Iaskyon

2012-11-20T08:54:25Z

Kaenif: /* Example texts */

{{privatelang}}{{Revamp}}
{{ClassMeter
| Name = Iaskyon
| NativeName = Iaskyon
| Type = Rather synthetic
| Alignment = Ergative-absolutive
|adjective = final
|adposition = mixed
|adverb = mixed
|article = mixed
|relativeclause = final
|nounclause = final
|order = SOV
| Tonal = no
| Declined = yes
| Conjugated = yes
| Genders = None
|NCase = yes
|NNumber = no
|NDefiniteness = no
|NGender = no
|VVoice = no
|VMood = yes
|VPerson = no
|VNumber = no
|VTense = yes
|VAspect = yes

|Phonology=30
|NounCases=5
|NounDef=
|NounNumbers=
|NounGender=
|VerbPerson=
|VerbNumber=
|VerbAspect=
|VerbTense=
|VerbMood=
|VerbVoice=
|AdjCase=
|AdjNumber=
|AdjDef=
|AdjGen=
|AdjComparative=
|AdjSuperlative=
|AdjGen=
|Supine=
|Gerund=
|Participle=
|Infinitive=
|Modality=
|Words=583
}}

==General information==
[[File:iaskyon.jpg|thumb|256px|'Iaskyon' in Iaswü handwriting.]]'''Iaskyon''' (IPA: /ˈjas.kjɔn/) is an Yosic language native to an island nation Iaskáca. It is notable for its handling of ergativity, heavy verb conjugation, as well as synthetic noun compounding. Iaskyon can be written in two left-to-right scripts called [[Conscript:Iaswü|Iaswü]] (IPA: /ˈjas.βy/, literally Ias writing) and [[Conscript:Xogwü|Xogwü]] (IPA: /ˈɣɔg.βy/, literally rock writing).

==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| align="center" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 500px; "
! colspan="2" scope="row"|
! colspan="2" scope="col"|Bilabial
! scope="col"|Dental
! colspan="2" scope="col"|Alveolar
! scope="col"|Palatal
! colspan="2" scope="col"|Velar
|-
! colspan="2" scope="row"|Nasal
| colspan="2"|'''m''' /m/
|
| colspan="2"|'''n''' /n/
|
| colspan="2"|'''ŋ''' /ŋ/
|-
! colspan="2" scope="row"|Plosive
|'''p''' /p/
|'''b''' /b/
|
|'''t''' /t/
|'''d''' /d/
|
|'''k''' /k/
|'''g''' /g/
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row"|Fricative
! scope="row"|Plain
|'''f''' /ɸ/
|'''w''' /β/
|
|'''s''' /s/
|'''z''' /z/
|
|'''h''' /x/
|'''x''' /ɣ/
|-
! scope="row"|Lateral
| colspan="2"|
|
| colspan="2"|'''ş''' /ɬ/
|
| colspan="2"|
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row"|Affricate
! scope="row"|Plain
| colspan="2"|
|'''þ''' /tθ/
|'''c''' /ts/
|'''j''' /dz/
|
| colspan="2"|
|-
! scope="row"|Lateral
| colspan="2"|
|
| colspan="2"|'''ç''' /tɬ/
|
| colspan="2"|
|-
! colspan="2" scope="row"|Approximant
| colspan="2"|'''''w''' /w/''
|
| colspan="2"|'''l''' /l/
|'''y''' /j/
| colspan="2"|
|}

====Syllabic consonants====
/m/ and /l/ have syllabic counterparts '''ḿ''' /m̩/ and '''ĺ''' /l̩/.
===Vowels===
====Short vowels====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 500px; "
! scope="row"|
! colspan="2" scope="col"|Front
! scope="col"|Central
! scope="col"|Back
|-
! scope="row"|Close
|'''i''' /i/
|'''ü''' /y/
|
|'''u''' /u/
|-
! scope="row"|Mid
|'''e''' /ɛ/
|'''ö''' /œ/
|'''à''' /ɜ~ə/
|'''o''' /ɔ/
|-
! scope="row"|Open
| colspan="2"|
|'''a''' /a/
|
|}
====Long vowels====
Long vowels are represented orthographically by an acute accent or adding '''à'''. e.g. '''é''' or '''eà'''.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 500px; "
! scope="row"|
! colspan="2" scope="col"|Front
! scope="col"|Central
! scope="col"|Back
|-
! scope="row"|Close
|'''í''' /iː/
|'''ű''' /yː/
|
|'''ú''' /uː/
|-
! scope="row"|Mid
|'''é''' /eː/
|'''ő''' /øː/
|'''â''' /əː~ɘː/
|'''ó''' /oː/
|-
! scope="row"|Open
| colspan="2"|
|'''á''' /aː/
|
|}

====Diphthongs====
There is a large inventory of possible diphthongs, with a total of 15 of them.
:{|
!|ai
!|au
!|äi
!|äu
!|ei
!|eu
!|iu
!|üa
!|üe
!|üi
!|üö
!|ui
!|oi
!|ou
!|öü
|-
|/ai/||/au/||/əi/||/əu/||/ei/||/ɛu/||/iu/||/ya/||/yɛ/||/yi/||/yœ/||/ui/||/ɔi/||/ou/||/œy/
|}

===Phonotactics===
Iaskyon syllables are maximally:

('''C'''('''G'''))'''V'''('''C'''), or ('''C'''('''G'''))'''S''',

where '''C''' = consonant, '''G''' = glide, '''V''' = vowel and '''S''' = syllabic consonant.
====Onset====
The initial consonant has no restrictions.

The following glide can be '''y'''/j/ or '''w'''/β/>[w].

'''Allowed onsets are of the followings''':

:{|
!|by
!|py
!|dw
!|dy
!|tw
!|ty
!|gw
!|gy
!|kw
!|ky
|-
|/bj/||/pj/||/dw/||/dj/||/tw/||/tj/||/gw/||/gj/||/kw/||/kj/
|-
!|jy
!|cw
!|cy
!|þw
!|þy
|-
|/dzj/||/tsw/||/tsj/||/tθw/||/tθj/
|-
!|fy
!|wi
!|sy
!|zy
!|şw
!|şy
!|hw
!|hy
!|xw
!|xy
|-
|/ɸj/||/βj/||/sj/||/zj/||/ɬw/||/ɬj/||/xw/||/xj/ [ç]/||/ɣw/||/ɣj/ [ʝ]
|-
!|mw
!|my
!|ny
!|ŋy
|-
|/mw/||/mj/||/nj/||/ŋj/
|-
!|lw
!|ly
|-
|/lw/||/lj/
|}
====Nucleus====
The nucleus can be any vowel, except for '''iu üa üe üi üö ui''' /iu ya yɛ yi yœ ui/ when the onset consists of an initial consonant and a glide.

Syllables such as '''yui''' /jui/, '''wüan''' /βyan/ are allowed but rare.

Syllabic consonants '''ḿ''' /m̩/ and '''ĺ''' /l̩/ can also be a nucleus but the syllable cannot have a coda.

====Coda====
The final consonant, can technically be any consonant except '''y''' /j/ and '''w''' /β/, but '''þ''' /tθ/ and '''ç''' /tɬ/ are very rare.

('''þaç''' /tθatɬ/ "red" is an example of an exception.)

===Allophony===
*Plosives are usually unreleased at coda.
*Plosives and affricates are aspirated at onset.
*'''h''' /x/ is realised as '''[ç]''' before and after /i(:)/, /y(:)/, and before /j/.
*'''x''' /ɣ/ is realised as '''[ʝ]''' before and after /i(:)/, /y(:)/, before /j/, and '''[ʔ]''' at the end of a syllable.
*'''w''' /β/ is realised as '''[w]''' as a glide (second consonant) in a syllable.
*'''t''' /t/ are realised as '''[ʔ]''' at the end of a syllable.

===Stress===
Stress of a word follows these rules in order of priority:

'''Stress falls on'''
#First long vowel e.g. hepmé "bright" but not *hepmé
#"Separable affixes" ''(See [[Iaskyon#Separable and non-separable affixes|below]])'' are not counted
#Penultimate syllable 
#If stress falls on a grammatical suffix (other than conjugational suffixes), move stress one syllable backwards. e.g. aegemjo "merge" but not *aegemjo

Stress of a "separable compound word" ''(See [[Iaskyon#Separable and non-separable compound words|below]])'' follow these overriding rules:

'''Stress falls on'''
#The head component e.g. ''lwo''þwat "have to ''find''" e.g. kolmun''awa'' "winter ''sky''"
====Separable and non-separable affixes====
Non-separable affixes are:
*All affixes that are inseparable in terms of a new meaning conveyed e.g. ''-en'' appended to tinwet "teach":
**tinwet''en'' "act of teaching" is separable
**tinwet''en'' "education" is non-separable
*All infixes
*Directional affixes e.g. ''uk''hàg "come ''down''"
*Causative prefix e.g. ''lah''yet "''make'' (sb.) eat"

Other affixes are separable.

====Separable and non-separable compound words====
Non-separable compound words are:
*Compound words of which the meaning has shifted, or become specific e.g. yetihken "restaurant" vs. yetihken "place of eating"
*Compound words which are frequently used e.g. syomxaod "fish meat/flesh"

===Morphophonology===
====Internal sandhi====
=====Synaeresis=====
The following table shows the general formation of diphthongs or long vowels from two adjacent short vowels on a morpheme boundary.
*Empty spaces imply the vowels are pronounced in two syllables.
*Combinations resulting in '''''glide + vowel''''' cannot occur if there is already a glide prior to the vowels.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 500px; "
! scope="row"|
! colspan="9" scope="col"|Second vowel
|-
! rowspan="9" scope="row"|First vowel
! scope="row"|
! scope="row"|a
! scope="row"|à
! scope="row"|e
! scope="row"|i
! scope="row"|ü
! scope="row"|u
! scope="row"|o
! scope="row"|ö
|-
! scope="row"|a
|á
|'''á'''
|'''ai'''
|ai
|
|au
|'''au'''
|'''au'''
|-
! scope="row"|à
|
|â
|
|ài
|
|àu
|'''àu'''
|'''àu'''
|-
! scope="row"|e
|'''''ya'''''
|'''é'''
|é
|ei
|
|eu
|'''eu'''
|'''eu'''
|-
! scope="row"|i
|'''''ya'''''
|'''''yà'''''
|'''''ye'''''
|í
|
|iu
|'''''yo'''''
|'''''yö'''''
|-
! scope="row"|ü
|üa
|
|üe
|üi
|
|ű
|
|üö
|-
! scope="row"|u
|'''''wa'''''
|
|'''ui'''
|ui
|
|ú
|'''''wo'''''
|
|-
! scope="row"|o
|
|'''ó'''
|'''oi'''
|oi
|
|ou
|ó
|'''oi'''
|-
! scope="row"|ö
|
|
|'''öü'''
|'''öü'''
|öü
|
|
|ő
|}

=====Suffix sandhi=====
=====Rendaku=====
When two consecutive syllables start with the same voiceless consonant, the second consonant is voiced.
*háhàge (greeting) /ˈxaːxɜɡɛ/ > [ˈxaː'''ɣ'''ɜɡɛ]
*sesḿ (spoke) /'sɛsm̩/ > [ˈsɛ'''z'''m̩]

====External sandhi====

==Morphology==
===Nouns===
There are no grammatical genders nor articles in Iaskyon. Nouns are only inflected for cases, and inflection for number is generally obsolete.

