme ankel. = The sore ankle.
Plural Definite: De skarpe sverd. = The sharp swords.
Comparative
Similar to other Germanic languages, the comparative is formed by adding -ere to the stem and the superlative is formed by adding -est or -este.
The comparative ending is always -ere and doesn’t vary based on gender, number or definiteness.
Dette barn var sjukere. = This child was sicker.
Vredere jätter = angrier giants.
Superlative
The superlative ending is –est or –este. This depends on gender, number and definiteness.
In the Indefinite Paradigm, the superlative ending is –est for singular neuter and singular common gender nouns. It is –este for plural nouns.
Singular Neuter Indefinite: ett barn er sjukest = a child is sickest
Singular Common Indefinite: en kvinne er klokest = a woman is smartest.
Plural Indefinite: skarpeste sverd = sharpest swords.
In the Definite Paradigm, the superlative ending is always –este.
Det störste hus = the biggest house
Den ömmeste ankel = the sorest ankle
De skarpeste sverd = the sharpest swords.
A minority of adjectives have irregular declensions, typically they change the stem-vowel by umlaut when forming the comparative and superlative.
For example stor (big); comparative större; superlative störst.
Some adjectives are further irregular and have totally different stems in the definite form or the plural form of when forming the comparative and superlative.
For example, with god (good) the comparative is bettre and the superlative is best.
Liten (little) is the most irregular adjective. Indefinite common singular = liten; indefinite neuter = litet, definite singular = lille; definite and indefinite plural = små ; comparative = mindre; superlative = minst
Past participle of verbs used as adjectives
Verbs have a past participle which can be used as adjectives and they follow similar rules to other adjectives.
Weak Verbs:
Indefinite: The indefinite singular forms end in -(e)t, just like the supine form of the verb. eg tendet (lit, illuminated), aktiveret (enabled)
Indefinite Plural and Definite The indefinite plural and definite forms end in -(e)de, or -te These forms follow the form of the past tense of the verb. If the past tense ends in -(e)de , it will be -(e)de. If it ends in -te, it will be -te.
Tendede ljus = lit candles,
Det aktiverede forsvar = the enabled defense.
Strong Verbs:
eg skoren (cut). afbruten (cancelled)
Indefinite Singular:
The indefinite singular forms end in -en when used with common gender nouns
En skoren potate. = a sliced potato
En afbruten rekning. = a cancelled account.
With Neuter gender nouns, the indefinite singular ends in -et eg skoret, afbrutet -- this is the same as the supine of the verb.
Ett skoret eple. = a sliced apple.
Ett afbrutet forsök. = an interrupted experiment.
Indefinite plural and Definite:
The indefinite plural and definite forms end in -ene.
Skorene potater. = Sliced potatoes.
Den afbrutene rekning. = the cancelled account.
Adjectives ending in -en
e.g. galen (crazy), open (open),rotten (rotten)
These behave like past participles of strong verbs. (often these originally were)
Indefinite common end in -en.
En galen ape. = a crazy monkey
En open dör. = an open door.
En rotten potate. = a rotten potato.
Indefinite Neuter end in -et
Ett galet dyr. = a crazy animal.
Ett opet vindöge. = an open window.
Ett rottet eple. = a rotten apple.
Indefinite plural and definite end in -ene.
Galene dyr. = crazy animals.
Det opene vindöge. = the open window.
De rottene potater. = the rotten potatoes.
Adverbs end in: -et
Min bror log galet = my brother laughed insanely.
Sin kone kunne ikke snakke opet om hans galenskap. = His wife couldn’t talk candidly about his insanity
De gammle eple sank rottet. = The old apples drooped rottenly.
Adjectives ending -d
eg bred (wide) add -t for indefinite neuter e.g. bred /bre:d/ > bredt /bre:t/. The d becomes silent
Add -e as other words for indefinite plural and definite. eg brede
Adverbs from Adjectives
Adjectives must have a -t suffix added to be used as adverbs.
Min kone svimmer. Hon svimmer langsamt. = My wife is swimming. She’s swimming slowly.
There are some exceptions to this rule.
Adjectives already ending in -t. These don’t need another -t to be used as an adverb
Han verderede tilstanden rett. = He appraised the situation correctly
Comparative adjectives ending in -ere. These does not require a -t suffix to be used as adverbs.
Ingen hest löper hastigere. = No horse runs more quickly.
Present Participles used as an adverb do not required a -t suffix.
Ditt forsök har sluted lovende. = Your experiment has concluded encouragingly.
Past Participles used as Adverbs.
End in -(e)t eg bedrövet = sadly. Överdrivet = excessively.
This is the same as the supine.
Adjectives ending -d
add -t also to make an adverb, e.g. vid (wide). vid /vi:d/ > vidt /vi:t/. The d becomes silent here also.

SamSkandinavisk

2020-10-30T00:08:41Z

Parked71: /* Table of Phonemes */

SamSkandinavisk

2020-10-30T00:05:51Z

Parked71: /* Table of Phonemes */

SamSkandinavisk (''Samska'' for short) is naturalistic a-posteriori auxlang based on the continental North Germanic languages (Danish, Norwegian, Swedish).

It is intended to be a tool for inter-Nordic communication and integration. It also is intended to be used as a tool for people from outside the Scandinavian region to communicate with Scandinavians -- as an alternative to learning one or all of the natural Scandinavian languages.

Samska includes complex grammatical features, but only when they are present in all of the source languages. It should theoretically be easier and more regular than any one of the natural Scandinavian languages.

The status of the language is currently under construction. There is a lexicon of approximately 3000 words available, but it still lacks many essential words for basic conversation.

==Design Philosophy and Practice==
It is generally intended that linguistic features that are common to two or more of the Scandinavian languages will be included in the language. A linguistic feature is for example a word carrying a particular meaning, a sound in the phonology, a spelling practice or a grammatical rule.

In regards to the grammar, grammatical features must be present in all three of the source languages to be represented in SamSka. This allows certain complex grammatical features and irregularities to be present, but only when they are present in all the source languages and are thus considered intrinsic to the Scandinavian linguistic experience. When there is not total agreement in the grammar, it defaults to what is considered the most regular, simple and schematic solution used by one the source languages.

For example in some cases a verb may have an irregular way of forming the past tense such as being a strong verb that changes the stem vowel. If all 3 of the source languages use this method in their cognates to this verb then in SamSka its equivalent will likewise form the past tense by ''ablaut''. But if only one or two of the source languages use ''ablaut'', or the verb has cognates in only two of the source languages, then the SamSka equivalent will form the past tense according to the default verb rules.

For a word to be represented in SamSka, it needs to have cognates with the same meaning in two or more of the source languages. When cognates are present in all three languages but due to semantic drift no common meanings, then a cognate word will not be present in SamSka. Where a word has cognates with multiple meanings in all three languages, only the meanings that are shared will be in the canonical definition of the SamSka cognate.

The form of words is determined by the ''Etymological Prototype'', using a prototyping scheme inspired by [[Interlingua]]. It is also close to the method used by Ivar Aarsen when developing Nynorsk, which he called "the most perfect form" <ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nynorsk</ref> (''den fuldkomneste Form'') This means the form of SamSka words tend to be relatively close to the original common source of the word in the Scandinavian languages (be that Old Norse, Middle Low German or French). Where the form of the etymological prototype is ambiguous or debatable SamSka allows variant forms. For example the adjective '''[[Contionary:tykk|tykk]]''' /tʏkː/ (thick, fat) has an alternative form of '''[[Contionary:tykk|tjukk]]''' /ʧʊkː/.

==Vocabulary==
SamSka words originate in cognate words in the source languages; Danish, Norwegian and Swedish. Consequently the source of the majority of words are as in those languages, mainly Old Norse, Middle Low German, French and Latin. English and German are also common sources.
SamSka words have cognates with the same meaning in at least two of the three source languages and most have cognates in all three languages. Because two of the source languages, Danish and Norwegian, are lexically quite close, the lexicon of SamSka is closer to Danish and Norwegian than it is to Swedish.
As a feature of the word selection criteria, there are frequently synonyms to express the same concept, for example SamSka has both '''[[Contionary:ete|ete]]''' and '''spise''' meaning to eat. A further feature is words with multiple meanings, for example '''orm''' means both snake and worm. In such cases, the preferred words or preferred meanings are those present in all three languages.

==Orthography==
SamSka uses the standard 26 letter Roman alphabet, plus three additional letters; '''å''', '''ä''', and '''ö'''. The letters q, w, x are rare - only used in names and in very recent borrowings. '''ä''' and '''ö''' can be substituted with '''æ''' and '''ø''' which are considered equally valid substitutes. When '''å''', '''ä''' and '''ö''' may not be easily used or input (for example on primitive computer systems or manual typewriters), they may be substituted with the digraphs '''aa, ae''' and '''oe'''.
The pronunciation of letters in the orthography is often dependent on neighboring letters in the same word. For example the letter '''g''' may be pronounced as /ɡ/ or as /j/ depending on the following vowels. (It is /j/ before '''e,i,y,ä''' or '''ö'''). The length of vowels is marked by the following consonants. Short vowels tend to be followed by a cluster of consonants or a doubled consonant. The same sound may be spelled in more than one way, the choice of letters depends on the etymology of the word and related words. For example short '''e''' /ɛ/ can be spelled in some words with '''e''', in other words with '''ä'''.

==Phonology==
SamSka’s phonology resembles its Scandinavian source languages – it is particularly close to Norwegian and Swedish. It has a large number of vowels which have a long and short distinction. Consonants also have a long-short distinction. Consonant length and vowel length have complimentary relationship. Short vowels are followed by long consonants, long vowels are followed by short consonants.

Because SamSka is an auxiliary language, a range of pronunciations are accepted and some phonemes have alternative forms.

Many consonants have been subject to palatization when before a frontal vowel. For example '''sk-''' is normally /sk/ but before '''e, i, y, ä''' and '''ö''' it is /ʃ/. This means that related words may have quite different consonants. This can even be the case with the inflections of a word - if the vowel changes due to an inflection, then the consonant may be palatized as a result.

===Word Final g===
In the case of the '''g''' consonant, when at the end of word it will be pronounced as /g/. But adding a suffix such as '''-en''' will change the pronunciation to /j/. For example '''[[Contionary:dag|dag]]''' /dɑːg/ > '''[[Contionary:dag|dagen]]''' /ˈdɑːjən/.

===Word Final v===
Some phonemes have allophones that are quite far from the phonemic pronunciation. For example '''v''' after a vowel, at the end of a word can be pronounced as /ʋ/ or even as the vowel /ʊ/. If /ʊ/ it will form a diphthong with the preceding vowel. For example '''brav''' (good, great) can be pronounced /brɑːv/, /brɑːʋ/ or /braʊ/. This also applies to '''v''' at the end of a syllable when the following syllable begins with a consonant. For example '''havde''' (past tense of '''ha''') may be pronounced as /ˈhɑːʊdə/

===Pronunciation of "hv"===
Like Norwegian Nynorsk but unlike standard varieties of Danish, Swedish and Norwegian Bokmål, Samska ''does'' make a distinction in pronunciation between '''v''' and '''hv'''. It has the spelling distinction that is retained by Danish and Bokmål and also has a difference in pronunciation. '''Hv''' is pronounced as /ʍ/ but variations are permitted such as /xʷ/ and /w/. So '''hvar''' /ʍɑːr/ (where) has a distinct pronunciation to '''var''' /vɑːr/ (was/were).

===Retroflex Consonants===
Clusters of '''r''' followed by a dental consonant such as '''rd, rt, rn, rl, rs''' merge to form the retroflex consonants /ɖ/, /ʈ/, /ɳ/, /ɭ/, /ʂ/. This also leads to a compensatory lengthening to stem vowel. For example '''[[Contionary:hard|hard]]''' /haːɖ/. Long versions of the vowel in such instances are considered to be allophones of the short vowels rather than long vowels. The long '''e''' vowel in '''verd''' /vɛːɖ/ is not considered the same vowel as in '''ved''' /veːd/

===Tone===
Many words in SamSka carry a pitch accent (also called a rising tone). These words are nouns, adjectives and verbs in which the stem includes the primarily stressed syllable followed by an unstressed schwa syllable. For example '''slange''' /ˈslǎŋːə/ (''snake'') has a rising tone; '''slang''' /slaŋː/ (slang) has no tone. This extends to inflections of such words when they acquire suffixes. For example '''slangen''' /ˈslǎŋːən/ (''the snake'') looks identical to '''slangen''' /ˈslaŋːən/ (''the slang'') when written but the first word may be distinguished in speech by its rising tone.

In the case of related words such as '''styre''' (noun = ''management'') and '''styre''' (verb = ''to steer''), the stem of the noun is regarded as ending in an unstressed schwa syllable and '''styre''' (noun) will have a rising tone. In the case of the verb, the stem is considered to be '''styr-''' and it will have no tone. This means that '''styret''' (''the management'') will have a rising tone whereas '''styret''' (past participle of '''styre''') will not.

