https://linguifex.com/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=KyleFarringtonLinguifex - User contributions [en]2026-04-04T13:04:41ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.6https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Kaidu&diff=46538Kaidu2016-03-03T01:35:27Z<p>KyleFarrington: /* Consonants */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Kaibeni_flag_3.png|thumbnail|]]<br />
<br />
<!-- <br />
<br />
This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br />
<br />
I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).<br />
II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)<br />
III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.<br />
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--><br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
===Real Life History===<br />
Kaidu is currently three years old as of August 2015. I started making this language when an older language of mine died. Kaidu is used mainly as a personal artlang, there is currently no specific conworld for it, but I use it in a number of stories. I have drawn inspiration from several languages, namely English, Spanish, Japanese, Arabic, and some Bantu languages. Conlanging has been my hobby for many years. Kaidu’s grammar is simple for English speakers; the hardest parts are the verbs and adjectives because they are different from English. Kaidu’s syllable structure is simply (C)V(C). Kaidu has a lot of the basic consonants, but it has some unique consonants as well. For instance, it has prenasalized consonants that can occur in initial positions. I have designed Kaidu’s lexicon to be somewhat more minimal than English. Kaidu words are created in the style of Chinese compounds.<br />
<br />
===Fictional Settings===<br />
Kaidu has four potential settings, three of which are currently realized in at least some capacity. For the most part Kaidu is spoken in Fu Kaibeni Venmiowio, the Kaibeni Republic.<br />
<br />
====Historical Real World====<br />
This first is one that occurs in a nebulous location on Earth in the past. I like to imagine an equatorial archipelago somewhat like Indonesia but not quite as big. There is not particularly a republic in the historical setting, instead loose tribes inhabit the various islands but they trade and interact often enough that a coherent single language exists.<br />
====Current Real World====<br />
The second is one that is contemporaneous with the modern day. This is the one where I like to build up the idea of Cantias, the capital, as a metropolis. In the historical one, there are no big cities. It's location on Earth is similar or maybe identical to the historical setting.<br />
====Fantasy====<br />
The third is a fantasy setting, which is on the planet Sinwio. The Kaiben still live in the Kaibeni Republic, and there is still Cantias, which is still huge but isn't modern, more like an anachronistically advanced large Asian city. In this setting there is a magic called miosi, the control of the elements.<br />
<br />
<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? --><br />
<br />
<!-- Example categories/headings: <br />
<br />
Goals<br />
Setting<br />
Inspiration<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
<!-- ***Phonology*** --><br />
<!-- What sounds does your language use? --><br />
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br />
<br />
Vowel inventory<br />
Consonant inventory<br />
Syllable structure<br />
Stress<br />
Intonation<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
===Consonants===<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 1200px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 68px; "|<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Retroflex<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Uvular<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Plosive<br />
| p<br/> '''p'''<br />
| t<br/> '''t'''<br />
| <br />
| [c] <br/> '''c'''<br />
| k <br/> '''c'''<br />
| q <br/> '''k'''<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Prenasal Plosive<br />
| ᵐp <br/> '''mp'''<br />
| ⁿt <br/> '''nt'''<br />
| <br />
| [ᶮc] <br/>'''nc'''<br />
| ᵑk <br/>'''nc'''<br />
| ᶰq <br/>'''nk'''<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Nasal<br />
| m<br/> '''m'''<br />
| n<br/> '''n'''<br />
| <br />
| [ɲ] <br/>'''n'''<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Fricative<br />
| f[ɸ] v<br/> '''f v'''<br />
| s z<br/> '''s z'''<br />
| <br />
| [ɕ ʑ] [ç ʝ] <br/> '''s z h g'''<br />
| χ ɣ <br/>'''h g'''<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Approximant<br />
| β̞ <br/>'''b'''<br />
| ð̞ <br/>'''d'''<br />
| ɻ <br/>'''r'''<br />
| <br />
| ɰ <br/>'''w'''<br />
| <br />
|}<br />
<br />
Orthography in bold.<br />
<br />
====Consonant Allophony====<br />
Several of the velar and alveolar consonants also have palatalized allophones when preceding the diphthongs of /ia/ /io/ and /iu/. The alveolar fricatives become alveo-palatal fricatives, while the velar stops and fricatives and alveolar nasal become pure palatal. /f/ is also [ɸ] at the end of syllables. /m/ also lightly palatalizes before the aforementioned diphthongs.<br />
<br />
===Vowels===<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Front<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Central<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Near-back<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Back<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Close<br />
| i<br />
| [ɨ]<br />
| <br />
| u<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Near-close<br />
| [ɪ]<br />
| <br />
| [ʊ]<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Mid<br />
| e<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| o<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Open-mid<br />
| [ɛ]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| [ɔ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Near-open<br />
| <br />
| [ɐ]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Open<br />
| <br />
| a<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|}<br />
<br />
Vowels come in stressed/unstressed pairs, except for /i/.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Unstressed<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Stressed<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/e/<br />
| [e]<br />
| [ɛ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/o/<br />
| [o]<br />
| [ɔ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/u/<br />
| [u]<br />
| [ʊ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/a/<br />
| [ɐ]<br />
| [a]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Diphthongs====<br />
There are six phonemic diphthongs in Kaidu, each getting it's own letter in the native script.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Rising<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Falling<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/a/<br />
| /ai/<br />
| /ia/<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/o/<br />
| /oi/<br />
| /io/<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/u/<br />
| /ui/<br />
| /iu/<br />
|}<br />
Rising diphthongs all are realized with the second element as nonsyllabic: [aɪ̯], [oɪ̯], [uɪ̯].<br />
Falling diphthongs work similarly, the second element is also usually nonsyllabic, but the realization of the /i/ in the diphthong depends on the preceding consonant. In most cases, it will be [ɨ], but in a few others it is different. /t/ and /f/ have the /i/ be [j] and the second element is syllabic. With /ð̞/ the first element remains as [i] and the second element is nonsyllabic.<br />
<br />
===Phonotactics===<br />
In Kaidu syllables are (C)V(C). C can be any consonant in either position, including prenasalized stops in initial positions. When a prenasal stop is syllable final, it becomes a homorganic cluster of nasal+stop. Certain consonants become palatal versions when before the diphthongs ia, io and iu. When compounding causes two like consonants to meet (except for prenasalized consonants), the first of the two is deleted. This is reflected both in Latin and Kaikak. A further exception to this is verbal endings, which can cause double r, m, and w, which is not deduplicated. Any medial cluster is allowed.<br />
<br />
===Stress===<br />
Kaidu stresses the last syllable of the root, previous to any verbal inflections.<br />
<br />
===Mutations===<br />
When compounding, the marginal consonants of the morphemes involved undergo mutation. The final consonant of an initial element, the initial of a final element, or both of a medial element, changes in a specific sequence for certain consonants. The consonants that mutate and what they mutate into are described in the following table:<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="10" class="bluetable lightbluebg" "<br />
! Before<br />
! After<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | p<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | f<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | f<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | v<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | v<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | β̞<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | β̞<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | p<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | t<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | s<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | s<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | z<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | z<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | ð̞<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | ð̞<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | t<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | k<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | χ<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | χ<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | ɣ<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | ɣ<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | ɰ<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | ɰ<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | k<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Orthography==<br />
Kaidu's Latin alphabet, called Romakak, is very straightforward, as it is a 1 to 1 correspondence with the conscript, called Kaikak. Kaikak is extremely phonemic but there are a couple deviations from purely phonetic.<br />
[[File:Kaidu letters for demonstration 2.png|thumbnail|Quarter sized Kaikak]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
===Morphology===<br />
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Here are some example subcategories: --><br />
<br />
====Personal Pronouns====<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!<br />
!singular<br />
!plural<br />
!Possessive<br />
!Plural Possessive<br />
|-<br />
! First person<br />
| ka<br />
| kar<br />
| kai<br />
| kari<br />
|-<br />
! Second person<br />
| mpu<br />
| mpur<br />
| mpui<br />
| mpuri<br />
|-<br />
! Third person<br />
| se<br />
| ser<br />
| sei<br />
| seri<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Nouns====<br />
There are no cases in Kaidu. Possession is shown with -i on the possessor. Plurals exist but the rules are different than English. They are optional when number is being specified, and in general as well.<br />
<br />
====Verbs====<br />
Verb conjugate for tense and moods. The available tenses are past, present, and future. There is also a progressive suffix after the tense. The moods in Kaidu are imperative, volitional, necessitative, desirative, permissive, abilitative, suggestive, attemptive and samplative. They are all first created by making the verb irrealis with -oi, suffixed with the mood and then conjugated for tense (except imperative and volitional). There are also several aspect prefixes that are lexical in nature. These are negative (different from grammatical negative), causative, dynamic, cessative, defective, intensive and moderative. There is also the present and non-present participles.<br />
<br />
====Adjectives====<br />
Adjectives work almost exactly like verbs, they end in -ra instead of just -a. One does not use the verb for "to be" with adjectives and instead conjugates the adjective ending to the appropriate tense. You use the participle ending to apply an adjective to a noun.<br />
<br />
====Adverbs====<br />
Adverbs are just adjectives. To make an adjective an adverb, use the participle adjective before a verb instead of a noun.<br />
<br />
====Derivational morphology====<br />
<br />
===Syntax===<br />
Kaidu word order is SVO. Adpositions are prepositional.<br />
<br />
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --><br />
<br />
[[Category:Conlangs]]</div>KyleFarringtonhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Kaidu&diff=46143Kaidu2016-02-26T01:08:42Z<p>KyleFarrington: /* Morphology */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Kaibeni_flag_3.png|thumbnail|]]<br />
<br />
<!-- <br />
<br />
This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br />
<br />
I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).<br />
II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)<br />
III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
===Real Life History===<br />
Kaidu is currently three years old as of August 2015. I started making this language when an older language of mine died. Kaidu is used mainly as a personal artlang, there is currently no specific conworld for it, but I use it in a number of stories. I have drawn inspiration from several languages, namely English, Spanish, Japanese, Arabic, and some Bantu languages. Conlanging has been my hobby for many years. Kaidu’s grammar is simple for English speakers; the hardest parts are the verbs and adjectives because they are different from English. Kaidu’s syllable structure is simply (C)V(C). Kaidu has a lot of the basic consonants, but it has some unique consonants as well. For instance, it has prenasalized consonants that can occur in initial positions. I have designed Kaidu’s lexicon to be somewhat more minimal than English. Kaidu words are created in the style of Chinese compounds.<br />
<br />
===Fictional Settings===<br />
Kaidu has four potential settings, three of which are currently realized in at least some capacity. For the most part Kaidu is spoken in Fu Kaibeni Venmiowio, the Kaibeni Republic.<br />
<br />
====Historical Real World====<br />
This first is one that occurs in a nebulous location on Earth in the past. I like to imagine an equatorial archipelago somewhat like Indonesia but not quite as big. There is not particularly a republic in the historical setting, instead loose tribes inhabit the various islands but they trade and interact often enough that a coherent single language exists.<br />
====Current Real World====<br />
The second is one that is contemporaneous with the modern day. This is the one where I like to build up the idea of Cantias, the capital, as a metropolis. In the historical one, there are no big cities. It's location on Earth is similar or maybe identical to the historical setting.<br />
====Fantasy====<br />
The third is a fantasy setting, which is on the planet Sinwio. The Kaiben still live in the Kaibeni Republic, and there is still Cantias, which is still huge but isn't modern, more like an anachronistically advanced large Asian city. In this setting there is a magic called miosi, the control of the elements.<br />
<br />
<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? --><br />
<br />
<!-- Example categories/headings: <br />
<br />
Goals<br />
Setting<br />
Inspiration<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
<!-- ***Phonology*** --><br />
<!-- What sounds does your language use? --><br />
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br />
<br />
Vowel inventory<br />
Consonant inventory<br />
Syllable structure<br />
Stress<br />
Intonation<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
===Consonants===<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 1200px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 68px; "|<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Retroflex<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Uvular<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Plosive<br />
| p<br/> '''p'''<br />
| t<br/> '''t'''<br />
| <br />
| [c] <br/> '''c'''<br />
| k <br/> '''c'''<br />
| q <br/> '''k'''<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Prenasal Plosive<br />
| ᵐp <br/> '''mp'''<br />
| ⁿt <br/> '''nt'''<br />
| <br />
| [ᶮc] <br/>'''nc'''<br />
| ᵑk <br/>'''nc'''<br />
| ᶰq <br/>'''nk'''<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Nasal<br />
| m<br/> '''m'''<br />
| n<br/> '''n'''<br />
| <br />
| [ɲ] <br/>'''n'''<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Fricative<br />
| f[ɸ] v<br/> '''f v'''<br />
| s z<br/> '''s z'''<br />
| <br />
| [ɕ ʑ] [ç ʝ] <br/> '''s z h g'''<br />
| χ ɣ <br/>'''h g'''<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Approximant<br />
| β̞ <br/>'''b'''<br />
| ð̞ <br/>'''d'''<br />
| ɻ <br/>'''r'''<br />
| <br />
| ɰ <br/>'''w'''<br />
| <br />
|}<br />
<br />
Spelling given where it differs from IPA.<br />
<br />
====Consonant Allophony====<br />
Several of the velar and alveolar consonants also have palatalized allophones when preceding the diphthongs of /ia/ /io/ and /iu/. The alveolar fricatives become alveo-palatal fricatives, while the velar stops and fricatives and alveolar nasal become pure palatal. /f/ is also [ɸ] at the end of syllables. /m/ also lightly palatalizes before the aforementioned diphthongs.<br />
<br />
===Vowels===<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Front<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Central<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Near-back<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Back<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Close<br />
| i<br />
| [ɨ]<br />
| <br />
| u<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Near-close<br />
| [ɪ]<br />
| <br />
| [ʊ]<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Mid<br />
| e<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| o<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Open-mid<br />
| [ɛ]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| [ɔ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Near-open<br />
| <br />
| [ɐ]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Open<br />
| <br />
| a<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|}<br />
<br />
Vowels come in stressed/unstressed pairs, except for /i/.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Unstressed<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Stressed<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/e/<br />
| [e]<br />
| [ɛ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/o/<br />
| [o]<br />
| [ɔ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/u/<br />
| [u]<br />
| [ʊ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/a/<br />
| [ɐ]<br />
| [a]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Diphthongs====<br />
There are six phonemic diphthongs in Kaidu, each getting it's own letter in the native script.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Rising<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Falling<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/a/<br />
| /ai/<br />
| /ia/<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/o/<br />
| /oi/<br />
| /io/<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/u/<br />
| /ui/<br />
| /iu/<br />
|}<br />
Rising diphthongs all are realized with the second element as nonsyllabic: [aɪ̯], [oɪ̯], [uɪ̯].<br />
Falling diphthongs work similarly, the second element is also usually nonsyllabic, but the realization of the /i/ in the diphthong depends on the preceding consonant. In most cases, it will be [ɨ], but in a few others it is different. /t/ and /f/ have the /i/ be [j] and the second element is syllabic. With /ð̞/ the first element remains as [i] and the second element is nonsyllabic.<br />
<br />
===Phonotactics===<br />
In Kaidu syllables are (C)V(C). C can be any consonant in either position, including prenasalized stops in initial positions. When a prenasal stop is syllable final, it becomes a homorganic cluster of nasal+stop. Certain consonants become palatal versions when before the diphthongs ia, io and iu. When compounding causes two like consonants to meet (except for prenasalized consonants), the first of the two is deleted. This is reflected both in Latin and Kaikak. A further exception to this is verbal endings, which can cause double r, m, and w, which is not deduplicated. Any medial cluster is allowed.<br />
<br />
===Stress===<br />
Kaidu stresses the last syllable of the root, previous to any verbal inflections.<br />
<br />
===Mutations===<br />
When compounding, the marginal consonants of the morphemes involved undergo mutation. The final consonant of an initial element, the initial of a final element, or both of a medial element, changes in a specific sequence for certain consonants. The consonants that mutate and what they mutate into are described in the following table:<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="10" class="bluetable lightbluebg" "<br />
! Before<br />
! After<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | p<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | f<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | f<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | v<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | v<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | β̞<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | β̞<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | p<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | t<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | s<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | s<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | z<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | z<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | ð̞<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | ð̞<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | t<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | k<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | χ<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | χ<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | ɣ<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | ɣ<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | ɰ<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | ɰ<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | k<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Orthography==<br />
Kaidu's Latin alphabet, called Romakak, is very straightforward, as it is a 1 to 1 correspondence with the conscript, called Kaikak. Kaikak is extremely phonemic but there are a couple deviations from purely phonetic.<br />
[[File:Kaidu letters for demonstration 2.png|thumbnail|Quarter sized Kaikak]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
===Morphology===<br />
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Here are some example subcategories: --><br />
<br />
====Personal Pronouns====<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!<br />
!singular<br />
!plural<br />
!Possessive<br />
!Plural Possessive<br />
|-<br />
! First person<br />
| ka<br />
| kar<br />
| kai<br />
| kari<br />
|-<br />
! Second person<br />
| mpu<br />
| mpur<br />
| mpui<br />
| mpuri<br />
|-<br />
! Third person<br />
| se<br />
| ser<br />
| sei<br />
| seri<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Nouns====<br />
There are no cases in Kaidu. Possession is shown with -i on the possessor. Plurals exist but the rules are different than English. They are optional when number is being specified, and in general as well.<br />
<br />
====Verbs====<br />
Verb conjugate for tense and moods. The available tenses are past, present, and future. There is also a progressive suffix after the tense. The moods in Kaidu are imperative, volitional, necessitative, desirative, permissive, abilitative, suggestive, attemptive and samplative. They are all first created by making the verb irrealis with -oi, suffixed with the mood and then conjugated for tense (except imperative and volitional). There are also several aspect prefixes that are lexical in nature. These are negative (different from grammatical negative), causative, dynamic, cessative, defective, intensive and moderative. There is also the present and non-present participles.<br />
<br />
====Adjectives====<br />
Adjectives work almost exactly like verbs, they end in -ra instead of just -a. One does not use the verb for "to be" with adjectives and instead conjugates the adjective ending to the appropriate tense. You use the participle ending to apply an adjective to a noun.<br />
<br />
====Adverbs====<br />
Adverbs are just adjectives. To make an adjective an adverb, use the participle adjective before a verb instead of a noun.<br />
<br />
====Derivational morphology====<br />
<br />
===Syntax===<br />
Kaidu word order is SVO. Adpositions are prepositional.<br />
<br />
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --><br />
<br />
[[Category:Conlangs]]</div>KyleFarringtonhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Kaidu&diff=40662Kaidu2015-10-30T17:44:27Z<p>KyleFarrington: /* Diphthongs */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Kaibeni_flag_3.png|thumbnail|]]<br />
<br />
<!-- <br />
<br />
This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br />
<br />
I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).<br />
II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)<br />
III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
===Real Life History===<br />
Kaidu is currently three years old as of August 2015. I started making this language when an older language of mine died. Kaidu is used mainly as a personal artlang, there is currently no specific conworld for it, but I use it in a number of stories. I have drawn inspiration from several languages, namely English, Spanish, Japanese, Arabic, and some Bantu languages. Conlanging has been my hobby for many years. Kaidu’s grammar is simple for English speakers; the hardest parts are the verbs and adjectives because they are different from English. Kaidu’s syllable structure is simply (C)V(C). Kaidu has a lot of the basic consonants, but it has some unique consonants as well. For instance, it has prenasalized consonants that can occur in initial positions. I have designed Kaidu’s lexicon to be somewhat more minimal than English. Kaidu words are created in the style of Chinese compounds.<br />
<br />
===Fictional Settings===<br />
Kaidu has four potential settings, three of which are currently realized in at least some capacity. For the most part Kaidu is spoken in Fu Kaibeni Venmiowio, the Kaibeni Republic.<br />
<br />
====Historical Real World====<br />
This first is one that occurs in a nebulous location on Earth in the past. I like to imagine an equatorial archipelago somewhat like Indonesia but not quite as big. There is not particularly a republic in the historical setting, instead loose tribes inhabit the various islands but they trade and interact often enough that a coherent single language exists.<br />
====Current Real World====<br />
The second is one that is contemporaneous with the modern day. This is the one where I like to build up the idea of Cantias, the capital, as a metropolis. In the historical one, there are no big cities. It's location on Earth is similar or maybe identical to the historical setting.<br />
====Fantasy====<br />
The third is a fantasy setting, which is on the planet Sinwio. The Kaiben still live in the Kaibeni Republic, and there is still Cantias, which is still huge but isn't modern, more like an anachronistically advanced large Asian city. In this setting there is a magic called miosi, the control of the elements.<br />
<br />
<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? --><br />
<br />
<!-- Example categories/headings: <br />
<br />
Goals<br />
Setting<br />
Inspiration<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
<!-- ***Phonology*** --><br />
<!-- What sounds does your language use? --><br />
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br />
<br />
Vowel inventory<br />
Consonant inventory<br />
Syllable structure<br />
Stress<br />
Intonation<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
===Consonants===<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 1200px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 68px; "|<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Retroflex<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Uvular<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Plosive<br />
| p<br/> '''p'''<br />
| t<br/> '''t'''<br />
| <br />
| [c] <br/> '''c'''<br />
| k <br/> '''c'''<br />
| q <br/> '''k'''<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Prenasal Plosive<br />
| ᵐp <br/> '''mp'''<br />
| ⁿt <br/> '''nt'''<br />
| <br />
| [ᶮc] <br/>'''nc'''<br />
| ᵑk <br/>'''nc'''<br />
| ᶰq <br/>'''nk'''<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Nasal<br />
| m<br/> '''m'''<br />
| n<br/> '''n'''<br />
| <br />
| [ɲ] <br/>'''n'''<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Fricative<br />
| f[ɸ] v<br/> '''f v'''<br />
| s z<br/> '''s z'''<br />
| <br />
| [ɕ ʑ] [ç ʝ] <br/> '''s z h g'''<br />
| χ ɣ <br/>'''h g'''<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Approximant<br />
| β̞ <br/>'''b'''<br />
| ð̞ <br/>'''d'''<br />
| ɻ <br/>'''r'''<br />
| <br />
| ɰ <br/>'''w'''<br />
| <br />
|}<br />
<br />
Spelling given where it differs from IPA.<br />
<br />
====Consonant Allophony====<br />
Several of the velar and alveolar consonants also have palatalized allophones when preceding the diphthongs of /ia/ /io/ and /iu/. The alveolar fricatives become alveo-palatal fricatives, while the velar stops and fricatives and alveolar nasal become pure palatal. /f/ is also [ɸ] at the end of syllables. /m/ also lightly palatalizes before the aforementioned diphthongs.<br />
<br />
===Vowels===<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Front<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Central<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Near-back<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Back<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Close<br />
| i<br />
| [ɨ]<br />
| <br />
| u<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Near-close<br />
| [ɪ]<br />
| <br />
| [ʊ]<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Mid<br />
| e<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| o<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Open-mid<br />
| [ɛ]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| [ɔ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Near-open<br />
| <br />
| [ɐ]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Open<br />
| <br />
| a<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|}<br />
<br />
Vowels come in stressed/unstressed pairs, except for /i/.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Unstressed<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Stressed<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/e/<br />
| [e]<br />
| [ɛ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/o/<br />
| [o]<br />
| [ɔ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/u/<br />
| [u]<br />
| [ʊ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/a/<br />
| [ɐ]<br />
| [a]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Diphthongs====<br />
There are six phonemic diphthongs in Kaidu, each getting it's own letter in the native script.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Rising<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Falling<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/a/<br />
| /ai/<br />
| /ia/<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/o/<br />
| /oi/<br />
| /io/<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/u/<br />
| /ui/<br />
| /iu/<br />
|}<br />
Rising diphthongs all are realized with the second element as nonsyllabic: [aɪ̯], [oɪ̯], [uɪ̯].<br />
Falling diphthongs work similarly, the second element is also usually nonsyllabic, but the realization of the /i/ in the diphthong depends on the preceding consonant. In most cases, it will be [ɨ], but in a few others it is different. /t/ and /f/ have the /i/ be [j] and the second element is syllabic. With /ð̞/ the first element remains as [i] and the second element is nonsyllabic.<br />
<br />
===Phonotactics===<br />
In Kaidu syllables are (C)V(C). C can be any consonant in either position, including prenasalized stops in initial positions. When a prenasal stop is syllable final, it becomes a homorganic cluster of nasal+stop. Certain consonants become palatal versions when before the diphthongs ia, io and iu. When compounding causes two like consonants to meet (except for prenasalized consonants), the first of the two is deleted. This is reflected both in Latin and Kaikak. A further exception to this is verbal endings, which can cause double r, m, and w, which is not deduplicated. Any medial cluster is allowed.<br />
<br />
===Stress===<br />
Kaidu stresses the last syllable of the root, previous to any verbal inflections.<br />
<br />
===Mutations===<br />
When compounding, the marginal consonants of the morphemes involved undergo mutation. The final consonant of an initial element, the initial of a final element, or both of a medial element, changes in a specific sequence for certain consonants. The consonants that mutate and what they mutate into are described in the following table:<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="10" class="bluetable lightbluebg" "<br />
! Before<br />
! After<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | p<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | f<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | f<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | v<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | v<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | β̞<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | β̞<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | p<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | t<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | s<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | s<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | z<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | z<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | ð̞<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | ð̞<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | t<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | k<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | χ<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | χ<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | ɣ<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | ɣ<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | ɰ<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | ɰ<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | k<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Orthography==<br />
Kaidu's Latin alphabet, called Romakak, is very straightforward, as it is a 1 to 1 correspondence with the conscript, called Kaikak. Kaikak is extremely phonemic but there are a couple deviations from purely phonetic.<br />
[[File:Kaidu letters for demonstration 2.png|thumbnail|Quarter sized Kaikak]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
===Morphology===<br />
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Here are some example subcategories: --><br />
<br />
====Nouns====<br />
There are no cases in Kaidu. Possession is shown with -i on the possessor. Plurals exist but the rules are different than English. They are optional when number is being specified, and in general as well.<br />
<br />
====Verbs====<br />
Verb conjugate for tense and moods. The available tenses are past, present, and future. There is also a progressive suffix after the tense. The moods in Kaidu are imperative, volitional, necessitative, desirative, permissive, abilitative, suggestive, attemptive and samplative. They are all first created by making the verb irrealis with -oi, suffixed with the mood and then conjugated for tense (except imperative and volitional). There are also several aspect prefixes that are lexical in nature. These are negative (different from grammatical negative), causative, dynamic, cessative, defective, intensive and moderative. There is also the present and non-present participles.<br />
<br />
====Adjectives====<br />
Adjectives work almost exactly like verbs, they end in -ra instead of just -a. One does not use the verb for "to be" with adjectives and instead conjugates the adjective ending to the appropriate tense. You use the participle ending to apply an adjective to a noun.<br />
<br />
====Adverbs====<br />
Adverbs are just adjectives. To make an adjective an adverb, use the participle adjective before a verb instead of a noun.<br />
<br />
====Derivational morphology====<br />
<br />
<br />
===Syntax===<br />
Kaidu word order is SVO. Adpositions are prepositional.<br />
<br />
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --><br />
<br />
[[Category:Conlangs]]</div>KyleFarringtonhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Kaidu&diff=40661Kaidu2015-10-30T17:43:37Z<p>KyleFarrington: /* Vowels */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Kaibeni_flag_3.png|thumbnail|]]<br />
<br />
<!-- <br />
<br />
This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br />
<br />
I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).<br />
II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)<br />
III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
===Real Life History===<br />
Kaidu is currently three years old as of August 2015. I started making this language when an older language of mine died. Kaidu is used mainly as a personal artlang, there is currently no specific conworld for it, but I use it in a number of stories. I have drawn inspiration from several languages, namely English, Spanish, Japanese, Arabic, and some Bantu languages. Conlanging has been my hobby for many years. Kaidu’s grammar is simple for English speakers; the hardest parts are the verbs and adjectives because they are different from English. Kaidu’s syllable structure is simply (C)V(C). Kaidu has a lot of the basic consonants, but it has some unique consonants as well. For instance, it has prenasalized consonants that can occur in initial positions. I have designed Kaidu’s lexicon to be somewhat more minimal than English. Kaidu words are created in the style of Chinese compounds.<br />
<br />
===Fictional Settings===<br />
Kaidu has four potential settings, three of which are currently realized in at least some capacity. For the most part Kaidu is spoken in Fu Kaibeni Venmiowio, the Kaibeni Republic.<br />
<br />
====Historical Real World====<br />
This first is one that occurs in a nebulous location on Earth in the past. I like to imagine an equatorial archipelago somewhat like Indonesia but not quite as big. There is not particularly a republic in the historical setting, instead loose tribes inhabit the various islands but they trade and interact often enough that a coherent single language exists.<br />
====Current Real World====<br />
The second is one that is contemporaneous with the modern day. This is the one where I like to build up the idea of Cantias, the capital, as a metropolis. In the historical one, there are no big cities. It's location on Earth is similar or maybe identical to the historical setting.<br />
====Fantasy====<br />
The third is a fantasy setting, which is on the planet Sinwio. The Kaiben still live in the Kaibeni Republic, and there is still Cantias, which is still huge but isn't modern, more like an anachronistically advanced large Asian city. In this setting there is a magic called miosi, the control of the elements.<br />
<br />
<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? --><br />
<br />
<!-- Example categories/headings: <br />
<br />
Goals<br />
Setting<br />
Inspiration<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
<!-- ***Phonology*** --><br />
<!-- What sounds does your language use? --><br />
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br />
<br />
Vowel inventory<br />
Consonant inventory<br />
Syllable structure<br />
Stress<br />
Intonation<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
===Consonants===<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 1200px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 68px; "|<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Retroflex<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Uvular<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Plosive<br />