There are 7 cases in Iaskyon:
{| class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 1000px; text-align: center"
! scope="col" width="120px"|Case (suffix)
! scope="col" width="250px"|Usage
! scope="col" width="250px"|Example in Iaskyon
! scope="col" width="250px"|Example in English
|-
|Ergative
(-i)
|Agent of transitive verb
|'''Wi''' goxe yesḿ.
|'''I''' ate rice.
|-
|Absolutive
(none or -u)
|Argument of intransitive verb;
object of transitive verb
|'''Jakniyw''' hàg.
Hwei '''lím''' dém.
|'''Jakniyw''' comes.
(The) Person drinks '''water'''.
|-
|Locative
(-eu)
|Time, location; topic
|Fá hwe '''hecleŋeu''' pöüloşöü.
To '''yetihkeneu''' löüm.
|All human are equal '''in dignity'''.
He was '''at the restaurant'''.
|-
|Dative
(-em)
|Indirect object of ditransitive verb; motion to location; addressee of greetings; end of a period of time
|'''Matnuem''' háhàge!
Toi zeà '''wem''' cailüm.
|Greetings '''everyone'''!
He gave a book '''to me'''.
|-
|Ablative
(-ax)
|Motion from location; start of a period of time
|Wu '''Iaskácáx''' hàg.
Fá hwe '''nixonax''' yawaoşöü.
|I come '''from Iaskáca'''.
All human being are free '''since birth'''.
|-
|Genitive
(-ö)
|Possession, origin, reference; formation of some compounds; counting with measures
|'''Yetihkenö''' zeà a.
'''Wö''' zeà a.

'''Límö''' hyuxdon la.
|(It) is a book '''about restaurant(s)'''.
(It) is '''my''' book.

There are two carts '''of water'''.
|-
|Instrumental
(-ĺ)
|Instrument, means; topic, object in some verbs
|Ebi '''wüanĺ''' zeyu.
Toi '''sononĺ''' set.
|We record '''with a pen/pens.'''
He talks '''about bridges'''.
|}

===Pronouns===
====Personal pronouns====
Personal pronouns in Iaskyon are relatively simple, as all pronouns are distinct and specific in person and number.

There is a three-way distinction of singular, dual and plural pronouns inherited from older, now obsolete declensions in number.

Another three-way distinction in sentient, animate and inanimate beings in third person pronouns exists, which originates from an even older noun class system.

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 800px; text-align: center"
|+ 1st person
! scope="col" width="200px"|
! scope="col" colspan="2" width="200px"|Singular
! scope="col" width="100px"|Dual inclusive
! scope="col" width="100px"|Dual exclusive
! scope="col" width="100px"|Plural inclusive
! scope="col" width="100px"|Plural exclusive
|-
! scope="row"|Ergative
|wi
|xei
|wehi
|wonei
|ebi
|sebi
|-
! scope="row"|Absolutive
|wu
|xeà
|wiyo
|woni
|eba
|seb
|-
! scope="row"|Locative
|weu
|xeàyu
|wiyeu
|wonyeu
|ebeu
|sebeu
|-
! scope="row"|Dative
|wem
|xeàm
|wiyem
|wonyem
|ebem
|sebem
|-
! scope="row"|Ablative
|wax
|xeax
|wiyox
|wonyax
|ebax
|sebax
|-
! scope="row"|Genitive
|hö
|xeàyö
|wiyoö
|wonyö
|ebö
|sebö
|-
! scope="row"|Instrumental
|wuhĺ
|xeàhĺ
|wiyĺ
|wonĺ
|ebĺ
|sebĺ
|}
*The '''wu'''-form is the more generic, while the '''xeà'''-form is often considered informal, sometimes even arrogant.
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 500px; text-align: center"
|+ 2nd person
! scope="col" width="200px"|
! scope="col" width="100px"|Singular
! scope="col" width="100px"|Dual
! scope="col" width="100px"|Plural
|-
! scope="row"|Ergative
|yoi
|yedi
|yubi
|-
! scope="row"|Absolutive
|yu
|ide
|yuba
|-
! scope="row"|Locative
|yeu
|ideu
|yubeu
|-
! scope="row"|Dative
|yem
|idem
|yubem
|-
! scope="row"|Ablative
|yax
|idyax
|yubax
|-
! scope="row"|Genitive
|yö
|idyö
|yubö
|-
! scope="row"|Instrumental
|yuhĺ
|idĺ
|yubĺ
|}
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 500px; text-align: center"
|+ 3nd person sentient
! scope="col" width="200px"|
! scope="col" width="100px"|Singular
! scope="col" width="100px"|Dual
! scope="col" width="100px"|Plural
|-
! scope="row"|Ergative
|toi
|tomi
|tĺbi
|-
! scope="row"|Absolutive
|to
|tom
|tĺbo
|-
! scope="row"|Locative
|teu
|toweu
|tĺbeu
|-
! scope="row"|Dative
|toem
|towem
|tĺboem
|-
! scope="row"|Ablative
|tax
|tomax
|tĺbax
|-
! scope="row"|Genitive
|tö
|tomö
|tĺboö
|-
! scope="row"|Instrumental
|tohĺ
|tomĺ
|tĺbĺ
|}
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 500px; text-align: center"
|+ 3rd person animate
! scope="col" width="200px"|
! scope="col" width="100px"|Singular
! scope="col" width="100px"|Dual
! scope="col" width="100px"|Plural
|-
! scope="row"|Ergative
|izi
|indi
|imbi
|-
! scope="row"|Absolutive
|ize
|inde
|imba
|-
! scope="row"|Locative
|izeu
|indeu
|imbeu
|-
! scope="row"|Dative
|izem
|indem
|imbem
|-
! scope="row"|Ablative
|izyax
|indyax
|imbax
|-
! scope="row"|Genitive
|izyö
|indyö
|imbö
|-
! scope="row"|Instrumental
|izĺ
|indĺ
|imbĺ
|}
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 500px; text-align: center"
|+ 3rd person inanimate
! scope="col" width="200px"|
! scope="col" width="100px"|Singular
! scope="col" width="100px"|Dual
! scope="col" width="100px"|Plural
|-
! scope="row"|Ergative
|lei
|ledi
|lebi
|-
! scope="row"|Absolutive
|le
|lede
|leba
|-
! scope="row"|Locative
|leu
|ledeu
|lebeu
|-
! scope="row"|Dative
|lém
|ledem
|lebem
|-
! scope="row"|Ablative
|lyax
|ledyax
|lebax
|-
! scope="row"|Genitive
|leyö
|ledyö
|lebö
|-
! scope="row"|Instrumental
|lehĺ
|ledĺ
|lebĺ
|}
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 300px; text-align: center"
|+ Reflexive
! scope="col" width="200px"|
! scope="col" width="100px"|Generic
|-
! scope="row"|Ergative
|hoi
|-
! scope="row"|Absolutive
|ho
|-
! scope="row"|Locative
|heu
|-
! scope="row"|Dative
|hem
|-
! scope="row"|Ablative
|hax
|-
! scope="row"|Genitive
|hoö
|-
! scope="row"|Instrumental
|hohĺ
|}

====Demonstratives====
===Verbs===
Verbs are the most productive lexical category in Iaskyon, which describes an action, an event, a state, or a change in state. It is heavily conjugated to tense, aspect and mood. There exists two grammatical classes of verbs, namely t-class and null-class.
====T-class and null-class verbs====
T-class and null-class verbs are two classes of verbs that take different forms when conjugated.
*'''T-class verbs:'''
**By definition end with a ''''t''''
**May be formed by
***An obsolete affix added to a root ending with a vowel; verbs formed this way may or may not end with ''''et''''.
***Derivation from other parts of speech; verbs formed this way tend to end with ''''et''''.
**When conjugated, the ''''t''''-ending of which undergoes irregular consonant mutation.

*'''Null-class verbs:'''
**Does not end with a ''''t''''
**May be formed by
***Unaltered root forms
***Other derivations into verbs
**When conjugated, the endings of which may or may not undergo regular sound mutation.
====Tense====
Iaskyon verbs have 4 tenses, each representing different time of action relative to the time of utterance.

*'''Present'''
The present, or the unconjugated form, marks:
#actions or events that take place in the present, or an indefinite time. e.g. Wi goxe ''yet''. "I ''eat'' rice (now or at an indefinite time)"
#actions or events of which the time is unknown. e.g. Toi wem upleu ''ses''adem su upcyeu (lau) nasḿ. "He ''said'' to me at some point but I forgot when."
#actions or events that have an implied time due to simultaneity with other events, or because it is already mentioned in the main clause. e.g. Tĺbo wakowem ''þàkfeullet''pye, i Sináeu uhöl kaisḿ. "As they ''are moving'' east, they discovered plains in Shinar."
*'''Past'''
The past marks:
#actions or events that take place in the past relative to the time of utterance. e.g. Wi üşeu goxe ''yesḿ''. "I ''ate'' rice yesterday"
#actions or events that take place in the past relative to the time of another specified event. e.g. Yoi yase lömçupye, wu ''xyenyopüm''. "By the time you (will) read this, I ''will probably have died''.
*'''Near future'''
The near future marks:
#actions or events that are upcoming, in the immediate, and planned or forcast future. e.g. Wi ''xuso''. "I ''gonna go''". e.g. Wu ''xyeno''. "I am ''dying soon''."
#actions or events that take place in a definite, subjectively non-distant future.
#actions or events that are more temporary than another.

*'''Distant future'''
The distant future marks:
#actions or events that take place in a far future, i.e. months or years after.
#actions or events that take place in an indefinite future that is subjectively distant.
#long term states in the future.

====Aspect====
*'''Generic / gnomic'''
The gnomic aspect marks:
#general truths (must be in present tenses). e.g. Hawon ''höüi''. "The sun ''shines''."
#general, enduring situations (e.g. habits) which may not be permanent (may be in any tense except near future). e.g. Wu upib ''öüm''. "I ''used to be'' young"
*'''Progressive'''
The progressive aspect marls:
#incomplete actions in progress in the referenced time. e.g. Wi goxe ''yellet''. "I ''am eating'' rice." e.g. Ecliyw Nóusononem ''xusmet''. "Ecliyw ''was going'' to Northbridge."
#state transition in progress in the referenced time. e.g. Wi kod ''holàket''. "I ''am putting on'' a 'kod' (shirt)." not *"I ''am wearing'' a 'kod'."