Other words with a rising tone would be two syllable stems that end in '''-el''', '''-en''', or '''-er'''. This would include:

'''avle''' (verb, ''to beget'')
'''enkel''' (adjective, ''simple'')
'''ketel''' (noun, ''kettle'')
'''sakne''' (verb, ''to lack'')
'''galen''' (adjective, ''crazy'')
'''vaten''' (noun, ''water'')
'''slummre''' (verb, ''to slumber'')
'''vakker''' (adjective, ''beautiful'')
'''veder''' (noun, ''weather'')

===Table of Phonemes===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Short vowels !! Variations !! Spelling !! Comments !! Example
|-
| a || ɑ || a || || s'''a'''mmle \ˈsǎmːlə\ to gather
|-
| ɛ || e || e, ä || || [[Contionary:berg|b'''e'''rg]] \bɛrːg\ mountain; [[Contionary:gänge|g'''ä'''nge]] \ˈjɛ̌ŋːə\ screwthread
|-
| ɪ || i || i || || [[Contionary:skikk|sk'''i'''kk]] \ʃɪkː\ behavior
|-
| ɔ || o || o, å || || '''o'''st \ɔsːt\ cheese; sk'''å'''lde \ˈskɔlːdə\ to scald
|-
| ʊ || u || u || || [[Contionary:fuktig|f'''u'''ktig]] \ˈfʊkːti\ moist
|-
| œ || ø || ö || || t'''ö'''mme \ˈtœmːə\ to empty
|-
| ʏ || y || y || || r'''y'''gg \rʏgː\ back
|-
| ə || ɐ || e || || sömm'''e''' \ˈsœmːə\ to stitch
|-
! Long vowels !! Variations !! Spelling !! Comments !! Example
|-
| ɑː || aː || a || || h'''a'''le \ˈhɑ̌ːlə\ tail
|-
| æː || ɛː || ä || || [[Contionary:väte|v'''ä'''te]] \ˈvæːtə\ to wet
|-
| eː || || e || || [[Contionary:dele|d'''e'''le]] \ˈdeːlə\ to divide
|-
| iː || || i || || gr'''i'''s \griːs\ pig
|-
| ɔː || oː , ɒː || å || || [[Contionary:båt|b'''å'''t]] \bɔːt\ boat
|-
| oː || uː || o || || sk'''o'''le \ˈskǒːlə\ school
|-
| uː || ʉː || u || || [[Contionary:slut|sl'''u'''t]] \sluːt\ end
|-
| øː || || ö || || r'''ö'''d \røːd\ red
|-
| yː || || y || || sk'''y'''g \ʃyːg\ shy
|-
! Dipthongs !! Variations !! Spelling !! Comments!! Example
|-
| eɪ || || ej, eg, ig || marginal -- could be interpreted as /e/ +/j/ || [[Contionary:jeg|j'''eg''']] \jeɪ\ I; [[Contionary:dejlig|d'''ej'''lig]] \ˈdeɪli(g)\ lovely
|-
| aɪ || || ei || appearing mainly in borrowings || [[Contionary:feil|f'''ei'''l]] \faɪl\ wrong
|-
| aʊ || aʋ || au || appearing mainly in borrowings || [[Contionary:automat|'''au'''tomat]] \aʊtɔˈmɑːt\ automaton
|-
| ɛʊ || ɛʋ || eu || appearing mainly in borrowings || n'''eu'''tralisere \nɛʊtralɪˈseːrə\ to neutralize
|-
! Consonants !! Variations !! Spelling !! Comments !! Example
|-
| p || || p || || käm'''p'''e \ˈçɛ̌mːpə\ giant
|-
| b || || b || || skru'''bb'''e \ˈskrʊbːə\ to scrub
|-
| t || || t || || ly'''tt'''e \ˈlʏtːə\ to listen
|-
| d || ð || d || '''d''' between two vowels may optionally be pronounced as \ð\ || [[Contionary:dålig|'''d'''ålig]] \ˈdɔːli(g)\ bad; ba'''d'''e \ˈbɑːðə\ to bathe
|-
| k || || k, c || '''c''' before '''a, o, u''' is pronounced /k/. It appears only in names and recent borrowings. || '''k'''alle \ˈkalːə\ to call
|-
| g || || g || || '''g'''ull \gʊlː\ gold
|-
| m || || m || || dö'''mm'''e \ˈdœmːə\ to judge
|-
| n || || n || || '''n'''y \nyː\ new
|-
| ŋ || || ng || || ra'''ng''' \raŋː\ rank
|-
| f || || f || || '''f'''ri \friː\ free
|-
| v || ʋ || v || Word final or syllable final followed by another consonant can become \ʊ\ || [[Contionary:väre|'''v'''äre]] \ˈvæːrə\ to be; ha'''v''' \hɑːʊ\ sea
|-
| s || s || s, c, z || '''c''' before '''e, i, y, ä, ö''' is pronounced \s\ || '''s'''ol \soːl\ sun; [[Contionary:december|de'''c'''ember]] \dɛˈsɛ̌mːbər\ December; '''z'''one \ˈsǒːnə\ zone
|-
| ʃ || || sk, skj, sj, ch || syllable-initial '''sk''' before '''e, i, j, y, ä and ö''' is \ʃ\ || '''sk'''enke \ˈʃɛŋːkə\ to donate; '''skj'''orte \ˈʃɔ̌ːʈə\ shirt; [[Contionary:själ|'''sj'''äl]] \ʃæːl\ soul; [[Contionary:chokk|'''ch'''okk]] \ʃɔkː\ shock
|-
| ʒ || ʃ || g, j || Marginal -- appearing only in borrowings || kura'''g'''e \kʊˈrɑ̌ːʒə\ courage
|-
| ç || || k, kj || syllable-initial '''k''' before '''e, i, j, y, ä''' and '''ö''' is \ç\ || '''k'''ysse \ˈçʏsːə\ to kiss; '''kj'''ole \ˈçǒːlə\ dress
|-
| ʧ || || tj, ti+vowel || || '''tj'''uv \ʧuːv\ thief; na'''ti'''on \naˈʧoːn\ nation
|-
| h || || h || || '''h'''ate \ˈhɑːtə\ to hate
|-
| r || ʀ || r || || kla'''r''' \klɑːr\ clear
|-
| j || || j, gj, g || '''g''' before '''e, i, j, y, ä''' and '''ö''' is \j\ || '''j'''age \ˈjɑːjə\ to hunt; [[Contionary:gjärne|'''gj'''ärne]] \ˈjɛ̌ːɳə\ willingly; '''g'''ift \jɪfːt\ poison
|-
| l || || l || || '''låg''' \lɔːg\ law
|-
| ʂ || rːs, ʀːs || rs || || ko'''rs''' \kɔːʂ\ cross
|-
| ɖː || rːd, ʀːd || rd || || ge'''rd'''e \ˈjɛ̌ːɖə\ fence
|-
| ʈː || rːt, ʀːt || rt || || sva'''rt''' \svaːʈ\ black
|-
| ɳː || rːn, ʀːn || rn || || ho'''rn''' \hɔːɳ\ horn
|-
| ɭː || rːl, ʀːl || rl || || [[Contionary:verld|ve'''rl'''d]] \vɛːɭd\ world
|-
| ʍ || xʷ, hʋ, v || hv || || '''hv'''ar \ʍɑːr\ where
|-
|}

==Grammar==
===Nouns===
[[SamSkandinavisk nouns|Main article: SamSkandinavisk nouns]]

There are two grammatical genders for nouns; common and neuter. Common gender nouns account for approximately 75% of nouns. The common gender originates in the merger of the Feminine and Masculine gender in earlier phases of the source languages.

Nouns have two cases, a common subject/object case and a genitive/possessive case.
The definite status of a noun is formed by adding '''-en''' to the stem in the case of common gender nouns, '''-et''' in the case of neuter nouns and '''-erne''' in the case of plural nouns. For example '''en [[Contionary:ankel|ankel]]''' (common gender = an ankle), '''ett hus''' (neuter gender = a house) in definite form become '''anklen''' (the ankle) and '''huset''' (the house) However this changes to a pre-noun definite article when it is preceded by an adjective. eg '''anklen''' = the ankle; '''den ömme ankel''' = the sore ankle. '''Huset''' = the house; '''det store hus''' = the big house.

The plural of nouns is commonly formed by adding '''-er''' to the stem. eg '''stokk''' (rod) plural '''stokker'''. However this suffix can be agglutinated to other suffixes that mark case and definite status. eg '''stokkerns''' (the rods'/of the rods). Approximately half of neuter nouns don't add '''-er''' and have same form in plural as in singular. There is also a small minority of nouns that form the plural with a change of the stem-vowel by ''umlaut''. eg '''[[Contionary:tann|tann]]''' (tooth) plural '''[[Contionary:tann|tänner]]'''.

===Pronouns===
[[SamSkandinavisk pronouns|Main article: SamSkandinavisk pronouns]]

Pronouns have 3 cases: subjective, objective and possessive. In the third person there is also a reflexive case and a reflexive-possessive case. Third person singular pronouns have three genders; feminine ('''hon'''), masculine ('''han''') and neuter ('''det'''). There is also '''den''' - a third person singular pronoun which can be used for common gender nouns when they have no natural gender -- such as in the case of inanimate objects or abstract concepts. It may also be used of people when the gender is not known or considered irrelevant.

The second person pronoun has two numbers -- singular ('''du''') and plural ('''i'''). Unlike in German or French for example, it is socially acceptable to address an adult stranger as '''du'''. '''i''' is thus restricted in usage to addressing groups of people.

===Adjectives===
[[SamSkandinavisk adjectives|Main article: SamSkandinavisk adjectives]]

Adjectives have two paradigms for declension -- a indefinite declension and a definite declension. In the predicative position, the adjective must agree with the gender and number of the noun it refers to. It does not however agree with the definite or indefinite status; The form of the adjective in the predicative position always takes the indefinite form

Similar to other Germanic languages, the comparative is formed by adding '''-ere''' to the stem and the superlative is formed by adding '''-est''' or '''-este'''. A minority of adjectives have irregular declensions, typically they change the stem-vowel by ''umlaut'' when forming the comparative and superlative. eg '''stor''' (big); comparative '''större'''; superlative '''störst'''. Some adjectives are further irregular and have totally different stems in the definite form or the plural form of when forming the comparative and superlative. For example, with '''god''' (''good'') the comparative is '''bettre''' and the superlative is '''best'''.

====Adverbs====
Adjectives must have a '''-t''' suffix added to be used as adverbs.

===Verbs===
Verbs end in '''-e''' in the infinitive. The present tense in all persons and numbers is formed by adding '''-er''' to the stem. The past tense is formed by adding '''-de''', '''-te''', or '''-ede''' to the stem. The past participle is formed by adding '''-t''' or '''-et'''.
Transitive verbs can have a passive form which is made by adding '''-es''' to the stem.
There are many irregular verbs where the stem vowel also changes when forming the past tense and past participle. There are also seven classes of strong verb where the stem vowel changes by ''ablaut'' when forming the past tense and past participle.

== Sample Texts ==
''Snart skall vi dverger endeligt besegre våre nuvärende fjender ok hevne alle gammle vanärer. Då skall det väre en ny gulltid för den skeggige slekt. Hvis männene ok halflingerne kenner sin rang ok klasse, skall de have ären för at tjäne oss. Halflingerne skall röre vår gröt ok bäre våre ölkrus. Männene skall slite i våre gullgruber ok hente för oss ting som står på höge hyller.''

[[File:Samska_snart_skall_vi_dverger.ogg]]

(Soon we dwarfs will finally defeat our current enemies and avenge all ancient dishonors. Then it will be a new golden age for the bearded race. If the men and halflings know their place, they will have the honor of serving us. The halflings will stir our porridge and bear our ale tankards. The men will toil in our gold mines and fetch for us things that are located on high shelves.)

''I den mörke tommrumm af tidens begynnelse, blev kämpen Ymir födet af gift ok frost, ok han diede hos den store ku Auðumbla. Frå henne kåm vesnet Búri som avlede Burr som avlede guderne Óðinn, Vili ok Vé. Burrs söner drepede Ymir ok skapede Jorden af hans lik. Den förste mann samt den förste kvinne, Ask ok Embla, blev skapet frå ett asktre ok ett almtre henhåldsvist.''

(In the dark void of time's beginning, the giant Ymir was born of poison and frost, and he suckled at the great cow Auðumbla. From her came the being Búri who begat Burr who begat the gods Óðinn, Vili and Vé. Burr's sons slew Ymir and created the Earth from his corpse. The first man and woman, Ask and Embla were created from an ash-tree and an elm respectively.)

''Durianen er en tropiskt frukt som er meket populär i landerne i Sydöstasie. Den omdömes at have en meket sterk ok särskilt lukt ok mange folk anser den at have en motbjudelig smak. Men hvardan smaker durianen faktiskt?''
''Förestell eder en meken stor lök som har blivet litt rotten. Nå förestell eder at en seksgalen ape har knullt denne rottene lök. Durian er präcist likesom det... men i ett godt vis.''
''Min hustru er uenig. Hon seger at det er likesom at kysse mig tidlig på morgenen förut för jeg har rengort mine tänner. Likesom smaken af denne kysse men med ekstra sukker.''
''Underligt, efter den förste provning af Durian, blir smaken ok den vämmelige duft ufornuftigt tvingende — likesom stanken af de svetige trusser af den Brazilianiske kvinners volleyballlag.''

(The Durian is a tropical fruit that is very popular in the lands of South-East-Asia. It has a repuation to have a very strong and distinctive odour and many people consider to have a revolting flavour. But in fact how does the durian taste?
Imagine a very large onion that has gone a little rotten. Now imagine that a sex-crazed monkey has made love to this rotten onion. Durian is precisely like that... but in a good way.
My wife doesn't agree. She says that it is like kissing me early in the morning before I have cleaned my teeth. Like the smell of this kiss but with extra sugar.
Curiously, after that first taste of durian, the taste and the horrid aroma become inexplicably compelling — like the stench of the sweaty panties of the Brazilian women's volleyball team.)

''Nordvinden ok Solen på SamSka''

''Nordvinden ok Solen bestred om hvem var sterkere, då kåm en reisende förbi som klädde sig i en varm kappe. De stemmde at den som först kunne vålde reisenden at tage af sin kappe skulle anses sterkere enn den andre. Då blåsede Nordvinden så hardt som han kunne, men jo mer han blåsede, desto tettere reisenden hyljede kappen omkring sig; ok til sidst uppgav Nordvinden forsöket. Då skinede Solen varmt, ok straks tog reisenden af kappen. Så måtte Nordvinden erkenne at var Solen den sterkere af dem.''

(The North Wind and The Sun were arguing about who was stronger, when along came a traveler who was wearing a warm cloak. They agreed that the first who could make the traveler take off his cloak should be considered stronger than the other. Then the North Wind blew as hard as he could, but the more he blew, the tighter the traveler wrapped the cloak around himself; and eventually the North Wind gave up the attempt. The the Sun shone warmly, and immediately the traveler took off the cloak. So the North Wind had to acknowledge that the Sun was the stronger of the two.)

[[Category:Germanic languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:North Germanic languages]]

SamSkandinavisk

2020-10-30T00:00:26Z

Parked71: /* Sample Texts */

SamSkandinavisk (''Samska'' for short) is naturalistic a-posteriori auxlang based on the continental North Germanic languages (Danish, Norwegian, Swedish).

It is intended to be a tool for inter-Nordic communication and integration. It also is intended to be used as a tool for people from outside the Scandinavian region to communicate with Scandinavians -- as an alternative to learning one or all of the natural Scandinavian languages.