| p<br/> '''p'''<br />
| t<br/> '''t'''<br />
| <br />
| [c] <br/> '''c'''<br />
| k <br/> '''c'''<br />
| q <br/> '''k'''<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Prenasal Plosive<br />
| ᵐp <br/> '''mp'''<br />
| ⁿt <br/> '''nt'''<br />
| <br />
| [ᶮc] <br/>'''nc'''<br />
| ᵑk <br/>'''nc'''<br />
| ᶰq <br/>'''nk'''<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Nasal<br />
| m<br/> '''m'''<br />
| n<br/> '''n'''<br />
| <br />
| [ɲ] <br/>'''n'''<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Fricative<br />
| f[ɸ] v<br/> '''f v'''<br />
| s z<br/> '''s z'''<br />
| <br />
| [ɕ ʑ] [ç ʝ] <br/> '''s z h g'''<br />
| χ ɣ <br/>'''h g'''<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Approximant<br />
| β̞ <br/>'''b'''<br />
| ð̞ <br/>'''d'''<br />
| ɻ <br/>'''r'''<br />
| <br />
| ɰ <br/>'''w'''<br />
| <br />
|}<br />
<br />
Spelling given where it differs from IPA.<br />
<br />
====Consonant Allophony====<br />
Several of the velar and alveolar consonants also have palatalized allophones when preceding the diphthongs of /ia/ /io/ and /iu/. The alveolar fricatives become alveo-palatal fricatives, while the velar stops and fricatives and alveolar nasal become pure palatal. /f/ is also [ɸ] at the end of syllables. /m/ also lightly palatalizes before the aforementioned diphthongs.<br />
<br />
===Vowels===<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Front<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Central<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Near-back<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Back<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Close<br />
| i<br />
| [ɨ]<br />
| <br />
| u<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Near-close<br />
| [ɪ]<br />
| <br />
| [ʊ]<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Mid<br />
| e<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| o<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Open-mid<br />
| [ɛ]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| [ɔ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Near-open<br />
| <br />
| [ɐ]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Open<br />
| <br />
| a<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|}<br />
<br />
Vowels come in stressed/unstressed pairs, except for /i/.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Unstressed<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Stressed<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/e/<br />
| [e]<br />
| [ɛ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/o/<br />
| [o]<br />
| [ɔ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/u/<br />
| [u]<br />
| [ʊ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/a/<br />
| [ɐ]<br />
| [a]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Diphthongs====<br />
There are six phonemic diphthongs in Kaidu, each getting it's own letter in the native script.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Rising<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Falling<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/a/<br />
| /ai/<br />
| /ia/<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/o/<br />
| /oi/<br />
| /io/<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/u/<br />
| /ui/<br />
| /iu/<br />
|}<br />
Rising diphthongs all are realized with the second element as nonsyllabic: [aɪ̯], [oɪ̯], [uɪ̯].<br />
Falling diphthongs work similarly, the second element is also usually nonsyllabic, but the realization of the /i/ in the diphthong depends on the preceding consonant. In most cases, it will be [ɨ], but in a few others it is different. /t/ /f/ have the /i/ be [j] and the second element is syllabic. With /ð̞/ the first element remains as [i] and the second element is nonsyllabic.<br />
<br />
===Phonotactics===<br />
In Kaidu syllables are (C)V(C). C can be any consonant in either position, including prenasalized stops in initial positions. When a prenasal stop is syllable final, it becomes a homorganic cluster of nasal+stop. Certain consonants become palatal versions when before the diphthongs ia, io and iu. When compounding causes two like consonants to meet (except for prenasalized consonants), the first of the two is deleted. This is reflected both in Latin and Kaikak. A further exception to this is verbal endings, which can cause double r, m, and w, which is not deduplicated. Any medial cluster is allowed.<br />
<br />
===Stress===<br />
Kaidu stresses the last syllable of the root, previous to any verbal inflections.<br />
<br />
===Mutations===<br />
When compounding, the marginal consonants of the morphemes involved undergo mutation. The final consonant of an initial element, the initial of a final element, or both of a medial element, changes in a specific sequence for certain consonants. The consonants that mutate and what they mutate into are described in the following table:<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="10" class="bluetable lightbluebg" "<br />
! Before<br />
! After<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | p<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | f<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | f<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | v<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | v<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | β̞<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | β̞<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | p<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | t<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | s<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | s<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | z<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | z<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | ð̞<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | ð̞<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | t<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | k<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | χ<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | χ<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | ɣ<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | ɣ<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | ɰ<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | ɰ<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | k<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Orthography==<br />
Kaidu's Latin alphabet, called Romakak, is very straightforward, as it is a 1 to 1 correspondence with the conscript, called Kaikak. Kaikak is extremely phonemic but there are a couple deviations from purely phonetic.<br />
[[File:Kaidu letters for demonstration 2.png|thumbnail|Quarter sized Kaikak]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
===Morphology===<br />
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Here are some example subcategories: --><br />
<br />
====Nouns====<br />
There are no cases in Kaidu. Possession is shown with -i on the possessor. Plurals exist but the rules are different than English. They are optional when number is being specified, and in general as well.<br />
<br />
====Verbs====<br />
Verb conjugate for tense and moods. The available tenses are past, present, and future. There is also a progressive suffix after the tense. The moods in Kaidu are imperative, volitional, necessitative, desirative, permissive, abilitative, suggestive, attemptive and samplative. They are all first created by making the verb irrealis with -oi, suffixed with the mood and then conjugated for tense (except imperative and volitional). There are also several aspect prefixes that are lexical in nature. These are negative (different from grammatical negative), causative, dynamic, cessative, defective, intensive and moderative. There is also the present and non-present participles.<br />
<br />
====Adjectives====<br />
Adjectives work almost exactly like verbs, they end in -ra instead of just -a. One does not use the verb for "to be" with adjectives and instead conjugates the adjective ending to the appropriate tense. You use the participle ending to apply an adjective to a noun.<br />
<br />
====Adverbs====<br />
Adverbs are just adjectives. To make an adjective an adverb, use the participle adjective before a verb instead of a noun.<br />
<br />
====Derivational morphology====<br />
<br />
<br />
===Syntax===<br />
Kaidu word order is SVO. Adpositions are prepositional.<br />
<br />
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --><br />
<br />
[[Category:Conlangs]]</div>KyleFarringtonhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Kaidu&diff=40660Kaidu2015-10-30T17:43:03Z<p>KyleFarrington: /* Vowels */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Kaibeni_flag_3.png|thumbnail|]]<br />
<br />
<!-- <br />
<br />
This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br />
<br />
I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).<br />
II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)<br />
III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
===Real Life History===<br />
Kaidu is currently three years old as of August 2015. I started making this language when an older language of mine died. Kaidu is used mainly as a personal artlang, there is currently no specific conworld for it, but I use it in a number of stories. I have drawn inspiration from several languages, namely English, Spanish, Japanese, Arabic, and some Bantu languages. Conlanging has been my hobby for many years. Kaidu’s grammar is simple for English speakers; the hardest parts are the verbs and adjectives because they are different from English. Kaidu’s syllable structure is simply (C)V(C). Kaidu has a lot of the basic consonants, but it has some unique consonants as well. For instance, it has prenasalized consonants that can occur in initial positions. I have designed Kaidu’s lexicon to be somewhat more minimal than English. Kaidu words are created in the style of Chinese compounds.<br />
<br />
===Fictional Settings===<br />
Kaidu has four potential settings, three of which are currently realized in at least some capacity. For the most part Kaidu is spoken in Fu Kaibeni Venmiowio, the Kaibeni Republic.<br />
<br />
====Historical Real World====<br />
This first is one that occurs in a nebulous location on Earth in the past. I like to imagine an equatorial archipelago somewhat like Indonesia but not quite as big. There is not particularly a republic in the historical setting, instead loose tribes inhabit the various islands but they trade and interact often enough that a coherent single language exists.<br />
====Current Real World====<br />
The second is one that is contemporaneous with the modern day. This is the one where I like to build up the idea of Cantias, the capital, as a metropolis. In the historical one, there are no big cities. It's location on Earth is similar or maybe identical to the historical setting.<br />
====Fantasy====<br />
The third is a fantasy setting, which is on the planet Sinwio. The Kaiben still live in the Kaibeni Republic, and there is still Cantias, which is still huge but isn't modern, more like an anachronistically advanced large Asian city. In this setting there is a magic called miosi, the control of the elements.<br />
<br />
<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? --><br />
<br />
<!-- Example categories/headings: <br />
<br />
Goals<br />
Setting<br />
Inspiration<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
<!-- ***Phonology*** --><br />
<!-- What sounds does your language use? --><br />
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br />
<br />
Vowel inventory<br />
Consonant inventory<br />
Syllable structure<br />
Stress<br />
Intonation<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
===Consonants===<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 1200px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 68px; "|<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Retroflex<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Uvular<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Plosive<br />
| p<br/> '''p'''<br />
| t<br/> '''t'''<br />
| <br />
| [c] <br/> '''c'''<br />
| k <br/> '''c'''<br />
| q <br/> '''k'''<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Prenasal Plosive<br />
| ᵐp <br/> '''mp'''<br />
| ⁿt <br/> '''nt'''<br />
| <br />
| [ᶮc] <br/>'''nc'''<br />
| ᵑk <br/>'''nc'''<br />
| ᶰq <br/>'''nk'''<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Nasal<br />
| m<br/> '''m'''<br />
| n<br/> '''n'''<br />
| <br />
| [ɲ] <br/>'''n'''<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Fricative<br />
| f[ɸ] v<br/> '''f v'''<br />
| s z<br/> '''s z'''<br />
| <br />
| [ɕ ʑ] [ç ʝ] <br/> '''s z h g'''<br />
| χ ɣ <br/>'''h g'''<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Approximant<br />
| β̞ <br/>'''b'''<br />
| ð̞ <br/>'''d'''<br />
| ɻ <br/>'''r'''<br />
| <br />
| ɰ <br/>'''w'''<br />
| <br />
|}<br />
<br />
Spelling given where it differs from IPA.<br />
<br />
====Consonant Allophony====<br />
Several of the velar and alveolar consonants also have palatalized allophones when preceding the diphthongs of /ia/ /io/ and /iu/. The alveolar fricatives become alveo-palatal fricatives, while the velar stops and fricatives and alveolar nasal become pure palatal. /f/ is also [ɸ] at the end of syllables. /m/ also lightly palatalizes before the aforementioned diphthongs.<br />
<br />
===Vowels===<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Front<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Central<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Near-back<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Back<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Close<br />
| i<br />
| [ɨ]<br />
| <br />
| u<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Near-close<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| [ʊ]<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Mid<br />
| e<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| o<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Open-mid<br />
| [ɛ]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| [ɔ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Near-open<br />
| <br />
| [ɐ]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Open<br />
| <br />
| a<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|}<br />
<br />
Vowels come in stressed/unstressed pairs, except for /i/.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Unstressed<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Stressed<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/e/<br />
| [e]<br />
| [ɛ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/o/<br />
| [o]<br />
| [ɔ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/u/<br />
| [u]<br />
| [ʊ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/a/<br />
| [ɐ]<br />
| [a]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Diphthongs====<br />
There are six phonemic diphthongs in Kaidu, each getting it's own letter in the native script.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Rising<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Falling<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/a/<br />
| /ai/<br />
| /ia/<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/o/<br />
| /oi/<br />
| /io/<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/u/<br />
| /ui/<br />
| /iu/<br />
|}<br />
Rising diphthongs all are realized with the second element as nonsyllabic: [aɪ̯], [oɪ̯], [uɪ̯].<br />
Falling diphthongs work similarly, the second element is also usually nonsyllabic, but the realization of the /i/ in the diphthong depends on the preceding consonant. In most cases, it will be [ɨ], but in a few others it is different. /t/ /f/ have the /i/ be [j] and the second element is syllabic. With /ð̞/ the first element remains as [i] and the second element is nonsyllabic.<br />
<br />
===Phonotactics===<br />
In Kaidu syllables are (C)V(C). C can be any consonant in either position, including prenasalized stops in initial positions. When a prenasal stop is syllable final, it becomes a homorganic cluster of nasal+stop. Certain consonants become palatal versions when before the diphthongs ia, io and iu. When compounding causes two like consonants to meet (except for prenasalized consonants), the first of the two is deleted. This is reflected both in Latin and Kaikak. A further exception to this is verbal endings, which can cause double r, m, and w, which is not deduplicated. Any medial cluster is allowed.<br />
<br />
===Stress===<br />
Kaidu stresses the last syllable of the root, previous to any verbal inflections.<br />
<br />
===Mutations===<br />
When compounding, the marginal consonants of the morphemes involved undergo mutation. The final consonant of an initial element, the initial of a final element, or both of a medial element, changes in a specific sequence for certain consonants. The consonants that mutate and what they mutate into are described in the following table:<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="10" class="bluetable lightbluebg" "<br />
! Before<br />
! After<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | p<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | f<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | f<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | v<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | v<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | β̞<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | β̞<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | p<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | t<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | s<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | s<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | z<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | z<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | ð̞<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | ð̞<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | t<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | k<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | χ<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | χ<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | ɣ<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | ɣ<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | ɰ<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | ɰ<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | k<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Orthography==<br />
Kaidu's Latin alphabet, called Romakak, is very straightforward, as it is a 1 to 1 correspondence with the conscript, called Kaikak. Kaikak is extremely phonemic but there are a couple deviations from purely phonetic.<br />
[[File:Kaidu letters for demonstration 2.png|thumbnail|Quarter sized Kaikak]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
===Morphology===<br />
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Here are some example subcategories: --><br />
<br />
====Nouns====<br />
There are no cases in Kaidu. Possession is shown with -i on the possessor. Plurals exist but the rules are different than English. They are optional when number is being specified, and in general as well.<br />
<br />
====Verbs====<br />
Verb conjugate for tense and moods. The available tenses are past, present, and future. There is also a progressive suffix after the tense. The moods in Kaidu are imperative, volitional, necessitative, desirative, permissive, abilitative, suggestive, attemptive and samplative. They are all first created by making the verb irrealis with -oi, suffixed with the mood and then conjugated for tense (except imperative and volitional). There are also several aspect prefixes that are lexical in nature. These are negative (different from grammatical negative), causative, dynamic, cessative, defective, intensive and moderative. There is also the present and non-present participles.<br />
<br />
====Adjectives====<br />
Adjectives work almost exactly like verbs, they end in -ra instead of just -a. One does not use the verb for "to be" with adjectives and instead conjugates the adjective ending to the appropriate tense. You use the participle ending to apply an adjective to a noun.<br />
<br />
====Adverbs====<br />
Adverbs are just adjectives. To make an adjective an adverb, use the participle adjective before a verb instead of a noun.<br />
<br />
====Derivational morphology====<br />
<br />
<br />
===Syntax===<br />
Kaidu word order is SVO. Adpositions are prepositional.<br />
<br />
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --><br />
<br />
[[Category:Conlangs]]</div>KyleFarringtonhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Kaidu&diff=39625Kaidu2015-10-01T19:29:55Z<p>KyleFarrington: /* Background */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Kaibeni_flag_3.png|thumbnail|]]<br />
<br />
<!-- <br />
<br />
This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br />
<br />
I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).<br />
II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)<br />
III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
===Real Life History===<br />
Kaidu is currently three years old as of August 2015. I started making this language when an older language of mine died. Kaidu is used mainly as a personal artlang, there is currently no specific conworld for it, but I use it in a number of stories. I have drawn inspiration from several languages, namely English, Spanish, Japanese, Arabic, and some Bantu languages. Conlanging has been my hobby for many years. Kaidu’s grammar is simple for English speakers; the hardest parts are the verbs and adjectives because they are different from English. Kaidu’s syllable structure is simply (C)V(C). Kaidu has a lot of the basic consonants, but it has some unique consonants as well. For instance, it has prenasalized consonants that can occur in initial positions. I have designed Kaidu’s lexicon to be somewhat more minimal than English. Kaidu words are created in the style of Chinese compounds.<br />
<br />
===Fictional Settings===<br />
Kaidu has four potential settings, three of which are currently realized in at least some capacity. For the most part Kaidu is spoken in Fu Kaibeni Venmiowio, the Kaibeni Republic.<br />
<br />
====Historical Real World====<br />
This first is one that occurs in a nebulous location on Earth in the past. I like to imagine an equatorial archipelago somewhat like Indonesia but not quite as big. There is not particularly a republic in the historical setting, instead loose tribes inhabit the various islands but they trade and interact often enough that a coherent single language exists.<br />
====Current Real World====<br />
The second is one that is contemporaneous with the modern day. This is the one where I like to build up the idea of Cantias, the capital, as a metropolis. In the historical one, there are no big cities. It's location on Earth is similar or maybe identical to the historical setting.<br />
====Fantasy====<br />
The third is a fantasy setting, which is on the planet Sinwio. The Kaiben still live in the Kaibeni Republic, and there is still Cantias, which is still huge but isn't modern, more like an anachronistically advanced large Asian city. In this setting there is a magic called miosi, the control of the elements.<br />
<br />
<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? --><br />
<br />
<!-- Example categories/headings: <br />
<br />
Goals<br />
Setting<br />
Inspiration<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
<!-- ***Phonology*** --><br />
<!-- What sounds does your language use? --><br />
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br />
<br />
Vowel inventory<br />
Consonant inventory<br />
Syllable structure<br />
Stress<br />
Intonation<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
===Consonants===<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 1200px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 68px; "|<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Retroflex<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Uvular<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Plosive<br />
| p<br/> '''p'''<br />
| t<br/> '''t'''<br />
| <br />
| [c] <br/> '''c'''<br />
| k <br/> '''c'''<br />
| q <br/> '''k'''<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Prenasal Plosive<br />
| ᵐp <br/> '''mp'''<br />
| ⁿt <br/> '''nt'''<br />
| <br />
| [ᶮc] <br/>'''nc'''<br />
| ᵑk <br/>'''nc'''<br />
| ᶰq <br/>'''nk'''<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Nasal<br />
| m<br/> '''m'''<br />
| n<br/> '''n'''<br />
| <br />
| [ɲ] <br/>'''n'''<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Fricative<br />
| f[ɸ] v<br/> '''f v'''<br />
| s z<br/> '''s z'''<br />
| <br />
| [ɕ ʑ] [ç ʝ] <br/> '''s z h g'''<br />
| χ ɣ <br/>'''h g'''<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Approximant<br />
| β̞ <br/>'''b'''<br />
| ð̞ <br/>'''d'''<br />
| ɻ <br/>'''r'''<br />
| <br />
| ɰ <br/>'''w'''<br />
| <br />
|}<br />
<br />
Spelling given where it differs from IPA.<br />
<br />
====Consonant Allophony====<br />
Several of the velar and alveolar consonants also have palatalized allophones when preceding the diphthongs of /ia/ /io/ and /iu/. The alveolar fricatives become alveo-palatal fricatives, while the velar stops and fricatives and alveolar nasal become pure palatal. /f/ is also [ɸ] at the end of syllables. /m/ also lightly palatalizes before the aforementioned diphthongs.<br />
<br />
===Vowels===<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Front<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Central<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Near-back<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Back<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Close<br />
| i<br />
| [ɨ]<br />
| <br />
| u<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Near-close<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| [ʊ]<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Mid<br />
| e<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| o<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Open-mid<br />
| [ɛ]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| [ɔ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Near-open<br />
| <br />
| [ɐ]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Open<br />
| <br />
| a<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|}<br />
<br />
Vowels come in stressed unstressed pairs, except for /i/.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Unstressed<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Stressed<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/e/<br />
| [e]<br />
| [ɛ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/o/<br />
| [o]<br />
| [ɔ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/u/<br />
| [u]<br />
| [ʊ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/a/<br />
| [ɐ]<br />
| [a]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Diphthongs====<br />
There are six phonemic diphthongs in Kaidu, each getting it's own letter in the native script.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Rising<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Falling<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/a/<br />
| /ai/<br />
| /ia/<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/o/<br />
| /oi/<br />
| /io/<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/u/<br />
| /ui/<br />
| /iu/<br />
|}<br />
Rising diphthongs all are realized with the second element as nonsyllabic: [aɪ̯], [oɪ̯], [uɪ̯].<br />
Falling diphthongs work similarly, the second element is also usually nonsyllabic, but the realization of the /i/ in the diphthong depends on the preceding consonant. In most cases, it will be [ɨ], but in a few others it is different. /t/ /f/ have the /i/ be [j] and the second element is syllabic. With /ð̞/ the first element remains as [i] and the second element is nonsyllabic.<br />
<br />
===Phonotactics===<br />
In Kaidu syllables are (C)V(C). C can be any consonant in either position, including prenasalized stops in initial positions. When a prenasal stop is syllable final, it becomes a homorganic cluster of nasal+stop. Certain consonants become palatal versions when before the diphthongs ia, io and iu. When compounding causes two like consonants to meet (except for prenasalized consonants), the first of the two is deleted. This is reflected both in Latin and Kaikak. A further exception to this is verbal endings, which can cause double r, m, and w, which is not deduplicated. Any medial cluster is allowed.<br />
<br />
===Stress===<br />
Kaidu stresses the last syllable of the root, previous to any verbal inflections.<br />
<br />
===Mutations===<br />
When compounding, the marginal consonants of the morphemes involved undergo mutation. The final consonant of an initial element, the initial of a final element, or both of a medial element, changes in a specific sequence for certain consonants. The consonants that mutate and what they mutate into are described in the following table:<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="10" class="bluetable lightbluebg" "<br />
! Before<br />
! After<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | p<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | f<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | f<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | v<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | v<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | β̞<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | β̞<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | p<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | t<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | s<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | s<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | z<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | z<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | ð̞<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | ð̞<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | t<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | k<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | χ<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | χ<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | ɣ<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | ɣ<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | ɰ<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | ɰ<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | k<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Orthography==<br />
Kaidu's Latin alphabet, called Romakak, is very straightforward, as it is a 1 to 1 correspondence with the conscript, called Kaikak. Kaikak is extremely phonemic but there are a couple deviations from purely phonetic.<br />
[[File:Kaidu letters for demonstration 2.png|thumbnail|Quarter sized Kaikak]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
===Morphology===<br />
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Here are some example subcategories: --><br />
<br />
====Nouns====<br />
There are no cases in Kaidu. Possession is shown with -i on the possessor. Plurals exist but the rules are different than English. They are optional when number is being specified, and in general as well.<br />
<br />
====Verbs====<br />
Verb conjugate for tense and moods. The available tenses are past, present, and future. There is also a progressive suffix after the tense. The moods in Kaidu are imperative, volitional, necessitative, desirative, permissive, abilitative, suggestive, attemptive and samplative. They are all first created by making the verb irrealis with -oi, suffixed with the mood and then conjugated for tense (except imperative and volitional). There are also several aspect prefixes that are lexical in nature. These are negative (different from grammatical negative), causative, dynamic, cessative, defective, intensive and moderative. There is also the present and non-present participles.<br />
<br />
====Adjectives====<br />
Adjectives work almost exactly like verbs, they end in -ra instead of just -a. One does not use the verb for "to be" with adjectives and instead conjugates the adjective ending to the appropriate tense. You use the participle ending to apply an adjective to a noun.<br />
<br />
====Adverbs====<br />
Adverbs are just adjectives. To make an adjective an adverb, use the participle adjective before a verb instead of a noun.<br />
<br />
====Derivational morphology====<br />
<br />
<br />
===Syntax===<br />
Kaidu word order is SVO. Adpositions are prepositional.<br />
<br />
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --><br />
<br />
[[Category:Conlangs]]</div>KyleFarringtonhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Kaidu&diff=38598Kaidu2015-08-31T21:52:24Z<p>KyleFarrington: /* Mutations */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Kaibeni_flag_3.png|thumbnail|]]<br />
<br />
<!-- <br />
<br />
This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br />
<br />
I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).<br />
II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)<br />
III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
<br />
===English===<br />
<br />
Hi, I am the creator of the Kaidu language, Kyle Farrington. Kaidu is currently three years old. I started making this language when an older language of mine died. Kaidu is used mainly as a personal artlang, there is currently no specific conworld for it, but I use it in a number of stories. I have drawn inspiration from several languages, namely English, Spanish, Japanese, Arabic, and some Bantu languages. Conlanging has been my hobby for many years. Kaidu’s grammar is simple for English speakers; the hardest parts are the verbs and adjectives because they are different from English. Kaidu’s syllable structure is simply (C)V(C). Kaidu has a lot of the basic consonants, but it has some unique consonants as well. For instance, it has prenasalized consonants that can occur in initial positions. I have designed Kaidu’s lexicon to be somewhat more minimal than English. Kaidu words are created in the style of Chinese compounds.<br />
<br />
===Kaidu===<br />
<br />
Dimu, ka ziurim fu Kaidui niurme, Caier Ferincton. Mpos Kaidu mpusim hop doit. Ka sondiores Kaidui niur font can mob vintric du nuses. Kaidu zintdampric zoroicim az can kabenric ziomtu, mpos wint ziurim vai niurud pod se, vef ka zorim se nac suizric nkob. Ka siadiomoices tem suizric duru, nac zintdamp Angerdu, Espaniadu. Nihondu, Arapdu, af zai Pantui du. Duniur ton ziures kai sosdoim pod suizric doitru. Kaidui cutupud mpizric pod Angerdui nkabme. Fu kuimob wimpizric zampru ziurim fu zorfoi af merfoi pod se porim to Angerdu. Kaidui nacdampi moi mpizric ziurim (C)V(C). Kaidu mpusim suizrinc mpizric fereznaw, vef wet mpusim zai candempric feresnaw. Pod can zemp se mpusim fiuvmpimpnaw dant ziuroidkim nac fu canric mu. Ka ton siatoes Kaidui mafoiti bus dant femob redzuizrim Angerdu. Kaidui poi niuroices nac fu Zonckuodui gaimpfoii zemp.<br />
<br />
<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? --><br />
<br />
<!-- Example categories/headings: <br />
<br />
Goals<br />
Setting<br />
Inspiration<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
<!-- ***Phonology*** --><br />
<!-- What sounds does your language use? --><br />
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br />
<br />
Vowel inventory<br />
Consonant inventory<br />
Syllable structure<br />
Stress<br />
Intonation<br />
<br />
--><br />
==Phonology==<br />
===Consonants===<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 1200px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 68px; "|<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Retroflex<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Uvular<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Plosive<br />
| p<br/> '''p'''<br />
| t<br/> '''t'''<br />
| <br />
| [c] <br/> '''c'''<br />
| k <br/> '''c'''<br />
| q <br/> '''k'''<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Prenasal Plosive<br />
| ᵐp <br/> '''mp'''<br />
| ⁿt <br/> '''nt'''<br />
| <br />
| [ᶮc] <br/>'''nc'''<br />
| ᵑk <br/>'''nc'''<br />
| ᶰq <br/>'''nk'''<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Nasal<br />
| m<br/> '''m'''<br />
| n<br/> '''n'''<br />
| <br />
| [ɲ] <br/>'''n'''<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Fricative<br />
| f[ɸ] v<br/> '''f v'''<br />
| s z<br/> '''s z'''<br />
| <br />
| [ɕ ʑ] [ç ʝ] <br/> '''s z h g'''<br />
| χ ɣ <br/>'''h g'''<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Approximant<br />
| β̞ <br/>'''b'''<br />
| ð̞ <br/>'''d'''<br />
| ɻ <br/>'''r'''<br />
| <br />
| ɰ <br/>'''w'''<br />
| <br />
|}<br />
<br />
Spelling given where it differs from IPA.<br />
<br />
====Consonant Allophony====<br />
Several of the velar and alveolar consonants also have palatalized allophones when preceding the diphthongs of /ia/ /io/ and /iu/. The alveolar fricatives become alveo-palatal fricatives, while the velar stops and fricatives and alveolar nasal become pure palatal. /f/ is also [ɸ] at the end of syllables. /m/ also lightly palatalizes before the aforementioned diphthongs.<br />
<br />
===Vowels===<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Front<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Central<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Near-back<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Back<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Close<br />
| i<br />
| [ɨ]<br />
| <br />
| u<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Near-close<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| [ʊ]<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Mid<br />
| e<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| o<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Open-mid<br />
| [ɛ]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| [ɔ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Near-open<br />
| <br />
| [ɐ]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Open<br />
| <br />
| a<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|}<br />
<br />
Vowels come in stressed unstressed pairs, except for /i/.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Unstressed<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Stressed<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/e/<br />
| [e]<br />
| [ɛ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/o/<br />
| [o]<br />
| [ɔ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/u/<br />
| [u]<br />
| [ʊ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/a/<br />
| [ɐ]<br />
| [a]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Diphthongs====<br />
There are six phonemic diphthongs in Kaidu, each getting it's own letter in the native script.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Rising<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Falling<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/a/<br />
| /ai/<br />
| /ia/<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/o/<br />
| /oi/<br />
| /io/<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/u/<br />
| /ui/<br />
| /iu/<br />
|}<br />
Rising diphthongs all are realized with the second element as nonsyllabic: [aɪ̯], [oɪ̯], [uɪ̯].<br />
Falling diphthongs work similarly, the second element is also usually nonsyllabic, but the realization of the /i/ in the diphthong depends on the preceding consonant. In most cases, it will be [ɨ], but in a few others it is different. /t/ /f/ have the /i/ be [j] and the second element is syllabic. With /ð̞/ the first element remains as [i] and the second element is nonsyllabic.<br />
<br />
===Phonotactics===<br />
In Kaidu syllables are (C)V(C). C can be any consonant in either position, including prenasalized stops in initial positions. When a prenasal stop is syllable final, it becomes a homorganic cluster of nasal+stop. Certain consonants become palatal versions when before the diphthongs ia, io and iu. When compounding causes two like consonants to meet (except for prenasalized consonants), the first of the two is deleted. This is reflected both in Latin and Kaikak. A further exception to this is verbal endings, which can cause double r, m, and w, which is not deduplicated. Any medial cluster is allowed.<br />
<br />
===Stress===<br />
Kaidu stresses the last syllable of the root, previous to any verbal inflections.<br />
<br />
===Mutations===<br />
When compounding, the marginal consonants of the morphemes involved undergo mutation. The final consonant of an initial element, the initial of a final element, or both of a medial element, changes in a specific sequence for certain consonants. The consonants that mutate and what they mutate into are described in the following table:<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="10" class="bluetable lightbluebg" "<br />