====Mood====
*'''Potential'''
*'''Permissive'''
*'''Abilitative'''
*'''Desiderative'''
*'''Imperative'''
*'''Cohortative'''
*'''Optative'''

====Other verb forms====
*'''Causative'''
*'''"Linking" form'''
*'''"Compound" form'''
(See [[Iaskyon#Compound verbs|below]])
====Other verb types====
=====Transitive and intransitive verbs=====
=====Auxiliary verbs=====
Some moods cannot be expressed by conjugation and auxiliary verbs are utilised.
=====Compound verbs=====
=====Irregular verbs=====
*'''a - ''to be'''''
The verb '''''a''''' is the copula. It takes two arguments, both in the absolutive. It is used to:
#denote identity. e.g. Hüikiyw wö alnoem ''a''. "Hüikiyw ''is'' my mother."
#denote class mermbership, except for class within classes. e.g. Wu hwe ''a''. "I ''am'' a human." e.g. *<s>Hwétoun taulon ''a''. "Dogs ''are'' animals."</s> (See [[Iaskyon#sa - to belong|''sa'']])
*'''la - ''to exist'''''
*'''sa - ''to belong'''''
The verb '''''sa''''' takes two arguments, the "possessor" being in the ergative and the "possessed" in the absolutive. It is used to:
#denote possession.
#denote class being within other classes. e.g. Hwétoun tauloni ''sa''. "Dogs ''are'' animals."
*'''jo - ''to become'''''

====Conjugation tables====

===Adjectives and adverbs===

===Particles===
===Numbers===
The number system in Iaskyon is vigesimal (base-20). The writing system Iaswü has a set of 20 numerals to represent it.

Larger numbers are grouped by '''yil''' /jil/ ('''100020''', i.e. 800010), alike the Indo-European system of grouping by thousands.
====Basic numerals====
{| class="wikitable collapsible" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="text-align: center"
|+ Numerals
! scope="col" width="100px"|Iaskyon
! scope="col" width="50px"|Vig.
! scope="col" width="50px"|Dec.
! scope="col" width="100px"|Iaskyon
! scope="col" width="50px"|Vig.
! scope="col" width="50px"|Dec.
|-
! scope="row"|gwön
|0
|0
! scope="row"|xí
|A
|10
|-
! scope="row"|yé
|1
|1
! scope="row"|pih
|B
|11
|-
! scope="row"|don
|2
|2
! scope="row"|töe
|C
|12
|-
! scope="row"|làd
|3
|3
! scope="row"|zei
|D
|13
|-
! scope="row"|wöx
|4
|4
! scope="row"|fún
|E
|14
|-
! scope="row"|kí
|5
|5
! scope="row"|çà
|F
|15
|-
! scope="row"|wou
|6
|6
! scope="row"|ŋeh
|G
|16
|-
! scope="row"|sün
|7
|7
! scope="row"|küz
|H
|17
|-
! scope="row"|wé
|8
|8
! scope="row"|ox
|J
|18
|-
! scope="row"|bux
|9
|9
! scope="row"|xeu
|K
|19
|}
* I is skipped in the vigesimal notation to avoid mistaking for 1.

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="text-align: center"
|+ Larger numbers
! scope="col" width="200px"|Iaskyon
! scope="col" width="150px"|Vig.
! scope="col" width="150px"|Dec.
|-
! scope="row"|hwax
|10
|20
|-
! scope="row"|yé yéhwax
|11
|21
|-
! scope="row"|don yéhwax
|12
|22
|-
! scope="row"|làd yéhwax
|13
|23
|-
! scope="row"|...
|...
|...
|-
! scope="row"|donhwax
|20
|40
|-
! scope="row"|yé donhwax
|21
|41
|-
! scope="row"|don donhwax
|22
|42
|-
! scope="row"|...
|...
|...
|-
! scope="row"|çà zeihwax
|DF
|275
|-
! scope="row"|...
|...
|...
|-
! scope="row"|xeu xeuhwax
|KK
|399
|-
! scope="row"|şoc
|100
|400
|-
! scope="row"|şoc yé
|101
|401
|-
! scope="row"|...
|...
|...
|-
! scope="row"|donşoc
|200
|800
|-
! scope="row"|...
|...
|...
|-
! scope="row"|kíşoc töe
|50C
|2 012
|-
! scope="row"|...
|...
|...
|-
! scope="row"|xíşoc ŋeh wöxhwax
|A4G
|4 096
|-
! scope="row"|...
|...
|...
|-
! scope="row"|yil
|1 000
|8 000
|-
! scope="row"|yil yé
|1 001
|8 001
|-
! scope="row"|...
|...
|...
|-
! scope="row"|sünyil sünşoc bux töehwax
|7 7C9
|59 049
|-
! scope="row"|...
|...
|...
|-
! scope="row"|hwixil
|10 000
|160 000
|-
! scope="row"|...
|...
|...
|-
! scope="row"|şocil
|100 000
|3 200 000
|-
! scope="row"|...
|...
|...
|-
! scope="row"|mox
|1 000 000
|64 000 000
|-
! scope="row"|...
|...
|...
|-
! scope="row"|hwammox
|10 000 000
|1 280 000 000
|-
! scope="row"|...
|...
|...
|-
! scope="row"|şommox
|100 000 000
|25 600 000 000
|-
! scope="row"|...
|...
|...
|-
! scope="row"|fák
|1 000 000 000
|512 000 000 000
|-
! scope="row"|...
|...
|...
|-
! scope="row"|wöxfák kíşoc xeu küzhwammox fúnşoc wou çàhwixil oxşoc töe küzhwax
|4 5HK EF6 JHC
|2 199 023 255 552
|}

====Attached forms====
*'''Normal nouns''' Numbers are appended as a suffix to the noun.
**gin (thing): gin'''ya''' (1), gindon (2), ginlàd (3), ginwöx (4), ginkí (5)...
**mök (cat): mök'''ya''' (1), mökdon (2), möklàd (3), mökwöx (4), mökkí (5)...

*'''''Hwe''''' The word ''hwe'' "person" takes irregular forms with numbers.
**'''hwá''' (1), hu'''dau''' (2), hu'''yàd''' (3), huwöx (4), hukí (5)...

*'''Ordinals''' The ordinal prefix takes the form of ''cV-'', where ''V'' is the first (short) vowel of the numeral.
**'''cyé''' (1), c'''o'''don (2), c'''à'''làd (3), c'''ö'''wöx (4), c'''i'''kí (5), c'''o'''wou (6)...

*'''Number of times''' In representing number of times or instances, a suffix ''-hen'' is used.
**'''yahun''' (1), '''dauhun''' (2), làdhen (3), wöxhen (4), kíhen (5)...

====Fractions and vigesimals====

===Word derivation===
====Change in parts of speech====
====No change in parts of speech====
====Word compounding====

==Syntax==
===Word order===
===Relative clauses===
===Speech===

==Vocabulary==

{{Kinship
|PaternalGrandMother=
|PaternalGrandFather=
|MaternalGrandMother=
|MaternalGrandFather=
|PaternalAuntsHusband=
|PaternalAunt=
|PaternalUnclesWife=
|PaternalUncle=
|Father=
|Mother=
|PaternalTwinUnclesWife=
|PaternalTwinUncle=
|PaternalYoungerUnclesWife=
|PaternalYoungerUncle=
|PaternalOlderUnclesWife=
|PaternalOlderUncle=
|PaternalTwinAuntsHusband=
|PaternalTwinAunt=
|PaternalYoungerAuntsHusband=
|PaternalYoungerAunt=
|PaternalOlderAuntsHusband=
|PaternalOlderAunt=
|MaternalTwinUnclesWife=
|MaternalTwinUncle=
|MaternalYoungerUnclesWife=
|MaternalYoungerUncle=
|MaternalOlderUnclesWife=
|MaternalOlderUncle=
|MaternalTwinAuntsHusband=
|MaternalTwinAunt=
|MaternalYoungerAuntsHusband=
|MaternalYoungerAunt=
|MaternalOlderAuntsHusband=
|MaternalOlderAunt=
|PaternalTwinUnclesSon=
|PaternalTwinUnclesDaughter=
|PaternalYoungerUnclesSon=
|PaternalYoungerUnclesDaughter=
|PaternalOlderUnclesSon=
|PaternalOlderUnclesDaughter=
|PaternalTwinAuntsSon=
|PaternalTwinAuntsDaughter=
|PaternalYoungerAuntsSon=
|PaternalYoungerAuntsDaughter=
|PaternalOlderAuntsSon=
|PaternalOlderAuntsDaughter=
|MaternalTwinUnclesSon=
|MaternalTwinUnclesDaughter=
|MaternalYoungerUnclesSon=
|MaternalYoungerUnclesDaughter=
|MaternalOlderUnclesSon=
|MaternalOlderUnclesDaughter=
|MaternalTwinAuntsSon=
|MaternalTwinAuntsDaughter=
|MaternalYoungerAuntsSon=
|MaternalYoungerAuntsDaughter=
|MaternalOlderAuntsSon=
|MaternalOlderAuntsDaughter=
|Sister=
|Self=
|Husband=
|Wife=
|LittleSister=
|TwinSister=
|BigSister=
|BigBrother=
|TwinBrother=
|LittleBrother=
|LittleSistersHusband=
|TwinSistersHusband=
|BigSistersHusband=
|BigBrothersWife=
|TwinBrothersWife=
|LittleBrothersWife=
|MaternalAuntsSon=
|MaternalAuntsDaughter=
|MaternalUnclesSon=
|MaternalUnclesDaughter=
|HusbandSon=
|HusbandDaughter=
|WifeSon=
|WifeDaughter=
|TwinSisterNiece=
|TwinSisterNephew=
|LittleSisterNiece=
|LittleSisterNephew=
|BigSisterNiece=
|BigSisterNephew=
|TwinBrotherNiece=
|TwinBrotherNephew=
|LittleBrotherNiece=
|LittleBrotherNephew=
|BigBrotherNiece=
|BigBrotherNephew=
}}