Samska includes complex grammatical features, but only when they are present in all of the source languages. It should theoretically be easier and more regular than any one of the natural Scandinavian languages.

The status of the language is currently under construction. There is a lexicon of approximately 3000 words available, but it still lacks many essential words for basic conversation.

==Design Philosophy and Practice==
It is generally intended that linguistic features that are common to two or more of the Scandinavian languages will be included in the language. A linguistic feature is for example a word carrying a particular meaning, a sound in the phonology, a spelling practice or a grammatical rule.

In regards to the grammar, grammatical features must be present in all three of the source languages to be represented in SamSka. This allows certain complex grammatical features and irregularities to be present, but only when they are present in all the source languages and are thus considered intrinsic to the Scandinavian linguistic experience. When there is not total agreement in the grammar, it defaults to what is considered the most regular, simple and schematic solution used by one the source languages.

For example in some cases a verb may have an irregular way of forming the past tense such as being a strong verb that changes the stem vowel. If all 3 of the source languages use this method in their cognates to this verb then in SamSka its equivalent will likewise form the past tense by ''ablaut''. But if only one or two of the source languages use ''ablaut'', or the verb has cognates in only two of the source languages, then the SamSka equivalent will form the past tense according to the default verb rules.

For a word to be represented in SamSka, it needs to have cognates with the same meaning in two or more of the source languages. When cognates are present in all three languages but due to semantic drift no common meanings, then a cognate word will not be present in SamSka. Where a word has cognates with multiple meanings in all three languages, only the meanings that are shared will be in the canonical definition of the SamSka cognate.

The form of words is determined by the ''Etymological Prototype'', using a prototyping scheme inspired by [[Interlingua]]. It is also close to the method used by Ivar Aarsen when developing Nynorsk, which he called "the most perfect form" <ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nynorsk</ref> (''den fuldkomneste Form'') This means the form of SamSka words tend to be relatively close to the original common source of the word in the Scandinavian languages (be that Old Norse, Middle Low German or French). Where the form of the etymological prototype is ambiguous or debatable SamSka allows variant forms. For example the adjective '''[[Contionary:tykk|tykk]]''' /tʏkː/ (thick, fat) has an alternative form of '''[[Contionary:tykk|tjukk]]''' /ʧʊkː/.

==Vocabulary==
SamSka words originate in cognate words in the source languages; Danish, Norwegian and Swedish. Consequently the source of the majority of words are as in those languages, mainly Old Norse, Middle Low German, French and Latin. English and German are also common sources.
SamSka words have cognates with the same meaning in at least two of the three source languages and most have cognates in all three languages. Because two of the source languages, Danish and Norwegian, are lexically quite close, the lexicon of SamSka is closer to Danish and Norwegian than it is to Swedish.
As a feature of the word selection criteria, there are frequently synonyms to express the same concept, for example SamSka has both '''[[Contionary:ete|ete]]''' and '''spise''' meaning to eat. A further feature is words with multiple meanings, for example '''orm''' means both snake and worm. In such cases, the preferred words or preferred meanings are those present in all three languages.

==Orthography==
SamSka uses the standard 26 letter Roman alphabet, plus three additional letters; '''å''', '''ä''', and '''ö'''. The letters q, w, x are rare - only used in names and in very recent borrowings. '''ä''' and '''ö''' can be substituted with '''æ''' and '''ø''' which are considered equally valid substitutes. When '''å''', '''ä''' and '''ö''' may not be easily used or input (for example on primitive computer systems or manual typewriters), they may be substituted with the digraphs '''aa, ae''' and '''oe'''.
The pronunciation of letters in the orthography is often dependent on neighboring letters in the same word. For example the letter '''g''' may be pronounced as /ɡ/ or as /j/ depending on the following vowels. (It is /j/ before '''e,i,y,ä''' or '''ö'''). The length of vowels is marked by the following consonants. Short vowels tend to be followed by a cluster of consonants or a doubled consonant. The same sound may be spelled in more than one way, the choice of letters depends on the etymology of the word and related words. For example short '''e''' /ɛ/ can be spelled in some words with '''e''', in other words with '''ä'''.

==Phonology==
SamSka’s phonology resembles its Scandinavian source languages – it is particularly close to Norwegian and Swedish. It has a large number of vowels which have a long and short distinction. Consonants also have a long-short distinction. Consonant length and vowel length have complimentary relationship. Short vowels are followed by long consonants, long vowels are followed by short consonants.

Because SamSka is an auxiliary language, a range of pronunciations are accepted and some phonemes have alternative forms.

Many consonants have been subject to palatization when before a frontal vowel. For example '''sk-''' is normally /sk/ but before '''e, i, y, ä''' and '''ö''' it is /ʃ/. This means that related words may have quite different consonants. This can even be the case with the inflections of a word - if the vowel changes due to an inflection, then the consonant may be palatized as a result.

===Word Final g===
In the case of the '''g''' consonant, when at the end of word it will be pronounced as /g/. But adding a suffix such as '''-en''' will change the pronunciation to /j/. For example '''[[Contionary:dag|dag]]''' /dɑːg/ > '''[[Contionary:dag|dagen]]''' /ˈdɑːjən/.

===Word Final v===
Some phonemes have allophones that are quite far from the phonemic pronunciation. For example '''v''' after a vowel, at the end of a word can be pronounced as /ʋ/ or even as the vowel /ʊ/. If /ʊ/ it will form a diphthong with the preceding vowel. For example '''brav''' (good, great) can be pronounced /brɑːv/, /brɑːʋ/ or /braʊ/. This also applies to '''v''' at the end of a syllable when the following syllable begins with a consonant. For example '''havde''' (past tense of '''ha''') may be pronounced as /ˈhɑːʊdə/

===Pronunciation of "hv"===
Like Norwegian Nynorsk but unlike standard varieties of Danish, Swedish and Norwegian Bokmål, Samska ''does'' make a distinction in pronunciation between '''v''' and '''hv'''. It has the spelling distinction that is retained by Danish and Bokmål and also has a difference in pronunciation. '''Hv''' is pronounced as /ʍ/ but variations are permitted such as /xʷ/ and /w/. So '''hvar''' /ʍɑːr/ (where) has a distinct pronunciation to '''var''' /vɑːr/ (was/were).

===Retroflex Consonants===
Clusters of '''r''' followed by a dental consonant such as '''rd, rt, rn, rl, rs''' merge to form the retroflex consonants /ɖ/, /ʈ/, /ɳ/, /ɭ/, /ʂ/. This also leads to a compensatory lengthening to stem vowel. For example '''[[Contionary:hard|hard]]''' /haːɖ/. Long versions of the vowel in such instances are considered to be allophones of the short vowels rather than long vowels. The long '''e''' vowel in '''verd''' /vɛːɖ/ is not considered the same vowel as in '''ved''' /veːd/

===Tone===
Many words in SamSka carry a pitch accent (also called a rising tone). These words are nouns, adjectives and verbs in which the stem includes the primarily stressed syllable followed by an unstressed schwa syllable. For example '''slange''' /ˈslǎŋːə/ (''snake'') has a rising tone; '''slang''' /slaŋː/ (slang) has no tone. This extends to inflections of such words when they acquire suffixes. For example '''slangen''' /ˈslǎŋːən/ (''the snake'') looks identical to '''slangen''' /ˈslaŋːən/ (''the slang'') when written but the first word may be distinguished in speech by its rising tone.

In the case of related words such as '''styre''' (noun = ''management'') and '''styre''' (verb = ''to steer''), the stem of the noun is regarded as ending in an unstressed schwa syllable and '''styre''' (noun) will have a rising tone. In the case of the verb, the stem is considered to be '''styr-''' and it will have no tone. This means that '''styret''' (''the management'') will have a rising tone whereas '''styret''' (past participle of '''styre''') will not.

Other words with a rising tone would be two syllable stems that end in '''-el''', '''-en''', or '''-er'''. This would include:

'''avle''' (verb, ''to beget'')
'''enkel''' (adjective, ''simple'')
'''ketel''' (noun, ''kettle'')
'''sakne''' (verb, ''to lack'')
'''galen''' (adjective, ''crazy'')
'''vaten''' (noun, ''water'')
'''slummre''' (verb, ''to slumber'')
'''vakker''' (adjective, ''beautiful'')
'''veder''' (noun, ''weather'')

===Table of Phonemes===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Short vowels !! Variations !! Spelling !! Comments !! Example
|-
| a || ɑ || a || || s'''a'''mmle \ˈsǎmːlə\ to gather
|-
| ɛ || e || e, ä || || [[Contionary:berg|b'''e'''rg]] \bɛrːg\ mountain; [[Contionary:gänge|g'''ä'''nge]] \ˈjɛ̌ŋːə\ screwthread
|-
| ɪ || i || i || || [[Contionary:skikk|sk'''i'''kk]] \ʃɪkː\ behavior
|-
| ɔ || o || o, å || || '''o'''st \ɔsːt\ cheese; sk'''å'''lde \ˈskɔlːdə\ to scald
|-
| ʊ || u || u || || [[Contionary:fuktig|f'''u'''ktig]] \ˈfʊkːti\ moist
|-
| œ || ø || ö || || t'''ö'''mme \ˈtœmːə\ to empty
|-
| ʏ || y || y || || r'''y'''gg \rʏgː\ back
|-
| ə || ɐ || e || || sömm'''e''' \ˈsœmːə\ to stitch
|-
! Long vowels !! Variations !! Spelling !! Comments !! Example
|-
| ɑː || aː || a || || h'''a'''le \ˈhɑ̌ːlə\ tail
|-
| æː || ɛː || ä || || [[Contionary:väte|v'''ä'''te]] \ˈvæːtə\ to wet
|-
| eː || || e || || [[Contionary:dele|d'''e'''le]] \ˈdeːlə\ to divide
|-
| iː || || i || || gr'''i'''s \griːs\ pig
|-
| ɔː || oː , ɒː || å || || [[Contionary:båt|b'''å'''t]] \bɔːt\ boat
|-
| oː || uː || o || || sk'''o'''le \ˈskǒːlə\ school
|-
| uː || ʉː || u || || [[Contionary:slut|sl'''u'''t]] \sluːt\ end
|-
| øː || || ö || || r'''ö'''d \røːd\ red
|-
| yː || || y || || sk'''y'''g \ʃyːg\ shy
|-
! Dipthongs !! Variations !! Spelling !! Comments!! Example
|-
| eɪ || || ej, eg, ig || marginal -- could be interpreted as /e/ +/j/ || [[Contionary:jeg|j'''eg''']] \jeɪ\ I; [[Contionary:dejlig|d'''ej'''lig]] \ˈdeɪli(g)\ lovely
|-
| aɪ || || ei || appearing mainly in borrowings || [[Contionary:feil|f'''ei'''l]] \faɪl\ wrong
|-
| aʊ || aʋ || au || appearing mainly in borrowings || [[Contionary:automat|'''au'''tomat]] \aʊtɔˈmɑːt\ automaton
|-
| ɛʊ || ɛʋ || eu || appearing mainly in borrowings || n'''eu'''tralisere \nɛʊtralɪˈseːrə\ to neutralize
|-
! Consonants !! Variations !! Spelling !! Comments !! Example
|-
| p || || p || || käm'''p'''e \ˈçɛ̌mːpə\ giant
|-
| b || || b || || skru'''bb'''e \ˈskrʊbːə\ to scrub
|-
| t || || t || || ly'''tt'''e \ˈlʏtːə\ to listen
|-
| d || ð || d || '''d''' between two vowels may optionally be pronounced as \ð\ || [[Contionary:dålig|'''d'''ålig]] \ˈdɔːli(g)\ bad; ba'''d'''e \ˈbɑːðə\ to bathe
|-
| k || || k || || '''k'''alle \ˈkalːə\ to call
|-
| g || || g || || '''g'''ull \gʊlː\ gold
|-
| m || || m || || dö'''mm'''e \ˈdœmːə\ to judge
|-
| n || || n || || '''n'''y \nyː\ new
|-
| ŋ || || ng || || ra'''ng''' \raŋː\ rank
|-
| f || || f || || '''f'''ri \friː\ free
|-
| v || ʋ || v || Word final or syllable final followed by another consonant can become \ʊ\ || [[Contionary:väre|'''v'''äre]] \ˈvæːrə\ to be; ha'''v''' \hɑːʊ\ sea
|-
| s || s || s, c, z || '''c''' before '''e, i, y, ä, ö''' is pronounced \s\ || '''s'''ol \soːl\ sun; [[Contionary:december|de'''c'''ember]] \dɛˈsɛ̌mːbər\ December; '''z'''one \ˈsǒːnə\ zone
|-
| ʃ || || sk, skj, sj, ch || syllable-initial '''sk''' before '''e, i, j, y, ä and ö''' is \ʃ\ || '''sk'''enke \ˈʃɛŋːkə\ to donate; '''skj'''orte \ˈʃɔ̌ːʈə\ shirt; [[Contionary:själ|'''sj'''äl]] \ʃæːl\ soul; [[Contionary:chokk|'''ch'''okk]] \ʃɔkː\ shock
|-
| ʒ || ʃ || g, j || Marginal -- appearing only in borrowings || kura'''g'''e \kʊˈrɑ̌ːʒə\ courage
|-
| ç || || k, kj || syllable-initial '''k''' before '''e, i, j, y, ä''' and '''ö''' is \ç\ || '''k'''ysse \ˈçʏsːə\ to kiss; '''kj'''ole \ˈçǒːlə\ dress
|-
| ʧ || || tj, ti+vowel || || '''tj'''uv \ʧuːv\ thief; na'''ti'''on \naˈʧoːn\ nation
|-
| h || || h || || '''h'''ate \ˈhɑːtə\ to hate
|-
| r || ʀ || r || || kla'''r''' \klɑːr\ clear
|-
| j || || j, gj, g || '''g''' before '''e, i, j, y, ä''' and '''ö''' is \j\ || '''j'''age \ˈjɑːjə\ to hunt; [[Contionary:gjärne|'''gj'''ärne]] \ˈjɛ̌ːɳə\ willingly; '''g'''ift \jɪfːt\ poison
|-
| l || || l || || '''låg''' \lɔːg\ law
|-
| ʂ || rːs, ʀːs || rs || || ko'''rs''' \kɔːʂ\ cross
|-
| ɖː || rːd, ʀːd || rd || || ge'''rd'''e \ˈjɛ̌ːɖə\ fence
|-
| ʈː || rːt, ʀːt || rt || || sva'''rt''' \svaːʈ\ black
|-
| ɳː || rːn, ʀːn || rn || || ho'''rn''' \hɔːɳ\ horn
|-
| ɭː || rːl, ʀːl || rl || || [[Contionary:verld|ve'''rl'''d]] \vɛːɭd\ world
|-
| ʍ || xʷ, hʋ, v || hv || || '''hv'''ar \ʍɑːr\ where
|-
|}

==Grammar==
===Nouns===
[[SamSkandinavisk nouns|Main article: SamSkandinavisk nouns]]

There are two grammatical genders for nouns; common and neuter. Common gender nouns account for approximately 75% of nouns. The common gender originates in the merger of the Feminine and Masculine gender in earlier phases of the source languages.