! Before<br />
! After<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | p<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | f<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | f<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | v<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | v<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | β̞<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | β̞<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | p<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | t<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | s<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | s<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | z<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | z<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | ð̞<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | ð̞<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | t<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | k<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | χ<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | χ<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | ɣ<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | ɣ<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | ɰ<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | ɰ<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | k<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Orthography==<br />
Kaidu's Latin alphabet, called Romakak, is very straightforward, as it is a 1 to 1 correspondence with the conscript, called Kaikak. Kaikak is extremely phonemic but there are a couple deviations from purely phonetic.<br />
[[File:Kaidu letters for demonstration 2.png|thumbnail|Quarter sized Kaikak]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
===Morphology===<br />
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Here are some example subcategories: --><br />
<br />
====Nouns====<br />
There are no cases in Kaidu. Possession is shown with -i on the possessor. Plurals exist but the rules are different than English. They are optional when number is being specified, and in general as well.<br />
<br />
====Verbs====<br />
Verb conjugate for tense and moods. The available tenses are past, present, and future. There is also a progressive suffix after the tense. The moods in Kaidu are imperative, volitional, necessitative, desirative, permissive, abilitative, suggestive, attemptive and samplative. They are all first created by making the verb irrealis with -oi, suffixed with the mood and then conjugated for tense (except imperative and volitional). There are also several aspect prefixes that are lexical in nature. These are negative (different from grammatical negative), causative, dynamic, cessative, defective, intensive and moderative. There is also the present and non-present participles.<br />
<br />
====Adjectives====<br />
Adjectives work almost exactly like verbs, they end in -ra instead of just -a. One does not use the verb for "to be" with adjectives and instead conjugates the adjective ending to the appropriate tense. You use the participle ending to apply an adjective to a noun.<br />
<br />
====Adverbs====<br />
Adverbs are just adjectives. To make an adjective an adverb, use the participle adjective before a verb instead of a noun.<br />
<br />
====Derivational morphology====<br />
<br />
<br />
===Syntax===<br />
Kaidu word order is SVO. Adpositions are prepositional.<br />
<br />
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --><br />
<br />
[[Category:Conlangs]]</div>KyleFarringtonhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Kaidu&diff=35482Kaidu2015-07-04T21:41:50Z<p>KyleFarrington: /* Phonotactics */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Kaibeni_flag_3.png|thumbnail|]]<br />
<br />
<!-- <br />
<br />
This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br />
<br />
I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).<br />
II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)<br />
III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
<br />
===English===<br />
<br />
Hi, I am the creator of the Kaidu language, Kyle Farrington. Kaidu is currently three years old. I started making this language when an older language of mine died. Kaidu is used mainly as a personal artlang, there is currently no specific conworld for it, but I use it in a number of stories. I have drawn inspiration from several languages, namely English, Spanish, Japanese, Arabic, and some Bantu languages. Conlanging has been my hobby for many years. Kaidu’s grammar is simple for English speakers; the hardest parts are the verbs and adjectives because they are different from English. Kaidu’s syllable structure is simply (C)V(C). Kaidu has a lot of the basic consonants, but it has some unique consonants as well. For instance, it has prenasalized consonants that can occur in initial positions. I have designed Kaidu’s lexicon to be somewhat more minimal than English. Kaidu words are created in the style of Chinese compounds.<br />
<br />
===Kaidu===<br />
<br />
Dimu, ka ziurim fu Kaidui niurme, Caier Ferincton. Mpos Kaidu mpusim hop doit. Ka sondiores Kaidui niur font can mob vintric du nuses. Kaidu zintdampric zoroicim az can kabenric ziomtu, mpos wint ziurim vai niurud pod se, vef ka zorim se nac suizric nkob. Ka siadiomoices tem suizric duru, nac zintdamp Angerdu, Espaniadu. Nihondu, Arapdu, af zai Pantui du. Duniur ton ziures kai sosdoim pod suizric doitru. Kaidui cutupud mpizric pod Angerdui nkabme. Fu kuimob wimpizric zampru ziurim fu zorfoi af merfoi pod se porim to Angerdu. Kaidui nacdampi moi mpizric ziurim (C)V(C). Kaidu mpusim suizrinc mpizric fereznaw, vef wet mpusim zai candempric feresnaw. Pod can zemp se mpusim fiuvmpimpnaw dant ziuroidkim nac fu canric mu. Ka ton siatoes Kaidui mafoiti bus dant femob redzuizrim Angerdu. Kaidui poi niuroices nac fu Zonckuodui gaimpfoii zemp.<br />
<br />
<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? --><br />
<br />
<!-- Example categories/headings: <br />
<br />
Goals<br />
Setting<br />
Inspiration<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
<!-- ***Phonology*** --><br />
<!-- What sounds does your language use? --><br />
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br />
<br />
Vowel inventory<br />
Consonant inventory<br />
Syllable structure<br />
Stress<br />
Intonation<br />
<br />
--><br />
==Phonology==<br />
===Consonants===<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 1200px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 68px; "|<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Retroflex<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Uvular<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Plosive<br />
| p<br/> '''p'''<br />
| t<br/> '''t'''<br />
| <br />
| [c] <br/> '''c'''<br />
| k <br/> '''c'''<br />
| q <br/> '''k'''<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Prenasal Plosive<br />
| ᵐp <br/> '''mp'''<br />
| ⁿt <br/> '''nt'''<br />
| <br />
| [ᶮc] <br/>'''nc'''<br />
| ᵑk <br/>'''nc'''<br />
| ᶰq <br/>'''nk'''<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Nasal<br />
| m<br/> '''m'''<br />
| n<br/> '''n'''<br />
| <br />
| [ɲ] <br/>'''n'''<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Fricative<br />
| f[ɸ] v<br/> '''f v'''<br />
| s z<br/> '''s z'''<br />
| <br />
| [ɕ ʑ] [ç ʝ] <br/> '''s z h g'''<br />
| χ ɣ <br/>'''h g'''<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Approximant<br />
| β̞ <br/>'''b'''<br />
| ð̞ <br/>'''d'''<br />
| ɻ <br/>'''r'''<br />
| <br />
| ɰ <br/>'''w'''<br />
| <br />
|}<br />
<br />
Spelling given where it differs from IPA.<br />
<br />
====Consonant Allophony====<br />
Several of the velar and alveolar consonants also have palatalized allophones when preceding the diphthongs of /ia/ /io/ and /iu/. The alveolar fricatives become alveo-palatal fricatives, while the velar stops and fricatives and alveolar nasal become pure palatal. /f/ is also [ɸ] at the end of syllables. /m/ also lightly palatalizes before the aforementioned diphthongs.<br />
<br />
===Vowels===<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Front<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Central<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Near-back<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Back<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Close<br />
| i<br />
| [ɨ]<br />
| <br />
| u<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Near-close<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| [ʊ]<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Mid<br />
| e<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| o<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Open-mid<br />
| [ɛ]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| [ɔ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Near-open<br />
| <br />
| [ɐ]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Open<br />
| <br />
| a<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|}<br />
<br />
Vowels come in stressed unstressed pairs, except for /i/.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Unstressed<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Stressed<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/e/<br />
| [e]<br />
| [ɛ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/o/<br />
| [o]<br />
| [ɔ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/u/<br />
| [u]<br />
| [ʊ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/a/<br />
| [ɐ]<br />
| [a]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Diphthongs====<br />
There are six phonemic diphthongs in Kaidu, each getting it's own letter in the native script.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Rising<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Falling<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/a/<br />
| /ai/<br />
| /ia/<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/o/<br />
| /oi/<br />
| /io/<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/u/<br />
| /ui/<br />
| /iu/<br />
|}<br />
Rising diphthongs all are realized with the second element as nonsyllabic: [aɪ̯], [oɪ̯], [uɪ̯].<br />
Falling diphthongs work similarly, the second element is also usually nonsyllabic, but the realization of the /i/ in the diphthong depends on the preceding consonant. In most cases, it will be [ɨ], but in a few others it is different. /t/ /f/ have the /i/ be [j] and the second element is syllabic. With /ð̞/ the first element remains as [i] and the second element is nonsyllabic.<br />
<br />
===Phonotactics===<br />
In Kaidu syllables are (C)V(C). C can be any consonant in either position, including prenasalized stops in initial positions. When a prenasal stop is syllable final, it becomes a homorganic cluster of nasal+stop. Certain consonants become palatal versions when before the diphthongs ia, io and iu. When compounding causes two like consonants to meet (except for prenasalized consonants), the first of the two is deleted. This is reflected both in Latin and Kaikak. A further exception to this is verbal endings, which can cause double r, m, and w, which is not deduplicated. Any medial cluster is allowed.<br />
<br />
===Stress===<br />
Kaidu stresses the last syllable of the root, previous to any verbal inflections.<br />
<br />
===Mutations===<br />
When compounding, the marginal consonants of the morphemes involved undergo mutation. The final consonant of an initial element, the initial of a final element, or both of a medial element, changes in a specific sequence for certain consonants. The consonants that mutate and what they mutate into are described in the following table:<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="10" class="bluetable lightbluebg" "<br />
! Before<br />
! After<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | p<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | f<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | f<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | v<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | v<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | b<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | b<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | p<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | t<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | s<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | s<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | z<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | z<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | d<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | d<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | t<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | c<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | h<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | h<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | g<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | g<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | w<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | w<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | c<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Orthography==<br />
Kaidu's Latin alphabet, called Romakak, is very straightforward, as it is a 1 to 1 correspondence with the conscript, called Kaikak. Kaikak is extremely phonemic but there are a couple deviations from purely phonetic.<br />
[[File:Kaidu letters for demonstration 2.png|thumbnail|Quarter sized Kaikak]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
===Morphology===<br />
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Here are some example subcategories: --><br />
<br />
====Nouns====<br />
There are no cases in Kaidu. Possession is shown with -i on the possessor. Plurals exist but the rules are different than English. They are optional when number is being specified, and in general as well.<br />
<br />
====Verbs====<br />
Verb conjugate for tense and moods. The available tenses are past, present, and future. There is also a progressive suffix after the tense. The moods in Kaidu are imperative, volitional, necessitative, desirative, permissive, abilitative, suggestive, attemptive and samplative. They are all first created by making the verb irrealis with -oi, suffixed with the mood and then conjugated for tense (except imperative and volitional). There are also several aspect prefixes that are lexical in nature. These are negative (different from grammatical negative), causative, dynamic, cessative, defective, intensive and moderative. There is also the present and non-present participles.<br />
<br />
====Adjectives====<br />
Adjectives work almost exactly like verbs, they end in -ra instead of just -a. One does not use the verb for "to be" with adjectives and instead conjugates the adjective ending to the appropriate tense. You use the participle ending to apply an adjective to a noun.<br />
<br />
====Adverbs====<br />
Adverbs are just adjectives. To make an adjective an adverb, use the participle adjective before a verb instead of a noun.<br />
<br />
====Derivational morphology====<br />
<br />
<br />
===Syntax===<br />
Kaidu word order is SVO. Adpositions are prepositional.<br />
<br />
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --><br />
<br />
[[Category:Conlangs]]</div>KyleFarringtonhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Kaidu&diff=35446Kaidu2015-07-04T01:13:11Z<p>KyleFarrington: /* Diphthongs */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Kaibeni_flag_3.png|thumbnail|]]<br />
<br />
<!-- <br />
<br />
This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br />
<br />
I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).<br />
II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)<br />
III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
<br />
===English===<br />
<br />
Hi, I am the creator of the Kaidu language, Kyle Farrington. Kaidu is currently three years old. I started making this language when an older language of mine died. Kaidu is used mainly as a personal artlang, there is currently no specific conworld for it, but I use it in a number of stories. I have drawn inspiration from several languages, namely English, Spanish, Japanese, Arabic, and some Bantu languages. Conlanging has been my hobby for many years. Kaidu’s grammar is simple for English speakers; the hardest parts are the verbs and adjectives because they are different from English. Kaidu’s syllable structure is simply (C)V(C). Kaidu has a lot of the basic consonants, but it has some unique consonants as well. For instance, it has prenasalized consonants that can occur in initial positions. I have designed Kaidu’s lexicon to be somewhat more minimal than English. Kaidu words are created in the style of Chinese compounds.<br />
<br />
===Kaidu===<br />
<br />
Dimu, ka ziurim fu Kaidui niurme, Caier Ferincton. Mpos Kaidu mpusim hop doit. Ka sondiores Kaidui niur font can mob vintric du nuses. Kaidu zintdampric zoroicim az can kabenric ziomtu, mpos wint ziurim vai niurud pod se, vef ka zorim se nac suizric nkob. Ka siadiomoices tem suizric duru, nac zintdamp Angerdu, Espaniadu. Nihondu, Arapdu, af zai Pantui du. Duniur ton ziures kai sosdoim pod suizric doitru. Kaidui cutupud mpizric pod Angerdui nkabme. Fu kuimob wimpizric zampru ziurim fu zorfoi af merfoi pod se porim to Angerdu. Kaidui nacdampi moi mpizric ziurim (C)V(C). Kaidu mpusim suizrinc mpizric fereznaw, vef wet mpusim zai candempric feresnaw. Pod can zemp se mpusim fiuvmpimpnaw dant ziuroidkim nac fu canric mu. Ka ton siatoes Kaidui mafoiti bus dant femob redzuizrim Angerdu. Kaidui poi niuroices nac fu Zonckuodui gaimpfoii zemp.<br />
<br />
<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? --><br />
<br />
<!-- Example categories/headings: <br />
<br />
Goals<br />
Setting<br />
Inspiration<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
<!-- ***Phonology*** --><br />
<!-- What sounds does your language use? --><br />
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br />
<br />
Vowel inventory<br />
Consonant inventory<br />
Syllable structure<br />
Stress<br />
Intonation<br />
<br />
--><br />
==Phonology==<br />
===Consonants===<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 1200px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 68px; "|<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Retroflex<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Uvular<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Plosive<br />
| p<br/> '''p'''<br />
| t<br/> '''t'''<br />
| <br />
| [c] <br/> '''c'''<br />
| k <br/> '''c'''<br />
| q <br/> '''k'''<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Prenasal Plosive<br />
| ᵐp <br/> '''mp'''<br />
| ⁿt <br/> '''nt'''<br />
| <br />
| [ᶮc] <br/>'''nc'''<br />
| ᵑk <br/>'''nc'''<br />
| ᶰq <br/>'''nk'''<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Nasal<br />
| m<br/> '''m'''<br />
| n<br/> '''n'''<br />
| <br />
| [ɲ] <br/>'''n'''<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Fricative<br />
| f[ɸ] v<br/> '''f v'''<br />
| s z<br/> '''s z'''<br />
| <br />
| [ɕ ʑ] [ç ʝ] <br/> '''s z h g'''<br />
| χ ɣ <br/>'''h g'''<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Approximant<br />
| β̞ <br/>'''b'''<br />
| ð̞ <br/>'''d'''<br />
| ɻ <br/>'''r'''<br />
| <br />
| ɰ <br/>'''w'''<br />
| <br />
|}<br />
<br />
Spelling given where it differs from IPA.<br />
<br />
====Consonant Allophony====<br />
Several of the velar and alveolar consonants also have palatalized allophones when preceding the diphthongs of /ia/ /io/ and /iu/. The alveolar fricatives become alveo-palatal fricatives, while the velar stops and fricatives and alveolar nasal become pure palatal. /f/ is also [ɸ] at the end of syllables. /m/ also lightly palatalizes before the aforementioned diphthongs.<br />
<br />
===Vowels===<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Front<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Central<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Near-back<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Back<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Close<br />
| i<br />
| [ɨ]<br />
| <br />
| u<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Near-close<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| [ʊ]<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Mid<br />
| e<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| o<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Open-mid<br />
| [ɛ]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| [ɔ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Near-open<br />
| <br />
| [ɐ]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Open<br />
| <br />
| a<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|}<br />
<br />
Vowels come in stressed unstressed pairs, except for /i/.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Unstressed<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Stressed<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/e/<br />
| [e]<br />
| [ɛ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/o/<br />
| [o]<br />
| [ɔ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/u/<br />
| [u]<br />
| [ʊ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/a/<br />
| [ɐ]<br />
| [a]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Diphthongs====<br />
There are six phonemic diphthongs in Kaidu, each getting it's own letter in the native script.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Rising<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Falling<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/a/<br />
| /ai/<br />
| /ia/<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/o/<br />
| /oi/<br />
| /io/<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/u/<br />
| /ui/<br />
| /iu/<br />
|}<br />
Rising diphthongs all are realized with the second element as nonsyllabic: [aɪ̯], [oɪ̯], [uɪ̯].<br />
Falling diphthongs work similarly, the second element is also usually nonsyllabic, but the realization of the /i/ in the diphthong depends on the preceding consonant. In most cases, it will be [ɨ], but in a few others it is different. /t/ /f/ have the /i/ be [j] and the second element is syllabic. With /ð̞/ the first element remains as [i] and the second element is nonsyllabic.<br />
<br />
===Phonotactics===<br />
In Kaidu all syllables can be a maximum of CVC. C can be ANY consonant, including prenasalized stops in initial positions. When a prenasal stop is syllable final, it becomes a homorganic cluster of nasal+stop. Certain consonants become palatal versions when before the diphthongs ia, io and iu. When compounding causes two like consonants to meet (except for prenasalized consonants which follow their own rules), the first of the two is deleted. This is reflected both in Latin and Kaikak. A further exception to this is verbal endings, which can cause double r, m, and w, which is not deduplicated.<br />
<br />
===Stress===<br />
Kaidu stresses the last syllable of the root, previous to any verbal inflections.<br />
<br />
===Mutations===<br />
When compounding, the marginal consonants of the morphemes involved undergo mutation. The final consonant of an initial element, the initial of a final element, or both of a medial element, changes in a specific sequence for certain consonants. The consonants that mutate and what they mutate into are described in the following table:<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="10" class="bluetable lightbluebg" "<br />
! Before<br />
! After<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | p<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | f<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | f<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | v<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | v<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | b<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | b<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | p<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | t<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | s<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | s<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | z<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | z<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | d<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | d<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | t<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | c<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | h<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | h<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | g<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | g<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | w<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | w<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | c<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Orthography==<br />
Kaidu's Latin alphabet, called Romakak, is very straightforward, as it is a 1 to 1 correspondence with the conscript, called Kaikak. Kaikak is extremely phonemic but there are a couple deviations from purely phonetic.<br />
[[File:Kaidu letters for demonstration 2.png|thumbnail|Quarter sized Kaikak]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
===Morphology===<br />
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Here are some example subcategories: --><br />
<br />
====Nouns====<br />
There are no cases in Kaidu. Possession is shown with -i on the possessor. Plurals exist but the rules are different than English. They are optional when number is being specified, and in general as well.<br />
<br />
====Verbs====<br />
Verb conjugate for tense and moods. The available tenses are past, present, and future. There is also a progressive suffix after the tense. The moods in Kaidu are imperative, volitional, necessitative, desirative, permissive, abilitative, suggestive, attemptive and samplative. They are all first created by making the verb irrealis with -oi, suffixed with the mood and then conjugated for tense (except imperative and volitional). There are also several aspect prefixes that are lexical in nature. These are negative (different from grammatical negative), causative, dynamic, cessative, defective, intensive and moderative. There is also the present and non-present participles.<br />
<br />
====Adjectives====<br />
Adjectives work almost exactly like verbs, they end in -ra instead of just -a. One does not use the verb for "to be" with adjectives and instead conjugates the adjective ending to the appropriate tense. You use the participle ending to apply an adjective to a noun.<br />
<br />
====Adverbs====<br />
Adverbs are just adjectives. To make an adjective an adverb, use the participle adjective before a verb instead of a noun.<br />
<br />
====Derivational morphology====<br />
<br />
<br />
===Syntax===<br />
Kaidu word order is SVO. Adpositions are prepositional.<br />
<br />
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --><br />
<br />
[[Category:Conlangs]]</div>KyleFarringtonhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Fourth_Linguifex_Relay&diff=35293Fourth Linguifex Relay2015-07-02T15:17:21Z<p>KyleFarrington: /* Seats */</p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Fourth Linguifex Relay''' is an upcoming conlang relay, a game of conlingual telephone, on Linguifex. Succeeding the [[Third Linguifex Relay|''Lhut Hâsha Mâle'']] relay, starting in [[Cwengâr]], the fourth one will be written by [[User:IlL|IlL]] in his language [[Wiobian]].<br />
<br />
==Rules==<br />
The game is similar to [[w:Chinese whispers|Chinese whispers]]. The procedure is simple, you will receive a conlang text, a ''whisper'', from the previous ''seat'' with an interlinear/gloss which you are to translate into your own conlang and add information so that the next person can decipher it and make a new translation. You will have '''48''' hours from the time of having received the whisper to prepare a translation of it into your conlang, gloss it and then send it to the next person in the chain. You are free to include either a glossary and grammar notes or an interlinear (or both!). The choice is up to you, but it is always recommended to at least add an interlinear.<br />
<br />
In the event that you fail to whisper within your allotted 48 hours, the turn will skip your seat and go to the next participant.<br />
<br />
The starting date will be set after the seats have been taken. Everyone is welcome to partake, but for reasons of convenience, an account on Linguifex is required (as the posting of the material will be on talk pages and such). Every person is restricted to one entry, but the choice of conlang is up to them. In the case that two people chose the same language, a first-come first-served basis will be adopted (unless, say the language creator chooses to join in).<br />
<br />
==Signup==<br />
The signup started Monday 2014-10-27 and will end when the seats are filled. Seven seats are available from the start, and users may choose any seat still empty. Please note that the number of seats might change due to special requests or an eagerness to begin. Sign up in the next section. [An eighth person has joined. Admins, please let this one go this time and allow an extra seat to be created]<br />
===Seats===<br />
The final seat will be a retranslation into the source conlang, as well as the first translation into English. In conjunction, the original text will be published in English.<br />
*'''First seat''' - [[User:IlL|IlL]], relaymaster, with ''[[Wiobian]]''.<br />
*'''Second seat''' - [[User:Juhhmi|juhhmi]] with ''[[Sceptrian]]''.<br />
*'''Third seat''' - [[User:Dē Graut Bʉr|Dē Graut Bʉr]] with ''[[Bearlandic]]''.<br />
*'''Fourth seat''' - [[User:Chrysophylax|Chrysophylax]] with ''[[Van]]''. <br />
*'''Fifth seat''' - [[User:Waahlis|Waahlis]] with ''[[Ris]]''.<br />
*'''Sixth seat''' - [[User:KyleFarrington|Kyle Farrington]] with ''[[Kaidu]]''.<br />
*'''Seventh seat''' - [[User:Serafín|Serafín]] with ''[[Alaia]]''.<br />
*'''Eighth seat''' - [[User:MarloweC|MarloweC]] with ''[[Dyrel]]''.<br />
*'''Ninth seat''' - [[User:Unleashy|Unleashy]] with ''[[Ngutanese]]''.<br />
*'''Tenth seat''' [[User: Anyar]] with ''[[Minhast]]''.<br />
*'''Final seat''' - Retranslation into [[Wiobian]] and [[w:English|English]], as well as publication of the original English text.<br />
<br />
==How-to==<br />
Once you've received the conlang text with glosses and all, you create a page called "Fourth Linguifex Relay/X", where X is your language. Translate and gloss the text into your conlang (try to include an interlinear gloss), and check the '''Seats''' list on this page: Take a look who's next after you and go to their talk page and create a new topic called "Fourth Linguifex Relay"; and link the page where you keep your translation. <br />
[[Category:Relays]]</div>KyleFarringtonhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Kaidu&diff=35292Kaidu2015-07-02T15:08:16Z<p>KyleFarrington: /* Consonants */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Kaibeni_flag_3.png|thumbnail|]]<br />
<br />
<!-- <br />
<br />
This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br />
<br />
I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).<br />
II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)<br />
III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
<br />
===English===<br />
<br />
Hi, I am the creator of the Kaidu language, Kyle Farrington. Kaidu is currently three years old. I started making this language when an older language of mine died. Kaidu is used mainly as a personal artlang, there is currently no specific conworld for it, but I use it in a number of stories. I have drawn inspiration from several languages, namely English, Spanish, Japanese, Arabic, and some Bantu languages. Conlanging has been my hobby for many years. Kaidu’s grammar is simple for English speakers; the hardest parts are the verbs and adjectives because they are different from English. Kaidu’s syllable structure is simply (C)V(C). Kaidu has a lot of the basic consonants, but it has some unique consonants as well. For instance, it has prenasalized consonants that can occur in initial positions. I have designed Kaidu’s lexicon to be somewhat more minimal than English. Kaidu words are created in the style of Chinese compounds.<br />
<br />
===Kaidu===<br />
<br />
Dimu, ka ziurim fu Kaidui niurme, Caier Ferincton. Mpos Kaidu mpusim hop doit. Ka sondiores Kaidui niur font can mob vintric du nuses. Kaidu zintdampric zoroicim az can kabenric ziomtu, mpos wint ziurim vai niurud pod se, vef ka zorim se nac suizric nkob. Ka siadiomoices tem suizric duru, nac zintdamp Angerdu, Espaniadu. Nihondu, Arapdu, af zai Pantui du. Duniur ton ziures kai sosdoim pod suizric doitru. Kaidui cutupud mpizric pod Angerdui nkabme. Fu kuimob wimpizric zampru ziurim fu zorfoi af merfoi pod se porim to Angerdu. Kaidui nacdampi moi mpizric ziurim (C)V(C). Kaidu mpusim suizrinc mpizric fereznaw, vef wet mpusim zai candempric feresnaw. Pod can zemp se mpusim fiuvmpimpnaw dant ziuroidkim nac fu canric mu. Ka ton siatoes Kaidui mafoiti bus dant femob redzuizrim Angerdu. Kaidui poi niuroices nac fu Zonckuodui gaimpfoii zemp.<br />
<br />
<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? --><br />
<br />
<!-- Example categories/headings: <br />
<br />
Goals<br />
Setting<br />
Inspiration<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
<!-- ***Phonology*** --><br />
<!-- What sounds does your language use? --><br />
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br />
<br />
Vowel inventory<br />
Consonant inventory<br />
Syllable structure<br />
Stress<br />
Intonation<br />
<br />
--><br />
==Phonology==<br />
===Consonants===<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 1200px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 68px; "|<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Retroflex<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Uvular<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Plosive<br />
| p<br/> '''p'''<br />
| t<br/> '''t'''<br />
| <br />
| [c] <br/> '''c'''<br />
| k <br/> '''c'''<br />
| q <br/> '''k'''<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Prenasal Plosive<br />
| ᵐp <br/> '''mp'''<br />
| ⁿt <br/> '''nt'''<br />
| <br />
| [ᶮc] <br/>'''nc'''<br />
| ᵑk <br/>'''nc'''<br />
| ᶰq <br/>'''nk'''<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Nasal<br />
| m<br/> '''m'''<br />
| n<br/> '''n'''<br />
| <br />
| [ɲ] <br/>'''n'''<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Fricative<br />
| f[ɸ] v<br/> '''f v'''<br />
| s z<br/> '''s z'''<br />
| <br />
| [ɕ ʑ] [ç ʝ] <br/> '''s z h g'''<br />
| χ ɣ <br/>'''h g'''<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Approximant<br />
| β̞ <br/>'''b'''<br />
| ð̞ <br/>'''d'''<br />
| ɻ <br/>'''r'''<br />
| <br />
| ɰ <br/>'''w'''<br />
| <br />
|}<br />
<br />
Spelling given where it differs from IPA.<br />
<br />
====Consonant Allophony====<br />
Several of the velar and alveolar consonants also have palatalized allophones when preceding the diphthongs of /ia/ /io/ and /iu/. The alveolar fricatives become alveo-palatal fricatives, while the velar stops and fricatives and alveolar nasal become pure palatal. /f/ is also [ɸ] at the end of syllables. /m/ also lightly palatalizes before the aforementioned diphthongs.<br />
<br />
===Vowels===<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Front<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Central<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Near-back<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Back<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Close<br />
| i<br />
| [ɨ]<br />
| <br />
| u<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Near-close<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| [ʊ]<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Mid<br />
| e<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| o<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Open-mid<br />
| [ɛ]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| [ɔ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Near-open<br />
| <br />
| [ɐ]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Open<br />
| <br />
| a<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|}<br />
<br />
Vowels come in stressed unstressed pairs, except for /i/.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Unstressed<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Stressed<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/e/<br />
| [e]<br />
| [ɛ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/o/<br />
| [o]<br />
| [ɔ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/u/<br />
| [u]<br />
| [ʊ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/a/<br />
| [ɐ]<br />
| [a]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Diphthongs====<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Rising<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Falling<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/a/<br />
| /ai/<br />
| /ia/<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/o/<br />
| /oi/<br />
| /io/<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/u/<br />
| /ui/<br />
| /iu/<br />
|}<br />
Rising diphthongs all are realized with the second element as nonsyllabic: [aɪ̯], [oɪ̯], [uɪ̯].<br />
Falling diphthongs work similarly, the second element is also usually nonsyllabic, but the realization of the /i/ in the diphthong depends on the preceding consonant. In most cases, it will be [ɨ], but in a few others it is different. /t/ /f/ have the /i/ be [j] and the second element is syllabic. With /ð̞/ the first element remains as [i] and the second element is nonsyllabic.<br />
<br />
===Phonotactics===<br />
In Kaidu all syllables can be a maximum of CVC. C can be ANY consonant, including prenasalized stops in initial positions. When a prenasal stop is syllable final, it becomes a homorganic cluster of nasal+stop. Certain consonants become palatal versions when before the diphthongs ia, io and iu. When compounding causes two like consonants to meet (except for prenasalized consonants which follow their own rules), the first of the two is deleted. This is reflected both in Latin and Kaikak. A further exception to this is verbal endings, which can cause double r, m, and w, which is not deduplicated.<br />
<br />
===Stress===<br />
Kaidu stresses the last syllable of the root, previous to any verbal inflections.<br />
<br />
===Mutations===<br />
When compounding, the marginal consonants of the morphemes involved undergo mutation. The final consonant of an initial element, the initial of a final element, or both of a medial element, changes in a specific sequence for certain consonants. The consonants that mutate and what they mutate into are described in the following table:<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="10" class="bluetable lightbluebg" "<br />
! Before<br />
! After<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | p<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | f<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | f<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | v<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | v<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | b<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | b<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | p<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | t<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | s<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | s<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | z<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | z<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | d<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | d<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | t<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | c<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | h<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | h<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | g<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | g<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | w<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | w<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | c<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Orthography==<br />
Kaidu's Latin alphabet, called Romakak, is very straightforward, as it is a 1 to 1 correspondence with the conscript, called Kaikak. Kaikak is extremely phonemic but there are a couple deviations from purely phonetic.<br />