==Swadesh list==

{{Swadesh
|language=
|nativename=
|I=
|you (singular)=
|he=
|we=
|you (plural)=
|they=
|this=
|that=
|here=
|there=
|who=
|what=
|where=
|when=
|how=
|not=
|all=
|many=
|some=
|few=
|other=
|one=
|two=
|three=
|four=
|five=
|big=
|long=
|wide=
|thick=
|heavy=
|small=
|short=
|narrow=
|thin=
|woman=
|man (adult male)=
|Man (human being)=
|child=
|wife=
|husband=
|mother=
|father=
|animal=
|fish=
|bird=
|dog=
|louse=
|snake=
|worm=
|tree=
|forest=
|stick=
|fruit=
|seed=
|leaf=
|root=
|bark=
|flower=
|grass=
|rope=
|skin=
|meat=
|blood=
|bone=
|fat (n.)=
|egg=
|horn=
|tail=
|feather=
|hair=
|head=
|ear=
|eye=
|nose=
|mouth=
|tooth=
|tongue=
|fingernail=
|foot=
|leg=
|knee=
|hand=
|wing=
|belly=
|guts=
|neck=
|back=
|breast=
|heart=
|liver=
|drink=
|eat=
|bite=
|suck=
|spit=
|vomit=
|blow=
|breathe=
|laugh=
|see=
|hear=
|know=
|think=
|smell=
|fear=
|sleep=
|live=
|die=
|kill=
|fight=
|hunt=
|hit=
|cut=
|split=
|stab=
|scratch=
|dig=
|swim=
|fly (v.)=
|walk=
|come=
|lie=
|sit=
|stand=
|turn=
|fall=
|give=
|hold=
|squeeze=
|rub=
|wash=
|wipe=
|pull=
|push=
|throw=
|tie=
|sew=
|count=
|say=
|sing=
|play=
|float=
|flow=
|freeze=
|swell=
|sun=
|moon=
|star=
|water=
|rain=
|river=
|lake=
|sea=
|salt=
|stone=
|sand=
|dust=
|earth=
|cloud=
|fog=
|sky=
|wind=
|snow=
|ice=
|smoke=
|fire=
|ashes=
|burn=
|road=
|mountain=
|red=
|green=
|yellow=
|white=
|black=
|night=
|day=
|year=
|warm=
|cold=
|full=
|new=
|old=
|good=
|bad=
|rotten=
|dirty=
|straight=
|round=
|sharp=
|dull=
|smooth=
|wet=
|dry=
|correct=
|near=
|far=
|right=
|left=
|at=
|in=
|with=
|and=
|if=
|because=
|name=}}

==Example texts==
====[[Translation:The Universal Declaration of Human Rights/Iaskyon|The Universal Declaration of Human Rights]]====
*'''Article 1; Kiloncy-1'''

'''Fá hwe nixonax yawaoşöüno, hecleŋeu cwakleŋeuel pöüloşöü.'''

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.

'''Tĺbo lékmaşehĺ hácexşehĺel üneĺino, i çamkwel mwőgkwolöŋau núgĺ çodgat.'''

They are endowed with reason and conscience and should treat each other in a spirit of brotherhood.
==See also==
{{Iaskyon articles}}

[[Category:Conlangs]]
<noinclude>

</noinclude>

Iaskyon/Sample/218 sentences

2012-11-20T08:53:57Z

Kaenif:

{| {{table}}
| 1||The sun shines.||Hawon höüi.
|-
| 2||The sun is shining.||Hawon höüyet.
|-
| 3||The sun shone.||Hawon höüyüm.
|-
| 4||The sun will shine.||Hawon höüçu.
|-
| 5||The sun has been shining.||Çeknu hawon höü.
|-
| 6||The sun is shining again.||Hawon dauh höüyet.
|-
| 7||The sun will shine tomorrow.||Ölke hawon höüxo.
|-
| 8||The sun shines brightly.||Hawon hepmeeyof höü.
|-
| 9||The bright sun shines.||Hepmé hawon höü.
|-
| 10||The sun is rising now.||Hawon awhàget etöh.
|-
| 11||All the people shouted.||Matnui yoinüm.
|-
| 12||Some of the people shouted.||Şes hwei yoinüm.
|-
| 13||Many of the people shouted twice.||Aegamós hwei dauhun yoinüm.
|-
| 14||Happy people often shout.||
|-
| 15||The kitten jumped up.||
|-
| 16||The kitten jumped onto the table.||
|-
| 17||My little kitten walked away.||
|-
| 18||It's raining.||
|-
| 19||The rain came down.||
|-
| 20||The kitten is playing in the rain.||
|-
| 21||The rain has stopped.||
|-
| 22||Soon the rain will stop.||
|-
| 23||I hope the rain stops soon.||
|-
| 24||Once wild animals lived here.||
|-
| 25||Slowly she looked around.||
|-
| 26||Go away!||
|-
| 27||Let's go!||
|-
| 28||You should go.||
|-
| 29||I will be happy to go.||
|-
| 30||He will arrive soon.||
|-
| 31||The baby's ball has rolled away.||
|-
| 32||The two boys are working together.||
|-
| 33||This mist will probably clear away.||
|-
| 34||Lovely flowers are growing everywhere.||
|-
| 35||We should eat more slowly.||
|-
| 36||You have come too soon.||
|-
| 37||You must write more neatly.||
|-
| 38||Directly opposite stands a wonderful palace.||
|-
| 39||Henry's dog is lost.||
|-
| 40||My cat is black.||
|-
| 41||The little girl's doll is broken.||
|-
| 42||I usually sleep soundly.||
|-
| 43||The children ran after Jack.||
|-
| 44||I can play after school.||
|-
| 45||We went to the village for a visit.||
|-
| 46||We arrived at the river.||
|-
| 47||I have been waiting for you.||
|-
| 48||The campers sat around the fire.||
|-
| 49||A little girl with a kitten sat near me.||
|-
| 50||The child waited at the door for her father.||
|-
| 51||Yesterday the oldest girl in the village lost her kitten.||
|-
| 52||Were you born in this village?||
|-
| 53||Can your brother dance well?||
|-
| 54||Did the man leave?||
|-
| 55||Is your sister coming for you?||
|-
| 56||Can you come tomorrow?||
|-
| 57||Have the neighbors gone away for the winter?||
|-
| 58||Does the robin sing in the rain?||
|-
| 59||Are you going with us to the concert?||
|-
| 60||Have you ever travelled in the jungle?||
|-
| 61||We sailed down the river for several miles.||
|-
| 62||Everybody knows about hunting.||
|-
| 63||On a Sunny morning after the solstice we started for the mountains.||
|-
| 64||Tom laughed at the monkey's tricks.||
|-
| 65||An old man with a walking stick stood beside the fence.||
|-
| 66||The squirrel's nest was hidden by drooping boughs.||
|-
| 67||The little seeds waited patiently under the snow for the warm spring sun.||
|-
| 68||Many little girls with wreaths of flowers on their heads danced around the bonfire.||
|-
| 69||The cover of the basket fell to the floor.||
|-
| 70||The first boy in the line stopped at the entrance.||
|-
| 71||On the top of the hill in a little hut lived a wise old woman.||
|-
| 72||During our residence in the country we often walked in the pastures.||
|-
| 73||When will your guests from the city arrive?||
|-
| 74||Near the mouth of the river, its course turns sharply towards the East.||
|-
| 75||Between the two lofty mountains lay a fertile valley.||
|-
| 76||Among the wheat grew tall red poppies.||
|-
| 77||The strong roots of the oak trees were torn from the ground.||
|-
| 78||The sun looked down through the branches upon the children at play.||
|-
| 79||The west wind blew across my face like a friendly caress.||
|-
| 80||The spool of thread rolled across the floor.||
|-
| 81||A box of growing plants stood in the Window.||
|-
| 82||I am very happy.||
|-
| 83||These oranges are juicy.||
|-
| 84||Sea water is salty.||
|-
| 85||The streets are full of people.||
|-
| 86||Sugar tastes sweet.||
|-
| 87||The fire feels hot.||
|-
| 88||The little girl seemed lonely.||
|-
| 89||The little boy's father had once been a sailor.||
|-
| 90||I have lost my blanket.||
|-
| 91||A robin has built his nest in the apple tree.||
|-
| 92||At noon we ate our lunch by the roadside.||
|-
| 93||Mr. Jones made a knife for his little boy.||
|-
| 94||Their voices sound very happy.||
|-
| 95||Is today Monday?||
|-
| 96||Have all the leaves fallen from the tree?||
|-
| 97||Will you be ready on time?||
|-
| 98||Will you send this message for me?||
|-
| 99||Are you waiting for me?||
|-
| 100||Is this the first kitten of the litter?||
|-
| 101||Are these shoes too big for you?||
|-
| 102||How wide is the River?||
|-
| 103||Listen.||
|-
| 104||Sit here by me.||
|-
| 105||Keep this secret until tomorrow.||
|-
| 106||Come with us.||
|-
| 107||Bring your friends with you.||
|-
| 108||Be careful.||
|-
| 109||Have some tea.||
|-
| 110||Pip and his dog were great friends.||
|-
| 111||John and Elizabeth are brother and sister.||
|-
| 112||You and I will go together.||
|-
| 113||They opened all the doors and windows.||
|-
| 114||He is small, but strong.||
|-
| 115||Is this tree an oak or a maple?||
|-
| 116||Does the sky look blue or gray?||
|-
| 117||Come with your father or mother.||
|-
| 118||I am tired, but very happy.||
|-
| 119||He played a tune on his wonderful flute.||
|-
| 120||Toward the end of August the days grow much shorter.||
|-
| 121||A company of soldiers marched over the hill and across the meadow.||
|-
| 122||The first part of the story is very interesting.||
|-
| 123||The crow dropped some pebbles into the pitcher and raised the water to the brim.||
|-
| 124||The baby clapped her hands and laughed in glee.||
|-
| 125||Stop your game and be quiet.||
|-
| 126||The sound of the drums grew louder and louder.||
|-
| 127||Do you like summer or winter better?||
|-
| 128||That boy will have a wonderful trip.||
|-
| 129||They popped corn, and then sat around the fire and ate it.||
|-
| 130||They won the first two games, but lost the last one.||
|-
| 131||Take this note, carry it to your mother; and wait for an answer.||
|-
| 132||I awoke early, dressed hastily, and went down to breakfast.||
|-
| 133||Aha! I have caught you!||
|-
| 134||This string is too short!||
|-
| 135||Oh, dear! the wind has blown my hat away!||
|-
| 136||Alas! that news is sad indeed!||
|-
| 137||Whew! that cold wind freezes my nose!||
|-
| 138||Are you warm enough now?||
|-
| 139||They heard the warning too late.||
|-
| 140||We are a brave people, and love our country.||
|-
| 141||All the children came except Mary.||
|-
| 142||Jack seized a handful of pebbles and threw them into the lake.||
|-
| 143||This cottage stood on a low hill, at some distance from the village.||
|-
| 144||On a fine summer evening, the two old people were sitting outside the door of their cottage.||
|-
| 145||Our bird's name is Jacko.||
|-
| 146||The river knows the way to the sea.||
|-
| 147||The boat sails away, like a bird on the wing.||
|-
| 148||They looked cautiously about, but saw nothing.||
|-
| 149||The little house had three rooms, a sitting room, a bedroom, and a tiny kitchen.||
|-
| 150||We visited my uncle's village, the largest village in the world.||
|-
| 151||We learn something new each day.||
|-
| 152||The market begins five minutes earlier this week.||
|-
| 153||Did you find the distance too great?||
|-
| 154||Hurry, children.||
|-
| 155||Madam, I will obey your command.||
|-
| 156||Here under this tree they gave their guests a splendid feast.||
|-
| 157||In winter I get up at night, and dress by yellow candlelight.||
|-
| 158||Tell the last part of that story again.||
|-
| 159||Be quick or you will be too late.||
|-
| 160||Will you go with us or wait here?||
|-
| 161||She was always, shabby, often ragged, and on cold days very uncomfortable.||
|-
| 162||Think first and then act.||
|-
| 163||I stood, a little mite of a girl, upon a chair by the window, and watched the falling snowflakes.||
|-
| 164||Show the guests these shells, my son, and tell them their strange history.||
|-
| 165||Be satisfied with nothing but your best.||
|-
| 166||We consider them our faithful friends.||
|-
| 167||We will make this place our home.||
|-
| 168||The squirrels make their nests warm and snug with soft moss and leaves.||
|-
| 169||The little girl made the doll's dress herself.||
|-
| 170||I hurt myself.||
|-
| 171||She was talking to herself.||
|-
| 172||He proved himself trustworthy.||
|-
| 173||We could see ourselves in the water.||
|-
| 174||Do it yourself.||
|-
| 175||I feel ashamed of myself.||
|-
| 176||Sit here by yourself.||
|-
| 177||The dress of the little princess was embroidered with roses, the national flower of the Country.||
|-
| 178||They wore red caps, the symbol of liberty.||
|-
| 179||With him as our protector, we fear no danger.||
|-
| 180||All her finery, lace, ribbons, and feathers, was packed away in a trunk.||
|-
| 181||Light he thought her, like a feather.||
|-
| 182||Every spring and fall our cousins pay us a long visit.||
|-
| 183||In our climate the grass remains green all winter.||
|-
| 184||The boy who brought the book has gone.||
|-
| 185||These are the flowers that you ordered.||
|-
| 186||I have lost the book that you gave me.||
|-
| 187||The fisherman who owned the boat now demanded payment.||
|-
| 188||Come when you are called.||
|-
| 189||I shall stay at home if it rains.||
|-
| 190||When he saw me, he stopped.||
|-
| 191||Do not laugh at me because I seem so absent minded.||
|-
| 192||I shall lend you the books that you need.||
|-
| 193||Come early next Monday if you can.||
|-
| 194||If you come early, wait in the hall.||
|-
| 195||I had a younger brother whose name was Antonio.||
|-
| 196||Gnomes are little men who live under the ground.||
|-
| 197||He is loved by everybody, because he has a gentle disposition.||
|-
| 198||Hold the horse while I run and get my cap.||
|-
| 199||I have found the ring I lost.||
|-
| 200||Play and I will sing.||
|-
| 201||That is the funniest story I ever heard.||
|-
| 202||She is taller than her brother.||
|-
| 203||They are no wiser than we.||
|-
| 204||Light travels faster than sound.||
|-
| 205||We have more time than they.||
|-
| 206||She has more friends than enemies.||
|-
| 207||He was very poor, and with his wife and five children lived in a little low cabin of logs and stones.||
|-
| 208||When the wind blew, the traveler wrapped his mantle more closely around him.||
|-
| 209||I am sure that we can go.||
|-
| 210||We went back to the place where we saw the roses.||
|-
| 211||"This tree is fifty feet high," said the gardener.||
|-
| 212||I think that this train leaves five minutes earlier today.||
|-
| 213||My opinion is that the governor will grant him a pardon.||
|-
| 214||Why he has left the city is a mystery.||
|-
| 215||The house stands where three roads meet.||
|-
| 216||He has far more money than brains.||
|-
| 217||Evidently that gate is never opened, for the long grass and the great hemlocks grow close against it.||
|-
| 218||I met a little cottage girl; she was eight years old, she said.||
|}