Nouns have two cases, a common subject/object case and a genitive/possessive case.
The definite status of a noun is formed by adding '''-en''' to the stem in the case of common gender nouns, '''-et''' in the case of neuter nouns and '''-erne''' in the case of plural nouns. For example '''en [[Contionary:ankel|ankel]]''' (common gender = an ankle), '''ett hus''' (neuter gender = a house) in definite form become '''anklen''' (the ankle) and '''huset''' (the house) However this changes to a pre-noun definite article when it is preceded by an adjective. eg '''anklen''' = the ankle; '''den ömme ankel''' = the sore ankle. '''Huset''' = the house; '''det store hus''' = the big house.

The plural of nouns is commonly formed by adding '''-er''' to the stem. eg '''stokk''' (rod) plural '''stokker'''. However this suffix can be agglutinated to other suffixes that mark case and definite status. eg '''stokkerns''' (the rods'/of the rods). Approximately half of neuter nouns don't add '''-er''' and have same form in plural as in singular. There is also a small minority of nouns that form the plural with a change of the stem-vowel by ''umlaut''. eg '''[[Contionary:tann|tann]]''' (tooth) plural '''[[Contionary:tann|tänner]]'''.

===Pronouns===
[[SamSkandinavisk pronouns|Main article: SamSkandinavisk pronouns]]

Pronouns have 3 cases: subjective, objective and possessive. In the third person there is also a reflexive case and a reflexive-possessive case. Third person singular pronouns have three genders; feminine ('''hon'''), masculine ('''han''') and neuter ('''det'''). There is also '''den''' - a third person singular pronoun which can be used for common gender nouns when they have no natural gender -- such as in the case of inanimate objects or abstract concepts. It may also be used of people when the gender is not known or considered irrelevant.

The second person pronoun has two numbers -- singular ('''du''') and plural ('''i'''). Unlike in German or French for example, it is socially acceptable to address an adult stranger as '''du'''. '''i''' is thus restricted in usage to addressing groups of people.

===Adjectives===
[[SamSkandinavisk adjectives|Main article: SamSkandinavisk adjectives]]

Adjectives have two paradigms for declension -- a indefinite declension and a definite declension. In the predicative position, the adjective must agree with the gender and number of the noun it refers to. It does not however agree with the definite or indefinite status; The form of the adjective in the predicative position always takes the indefinite form

Similar to other Germanic languages, the comparative is formed by adding '''-ere''' to the stem and the superlative is formed by adding '''-est''' or '''-este'''. A minority of adjectives have irregular declensions, typically they change the stem-vowel by ''umlaut'' when forming the comparative and superlative. eg '''stor''' (big); comparative '''större'''; superlative '''störst'''. Some adjectives are further irregular and have totally different stems in the definite form or the plural form of when forming the comparative and superlative. For example, with '''god''' (''good'') the comparative is '''bettre''' and the superlative is '''best'''.

====Adverbs====
Adjectives must have a '''-t''' suffix added to be used as adverbs.

===Verbs===
Verbs end in '''-e''' in the infinitive. The present tense in all persons and numbers is formed by adding '''-er''' to the stem. The past tense is formed by adding '''-de''', '''-te''', or '''-ede''' to the stem. The past participle is formed by adding '''-t''' or '''-et'''.
Transitive verbs can have a passive form which is made by adding '''-es''' to the stem.
There are many irregular verbs where the stem vowel also changes when forming the past tense and past participle. There are also seven classes of strong verb where the stem vowel changes by ''ablaut'' when forming the past tense and past participle.

== Sample Texts ==
''Snart skall vi dverger endeligt besegre våre nuvärende fjender ok hevne alle gammle vanärer. Då skall det väre en ny gulltid för den skeggige slekt. Hvis männene ok halflingerne kenner sin rang ok klasse, skall de have ären för at tjäne oss. Halflingerne skall röre vår gröt ok bäre våre ölkrus. Männene skall slite i våre gullgruber ok hente för oss ting som står på höge hyller.''

[[File:Samska_snart_skall_vi_dverger.ogg]]

(Soon we dwarfs will finally defeat our current enemies and avenge all ancient dishonors. Then it will be a new golden age for the bearded race. If the men and halflings know their place, they will have the honor of serving us. The halflings will stir our porridge and bear our ale tankards. The men will toil in our gold mines and fetch for us things that are located on high shelves.)

''I den mörke tommrumm af tidens begynnelse, blev kämpen Ymir födet af gift ok frost, ok han diede hos den store ku Auðumbla. Frå henne kåm vesnet Búri som avlede Burr som avlede guderne Óðinn, Vili ok Vé. Burrs söner drepede Ymir ok skapede Jorden af hans lik. Den förste mann samt den förste kvinne, Ask ok Embla, blev skapet frå ett asktre ok ett almtre henhåldsvist.''

(In the dark void of time's beginning, the giant Ymir was born of poison and frost, and he suckled at the great cow Auðumbla. From her came the being Búri who begat Burr who begat the gods Óðinn, Vili and Vé. Burr's sons slew Ymir and created the Earth from his corpse. The first man and woman, Ask and Embla were created from an ash-tree and an elm respectively.)

''Durianen er en tropiskt frukt som er meket populär i landerne i Sydöstasie. Den omdömes at have en meket sterk ok särskilt lukt ok mange folk anser den at have en motbjudelig smak. Men hvardan smaker durianen faktiskt?''
''Förestell eder en meken stor lök som har blivet litt rotten. Nå förestell eder at en seksgalen ape har knullt denne rottene lök. Durian er präcist likesom det... men i ett godt vis.''
''Min hustru er uenig. Hon seger at det er likesom at kysse mig tidlig på morgenen förut för jeg har rengort mine tänner. Likesom smaken af denne kysse men med ekstra sukker.''
''Underligt, efter den förste provning af Durian, blir smaken ok den vämmelige duft ufornuftigt tvingende — likesom stanken af de svetige trusser af den Brazilianiske kvinners volleyballlag.''

(The Durian is a tropical fruit that is very popular in the lands of South-East-Asia. It has a repuation to have a very strong and distinctive odour and many people consider to have a revolting flavour. But in fact how does the durian taste?
Imagine a very large onion that has gone a little rotten. Now imagine that a sex-crazed monkey has made love to this rotten onion. Durian is precisely like that... but in a good way.
My wife doesn't agree. She says that it is like kissing me early in the morning before I have cleaned my teeth. Like the smell of this kiss but with extra sugar.
Curiously, after that first taste of durian, the taste and the horrid aroma become inexplicably compelling — like the stench of the sweaty panties of the Brazilian women's volleyball team.)

''Nordvinden ok Solen på SamSka''

''Nordvinden ok Solen bestred om hvem var sterkere, då kåm en reisende förbi som klädde sig i en varm kappe. De stemmde at den som först kunne vålde reisenden at tage af sin kappe skulle anses sterkere enn den andre. Då blåsede Nordvinden så hardt som han kunne, men jo mer han blåsede, desto tettere reisenden hyljede kappen omkring sig; ok til sidst uppgav Nordvinden forsöket. Då skinede Solen varmt, ok straks tog reisenden af kappen. Så måtte Nordvinden erkenne at var Solen den sterkere af dem.''

(The North Wind and The Sun were arguing about who was stronger, when along came a traveler who was wearing a warm cloak. They agreed that the first who could make the traveler take off his cloak should be considered stronger than the other. Then the North Wind blew as hard as he could, but the more he blew, the tighter the traveler wrapped the cloak around himself; and eventually the North Wind gave up the attempt. The the Sun shone warmly, and immediately the traveler took off the cloak. So the North Wind had to acknowledge that the Sun was the stronger of the two.)

[[Category:Germanic languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:North Germanic languages]]

SamSkandinavisk pronouns

2020-10-29T23:56:06Z

Parked71:

SamSkandinavisk pronouns

2020-10-29T23:54:50Z

Parked71:

===Personal pronouns===
The SamSkandinavisk personal pronoun system is very similar to that of Danish, Norwegian-Bokmål and Swedish, and incidentally quite close to English. Pronouns inflect for person, case, number, and, in the third person singular, gender. Unlike English there is a separate third-person reflexive pronoun '''sig''' (himself, herself, itself, themselves). SamSka also keeps a distinct 2nd person singular '''du''' (you) and '''i''' (you plural), and objective forms of these. Reflexive forms are not used for the first and second person, '''mig''' for example can mean both ''me'' or ''myself''.

====Table of Personal pronouns====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="4"|Singular
!colspan="4"|Plural
|-
! Person
! Nominative
! Objective
! Possessive: com./neut./pl.
! Person
! Nominative
! Objective
! Possessive: com./neut./pl.
|-
! 1st
| ''jeg'' [jeɪ]
| ''mig'' [meɪ]
| ''min'' [miːn] / ''mitt'' [mɪtː] / ''mine'' [ˈmiːnə]
! 1st
| ''vi'' [viː]
| ''oss'' [ɔsː]
| ''vår'' [vɔːr] / ''vårt'' [vɔːʈ] / ''våre'' [ˈvɔːrə]
|-
! 2nd
| ''du'' [duː]
| ''dig'' [deɪ]
| ''din'' [diːn] / ''ditt'' [dɪtː] / ''dine'' [ˈdiːnə]
! 2nd
| ''i'' [iː]
| ''eder'' [ˈeːdər, eːr]
| ''eders'' [ˈeːdəʂ, eːʂ]
|-
! 3rd Masc.
| ''han'' [hanː]
| ''hanem'' [ˈhɑːnəm] / ''ham'' [hamː]
| ''hans'' [hanːs]
!rowspan="5"| 3rd
|rowspan="5"| ''de'' [deː]
|rowspan="5"| ''dem'' [deːm]
|rowspan="5"| ''deres'' [ˈdeːrəs]
|-
! 3rd Fem.
| ''hon'' [hɔnː]
| ''henne'' [ˈhɛnːə]
| ''hennes'' [ˈhɛnːəs]
|-
! 3rd Common
| ''den'' [dɛnː]
| ''den'' [dɛnː]
| ''dens'' [dɛnːs]
|-
! 3rd Neut.
| ''det'' [dɛ]
| ''det'' [dɛ]
| ''dets'' [dɛtːs, dɛsː]
|-
! 3rd Impers.
| ''man'' [manː]
| ''en''
| ''ens''
|-
! (3rd Reflex.)
| —
| ''sig'' [seɪ]
| ''sin'' [siːn] / ''sitt'' [sɪtː] / ''sine'' [ˈsiːnə]
! (3rd Reflex)
| —
| ''sig'' [seɪ]
| ''sin'' [siːn] / ''sitt'' [sɪtː] / ''sine'' [ˈsiːnə]
|}

Some possessive pronouns (for example 1st singular) are inflected similarly to adjectives, agreeing in gender and number with the item possessed.

The distinction between '''du''' and '''i''' is intended to be purely one of number. '''Du''' is to address a single person and '''i''' to address two or more people. There is no particular level of formality associated with either pronoun. Unlike with German ''du'' or French ''tu'', SamSka '''du''' can be used to address adult strangers of any social rank.

'''Den''' is the equivalent of ''it'' used for common gender nouns. It is used for nouns when the grammatical gender is common and they have no physical gender. This could include inanimate objects, abstract concepts and animals where the physical gender is not known or not relevant. For example a '''bok''' (book) would normally be referred to as '''den'''. But a '''hankatt''' (tomcat) might instead be referred to as '''han''' (he) because it has a known and relevant physical gender.
'''Den''' may also be used as a gender neutral pronoun to talk about a person when the physical gender is not yet known or not considered relevant. This can be used in non-sexist language to avoid a preference for male or female.

The third person pronouns '''det''', '''den''' and '''de''' also serve as demonstrative pronouns, roughly equivalent to English ''that'' and ''those'', and as definite articles, equivalent to English ''the''.

The reflexive pronoun is used when the object or possessive is identical to the grammatical subject of the sentence: '''han kysste sin hustru'''. "he kissed his (own) wife". '''han kysste hans hustru''' "he kissed his (somebody else's) wife"

'''Man''' the impersonal pronoun is used in a similar way to formal English "one", or more informally "you" or "they". It refers to no one in particular.

===Interrogative Pronouns===
'''hvad''' [ʍɑː(d)] what, whatever

'''hvar''' [ʍɑːr] where, how, which

'''hvardan''' [ˌʍɑːrˈdɑːn] how

'''hvarför''' [ˌʍɑːrˈføːr] what for, why

'''när''' [næːr] / '''hvarnär''' [ˌʍɑːrˈnæːr] when, whenever

'''hvarledes''' [ˌʍɑːrˈleːðəs] how

'''hvem''' [ʍɛmː] who, whom, which, which one

'''hvo''' [ʍoː] who

'''hvilken''' [ˈʍɪlːkən] which, which one, who, whom, what, how Neuter = '''hvilket'''; plural = '''hvilke'''.