[[File:Kaidu letters for demonstration 2.png|thumbnail|Quarter sized Kaikak]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
===Morphology===<br />
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Here are some example subcategories: --><br />
<br />
====Nouns====<br />
There are no cases in Kaidu. Possession is shown with -i on the possessor. Plurals exist but the rules are different than English. They are optional when number is being specified, and in general as well.<br />
<br />
====Verbs====<br />
Verb conjugate for tense and moods. The available tenses are past, present, and future. There is also a progressive suffix after the tense. The moods in Kaidu are imperative, volitional, necessitative, desirative, permissive, abilitative, suggestive, attemptive and samplative. They are all first created by making the verb irrealis with -oi, suffixed with the mood and then conjugated for tense (except imperative and volitional). There are also several aspect prefixes that are lexical in nature. These are negative (different from grammatical negative), causative, dynamic, cessative, defective, intensive and moderative. There is also the present and non-present participles.<br />
<br />
====Adjectives====<br />
Adjectives work almost exactly like verbs, they end in -ra instead of just -a. One does not use the verb for "to be" with adjectives and instead conjugates the adjective ending to the appropriate tense. You use the participle ending to apply an adjective to a noun.<br />
<br />
====Adverbs====<br />
Adverbs are just adjectives. To make an adjective an adverb, use the participle adjective before a verb instead of a noun.<br />
<br />
====Derivational morphology====<br />
<br />
<br />
===Syntax===<br />
Kaidu word order is SVO. Adpositions are prepositional.<br />
<br />
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --><br />
<br />
[[Category:Conlangs]]</div>KyleFarringtonhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Fourth_Linguifex_Relay&diff=35185Fourth Linguifex Relay2015-07-01T15:38:34Z<p>KyleFarrington: /* Seats */</p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Fourth Linguifex Relay''' is an upcoming conlang relay, a game of conlingual telephone, on Linguifex. Succeeding the [[Third Linguifex Relay|''Lhut Hâsha Mâle'']] relay, starting in [[Cwengâr]], the fourth one will be written by [[User:IlL|IlL]] in his language [[Trây]]. The [[Second Linguifex Relay]] introduced a change in terminology; the relay will use the terms ''seat'' and ''whisper'' and rather than ''slot'' and ''torch''.<br />
<br />
==Rules==<br />
The game is similar to [[w:Chinese whispers|Chinese whispers]]. The procedure is simple, you will receive a conlang text, a ''whisper'', from the previous ''seat'' with an interlinear/gloss which you are to translate into your own conlang and add information so that the next person can decipher it and make a new translation. You will have '''48''' hours from the time of having received the whisper to prepare a translation of it into your conlang, gloss it and then send it to the next person in the chain. You are free to include either a glossary and grammar notes or an interlinear (or both!). The choice is up to you, but it is always recommended to at least add an interlinear.<br />
<br />
In the event that you fail to whisper within your allotted 48 hours, the turn will skip your seat and go to the next participant.<br />
<br />
The starting date will be set after the seats have been taken. Everyone is welcome to partake, but for reasons of convenience, an account on Linguifex is required (as the posting of the material will be on talk pages and such). Every person is restricted to one entry, but the choice of conlang is up to them. In the case that two people chose the same language, a first-come first-served basis will be adopted (unless, say the language creator chooses to join in).<br />
<br />
==Signup==<br />
The signup started Monday 2014-10-27 and will end when the seats are filled. Seven seats are available from the start, and users may choose any seat still empty. Please note that the number of seats might change due to special requests or an eagerness to begin. Sign up in the next section.<br />
===Seats===<br />
The final seat will be a retranslation into the source conlang, as well as the first translation into English. In conjunction, the original text will be published in English.<br />
*'''First seat''' - [[User:IlL]], relaymaster, with ''[[Wiobian]]''.<br />
*'''Second seat''' - [[User:Juhhmi|juhhmi]] with ''[[Sceptrian]]''.<br />
*'''Third seat''' - [[User:Dē Graut Bʉr|Dē Graut Bʉr]] with ''[[Bearlandic]]''.<br />
*'''Fourth seat''' - [[User:Chrysophylax|Chrysophylax]] with ''[[Van]]''. <br />
*'''Fifth seat''' - [[User:Waahlis|Waahlis]] with ''[[Ris]]''.<br />
*'''Sixth seat''' - [[User:KyleFarrington|Kyle Farrington]] with ''[[Kaidu]]''<br />
*'''Seventh seat''' - [[User:Serafín|Serafín]] with ''[[Alaia]]''<br />
*'''Final seat''' - Retranslation into [[Wiobian]] and [[w:English|English]], as well as publication of the original English text.<br />
<br />
==How-to==<br />
Once you've received the conlang text with glosses and all, you create a page called "Fourth Linguifex Relay/X", where X is your language. Translate and gloss the text into your conlang (try to include an interlinear gloss), and check the '''Seats''' list on this page: Take a look who's next after you and go to their talk page and create a new topic called "Fourth Linguifex Relay"; and link the page where you keep your translation. <br />
[[Category:Relays]]</div>KyleFarringtonhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Kaidu&diff=35183Kaidu2015-07-01T15:24:01Z<p>KyleFarrington: /* Consonants */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Kaibeni_flag_3.png|thumbnail|]]<br />
<br />
<!-- <br />
<br />
This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br />
<br />
I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).<br />
II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)<br />
III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
<br />
===English===<br />
<br />
Hi, I am the creator of the Kaidu language, Kyle Farrington. Kaidu is currently three years old. I started making this language when an older language of mine died. Kaidu is used mainly as a personal artlang, there is currently no specific conworld for it, but I use it in a number of stories. I have drawn inspiration from several languages, namely English, Spanish, Japanese, Arabic, and some Bantu languages. Conlanging has been my hobby for many years. Kaidu’s grammar is simple for English speakers; the hardest parts are the verbs and adjectives because they are different from English. Kaidu’s syllable structure is simply (C)V(C). Kaidu has a lot of the basic consonants, but it has some unique consonants as well. For instance, it has prenasalized consonants that can occur in initial positions. I have designed Kaidu’s lexicon to be somewhat more minimal than English. Kaidu words are created in the style of Chinese compounds.<br />
<br />
===Kaidu===<br />
<br />
Dimu, ka ziurim fu Kaidui niurme, Caier Ferincton. Mpos Kaidu mpusim hop doit. Ka sondiores Kaidui niur font can mob vintric du nuses. Kaidu zintdampric zoroicim az can kabenric ziomtu, mpos wint ziurim vai niurud pod se, vef ka zorim se nac suizric nkob. Ka siadiomoices tem suizric duru, nac zintdamp Angerdu, Espaniadu. Nihondu, Arapdu, af zai Pantui du. Duniur ton ziures kai sosdoim pod suizric doitru. Kaidui cutupud mpizric pod Angerdui nkabme. Fu kuimob wimpizric zampru ziurim fu zorfoi af merfoi pod se porim to Angerdu. Kaidui nacdampi moi mpizric ziurim (C)V(C). Kaidu mpusim suizrinc mpizric fereznaw, vef wet mpusim zai candempric feresnaw. Pod can zemp se mpusim fiuvmpimpnaw dant ziuroidkim nac fu canric mu. Ka ton siatoes Kaidui mafoiti bus dant femob redzuizrim Angerdu. Kaidui poi niuroices nac fu Zonckuodui gaimpfoii zemp.<br />
<br />
<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? --><br />
<br />
<!-- Example categories/headings: <br />
<br />
Goals<br />
Setting<br />
Inspiration<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
<!-- ***Phonology*** --><br />
<!-- What sounds does your language use? --><br />
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br />
<br />
Vowel inventory<br />
Consonant inventory<br />
Syllable structure<br />
Stress<br />
Intonation<br />
<br />
--><br />
==Phonology==<br />
===Consonants===<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 1200px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 68px; "|<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Retroflex<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Uvular<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Plosive<br />
| p<br />
| t<br />
| <br />
| [c] //&lt;c&gt;<br />
| k &lt;c&gt;<br />
| q &lt;k&gt;<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Prenasal Plosive<br />
| ᵐp &lt;mp&gt;<br />
| ⁿt &lt;nt&gt;<br />
| <br />
| [ᶮc] &lt;nc&gt;<br />
| ᵑk &lt;nc&gt;<br />
| ᶰq &lt;nk&gt;<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Nasal<br />
| m<br />
| n<br />
| <br />
| [ɲ] &lt;n&gt;<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Fricative<br />
| f[ɸ] v<br />
| s z<br />
| <br />
| [ɕ ʑ] &lt;s z&gt; [ç ʝ] &lt;h g&gt;<br />
| χ ɣ &lt;h g&gt;<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Approximant<br />
| β̞ &lt;b&gt;<br />
| ð̞ &lt;d&gt;<br />
| ɻ &lt;r&gt;<br />
| <br />
| ɰ &lt;w&gt;<br />
| <br />
|}<br />
Spelling given where it differs from IPA.<br />
<br />
====Consonant Allophony====<br />
Several of the velar and alveolar consonants also have palatalized allophones when preceding the diphthongs of /ia/ /io/ and /iu/. The alveolar fricatives become alveo-palatal fricatives, while the velar stops and fricatives and alveolar nasal become pure palatal. /f/ is also [ɸ] at the end of syllables. /m/ also lightly palatalizes before the aforementioned diphthongs.<br />
<br />
===Vowels===<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Front<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Central<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Near-back<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Back<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Close<br />
| i<br />
| [ɨ]<br />
| <br />
| u<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Near-close<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| [ʊ]<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Mid<br />
| e<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| o<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Open-mid<br />
| [ɛ]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| [ɔ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Near-open<br />
| <br />
| [ɐ]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Open<br />
| <br />
| a<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|}<br />
<br />
Vowels come in stressed unstressed pairs, except for /i/.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Unstressed<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Stressed<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/e/<br />
| [e]<br />
| [ɛ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/o/<br />
| [o]<br />
| [ɔ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/u/<br />
| [u]<br />
| [ʊ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/a/<br />
| [ɐ]<br />
| [a]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Diphthongs====<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Rising<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Falling<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/a/<br />
| /ai/<br />
| /ia/<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/o/<br />
| /oi/<br />
| /io/<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/u/<br />
| /ui/<br />
| /iu/<br />
|}<br />
Rising diphthongs all are realized with the second element as nonsyllabic: [aɪ̯], [oɪ̯], [uɪ̯].<br />
Falling diphthongs work similarly, the second element is also usually nonsyllabic, but the realization of the /i/ in the diphthong depends on the preceding consonant. In most cases, it will be [ɨ], but in a few others it is different. /t/ /f/ have the /i/ be [j] and the second element is syllabic. With /ð̞/ the first element remains as [i] and the second element is nonsyllabic.<br />
<br />
===Phonotactics===<br />
In Kaidu all syllables can be a maximum of CVC. C can be ANY consonant, including prenasalized stops in initial positions. When a prenasal stop is syllable final, it becomes a homorganic cluster of nasal+stop. Certain consonants become palatal versions when before the diphthongs ia, io and iu. When compounding causes two like consonants to meet (except for prenasalized consonants which follow their own rules), the first of the two is deleted. This is reflected both in Latin and Kaikak. A further exception to this is verbal endings, which can cause double r, m, and w, which is not deduplicated.<br />
<br />
===Stress===<br />
Kaidu stresses the last syllable of the root, previous to any verbal inflections.<br />
<br />
===Mutations===<br />
When compounding, the marginal consonants of the morphemes involved undergo mutation. The final consonant of an initial element, the initial of a final element, or both of a medial element, changes in a specific sequence for certain consonants. The consonants that mutate and what they mutate into are described in the following table:<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="10" class="bluetable lightbluebg" "<br />
! Before<br />
! After<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | p<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | f<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | f<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | v<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | v<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | b<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | b<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | p<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | t<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | s<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | s<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | z<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | z<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | d<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | d<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | t<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | c<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | h<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | h<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | g<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | g<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | w<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | w<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | c<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Orthography==<br />
Kaidu's Latin alphabet, called Romakak, is very straightforward, as it is a 1 to 1 correspondence with the conscript, called Kaikak. Kaikak is extremely phonemic but there are a couple deviations from purely phonetic.<br />
[[File:Kaidu letters for demonstration 2.png|thumbnail|Quarter sized Kaikak]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
===Morphology===<br />
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Here are some example subcategories: --><br />
<br />
====Nouns====<br />
There are no cases in Kaidu. Possession is shown with -i on the possessor. Plurals exist but the rules are different than English. They are optional when number is being specified, and in general as well.<br />
<br />
====Verbs====<br />
Verb conjugate for tense and moods. The available tenses are past, present, and future. There is also a progressive suffix after the tense. The moods in Kaidu are imperative, volitional, necessitative, desirative, permissive, abilitative, suggestive, attemptive and samplative. They are all first created by making the verb irrealis with -oi, suffixed with the mood and then conjugated for tense (except imperative and volitional). There are also several aspect prefixes that are lexical in nature. These are negative (different from grammatical negative), causative, dynamic, cessative, defective, intensive and moderative. There is also the present and non-present participles.<br />
<br />
====Adjectives====<br />
Adjectives work almost exactly like verbs, they end in -ra instead of just -a. One does not use the verb for "to be" with adjectives and instead conjugates the adjective ending to the appropriate tense. You use the participle ending to apply an adjective to a noun.<br />
<br />
====Adverbs====<br />
Adverbs are just adjectives. To make an adjective an adverb, use the participle adjective before a verb instead of a noun.<br />
<br />
====Derivational morphology====<br />
<br />
<br />
===Syntax===<br />
Kaidu word order is SVO. Adpositions are prepositional.<br />
<br />
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --><br />
<br />
[[Category:Conlangs]]</div>KyleFarringtonhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Fourth_Linguifex_Relay&diff=35182Fourth Linguifex Relay2015-07-01T14:50:54Z<p>KyleFarrington: /* Seats */</p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Fourth Linguifex Relay''' is an upcoming conlang relay, a game of conlingual telephone, on Linguifex. Succeeding the [[Third Linguifex Relay|''Lhut Hâsha Mâle'']] relay, starting in [[Cwengâr]], the fourth one will be written by [[User:IlL|IlL]] in his language [[Trây]]. The [[Second Linguifex Relay]] introduced a change in terminology; the relay will use the terms ''seat'' and ''whisper'' and rather than ''slot'' and ''torch''.<br />
<br />
==Rules==<br />
The game is similar to [[w:Chinese whispers|Chinese whispers]]. The procedure is simple, you will receive a conlang text, a ''whisper'', from the previous ''seat'' with an interlinear/gloss which you are to translate into your own conlang and add information so that the next person can decipher it and make a new translation. You will have '''48''' hours from the time of having received the whisper to prepare a translation of it into your conlang, gloss it and then send it to the next person in the chain. You are free to include either a glossary and grammar notes or an interlinear (or both!). The choice is up to you, but it is always recommended to at least add an interlinear.<br />
<br />
In the event that you fail to whisper within your allotted 48 hours, the turn will skip your seat and go to the next participant.<br />
<br />
The starting date will be set after the seats have been taken. Everyone is welcome to partake, but for reasons of convenience, an account on Linguifex is required (as the posting of the material will be on talk pages and such). Every person is restricted to one entry, but the choice of conlang is up to them. In the case that two people chose the same language, a first-come first-served basis will be adopted (unless, say the language creator chooses to join in).<br />
<br />
==Signup==<br />
The signup started Monday 2014-10-27 and will end when the seats are filled. Seven seats are available from the start, and users may choose any seat still empty. Please note that the number of seats might change due to special requests or an eagerness to begin. Sign up in the next section.<br />
===Seats===<br />
The final seat will be a retranslation into the source conlang, as well as the first translation into English. In conjunction, the original text will be published in English.<br />
*'''First seat''' - [[User:IlL]], relaymaster, with ''[[Wiobian]]''.<br />
*'''Second seat''' - [[User:Juhhmi|juhhmi]] with ''[[Sceptrian]]''.<br />
*'''Third seat''' - [[User:Dē Graut Bʉr|Dē Graut Bʉr]] with ''[[Bearlandic]]''.<br />
*'''Fourth seat''' - [[User:Chrysophylax|Chrysophylax]] with ''[[Van]]''. <br />
*'''Fifth seat''' - [[User:Waahlis|Waahlis]] with ''[[Ris]]''.<br />
*'''Sixth seat''' - [[User:KyleFarrington|Kyle Farrington]] with ''[[Kaidu]]''<br />
*'''Seventh seat''' - <br />
*'''Final seat''' - Retranslation into [[Wiobian]] and [[w:English|English]], as well as publication of the original English text.<br />
<br />
==How-to==<br />
Once you've received the conlang text with glosses and all, you create a page called "Fourth Linguifex Relay/X", where X is your language. Translate and gloss the text into your conlang (try to include an interlinear gloss), and check the '''Seats''' list on this page: Take a look who's next after you and go to their talk page and create a new topic called "Fourth Linguifex Relay"; and link the page where you keep your translation. <br />
[[Category:Relays]]</div>KyleFarringtonhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Kaidu&diff=34891Kaidu2015-06-25T03:01:40Z<p>KyleFarrington: /* Verbs */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Kaibeni_flag_3.png|thumbnail|]]<br />
<br />
<!-- <br />
<br />
This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br />
<br />
I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).<br />
II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)<br />
III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
<br />
===English===<br />
<br />
Hi, I am the creator of the Kaidu language, Kyle Farrington. Kaidu is currently three years old. I started making this language when an older language of mine died. Kaidu is used mainly as a personal artlang, there is currently no specific conworld for it, but I use it in a number of stories. I have drawn inspiration from several languages, namely English, Spanish, Japanese, Arabic, and some Bantu languages. Conlanging has been my hobby for many years. Kaidu’s grammar is simple for English speakers; the hardest parts are the verbs and adjectives because they are different from English. Kaidu’s syllable structure is simply (C)V(C). Kaidu has a lot of the basic consonants, but it has some unique consonants as well. For instance, it has prenasalized consonants that can occur in initial positions. I have designed Kaidu’s lexicon to be somewhat more minimal than English. Kaidu words are created in the style of Chinese compounds.<br />
<br />
===Kaidu===<br />
<br />
Dimu, ka ziurim fu Kaidui niurme, Caier Ferincton. Mpos Kaidu mpusim hop doit. Ka sondiores Kaidui niur font can mob vintric du nuses. Kaidu zintdampric zoroicim az can kabenric ziomtu, mpos wint ziurim vai niurud pod se, vef ka zorim se nac suizric nkob. Ka siadiomoices tem suizric duru, nac zintdamp Angerdu, Espaniadu. Nihondu, Arapdu, af zai Pantui du. Duniur ton ziures kai sosdoim pod suizric doitru. Kaidui cutupud mpizric pod Angerdui nkabme. Fu kuimob wimpizric zampru ziurim fu zorfoi af merfoi pod se porim to Angerdu. Kaidui nacdampi moi mpizric ziurim (C)V(C). Kaidu mpusim suizrinc mpizric fereznaw, vef wet mpusim zai candempric feresnaw. Pod can zemp se mpusim fiuvmpimpnaw dant ziuroidkim nac fu canric mu. Ka ton siatoes Kaidui mafoiti bus dant femob redzuizrim Angerdu. Kaidui poi niuroices nac fu Zonckuodui gaimpfoii zemp.<br />
<br />
<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? --><br />
<br />
<!-- Example categories/headings: <br />
<br />
Goals<br />
Setting<br />
Inspiration<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
<!-- ***Phonology*** --><br />
<!-- What sounds does your language use? --><br />
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br />
<br />
Vowel inventory<br />
Consonant inventory<br />
Syllable structure<br />
Stress<br />
Intonation<br />
<br />
--><br />
==Phonology==<br />
===Consonants===<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 1200px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 68px; "|<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Retroflex<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Uvular<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Plosive<br />
| p<br />
| t<br />
| <br />
| [c] &lt;c&gt;<br />
| k &lt;c&gt;<br />
| q &lt;k&gt;<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Prenasal Plosive<br />
| ᵐp &lt;mp&gt;<br />
| ⁿt &lt;nt&gt;<br />
| <br />
| [ᶮc] &lt;nc&gt;<br />
| ᵑk &lt;nc&gt;<br />
| ᶰq &lt;nk&gt;<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Nasal<br />
| m<br />
| n<br />
| <br />
| [ɲ] &lt;n&gt;<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Fricative<br />
| f[ɸ] v<br />
| s z<br />
| <br />
| [ɕ ʑ] &lt;s z&gt; [ç ʝ] &lt;h g&gt;<br />
| χ ɣ &lt;h g&gt;<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Approximant<br />
| β̞ &lt;b&gt;<br />
| ð̞ &lt;d&gt;<br />
| ɻ &lt;r&gt;<br />
| <br />
| ɰ &lt;w&gt;<br />
| <br />
|}<br />
Spelling given where it differs from IPA.<br />
<br />
====Consonant Allophony====<br />
Several of the velar and alveolar consonants also have palatalized allophones when preceding the diphthongs of /ia/ /io/ and /iu/. The alveolar fricatives become alveo-palatal fricatives, while the velar stops and fricatives and alveolar nasal become pure palatal. /f/ is also [ɸ] at the end of syllables. /m/ also lightly palatalizes before the aforementioned diphthongs.<br />
<br />
===Vowels===<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Front<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Central<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Near-back<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Back<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Close<br />
| i<br />
| [ɨ]<br />
| <br />
| u<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Near-close<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| [ʊ]<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Mid<br />
| e<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| o<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Open-mid<br />
| [ɛ]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| [ɔ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Near-open<br />
| <br />
| [ɐ]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Open<br />
| <br />
| a<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|}<br />
<br />
Vowels come in stressed unstressed pairs, except for /i/.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Unstressed<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Stressed<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/e/<br />
| [e]<br />
| [ɛ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/o/<br />
| [o]<br />
| [ɔ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/u/<br />
| [u]<br />
| [ʊ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/a/<br />
| [ɐ]<br />
| [a]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Diphthongs====<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Rising<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Falling<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/a/<br />
| /ai/<br />
| /ia/<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/o/<br />
| /oi/<br />
| /io/<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/u/<br />
| /ui/<br />
| /iu/<br />
|}<br />
Rising diphthongs all are realized with the second element as nonsyllabic: [aɪ̯], [oɪ̯], [uɪ̯].<br />
Falling diphthongs work similarly, the second element is also usually nonsyllabic, but the realization of the /i/ in the diphthong depends on the preceding consonant. In most cases, it will be [ɨ], but in a few others it is different. /t/ /f/ have the /i/ be [j] and the second element is syllabic. With /ð̞/ the first element remains as [i] and the second element is nonsyllabic.<br />
<br />
===Phonotactics===<br />
In Kaidu all syllables can be a maximum of CVC. C can be ANY consonant, including prenasalized stops in initial positions. When a prenasal stop is syllable final, it becomes a homorganic cluster of nasal+stop. Certain consonants become palatal versions when before the diphthongs ia, io and iu. When compounding causes two like consonants to meet (except for prenasalized consonants which follow their own rules), the first of the two is deleted. This is reflected both in Latin and Kaikak. A further exception to this is verbal endings, which can cause double r, m, and w, which is not deduplicated.<br />
<br />
===Stress===<br />
Kaidu stresses the last syllable of the root, previous to any verbal inflections.<br />
<br />
===Mutations===<br />
When compounding, the marginal consonants of the morphemes involved undergo mutation. The final consonant of an initial element, the initial of a final element, or both of a medial element, changes in a specific sequence for certain consonants. The consonants that mutate and what they mutate into are described in the following table:<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="10" class="bluetable lightbluebg" "<br />
! Before<br />
! After<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | p<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | f<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | f<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | v<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | v<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | b<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | b<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | p<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | t<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | s<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | s<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | z<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | z<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | d<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | d<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | t<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | c<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | h<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | h<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | g<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | g<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | w<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | w<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | c<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Orthography==<br />
Kaidu's Latin alphabet, called Romakak, is very straightforward, as it is a 1 to 1 correspondence with the conscript, called Kaikak. Kaikak is extremely phonemic but there are a couple deviations from purely phonetic.<br />
[[File:Kaidu letters for demonstration 2.png|thumbnail|Quarter sized Kaikak]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
===Morphology===<br />
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Here are some example subcategories: --><br />
<br />
====Nouns====<br />
There are no cases in Kaidu. Possession is shown with -i on the possessor. Plurals exist but the rules are different than English. They are optional when number is being specified, and in general as well.<br />
<br />
====Verbs====<br />
Verb conjugate for tense and moods. The available tenses are past, present, and future. There is also a progressive suffix after the tense. The moods in Kaidu are imperative, volitional, necessitative, desirative, permissive, abilitative, suggestive, attemptive and samplative. They are all first created by making the verb irrealis with -oi, suffixed with the mood and then conjugated for tense (except imperative and volitional). There are also several aspect prefixes that are lexical in nature. These are negative (different from grammatical negative), causative, dynamic, cessative, defective, intensive and moderative. There is also the present and non-present participles.<br />
<br />
====Adjectives====<br />
Adjectives work almost exactly like verbs, they end in -ra instead of just -a. One does not use the verb for "to be" with adjectives and instead conjugates the adjective ending to the appropriate tense. You use the participle ending to apply an adjective to a noun.<br />
<br />
====Adverbs====<br />
Adverbs are just adjectives. To make an adjective an adverb, use the participle adjective before a verb instead of a noun.<br />
<br />
====Derivational morphology====<br />
<br />
<br />
===Syntax===<br />
Kaidu word order is SVO. Adpositions are prepositional.<br />
<br />
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --><br />
<br />
[[Category:Conlangs]]</div>KyleFarringtonhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Kaidu&diff=34880Kaidu2015-06-24T17:52:26Z<p>KyleFarrington: /* Phonology */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Kaibeni_flag_3.png|thumbnail|]]<br />
<br />
<!-- <br />
<br />
This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br />
<br />
I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).<br />
II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)<br />
III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
<br />
===English===<br />
<br />
Hi, I am the creator of the Kaidu language, Kyle Farrington. Kaidu is currently three years old. I started making this language when an older language of mine died. Kaidu is used mainly as a personal artlang, there is currently no specific conworld for it, but I use it in a number of stories. I have drawn inspiration from several languages, namely English, Spanish, Japanese, Arabic, and some Bantu languages. Conlanging has been my hobby for many years. Kaidu’s grammar is simple for English speakers; the hardest parts are the verbs and adjectives because they are different from English. Kaidu’s syllable structure is simply (C)V(C). Kaidu has a lot of the basic consonants, but it has some unique consonants as well. For instance, it has prenasalized consonants that can occur in initial positions. I have designed Kaidu’s lexicon to be somewhat more minimal than English. Kaidu words are created in the style of Chinese compounds.<br />
<br />
===Kaidu===<br />
<br />
Dimu, ka ziurim fu Kaidui niurme, Caier Ferincton. Mpos Kaidu mpusim hop doit. Ka sondiores Kaidui niur font can mob vintric du nuses. Kaidu zintdampric zoroicim az can kabenric ziomtu, mpos wint ziurim vai niurud pod se, vef ka zorim se nac suizric nkob. Ka siadiomoices tem suizric duru, nac zintdamp Angerdu, Espaniadu. Nihondu, Arapdu, af zai Pantui du. Duniur ton ziures kai sosdoim pod suizric doitru. Kaidui cutupud mpizric pod Angerdui nkabme. Fu kuimob wimpizric zampru ziurim fu zorfoi af merfoi pod se porim to Angerdu. Kaidui nacdampi moi mpizric ziurim (C)V(C). Kaidu mpusim suizrinc mpizric fereznaw, vef wet mpusim zai candempric feresnaw. Pod can zemp se mpusim fiuvmpimpnaw dant ziuroidkim nac fu canric mu. Ka ton siatoes Kaidui mafoiti bus dant femob redzuizrim Angerdu. Kaidui poi niuroices nac fu Zonckuodui gaimpfoii zemp.<br />
<br />
<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? --><br />
<br />
<!-- Example categories/headings: <br />
<br />
Goals<br />
Setting<br />
Inspiration<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
<!-- ***Phonology*** --><br />
<!-- What sounds does your language use? --><br />
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br />
<br />
Vowel inventory<br />
Consonant inventory<br />
Syllable structure<br />
Stress<br />
Intonation<br />
<br />
--><br />
==Phonology==<br />
===Consonants===<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 1200px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 68px; "|<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Retroflex<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Uvular<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Plosive<br />
| p<br />
| t<br />
| <br />
| [c] &lt;c&gt;<br />
| k &lt;c&gt;<br />
| q &lt;k&gt;<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Prenasal Plosive<br />
| ᵐp &lt;mp&gt;<br />
| ⁿt &lt;nt&gt;<br />
| <br />
| [ᶮc] &lt;nc&gt;<br />
| ᵑk &lt;nc&gt;<br />
| ᶰq &lt;nk&gt;<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Nasal<br />
| m<br />
| n<br />
| <br />
| [ɲ] &lt;n&gt;<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Fricative<br />
| f[ɸ] v<br />
| s z<br />
| <br />
| [ɕ ʑ] &lt;s z&gt; [ç ʝ] &lt;h g&gt;<br />
| χ ɣ &lt;h g&gt;<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Approximant<br />
| β̞ &lt;b&gt;<br />
| ð̞ &lt;d&gt;<br />
| ɻ &lt;r&gt;<br />
| <br />
| ɰ &lt;w&gt;<br />
| <br />
|}<br />
Spelling given where it differs from IPA.<br />
<br />
====Consonant Allophony====<br />
Several of the velar and alveolar consonants also have palatalized allophones when preceding the diphthongs of /ia/ /io/ and /iu/. The alveolar fricatives become alveo-palatal fricatives, while the velar stops and fricatives and alveolar nasal become pure palatal. /f/ is also [ɸ] at the end of syllables. /m/ also lightly palatalizes before the aforementioned diphthongs.<br />
<br />
===Vowels===<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Front<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Central<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Near-back<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Back<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Close<br />
| i<br />
| [ɨ]<br />
| <br />
| u<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Near-close<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| [ʊ]<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Mid<br />
| e<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| o<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Open-mid<br />
| [ɛ]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| [ɔ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Near-open<br />
| <br />
| [ɐ]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Open<br />
| <br />
| a<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|}<br />
<br />
Vowels come in stressed unstressed pairs, except for /i/.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Unstressed<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Stressed<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/e/<br />
| [e]<br />
| [ɛ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/o/<br />
| [o]<br />
| [ɔ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/u/<br />
| [u]<br />
| [ʊ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/a/<br />
| [ɐ]<br />
| [a]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Diphthongs====<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Rising<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Falling<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/a/<br />
| /ai/<br />
| /ia/<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/o/<br />
| /oi/<br />
| /io/<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/u/<br />
| /ui/<br />
| /iu/<br />
|}<br />
Rising diphthongs all are realized with the second element as nonsyllabic: [aɪ̯], [oɪ̯], [uɪ̯].<br />
Falling diphthongs work similarly, the second element is also usually nonsyllabic, but the realization of the /i/ in the diphthong depends on the preceding consonant. In most cases, it will be [ɨ], but in a few others it is different. /t/ /f/ have the /i/ be [j] and the second element is syllabic. With /ð̞/ the first element remains as [i] and the second element is nonsyllabic.<br />
<br />
===Phonotactics===<br />
In Kaidu all syllables can be a maximum of CVC. C can be ANY consonant, including prenasalized stops in initial positions. When a prenasal stop is syllable final, it becomes a homorganic cluster of nasal+stop. Certain consonants become palatal versions when before the diphthongs ia, io and iu. When compounding causes two like consonants to meet (except for prenasalized consonants which follow their own rules), the first of the two is deleted. This is reflected both in Latin and Kaikak. A further exception to this is verbal endings, which can cause double r, m, and w, which is not deduplicated.<br />
<br />
===Stress===<br />
Kaidu stresses the last syllable of the root, previous to any verbal inflections.<br />
<br />
===Mutations===<br />
When compounding, the marginal consonants of the morphemes involved undergo mutation. The final consonant of an initial element, the initial of a final element, or both of a medial element, changes in a specific sequence for certain consonants. The consonants that mutate and what they mutate into are described in the following table:<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="10" class="bluetable lightbluebg" "<br />
! Before<br />
! After<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | p<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | f<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | f<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | v<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | v<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | b<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | b<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | p<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | t<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | s<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | s<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | z<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | z<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | d<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | d<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | t<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | c<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | h<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | h<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | g<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | g<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | w<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | w<br />