==See also==
{{Iaskyon articles}}

Template:Iaskyon articles

2012-11-20T08:52:18Z

Kaenif: Created page with "*Iaskyon *Iaskyon/Sample/218_sentences *IPA for Iaskyon"

*[[Iaskyon]]
*[[Iaskyon/Sample/218_sentences]]
*[[IPA for Iaskyon]]

Iaskyon/Sample/218 sentences

2012-11-20T08:29:08Z

Kaenif: Created page with "{| {{table}} | 1||The sun shines.||Hawon höüi. |- | 2||The sun is shining.||Hawon höüyet. |- | 3||The sun shone.||Hawon höüyüm. |- | 4||The sun will shine.||Hawon höü..."

Literature:The Universal Declaration of Human Rights/Iaskyon

2012-11-20T08:14:45Z

Kaenif: Created page with "'''Paileyö Hwebcwakleŋemleoton''' [pailejœ xwɛpˌtswaklɛŋˈɛmlɛutɔn] :{| |pailey-ö||hweb-cwakleŋ-emleot-on |- |world-{{sc|gen}}||humankind-right-declare-{{sc|abs.v..."

'''Paileyö Hwebcwakleŋemleoton'''

[pailejœ xwɛpˌtswaklɛŋˈɛmlɛutɔn]
:{|
|pailey-ö||hweb-cwakleŋ-emleot-on
|-
|world-{{sc|gen}}||humankind-right-declare-{{sc|abs.vn}}
|}

==Article 1; Kilonc-1==
'''Fá hwe nixonax yawaoşöüno, hecleŋeu cwakleŋeuel pöüloşöü.'''

[ɸaː xwɛ ˌniɣɔnaʔ jaˈβauɬœynɔ | ˌxɛtslɛŋɛu ˈtswaklɛŋɛβel pœylɔɬœy]
:{|
|fá||hwe||nixon-ax||yawa-os-(l)öü-no,||hecleŋ-eu||cwakleŋ-eu-el||pöül-os-(l)öü
|-
|all||human||birth-{{sc|abl}}||freedom-{{sc|adj-cop.gnom}}-and||dignity-{{sc|loc}}||right-{{sc|loc}}-and||be_equal-{{sc|adj-cop.gnom}}
|}
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.

'''Tĺbo lékmaşehĺ hácexşehĺel üneĺino, i çamkwel mwőgkwolöŋau núgĺ çodgat.'''

[tl̩bɔ leːkmaɬɛxl̩ xaːˌtsɛʔɬɛxlɛl yˈnelːinɔ | i tɬamkwɛl ˌmwøːkːwɔlœŋau nuːgl̩ ˈtɬɔʔgaʔ]

:{|
|tĺbo||lékmaşe-hĺ||hácexşe-hĺ-el||ünet-i-no,||i||çamkwel||mwőgkwol-ö-ŋau||núg-ĺ||çod-gat
|-
|3{{sc|pl}}||reason-{{sc|inst}}||conscience-{{sc|inst}}-and||endow-{{sc|gnom}}-and||{{sc|erg}}||to_each_other||sibling-{{sc|gen}}-like.{{sc|adj}}||spirit-{{sc|inst}}||treat_people-must
|}
They are endowed with reason and conscience and should treat each other in a spirit of brotherhood.

[[Category:Translations]]
[[Category:Iaskyon]]

User talk:Kaenif

2012-11-13T13:11:17Z

Kaenif: /* Thanks. */

Lots of fun here, hehe hehe heh! [[User:Fragol|Fragol]] ([[User talk:Fragol|talk]]) 12:22, 13 November 2012 (CET)

== Thanks. ==

I'd like to thank you for your reverts of vandalism. <3

{{Userbox
|id = [[Image:Corazón.svg|45px|Heart of gratitude]]
|id-c = #E17FFF
|info = This user has received a heart from an administrator for his or her service to the Wiki.
}}

[[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Chrysophylax]]''' 13:07, 13 November 2012 (CET)

Wow thanks! [[File:Kaenifsphere.png|25px|link=User:Kaenif|alt=]] [[User Talk:Kaenif|'''Kaenif''']] 14:11, 13 November 2012 (CET)

Template:Admins

2012-11-13T10:55:32Z

Kaenif: Undoing vandalism

<div style="background-color:white;margin-right:205px;margin-top:0px;height:70px;">
<div style="height:70px;overflow:hidden"></div>
<div style="overflow:auto;position:relative;top:-70px;margin-left:{{#expr:{{{file size|100}}}+30}}px;padding-top:14px;"><table style="height:50px" border="0"><tr><td valign="middle">
<div style="font-size:28px;color:#546B99;">Administrators</div>
<div style="font-size:15px;font-weight:bold;color:#546B99;margin-top:5px;">Meet the people of uttermost power on the wiki!</div></td></tr></table></div></div>
<div style="margin-left:22px;margin-top:-90px;min-height:110px;margin-bottom:16px;"><table style="height:110px" border="0"><tr><td valign="middle">
<slideshow sequence="forward" transition="fade" refresh="5000">
<div>[[File:Admin.png|110px|link=User:Chrysophylax]]</div>
<div>[[File:Waahlis.png|110px|link=User:Waahlis]]</div>
<div>[[File:PMOB.png|110px|link=User:PMOB]]</div>
<div>[[File:Zelos.png||110px|link=User:EmperorZelos]]</div>
</slideshow>
</td></tr></table></div><noinclude>

[[Category:Templates]][[Category:Aesthetics]][[Category:Headers]]
{{documentation}}
</noinclude>

Main Page

2012-11-13T10:54:35Z

Kaenif: Undoing vandalism

Welcome to the '''Linguifex Conlang Wiki'''!

Linguifex is an electronic resource for creating, cataloguing and storing constructed languages open to all creative minds!

{| align="right" class="wikitable" style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"
! colspan="1"|Creating a Language
|-
|Have an awesome idea?

Are you curious about the whole conlanging thing and want to give it a go?

Fill in a name for your language in the text box below and …

<createbox>
break=no
preload=Template:New/Language
buttonlabel=Make it so!
</createbox>
|}

Template:Admins/doc

2012-11-13T10:49:37Z

Kaenif: Undoing vandalism

User:Kaenif

2012-11-13T02:37:32Z

Kaenif: Created page with "{{whitepagehead | file= Kaenifsphere.png | filesize= 128 | title1 = Kaenif [ˈkæ.nɪf] | title2 = Take wine should sing, human life geometry? -Cao Cao }} '''Háhàge! Wu Kae..."