'''hvis''' [ʍiːs] whose, of which, of whom

===Demonstrative Pronouns===
'''det''' [dɛ] that (neuter)

'''den''' [dɛnː] that (common)

'''de''' [deː] those (plural)

'''dette''' [ˈdɛtːə] this (neuter)

'''denne''' [ˈdɛnːə] this (common)

'''desse''' [ˈdɛsːə] these, such (plural)

'''där''' [dæːr] there, over there, at that place, yonder

'''dit''' [diːt] there, thither, yonder, that way, to that place

'''därfrå''' [ˌdæːrˈfrɔː] from there, thence, therefrom

'''då''' [dɔː] at that time, in that case, then

'''her''' [heːr] here, herein, this place

'''hit''' [hiːt] hither, here, to this place

===Relative Pronouns===
'''hvad''' [ʍɑː(d)] what

'''hvardan''' [ˌʍɑːrˈdɑːn] as, like, such as

'''hvarför''' [ˌʍɑːrˈføːr] why

'''hvem''' [ʍɛmː] that

'''hvilken''' [ˈʍɪlːkən] that, which, who, whom. Neuter = '''hvilket'''; plural = '''hvilke'''.

'''när''' [næːr] when, whenever, as

'''där''' [dæːr] where, which

'''den som''' [dɛnː sɔmː] the one that, who

'''dit''' [diːt] where

'''som''' [sɔmː] that, which, who, whom

===Other Pronouns and Pronoun-like Determiners===
'''all''' [alː] all, any, every, everyone

'''alle''' [ˈalːə] all, everyone, any, everybody

'''allesammen''' [ˌalːəˈsamːən] everybody, everyone, all of them / you / us, altogether

'''allt''' [alːt] all, everything, anything, the lot

'''allting''' [ˌalːˈtɪŋː] everything

'''alltsammen''' [ˌalːtˈsamːən] everything

'''annen''' [ˈanːən] other, another, others, else. Indefinite common = '''annen'''; indefinite neuter = '''annet'''; definite = '''andre'''.

'''enhver''' [ˌeːnˈʍeːr] each, every, all, any, anybody, everybody, everyone

'''hver''' [ʍeːr] each, every, all the, everybody, everyone

'''hverandre''' [ˌʍeːrˈanːdrə] each other, one another

'''ingen''' [ˈɪŋːən] none, nobody, no one, nothing. Neuter = '''inget'''; plural = '''inge'''

'''ingenting''' [ˌɪŋːənˈtɪŋː] nothing, naught

'''mange''' [ˈmaŋːə] Comparative = '''flere / mangere'''; superlative = '''flest / mangest'''. many, a lot

'''någen''' [ˈnɔːjən] any, anybody, anyone, some, somebody, someone, anything, something

'''någet''' [ˈnɔːjət] any, anything, some, something

'''själv''' [ʃɛlːv] oneself

'''somme''' [ˈsɔmːə] some

'''slik''' [sliːk] such

SamSkandinavisk pronouns

2020-10-29T23:53:53Z

Parked71:

===Personal pronouns===
The SamSkandinavisk personal pronoun system is very similar to that of Danish, Norwegian-Bokmål and Swedish, and incidentally quite close to English. Pronouns inflect for person, case, number, and, in the third person singular, gender. Unlike English there is a separate third-person reflexive pronoun '''sig''' (himself, herself, itself, themselves). SamSka also keeps a distinct 2nd person singular '''du''' (you) and '''i''' (you plural), and objective forms of these. Reflexive forms are not used for the first and second person, '''mig''' for example can mean both ''me'' or ''myself''.

====Table of Personal pronouns====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="4"|Singular
!colspan="4"|Plural
|-
! Person
! Nominative
! Objective
! Possessive: com./neut./pl.
! Person
! Nominative
! Objective
! Possessive: com./neut./pl.
|-
! 1st
| ''jeg'' [jeɪ]
| ''mig'' [meɪ]
| ''min'' [miːn] / ''mitt'' [mɪtː] / ''mine'' [ˈmiːnə]
! 1st
| ''vi'' [viː]
| ''oss'' [ɔsː]
| ''vår'' [vɔːr] / ''vårt'' [vɔːʈ] / ''våre'' [ˈvɔːrə]
|-
! 2nd
| ''du'' [duː]
| ''dig'' [deɪ]
| ''din'' [diːn] / ''ditt'' [dɪtː] / ''dine'' [ˈdiːnə]
! 2nd
| ''i'' [iː]
| ''eder'' [ˈeːdər, eːr]
| ''eders'' [ˈeːdəʂ, eːʂ]
|-
! 3rd Masc.
| ''han'' [hanː]
| ''hanem'' [ˈhɑːnəm] / ''ham'' [hamː]
| ''hans'' [hanːs]
!rowspan="5"| 3rd
|rowspan="5"| ''de'' [deː]
|rowspan="5"| ''dem'' [deːm]
|rowspan="5"| ''deres'' [ˈdeːrəs]
|-
! 3rd Fem.
| ''hon'' [hɔnː]
| ''henne'' [ˈhɛnːə]
| ''hennes'' [ˈhɛnːəs]
|-
! 3rd Common
| ''den'' [dɛnː]
| ''den'' [dɛnː]
| ''dens'' [dɛnːs]
|-
! 3rd Neut.
| ''det'' [dɛ]
| ''det'' [dɛ]
| ''dets'' [dɛtːs, dɛsː]
|-
! 3rd Impers.
| ''man'' [manː]
| ''en''
| ''ens''
|-
! (3rd Reflex.)
| —
| ''sig'' [seɪ]
| ''sin'' [siːn] / ''sitt'' [sɪtː] / ''sine'' [ˈsiːnə]
! (3rd Reflex)
| —
| ''sig'' [seɪ]
| ''sin'' [siːn] / ''sitt'' [sɪtː] / ''sine'' [ˈsiːnə]
|}

Some possessive pronouns (for example 1st singular) are inflected similarly to adjectives, agreeing in gender and number with the item possessed.

The distinction between '''du''' and '''i''' is intended to be purely one of number. '''Du''' is to address a single person and '''i''' to address two or more people. There is no particular level of formality associated with either pronoun. Unlike with German ''du'' or French ''tu'', SamSka '''du''' can be used to address adult strangers of any social rank.

'''Den''' is the equivalent of ''it'' used for common gender nouns. It is used for nouns when the grammatical gender is common and they have no physical gender. This could include inanimate objects, abstract concepts and animals where the physical gender is not known or not relevant. For example a '''bok''' (book) would normally be referred to as '''den'''. But a '''hankatt''' (tomcat) might instead be referred to as '''han''' (he) because it has a known and relevant physical gender.
'''Den''' may also be used as a gender neutral pronoun to talk about a person when the physical gender is not yet known or not considered relevant. This can be used in non-sexist language to avoid a preference for male or female.

The third person pronouns '''det''', '''den''' and '''de''' also serve as demonstrative pronouns, roughly equivalent to English ''that'' and ''those'', and as definite articles, equivalent to English ''the''.

The reflexive pronoun is used when the object or possessive is identical to the grammatical subject of the sentence: '''han kysste sin hustru'''. "he kissed his (own) wife". '''han kysste hans hustru''' "he kissed his (somebody else's) wife"

'''Man''' the impersonal pronoun is used in a similar way to formal English "one", or more informally "you" or "they". It refers to no one in particular. It always uses the reflexive possessive for possessive (for logical reasons). It isn't normally used in the objective case, but constructions of '''man''' in the objective case can be done by using the passive form of verbs.

===Interrogative Pronouns===
'''hvad''' [ʍɑː(d)] what, whatever

'''hvar''' [ʍɑːr] where, how, which

'''hvardan''' [ˌʍɑːrˈdɑːn] how

'''hvarför''' [ˌʍɑːrˈføːr] what for, why

'''när''' [næːr] / '''hvarnär''' [ˌʍɑːrˈnæːr] when, whenever

'''hvarledes''' [ˌʍɑːrˈleːðəs] how

'''hvem''' [ʍɛmː] who, whom, which, which one

'''hvo''' [ʍoː] who

'''hvilken''' [ˈʍɪlːkən] which, which one, who, whom, what, how Neuter = '''hvilket'''; plural = '''hvilke'''.

'''hvis''' [ʍiːs] whose, of which, of whom

===Demonstrative Pronouns===
'''det''' [dɛ] that (neuter)

'''den''' [dɛnː] that (common)

'''de''' [deː] those (plural)

'''dette''' [ˈdɛtːə] this (neuter)

'''denne''' [ˈdɛnːə] this (common)

'''desse''' [ˈdɛsːə] these, such (plural)

'''där''' [dæːr] there, over there, at that place, yonder

'''dit''' [diːt] there, thither, yonder, that way, to that place

'''därfrå''' [ˌdæːrˈfrɔː] from there, thence, therefrom

'''då''' [dɔː] at that time, in that case, then

'''her''' [heːr] here, herein, this place

'''hit''' [hiːt] hither, here, to this place

===Relative Pronouns===
'''hvad''' [ʍɑː(d)] what

'''hvardan''' [ˌʍɑːrˈdɑːn] as, like, such as

'''hvarför''' [ˌʍɑːrˈføːr] why

'''hvem''' [ʍɛmː] that

'''hvilken''' [ˈʍɪlːkən] that, which, who, whom. Neuter = '''hvilket'''; plural = '''hvilke'''.

'''när''' [næːr] when, whenever, as

'''där''' [dæːr] where, which

'''den som''' [dɛnː sɔmː] the one that, who

'''dit''' [diːt] where

'''som''' [sɔmː] that, which, who, whom

===Other Pronouns and Pronoun-like Determiners===
'''all''' [alː] all, any, every, everyone

'''alle''' [ˈalːə] all, everyone, any, everybody

'''allesammen''' [ˌalːəˈsamːən] everybody, everyone, all of them / you / us, altogether

'''allt''' [alːt] all, everything, anything, the lot

'''allting''' [ˌalːˈtɪŋː] everything

'''alltsammen''' [ˌalːtˈsamːən] everything

'''annen''' [ˈanːən] other, another, others, else. Indefinite common = '''annen'''; indefinite neuter = '''annet'''; definite = '''andre'''.

'''enhver''' [ˌeːnˈʍeːr] each, every, all, any, anybody, everybody, everyone

'''hver''' [ʍeːr] each, every, all the, everybody, everyone

'''hverandre''' [ˌʍeːrˈanːdrə] each other, one another

'''ingen''' [ˈɪŋːən] none, nobody, no one, nothing. Neuter = '''inget'''; plural = '''inge'''

'''ingenting''' [ˌɪŋːənˈtɪŋː] nothing, naught

'''mange''' [ˈmaŋːə] Comparative = '''flere / mangere'''; superlative = '''flest / mangest'''. many, a lot

'''någen''' [ˈnɔːjən] any, anybody, anyone, some, somebody, someone, anything, something

'''någet''' [ˈnɔːjət] any, anything, some, something

'''själv''' [ʃɛlːv] oneself

'''somme''' [ˈsɔmːə] some

'''slik''' [sliːk] such

SamSkandinavisk

2020-10-29T22:22:48Z

Parked71:

SamSkandinavisk (''Samska'' for short) is naturalistic a-posteriori auxlang based on the continental North Germanic languages (Danish, Norwegian, Swedish).

It is intended to be a tool for inter-Nordic communication and integration. It also is intended to be used as a tool for people from outside the Scandinavian region to communicate with Scandinavians -- as an alternative to learning one or all of the natural Scandinavian languages.

Samska includes complex grammatical features, but only when they are present in all of the source languages. It should theoretically be easier and more regular than any one of the natural Scandinavian languages.

The status of the language is currently under construction. There is a lexicon of approximately 3000 words available, but it still lacks many essential words for basic conversation.

==Design Philosophy and Practice==
It is generally intended that linguistic features that are common to two or more of the Scandinavian languages will be included in the language. A linguistic feature is for example a word carrying a particular meaning, a sound in the phonology, a spelling practice or a grammatical rule.

In regards to the grammar, grammatical features must be present in all three of the source languages to be represented in SamSka. This allows certain complex grammatical features and irregularities to be present, but only when they are present in all the source languages and are thus considered intrinsic to the Scandinavian linguistic experience. When there is not total agreement in the grammar, it defaults to what is considered the most regular, simple and schematic solution used by one the source languages.

For example in some cases a verb may have an irregular way of forming the past tense such as being a strong verb that changes the stem vowel. If all 3 of the source languages use this method in their cognates to this verb then in SamSka its equivalent will likewise form the past tense by ''ablaut''. But if only one or two of the source languages use ''ablaut'', or the verb has cognates in only two of the source languages, then the SamSka equivalent will form the past tense according to the default verb rules.

For a word to be represented in SamSka, it needs to have cognates with the same meaning in two or more of the source languages. When cognates are present in all three languages but due to semantic drift no common meanings, then a cognate word will not be present in SamSka. Where a word has cognates with multiple meanings in all three languages, only the meanings that are shared will be in the canonical definition of the SamSka cognate.

The form of words is determined by the ''Etymological Prototype'', using a prototyping scheme inspired by [[Interlingua]]. It is also close to the method used by Ivar Aarsen when developing Nynorsk, which he called "the most perfect form" <ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nynorsk</ref> (''den fuldkomneste Form'') This means the form of SamSka words tend to be relatively close to the original common source of the word in the Scandinavian languages (be that Old Norse, Middle Low German or French). Where the form of the etymological prototype is ambiguous or debatable SamSka allows variant forms. For example the adjective '''[[Contionary:tykk|tykk]]''' /tʏkː/ (thick, fat) has an alternative form of '''[[Contionary:tykk|tjukk]]''' /ʧʊkː/.

==Vocabulary==
SamSka words originate in cognate words in the source languages; Danish, Norwegian and Swedish. Consequently the source of the majority of words are as in those languages, mainly Old Norse, Middle Low German, French and Latin. English and German are also common sources.
SamSka words have cognates with the same meaning in at least two of the three source languages and most have cognates in all three languages. Because two of the source languages, Danish and Norwegian, are lexically quite close, the lexicon of SamSka is closer to Danish and Norwegian than it is to Swedish.
As a feature of the word selection criteria, there are frequently synonyms to express the same concept, for example SamSka has both '''[[Contionary:ete|ete]]''' and '''spise''' meaning to eat. A further feature is words with multiple meanings, for example '''orm''' means both snake and worm. In such cases, the preferred words or preferred meanings are those present in all three languages.