| style="text-align: center;" | c<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Orthography==<br />
Kaidu's Latin alphabet, called Romakak, is very straightforward, as it is a 1 to 1 correspondence with the conscript, called Kaikak. Kaikak is extremely phonemic but there are a couple deviations from purely phonetic.<br />
[[File:Kaidu letters for demonstration 2.png|thumbnail|Quarter sized Kaikak]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
===Morphology===<br />
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Here are some example subcategories: --><br />
<br />
====Nouns====<br />
There are no cases in Kaidu. Possession is shown with -i on the possessor. Plurals exist but the rules are different than English. They are optional when number is being specified, and in general as well.<br />
<br />
====Verbs====<br />
Verb conjugate for tense and moods. The available tenses are past, present, and future. There is also a progressive suffix after the tense. The moods in Kaidu are imperative, volitional, necessitative, desirative, permissive, abilitative, suggestive, attemptive and samplative. They are all first created by making the verb irrealis with -oi, suffixed with the moodm and then conjugated for tense (except imperative and volitional). There are also several aspect prefixes that are lexical in nature. These are negative (different from grammatical negative), causative, dynamic, cessative, defective, intensive and moderative. There is also the present and non-present participles.<br />
<br />
====Adjectives====<br />
Adjectives work almost exactly like verbs, they end in -ra instead of just -a. One does not use the verb for "to be" with adjectives and instead conjugates the adjective ending to the appropriate tense. You use the participle ending to apply an adjective to a noun.<br />
<br />
====Adverbs====<br />
Adverbs are just adjectives. To make an adjective an adverb, use the participle adjective before a verb instead of a noun.<br />
<br />
====Derivational morphology====<br />
<br />
<br />
===Syntax===<br />
Kaidu word order is SVO. Adpositions are prepositional.<br />
<br />
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --><br />
<br />
[[Category:Conlangs]]</div>KyleFarringtonhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Kaidu&diff=34283Kaidu2015-06-04T12:38:00Z<p>KyleFarrington: /* Nouns */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Kaibeni_flag_3.png|thumbnail|]]<br />
<br />
<!-- <br />
<br />
This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br />
<br />
I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).<br />
II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)<br />
III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
<br />
===English===<br />
<br />
Hi, I am the creator of the Kaidu language, Kyle Farrington. Kaidu is currently three years old. I started making this language when an older language of mine died. Kaidu is used mainly as a personal artlang, there is currently no specific conworld for it, but I use it in a number of stories. I have drawn inspiration from several languages, namely English, Spanish, Japanese, Arabic, and some Bantu languages. Conlanging has been my hobby for many years. Kaidu’s grammar is simple for English speakers; the hardest parts are the verbs and adjectives because they are different from English. Kaidu’s syllable structure is simply (C)V(C). Kaidu has a lot of the basic consonants, but it has some unique consonants as well. For instance, it has prenasalized consonants that can occur in initial positions. I have designed Kaidu’s lexicon to be somewhat more minimal than English. Kaidu words are created in the style of Chinese compounds.<br />
<br />
===Kaidu===<br />
<br />
Dimu, ka ziurim fu Kaidui niurme, Caier Ferincton. Mpos Kaidu mpusim hop doit. Ka sondiores Kaidui niur font can mob vintric du nuses. Kaidu zintdampric zoroicim az can kabenric ziomtu, mpos wint ziurim vai niurud pod se, vef ka zorim se nac suizric nkob. Ka siadiomoices tem suizric duru, nac zintdamp Angerdu, Espaniadu. Nihondu, Arapdu, af zai Pantui du. Duniur ton ziures kai sosdoim pod suizric doitru. Kaidui cutupud mpizric pod Angerdui nkabme. Fu kuimob wimpizric zampru ziurim fu zorfoi af merfoi pod se porim to Angerdu. Kaidui nacdampi moi mpizric ziurim (C)V(C). Kaidu mpusim suizrinc mpizric fereznaw, vef wet mpusim zai candempric feresnaw. Pod can zemp se mpusim fiuvmpimpnaw dant ziuroidkim nac fu canric mu. Ka ton siatoes Kaidui mafoiti bus dant femob redzuizrim Angerdu. Kaidui poi niuroices nac fu Zonckuodui gaimpfoii zemp.<br />
<br />
<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? --><br />
<br />
<!-- Example categories/headings: <br />
<br />
Goals<br />
Setting<br />
Inspiration<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
<!-- ***Phonology*** --><br />
<!-- What sounds does your language use? --><br />
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br />
<br />
Vowel inventory<br />
Consonant inventory<br />
Syllable structure<br />
Stress<br />
Intonation<br />
<br />
--><br />
==Phonology==<br />
===Consonants===<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 1200px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 68px; "|<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Retroflex<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Uvular<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Plosive<br />
| p<br />
| t<br />
| <br />
| [c] &lt;c&gt;<br />
| k &lt;c&gt;<br />
| q &lt;k&gt;<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Prenasal Plosive<br />
| ᵐp &lt;mp&gt;<br />
| ⁿt &lt;nt&gt;<br />
| <br />
| [ᶮc] &lt;nc&gt;<br />
| ᵑk &lt;nc&gt;<br />
| ᶰq &lt;nk&gt;<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Nasal<br />
| m<br />
| n<br />
| <br />
| [ɲ] &lt;n&gt;<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Fricative<br />
| f[ɸ] v<br />
| s z<br />
| <br />
| [ɕ ʑ] &lt;s z&gt; [ç ʝ] &lt;h g&gt;<br />
| χ ɣ &lt;h g&gt;<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Approximant<br />
| β̞ &lt;b&gt;<br />
| ð̞ &lt;d&gt;<br />
| ɻ &lt;r&gt;<br />
| <br />
| ɰ &lt;w&gt;<br />
| <br />
|}<br />
Spelling given where it differs from IPA.<br />
<br />
====Consonant Allophony====<br />
Several of the velar and alveolar consonants also have palatalized allophones when preceding the diphthongs of /ia/ /io/ and /iu/. The alveolar fricatives become alveo-palatal fricatives, while the velar stops and fricatives and alveolar nasal become pure palatal. /f/ is also [ɸ] at the end of syllables. /m/ also lightly palatalizes before the aforementioned diphthongs.<br />
<br />
===Vowels===<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Front<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Central<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Near-back<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Back<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Close<br />
| i<br />
| [ɨ]<br />
| <br />
| u<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Near-close<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| [ʊ]<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Mid<br />
| e<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| o<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Open-mid<br />
| [ɛ]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| [ɔ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Near-open<br />
| <br />
| [ɐ]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Open<br />
| <br />
| a<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|}<br />
<br />
Vowels come in stressed unstressed pairs, except for /i/.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Unstressed<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Stressed<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/e/<br />
| [e]<br />
| [ɛ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/o/<br />
| [o]<br />
| [ɔ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/u/<br />
| [u]<br />
| [ʊ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/a/<br />
| [ɐ]<br />
| [a]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Diphthongs====<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Rising<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Falling<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/a/<br />
| /ai/<br />
| /ia/<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/o/<br />
| /oi/<br />
| /io/<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/u/<br />
| /ui/<br />
| /iu/<br />
|}<br />
Rising diphthongs all are realized with the second element as nonsyllabic: [aɪ̯], [oɪ̯], [uɪ̯].<br />
Falling diphthongs work similarly, the second element is also usually nonsyllabic, but the realization of the /i/ in the diphthong depends on the preceding consonant. In most cases, it will be [ɨ], but in a few others it is different. /t/ /f/ have the /i/ be [j] and the second element is syllabic. With /ð̞/ the first element remains as [i] and the second element is nonsyllabic.<br />
<br />
===Phonotactics===<br />
In Kaidu all syllables can be a maximum of CVC. C can be ANY consonant, including prenasalized stops in initial positions. When a prenasal stop is syllable final, it becomes a homorganic cluster of nasal+stop. Certain consonants become palatal versions when before the diphthongs ia, io and iu. When compounding causes two like consonants to meet (except for prenasalized consonants which follow their own rules), the first of the two is deleted. This is reflected both in Latin and Kaikak. A further exception to this is verbal endings, which can cause double r, m, and w, which is not deduplicated.<br />
<br />
===Stress===<br />
Kaidu stresses the last syllable of the root, previous to any verbal inflections.<br />
<br />
==Orthography==<br />
Kaidu's Latin alphabet, called Romakak, is very straightforward, as it is a 1 to 1 correspondence with the conscript, called Kaikak. Kaikak is extremely phonemic but there are a couple deviations from purely phonetic.<br />
[[File:Kaidu letters for demonstration 2.png|thumbnail|Quarter sized Kaikak]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
===Morphology===<br />
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Here are some example subcategories: --><br />
<br />
====Nouns====<br />
There are no cases in Kaidu. Possession is shown with -i on the possessor. Plurals exist but the rules are different than English. They are optional when number is being specified, and in general as well.<br />
<br />
====Verbs====<br />
Verb conjugate for tense and moods. The available tenses are past, present, and future. There is also a progressive suffix after the tense. The moods in Kaidu are imperative, volitional, necessitative, desirative, permissive, abilitative, suggestive, attemptive and samplative. They are all first created by making the verb irrealis with -oi, suffixed with the moodm and then conjugated for tense (except imperative and volitional). There are also several aspect prefixes that are lexical in nature. These are negative (different from grammatical negative), causative, dynamic, cessative, defective, intensive and moderative. There is also the present and non-present participles.<br />
<br />
====Adjectives====<br />
Adjectives work almost exactly like verbs, they end in -ra instead of just -a. One does not use the verb for "to be" with adjectives and instead conjugates the adjective ending to the appropriate tense. You use the participle ending to apply an adjective to a noun.<br />
<br />
====Adverbs====<br />
Adverbs are just adjectives. To make an adjective an adverb, use the participle adjective before a verb instead of a noun.<br />
<br />
====Derivational morphology====<br />
<br />
<br />
===Syntax===<br />
Kaidu word order is SVO. Adpositions are prepositional.<br />
<br />
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --><br />
<br />
[[Category:Conlangs]]</div>KyleFarringtonhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Kaidu&diff=34269Kaidu2015-06-03T15:08:28Z<p>KyleFarrington: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Kaibeni_flag_3.png|thumbnail|]]<br />
<br />
<!-- <br />
<br />
This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br />
<br />
I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).<br />
II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)<br />
III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
<br />
===English===<br />
<br />
Hi, I am the creator of the Kaidu language, Kyle Farrington. Kaidu is currently three years old. I started making this language when an older language of mine died. Kaidu is used mainly as a personal artlang, there is currently no specific conworld for it, but I use it in a number of stories. I have drawn inspiration from several languages, namely English, Spanish, Japanese, Arabic, and some Bantu languages. Conlanging has been my hobby for many years. Kaidu’s grammar is simple for English speakers; the hardest parts are the verbs and adjectives because they are different from English. Kaidu’s syllable structure is simply (C)V(C). Kaidu has a lot of the basic consonants, but it has some unique consonants as well. For instance, it has prenasalized consonants that can occur in initial positions. I have designed Kaidu’s lexicon to be somewhat more minimal than English. Kaidu words are created in the style of Chinese compounds.<br />
<br />
===Kaidu===<br />
<br />
Dimu, ka ziurim fu Kaidui niurme, Caier Ferincton. Mpos Kaidu mpusim hop doit. Ka sondiores Kaidui niur font can mob vintric du nuses. Kaidu zintdampric zoroicim az can kabenric ziomtu, mpos wint ziurim vai niurud pod se, vef ka zorim se nac suizric nkob. Ka siadiomoices tem suizric duru, nac zintdamp Angerdu, Espaniadu. Nihondu, Arapdu, af zai Pantui du. Duniur ton ziures kai sosdoim pod suizric doitru. Kaidui cutupud mpizric pod Angerdui nkabme. Fu kuimob wimpizric zampru ziurim fu zorfoi af merfoi pod se porim to Angerdu. Kaidui nacdampi moi mpizric ziurim (C)V(C). Kaidu mpusim suizrinc mpizric fereznaw, vef wet mpusim zai candempric feresnaw. Pod can zemp se mpusim fiuvmpimpnaw dant ziuroidkim nac fu canric mu. Ka ton siatoes Kaidui mafoiti bus dant femob redzuizrim Angerdu. Kaidui poi niuroices nac fu Zonckuodui gaimpfoii zemp.<br />
<br />
<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? --><br />
<br />
<!-- Example categories/headings: <br />
<br />
Goals<br />
Setting<br />
Inspiration<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
<!-- ***Phonology*** --><br />
<!-- What sounds does your language use? --><br />
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br />
<br />
Vowel inventory<br />
Consonant inventory<br />
Syllable structure<br />
Stress<br />
Intonation<br />
<br />
--><br />
==Phonology==<br />
===Consonants===<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 1200px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 68px; "|<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Retroflex<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Uvular<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Plosive<br />
| p<br />
| t<br />
| <br />
| [c] &lt;c&gt;<br />
| k &lt;c&gt;<br />
| q &lt;k&gt;<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Prenasal Plosive<br />
| ᵐp &lt;mp&gt;<br />
| ⁿt &lt;nt&gt;<br />
| <br />
| [ᶮc] &lt;nc&gt;<br />
| ᵑk &lt;nc&gt;<br />
| ᶰq &lt;nk&gt;<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Nasal<br />
| m<br />
| n<br />
| <br />
| [ɲ] &lt;n&gt;<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Fricative<br />
| f[ɸ] v<br />
| s z<br />
| <br />
| [ɕ ʑ] &lt;s z&gt; [ç ʝ] &lt;h g&gt;<br />
| χ ɣ &lt;h g&gt;<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Approximant<br />
| β̞ &lt;b&gt;<br />
| ð̞ &lt;d&gt;<br />
| ɻ &lt;r&gt;<br />
| <br />
| ɰ &lt;w&gt;<br />
| <br />
|}<br />
Spelling given where it differs from IPA.<br />
<br />
====Consonant Allophony====<br />
Several of the velar and alveolar consonants also have palatalized allophones when preceding the diphthongs of /ia/ /io/ and /iu/. The alveolar fricatives become alveo-palatal fricatives, while the velar stops and fricatives and alveolar nasal become pure palatal. /f/ is also [ɸ] at the end of syllables. /m/ also lightly palatalizes before the aforementioned diphthongs.<br />
<br />
===Vowels===<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Front<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Central<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Near-back<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Back<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Close<br />
| i<br />
| [ɨ]<br />
| <br />
| u<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Near-close<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| [ʊ]<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Mid<br />
| e<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| o<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Open-mid<br />
| [ɛ]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| [ɔ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Near-open<br />
| <br />
| [ɐ]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Open<br />
| <br />
| a<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|}<br />
<br />
Vowels come in stressed unstressed pairs, except for /i/.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Unstressed<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Stressed<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/e/<br />
| [e]<br />
| [ɛ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/o/<br />
| [o]<br />
| [ɔ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/u/<br />
| [u]<br />
| [ʊ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/a/<br />
| [ɐ]<br />
| [a]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Diphthongs====<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Rising<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Falling<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/a/<br />
| /ai/<br />
| /ia/<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/o/<br />
| /oi/<br />
| /io/<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/u/<br />
| /ui/<br />
| /iu/<br />
|}<br />
Rising diphthongs all are realized with the second element as nonsyllabic: [aɪ̯], [oɪ̯], [uɪ̯].<br />
Falling diphthongs work similarly, the second element is also usually nonsyllabic, but the realization of the /i/ in the diphthong depends on the preceding consonant. In most cases, it will be [ɨ], but in a few others it is different. /t/ /f/ have the /i/ be [j] and the second element is syllabic. With /ð̞/ the first element remains as [i] and the second element is nonsyllabic.<br />
<br />
===Phonotactics===<br />
In Kaidu all syllables can be a maximum of CVC. C can be ANY consonant, including prenasalized stops in initial positions. When a prenasal stop is syllable final, it becomes a homorganic cluster of nasal+stop. Certain consonants become palatal versions when before the diphthongs ia, io and iu. When compounding causes two like consonants to meet (except for prenasalized consonants which follow their own rules), the first of the two is deleted. This is reflected both in Latin and Kaikak. A further exception to this is verbal endings, which can cause double r, m, and w, which is not deduplicated.<br />
<br />
===Stress===<br />
Kaidu stresses the last syllable of the root, previous to any verbal inflections.<br />
<br />
==Orthography==<br />
Kaidu's Latin alphabet, called Romakak, is very straightforward, as it is a 1 to 1 correspondence with the conscript, called Kaikak. Kaikak is extremely phonemic but there are a couple deviations from purely phonetic.<br />
[[File:Kaidu letters for demonstration 2.png|thumbnail|Quarter sized Kaikak]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
===Morphology===<br />
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Here are some example subcategories: --><br />
<br />
====Nouns====<br />
There are no cases in Kaidu. Possession is shown with -i on the possessor. Plurals exist but the rules are different than English. They are optional when number is being specified, and i general as well. <br />
<br />
====Verbs====<br />
Verb conjugate for tense and moods. The available tenses are past, present, and future. There is also a progressive suffix after the tense. The moods in Kaidu are imperative, volitional, necessitative, desirative, permissive, abilitative, suggestive, attemptive and samplative. They are all first created by making the verb irrealis with -oi, suffixed with the moodm and then conjugated for tense (except imperative and volitional). There are also several aspect prefixes that are lexical in nature. These are negative (different from grammatical negative), causative, dynamic, cessative, defective, intensive and moderative. There is also the present and non-present participles.<br />
<br />
====Adjectives====<br />
Adjectives work almost exactly like verbs, they end in -ra instead of just -a. One does not use the verb for "to be" with adjectives and instead conjugates the adjective ending to the appropriate tense. You use the participle ending to apply an adjective to a noun.<br />
<br />
====Adverbs====<br />
Adverbs are just adjectives. To make an adjective an adverb, use the participle adjective before a verb instead of a noun.<br />
<br />
====Derivational morphology====<br />
<br />
<br />
===Syntax===<br />
Kaidu word order is SVO. Adpositions are prepositional.<br />
<br />
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --><br />
<br />
[[Category:Conlangs]]</div>KyleFarringtonhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=File:Kaibeni_flag_3.png&diff=34268File:Kaibeni flag 3.png2015-06-03T15:07:28Z<p>KyleFarrington: Flag of Fu Kaibeni Venmiowio</p>
<hr />
<div>Flag of Fu Kaibeni Venmiowio</div>KyleFarringtonhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Kaidu&diff=34267Kaidu2015-06-03T15:03:59Z<p>KyleFarrington: /* Phonotactics */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
<!-- <br />
<br />
This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br />
<br />
I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).<br />
II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)<br />
III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
<br />
===English===<br />
<br />
Hi, I am the creator of the Kaidu language, Kyle Farrington. Kaidu is currently three years old. I started making this language when an older language of mine died. Kaidu is used mainly as a personal artlang, there is currently no specific conworld for it, but I use it in a number of stories. I have drawn inspiration from several languages, namely English, Spanish, Japanese, Arabic, and some Bantu languages. Conlanging has been my hobby for many years. Kaidu’s grammar is simple for English speakers; the hardest parts are the verbs and adjectives because they are different from English. Kaidu’s syllable structure is simply (C)V(C). Kaidu has a lot of the basic consonants, but it has some unique consonants as well. For instance, it has prenasalized consonants that can occur in initial positions. I have designed Kaidu’s lexicon to be somewhat more minimal than English. Kaidu words are created in the style of Chinese compounds.<br />
<br />
===Kaidu===<br />
<br />
Dimu, ka ziurim fu Kaidui niurme, Caier Ferincton. Mpos Kaidu mpusim hop doit. Ka sondiores Kaidui niur font can mob vintric du nuses. Kaidu zintdampric zoroicim az can kabenric ziomtu, mpos wint ziurim vai niurud pod se, vef ka zorim se nac suizric nkob. Ka siadiomoices tem suizric duru, nac zintdamp Angerdu, Espaniadu. Nihondu, Arapdu, af zai Pantui du. Duniur ton ziures kai sosdoim pod suizric doitru. Kaidui cutupud mpizric pod Angerdui nkabme. Fu kuimob wimpizric zampru ziurim fu zorfoi af merfoi pod se porim to Angerdu. Kaidui nacdampi moi mpizric ziurim (C)V(C). Kaidu mpusim suizrinc mpizric fereznaw, vef wet mpusim zai candempric feresnaw. Pod can zemp se mpusim fiuvmpimpnaw dant ziuroidkim nac fu canric mu. Ka ton siatoes Kaidui mafoiti bus dant femob redzuizrim Angerdu. Kaidui poi niuroices nac fu Zonckuodui gaimpfoii zemp.<br />
<br />
<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? --><br />
<br />
<!-- Example categories/headings: <br />
<br />
Goals<br />
Setting<br />
Inspiration<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
<!-- ***Phonology*** --><br />
<!-- What sounds does your language use? --><br />
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br />
<br />
Vowel inventory<br />
Consonant inventory<br />
Syllable structure<br />
Stress<br />
Intonation<br />
<br />
--><br />
==Phonology==<br />
===Consonants===<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 1200px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 68px; "|<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Retroflex<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Uvular<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Plosive<br />
| p<br />
| t<br />
| <br />
| [c] &lt;c&gt;<br />
| k &lt;c&gt;<br />
| q &lt;k&gt;<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Prenasal Plosive<br />
| ᵐp &lt;mp&gt;<br />
| ⁿt &lt;nt&gt;<br />
| <br />
| [ᶮc] &lt;nc&gt;<br />
| ᵑk &lt;nc&gt;<br />
| ᶰq &lt;nk&gt;<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Nasal<br />
| m<br />
| n<br />
| <br />
| [ɲ] &lt;n&gt;<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Fricative<br />
| f[ɸ] v<br />
| s z<br />
| <br />
| [ɕ ʑ] &lt;s z&gt; [ç ʝ] &lt;h g&gt;<br />
| χ ɣ &lt;h g&gt;<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Approximant<br />
| β̞ &lt;b&gt;<br />
| ð̞ &lt;d&gt;<br />
| ɻ &lt;r&gt;<br />
| <br />
| ɰ &lt;w&gt;<br />
| <br />
|}<br />
Spelling given where it differs from IPA.<br />
<br />
====Consonant Allophony====<br />
Several of the velar and alveolar consonants also have palatalized allophones when preceding the diphthongs of /ia/ /io/ and /iu/. The alveolar fricatives become alveo-palatal fricatives, while the velar stops and fricatives and alveolar nasal become pure palatal. /f/ is also [ɸ] at the end of syllables. /m/ also lightly palatalizes before the aforementioned diphthongs.<br />
<br />
===Vowels===<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Front<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Central<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Near-back<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Back<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Close<br />
| i<br />
| [ɨ]<br />
| <br />
| u<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Near-close<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| [ʊ]<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Mid<br />
| e<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| o<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Open-mid<br />
| [ɛ]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| [ɔ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Near-open<br />
| <br />
| [ɐ]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Open<br />
| <br />
| a<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|}<br />
<br />
Vowels come in stressed unstressed pairs, except for /i/.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Unstressed<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Stressed<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/e/<br />
| [e]<br />
| [ɛ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/o/<br />
| [o]<br />
| [ɔ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/u/<br />
| [u]<br />
| [ʊ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/a/<br />
| [ɐ]<br />
| [a]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Diphthongs====<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Rising<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Falling<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/a/<br />
| /ai/<br />
| /ia/<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/o/<br />
| /oi/<br />
| /io/<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/u/<br />
| /ui/<br />
| /iu/<br />
|}<br />
Rising diphthongs all are realized with the second element as nonsyllabic: [aɪ̯], [oɪ̯], [uɪ̯].<br />
Falling diphthongs work similarly, the second element is also usually nonsyllabic, but the realization of the /i/ in the diphthong depends on the preceding consonant. In most cases, it will be [ɨ], but in a few others it is different. /t/ /f/ have the /i/ be [j] and the second element is syllabic. With /ð̞/ the first element remains as [i] and the second element is nonsyllabic.<br />
<br />
===Phonotactics===<br />
In Kaidu all syllables can be a maximum of CVC. C can be ANY consonant, including prenasalized stops in initial positions. When a prenasal stop is syllable final, it becomes a homorganic cluster of nasal+stop. Certain consonants become palatal versions when before the diphthongs ia, io and iu. When compounding causes two like consonants to meet (except for prenasalized consonants which follow their own rules), the first of the two is deleted. This is reflected both in Latin and Kaikak. A further exception to this is verbal endings, which can cause double r, m, and w, which is not deduplicated.<br />
<br />
===Stress===<br />
Kaidu stresses the last syllable of the root, previous to any verbal inflections.<br />
<br />
==Orthography==<br />
Kaidu's Latin alphabet, called Romakak, is very straightforward, as it is a 1 to 1 correspondence with the conscript, called Kaikak. Kaikak is extremely phonemic but there are a couple deviations from purely phonetic.<br />
[[File:Kaidu letters for demonstration 2.png|thumbnail|Quarter sized Kaikak]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
===Morphology===<br />
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Here are some example subcategories: --><br />
<br />
====Nouns====<br />
There are no cases in Kaidu. Possession is shown with -i on the possessor. Plurals exist but the rules are different than English. They are optional when number is being specified, and i general as well. <br />
<br />
====Verbs====<br />
Verb conjugate for tense and moods. The available tenses are past, present, and future. There is also a progressive suffix after the tense. The moods in Kaidu are imperative, volitional, necessitative, desirative, permissive, abilitative, suggestive, attemptive and samplative. They are all first created by making the verb irrealis with -oi, suffixed with the moodm and then conjugated for tense (except imperative and volitional). There are also several aspect prefixes that are lexical in nature. These are negative (different from grammatical negative), causative, dynamic, cessative, defective, intensive and moderative. There is also the present and non-present participles.<br />
<br />
====Adjectives====<br />
Adjectives work almost exactly like verbs, they end in -ra instead of just -a. One does not use the verb for "to be" with adjectives and instead conjugates the adjective ending to the appropriate tense. You use the participle ending to apply an adjective to a noun.<br />
<br />
====Adverbs====<br />
Adverbs are just adjectives. To make an adjective an adverb, use the participle adjective before a verb instead of a noun.<br />
<br />
====Derivational morphology====<br />
<br />
<br />
===Syntax===<br />
Kaidu word order is SVO. Adpositions are prepositional.<br />
<br />
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --><br />
<br />
[[Category:Conlangs]]</div>KyleFarringtonhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Kaidu&diff=34266Kaidu2015-06-03T15:01:18Z<p>KyleFarrington: /* Verbs */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
<!-- <br />
<br />
This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br />
<br />
I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).<br />
II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)<br />
III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
<br />
===English===<br />
<br />
Hi, I am the creator of the Kaidu language, Kyle Farrington. Kaidu is currently three years old. I started making this language when an older language of mine died. Kaidu is used mainly as a personal artlang, there is currently no specific conworld for it, but I use it in a number of stories. I have drawn inspiration from several languages, namely English, Spanish, Japanese, Arabic, and some Bantu languages. Conlanging has been my hobby for many years. Kaidu’s grammar is simple for English speakers; the hardest parts are the verbs and adjectives because they are different from English. Kaidu’s syllable structure is simply (C)V(C). Kaidu has a lot of the basic consonants, but it has some unique consonants as well. For instance, it has prenasalized consonants that can occur in initial positions. I have designed Kaidu’s lexicon to be somewhat more minimal than English. Kaidu words are created in the style of Chinese compounds.<br />
<br />
===Kaidu===<br />
<br />
Dimu, ka ziurim fu Kaidui niurme, Caier Ferincton. Mpos Kaidu mpusim hop doit. Ka sondiores Kaidui niur font can mob vintric du nuses. Kaidu zintdampric zoroicim az can kabenric ziomtu, mpos wint ziurim vai niurud pod se, vef ka zorim se nac suizric nkob. Ka siadiomoices tem suizric duru, nac zintdamp Angerdu, Espaniadu. Nihondu, Arapdu, af zai Pantui du. Duniur ton ziures kai sosdoim pod suizric doitru. Kaidui cutupud mpizric pod Angerdui nkabme. Fu kuimob wimpizric zampru ziurim fu zorfoi af merfoi pod se porim to Angerdu. Kaidui nacdampi moi mpizric ziurim (C)V(C). Kaidu mpusim suizrinc mpizric fereznaw, vef wet mpusim zai candempric feresnaw. Pod can zemp se mpusim fiuvmpimpnaw dant ziuroidkim nac fu canric mu. Ka ton siatoes Kaidui mafoiti bus dant femob redzuizrim Angerdu. Kaidui poi niuroices nac fu Zonckuodui gaimpfoii zemp.<br />
<br />
<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? --><br />
<br />
<!-- Example categories/headings: <br />
<br />
Goals<br />
Setting<br />
Inspiration<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
<!-- ***Phonology*** --><br />
<!-- What sounds does your language use? --><br />
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br />
<br />
Vowel inventory<br />
Consonant inventory<br />
Syllable structure<br />
Stress<br />
Intonation<br />
<br />
--><br />
==Phonology==<br />
===Consonants===<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 1200px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 68px; "|<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Retroflex<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Uvular<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Plosive<br />
| p<br />
| t<br />
| <br />
| [c] &lt;c&gt;<br />
| k &lt;c&gt;<br />
| q &lt;k&gt;<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Prenasal Plosive<br />
| ᵐp &lt;mp&gt;<br />
| ⁿt &lt;nt&gt;<br />
| <br />
| [ᶮc] &lt;nc&gt;<br />
| ᵑk &lt;nc&gt;<br />
| ᶰq &lt;nk&gt;<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Nasal<br />
| m<br />
| n<br />
| <br />
| [ɲ] &lt;n&gt;<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Fricative<br />
| f[ɸ] v<br />
| s z<br />
| <br />
| [ɕ ʑ] &lt;s z&gt; [ç ʝ] &lt;h g&gt;<br />
| χ ɣ &lt;h g&gt;<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Approximant<br />
| β̞ &lt;b&gt;<br />
| ð̞ &lt;d&gt;<br />
| ɻ &lt;r&gt;<br />
| <br />
| ɰ &lt;w&gt;<br />
| <br />
|}<br />
Spelling given where it differs from IPA.<br />
<br />
====Consonant Allophony====<br />
Several of the velar and alveolar consonants also have palatalized allophones when preceding the diphthongs of /ia/ /io/ and /iu/. The alveolar fricatives become alveo-palatal fricatives, while the velar stops and fricatives and alveolar nasal become pure palatal. /f/ is also [ɸ] at the end of syllables. /m/ also lightly palatalizes before the aforementioned diphthongs.<br />
<br />
===Vowels===<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Front<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Central<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Near-back<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Back<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Close<br />
| i<br />
| [ɨ]<br />
| <br />
| u<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Near-close<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| [ʊ]<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Mid<br />
| e<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| o<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Open-mid<br />
| [ɛ]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| [ɔ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Near-open<br />
| <br />
| [ɐ]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Open<br />
| <br />
| a<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|}<br />
<br />
Vowels come in stressed unstressed pairs, except for /i/.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Unstressed<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Stressed<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/e/<br />
| [e]<br />
| [ɛ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/o/<br />
| [o]<br />
| [ɔ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/u/<br />
| [u]<br />
| [ʊ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/a/<br />
| [ɐ]<br />
| [a]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Diphthongs====<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Rising<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Falling<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/a/<br />
| /ai/<br />
| /ia/<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/o/<br />
| /oi/<br />
| /io/<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/u/<br />
| /ui/<br />
| /iu/<br />
|}<br />
Rising diphthongs all are realized with the second element as nonsyllabic: [aɪ̯], [oɪ̯], [uɪ̯].<br />
Falling diphthongs work similarly, the second element is also usually nonsyllabic, but the realization of the /i/ in the diphthong depends on the preceding consonant. In most cases, it will be [ɨ], but in a few others it is different. /t/ /f/ have the /i/ be [j] and the second element is syllabic. With /ð̞/ the first element remains as [i] and the second element is nonsyllabic.<br />
<br />
===Phonotactics===<br />
In Kaidu all syllables can be a maximum of CVC. C can be ANY consonant, including prenasalized stops in initial positions. When a prenasal stop is syllable final, it becomes a homorganic cluster of nasal+stop. Certain consonants become palatal versions when before the diphthongs ia, io and iu.<br />
<br />
===Stress===<br />
Kaidu stresses the last syllable of the root, previous to any verbal inflections.<br />
<br />
==Orthography==<br />
Kaidu's Latin alphabet, called Romakak, is very straightforward, as it is a 1 to 1 correspondence with the conscript, called Kaikak. Kaikak is extremely phonemic but there are a couple deviations from purely phonetic.<br />
[[File:Kaidu letters for demonstration 2.png|thumbnail|Quarter sized Kaikak]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
===Morphology===<br />
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Here are some example subcategories: --><br />
<br />
====Nouns====<br />
There are no cases in Kaidu. Possession is shown with -i on the possessor. Plurals exist but the rules are different than English. They are optional when number is being specified, and i general as well. <br />
<br />
====Verbs====<br />
Verb conjugate for tense and moods. The available tenses are past, present, and future. There is also a progressive suffix after the tense. The moods in Kaidu are imperative, volitional, necessitative, desirative, permissive, abilitative, suggestive, attemptive and samplative. They are all first created by making the verb irrealis with -oi, suffixed with the moodm and then conjugated for tense (except imperative and volitional). There are also several aspect prefixes that are lexical in nature. These are negative (different from grammatical negative), causative, dynamic, cessative, defective, intensive and moderative. There is also the present and non-present participles.<br />
<br />
====Adjectives====<br />
Adjectives work almost exactly like verbs, they end in -ra instead of just -a. One does not use the verb for "to be" with adjectives and instead conjugates the adjective ending to the appropriate tense. You use the participle ending to apply an adjective to a noun.<br />
<br />
====Adverbs====<br />
Adverbs are just adjectives. To make an adjective an adverb, use the participle adjective before a verb instead of a noun.<br />