{{whitepagehead
| file= Kaenifsphere.png
| filesize= 128
| title1 = Kaenif [ˈkæ.nɪf]
| title2 = Take wine should sing, human life geometry? -Cao Cao
}}

'''Háhàge! Wu Kaenif a Hoŋkoŋax hàxeno.'''

Hello! I'm Kaenif and I come from Hong Kong.

大家好，我係Kaenif，由香港嚟嘅。

No Userboxes :(

== Conlang ==
===[[Iaskyon]]===
====Things to be done====
*Add existing grammar items to wiki page
*Add descriptions of Iaswü and Xogwü to wiki
*Translate them to [http://zh.yuyan.wikia.com/ Chinese Conlang Wiki] as [http://zh.yuyan.wikia.com/index.php?title=%E7%BF%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%AA%9E&variant=zh 翊斯語]

File:Iaskyon.jpg

2012-11-13T02:06:34Z

Kaenif: Handwritten version of "Iaskyon" in Iaswü.

Handwritten version of "Iaskyon" in Iaswü.

Iaskyon

2012-11-13T02:05:31Z

Kaenif: Created page with "{{privatelang}}{{Revamp}} {{ClassMeter | Name = Iaskyon | NativeName = Iaskyon | Type = Rather synthetic | Alignment = Ergative-absolutive |adjective ..."

{{privatelang}}{{Revamp}}
{{ClassMeter
| Name = Iaskyon
| NativeName = Iaskyon
| Type = Rather synthetic
| Alignment = Ergative-absolutive
|adjective = final
|adposition = mixed
|adverb = mixed
|article = mixed
|relativeclause = final
|nounclause = final
|order = SOV
| Tonal = no
| Declined = yes
| Conjugated = yes
| Genders = None
|NCase = yes
|NNumber = no
|NDefiniteness = no
|NGender = no
|VVoice = no
|VMood = yes
|VPerson = no
|VNumber = no
|VTense = yes
|VAspect = yes

|Phonology=30
|NounCases=5
|NounDef=
|NounNumbers=
|NounGender=
|VerbPerson=
|VerbNumber=
|VerbAspect=
|VerbTense=
|VerbMood=
|VerbVoice=
|AdjCase=
|AdjNumber=
|AdjDef=
|AdjGen=
|AdjComparative=
|AdjSuperlative=
|AdjGen=
|Supine=
|Gerund=
|Participle=
|Infinitive=
|Modality=
|Words=583
}}

==General information==
[[File:iaskyon.jpg|thumb|256px|'Iaskyon' in Iaswü handwriting.]]'''Iaskyon''' (IPA: /ˈjas.kjɔn/) is an Yosic language native to an island nation Iaskáca. It is notable for its handling of ergativity, heavy verb conjugation, as well as synthetic noun compounding. Iaskyon can be written in two left-to-right scripts called [[Conscript:Iaswü|Iaswü]] (IPA: /ˈjas.βy/, literally Ias writing) and [[Conscript:Xogwü|Xogwü]] (IPA: /ˈɣɔg.βy/, literally rock writing).

==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| align="center" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 500px; "
! colspan="2" scope="row"|
! colspan="2" scope="col"|Bilabial
! scope="col"|Dental
! colspan="2" scope="col"|Alveolar
! scope="col"|Palatal
! colspan="2" scope="col"|Velar
|-
! colspan="2" scope="row"|Nasal
| colspan="2"|'''m''' /m/
|
| colspan="2"|'''n''' /n/
|
| colspan="2"|'''ŋ''' /ŋ/
|-
! colspan="2" scope="row"|Plosive
|'''p''' /p/
|'''b''' /b/
|
|'''t''' /t/
|'''d''' /d/
|
|'''k''' /k/
|'''g''' /g/
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row"|Fricative
! scope="row"|Plain
|'''f''' /ɸ/
|'''w''' /β/
|
|'''s''' /s/
|'''z''' /z/
|
|'''h''' /x/
|'''x''' /ɣ/
|-
! scope="row"|Lateral
| colspan="2"|
|
| colspan="2"|'''ş''' /ɬ/
|
| colspan="2"|
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row"|Affricate
! scope="row"|Plain
| colspan="2"|
|'''þ''' /tθ/
|'''c''' /ts/
|'''j''' /dz/
|
| colspan="2"|
|-
! scope="row"|Lateral
| colspan="2"|
|
| colspan="2"|'''ç''' /tɬ/
|
| colspan="2"|
|-
! colspan="2" scope="row"|Approximant
| colspan="2"|'''''w''' /w/''
|
| colspan="2"|'''l''' /l/
|'''y''' /j/
| colspan="2"|
|}

====Syllabic consonants====
/m/ and /l/ have syllabic counterparts '''ḿ''' /m̩/ and '''ĺ''' /l̩/.
===Vowels===
====Short vowels====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 500px; "
! scope="row"|
! colspan="2" scope="col"|Front
! scope="col"|Central
! scope="col"|Back
|-
! scope="row"|Close
|'''i''' /i/
|'''ü''' /y/
|
|'''u''' /u/
|-
! scope="row"|Mid
|'''e''' /ɛ/
|'''ö''' /œ/
|'''à''' /ɜ~ə/
|'''o''' /ɔ/
|-
! scope="row"|Open
| colspan="2"|
|'''a''' /a/
|
|}
====Long vowels====
Long vowels are represented orthographically by an acute accent or adding '''à'''. e.g. '''é''' or '''eà'''.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 500px; "
! scope="row"|
! colspan="2" scope="col"|Front
! scope="col"|Central
! scope="col"|Back
|-
! scope="row"|Close
|'''í''' /iː/
|'''ű''' /yː/
|
|'''ú''' /uː/
|-
! scope="row"|Mid
|'''é''' /eː/
|'''ő''' /øː/
|'''â''' /əː~ɘː/
|'''ó''' /oː/
|-
! scope="row"|Open
| colspan="2"|
|'''á''' /aː/
|
|}

====Diphthongs====
There is a large inventory of possible diphthongs, with a total of 15 of them.
:{|
!|ai
!|au
!|äi
!|äu
!|ei
!|eu
!|iu
!|üa
!|üe
!|üi
!|üö
!|ui
!|oi
!|ou
!|öü
|-
|/ai/||/au/||/əi/||/əu/||/ei/||/ɛu/||/iu/||/ya/||/yɛ/||/yi/||/yœ/||/ui/||/ɔi/||/ou/||/œy/
|}

===Phonotactics===
Iaskyon syllables are maximally:

('''C'''('''G'''))'''V'''('''C'''), or ('''C'''('''G'''))'''S''',

where '''C''' = consonant, '''G''' = glide, '''V''' = vowel and '''S''' = syllabic consonant.
====Onset====
The initial consonant has no restrictions.

The following glide can be '''y'''/j/ or '''w'''/β/>[w].

'''Allowed onsets are of the followings''':

:{|
!|by
!|py
!|dw
!|dy
!|tw
!|ty
!|gw
!|gy
!|kw
!|ky
|-
|/bj/||/pj/||/dw/||/dj/||/tw/||/tj/||/gw/||/gj/||/kw/||/kj/
|-
!|jy
!|cw
!|cy
!|þw
!|þy
|-
|/dzj/||/tsw/||/tsj/||/tθw/||/tθj/
|-
!|fy
!|wi
!|sy
!|zy
!|şw
!|şy
!|hw
!|hy
!|xw
!|xy
|-
|/ɸj/||/βj/||/sj/||/zj/||/ɬw/||/ɬj/||/xw/||/xj/ [ç]/||/ɣw/||/ɣj/ [ʝ]
|-
!|mw
!|my
!|ny
!|ŋy
|-
|/mw/||/mj/||/nj/||/ŋj/
|-
!|lw
!|ly
|-
|/lw/||/lj/
|}
====Nucleus====
The nucleus can be any vowel, except for '''iu üa üe üi üö ui''' /iu ya yɛ yi yœ ui/ when the onset consists of an initial consonant and a glide.

Syllables such as '''yui''' /jui/, '''wüan''' /βyan/ are allowed but rare.

Syllabic consonants '''ḿ''' /m̩/ and '''ĺ''' /l̩/ can also be a nucleus but the syllable cannot have a coda.

====Coda====
The final consonant, can technically be any consonant except '''y''' /j/ and '''w''' /β/, but '''þ''' /tθ/ and '''ç''' /tɬ/ are very rare.

('''þaç''' /tθatɬ/ "red" is an example of an exception.)

===Allophony===
*Plosives are usually unreleased at coda.
*Plosives and affricates are aspirated at onset.
*'''h''' /x/ is realised as '''[ç]''' before and after /i(:)/, /y(:)/, and before /j/.
*'''x''' /ɣ/ is realised as '''[ʝ]''' before and after /i(:)/, /y(:)/, before /j/, and '''[ʔ]''' at the end of a syllable.
*'''w''' /β/ is realised as '''[w]''' as a glide (second consonant) in a syllable.
*'''t''' /t/ are realised as '''[ʔ]''' at the end of a syllable.

===Stress===
Stress of a word follows these rules in order of priority:

'''Stress falls on'''
#First long vowel e.g. hepmé "bright" but not *hepmé
#"Separable affixes" ''(See [[Iaskyon#Separable and non-separable affixes|below]])'' are not counted
#Penultimate syllable 
#If stress falls on a grammatical suffix (other than conjugational suffixes), move stress one syllable backwards. e.g. aegemjo "merge" but not *aegemjo

Stress of a "separable compound word" ''(See [[Iaskyon#Separable and non-separable compound words|below]])'' follow these overriding rules:

'''Stress falls on'''
#The head component e.g. ''lwo''þwat "have to ''find''" e.g. kolmun''awa'' "winter ''sky''"
====Separable and non-separable affixes====
Non-separable affixes are:
*All affixes that are inseparable in terms of a new meaning conveyed e.g. ''-en'' appended to tinwet "teach":
**tinwet''en'' "act of teaching" is separable
**tinwet''en'' "education" is non-separable
*All infixes
*Directional affixes e.g. ''uk''hàg "come ''down''"
*Causative prefix e.g. ''lah''yet "''make'' (sb.) eat"

Other affixes are separable.