==Orthography==
SamSka uses the standard 26 letter Roman alphabet, plus three additional letters; '''å''', '''ä''', and '''ö'''. The letters q, w, x are rare - only used in names and in very recent borrowings. '''ä''' and '''ö''' can be substituted with '''æ''' and '''ø''' which are considered equally valid substitutes. When '''å''', '''ä''' and '''ö''' may not be easily used or input (for example on primitive computer systems or manual typewriters), they may be substituted with the digraphs '''aa, ae''' and '''oe'''.
The pronunciation of letters in the orthography is often dependent on neighboring letters in the same word. For example the letter '''g''' may be pronounced as /ɡ/ or as /j/ depending on the following vowels. (It is /j/ before '''e,i,y,ä''' or '''ö'''). The length of vowels is marked by the following consonants. Short vowels tend to be followed by a cluster of consonants or a doubled consonant. The same sound may be spelled in more than one way, the choice of letters depends on the etymology of the word and related words. For example short '''e''' /ɛ/ can be spelled in some words with '''e''', in other words with '''ä'''.

==Phonology==
SamSka’s phonology resembles its Scandinavian source languages – it is particularly close to Norwegian and Swedish. It has a large number of vowels which have a long and short distinction. Consonants also have a long-short distinction. Consonant length and vowel length have complimentary relationship. Short vowels are followed by long consonants, long vowels are followed by short consonants.

Because SamSka is an auxiliary language, a range of pronunciations are accepted and some phonemes have alternative forms.

Many consonants have been subject to palatization when before a frontal vowel. For example '''sk-''' is normally /sk/ but before '''e, i, y, ä''' and '''ö''' it is /ʃ/. This means that related words may have quite different consonants. This can even be the case with the inflections of a word - if the vowel changes due to an inflection, then the consonant may be palatized as a result.

===Word Final g===
In the case of the '''g''' consonant, when at the end of word it will be pronounced as /g/. But adding a suffix such as '''-en''' will change the pronunciation to /j/. For example '''[[Contionary:dag|dag]]''' /dɑːg/ > '''[[Contionary:dag|dagen]]''' /ˈdɑːjən/.

===Word Final v===
Some phonemes have allophones that are quite far from the phonemic pronunciation. For example '''v''' after a vowel, at the end of a word can be pronounced as /ʋ/ or even as the vowel /ʊ/. If /ʊ/ it will form a diphthong with the preceding vowel. For example '''brav''' (good, great) can be pronounced /brɑːv/, /brɑːʋ/ or /braʊ/. This also applies to '''v''' at the end of a syllable when the following syllable begins with a consonant. For example '''havde''' (past tense of '''ha''') may be pronounced as /ˈhɑːʊdə/

===Pronunciation of "hv"===
Like Norwegian Nynorsk but unlike standard varieties of Danish, Swedish and Norwegian Bokmål, Samska ''does'' make a distinction in pronunciation between '''v''' and '''hv'''. It has the spelling distinction that is retained by Danish and Bokmål and also has a difference in pronunciation. '''Hv''' is pronounced as /ʍ/ but variations are permitted such as /xʷ/ and /w/. So '''hvar''' /ʍɑːr/ (where) has a distinct pronunciation to '''var''' /vɑːr/ (was/were).

===Retroflex Consonants===
Clusters of '''r''' followed by a dental consonant such as '''rd, rt, rn, rl, rs''' merge to form the retroflex consonants /ɖ/, /ʈ/, /ɳ/, /ɭ/, /ʂ/. This also leads to a compensatory lengthening to stem vowel. For example '''[[Contionary:hard|hard]]''' /haːɖ/. Long versions of the vowel in such instances are considered to be allophones of the short vowels rather than long vowels. The long '''e''' vowel in '''verd''' /vɛːɖ/ is not considered the same vowel as in '''ved''' /veːd/

===Tone===
Many words in SamSka carry a pitch accent (also called a rising tone). These words are nouns, adjectives and verbs in which the stem includes the primarily stressed syllable followed by an unstressed schwa syllable. For example '''slange''' /ˈslǎŋːə/ (''snake'') has a rising tone; '''slang''' /slaŋː/ (slang) has no tone. This extends to inflections of such words when they acquire suffixes. For example '''slangen''' /ˈslǎŋːən/ (''the snake'') looks identical to '''slangen''' /ˈslaŋːən/ (''the slang'') when written but the first word may be distinguished in speech by its rising tone.

In the case of related words such as '''styre''' (noun = ''management'') and '''styre''' (verb = ''to steer''), the stem of the noun is regarded as ending in an unstressed schwa syllable and '''styre''' (noun) will have a rising tone. In the case of the verb, the stem is considered to be '''styr-''' and it will have no tone. This means that '''styret''' (''the management'') will have a rising tone whereas '''styret''' (past participle of '''styre''') will not.

Other words with a rising tone would be two syllable stems that end in '''-el''', '''-en''', or '''-er'''. This would include:

'''avle''' (verb, ''to beget'')
'''enkel''' (adjective, ''simple'')
'''ketel''' (noun, ''kettle'')
'''sakne''' (verb, ''to lack'')
'''galen''' (adjective, ''crazy'')
'''vaten''' (noun, ''water'')
'''slummre''' (verb, ''to slumber'')
'''vakker''' (adjective, ''beautiful'')
'''veder''' (noun, ''weather'')

===Table of Phonemes===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Short vowels !! Variations !! Spelling !! Comments !! Example
|-
| a || ɑ || a || || s'''a'''mmle \ˈsǎmːlə\ to gather
|-
| ɛ || e || e, ä || || [[Contionary:berg|b'''e'''rg]] \bɛrːg\ mountain; [[Contionary:gänge|g'''ä'''nge]] \ˈjɛ̌ŋːə\ screwthread
|-
| ɪ || i || i || || [[Contionary:skikk|sk'''i'''kk]] \ʃɪkː\ behavior
|-
| ɔ || o || o, å || || '''o'''st \ɔsːt\ cheese; sk'''å'''lde \ˈskɔlːdə\ to scald
|-
| ʊ || u || u || || [[Contionary:fuktig|f'''u'''ktig]] \ˈfʊkːti\ moist
|-
| œ || ø || ö || || t'''ö'''mme \ˈtœmːə\ to empty
|-
| ʏ || y || y || || r'''y'''gg \rʏgː\ back
|-
| ə || ɐ || e || || sömm'''e''' \ˈsœmːə\ to stitch
|-
! Long vowels !! Variations !! Spelling !! Comments !! Example
|-
| ɑː || aː || a || || h'''a'''le \ˈhɑ̌ːlə\ tail
|-
| æː || ɛː || ä || || [[Contionary:väte|v'''ä'''te]] \ˈvæːtə\ to wet
|-
| eː || || e || || [[Contionary:dele|d'''e'''le]] \ˈdeːlə\ to divide
|-
| iː || || i || || gr'''i'''s \griːs\ pig
|-
| ɔː || oː , ɒː || å || || [[Contionary:båt|b'''å'''t]] \bɔːt\ boat
|-
| oː || uː || o || || sk'''o'''le \ˈskǒːlə\ school
|-
| uː || ʉː || u || || [[Contionary:slut|sl'''u'''t]] \sluːt\ end
|-
| øː || || ö || || r'''ö'''d \røːd\ red
|-
| yː || || y || || sk'''y'''g \ʃyːg\ shy
|-
! Dipthongs !! Variations !! Spelling !! Comments!! Example
|-
| eɪ || || ej, eg, ig || marginal -- could be interpreted as /e/ +/j/ || [[Contionary:jeg|j'''eg''']] \jeɪ\ I; [[Contionary:dejlig|d'''ej'''lig]] \ˈdeɪli(g)\ lovely
|-
| aɪ || || ei || appearing mainly in borrowings || [[Contionary:feil|f'''ei'''l]] \faɪl\ wrong
|-
| aʊ || aʋ || au || appearing mainly in borrowings || [[Contionary:automat|'''au'''tomat]] \aʊtɔˈmɑːt\ automaton
|-
| ɛʊ || ɛʋ || eu || appearing mainly in borrowings || n'''eu'''tralisere \nɛʊtralɪˈseːrə\ to neutralize
|-
! Consonants !! Variations !! Spelling !! Comments !! Example
|-
| p || || p || || käm'''p'''e \ˈçɛ̌mːpə\ giant
|-
| b || || b || || skru'''bb'''e \ˈskrʊbːə\ to scrub
|-
| t || || t || || ly'''tt'''e \ˈlʏtːə\ to listen
|-
| d || ð || d || '''d''' between two vowels may optionally be pronounced as \ð\ || [[Contionary:dålig|'''d'''ålig]] \ˈdɔːli(g)\ bad; ba'''d'''e \ˈbɑːðə\ to bathe
|-
| k || || k || || '''k'''alle \ˈkalːə\ to call
|-
| g || || g || || '''g'''ull \gʊlː\ gold
|-
| m || || m || || dö'''mm'''e \ˈdœmːə\ to judge
|-
| n || || n || || '''n'''y \nyː\ new
|-
| ŋ || || ng || || ra'''ng''' \raŋː\ rank
|-
| f || || f || || '''f'''ri \friː\ free
|-
| v || ʋ || v || Word final or syllable final followed by another consonant can become \ʊ\ || [[Contionary:väre|'''v'''äre]] \ˈvæːrə\ to be; ha'''v''' \hɑːʊ\ sea
|-
| s || s || s, c, z || '''c''' before '''e, i, y, ä, ö''' is pronounced \s\ || '''s'''ol \soːl\ sun; [[Contionary:december|de'''c'''ember]] \dɛˈsɛ̌mːbər\ December; '''z'''one \ˈsǒːnə\ zone
|-
| ʃ || || sk, skj, sj, ch || syllable-initial '''sk''' before '''e, i, j, y, ä and ö''' is \ʃ\ || '''sk'''enke \ˈʃɛŋːkə\ to donate; '''skj'''orte \ˈʃɔ̌ːʈə\ shirt; [[Contionary:själ|'''sj'''äl]] \ʃæːl\ soul; [[Contionary:chokk|'''ch'''okk]] \ʃɔkː\ shock
|-
| ʒ || ʃ || g, j || Marginal -- appearing only in borrowings || kura'''g'''e \kʊˈrɑ̌ːʒə\ courage
|-
| ç || || k, kj || syllable-initial '''k''' before '''e, i, j, y, ä''' and '''ö''' is \ç\ || '''k'''ysse \ˈçʏsːə\ to kiss; '''kj'''ole \ˈçǒːlə\ dress
|-
| ʧ || || tj, ti+vowel || || '''tj'''uv \ʧuːv\ thief; na'''ti'''on \naˈʧoːn\ nation
|-
| h || || h || || '''h'''ate \ˈhɑːtə\ to hate
|-
| r || ʀ || r || || kla'''r''' \klɑːr\ clear
|-
| j || || j, gj, g || '''g''' before '''e, i, j, y, ä''' and '''ö''' is \j\ || '''j'''age \ˈjɑːjə\ to hunt; [[Contionary:gjärne|'''gj'''ärne]] \ˈjɛ̌ːɳə\ willingly; '''g'''ift \jɪfːt\ poison
|-
| l || || l || || '''låg''' \lɔːg\ law
|-
| ʂ || rːs, ʀːs || rs || || ko'''rs''' \kɔːʂ\ cross
|-
| ɖː || rːd, ʀːd || rd || || ge'''rd'''e \ˈjɛ̌ːɖə\ fence
|-
| ʈː || rːt, ʀːt || rt || || sva'''rt''' \svaːʈ\ black
|-
| ɳː || rːn, ʀːn || rn || || ho'''rn''' \hɔːɳ\ horn
|-
| ɭː || rːl, ʀːl || rl || || [[Contionary:verld|ve'''rl'''d]] \vɛːɭd\ world
|-
| ʍ || xʷ, hʋ, v || hv || || '''hv'''ar \ʍɑːr\ where
|-
|}

==Grammar==
===Nouns===
[[SamSkandinavisk nouns|Main article: SamSkandinavisk nouns]]

There are two grammatical genders for nouns; common and neuter. Common gender nouns account for approximately 75% of nouns. The common gender originates in the merger of the Feminine and Masculine gender in earlier phases of the source languages.

Nouns have two cases, a common subject/object case and a genitive/possessive case.
The definite status of a noun is formed by adding '''-en''' to the stem in the case of common gender nouns, '''-et''' in the case of neuter nouns and '''-erne''' in the case of plural nouns. For example '''en [[Contionary:ankel|ankel]]''' (common gender = an ankle), '''ett hus''' (neuter gender = a house) in definite form become '''anklen''' (the ankle) and '''huset''' (the house) However this changes to a pre-noun definite article when it is preceded by an adjective. eg '''anklen''' = the ankle; '''den ömme ankel''' = the sore ankle. '''Huset''' = the house; '''det store hus''' = the big house.

The plural of nouns is commonly formed by adding '''-er''' to the stem. eg '''stokk''' (rod) plural '''stokker'''. However this suffix can be agglutinated to other suffixes that mark case and definite status. eg '''stokkerns''' (the rods'/of the rods). Approximately half of neuter nouns don't add '''-er''' and have same form in plural as in singular. There is also a small minority of nouns that form the plural with a change of the stem-vowel by ''umlaut''. eg '''[[Contionary:tann|tann]]''' (tooth) plural '''[[Contionary:tann|tänner]]'''.

===Pronouns===
[[SamSkandinavisk pronouns|Main article: SamSkandinavisk pronouns]]

Pronouns have 3 cases: subjective, objective and possessive. In the third person there is also a reflexive case and a reflexive-possessive case. Third person singular pronouns have three genders; feminine ('''hon'''), masculine ('''han''') and neuter ('''det'''). There is also '''den''' - a third person singular pronoun which can be used for common gender nouns when they have no natural gender -- such as in the case of inanimate objects or abstract concepts. It may also be used of people when the gender is not known or considered irrelevant.

The second person pronoun has two numbers -- singular ('''du''') and plural ('''i'''). Unlike in German or French for example, it is socially acceptable to address an adult stranger as '''du'''. '''i''' is thus restricted in usage to addressing groups of people.

===Adjectives===
[[SamSkandinavisk adjectives|Main article: SamSkandinavisk adjectives]]

Adjectives have two paradigms for declension -- a indefinite declension and a definite declension. In the predicative position, the adjective must agree with the gender and number of the noun it refers to. It does not however agree with the definite or indefinite status; The form of the adjective in the predicative position always takes the indefinite form

Similar to other Germanic languages, the comparative is formed by adding '''-ere''' to the stem and the superlative is formed by adding '''-est''' or '''-este'''. A minority of adjectives have irregular declensions, typically they change the stem-vowel by ''umlaut'' when forming the comparative and superlative. eg '''stor''' (big); comparative '''större'''; superlative '''störst'''. Some adjectives are further irregular and have totally different stems in the definite form or the plural form of when forming the comparative and superlative. For example, with '''god''' (''good'') the comparative is '''bettre''' and the superlative is '''best'''.