<br />
====Derivational morphology====<br />
<br />
<br />
===Syntax===<br />
Kaidu word order is SVO. Adpositions are prepositional.<br />
<br />
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --><br />
<br />
[[Category:Conlangs]]</div>KyleFarringtonhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Kaidu&diff=34232Kaidu2015-06-01T04:04:02Z<p>KyleFarrington: /* Grammar */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
<!-- <br />
<br />
This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br />
<br />
I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).<br />
II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)<br />
III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
<br />
===English===<br />
<br />
Hi, I am the creator of the Kaidu language, Kyle Farrington. Kaidu is currently three years old. I started making this language when an older language of mine died. Kaidu is used mainly as a personal artlang, there is currently no specific conworld for it, but I use it in a number of stories. I have drawn inspiration from several languages, namely English, Spanish, Japanese, Arabic, and some Bantu languages. Conlanging has been my hobby for many years. Kaidu’s grammar is simple for English speakers; the hardest parts are the verbs and adjectives because they are different from English. Kaidu’s syllable structure is simply (C)V(C). Kaidu has a lot of the basic consonants, but it has some unique consonants as well. For instance, it has prenasalized consonants that can occur in initial positions. I have designed Kaidu’s lexicon to be somewhat more minimal than English. Kaidu words are created in the style of Chinese compounds.<br />
<br />
===Kaidu===<br />
<br />
Dimu, ka ziurim fu Kaidui niurme, Caier Ferincton. Mpos Kaidu mpusim hop doit. Ka sondiores Kaidui niur font can mob vintric du nuses. Kaidu zintdampric zoroicim az can kabenric ziomtu, mpos wint ziurim vai niurud pod se, vef ka zorim se nac suizric nkob. Ka siadiomoices tem suizric duru, nac zintdamp Angerdu, Espaniadu. Nihondu, Arapdu, af zai Pantui du. Duniur ton ziures kai sosdoim pod suizric doitru. Kaidui cutupud mpizric pod Angerdui nkabme. Fu kuimob wimpizric zampru ziurim fu zorfoi af merfoi pod se porim to Angerdu. Kaidui nacdampi moi mpizric ziurim (C)V(C). Kaidu mpusim suizrinc mpizric fereznaw, vef wet mpusim zai candempric feresnaw. Pod can zemp se mpusim fiuvmpimpnaw dant ziuroidkim nac fu canric mu. Ka ton siatoes Kaidui mafoiti bus dant femob redzuizrim Angerdu. Kaidui poi niuroices nac fu Zonckuodui gaimpfoii zemp.<br />
<br />
<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? --><br />
<br />
<!-- Example categories/headings: <br />
<br />
Goals<br />
Setting<br />
Inspiration<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
<!-- ***Phonology*** --><br />
<!-- What sounds does your language use? --><br />
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br />
<br />
Vowel inventory<br />
Consonant inventory<br />
Syllable structure<br />
Stress<br />
Intonation<br />
<br />
--><br />
==Phonology==<br />
===Consonants===<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 1200px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 68px; "|<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Retroflex<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Uvular<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Plosive<br />
| p<br />
| t<br />
| <br />
| [c] &lt;c&gt;<br />
| k &lt;c&gt;<br />
| q &lt;k&gt;<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Prenasal Plosive<br />
| ᵐp &lt;mp&gt;<br />
| ⁿt &lt;nt&gt;<br />
| <br />
| [ᶮc] &lt;nc&gt;<br />
| ᵑk &lt;nc&gt;<br />
| ᶰq &lt;nk&gt;<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Nasal<br />
| m<br />
| n<br />
| <br />
| [ɲ] &lt;n&gt;<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Fricative<br />
| f[ɸ] v<br />
| s z<br />
| <br />
| [ɕ ʑ] &lt;s z&gt; [ç ʝ] &lt;h g&gt;<br />
| χ ɣ &lt;h g&gt;<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Approximant<br />
| β̞ &lt;b&gt;<br />
| ð̞ &lt;d&gt;<br />
| ɻ &lt;r&gt;<br />
| <br />
| ɰ &lt;w&gt;<br />
| <br />
|}<br />
Spelling given where it differs from IPA.<br />
<br />
====Consonant Allophony====<br />
Several of the velar and alveolar consonants also have palatalized allophones when preceding the diphthongs of /ia/ /io/ and /iu/. The alveolar fricatives become alveo-palatal fricatives, while the velar stops and fricatives and alveolar nasal become pure palatal. /f/ is also [ɸ] at the end of syllables. /m/ also lightly palatalizes before the aforementioned diphthongs.<br />
<br />
===Vowels===<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Front<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Central<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Near-back<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Back<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Close<br />
| i<br />
| [ɨ]<br />
| <br />
| u<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Near-close<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| [ʊ]<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Mid<br />
| e<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| o<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Open-mid<br />
| [ɛ]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| [ɔ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Near-open<br />
| <br />
| [ɐ]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Open<br />
| <br />
| a<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|}<br />
<br />
Vowels come in stressed unstressed pairs, except for /i/.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Unstressed<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Stressed<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/e/<br />
| [e]<br />
| [ɛ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/o/<br />
| [o]<br />
| [ɔ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/u/<br />
| [u]<br />
| [ʊ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/a/<br />
| [ɐ]<br />
| [a]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Diphthongs====<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Rising<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Falling<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/a/<br />
| /ai/<br />
| /ia/<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/o/<br />
| /oi/<br />
| /io/<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/u/<br />
| /ui/<br />
| /iu/<br />
|}<br />
Rising diphthongs all are realized with the second element as nonsyllabic: [aɪ̯], [oɪ̯], [uɪ̯].<br />
Falling diphthongs work similarly, the second element is also usually nonsyllabic, but the realization of the /i/ in the diphthong depends on the preceding consonant. In most cases, it will be [ɨ], but in a few others it is different. /t/ /f/ have the /i/ be [j] and the second element is syllabic. With /ð̞/ the first element remains as [i] and the second element is nonsyllabic.<br />
<br />
===Phonotactics===<br />
In Kaidu all syllables can be a maximum of CVC. C can be ANY consonant, including prenasalized stops in initial positions. When a prenasal stop is syllable final, it becomes a homorganic cluster of nasal+stop. Certain consonants become palatal versions when before the diphthongs ia, io and iu.<br />
<br />
===Stress===<br />
Kaidu stresses the last syllable of the root, previous to any verbal inflections.<br />
<br />
==Orthography==<br />
Kaidu's Latin alphabet, called Romakak, is very straightforward, as it is a 1 to 1 correspondence with the conscript, called Kaikak. Kaikak is extremely phonemic but there are a couple deviations from purely phonetic.<br />
[[File:Kaidu letters for demonstration 2.png|thumbnail|Quarter sized Kaikak]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
===Morphology===<br />
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Here are some example subcategories: --><br />
<br />
====Nouns====<br />
There are no cases in Kaidu. Possession is shown with -i on the possessor. Plurals exist but the rules are different than English. They are optional when number is being specified, and i general as well. <br />
<br />
====Verbs====<br />
Verb conjugate for tense and moods. The available tenses are past, present, and future. There is also a progressive suffix after the tense. The moods in Kaidu are imperative, volitional, necessitative, desirative, permissive, abilitative, suggestive, attemptive and samplative. They are all first created by making the verb irrealis with -oi, suffixed with the moodm and then conjugated for tense (except imperative and volitional). There are also several aspect prefixes that are lexical in nature. These are negative (different from grammatical negative), causative, dynamic, defective, intensive and moderative. There is also the present and non-present participles.<br />
<br />
====Adjectives====<br />
Adjectives work almost exactly like verbs, they end in -ra instead of just -a. One does not use the verb for "to be" with adjectives and instead conjugates the adjective ending to the appropriate tense. You use the participle ending to apply an adjective to a noun.<br />
<br />
====Adverbs====<br />
Adverbs are just adjectives. To make an adjective an adverb, use the participle adjective before a verb instead of a noun.<br />
<br />
====Derivational morphology====<br />
<br />
<br />
===Syntax===<br />
Kaidu word order is SVO. Adpositions are prepositional.<br />
<br />
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --><br />
<br />
[[Category:Conlangs]]</div>KyleFarringtonhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Kaidu&diff=34201Kaidu2015-05-30T19:09:09Z<p>KyleFarrington: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
<!-- <br />
<br />
This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br />
<br />
I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).<br />
II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)<br />
III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
<br />
===English===<br />
<br />
Hi, I am the creator of the Kaidu language, Kyle Farrington. Kaidu is currently three years old. I started making this language when an older language of mine died. Kaidu is used mainly as a personal artlang, there is currently no specific conworld for it, but I use it in a number of stories. I have drawn inspiration from several languages, namely English, Spanish, Japanese, Arabic, and some Bantu languages. Conlanging has been my hobby for many years. Kaidu’s grammar is simple for English speakers; the hardest parts are the verbs and adjectives because they are different from English. Kaidu’s syllable structure is simply (C)V(C). Kaidu has a lot of the basic consonants, but it has some unique consonants as well. For instance, it has prenasalized consonants that can occur in initial positions. I have designed Kaidu’s lexicon to be somewhat more minimal than English. Kaidu words are created in the style of Chinese compounds.<br />
<br />
===Kaidu===<br />
<br />
Dimu, ka ziurim fu Kaidui niurme, Caier Ferincton. Mpos Kaidu mpusim hop doit. Ka sondiores Kaidui niur font can mob vintric du nuses. Kaidu zintdampric zoroicim az can kabenric ziomtu, mpos wint ziurim vai niurud pod se, vef ka zorim se nac suizric nkob. Ka siadiomoices tem suizric duru, nac zintdamp Angerdu, Espaniadu. Nihondu, Arapdu, af zai Pantui du. Duniur ton ziures kai sosdoim pod suizric doitru. Kaidui cutupud mpizric pod Angerdui nkabme. Fu kuimob wimpizric zampru ziurim fu zorfoi af merfoi pod se porim to Angerdu. Kaidui nacdampi moi mpizric ziurim (C)V(C). Kaidu mpusim suizrinc mpizric fereznaw, vef wet mpusim zai candempric feresnaw. Pod can zemp se mpusim fiuvmpimpnaw dant ziuroidkim nac fu canric mu. Ka ton siatoes Kaidui mafoiti bus dant femob redzuizrim Angerdu. Kaidui poi niuroices nac fu Zonckuodui gaimpfoii zemp.<br />
<br />
<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? --><br />
<br />
<!-- Example categories/headings: <br />
<br />
Goals<br />
Setting<br />
Inspiration<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
<!-- ***Phonology*** --><br />
<!-- What sounds does your language use? --><br />
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br />
<br />
Vowel inventory<br />
Consonant inventory<br />
Syllable structure<br />
Stress<br />
Intonation<br />
<br />
--><br />
==Phonology==<br />
===Consonants===<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 1200px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 68px; "|<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Retroflex<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Uvular<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Plosive<br />
| p<br />
| t<br />
| <br />
| [c] &lt;c&gt;<br />
| k &lt;c&gt;<br />
| q &lt;k&gt;<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Prenasal Plosive<br />
| ᵐp &lt;mp&gt;<br />
| ⁿt &lt;nt&gt;<br />
| <br />
| [ᶮc] &lt;nc&gt;<br />
| ᵑk &lt;nc&gt;<br />
| ᶰq &lt;nk&gt;<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Nasal<br />
| m<br />
| n<br />
| <br />
| [ɲ] &lt;n&gt;<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Fricative<br />
| f[ɸ] v<br />
| s z<br />
| <br />
| [ɕ ʑ] &lt;s z&gt; [ç ʝ] &lt;h g&gt;<br />
| χ ɣ &lt;h g&gt;<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Approximant<br />
| β̞ &lt;b&gt;<br />
| ð̞ &lt;d&gt;<br />
| ɻ &lt;r&gt;<br />
| <br />
| ɰ &lt;w&gt;<br />
| <br />
|}<br />
Spelling given where it differs from IPA.<br />
<br />
====Consonant Allophony====<br />
Several of the velar and alveolar consonants also have palatalized allophones when preceding the diphthongs of /ia/ /io/ and /iu/. The alveolar fricatives become alveo-palatal fricatives, while the velar stops and fricatives and alveolar nasal become pure palatal. /f/ is also [ɸ] at the end of syllables. /m/ also lightly palatalizes before the aforementioned diphthongs.<br />
<br />
===Vowels===<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Front<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Central<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Near-back<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Back<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Close<br />
| i<br />
| [ɨ]<br />
| <br />
| u<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Near-close<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| [ʊ]<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Mid<br />
| e<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| o<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Open-mid<br />
| [ɛ]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| [ɔ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Near-open<br />
| <br />
| [ɐ]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Open<br />
| <br />
| a<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|}<br />
<br />
Vowels come in stressed unstressed pairs, except for /i/.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Unstressed<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Stressed<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/e/<br />
| [e]<br />
| [ɛ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/o/<br />
| [o]<br />
| [ɔ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/u/<br />
| [u]<br />
| [ʊ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/a/<br />
| [ɐ]<br />
| [a]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Diphthongs====<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Rising<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Falling<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/a/<br />
| /ai/<br />
| /ia/<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/o/<br />
| /oi/<br />
| /io/<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/u/<br />
| /ui/<br />
| /iu/<br />
|}<br />
Rising diphthongs all are realized with the second element as nonsyllabic: [aɪ̯], [oɪ̯], [uɪ̯].<br />
Falling diphthongs work similarly, the second element is also usually nonsyllabic, but the realization of the /i/ in the diphthong depends on the preceding consonant. In most cases, it will be [ɨ], but in a few others it is different. /t/ /f/ have the /i/ be [j] and the second element is syllabic. With /ð̞/ the first element remains as [i] and the second element is nonsyllabic.<br />
<br />
===Phonotactics===<br />
In Kaidu all syllables can be a maximum of CVC. C can be ANY consonant, including prenasalized stops in initial positions. When a prenasal stop is syllable final, it becomes a homorganic cluster of nasal+stop. Certain consonants become palatal versions when before the diphthongs ia, io and iu.<br />
<br />
===Stress===<br />
Kaidu stresses the last syllable of the root, previous to any verbal inflections.<br />
<br />
==Orthography==<br />
Kaidu's Latin alphabet, called Romakak, is very straightforward, as it is a 1 to 1 correspondence with the conscript, called Kaikak. Kaikak is extremely phonemic but there are a couple deviations from purely phonetic.<br />
[[File:Kaidu letters for demonstration 2.png|thumbnail|Quarter sized Kaikak]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
===Morphology===<br />
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Here are some example subcategories: --><br />
<br />
====Nouns====<br />
There are no cases in Kaidu. Possession is shown with -i on the possessor.<br />
<br />
====Verbs====<br />
Verb conjugate for tense and moods. There are also several aspect prefixes that are lexical in nature. <br />
<br />
====Adjectives====<br />
Adjectives work almost exactly like verbs, they end in -ra instead of just -a. One does not use the verb for "to be" with adjectives and instead conjugates the adjective ending to the appropriate tense. You use the participle ending to apply an adjective to a noun.<br />
<br />
====Adverbs====<br />
Adverbs are just adjectives. To make an adjective an adverb, use the participle adjective before a verb instead of a noun.<br />
<br />
====Derivational morphology====<br />
<br />
<br />
===Syntax===<br />
Kaidu word order is SVO. Adpositions are prepositions.<br />
<br />
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --><br />
<br />
[[Category:Conlangs]]</div>KyleFarringtonhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Kaidu&diff=34197Kaidu2015-05-30T13:20:22Z<p>KyleFarrington: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
<!-- <br />
<br />
This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br />
<br />
I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).<br />
II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)<br />
III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
<br />
===English===<br />
<br />
Hi, I am the creator of the Kaidu language, Kyle Farrington. Kaidu is currently three years old. I started making this language when an older language of mine died. Kaidu is used mainly as a personal artlang, there is currently no specific conworld for it, but I use it in a number of stories. I have drawn inspiration from several languages, namely English, Spanish, Japanese, Arabic, and some Bantu languages. Conlanging has been my hobby for many years. Kaidu’s grammar is simple for English speakers; the hardest parts are the verbs and adjectives because they are different from English. Kaidu’s syllable structure is simply (C)V(C). Kaidu has a lot of the basic consonants, but it has some unique consonants as well. For instance, it has prenasalized consonants that can occur in initial positions. I have designed Kaidu’s lexicon to be somewhat more minimal than English. Kaidu words are created in the style of Chinese compounds.<br />
<br />
===Kaidu===<br />
<br />
Dimu, ka ziurim fu Kaidui niurme, Caier Ferincton. Mpos Kaidu mpusim hop doit. Ka sondiores Kaidui niur font can mob vintric du nuses. Kaidu zintdampric zoroicim az can kabenric ziomtu, mpos wint ziurim vai niurud pod se, vef ka zorim se nac suizric nkob. Ka siadiomoices tem suizric duru, nac zintdamp Angerdu, Espaniadu. Nihondu, Arapdu, af zai Pantui du. Duniur ton ziures kai sosdoim pod suizric doitru. Kaidui cutupud mpizric pod Angerdui nkabme. Fu kuimob wimpizric zampru ziurim fu zorfoi af merfoi pod se porim to Angerdu. Kaidui nacdampi moi mpizric ziurim (C)V(C). Kaidu mpusim suizrinc mpizric fereznaw, vef wet mpusim zai candempric feresnaw. Pod can zemp se mpusim fiuvmpimpnaw dant ziuroidkim nac fu canric mu. Ka ton siatoes Kaidui mafoiti bus dant femob redzuizrim Angerdu. Kaidui poi niuroices nac fu Zonckuodui gaimpfoii zemp.<br />
<br />
<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? --><br />
<br />
<!-- Example categories/headings: <br />
<br />
Goals<br />
Setting<br />
Inspiration<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
<!-- ***Phonology*** --><br />
<!-- What sounds does your language use? --><br />
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br />
<br />
Vowel inventory<br />
Consonant inventory<br />
Syllable structure<br />
Stress<br />
Intonation<br />
<br />
--><br />
==Phonology==<br />
===Consonants===<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 1200px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 68px; "|<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Retroflex<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Uvular<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Plosive<br />
| p<br />
| t<br />
| <br />
| [c] &lt;c&gt;<br />
| k &lt;c&gt;<br />
| q &lt;k&gt;<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Prenasal Plosive<br />
| ᵐp &lt;mp&gt;<br />
| ⁿt &lt;nt&gt;<br />
| <br />
| [ᶮc] &lt;nc&gt;<br />
| ᵑk &lt;nc&gt;<br />
| ᶰq &lt;nk&gt;<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Nasal<br />
| m<br />
| n<br />
| <br />
| [ɲ] &lt;n&gt;<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Fricative<br />
| f[ɸ] v<br />
| s z<br />
| <br />
| [ɕ ʑ] &lt;s z&gt; [ç ʝ] &lt;h g&gt;<br />
| χ ɣ &lt;h g&gt;<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Approximant<br />
| β̞ &lt;b&gt;<br />
| ð̞ &lt;d&gt;<br />
| ɻ &lt;r&gt;<br />
| <br />
| ɰ &lt;w&gt;<br />
| <br />
|}<br />
Spelling given where it differs from IPA.<br />
<br />
====Consonant Allophony====<br />
Several of the velar and alveolar consonants also have palatalized allophones when preceding the diphthongs of /ia/ /io/ and /iu/. The alveolar fricatives become alveo-palatal fricatives, while the velar stops and fricatives and alveolar nasal become pure palatal. /f/ is also [ɸ] at the end of syllables. /m/ also lightly palatalizes before the aforementioned diphthongs.<br />
<br />
===Vowels===<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Front<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Central<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Near-back<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Back<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Close<br />
| i<br />
| [ɨ]<br />
| <br />
| u<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Near-close<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| [ʊ]<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Mid<br />
| e<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| o<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Open-mid<br />
| [ɛ]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| [ɔ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Near-open<br />
| <br />
| [ɐ]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Open<br />
| <br />
| a<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|}<br />
<br />
Vowels come in stressed unstressed pairs, except for /i/.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Unstressed<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Stressed<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/e/<br />
| [e]<br />
| [ɛ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/o/<br />
| [o]<br />
| [ɔ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/u/<br />
| [u]<br />
| [ʊ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/a/<br />
| [ɐ]<br />
| [a]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Diphthongs====<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Rising<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Falling<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/a/<br />
| /ai/<br />
| /ia/<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/o/<br />
| /oi/<br />
| /io/<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/u/<br />
| /ui/<br />
| /iu/<br />
|}<br />
Rising diphthongs all are realized with the second element as nonsyllabic: [aɪ̯], [oɪ̯], [uɪ̯].<br />
Falling diphthongs work similarly, the second element is also usually nonsyllabic, but the realization of the /i/ in the diphthong depends on the preceding consonant. In most cases, it will be [ɨ], but in a few others it is different. /t/ /f/ have the /i/ be [j] and the second element is syllabic. With /ð̞/ the first element remains as [i] and the second element is nonsyllabic.<br />
<br />
===Phonotactics===<br />
In Kaidu all syllables can be a maximum of CVC. C can be ANY consonant, including prenasalized stops in initial positions. When a prenasal stop is syllable final, it becomes a homorganic cluster of nasal+stop. Certain consonants become palatal versions when before the diphthongs ia, io and iu.<br />
<br />
===Stress===<br />
Kaidu stresses the last syllable of the root, previous to any verbal inflections.<br />
<br />
==Orthography==<br />
Kaidu's Latin alphabet, called Romakak, is very straightforward, as it is made to be a 1 to 1 correspondence with the conscript, called Kaikak. <br />
[[File:Kaidu letters for demonstration 2.png|thumbnail|Quarter sized Kaikak]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
===Morphology===<br />
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Here are some example subcategories: --><br />
<br />
====Nouns====<br />
There are no cases in Kaidu. Possession is shown with -i on the possessor.<br />
<br />
====Verbs====<br />
Verb conjugate for tense and moods. There are also several aspect prefixes that are lexical in nature. <br />
<br />
====Adjectives====<br />
Adjectives work almost exactly like verbs, they end in -ra instead of just -a. One does not use the verb for "to be" with adjectives and instead conjugates the adjective ending to the appropriate tense. You use the participle ending to apply an adjective to a noun.<br />
<br />
====Adverbs====<br />
Adverbs are just adjectives. To make an adjective an adverb, use the participle adjective before a verb instead of a noun.<br />
<br />
====Derivational morphology====<br />
<br />
<br />
===Syntax===<br />
Kaidu word order is SVO. Adpositions are prepositions.<br />
<br />
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --><br />
<br />
[[Category:Conlangs]]</div>KyleFarringtonhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Kaidu&diff=34196Kaidu2015-05-30T00:51:48Z<p>KyleFarrington: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
<!-- <br />
<br />
This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br />
<br />
I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).<br />
II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)<br />
III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
<br />
===English===<br />
<br />
Hi, I am the creator of the Kaidu language, Kyle Farrington. Kaidu is currently three years old. I started making this language when an older language of mine died. Kaidu is used mainly as a personal artlang, there is currently no specific conworld for it, but I use it in a number of stories. I have drawn inspiration from several languages, namely English, Spanish, Japanese, Arabic, and some Bantu languages. Conlanging has been my hobby for many years. Kaidu’s grammar is simple for English speakers; the hardest parts are the verbs and adjectives because they are different from English. Kaidu’s syllable structure is simply (C)V(C). Kaidu has a lot of the basic consonants, but it has some unique consonants as well. For instance, it has prenasalized consonants that can occur in initial positions. I have designed Kaidu’s lexicon to be somewhat more minimal than English. Kaidu words are created in the style of Chinese compounds.<br />
<br />
===Kaidu===<br />
<br />
Dimu, ka ziurim fu Kaidui niurme, Caier Ferincton. Mpos Kaidu mpusim hop doit. Ka sondiores Kaidui niur font can mob vintric du nuses. Kaidu zintdampric zoroicim az can kabenric ziomtu, mpos wint ziurim vai niurud pod se, vef ka zorim se nac suizric nkob. Ka siadiomoices tem suizric duru, nac zintdamp Angerdu, Espaniadu. Nihondu, Arapdu, af zai Pantui du. Duniur ton ziures kai sosdoim pod suizric doitru. Kaidui cutupud mpizric pod Angerdui nkabme. Fu kuimob wimpizric zampru ziurim fu zorfoi af merfoi pod se porim to Angerdu. Kaidui nacdampi moi mpizric ziurim (C)V(C). Kaidu mpusim suizrinc mpizric fereznaw, vef wet mpusim zai candempric feresnaw. Pod can zemp se mpusim fiuvmpimpnaw dant ziuroidkim nac fu canric mu. Ka ton siatoes Kaidui mafoiti bus dant femob redzuizrim Angerdu. Kaidui poi niuroices nac fu Zonckuodui gaimpfoii zemp.<br />
<br />
<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? --><br />
<br />
<!-- Example categories/headings: <br />
<br />
Goals<br />
Setting<br />
Inspiration<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
<!-- ***Phonology*** --><br />
<!-- What sounds does your language use? --><br />
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br />
<br />
Vowel inventory<br />
Consonant inventory<br />
Syllable structure<br />
Stress<br />
Intonation<br />
<br />
--><br />
==Phonology==<br />
===Consonants===<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 1200px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 68px; "|<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Retroflex<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Uvular<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Plosive<br />
| p<br />
| t<br />
| <br />
| [c] &lt;c&gt;<br />
| k &lt;c&gt;<br />
| q &lt;k&gt;<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Prenasal Plosive<br />
| ᵐp &lt;mp&gt;<br />
| ⁿt &lt;nt&gt;<br />
| <br />
| [ᶮc] &lt;nc&gt;<br />
| ᵑk &lt;nc&gt;<br />
| ᶰq &lt;nk&gt;<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Nasal<br />
| m<br />
| n<br />
| <br />
| [ɲ] &lt;n&gt;<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Fricative<br />
| f[ɸ] v<br />
| s z<br />
| <br />
| [ɕ ʑ] &lt;s z&gt; [ç ʝ] &lt;h g&gt;<br />
| χ ɣ &lt;h g&gt;<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Approximant<br />
| β̞ &lt;b&gt;<br />
| ð̞ &lt;d&gt;<br />
| ɻ &lt;r&gt;<br />
| <br />
| ɰ &lt;w&gt;<br />
| <br />
|}<br />
Spelling given where it differs from IPA.<br />
<br />
====Consonant Allophony====<br />
Several of the velar and alveolar consonants also have palatalized allophones when preceding the diphthongs of /ia/ /io/ and /iu/. The alveolar fricatives become alveo-palatal fricatives, while the velar stops and fricatives and alveolar nasal become pure palatal. /f/ is also [ɸ] at the end of syllables. /m/ also lightly palatalizes before the aforementioned diphthongs.<br />
<br />
===Vowels===<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Front<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Central<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Near-back<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Back<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Close<br />
| i<br />
| [ɨ]<br />
| <br />
| u<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Near-close<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| [ʊ]<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Mid<br />
| e<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| o<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Open-mid<br />
| [ɛ]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| [ɔ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Near-open<br />
| <br />
| [ɐ]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Open<br />
| <br />
| a<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|}<br />
<br />
Vowels come in stressed unstressed pairs, except for /i/.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Unstressed<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Stressed<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/e/<br />
| [e]<br />
| [ɛ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/o/<br />
| [o]<br />
| [ɔ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/u/<br />
| [u]<br />
| [ʊ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/a/<br />
| [ɐ]<br />
| [a]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Diphthongs====<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Rising<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Falling<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/a/<br />
| /ai/<br />
| /ia/<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/o/<br />
| /oi/<br />
| /io/<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/u/<br />
| /ui/<br />
| /iu/<br />
|}<br />
Rising diphthongs all are realized with the second element as nonsyllabic: [aɪ̯], [oɪ̯], [uɪ̯].<br />
Falling diphthongs work similarly, the second element is also usually nonsyllabic, but the realization of the /i/ in the diphthong depends on the preceding consonant. In most cases, it will be [ɨ], but in a few others it is different. /t/ /f/ have the /i/ be [j] and the second element is syllabic. With /ð̞/ the first element remains as [i] and the second element is nonsyllabic.<br />
<br />
===Phonotactics===<br />
In Kaidu all syllables can be a maximum of CVC. C can be ANY consonant, including prenasalized stops in initial positions. When a prenasal stop is syllable final, it becomes a homorganic cluster of nasal+stop. Certain consonants become palatal versions when before the diphthongs ia, io and iu.<br />
<br />
===Stress===<br />
Kaidu stresses the last syllable of the root, previous to any verbal inflections.<br />
<br />
===Orthography===<br />
Kaidu's Latin alphabet, called Romakak, is very straightforward, as it is made to be a 1 to 1 correspondence with the conscript, called Kaikak. <br />
[[File:Kaidu letters for demonstration 2.png|thumbnail|Quarter sized Kaikak]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
===Morphology===<br />
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Here are some example subcategories: --><br />
<br />
====Nouns====<br />
There are no cases in Kaidu. Possession is shown with -i on the possessor.<br />
<br />
====Verbs====<br />
Verb conjugate for tense and moods. There are also several aspect prefixes that are lexical in nature. <br />
<br />
====Adjectives====<br />
Adjectives work almost exactly like verbs, they end in -ra instead of just -a. One does not use the verb for "to be" with adjectives and instead conjugates the adjective ending to the appropriate tense. You use the participle ending to apply an adjective to a noun.<br />
<br />
====Adverbs====<br />
Adverbs are just adjectives. To make an adjective an adverb, use the participle adjective before a verb instead of a noun.<br />
<br />
====Derivational morphology====<br />
<br />
<br />
===Syntax===<br />
Kaidu word order is SVO. Adpositions are prepositions.<br />
<br />
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --><br />
<br />
[[Category:Conlangs]]</div>KyleFarringtonhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Kaidu&diff=34167Kaidu2015-05-26T20:49:10Z<p>KyleFarrington: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
<!-- <br />
<br />
This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br />
<br />
I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).<br />
II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)<br />
III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
<br />
===English===<br />
<br />
Hi, I am the creator of the Kaidu language, Kyle Farrington. Kaidu is currently three years old. I started making this language when an older language of mine died. Kaidu is used mainly as a personal artlang, there is currently no specific conworld for it, but I use it in a number of stories. I have drawn inspiration from several languages, namely English, Spanish, Japanese, Arabic, and some Bantu languages. Conlanging has been my hobby for many years. Kaidu’s grammar is simple for English speakers; the hardest parts are the verbs and adjectives because they are different from English. Kaidu’s syllable structure is simply (C)V(C). Kaidu has a lot of the basic consonants, but it has some unique consonants as well. For instance, it has prenasalized consonants that can occur in initial positions. I have designed Kaidu’s lexicon to be somewhat more minimal than English. Kaidu words are created in the style of Chinese compounds.<br />
<br />
===Kaidu===<br />
<br />
Dimu, ka ziurim fu Kaidui niurme, Caier Ferincton. Mpos Kaidu mpusim hop doit. Ka sondiores Kaidui niur font can mob vintric du nuses. Kaidu zintdampric zoroicim az can kabenric ziomtu, mpos wint ziurim vai niurud pod se, vef ka zorim se nac suizric nkob. Ka siadiomoices tem suizric duru, nac zintdamp Angerdu, Espaniadu. Nihondu, Arapdu, af zai Pantui du. Duniur ton ziures kai sosdoim pod suizric doitru. Kaidui cutupud mpizric pod Angerdui nkabme. Fu kuimob wimpizric zampru ziurim fu zorfoi af merfoi pod se porim to Angerdu. Kaidui nacdampi moi mpizric ziurim (C)V(C). Kaidu mpusim suizrinc mpizric fereznaw, vef wet mpusim zai candempric feresnaw. Pod can zemp se mpusim fiuvmpimpnaw dant ziuroidkim nac fu canric mu. Ka ton siatoes Kaidui mafoiti bus dant femob redzuizrim Angerdu. Kaidui poi niuroices nac fu Zonckuodui gaimpfoii zemp.<br />
<br />
<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? --><br />
<br />
<!-- Example categories/headings: <br />
<br />
Goals<br />
Setting<br />
Inspiration<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
<!-- ***Phonology*** --><br />
<!-- What sounds does your language use? --><br />
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br />
<br />
Vowel inventory<br />
Consonant inventory<br />
Syllable structure<br />
Stress<br />
Intonation<br />
<br />
--><br />
==Phonology==<br />
===Consonants===<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 68px; "|<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Retroflex<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Uvular<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Plosive<br />
| p<br />
| t<br />
| <br />
| [c]<br />
| k<br />
| q<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Prenasal Plosive<br />
| ᵐp<br />
| ⁿt<br />
| <br />
| [ᶮc]<br />
| ᵑk<br />
| ᶰq<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Nasal<br />
| m<br />
| n<br />
| <br />
| [ɲ]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Fricative<br />
| f[ɸ] v<br />
| s z<br />
| <br />
| [ɕ ʑ] [ç ʝ]<br />
| χ ɣ<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Approximant<br />
| β̞<br />
| ð̞<br />
| ɻ<br />
| <br />
| ɰ<br />
| <br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Consonant Allophony====<br />
Several of the velar and alveolar consonants also have palatalized allophones when preceding the diphthongs of /ia/ /io/ and /iu/. The alveolar fricatives become alveo-palatal fricatives, while the velar stops and fricatives and alveolar nasal become pure palatal. /f/ is also [ɸ] at the end of syllables. /m/ also lightly palatalizes before the aforementioned diphthongs.<br />
<br />
===Vowels===<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Front<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Central<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Near-back<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Back<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Close<br />
| i<br />
| [ɨ]<br />
| <br />
| u<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Near-close<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| [ʊ]<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Mid<br />
| e<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| o<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Open-mid<br />
| [ɛ]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| [ɔ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Near-open<br />
| <br />
| [ɐ]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Open<br />
| <br />
| a<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|}<br />
<br />
Vowels come in stressed unstressed pairs, except for /i/.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Unstressed<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Stressed<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/e/<br />
| [e]<br />
| [ɛ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/o/<br />
| [o]<br />
| [ɔ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/u/<br />
| [u]<br />
| [ʊ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/a/<br />
| [ɐ]<br />
| [a]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Diphthongs====<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Rising<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Falling<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/a/<br />