====Separable and non-separable compound words====
Non-separable compound words are:
*Compound words of which the meaning has shifted, or become specific e.g. yetihken "restaurant" vs. yetihken "place of eating"
*Compound words which are frequently used e.g. syomxaod "fish meat/flesh"

===Morphophonology===
====Internal sandhi====
=====Synaeresis=====
The following table shows the general formation of diphthongs or long vowels from two adjacent short vowels on a morpheme boundary.
*Empty spaces imply the vowels are pronounced in two syllables.
*Combinations resulting in '''''glide + vowel''''' cannot occur if there is already a glide prior to the vowels.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 500px; "
! scope="row"|
! colspan="9" scope="col"|Second vowel
|-
! rowspan="9" scope="row"|First vowel
! scope="row"|
! scope="row"|a
! scope="row"|à
! scope="row"|e
! scope="row"|i
! scope="row"|ü
! scope="row"|u
! scope="row"|o
! scope="row"|ö
|-
! scope="row"|a
|á
|'''á'''
|'''ai'''
|ai
|
|au
|'''au'''
|'''au'''
|-
! scope="row"|à
|
|â
|
|ài
|
|àu
|'''àu'''
|'''àu'''
|-
! scope="row"|e
|'''''ya'''''
|'''é'''
|é
|ei
|
|eu
|'''eu'''
|'''eu'''
|-
! scope="row"|i
|'''''ya'''''
|'''''yà'''''
|'''''ye'''''
|í
|
|iu
|'''''yo'''''
|'''''yö'''''
|-
! scope="row"|ü
|üa
|
|üe
|üi
|
|ű
|
|üö
|-
! scope="row"|u
|'''''wa'''''
|
|'''ui'''
|ui
|
|ú
|'''''wo'''''
|
|-
! scope="row"|o
|
|'''ó'''
|'''oi'''
|oi
|
|ou
|ó
|'''oi'''
|-
! scope="row"|ö
|
|
|'''öü'''
|'''öü'''
|öü
|
|
|ő
|}

=====Suffix sandhi=====
=====Rendaku=====
When two consecutive syllables start with the same voiceless consonant, the second consonant is voiced.
*háhàge (greeting) /ˈxaːxɜɡɛ/ > [ˈxaː'''ɣ'''ɜɡɛ]
*sesḿ (spoke) /'sɛsm̩/ > [ˈsɛ'''z'''m̩]

====External sandhi====

==Morphology==
===Nouns===
There are no grammatical genders nor articles in Iaskyon. Nouns are only inflected for cases, and inflection for number is generally obsolete.

There are 7 cases in Iaskyon:
{| class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 1000px; text-align: center"
! scope="col" width="120px"|Case (suffix)
! scope="col" width="250px"|Usage
! scope="col" width="250px"|Example in Iaskyon
! scope="col" width="250px"|Example in English
|-
|Ergative
(-i)
|Agent of transitive verb
|'''Wi''' goxe yesḿ.
|'''I''' ate rice.
|-
|Absolutive
(none or -u)
|Argument of intransitive verb;
object of transitive verb
|'''Jakniyw''' hàg.
Hwei '''lím''' dém.
|'''Jakniyw''' comes.
(The) Person drinks '''water'''.
|-
|Locative
(-eu)
|Time, location; topic
|Fá hwe '''hecleŋeu''' pöüloşöü.
To '''yetihkeneu''' löüm.
|All human are equal '''in dignity'''.
He was '''at the restaurant'''.
|-
|Dative
(-em)
|Indirect object of ditransitive verb; motion to location; addressee of greetings; end of a period of time
|'''Matnuem''' háhàge!
Toi zeà '''wem''' cailüm.
|Greetings '''everyone'''!
He gave a book '''to me'''.
|-
|Ablative
(-ax)
|Motion from location; start of a period of time
|Wu '''Iaskácáx''' hàg.
Fá hwe '''nixonax''' yawaoşöü.
|I come '''from Iaskáca'''.
All human being are free '''since birth'''.
|-
|Genitive
(-ö)
|Possession, origin, reference; formation of some compounds; counting with measures
|'''Yetihkenö''' zeà a.
'''Wö''' zeà a.

'''Límö''' hyuxdon la.
|(It) is a book '''about restaurant(s)'''.
(It) is '''my''' book.

There are two carts '''of water'''.
|-
|Instrumental
(-ĺ)
|Instrument, means; topic, object in some verbs
|Ebi '''wüanĺ''' zeyu.
Toi '''sononĺ''' set.
|We record '''with a pen/pens.'''
He talks '''about bridges'''.
|}

===Pronouns===
====Personal pronouns====
Personal pronouns in Iaskyon are relatively simple, as all pronouns are distinct and specific in person and number.

There is a three-way distinction of singular, dual and plural pronouns inherited from older, now obsolete declensions in number.

Another three-way distinction in sentient, animate and inanimate beings in third person pronouns exists, which originates from an even older noun class system.

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 800px; text-align: center"
|+ 1st person
! scope="col" width="200px"|
! scope="col" colspan="2" width="200px"|Singular
! scope="col" width="100px"|Dual inclusive
! scope="col" width="100px"|Dual exclusive
! scope="col" width="100px"|Plural inclusive
! scope="col" width="100px"|Plural exclusive
|-
! scope="row"|Ergative
|wi
|xei
|wehi
|wonei
|ebi
|sebi
|-
! scope="row"|Absolutive
|wu
|xeà
|wiyo
|woni
|eba
|seb
|-
! scope="row"|Locative
|weu
|xeàyu
|wiyeu
|wonyeu
|ebeu
|sebeu
|-
! scope="row"|Dative
|wem
|xeàm
|wiyem
|wonyem
|ebem
|sebem
|-
! scope="row"|Ablative
|wax
|xeax
|wiyox
|wonyax
|ebax
|sebax
|-
! scope="row"|Genitive
|hö
|xeàyö
|wiyoö
|wonyö
|ebö
|sebö
|-
! scope="row"|Instrumental
|wuhĺ
|xeàhĺ
|wiyĺ
|wonĺ
|ebĺ
|sebĺ
|}
*The '''wu'''-form is the more generic, while the '''xeà'''-form is often considered informal, sometimes even arrogant.
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 500px; text-align: center"
|+ 2nd person
! scope="col" width="200px"|
! scope="col" width="100px"|Singular
! scope="col" width="100px"|Dual
! scope="col" width="100px"|Plural
|-
! scope="row"|Ergative
|yoi
|yedi
|yubi
|-
! scope="row"|Absolutive
|yu
|ide
|yuba
|-
! scope="row"|Locative
|yeu
|ideu
|yubeu
|-
! scope="row"|Dative
|yem
|idem
|yubem
|-
! scope="row"|Ablative
|yax
|idyax
|yubax
|-
! scope="row"|Genitive
|yö
|idyö
|yubö
|-
! scope="row"|Instrumental
|yuhĺ
|idĺ
|yubĺ
|}
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 500px; text-align: center"
|+ 3nd person sentient
! scope="col" width="200px"|
! scope="col" width="100px"|Singular
! scope="col" width="100px"|Dual
! scope="col" width="100px"|Plural
|-
! scope="row"|Ergative
|toi
|tomi
|tĺbi
|-
! scope="row"|Absolutive
|to
|tom
|tĺbo
|-
! scope="row"|Locative
|teu
|toweu
|tĺbeu
|-
! scope="row"|Dative
|toem
|towem
|tĺboem
|-
! scope="row"|Ablative
|tax
|tomax
|tĺbax
|-
! scope="row"|Genitive
|tö
|tomö
|tĺboö
|-
! scope="row"|Instrumental
|tohĺ
|tomĺ
|tĺbĺ
|}
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 500px; text-align: center"
|+ 3rd person animate
! scope="col" width="200px"|
! scope="col" width="100px"|Singular
! scope="col" width="100px"|Dual
! scope="col" width="100px"|Plural
|-
! scope="row"|Ergative
|izi
|indi
|imbi
|-
! scope="row"|Absolutive
|ize
|inde
|imba
|-
! scope="row"|Locative
|izeu
|indeu
|imbeu
|-
! scope="row"|Dative
|izem
|indem
|imbem
|-
! scope="row"|Ablative
|izyax
|indyax
|imbax
|-
! scope="row"|Genitive
|izyö
|indyö
|imbö
|-
! scope="row"|Instrumental
|izĺ
|indĺ
|imbĺ
|}
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 500px; text-align: center"
|+ 3rd person inanimate
! scope="col" width="200px"|
! scope="col" width="100px"|Singular
! scope="col" width="100px"|Dual
! scope="col" width="100px"|Plural
|-
! scope="row"|Ergative
|lei
|ledi
|lebi
|-
! scope="row"|Absolutive
|le
|lede
|leba
|-
! scope="row"|Locative
|leu
|ledeu
|lebeu
|-
! scope="row"|Dative
|lém
|ledem
|lebem
|-
! scope="row"|Ablative
|lyax
|ledyax
|lebax
|-
! scope="row"|Genitive
|leyö
|ledyö
|lebö
|-
! scope="row"|Instrumental
|lehĺ
|ledĺ
|lebĺ
|}
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width: 300px; text-align: center"
|+ Reflexive
! scope="col" width="200px"|
! scope="col" width="100px"|Generic
|-
! scope="row"|Ergative
|hoi
|-
! scope="row"|Absolutive
|ho
|-
! scope="row"|Locative
|heu
|-
! scope="row"|Dative
|hem
|-
! scope="row"|Ablative
|hax
|-
! scope="row"|Genitive
|hoö
|-
! scope="row"|Instrumental
|hohĺ
|}

====Demonstratives====
===Verbs===
Verbs are the most productive lexical category in Iaskyon, which describes an action, an event, a state, or a change in state. It is heavily conjugated to tense, aspect and mood. There exists two grammatical classes of verbs, namely t-class and null-class.
====T-class and null-class verbs====
T-class and null-class verbs are two classes of verbs that take different forms when conjugated.
*'''T-class verbs:'''
**By definition end with a ''''t''''
**May be formed by
***An obsolete affix added to a root ending with a vowel; verbs formed this way may or may not end with ''''et''''.
***Derivation from other parts of speech; verbs formed this way tend to end with ''''et''''.
**When conjugated, the ''''t''''-ending of which undergoes irregular consonant mutation.

*'''Null-class verbs:'''
**Does not end with a ''''t''''
**May be formed by
***Unaltered root forms
***Other derivations into verbs
**When conjugated, the endings of which may or may not undergo regular sound mutation.
====Tense====
Iaskyon verbs have 4 tenses, each representing different time of action relative to the time of utterance.

*'''Present'''
The present, or the unconjugated form, marks:
#actions or events that take place in the present, or an indefinite time. e.g. Wi goxe ''yet''. "I ''eat'' rice (now or at an indefinite time)"
#actions or events of which the time is unknown. e.g. Toi wem upleu ''ses''adem su upcyeu (lau) nasḿ. "He ''said'' to me at some point but I forgot when."
#actions or events that have an implied time due to simultaneity with other events, or because it is already mentioned in the main clause. e.g. Tĺbo wakowem ''þàkfeullet''pye, i Sináeu uhöl kaisḿ. "As they ''are moving'' east, they discovered plains in Shinar."
*'''Past'''
The past marks:
#actions or events that take place in the past relative to the time of utterance. e.g. Wi üşeu goxe ''yesḿ''. "I ''ate'' rice yesterday"
#actions or events that take place in the past relative to the time of another specified event. e.g. Yoi yase lömçupye, wu ''xyenyopüm''. "By the time you (will) read this, I ''will probably have died''.
*'''Near future'''
The near future marks:
#actions or events that are upcoming, in the immediate, and planned or forcast future. e.g. Wi ''xuso''. "I ''gonna go''". e.g. Wu ''xyeno''. "I am ''dying soon''."
#actions or events that take place in a definite, subjectively non-distant future.
#actions or events that are more temporary than another.