====Adverbs====
Adjectives must have a '''-t''' suffix added to be used as adverbs.

===Verbs===
Verbs end in '''-e''' in the infinitive. The present tense in all persons and numbers is formed by adding '''-er''' to the stem. The past tense is formed by adding '''-de''', '''-te''', or '''-ede''' to the stem. The past participle is formed by adding '''-t''' or '''-et'''.
Transitive verbs can have a passive form which is made by adding '''-es''' to the stem.
There are many irregular verbs where the stem vowel also changes when forming the past tense and past participle. There are also seven classes of strong verb where the stem vowel changes by ''ablaut'' when forming the past tense and past participle.

== Sample Texts ==
''Snart skall vi dverger endeligt besegre våre nuvärende fjender ok hevne alle gammle vanärer. Då skall det väre en ny gulltid för den skeggige slekt. Hvis männene ok halflingerne kenner sin rang ok klasse, de skall have ären för at tjäne oss. Halflingerne skall röre vår gröt ok bäre våre ölkrus. Männene skall slite i våre gullgruber ok hente för oss ting som står på höge hyller.''

[[File:Samska_snart_skall_vi_dverger.ogg]]

(Soon we dwarfs will finally defeat our current enemies and avenge all ancient dishonors. Then it will be a new golden age for the bearded race. If the men and halflings know their place, they will have the honor of serving us. The halflings will stir our porridge and bear our ale tankards. The men will toil in our gold mines and fetch for us things that are located on high shelves.)

''I den mörke tommrumm af tidens begynnelse, kämpen Ymir blev födet af gift ok frost, ok han diede hos den store ku Auðumbla. Frå henne kåm vesnet Búri som avlede Burr som avlede guderne Óðinn, Vili ok Vé. Burrs söner drepede Ymir ok skapede Jorden af hans lik. Den förste mann samt den förste kvinne, Ask ok Embla, blev skapet frå ett asktre ok ett almtre henhåldsvist.''

(In the dark void of time's beginning, the giant Ymir was born of poison and frost, and he suckled at the great cow Auðumbla. From her came the being Búri who begat Burr who begat the gods Óðinn, Vili and Vé. Burr's sons slew Ymir and created the Earth from his corpse. The first man and woman, Ask and Embla were created from an ash-tree and an elm respectively.)

''Durianen er en tropiskt frukt som er meket populär i landerne i Sydöstasie. Den omdömes at have en meket sterk ok särskilt lukt ok mange folk anser den at have en motbjudelig smak. Men hvardan smaker durianen faktiskt?''
''Förestell eder en meken stor lök som har blivet litt rotten. Nå förestell eder at en seksgalen ape har knullt denne rottene lök. Durian er präcist likesom det... men i ett godt vis.''
''Min hustru er uenig. Hon seger at det er likesom at kysse mig tidlig på morgenen förut för jeg har rengort mine tänner. Likesom smaken af denne kysse men med ekstra sukker.''
''Underligt, efter den förste provning af Durian, blir smaken ok den vämmelige duft ufornuftigt tvingende — likesom stanken af de svetige trusser af den Brazilianiske kvinners volleyballlag.''

(The Durian is a tropical fruit that is very popular in the lands of South-East-Asia. It has a repuation to have a very strong and distinctive odour and many people consider to have a revolting flavour. But in fact how does the durian taste?
Imagine a very large onion that has gone a little rotten. Now imagine that a sex-crazed monkey has made love to this rotten onion. Durian is precisely like that... but in a good way.
My wife doesn't agree. She says that it is like kissing me early in the morning before I have cleaned my teeth. Like the smell of this kiss but with extra sugar.
Curiously, after that first taste of durian, the taste and the horrid aroma become inexplicably compelling — like the stench of the sweaty panties of the Brazilian women's volleyball team.)

''Nordvinden ok Solen på SamSka''

''Nordvinden ok Solen bestred om hvem var sterkere, då kåm en reisende förbi som klädde sig i en varm kappe. De stemmde at den som först kunne vålde reisenden at tage af sin kappe skulle anses sterkere enn den andre. Då blåsede Nordvinden så hardt som han kunne, men jo mer han blåsede, desto tettere reisenden hyljede kappen omkring sig; ok til sidst uppgav Nordvinden forsöket. Då skinede Solen varmt, ok straks tog reisenden af kappen. Så måtte Nordvinden erkenne at var Solen den sterkere af dem.''

(The North Wind and The Sun were arguing about who was stronger, when along came a traveler who was wearing a warm cloak. They agreed that the first who could make the traveler take off his cloak should be considered stronger than the other. Then the North Wind blew as hard as he could, but the more he blew, the tighter the traveler wrapped the cloak around himself; and eventually the North Wind gave up the attempt. The the Sun shone warmly, and immediately the traveler took off the cloak. So the North Wind had to acknowledge that the Sun was the stronger of the two.)

[[Category:Germanic languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:North Germanic languages]]

SamSkandinavisk

2020-10-29T22:21:33Z

Parked71:

SamSkandinavisk (''Samska'' for short) is naturalistic a-posteriori auxlang based on the continental North Germanic languages (Danish, Norwegian, Swedish).

It is intended to be a tool for inter-Nordic communication and integration. It also is intended to be used as a tool for people from outside the Scandinavian region to communicate with Scandinavians -- as an alternative to learning one or all of the natural Scandinavian languages.

Samska includes complex grammatical features, but only when they are present in all of the source languages. It should theoretically be easier and more regular than any one of the natural Scandinavian languages.

The status of the language is currently under construction. There is a lexicon of approximately 3000 words available, but it still lacks many essential words for basic conversation.

==Design Philosophy and Practice==
It is generally intended that linguistic features that are common to two or more of the Scandinavian languages will be included in the language. A linguistic feature is for example a word carrying a particular meaning, a sound in the phonology, a spelling practice or a grammatical rule.

In regards to the grammar, grammatical features must be present in all three of the source languages to be represented in SamSka. This allows certain complex grammatical features and irregularities to be present, but only when they are present in all the source languages and are thus considered intrinsic to the Scandinavian linguistic experience. When there is not total agreement in the grammar, it defaults to what is considered the most regular, simple and schematic solution used by one the source languages.

For example in some cases a verb may have an irregular way of forming the past tense such as being a strong verb that changes the stem vowel. If all 3 of the source languages use this method in their cognates to this verb then in SamSka its equivalent will likewise form the past tense by ''ablaut''. But if only one or two of the source languages use ''ablaut'', or the verb has cognates in only two of the source languages, then the SamSka equivalent will form the past tense according to the default verb rules.

For a word to be represented in SamSka, it needs to have cognates with the same meaning in two or more of the source languages. When cognates are present in all three languages but due to semantic drift no common meanings, then a cognate word will not be present in SamSka. Where a word has cognates with multiple meanings in all three languages, only the meanings that are shared will be in the canonical definition of the SamSka cognate.

The form of words is determined by the ''Etymological Prototype'', using a prototyping scheme inspired by [[Interlingua]]. It is also close to the method used by Ivar Aarsen when developing Nynorsk, which he called "the most perfect form" <ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nynorsk</ref> (''den fuldkomneste Form'') This means the form of SamSka words tend to be relatively close to the original common source of the word in the Scandinavian languages (be that Old Norse, Middle Low German or French). Where the form of the etymological prototype is ambiguous or debatable SamSka allows variant forms. For example the adjective '''[[Contionary:tykk|tykk]]''' /tʏkː/ (thick, fat) has an alternative form of '''[[Contionary:tykk|tjukk]]''' /ʧʊkː/.

==Vocabulary==
SamSka words originate in cognate words in the source languages; Danish, Norwegian and Swedish. Consequently the source of the majority of words are as in those languages, mainly Old Norse, Middle Low German, French and Latin. English and German are also common sources.
SamSka words have cognates with the same meaning in at least two of the three source languages and most have cognates in all three languages. Because two of the source languages, Danish and Norwegian, are lexically quite close, the lexicon of SamSka is closer to Danish and Norwegian than it is to Swedish.
As a feature of the word selection criteria, there are frequently synonyms to express the same concept, for example SamSka has both '''[[Contionary:ete|ete]]''' and '''spise''' meaning to eat. A further feature is words with multiple meanings, for example '''orm''' means both snake and worm. In such cases, the preferred words or preferred meanings are those present in all three languages.

==Orthography==
SamSka uses the standard 26 letter Roman alphabet, plus three additional letters; '''å''', '''ä''', and '''ö'''. The letters q, w, x are rare - only used in names and in very recent borrowings. '''ä''' and '''ö''' can be substituted with '''æ''' and '''ø''' which are considered equally valid substitutes. When '''å''', '''ä''' and '''ö''' may not be easily used or input (for example on primitive computer systems or manual typewriters), they may be substituted with the digraphs '''aa, ae''' and '''oe'''.
The pronunciation of letters in the orthography is often dependent on neighboring letters in the same word. For example the letter '''g''' may be pronounced as /ɡ/ or as /j/ depending on the following vowels. (It is /j/ before '''e,i,y,ä''' or '''ö'''). The length of vowels is marked by the following consonants. Short vowels tend to be followed by a cluster of consonants or a doubled consonant. The same sound may be spelled in more than one way, the choice of letters depends on the etymology of the word and related words. For example short '''e''' /ɛ/ can be spelled in some words with '''e''', in other words with '''ä'''.

==Phonology==
SamSka’s phonology resembles its Scandinavian source languages – it is particularly close to Norwegian and Swedish. It has a large number of vowels which have a long and short distinction. Consonants also have a long-short distinction. Consonant length and vowel length have complimentary relationship. Short vowels are followed by long consonants, long vowels are followed by short consonants.

Because SamSka is an auxiliary language, a range of pronunciations are accepted and some phonemes have alternative forms.

Many consonants have been subject to palatization when before a frontal vowel. For example '''sk-''' is normally /sk/ but before '''e, i, y, ä''' and '''ö''' it is /ʃ/. This means that related words may have quite different consonants. This can even be the case with the inflections of a word - if the vowel changes due to an inflection, then the consonant may be palatized as a result.

===Word Final g===
In the case of the '''g''' consonant, when at the end of word it will be pronounced as /g/. But adding a suffix such as '''-en''' will change the pronunciation to /j/. For example '''[[Contionary:dag|dag]]''' /dɑːg/ > '''[[Contionary:dag|dagen]]''' /ˈdɑːjən/.

===Word Final v===
Some phonemes have allophones that are quite far from the phonemic pronunciation. For example '''v''' after a vowel, at the end of a word can be pronounced as /ʋ/ or even as the vowel /ʊ/. If /ʊ/ it will form a diphthong with the preceding vowel. For example '''brav''' (good, great) can be pronounced /brɑːv/, /brɑːʋ/ or /braʊ/. This also applies to '''v''' at the end of a syllable when the following syllable begins with a consonant. For example '''havde''' (past tense of '''ha''') may be pronounced as /ˈhɑːʊdə/

===Pronunciation of "hv"===
Like Norwegian Nynorsk but unlike standard varieties of Danish, Swedish and Norwegian Bokmål, Samska ''does'' make a distinction in pronunciation between '''v''' and '''hv'''. It has the spelling distinction that is retained by Danish and Bokmål and also has a difference in pronunciation. '''Hv''' is pronounced as /ʍ/ but variations are permitted such as /xʷ/ and /w/. So '''hvar''' /ʍɑːr/ (where) has a distinct pronunciation to '''var''' /vɑːr/ (was/were).

===Retroflex Consonants===
Clusters of '''r''' followed by a dental consonant such as '''rd, rt, rn, rl, rs''' merge to form the retroflex consonants /ɖ/, /ʈ/, /ɳ/, /ɭ/, /ʂ/. This also leads to a compensatory lengthening to stem vowel. For example '''[[Contionary:hard|hard]]''' /haːɖ/. Long versions of the vowel in such instances are considered to be allophones of the short vowels rather than long vowels. The long '''e''' vowel in '''verd''' /vɛːɖ/ is not considered the same vowel as in '''ved''' /veːd/

===Tone===
Many words in SamSka carry a pitch accent (also called a rising tone). These words are nouns, adjectives and verbs in which the stem includes the primarily stressed syllable followed by an unstressed schwa syllable. For example '''slange''' /ˈslǎŋːə/ (''snake'') has a rising tone; '''slang''' /slaŋː/ (slang) has no tone. This extends to inflections of such words when they acquire suffixes. For example '''slangen''' /ˈslǎŋːən/ (''the snake'') looks identical to '''slangen''' /ˈslaŋːən/ (''the slang'') when written but the first word may be distinguished in speech by its rising tone.

In the case of related words such as '''styre''' (noun = ''management'') and '''styre''' (verb = ''to steer''), the stem of the noun is regarded as ending in an unstressed schwa syllable and '''styre''' (noun) will have a rising tone. In the case of the verb, the stem is considered to be '''styr-''' and it will have no tone. This means that '''styret''' (''the management'') will have a rising tone whereas '''styret''' (past participle of '''styre''') will not.