| /ai/<br />
| /ia/<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/o/<br />
| /oi/<br />
| /io/<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/u/<br />
| /ui/<br />
| /iu/<br />
|}<br />
Rising diphthongs all are realized with the second element as nonsyllabic: [aɪ̯], [oɪ̯], [uɪ̯].<br />
Falling diphthongs work similarly, the second element is also usually nonsyllabic, but the realization of the /i/ in the diphthong depends on the preceding consonant. In most cases, it will be [ɨ], but in a few others it is different. /t/ /f/ have the /i/ be [j] and the second element is syllabic. With /ð̞/ the first element remains as [i] and the second element is nonsyllabic.<br />
<br />
===Phonotactics===<br />
In Kaidu all syllables can be a maximum of CVC. C can be ANY consonant, including prenasalized stops in initial positions. When a prenasal stop is syllable final, it becomes a homorganic cluster of nasal+stop. Certain consonants become palatal versions when before the diphthongs ia, io and iu.<br />
<br />
===Stress===<br />
Kaidu stresses the last syllable of the root, previous to any verbal inflections.<br />
<br />
===Orthography===<br />
Kaidu's Latin alphabet, called Romakak, is very straightforward, as it is made to be a 1 to 1 correspondence with the conscript, called Kaikak. <br />
[[File:Kaidu letters for demonstration 2.png|thumbnail|Quarter sized Kaikak]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
===Morphology===<br />
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Here are some example subcategories: --><br />
<br />
====Nouns====<br />
There are no cases in Kaidu. Possession is shown with -i on the possessor.<br />
<br />
====Verbs====<br />
Verb conjugate for tense and moods. There are also several aspect prefixes that are lexical in nature. <br />
<br />
====Adjectives====<br />
Adjectives work almost exactly like verbs, they end in -ra instead of just -a. One does not use the verb for "to be" with adjectives and instead conjugates the adjective ending to the appropriate tense. You use the participle ending to apply an adjective to a noun.<br />
<br />
====Adverbs====<br />
Adverbs are just adjectives. To make an adjective an adverb, use the participle adjective before a verb instead of a noun.<br />
<br />
====Derivational morphology====<br />
<br />
<br />
===Syntax===<br />
Kaidu word order is SVO. Adpositions are prepositions.<br />
<br />
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --><br />
<br />
[[Category:Conlangs]]</div>KyleFarringtonhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Kaidu&diff=34070Kaidu2015-05-24T14:11:15Z<p>KyleFarrington: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
<!-- <br />
<br />
This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br />
<br />
I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).<br />
II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)<br />
III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
<br />
===English===<br />
<br />
Hi, I am the creator of the Kaidu language, Kyle Farrington. Kaidu is currently three years old. I started making this language when an older language of mine died. Kaidu is used mainly as a personal artlang, there is currently no specific conworld for it, but I use it in a number of stories. I have drawn inspiration from several languages, namely English, Spanish, Japanese, Arabic, and some Bantu languages. Conlanging has been my hobby for many years. Kaidu’s grammar is simple for English speakers; the hardest parts are the verbs and adjectives because they are different from English. Kaidu’s syllable structure is simply (C)V(C). Kaidu has a lot of the basic consonants, but it has some unique consonants as well. For instance, it has prenasalized consonants that can occur in initial positions. I have designed Kaidu’s lexicon to be somewhat more minimal than English. Kaidu words are created in the style of Chinese compounds.<br />
<br />
===Kaidu===<br />
<br />
Dimu, ka ziurim fu Kaidui niurme, Caier Ferincton. Mpos Kaidu mpusim hop doit. Ka sondiores Kaidui niur font can mob vintric du nuses. Kaidu zintdampric zoroicim az can kabenric ziomtu, mpos wint ziurim vai niurud pod se, vef ka zorim se nac suizric nkob. Ka siadiomoices tem suizric duru, nac zintdamp Angerdu, Espaniadu. Nihondu, Arapdu, af zai Pantui du. Duniur ton ziures kai sosdoim pod suizric doitru. Kaidui cutupud mpizric pod Angerdui nkabme. Fu kuimob wimpizric zampru ziurim fu zorfoi af merfoi pod se porim to Angerdu. Kaidui nacdampi moi mpizric ziurim (C)V(C). Kaidu mpusim suizrinc mpizric fereznaw, vef wet mpusim zai candempric feresnaw. Pod can zemp se mpusim fiuvmpimpnaw dant ziuroidkim nac fu canric mu. Ka ton siatoes Kaidui mafoiti bus dant femob redzuizrim Angerdu. Kaidui poi niuroices nac fu Zonckuodui gaimpfoii zemp.<br />
<br />
<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? --><br />
<br />
<!-- Example categories/headings: <br />
<br />
Goals<br />
Setting<br />
Inspiration<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
<!-- ***Phonology*** --><br />
<!-- What sounds does your language use? --><br />
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br />
<br />
Vowel inventory<br />
Consonant inventory<br />
Syllable structure<br />
Stress<br />
Intonation<br />
<br />
--><br />
==Phonology==<br />
===Consonants===<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 68px; "|<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Retroflex<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Uvular<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Plosive<br />
| p<br />
| t<br />
| <br />
| [c]<br />
| k<br />
| q<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Prenasal Plosive<br />
| ᵐp<br />
| ⁿt<br />
| <br />
| [ᶮc]<br />
| ᵑk<br />
| ᶰq<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Nasal<br />
| m<br />
| n<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Fricative<br />
| f[ɸ] v<br />
| s z<br />
| <br />
| [ɕ ʑ] [ç ʝ]<br />
| χ ɣ<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Approximant<br />
| β̞<br />
| ð̞<br />
| ɻ<br />
| <br />
| ɰ<br />
| <br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Consonant Allophony====<br />
Several of the velar and alveolar consonants also have palatalized allophones when preceding the diphthongs of /ia/ /io/ and /iu/. The alveolar fricatives become alveo-palatal fricatives, while the velar stops and fricatives become pure palatal. /f/ is also [ɸ] at the end of syllables. /m/ also lightly palatalizes before the aforementioned diphthongs.<br />
<br />
===Vowels===<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Front<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Central<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Near-back<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Back<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Close<br />
| i<br />
| [ɨ]<br />
| <br />
| u<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Near-close<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| [ʊ]<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Mid<br />
| e<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| o<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Open-mid<br />
| [ɛ]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| [ɔ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Near-open<br />
| <br />
| [ɐ]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Open<br />
| <br />
| a<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|}<br />
<br />
Vowels come in stressed unstressed pairs, except for /i/.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Unstressed<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Stressed<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/e/<br />
| [e]<br />
| [ɛ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/o/<br />
| [o]<br />
| [ɔ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/u/<br />
| [u]<br />
| [ʊ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/a/<br />
| [ɐ]<br />
| [a]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Diphthongs====<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Rising<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Falling<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/a/<br />
| /ai/<br />
| /ia/<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/o/<br />
| /oi/<br />
| /io/<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/u/<br />
| /ui/<br />
| /iu/<br />
|}<br />
Rising diphthongs all are realized with the second element as nonsyllabic: [aɪ̯], [oɪ̯], [uɪ̯].<br />
Falling diphthongs work similarly, the second element is also usually nonsyllabic, but the realization of the /i/ in the diphthong depends on the preceding consonant. In most cases, it will be [ɨ], but in a few others it is different. /t/ /f/ have the /i/ be [j] and the second element is syllabic. With /ð̞/ the first element remains as [i] and the second element is nonsyllabic.<br />
<br />
===Phonotactics===<br />
In Kaidu all syllables can be a maximum of CVC. C can be ANY consonant, including prenasalized stops in initial positions. When a prenasal stop is syllable final, it becomes a homorganic cluster of nasal+stop. Certain consonants become palatal versions when before the diphthongs ia, io and iu.<br />
<br />
===Stress===<br />
Kaidu stresses the last syllable of the root, previous to any verbal inflections.<br />
<br />
===Orthography===<br />
Kaidu's Latin alphabet, called Romakak, is very straightforward, as it is made to be a 1 to 1 correspondence with the conscript, called Kaikak. <br />
[[File:Kaidu letters for demonstration 2.png|thumbnail|Quarter sized Kaikak]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
===Morphology===<br />
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Here are some example subcategories: --><br />
<br />
====Nouns====<br />
There are no cases in Kaidu. Possession is shown with -i on the possessor.<br />
<br />
====Verbs====<br />
Verb conjugate for tense and moods. There are also several aspect prefixes that are lexical in nature. <br />
<br />
====Adjectives====<br />
Adjectives work almost exactly like verbs, they end in -ra instead of just -a. One does not use the verb for "to be" with adjectives and instead conjugates the adjective ending to the appropriate tense. You use the participle ending to apply an adjective to a noun.<br />
<br />
====Adverbs====<br />
Adverbs are just adjectives. To make an adjective an adverb, use the participle adjective before a verb instead of a noun.<br />
<br />
====Derivational morphology====<br />
<br />
<br />
===Syntax===<br />
Kaidu word order is SVO. Adpositions are prepositions.<br />
<br />
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --><br />
<br />
[[Category:Conlangs]]</div>KyleFarringtonhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Kaidu&diff=33983Kaidu2015-05-22T05:34:40Z<p>KyleFarrington: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
<!-- <br />
<br />
This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br />
<br />
I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).<br />
II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)<br />
III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
<br />
===English===<br />
<br />
Hi, I am the creator of the Kaidu language, Kyle Farrington. Kaidu is currently three years old. I started making this language when an older language of mine died. Kaidu is used mainly as a personal artlang, there is currently no specific conworld for it, but I use it in a number of stories. I have drawn inspiration from several languages, namely English, Spanish, Japanese, Arabic, and some Bantu languages. Conlanging has been my hobby for many years. Kaidu’s grammar is simple for English speakers; the hardest parts are the verbs and adjectives because they are different from English. Kaidu’s syllable structure is simply (C)V(C). Kaidu has a lot of the basic consonants, but it has some unique consonants as well. For instance, it has prenasalized consonants that can occur in initial positions. I have designed Kaidu’s lexicon to be somewhat more minimal than English. Kaidu words are created in the style of Chinese compounds.<br />
<br />
===Kaidu===<br />
<br />
Dimu, ka ziurim fu Kaidui niurme, Caier Ferincton. Mpos Kaidu mpusim hop doit. Ka sondiores Kaidui niur font can mob vintric du nuses. Kaidu zintdampric zoroicim az can kabenric ziomtu, mpos wint ziurim vai niurud pod se, vef ka zorim se nac suizric nkob. Ka siadiomoices tem suizric duru, nac zintdamp Angerdu, Espaniadu. Nihondu, Arapdu, af zai Pantui du. Duniur ton ziures kai sosdoim pod suizric doitru. Kaidui cutupud mpizric pod Angerdui nkabme. Fu kuimob wimpizric zampru ziurim fu zorfoi af merfoi pod se porim to Angerdu. Kaidui nacdampi moi mpizric ziurim (C)V(C). Kaidu mpusim suizrinc mpizric fereznaw, vef wet mpusim zai candempric feresnaw. Pod can zemp se mpusim fiuvmpimpnaw dant ziuroidkim nac fu canric mu. Ka ton siatoes Kaidui mafoiti bus dant femob redzuizrim Angerdu. Kaidui poi niuroices nac fu Zonckuodui gaimpfoii zemp.<br />
<br />
<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? --><br />
<br />
<!-- Example categories/headings: <br />
<br />
Goals<br />
Setting<br />
Inspiration<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
<!-- ***Phonology*** --><br />
<!-- What sounds does your language use? --><br />
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br />
<br />
Vowel inventory<br />
Consonant inventory<br />
Syllable structure<br />
Stress<br />
Intonation<br />
<br />
--><br />
==Phonology==<br />
===Consonants===<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 68px; "|<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Retroflex<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Uvular<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Plosive<br />
| p<br />
| t<br />
| <br />
| [c]<br />
| k<br />
| q<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Prenasal Plosive<br />
| ᵐp<br />
| ⁿt<br />
| <br />
| [ᶮc]<br />
| ᵑk<br />
| ᶰq<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Nasal<br />
| m<br />
| n<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Fricative<br />
| f[ɸ] v<br />
| s z<br />
| <br />
| [ɕ ʑ] [ç ʝ]<br />
| χ ɣ<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Approximant<br />
| β̞<br />
| ð̞<br />
| ɻ<br />
| <br />
| ɰ<br />
| <br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Consonant Allophony====<br />
<br />
<br />
===Vowels===<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Front<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Central<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Near-back<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Back<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Close<br />
| i<br />
| [ɨ]<br />
| <br />
| u<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Near-close<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| [ʊ]<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Mid<br />
| e<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| o<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Open-mid<br />
| [ɛ]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| [ɔ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Near-open<br />
| <br />
| [ɐ]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Open<br />
| <br />
| a<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|}<br />
<br />
Vowels come in stressed unstressed pairs, except for /i/.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Unstressed<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Stressed<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/e/<br />
| [e]<br />
| [ɛ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/o/<br />
| [o]<br />
| [ɔ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/u/<br />
| [u]<br />
| [ʊ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/a/<br />
| [ɐ]<br />
| [a]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Diphthongs====<br />
<br />
===Phonotactics===<br />
In Kaidu all syllables can be a maximum of CVC. C can be ANY consonant, including prenasalized stops in initial positions. When a prenasal stop is syllable final, it becomes a homorganic cluster of nasal+stop. Certain consonants become palatal versions when before the diphthongs ia, io and iu.<br />
<br />
===Stress===<br />
Kaidu stresses the last syllable of the root, previous to any verbal inflections.<br />
<br />
===Orthography===<br />
Kaidu's Latin alphabet, called Romakak, is very straightforward, as it is made to be a 1 to 1 correspondence with the conscript, called Kaikak. <br />
[[File:Kaidu letters for demonstration 2.png|thumbnail|Quarter sized Kaikak]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
===Morphology===<br />
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Here are some example subcategories: --><br />
<br />
====Nouns====<br />
There are no cases in Kaidu. Possession is shown with -i on the possessor.<br />
<br />
====Verbs====<br />
Verb conjugate for tense and moods. There are also several aspect prefixes that are lexical in nature. <br />
<br />
====Adjectives====<br />
Adjectives work almost exactly like verbs, they end in -ra instead of just -a. One does not use the verb for "to be" with adjectives and instead conjugates the adjective ending to the appropriate tense. You use the participle ending to apply an adjective to a noun.<br />
<br />
====Adverbs====<br />
Adverbs are just adjectives. To make an adjective an adverb, use the participle adjective before a verb instead of a noun.<br />
<br />
====Derivational morphology====<br />
<br />
<br />
===Syntax===<br />
Kaidu word order is SVO. Adpositions are prepositions.<br />
<br />
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --><br />
<br />
[[Category:Conlangs]]</div>KyleFarringtonhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Kaidu&diff=33961Kaidu2015-05-21T16:32:22Z<p>KyleFarrington: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
<!-- <br />
<br />
This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br />
<br />
I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).<br />
II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)<br />
III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
<br />
===English===<br />
<br />
Hi, I am the creator of the Kaidu language, Kyle Farrington. Kaidu is currently three years old. I started making this language when an older language of mine died. Kaidu is used mainly as a personal artlang, there is currently no specific conworld for it, but I use it in a number of stories. I have drawn inspiration from several languages, namely English, Spanish, Japanese, Arabic, and some Bantu languages. Conlanging has been my hobby for many years. Kaidu’s grammar is simple for English speakers; the hardest parts are the verbs and adjectives because they are different from English. Kaidu’s syllable structure is simply (C)V(C). Kaidu has a lot of the basic consonants, but it has some unique consonants as well. For instance, it has prenasalized consonants that can occur in initial positions. I have designed Kaidu’s lexicon to be somewhat more minimal than English. Kaidu words are created in the style of Chinese compounds.<br />
<br />
===Kaidu===<br />
<br />
Dimu, ka ziurim fu Kaidui niurme, Caier Ferincton. Mpos Kaidu mpusim hop doit. Ka sondiores Kaidui niur font can mob vintric du nuses. Kaidu zintdampric zoroicim az can kabenric ziomtu, mpos wint ziurim vai niurud pod se, vef ka zorim se nac suizric nkob. Ka siadiomoices tem suizric duru, nac zintdamp Angerdu, Espaniadu. Nihondu, Arapdu, af zai Pantui du. Duniur ton ziures kai sosdoim pod suizric doitru. Kaidui cutupud mpizric pod Angerdui nkabme. Fu kuimob wimpizric zampru ziurim fu zorfoi af merfoi pod se porim to Angerdu. Kaidui nacdampi moi mpizric ziurim (C)V(C). Kaidu mpusim suizrinc mpizric fereznaw, vef wet mpusim zai candempric feresnaw. Pod can zemp se mpusim fiuvmpimpnaw dant ziuroidkim nac fu canric mu. Ka ton siatoes Kaidui mafoiti bus dant femob redzuizrim Angerdu. Kaidui poi niuroices nac fu Zonckuodui gaimpfoii zemp.<br />
<br />
<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? --><br />
<br />
<!-- Example categories/headings: <br />
<br />
Goals<br />
Setting<br />
Inspiration<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
<!-- ***Phonology*** --><br />
<!-- What sounds does your language use? --><br />
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br />
<br />
Vowel inventory<br />
Consonant inventory<br />
Syllable structure<br />
Stress<br />
Intonation<br />
<br />
--><br />
==Phonology==<br />
===Consonants===<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 68px; "|<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Retroflex<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Uvular<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Plosive<br />
| p<br />
| t<br />
| <br />
| [c]<br />
| k<br />
| q<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Prenasal Plosive<br />
| ᵐp<br />
| ⁿt<br />
| <br />
| [ᶮc]<br />
| ᵑk<br />
| ᶰq<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Nasal<br />
| m<br />
| n<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Fricative<br />
| f v<br />
| s z<br />
| <br />
| [ɕ ʑ] [ç ʝ]<br />
| χ ɣ<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Approximant<br />
| β̞<br />
| ð̞<br />
| ɻ<br />
| <br />
| ɰ<br />
| <br />
|}<br />
===Vowels===<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Front<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Central<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Near-back<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Back<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Close<br />
| i<br />
| [ɨ]<br />
| <br />
| u<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Near-close<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| [ʊ]<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Mid<br />
| e<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| o<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Open-mid<br />
| [ɛ]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| [ɔ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Near-open<br />
| <br />
| [ɐ]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Open<br />
| <br />
| a<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|}<br />
<br />
Vowels come in stressed unstressed pairs, except for /i/.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Unstressed<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Stressed<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/e/<br />
| [e]<br />
| [ɛ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/o/<br />
| [o]<br />
| [ɔ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/u/<br />
| [u]<br />
| [ʊ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/a/<br />
| [ɐ]<br />
| [a]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Diphthongs====<br />
<br />
===Phonotactics===<br />
In Kaidu all syllables can be a maximum of CVC. C can be ANY consonant, including prenasalized stops in initial positions. When a prenasal stop is syllable final, it becomes a homorganic cluster of nasal+stop. Certain consonants become palatal versions when before the diphthongs ia, io and iu.<br />
<br />
===Stress===<br />
Kaidu stresses the last syllable of the root, previous to any verbal inflections.<br />
<br />
===Orthography===<br />
Kaidu's Latin alphabet, called Romakak, is very straightforward, as it is made to be a 1 to 1 correspondence with the conscript, called Kaikak. <br />
[[File:Kaidu letters for demonstration 2.png|thumbnail|Quarter sized Kaikak]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
===Morphology===<br />
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Here are some example subcategories: --><br />
<br />
====Nouns====<br />
There are no cases in Kaidu. Possession is shown with -i on the possessor.<br />
<br />
====Verbs====<br />
Verb conjugate for tense and moods. There are also several aspect prefixes that are lexical in nature. <br />
<br />
====Adjectives====<br />
Adjectives work almost exactly like verbs, they end in -ra instead of just -a. One does not use the verb for "to be" with adjectives and instead conjugates the adjective ending to the appropriate tense. You use the participle ending to apply an adjective to a noun.<br />
<br />
====Adverbs====<br />
Adverbs are just adjectives. To make an adjective an adverb, use the participle adjective before a verb instead of a noun.<br />
<br />
====Derivational morphology====<br />
<br />
<br />
===Syntax===<br />
Kaidu word order is SVO. Adpositions are prepositions.<br />
<br />
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --><br />
<br />
[[Category:Conlangs]]</div>KyleFarringtonhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Kaidu&diff=33898Kaidu2015-05-20T16:20:59Z<p>KyleFarrington: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
<!-- <br />
<br />
This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br />
<br />
I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).<br />
II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)<br />
III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
<br />
===English===<br />
<br />
Hi, I am the creator of the Kaidu language, Kyle Farrington. Kaidu is currently three years old. I started making this language when an older language of mine died. Kaidu is used mainly as a personal artlang, there is currently no specific conworld for it, but I use it in a number of stories. I have drawn inspiration from several languages, namely English, Spanish, Japanese, Arabic, and some Bantu languages. Conlanging has been my hobby for many years. Kaidu’s grammar is simple for English speakers; the hardest parts are the verbs and adjectives because they are different from English. Kaidu’s syllable structure is simply (C)V(C). Kaidu has a lot of the basic consonants, but it has some unique consonants as well. For instance, it has prenasalized consonants that can occur in initial positions. I have designed Kaidu’s lexicon to be somewhat more minimal than English. Kaidu words are created in the style of Chinese compounds.<br />
<br />
===Kaidu===<br />
<br />
Dimu, ka ziurim fu Kaidui niurme, Caier Ferincton. Mpos Kaidu mpusim hop doit. Ka sondiores Kaidui niur font can mob vintric du nuses. Kaidu zintdampric zoroicim az can kabenric ziomtu, mpos wint ziurim vai niurud pod se, vef ka zorim se nac suizric nkob. Ka siadiomoices tem suizric duru, nac zintdamp Angerdu, Espaniadu. Nihondu, Arapdu, af zai Pantui du. Duniur ton ziures kai sosdoim pod suizric doitru. Kaidui cutupud mpizric pod Angerdui nkabme. Fu kuimob wimpizric zampru ziurim fu zorfoi af merfoi pod se porim to Angerdu. Kaidui nacdampi moi mpizric ziurim (C)V(C). Kaidu mpusim suizrinc mpizric fereznaw, vef wet mpusim zai candempric feresnaw. Pod can zemp se mpusim fiuvmpimpnaw dant ziuroidkim nac fu canric mu. Ka ton siatoes Kaidui mafoiti bus dant femob redzuizrim Angerdu. Kaidui poi niuroices nac fu Zonckuodui gaimpfoii zemp.<br />
<br />
<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? --><br />
<br />
<!-- Example categories/headings: <br />
<br />
Goals<br />
Setting<br />
Inspiration<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
<!-- ***Phonology*** --><br />
<!-- What sounds does your language use? --><br />
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br />
<br />
Vowel inventory<br />
Consonant inventory<br />
Syllable structure<br />
Stress<br />
Intonation<br />
<br />
--><br />
==Phonology==<br />
===Consonants===<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 68px; "|<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Retroflex<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Uvular<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Plosive<br />
| p<br />
| t<br />
| <br />
| [c]<br />
| k<br />
| q<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Prenasal Plosive<br />
| ᵐp<br />
| ⁿt<br />
| <br />
| [ᶮc]<br />
| ᵑk<br />
| ᶰq<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Nasal<br />
| m<br />
| n<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Fricative<br />
| f v<br />
| s z<br />
| <br />
| [ɕ ʑ] [ç ʝ]<br />
| χ ɣ<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Approximant<br />
| β̞<br />
| ð̞<br />
| ɻ<br />
| <br />
| ɰ<br />
| <br />
|}<br />
===Vowels===<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Front<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Central<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Near-back<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Back<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Close<br />
| i<br />
| [ɨ]<br />
| <br />
| u<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Near-close<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| [ʊ]<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Mid<br />
| e<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| o<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Open-mid<br />
| [ɛ]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| [ɔ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Near-open<br />
| <br />
| [ɐ]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Open<br />
| <br />
| a<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|}<br />
<br />
Vowels come in stressed unstressed pairs, except for /i/.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Unstressed<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Stressed<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/e/<br />
| [e]<br />
| [ɛ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/o/<br />
| [o]<br />
| [ɔ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/u/<br />
| [u]<br />
| [ʊ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |/a/<br />
| [ɐ]<br />
| [a]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Diphthongs====<br />
<br />
===Phonotactics===<br />
In Kaidu all syllables can be a maximum of CVC. C can be ANY consonant, including prenasalized stops in initial positions. When a prenasal stop is syllable final, it becomes a homorganic cluster of nasal+stop. Certain consonants become palatal versions when before the diphthongs ia, io and iu.<br />
<br />
===Stress===<br />
Kaidu stresses the last syllable of the root, previous to any verbal inflections.<br />
<br />
===Orthography===<br />
Kaidu's Latin alphabet, called Romakak, is very straightforward, as it is made to be a 1 to 1 correspondence with the conscript, called Kaikak. <br />
[[File:Kaidu letters for demonstration 2.png|thumbnail|Quarter sized Kaikak]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
===Morphology===<br />
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Here are some example subcategories:<br />
<br />
Nouns<br />
Adjectives<br />
Verbs<br />
Adverbs<br />
Particles<br />
Derivational morphology<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
===Syntax===<br />
Kaidu word order is SVO. Adpositions are prepositions.<br />
<br />
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --><br />
<br />
[[Category:Conlangs]]</div>KyleFarringtonhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Kaidu&diff=33897Kaidu2015-05-20T16:13:53Z<p>KyleFarrington: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
<!-- <br />
<br />
This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br />
<br />
I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).<br />
II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)<br />
III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
<br />
===English===<br />
<br />
Hi, I am the creator of the Kaidu language, Kyle Farrington. Kaidu is currently three years old. I started making this language when an older language of mine died. Kaidu is used mainly as a personal artlang, there is currently no specific conworld for it, but I use it in a number of stories. I have drawn inspiration from several languages, namely English, Spanish, Japanese, Arabic, and some Bantu languages. Conlanging has been my hobby for many years. Kaidu’s grammar is simple for English speakers; the hardest parts are the verbs and adjectives because they are different from English. Kaidu’s syllable structure is simply (C)V(C). Kaidu has a lot of the basic consonants, but it has some unique consonants as well. For instance, it has prenasalized consonants that can occur in initial positions. I have designed Kaidu’s lexicon to be somewhat more minimal than English. Kaidu words are created in the style of Chinese compounds.<br />
<br />
===Kaidu===<br />
<br />
Dimu, ka ziurim fu Kaidui niurme, Caier Ferincton. Mpos Kaidu mpusim hop doit. Ka sondiores Kaidui niur font can mob vintric du nuses. Kaidu zintdampric zoroicim az can kabenric ziomtu, mpos wint ziurim vai niurud pod se, vef ka zorim se nac suizric nkob. Ka siadiomoices tem suizric duru, nac zintdamp Angerdu, Espaniadu. Nihondu, Arapdu, af zai Pantui du. Duniur ton ziures kai sosdoim pod suizric doitru. Kaidui cutupud mpizric pod Angerdui nkabme. Fu kuimob wimpizric zampru ziurim fu zorfoi af merfoi pod se porim to Angerdu. Kaidui nacdampi moi mpizric ziurim (C)V(C). Kaidu mpusim suizrinc mpizric fereznaw, vef wet mpusim zai candempric feresnaw. Pod can zemp se mpusim fiuvmpimpnaw dant ziuroidkim nac fu canric mu. Ka ton siatoes Kaidui mafoiti bus dant femob redzuizrim Angerdu. Kaidui poi niuroices nac fu Zonckuodui gaimpfoii zemp.<br />
<br />
<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? --><br />
<br />
<!-- Example categories/headings: <br />
<br />
Goals<br />
Setting<br />
Inspiration<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
<!-- ***Phonology*** --><br />
<!-- What sounds does your language use? --><br />
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br />
<br />
Vowel inventory<br />
Consonant inventory<br />
Syllable structure<br />
Stress<br />
Intonation<br />
<br />
--><br />
==Phonology==<br />
===Consonants===<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 68px; "|<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Retroflex<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Uvular<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Plosive<br />
| p<br />
| t<br />
| <br />
| [c]<br />
| k<br />
| q<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Prenasal Plosive<br />
| ᵐp<br />
| ⁿt<br />
| <br />
| [ᶮc]<br />
| ᵑk<br />
| ᶰq<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Nasal<br />
| m<br />
| n<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Fricative<br />
| f v<br />
| s z<br />
| <br />
| [ɕ ʑ] [ç ʝ]<br />
| χ ɣ<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Approximant<br />
| β̞<br />
| ð̞<br />
| ɻ<br />
| <br />
| ɰ<br />
| <br />
|}<br />
===Vowels===<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Front<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Central<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Near-back<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Back<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Close<br />
| i<br />
| [ɨ]<br />
| <br />
| u<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Near-close<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| [ʊ]<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Mid<br />
| e<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| o<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Open-mid<br />
| [ɛ]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| [ɔ]<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Near-open<br />
| <br />
| [ɐ]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Open<br />
| <br />
| a<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Diphthongs====<br />
<br />
===Phonotactics===<br />
In Kaidu all syllables can be a maximum of CVC. C can be ANY consonant, including prenasalized stops in initial positions. When a prenasal stop is syllable final, it becomes a homorganic cluster of nasal+stop. Certain consonants become palatal versions when before the diphthongs ia, io and iu.<br />
<br />
===Stress===<br />
Kaidu stresses the last syllable of the root, previous to any verbal inflections.<br />
<br />
===Orthography===<br />
Kaidu's Latin alphabet, called Romakak, is very straightforward, as it is made to be a 1 to 1 correspondence with the conscript, called Kaikak. <br />
[[File:Kaidu letters for demonstration 2.png|thumbnail|Quarter sized Kaikak]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
===Morphology===<br />
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Here are some example subcategories:<br />
<br />
Nouns<br />
Adjectives<br />
Verbs<br />
Adverbs<br />
Particles<br />
Derivational morphology<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
===Syntax===<br />
Kaidu word order is SVO. Adpositions are prepositions.<br />
<br />
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --><br />
<br />
[[Category:Conlangs]]</div>KyleFarringtonhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Kaidu&diff=33894Kaidu2015-05-19T19:30:09Z<p>KyleFarrington: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
<!-- <br />
<br />
This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br />
<br />
I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).<br />
II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)<br />
III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
<br />
===English===<br />
<br />
Hi, I am the creator of the Kaidu language, Kyle Farrington. Kaidu is currently three years old. I started making this language when an older language of mine died. Kaidu is used mainly as a personal artlang, there is currently no specific conworld for it, but I use it in a number of stories. I have drawn inspiration from several languages, namely English, Spanish, Japanese, Arabic, and some Bantu languages. Conlanging has been my hobby for many years. Kaidu’s grammar is simple for English speakers; the hardest parts are the verbs and adjectives because they are different from English. Kaidu’s syllable structure is simply (C)V(C). Kaidu has a lot of the basic consonants, but it has some unique consonants as well. For instance, it has prenasalized consonants that can occur in initial positions. I have designed Kaidu’s lexicon to be somewhat more minimal than English. Kaidu words are created in the style of Chinese compounds.<br />
<br />
===Kaidu===<br />
<br />
Dimu, ka ziurim fu Kaidui niurme, Caier Ferincton. Mpos Kaidu mpusim hop doit. Ka sondiores Kaidui niur font can mob vintric du nuses. Kaidu zintdampric zoroicim az can kabenric ziomtu, mpos wint ziurim vai niurud pod se, vef ka zorim se nac suizric nkob. Ka siadiomoices tem suizric duru, nac zintdamp Angerdu, Espaniadu. Nihondu, Arapdu, af zai Pantui du. Duniur ton ziures kai sosdoim pod suizric doitru. Kaidui cutupud mpizric pod Angerdui nkabme. Fu kuimob wimpizric zampru ziurim fu zorfoi af merfoi pod se porim to Angerdu. Kaidui nacdampi moi mpizric ziurim (C)V(C). Kaidu mpusim suizrinc mpizric fereznaw, vef wet mpusim zai candempric feresnaw. Pod can zemp se mpusim fiuvmpimpnaw dant ziuroidkim nac fu canric mu. Ka ton siatoes Kaidui mafoiti bus dant femob redzuizrim Angerdu. Kaidui poi niuroices nac fu Zonckuodui gaimpfoii zemp.<br />
<br />
<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? --><br />
<br />
<!-- Example categories/headings: <br />
<br />
Goals<br />
Setting<br />
Inspiration<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
<!-- ***Phonology*** --><br />
<!-- What sounds does your language use? --><br />
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br />
<br />
Vowel inventory<br />
Consonant inventory<br />
Syllable structure<br />
Stress<br />
Intonation<br />
<br />
--><br />
==Phonology==<br />
===Consonants===<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 68px; "|<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Retroflex<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Uvular<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Plosive<br />
| p<br />
| t<br />
| <br />
| [c]<br />
| k<br />
| q<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Prenasal Plosive<br />
| ᵐp<br />
| ⁿt<br />
| <br />
| [ᶮc]<br />
| ᵑk<br />
| ᶰq<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Nasal<br />
| m<br />
| n<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Fricative<br />
| f v<br />
| s z<br />
| <br />
| [ɕ ʑ] [ç ʝ]<br />
| χ ɣ<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Approximant<br />
| β̞<br />
| ð̞<br />
| ɻ<br />
| <br />
| ɰ<br />
| <br />
|}<br />
===Vowels===<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Front<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Near-front<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Central<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Near-back<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Back<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Close<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Near-close<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Close-mid<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Mid<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Open-mid<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Near-open<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Open<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Diphthongs====<br />