Other words with a rising tone would be two syllable stems that end in '''-el''', '''-en''', or '''-er'''. This would include:

'''avle''' (verb, ''to beget'')
'''enkel''' (adjective, ''simple'')
'''ketel''' (noun, ''kettle'')
'''sakne''' (verb, ''to lack'')
'''galen''' (adjective, ''crazy'')
'''vaten''' (noun, ''water'')
'''slummre''' (verb, ''to slumber'')
'''vakker''' (adjective, ''beautiful'')
'''veder''' (noun, ''weather'')

===Table of Phonemes===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Short vowels !! Variations !! Spelling !! Comments !! Example
|-
| a || ɑ || a || || s'''a'''mmle \ˈsǎmːlə\ to gather
|-
| ɛ || e || e, ä || || [[Contionary:berg|b'''e'''rg]] \bɛrːg\ mountain; [[Contionary:gänge|g'''ä'''nge]] \ˈjɛ̌ŋːə\ screwthread
|-
| ɪ || i || i || || [[Contionary:skikk|sk'''i'''kk]] \ʃɪkː\ behavior
|-
| ɔ || o || o, å || || '''o'''st \ɔsːt\ cheese; sk'''å'''lde \ˈskɔlːdə\ to scald
|-
| ʊ || u || u || || [[Contionary:fuktig|f'''u'''ktig]] \ˈfʊkːti\ moist
|-
| œ || ø || ö || || t'''ö'''mme \ˈtœmːə\ to empty
|-
| ʏ || y || y || || r'''y'''gg \rʏgː\ back
|-
| ə || ɐ || e || || sömm'''e''' \ˈsœmːə\ to stitch
|-
! Long vowels !! Variations !! Spelling !! Comments !! Example
|-
| ɑː || aː || a || || h'''a'''le \ˈhɑ̌ːlə\ tail
|-
| æː || ɛː || ä || || [[Contionary:väte|v'''ä'''te]] \ˈvæːtə\ to wet
|-
| eː || || e || || [[Contionary:dele|d'''e'''le]] \ˈdeːlə\ to divide
|-
| iː || || i || || gr'''i'''s \griːs\ pig
|-
| ɔː || oː , ɒː || å || || [[Contionary:båt|b'''å'''t]] \bɔːt\ boat
|-
| oː || uː || o || || sk'''o'''le \ˈskǒːlə\ school
|-
| uː || ʉː || u || || [[Contionary:slut|sl'''u'''t]] \sluːt\ end
|-
| øː || || ö || || r'''ö'''d \røːd\ red
|-
| yː || || y || || sk'''y'''g \ʃyːg\ shy
|-
! Dipthongs !! Variations !! Spelling !! Comments!! Example
|-
| eɪ || || ej, eg, ig || marginal -- could be interpreted as /e/ +/j/ || [[Contionary:jeg|j'''eg''']] \jeɪ\ I; [[Contionary:dejlig|d'''ej'''lig]] \ˈdeɪli(g)\ lovely
|-
| aɪ || || ei || appearing mainly in borrowings || [[Contionary:feil|f'''ei'''l]] \faɪl\ wrong
|-
| aʊ || aʋ || au || appearing mainly in borrowings || [[Contionary:automat|'''au'''tomat]] \aʊtɔˈmɑːt\ automaton
|-
| ɛʊ || ɛʋ || eu || appearing mainly in borrowings || n'''eu'''tralisere \nɛʊtralɪˈseːrə\ to neutralize
|-
! Consonants !! Variations !! Spelling !! Comments !! Example
|-
| p || || p || || käm'''p'''e \ˈçɛ̌mːpə\ giant
|-
| b || || b || || skru'''bb'''e \ˈskrʊbːə\ to scrub
|-
| t || || t || || ly'''tt'''e \ˈlʏtːə\ to listen
|-
| d || ð || d || '''d''' between two vowels may optionally be pronounced as \ð\ || [[Contionary:dålig|'''d'''ålig]] \ˈdɔːli(g)\ bad; ba'''d'''e \ˈbɑːðə\ to bathe
|-
| k || || k || || '''k'''alle \ˈkalːə\ to call
|-
| g || || g || || '''g'''ull \gʊlː\ gold
|-
| m || || m || || dö'''mm'''e \ˈdœmːə\ to judge
|-
| n || || n || || '''n'''y \nyː\ new
|-
| ŋ || || ng || || ra'''ng''' \raŋː\ rank
|-
| f || || f || || '''f'''ri \friː\ free
|-
| v || ʋ || v || Word final or syllable final followed by another consonant can become \ʊ\ || [[Contionary:väre|'''v'''äre]] \ˈvæːrə\ to be; ha'''v''' \hɑːʊ\ sea
|-
| s || s || s, c, z || '''c''' before '''e, i, y, ä, ö''' is pronounced \s\ || '''s'''ol \soːl\ sun; [[Contionary:december|de'''c'''ember]] \dɛˈsɛ̌mːbər\ December; '''z'''one \ˈsǒːnə\ zone
|-
| ʃ || || sk, skj, sj, ch || syllable-initial '''sk''' before '''e, i, j, y, ä and ö''' is \ʃ\ || '''sk'''enke \ˈʃɛŋːkə\ to donate; '''skj'''orte \ˈʃɔ̌ːʈə\ shirt; [[Contionary:själ|'''sj'''äl]] \ʃæːl\ soul; [[Contionary:chokk|'''ch'''okk]] \ʃɔkː\ shock
|-
| ʒ || ʃ || g, j || Marginal -- appearing only in borrowings || kura'''g'''e \kʊˈrɑ̌ːʒə\ courage
|-
| ç || || k, kj || syllable-initial '''k''' before '''e, i, j, y, ä''' and '''ö''' is \ç\ || '''k'''ysse \ˈçʏsːə\ to kiss; '''kj'''ole \ˈçǒːlə\ dress
|-
| ʧ || || tj, ti+vowel || || '''tj'''uv \ʧuːv\ thief; na'''ti'''on \naˈʧoːn\ nation
|-
| ʦ || s || c || appearing only in borrowings || [[Contionary:december|de'''c'''ember]] \dɛˈʦɛ̌mːbər\ December
|-
| h || || h || || '''h'''ate \ˈhɑːtə\ to hate
|-
| r || ʀ || r || || kla'''r''' \klɑːr\ clear
|-
| j || || j, gj, g || '''g''' before '''e, i, j, y, ä''' and '''ö''' is \j\ || '''j'''age \ˈjɑːjə\ to hunt; [[Contionary:gjärne|'''gj'''ärne]] \ˈjɛ̌ːɳə\ willingly; '''g'''ift \jɪfːt\ poison
|-
| l || || l || || '''låg''' \lɔːg\ law
|-
| ʂ || rːs, ʀːs || rs || || ko'''rs''' \kɔːʂ\ cross
|-
| ɖː || rːd, ʀːd || rd || || ge'''rd'''e \ˈjɛ̌ːɖə\ fence
|-
| ʈː || rːt, ʀːt || rt || || sva'''rt''' \svaːʈ\ black
|-
| ɳː || rːn, ʀːn || rn || || ho'''rn''' \hɔːɳ\ horn
|-
| ɭː || rːl, ʀːl || rl || || [[Contionary:verld|ve'''rl'''d]] \vɛːɭd\ world
|-
| ʍ || xʷ, hʋ, v || hv || || '''hv'''ar \ʍɑːr\ where
|-
|}

==Grammar==
===Nouns===
[[SamSkandinavisk nouns|Main article: SamSkandinavisk nouns]]

There are two grammatical genders for nouns; common and neuter. Common gender nouns account for approximately 75% of nouns. The common gender originates in the merger of the Feminine and Masculine gender in earlier phases of the source languages.

Nouns have two cases, a common subject/object case and a genitive/possessive case.
The definite status of a noun is formed by adding '''-en''' to the stem in the case of common gender nouns, '''-et''' in the case of neuter nouns and '''-erne''' in the case of plural nouns. For example '''en [[Contionary:ankel|ankel]]''' (common gender = an ankle), '''ett hus''' (neuter gender = a house) in definite form become '''anklen''' (the ankle) and '''huset''' (the house) However this changes to a pre-noun definite article when it is preceded by an adjective. eg '''anklen''' = the ankle; '''den ömme ankel''' = the sore ankle. '''Huset''' = the house; '''det store hus''' = the big house.

The plural of nouns is commonly formed by adding '''-er''' to the stem. eg '''stokk''' (rod) plural '''stokker'''. However this suffix can be agglutinated to other suffixes that mark case and definite status. eg '''stokkerns''' (the rods'/of the rods). Approximately half of neuter nouns don't add '''-er''' and have same form in plural as in singular. There is also a small minority of nouns that form the plural with a change of the stem-vowel by ''umlaut''. eg '''[[Contionary:tann|tann]]''' (tooth) plural '''[[Contionary:tann|tänner]]'''.

===Pronouns===
[[SamSkandinavisk pronouns|Main article: SamSkandinavisk pronouns]]

Pronouns have 3 cases: subjective, objective and possessive. In the third person there is also a reflexive case and a reflexive-possessive case. Third person singular pronouns have three genders; feminine ('''hon'''), masculine ('''han''') and neuter ('''det'''). There is also '''den''' - a third person singular pronoun which can be used for common gender nouns when they have no natural gender -- such as in the case of inanimate objects or abstract concepts. It may also be used of people when the gender is not known or considered irrelevant.

The second person pronoun has two numbers -- singular ('''du''') and plural ('''i'''). Unlike in German or French for example, it is socially acceptable to address an adult stranger as '''du'''. '''i''' is thus restricted in usage to addressing groups of people.

===Adjectives===
[[SamSkandinavisk adjectives|Main article: SamSkandinavisk adjectives]]

Adjectives have two paradigms for declension -- a indefinite declension and a definite declension. In the predicative position, the adjective must agree with the gender and number of the noun it refers to. It does not however agree with the definite or indefinite status; The form of the adjective in the predicative position always takes the indefinite form

Similar to other Germanic languages, the comparative is formed by adding '''-ere''' to the stem and the superlative is formed by adding '''-est''' or '''-este'''. A minority of adjectives have irregular declensions, typically they change the stem-vowel by ''umlaut'' when forming the comparative and superlative. eg '''stor''' (big); comparative '''större'''; superlative '''störst'''. Some adjectives are further irregular and have totally different stems in the definite form or the plural form of when forming the comparative and superlative. For example, with '''god''' (''good'') the comparative is '''bettre''' and the superlative is '''best'''.

====Adverbs====
Adjectives must have a '''-t''' suffix added to be used as adverbs.

===Verbs===
Verbs end in '''-e''' in the infinitive. The present tense in all persons and numbers is formed by adding '''-er''' to the stem. The past tense is formed by adding '''-de''', '''-te''', or '''-ede''' to the stem. The past participle is formed by adding '''-t''' or '''-et'''.
Transitive verbs can have a passive form which is made by adding '''-es''' to the stem.
There are many irregular verbs where the stem vowel also changes when forming the past tense and past participle. There are also seven classes of strong verb where the stem vowel changes by ''ablaut'' when forming the past tense and past participle.

== Sample Texts ==
''Snart skall vi dverger endeligt besegre våre nuvärende fjender ok hevne alle gammle vanärer. Då skall det väre en ny gulltid för den skeggige slekt. Hvis männene ok halflingerne kenner sin rang ok klasse, de skall have ären för at tjäne oss. Halflingerne skall röre vår gröt ok bäre våre ölkrus. Männene skall slite i våre gullgruber ok hente för oss ting som står på höge hyller.''

[[File:Samska_snart_skall_vi_dverger.ogg]]

(Soon we dwarfs will finally defeat our current enemies and avenge all ancient dishonors. Then it will be a new golden age for the bearded race. If the men and halflings know their place, they will have the honor of serving us. The halflings will stir our porridge and bear our ale tankards. The men will toil in our gold mines and fetch for us things that are located on high shelves.)

''I den mörke tommrumm af tidens begynnelse, kämpen Ymir blev födet af gift ok frost, ok han diede hos den store ku Auðumbla. Frå henne kåm vesnet Búri som avlede Burr som avlede guderne Óðinn, Vili ok Vé. Burrs söner drepede Ymir ok skapede Jorden af hans lik. Den förste mann samt den förste kvinne, Ask ok Embla, blev skapet frå ett asktre ok ett almtre henhåldsvist.''

(In the dark void of time's beginning, the giant Ymir was born of poison and frost, and he suckled at the great cow Auðumbla. From her came the being Búri who begat Burr who begat the gods Óðinn, Vili and Vé. Burr's sons slew Ymir and created the Earth from his corpse. The first man and woman, Ask and Embla were created from an ash-tree and an elm respectively.)

''Durianen er en tropiskt frukt som er meket populär i landerne i Sydöstasie. Den omdömes at have en meket sterk ok särskilt lukt ok mange folk anser den at have en motbjudelig smak. Men hvardan smaker durianen faktiskt?''
''Förestell eder en meken stor lök som har blivet litt rotten. Nå förestell eder at en seksgalen ape har knullt denne rottene lök. Durian er präcist likesom det... men i ett godt vis.''
''Min hustru er uenig. Hon seger at det er likesom at kysse mig tidlig på morgenen förut för jeg har rengort mine tänner. Likesom smaken af denne kysse men med ekstra sukker.''
''Underligt, efter den förste provning af Durian, blir smaken ok den vämmelige duft ufornuftigt tvingende — likesom stanken af de svetige trusser af den Brazilianiske kvinners volleyballlag.''

(The Durian is a tropical fruit that is very popular in the lands of South-East-Asia. It has a repuation to have a very strong and distinctive odour and many people consider to have a revolting flavour. But in fact how does the durian taste?
Imagine a very large onion that has gone a little rotten. Now imagine that a sex-crazed monkey has made love to this rotten onion. Durian is precisely like that... but in a good way.
My wife doesn't agree. She says that it is like kissing me early in the morning before I have cleaned my teeth. Like the smell of this kiss but with extra sugar.
Curiously, after that first taste of durian, the taste and the horrid aroma become inexplicably compelling — like the stench of the sweaty panties of the Brazilian women's volleyball team.)

''Nordvinden ok Solen på SamSka''

''Nordvinden ok Solen bestred om hvem var sterkere, då kåm en reisende förbi som klädde sig i en varm kappe. De stemmde at den som först kunne vålde reisenden at tage af sin kappe skulle anses sterkere enn den andre. Då blåsede Nordvinden så hardt som han kunne, men jo mer han blåsede, desto tettere reisenden hyljede kappen omkring sig; ok til sidst uppgav Nordvinden forsöket. Då skinede Solen varmt, ok straks tog reisenden af kappen. Så måtte Nordvinden erkenne at var Solen den sterkere af dem.''

(The North Wind and The Sun were arguing about who was stronger, when along came a traveler who was wearing a warm cloak. They agreed that the first who could make the traveler take off his cloak should be considered stronger than the other. Then the North Wind blew as hard as he could, but the more he blew, the tighter the traveler wrapped the cloak around himself; and eventually the North Wind gave up the attempt. The the Sun shone warmly, and immediately the traveler took off the cloak. So the North Wind had to acknowledge that the Sun was the stronger of the two.)

[[Category:Germanic languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:North Germanic languages]]