<br />
===Phonotactics===<br />
In Kaidu all syllables can be a maximum of CVC. C can be ANY consonant, including prenasalized stops in initial positions. When a prenasal stop is syllable final, it becomes a homorganic cluster of nasal+stop. Certain consonants become palatal versions when before the diphthongs ia, io and iu.<br />
<br />
===Stress===<br />
Kaidu stresses the last syllable of the root, previous to any verbal inflections.<br />
<br />
===Orthography===<br />
Kaidu's Latin alphabet, called Romakak, is very straightforward, as it is made to be a 1 to 1 correspondence with the conscript, called Kaikak. <br />
[[File:Kaidu letters for demonstration 2.png|thumbnail|Quarter sized Kaikak]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
===Morphology===<br />
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Here are some example subcategories:<br />
<br />
Nouns<br />
Adjectives<br />
Verbs<br />
Adverbs<br />
Particles<br />
Derivational morphology<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
===Syntax===<br />
Kaidu word order is SVO. Adpositions are prepositions.<br />
<br />
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --><br />
<br />
[[Category:Conlangs]]</div>KyleFarringtonhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Kaidu&diff=33826Kaidu2015-05-19T15:11:56Z<p>KyleFarrington: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
<!-- <br />
<br />
This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br />
<br />
I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).<br />
II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)<br />
III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
<br />
===English===<br />
<br />
Hi, I am the creator of the Kaidu language, Kyle Farrington. Kaidu is currently three years old. I started making this language when an older language of mine died. Kaidu is used mainly as a personal artlang, there is currently no specific conworld for it, but I use it in a number of stories. I have drawn inspiration from several languages, namely English, Spanish, Japanese, Arabic, and some Bantu languages. Conlanging has been my hobby for many years. Kaidu’s grammar is simple for English speakers; the hardest parts are the verbs and adjectives because they are different from English. Kaidu’s syllable structure is simply (C)V(C). Kaidu has a lot of the basic consonants, but it has some unique consonants as well. For instance, it has prenasalized consonants that can occur in initial positions. I have designed Kaidu’s lexicon to be somewhat more minimal than English. Kaidu words are created in the style of Chinese compounds.<br />
<br />
===Kaidu===<br />
<br />
Dimu, ka ziurim fu Kaidui niurme, Caier Ferincton. Mpos Kaidu mpusim hop doit. Ka sondiores Kaidui niur font can mob vintric du nuses. Kaidu zintdampric zoroicim az can kabenric ziomtu, mpos wint ziurim vai niurud pod se, vef ka zorim se nac suizric nkob. Ka siadiomoices tem suizric duru, nac zintdamp Angerdu, Espaniadu. Nihondu, Arapdu, af zai Pantui du. Duniur ton ziures kai sosdoim pod suizric doitru. Kaidui cutupud mpizric pod Angerdui nkabme. Fu kuimob wimpizric zampru ziurim fu zorfoi af merfoi pod se porim to Angerdu. Kaidui nacdampi moi mpizric ziurim (C)V(C). Kaidu mpusim suizrinc mpizric fereznaw, vef wet mpusim zai candempric feresnaw. Pod can zemp se mpusim fiuvmpimpnaw dant ziuroidkim nac fu canric mu. Ka ton siatoes Kaidui mafoiti bus dant femob redzuizrim Angerdu. Kaidui poi niuroices nac fu Zonckuodui gaimpfoii zemp.<br />
<br />
<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? --><br />
<br />
<!-- Example categories/headings: <br />
<br />
Goals<br />
Setting<br />
Inspiration<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
<!-- ***Phonology*** --><br />
<!-- What sounds does your language use? --><br />
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br />
<br />
Vowel inventory<br />
Consonant inventory<br />
Syllable structure<br />
Stress<br />
Intonation<br />
<br />
--><br />
==Phonology==<br />
===Consonants===<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 68px; "|<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Retroflex<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Uvular<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Plosive<br />
| p<br />
| t<br />
| <br />
| [c]<br />
| k<br />
| q<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Prenasal Plosive<br />
| ᵐp<br />
| ⁿt<br />
| <br />
| [ᶮc]<br />
| ᵑk<br />
| ᶰq<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Nasal<br />
| m<br />
| n<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Fricative<br />
| f v<br />
| s z<br />
| <br />
| [ɕ ʑ] [ç ʝ]<br />
| χ ɣ<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Approximant<br />
| β̞<br />
| ð̞<br />
| ɻ<br />
| <br />
| ɰ<br />
| <br />
|}<br />
===Vowels===<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Front<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Near-front<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Central<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Near-back<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Back<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Close<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Near-close<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Close-mid<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Mid<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Open-mid<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Near-open<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Open<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|}<br />
===Phonotactics===<br />
In Kaidu all syllables can be a maximum of CVC. C can be ANY consonant, including prenasalized stops in initial positions. When a prenasal stop is syllable final, it becomes a homorganic cluster of nasal+stop. Certain consonants become palatal versions when before the diphthongs ia, io and iu.<br />
<br />
===Stress===<br />
Kaidu stresses the last syllable of the root, previous to any verbal inflections.<br />
<br />
===Orthography===<br />
Kaidu's Latin alphabet, called Romakak, is very straightforward, as it is made to be a 1 to 1 correspondence with the conscript, called Kaikak. <br />
[[File:Kaidu letters for demonstration 2.png|thumbnail|Quarter sized Kaikak]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
===Morphology===<br />
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Here are some example subcategories:<br />
<br />
Nouns<br />
Adjectives<br />
Verbs<br />
Adverbs<br />
Particles<br />
Derivational morphology<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
===Syntax===<br />
Kaidu word order is SVO. Adpositions are prepositions.<br />
<br />
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --><br />
<br />
[[Category:Conlangs]]</div>KyleFarringtonhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Kaidu&diff=33825Kaidu2015-05-19T06:35:33Z<p>KyleFarrington: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
<!-- <br />
<br />
This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br />
<br />
I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).<br />
II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)<br />
III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
<br />
===English===<br />
<br />
Hi, I am the creator of the Kaidu language, Kyle Farrington. Kaidu is currently three years old. I started making this language when an older language of mine died. Kaidu is used mainly as a personal artlang, there is currently no specific conworld for it, but I use it in a number of stories. I have drawn inspiration from several languages, namely English, Spanish, Japanese, Arabic, and some Bantu languages. Conlanging has been my hobby for many years. Kaidu’s grammar is simple for English speakers; the hardest parts are the verbs and adjectives because they are different from English. Kaidu’s syllable structure is simply (C)V(C). Kaidu has a lot of the basic consonants, but it has some unique consonants as well. For instance, it has prenasalized consonants that can occur in initial positions. I have designed Kaidu’s lexicon to be somewhat more minimal than English. Kaidu words are created in the style of Chinese compounds.<br />
<br />
===Kaidu===<br />
<br />
Dimu, ka ziurim fu Kaidui niurme, Caier Ferincton. Mpos Kaidu mpusim hop doit. Ka sondiores Kaidui niur font can mob vintric du nuses. Kaidu zintdampric zoroicim az can kabenric ziomtu, mpos wint ziurim vai niurud pod se, vef ka zorim se nac suizric nkob. Ka siadiomoices tem suizric duru, nac zintdamp Angerdu, Espaniadu. Nihondu, Arapdu, af zai Pantui du. Duniur ton ziures kai sosdoim pod suizric doitru. Kaidui cutupud mpizric pod Angerdui nkabme. Fu kuimob wimpizric zampru ziurim fu zorfoi af merfoi pod se porim to Angerdu. Kaidui nacdampi moi mpizric ziurim (C)V(C). Kaidu mpusim suizrinc mpizric fereznaw, vef wet mpusim zai candempric feresnaw. Pod can zemp se mpusim fiuvmpimpnaw dant ziuroidkim nac fu canric mu. Ka ton siatoes Kaidui mafoiti bus dant femob redzuizrim Angerdu. Kaidui poi niuroices nac fu Zonckuodui gaimpfoii zemp.<br />
<br />
<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? --><br />
<br />
<!-- Example categories/headings: <br />
<br />
Goals<br />
Setting<br />
Inspiration<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
<!-- ***Phonology*** --><br />
<!-- What sounds does your language use? --><br />
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br />
<br />
Vowel inventory<br />
Consonant inventory<br />
Syllable structure<br />
Stress<br />
Intonation<br />
<br />
--><br />
==Phonology==<br />
===Consonants===<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 68px; "|<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Retroflex<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Uvular<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Plosive<br />
| p<br />
| t<br />
| <br />
| [c]<br />
| k<br />
| q<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Prenasal Plosive<br />
| ᵐp<br />
| ⁿt<br />
| <br />
| [ᶮc]<br />
| ᵑk<br />
| ᶰq<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Nasal<br />
| m<br />
| n<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Fricative<br />
| f v<br />
| s z<br />
| <br />
| [ɕ ʑ] [ç ʝ]<br />
| χ ɣ<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Approximant<br />
| β̞<br />
| ð̞<br />
| ɻ<br />
| <br />
| ɰ<br />
| <br />
|}<br />
===Vowels===<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Front<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Near-front<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Central<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Near-back<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Back<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Close<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Near-close<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Close-mid<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Mid<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Open-mid<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Near-open<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Open<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|}<br />
===Phonotactics===<br />
In Kaidu all syllables can be a maximum of CVC. C can be ANY consonant, including prenasalized stops in initial positions. When a prenasal stop is syllable final, it becomes a homorganic cluster of nasal+stop. Certain consonants become palatal versions when before the diphthongs ia, io and iu.<br />
<br />
===Orthography===<br />
Kaidu's Latin alphabet, called Romakak, is very straightforward, as it is made to be a 1 to 1 correspondence with the conscript, called Kaikak. <br />
[[File:Kaidu letters for demonstration 2.png|thumbnail|Quarter sized Kaikak]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
===Morphology===<br />
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Here are some example subcategories:<br />
<br />
Nouns<br />
Adjectives<br />
Verbs<br />
Adverbs<br />
Particles<br />
Derivational morphology<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
===Syntax===<br />
Kaidu word order is SVO. Adpositions are prepositions.<br />
<br />
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --><br />
<br />
[[Category:Conlangs]]</div>KyleFarringtonhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=File:Kaidu_letters_for_demonstration_2.png&diff=33824File:Kaidu letters for demonstration 2.png2015-05-19T06:34:34Z<p>KyleFarrington: KyleFarrington uploaded a new version of File:Kaidu letters for demonstration 2.png</p>
<hr />
<div>Quarter sized Kaikak letters with romanization underneath each letter.</div>KyleFarringtonhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=File:Kaidu_letters_for_demonstration_2.png&diff=33823File:Kaidu letters for demonstration 2.png2015-05-19T06:33:34Z<p>KyleFarrington: Quarter sized Kaikak letters with romanization underneath each letter.</p>
<hr />
<div>Quarter sized Kaikak letters with romanization underneath each letter.</div>KyleFarringtonhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Kaidu&diff=33821Kaidu2015-05-19T00:58:09Z<p>KyleFarrington: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
<!-- <br />
<br />
This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br />
<br />
I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).<br />
II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)<br />
III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
<br />
===English===<br />
<br />
Hi, I am the creator of the Kaidu language, Kyle Farrington. Kaidu is currently three years old. I started making this language when an older language of mine died. Kaidu is used mainly as a personal artlang, there is currently no specific conworld for it, but I use it in a number of stories. I have drawn inspiration from several languages, namely English, Spanish, Japanese, Arabic, and some Bantu languages. Conlanging has been my hobby for many years. Kaidu’s grammar is simple for English speakers; the hardest parts are the verbs and adjectives because they are different from English. Kaidu’s syllable structure is simply (C)V(C). Kaidu has a lot of the basic consonants, but it has some unique consonants as well. For instance, it has prenasalized consonants that can occur in initial positions. I have designed Kaidu’s lexicon to be somewhat more minimal than English. Kaidu words are created in the style of Chinese compounds.<br />
<br />
===Kaidu===<br />
<br />
Dimu, ka ziurim fu Kaidui niurme, Caier Ferincton. Mpos Kaidu mpusim hop doit. Ka sondiores Kaidui niur font can mob vintric du nuses. Kaidu zintdampric zoroicim az can kabenric ziomtu, mpos wint ziurim vai niurud pod se, vef ka zorim se nac suizric nkob. Ka siadiomoices tem suizric duru, nac zintdamp Angerdu, Espaniadu. Nihondu, Arapdu, af zai Pantui du. Duniur ton ziures kai sosdoim pod suizric doitru. Kaidui cutupud mpizric pod Angerdui nkabme. Fu kuimob wimpizric zampru ziurim fu zorfoi af merfoi pod se porim to Angerdu. Kaidui nacdampi moi mpizric ziurim (C)V(C). Kaidu mpusim suizrinc mpizric fereznaw, vef wet mpusim zai candempric feresnaw. Pod can zemp se mpusim fiuvmpimpnaw dant ziuroidkim nac fu canric mu. Ka ton siatoes Kaidui mafoiti bus dant femob redzuizrim Angerdu. Kaidui poi niuroices nac fu Zonckuodui gaimpfoii zemp.<br />
<br />
<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? --><br />
<br />
<!-- Example categories/headings: <br />
<br />
Goals<br />
Setting<br />
Inspiration<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
<!-- ***Phonology*** --><br />
<!-- What sounds does your language use? --><br />
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br />
<br />
Vowel inventory<br />
Consonant inventory<br />
Syllable structure<br />
Stress<br />
Intonation<br />
<br />
--><br />
==Phonology==<br />
===Consonants===<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 68px; "|<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Retroflex<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Uvular<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Plosive<br />
| p<br />
| t<br />
| <br />
| [c]<br />
| k<br />
| q<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Prenasal Plosive<br />
| ᵐp<br />
| ⁿt<br />
| <br />
| [ᶮc]<br />
| ᵑk<br />
| ᶰq<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Nasal<br />
| m<br />
| n<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Fricative<br />
| f v<br />
| s z<br />
| <br />
| [ɕ ʑ] [ç ʝ]<br />
| χ ɣ<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Approximant<br />
| β̞<br />
| ð̞<br />
| ɻ<br />
| <br />
| ɰ<br />
| <br />
|}<br />
===Vowels===<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Front<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Near-front<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Central<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Near-back<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Back<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Close<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Near-close<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Close-mid<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Mid<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Open-mid<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Near-open<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Open<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|}<br />
===Phonotactics===<br />
In Kaidu all syllables can be a maximum of CVC. C can be ANY consonant, including prenasalized stops in initial positions. When a prenasal stop is syllable final, it becomes a homorganic cluster of nasal+stop. Certain consonants become palatal versions when before the diphthongs ia, io and iu.<br />
<br />
===Orthography===<br />
Kaidu's Latin alphabet, called Romakak, is very straightforward, as it is made to be a 1 to 1 correspondence with the conscript, called Kaikak.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
===Morphology===<br />
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Here are some example subcategories:<br />
<br />
Nouns<br />
Adjectives<br />
Verbs<br />
Adverbs<br />
Particles<br />
Derivational morphology<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
===Syntax===<br />
Kaidu word order is SVO. Adpositions are prepositions.<br />
<br />
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --><br />
<br />
[[Category:Conlangs]]</div>KyleFarringtonhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Kaidu&diff=33820Kaidu2015-05-18T22:47:48Z<p>KyleFarrington: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
<!-- <br />
<br />
This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br />
<br />
I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).<br />
II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)<br />
III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
<br />
English:<br />
<br />
Hi, I am the creator of the Kaidu language, Kyle Farrington. Kaidu is currently three years old. I started making this language when an older language of mine, named ieɸʰuaʈiː, died. Kaidu is used mainly as a personal artlang, there is currently no specific conworld for it, but I use it in a number of stories. I have drawn inspiration from several languages, namely English, Spanish, Japanese, Arabic, and some Bantu languages. Conlanging has been my hobby for many years. Kaidu’s grammar is simple for English speakers; the hardest parts are the verbs and adjectives because they are different from English. Kaidu’s syllable structure is simply CV(C). Kaidu has a lot of the basic consonants, but it has some unique consonants as well. For instance, it has prenasalized consonants that can occur in initial positions. I have designed Kaidu’s lexicon to be somewhat more minimal than English. Kaidu words are created in the style of Chinese compounds.<br />
<br />
Kaidu:<br />
<br />
Dimu, ka ziurim fu Kaidui niurme, Cair Ferrincton. Kaidu mpos mpusim hop doitru. Ka soniures mpai du ot fu tof dant can mob vintric kai du, dant zares ieɸʰuaʈiː, nuses. Kaidu zintdampric zoroicim az can ziomtu, wint ziurim can zempric niurud pod se, bob ka zorim se nac suizric nkobru. Ka ton zores siafek fo suizric duru, fe Angerdu, Espaniadu, Nihondu, Arapdu, af zai Bantui duru. Duniur ton ziures kai sosdoim fo suizric doitru. Kaidui cutupud mpizrim pod Angerdui nkabme, fu quimob wimpizric zampru ziurim fu zorfoi af fu merfoi pod ser zompim fe Angerdu. Kaidui nacdampi moi mpizric ziurim CV(C). Kaidu mpusim suizrinc mpizric fereznawru, bob tuc ntai mpusim zai candempric fereznawru. Pod can zemp se mpusim fiuvmpimpnaw dant ziuroidkim nac canmu. Ka ton niures fu Kaidui maifoi bun dant redzuizrim mob Angerdu. Kaidui poiru niuroicim nac fu Zonckuodui gaimpfoii zemp.<br />
<br />
<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? --><br />
<br />
<!-- Example categories/headings: <br />
<br />
Goals<br />
Setting<br />
Inspiration<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
<!-- ***Phonology*** --><br />
<!-- What sounds does your language use? --><br />
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br />
<br />
Vowel inventory<br />
Consonant inventory<br />
Syllable structure<br />
Stress<br />
Intonation<br />
<br />
--><br />
==Phonology==<br />
===Consonants===<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 68px; "|<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Retroflex<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Uvular<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Plosive<br />
| p<br />
| t<br />
| <br />
| [c]<br />
| k<br />
| q<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Prenasal Plosive<br />
| ᵐp<br />
| ⁿt<br />
| <br />
| [ᶮc]<br />
| ᵑk<br />
| ᶰq<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Nasal<br />
| m<br />
| n<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Fricative<br />
| f v<br />
| s z<br />
| <br />
| [ɕ ʑ] [ç ʝ]<br />
| χ ɣ<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Approximant<br />
| β̞<br />
| ð̞<br />
| ɻ<br />
| <br />
| ɰ<br />
| <br />
|}<br />
===Vowels===<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Front<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Near-front<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Central<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Near-back<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Back<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Close<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Near-close<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Close-mid<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Mid<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Open-mid<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Near-open<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Open<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|}<br />
===Phonotactics===<br />
In Kaidu all syllables can be a maximum of CVC. C can be ANY consonant, including prenasalized stops in initial positions. When a prenasal stop is syllable final, it becomes a homorganic cluster of nasal+stop. Certain consonants become palatal versions when before the diphthongs ia, io and iu.<br />
<br />
===Orthography===<br />
Kaidu's Latin alphabet, called Romakak, is very straightforward, as it is made to be a 1 to 1 correspondence with the conscript, called Kaikak.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
===Morphology===<br />
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Here are some example subcategories:<br />
<br />
Nouns<br />
Adjectives<br />
Verbs<br />
Adverbs<br />
Particles<br />
Derivational morphology<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
===Syntax===<br />
Kaidu word order is SVO. Adpositions are prepositions.<br />
<br />
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --><br />
<br />
[[Category:Conlangs]]</div>KyleFarringtonhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Kaidu&diff=33813Kaidu2015-05-18T14:58:02Z<p>KyleFarrington: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
<!-- <br />
<br />
This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br />
<br />
I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).<br />
II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)<br />
III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
<br />
English:<br />
<br />
Hi, I am the creator of the Kaidu language, Kyle Farrington. Kaidu is currently three years old. I started making this language when an older language of mine, named ieɸʰuaʈiː, died. Kaidu is used mainly as a personal artlang, there is currently no specific conworld for it, but I use it in a number of stories. I have drawn inspiration from several languages, namely English, Spanish, Japanese, Arabic, and some Bantu languages. Conlanging has been my hobby for many years. Kaidu’s grammar is simple for English speakers; the hardest parts are the verbs and adjectives because they are different from English. Kaidu’s syllable structure is simply CV(C). Kaidu has a lot of the basic consonants, but it has some unique consonants as well. For instance, it has prenasalized consonants that can occur in initial positions. I have designed Kaidu’s lexicon to be somewhat more minimal than English. Kaidu words are created in the style of Chinese compounds.<br />
<br />
Kaidu:<br />
<br />
Dimu, ka ziurim fu Kaidui niurme, Cair Ferrincton. Kaidu mpos mpusim hop doitru. Ka soniures mpai du ot fu tof dant can mob vintric kai du, dant zares ieɸʰuaʈiː, nuses. Kaidu zintdampric zoroicim az can ziomtu, wint ziurim can zempric niurud pod se, bob ka zorim se nac suizric nkobru. Ka ton zores siafek fo suizric duru, fe Angerdu, Espaniadu, Nihondu, Arapdu, af zai Bantui duru. Duniur ton ziures kai sosdoim fo suizric doitru. Kaidui cutupud mpizrim pod Angerdui nkabme, fu quimob wimpizric zampru ziurim fu zorfoi af fu merfoi pod ser zompim fe Angerdu. Kaidui nacdampi moi mpizric ziurim CV(C). Kaidu mpusim suizrinc mpizric fereznawru, bob tuc ntai mpusim zai candempric fereznawru. Pod can zemp se mpusim fiuvmpimpnaw dant ziuroidkim nac canmu. Ka ton niures fu Kaidui maifoi bun dant redzuizrim mob Angerdu. Kaidui poiru niuroicim nac fu Zonckuodui gaimpfoii zemp.<br />
<br />
<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? --><br />
<br />
<!-- Example categories/headings: <br />
<br />
Goals<br />
Setting<br />
Inspiration<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
<!-- ***Phonology*** --><br />
<!-- What sounds does your language use? --><br />
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br />
<br />
Vowel inventory<br />
Consonant inventory<br />
Syllable structure<br />
Stress<br />
Intonation<br />
<br />
--><br />
==Phonology==<br />
===Consonants===<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 68px; "|<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Retroflex<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Uvular<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Plosive<br />
| p<br />
| t<br />
| <br />
| [c]<br />
| k<br />
| q<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Prenasal Plosive<br />
| ᵐp<br />
| ⁿt<br />
| <br />
| [ᶮc]<br />
| ᵑk<br />
| ᶰq<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Nasal<br />
| m<br />
| n<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Fricative<br />
| f v<br />
| s z<br />
| <br />
| [ɕ ʑ] [ç ʝ]<br />
| χ ɣ<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Approximant<br />
| β̞<br />
| ð̞<br />
| ɻ<br />
| <br />
| ɰ<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
===Vowels===<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Front<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Near-front<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Central<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Near-back<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Back<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Close<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Near-close<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Close-mid<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Mid<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Open-mid<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Near-open<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Open<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|}<br />
===Phonotactics===<br />
In Kaidu all syllables can be a maximum of CVC. C can be ANY consonant, including prenasalized stops in initial positions. When a prenasal stop is syllable final, it becomes a homorganic cluster of nasal+stop. Certain consonants become palatal versions when before the diphthongs ia, io and iu.<br />
<br />
===Orthography===<br />
Kaidu's Latin alphabet, called Romakak, is very straightforward, as it is made to be a 1 to 1 correspondence with the conscript, called Kaikak.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
===Morphology===<br />
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Here are some example subcategories:<br />
<br />
Nouns<br />
Adjectives<br />
Verbs<br />
Adverbs<br />
Particles<br />
Derivational morphology<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
===Syntax===<br />
Kaidu word order is SVO. Adpositions are prepositions.<br />
<br />
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --><br />
<br />
[[Category:Conlangs]]</div>KyleFarringtonhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Kaidu&diff=33812Kaidu2015-05-18T14:56:27Z<p>KyleFarrington: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
<!-- <br />
<br />
This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br />
<br />
I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).<br />
II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)<br />
III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
<br />
English:<br />
<br />
Hi, I am the creator of the Kaidu language, Kyle Farrington. Kaidu is currently three years old. I started making this language when an older language of mine, named ieɸʰuaʈiː, died. Kaidu is used mainly as a personal artlang, there is currently no specific conworld for it, but I use it in a number of stories. I have drawn inspiration from several languages, namely English, Spanish, Japanese, Arabic, and some Bantu languages. Conlanging has been my hobby for many years. Kaidu’s grammar is simple for English speakers; the hardest parts are the verbs and adjectives because they are different from English. Kaidu’s syllable structure is simply CV(C). Kaidu has a lot of the basic consonants, but it has some unique consonants as well. For instance, it has prenasalized consonants that can occur in initial positions. I have designed Kaidu’s lexicon to be somewhat more minimal than English. Kaidu words are created in the style of Chinese compounds.<br />
<br />
Kaidu:<br />
<br />
Dimu, ka ziurim fu Kaidui niurme, Cair Ferrincton. Kaidu mpos mpusim hop doitru. Ka soniures mpai du ot fu tof dant can mob vintric kai du, dant zares ieɸʰuaʈiː, nuses. Kaidu zintdampric zoroicim az can ziomtu, wint ziurim can zempric niurud pod se, bob ka zorim se nac suizric nkobru. Ka ton zores siafek fo suizric duru, fe Angerdu, Espaniadu, Nihondu, Arapdu, af zai Bantui duru. Duniur ton ziures kai sosdoim fo suizric doitru. Kaidui cutupud mpizrim pod Angerdui nkabme, fu quimob wimpizric zampru ziurim fu zorfoi af fu merfoi pod ser zompim fe Angerdu. Kaidui nacdampi moi mpizric ziurim CV(C). Kaidu mpusim suizrinc mpizric fereznawru, bob tuc ntai mpusim zai candempric fereznawru. Pod can zemp se mpusim fiuvmpimpnaw dant ziuroidkim nac canmu. Ka ton niures fu Kaidui maifoi bun dant redzuizrim mob Angerdu. Kaidui poiru niuroicim nac fu Zonckuodui gaimpfoii zemp.<br />
<br />
<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? --><br />
<br />
<!-- Example categories/headings: <br />
<br />
Goals<br />
Setting<br />
Inspiration<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
<!-- ***Phonology*** --><br />
<!-- What sounds does your language use? --><br />
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br />
<br />
Vowel inventory<br />
Consonant inventory<br />
Syllable structure<br />
Stress<br />
Intonation<br />
<br />
--><br />
==Phonology==<br />
<br />
===Consonants===<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 68px; "|<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Retroflex<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Uvular<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Plosive<br />
| p<br />
| t<br />
| <br />
| [c]<br />
| k<br />
| q<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Prenasal Plosive<br />
| ᵐp<br />
| ⁿt<br />
| <br />
| [ᶮc]<br />
| ᵑk<br />
| ᶰq<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Nasal<br />
| m<br />
| n<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Fricative<br />
| f v<br />
| s z<br />
| <br />
| [ɕ ʑ] [ç ʝ]<br />
| χ ɣ<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Approximant<br />
| β̞<br />
| ð̞<br />
| ɻ<br />
| <br />
| ɰ<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
===Vowels===<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Front<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Near-front<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Central<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Near-back<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Back<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Close<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Near-close<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Close-mid<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Mid<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Open-mid<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Near-open<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Open<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|}<br />
===Phonotactics===<br />
In Kaidu all syllables can be a maximum of CVC. C can be ANY consonant, including prenasalized stops in initial positions. When a prenasal stop is syllable final, it becomes a homorganic cluster of nasal+stop. Certain consonants become palatal versions when before the diphthongs ia, io and iu.<br />
<br />
===Orthography===<br />
Kaidu's Latin alphabet, called Romakak, is very straightforward, as it is made to be a 1 to 1 correspondence with the conscript, called Kaikak.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
===Morphology===<br />
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Here are some example subcategories:<br />
<br />
Nouns<br />
Adjectives<br />
Verbs<br />
Adverbs<br />
Particles<br />
Derivational morphology<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
===Syntax===<br />
Kaidu word order is SVO. Adpositions are prepositions.<br />
<br />
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --><br />
<br />
[[Category:Conlangs]]</div>KyleFarringtonhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=User:KyleFarrington&diff=33608User:KyleFarrington2015-05-15T01:55:32Z<p>KyleFarrington: Created page with "Hi"</p>
<hr />
<div>Hi</div>KyleFarringtonhttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Kaidu&diff=33591Kaidu2015-05-14T19:34:57Z<p>KyleFarrington: Created page with " <!-- This is a short reminder of the language format policy. I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration..."</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
<!-- <br />
<br />
This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br />
<br />
I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).<br />
II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)<br />
III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
<br />
English:<br />
<br />
Hi, I am the creator of the Kaidu language, Kyle Farrington. Kaidu is currently three years old. I started making this language when an older language of mine, named ieɸʰuaʈiː, died. Kaidu is used mainly as a personal artlang, there is currently no specific conworld for it, but I use it in a number of stories. I have drawn inspiration from several languages, namely English, Spanish, Japanese, Arabic, and some Bantu languages. Conlanging has been my hobby for many years. Kaidu’s grammar is simple for English speakers; the hardest parts are the verbs and adjectives because they are different from English. Kaidu’s syllable structure is simply CV(C). Kaidu has a lot of the basic consonants, but it has some unique consonants as well. For instance, it has prenasalized consonants that can occur in initial positions. I have designed Kaidu’s lexicon to be somewhat more minimal than English. Kaidu words are created in the style of Chinese compounds.<br />
<br />
Kaidu:<br />
<br />
Dimu, ka ziurim fu Kaidui niurme, Cair Ferrincton. Kaidu mpos mpusim hop doitru. Ka soniures mpai du ot fu tof dant can mob vintric kai du, dant zares ieɸʰuaʈiː, nuses. Kaidu zintdampric zoroicim az can ziomtu, wint ziurim can zempric niurud pod se, bob ka zorim se nac suizric nkobru. Ka ton zores siafek fo suizric duru, fe Angerdu, Espaniadu, Nihondu, Arapdu, af zai Bantui duru. Duniur ton ziures kai sosdoim fo suizric doitru. Kaidui cutupud mpizrim pod Angerdui nkabme, fu quimob wimpizric zampru ziurim fu zorfoi af fu merfoi pod ser zompim fe Angerdu. Kaidui nacdampi moi mpizric ziurim CV(C). Kaidu mpusim suizrinc mpizric fereznawru, bob tuc ntai mpusim zai candempric fereznawru. Pod can zemp se mpusim fiuvmpimpnaw dant ziuroidkim nac canmu. Ka ton niures fu Kaidui maifoi bun dant redzuizrim mob Angerdu. Kaidui poiru niuroicim nac fu Zonckuodui gaimpfoii zemp.<br />
<br />
<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? --><br />
<br />
<!-- Example categories/headings: <br />
<br />
Goals<br />
Setting<br />
Inspiration<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
<!-- ***Phonology*** --><br />
<!-- What sounds does your language use? --><br />
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br />
<br />
Vowel inventory<br />
Consonant inventory<br />
Syllable structure<br />
Stress<br />
Intonation<br />
<br />
--><br />
==Phonology==<br />
===Consonants===<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 68px; "|<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Bilabial<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Alveolar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Retroflex<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Velar<br />
! style="width: 68px; " |Uvular<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Plosive<br />
| p<br />
| t<br />
| <br />
| [c]<br />
| k<br />
| q<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Prenasal Plosive<br />
| ᵐp<br />
| ⁿt<br />
| <br />
| [ᶮc]<br />
| ᵑk<br />
| ᶰq<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Nasal<br />
| m<br />
| n<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Fricative<br />
| f v<br />
| s z<br />
| <br />
| [ɕ ʑ] [ç ʝ]<br />
| χ ɣ<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Approximant<br />
| β̞<br />
| ð̞<br />
| ɻ<br />
| <br />
| ɰ<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===Vowels===<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"<br />
! style="width: 90px; "|<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Front<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Near-front<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Central<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Near-back<br />
! style="width: 90px; " |Back<br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Close<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Near-close<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Close-mid<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Mid<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Open-mid<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Near-open<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! style="" |Open<br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
| <br />
|}<br />
===Phonotactics===<br />
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. --><br />
<br />
===Orthography===<br />
<!--Explain your conlang's alphabet. Use the International Phonetic Alphabet to describe the sounds of your language. If you are unsure on how to use IPA then visit: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet and read up. --><br />
<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
===Morphology===<br />
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Here are some example subcategories:<br />
<br />
Nouns<br />
Adjectives<br />
Verbs<br />
Adverbs<br />
Particles<br />
Derivational morphology<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
===Syntax===<br />
<br />
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --><br />
<br />
[[Category:Conlangs]]</div>KyleFarrington