*'''Distant future'''
The distant future marks:
#actions or events that take place in a far future, i.e. months or years after.
#actions or events that take place in an indefinite future that is subjectively distant.
#long term states in the future.

====Aspect====
*'''Generic / gnomic'''
The gnomic aspect marks:
#general truths (must be in present tenses). e.g. Hawon ''höüi''. "The sun ''shines''."
#general, enduring situations (e.g. habits) which may not be permanent (may be in any tense except near future). e.g. Wu upib ''öüm''. "I ''used to be'' young"
*'''Progressive'''
The progressive aspect marls:
#incomplete actions in progress in the referenced time. e.g. Wi goxe ''yellet''. "I ''am eating'' rice." e.g. Ecliyw Nóusononem ''xusmet''. "Ecliyw ''was going'' to Northbridge."
#state transition in progress in the referenced time. e.g. Wi kod ''holàket''. "I ''am putting on'' a 'kod' (shirt)." not *"I ''am wearing'' a 'kod'."

====Mood====
*'''Potential'''
*'''Permissive'''
*'''Abilitative'''
*'''Desiderative'''
*'''Imperative'''
*'''Cohortative'''
*'''Optative'''

====Other verb forms====
*'''Causative'''
*'''"Linking" form'''
*'''"Compound" form'''
(See [[Iaskyon#Compound verbs|below]])
====Other verb types====
=====Transitive and intransitive verbs=====
=====Auxiliary verbs=====
Some moods cannot be expressed by conjugation and auxiliary verbs are utilised.
=====Compound verbs=====
=====Irregular verbs=====
*'''a - ''to be'''''
The verb '''''a''''' is the copula. It takes two arguments, both in the absolutive. It is used to:
#denote identity. e.g. Hüikiyw wö alnoem ''a''. "Hüikiyw ''is'' my mother."
#denote class mermbership, except for class within classes. e.g. Wu hwe ''a''. "I ''am'' a human." e.g. *<s>Hwétoun taulon ''a''. "Dogs ''are'' animals."</s> (See [[Iaskyon#sa - to belong|''sa'']])
*'''la - ''to exist'''''
*'''sa - ''to belong'''''
The verb '''''sa''''' takes two arguments, the "possessor" being in the ergative and the "possessed" in the absolutive. It is used to:
#denote possession.
#denote class being within other classes. e.g. Hwétoun tauloni ''sa''. "Dogs ''are'' animals."
*'''jo - ''to become'''''

====Conjugation tables====

===Adjectives and adverbs===

===Particles===
===Numbers===
The number system in Iaskyon is vigesimal (base-20). The writing system Iaswü has a set of 20 numerals to represent it.

Larger numbers are grouped by '''yil''' /jil/ ('''100020''', i.e. 800010), alike the Indo-European system of grouping by thousands.
====Basic numerals====
{| class="wikitable collapsible" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="text-align: center"
|+ Numerals
! scope="col" width="100px"|Iaskyon
! scope="col" width="50px"|Vig.
! scope="col" width="50px"|Dec.
! scope="col" width="100px"|Iaskyon
! scope="col" width="50px"|Vig.
! scope="col" width="50px"|Dec.
|-
! scope="row"|gwön
|0
|0
! scope="row"|xí
|A
|10
|-
! scope="row"|yé
|1
|1
! scope="row"|pih
|B
|11
|-
! scope="row"|don
|2
|2
! scope="row"|töe
|C
|12
|-
! scope="row"|làd
|3
|3
! scope="row"|zei
|D
|13
|-
! scope="row"|wöx
|4
|4
! scope="row"|fún
|E
|14
|-
! scope="row"|kí
|5
|5
! scope="row"|çà
|F
|15
|-
! scope="row"|wou
|6
|6
! scope="row"|ŋeh
|G
|16
|-
! scope="row"|sün
|7
|7
! scope="row"|küz
|H
|17
|-
! scope="row"|wé
|8
|8
! scope="row"|ox
|J
|18
|-
! scope="row"|bux
|9
|9
! scope="row"|xeu
|K
|19
|}
* I is skipped in the vigesimal notation to avoid mistaking for 1.

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="text-align: center"
|+ Larger numbers
! scope="col" width="200px"|Iaskyon
! scope="col" width="150px"|Vig.
! scope="col" width="150px"|Dec.
|-
! scope="row"|hwax
|10
|20
|-
! scope="row"|yé yéhwax
|11
|21
|-
! scope="row"|don yéhwax
|12
|22
|-
! scope="row"|làd yéhwax
|13
|23
|-
! scope="row"|...
|...
|...
|-
! scope="row"|donhwax
|20
|40
|-
! scope="row"|yé donhwax
|21
|41
|-
! scope="row"|don donhwax
|22
|42
|-
! scope="row"|...
|...
|...
|-
! scope="row"|çà zeihwax
|DF
|275
|-
! scope="row"|...
|...
|...
|-
! scope="row"|xeu xeuhwax
|KK
|399
|-
! scope="row"|şoc
|100
|400
|-
! scope="row"|şoc yé
|101
|401
|-
! scope="row"|...
|...
|...
|-
! scope="row"|donşoc
|200
|800
|-
! scope="row"|...
|...
|...
|-
! scope="row"|kíşoc töe
|50C
|2 012
|-
! scope="row"|...
|...
|...
|-
! scope="row"|xíşoc ŋeh wöxhwax
|A4G
|4 096
|-
! scope="row"|...
|...
|...
|-
! scope="row"|yil
|1 000
|8 000
|-
! scope="row"|yil yé
|1 001
|8 001
|-
! scope="row"|...
|...
|...
|-
! scope="row"|sünyil sünşoc bux töehwax
|7 7C9
|59 049
|-
! scope="row"|...
|...
|...
|-
! scope="row"|hwixil
|10 000
|160 000
|-
! scope="row"|...
|...
|...
|-
! scope="row"|şocil
|100 000
|3 200 000
|-
! scope="row"|...
|...
|...
|-
! scope="row"|mox
|1 000 000
|64 000 000
|-
! scope="row"|...
|...
|...
|-
! scope="row"|hwammox
|10 000 000
|1 280 000 000
|-
! scope="row"|...
|...
|...
|-
! scope="row"|şommox
|100 000 000
|25 600 000 000
|-
! scope="row"|...
|...
|...
|-
! scope="row"|fák
|1 000 000 000
|512 000 000 000
|-
! scope="row"|...
|...
|...
|-
! scope="row"|wöxfák kíşoc xeu küzhwammox fúnşoc wou çàhwixil oxşoc töe küzhwax
|4 5HK EF6 JHC
|2 199 023 255 552
|}

====Attached forms====
*'''Normal nouns''' Numbers are appended as a suffix to the noun.
**gin (thing): gin'''ya''' (1), gindon (2), ginlàd (3), ginwöx (4), ginkí (5)...
**mök (cat): mök'''ya''' (1), mökdon (2), möklàd (3), mökwöx (4), mökkí (5)...

*'''''Hwe''''' The word ''hwe'' "person" takes irregular forms with numbers.
**'''hwá''' (1), hu'''dau''' (2), hu'''yàd''' (3), huwöx (4), hukí (5)...

*'''Ordinals''' The ordinal prefix takes the form of ''cV-'', where ''V'' is the first (short) vowel of the numeral.
**'''cyé''' (1), c'''o'''don (2), c'''à'''làd (3), c'''ö'''wöx (4), c'''i'''kí (5), c'''o'''wou (6)...

*'''Number of times''' In representing number of times or instances, a suffix ''-hen'' is used.
**'''yahun''' (1), '''dauhun''' (2), làdhen (3), wöxhen (4), kíhen (5)...

====Fractions and vigesimals====

===Word derivation===
====Change in parts of speech====
====No change in parts of speech====
====Word compounding====

==Syntax==
===Word order===
===Relative clauses===
===Speech===

==Vocabulary==

{{Kinship
|PaternalGrandMother=
|PaternalGrandFather=
|MaternalGrandMother=
|MaternalGrandFather=
|PaternalAuntsHusband=
|PaternalAunt=
|PaternalUnclesWife=
|PaternalUncle=
|Father=
|Mother=
|PaternalTwinUnclesWife=
|PaternalTwinUncle=
|PaternalYoungerUnclesWife=
|PaternalYoungerUncle=
|PaternalOlderUnclesWife=
|PaternalOlderUncle=
|PaternalTwinAuntsHusband=
|PaternalTwinAunt=
|PaternalYoungerAuntsHusband=
|PaternalYoungerAunt=
|PaternalOlderAuntsHusband=
|PaternalOlderAunt=
|MaternalTwinUnclesWife=
|MaternalTwinUncle=
|MaternalYoungerUnclesWife=
|MaternalYoungerUncle=
|MaternalOlderUnclesWife=
|MaternalOlderUncle=
|MaternalTwinAuntsHusband=
|MaternalTwinAunt=
|MaternalYoungerAuntsHusband=
|MaternalYoungerAunt=
|MaternalOlderAuntsHusband=
|MaternalOlderAunt=
|PaternalTwinUnclesSon=
|PaternalTwinUnclesDaughter=
|PaternalYoungerUnclesSon=
|PaternalYoungerUnclesDaughter=
|PaternalOlderUnclesSon=
|PaternalOlderUnclesDaughter=
|PaternalTwinAuntsSon=
|PaternalTwinAuntsDaughter=
|PaternalYoungerAuntsSon=
|PaternalYoungerAuntsDaughter=
|PaternalOlderAuntsSon=
|PaternalOlderAuntsDaughter=
|MaternalTwinUnclesSon=
|MaternalTwinUnclesDaughter=
|MaternalYoungerUnclesSon=
|MaternalYoungerUnclesDaughter=
|MaternalOlderUnclesSon=
|MaternalOlderUnclesDaughter=
|MaternalTwinAuntsSon=
|MaternalTwinAuntsDaughter=
|MaternalYoungerAuntsSon=
|MaternalYoungerAuntsDaughter=
|MaternalOlderAuntsSon=
|MaternalOlderAuntsDaughter=
|Sister=
|Self=
|Husband=
|Wife=
|LittleSister=
|TwinSister=
|BigSister=
|BigBrother=
|TwinBrother=
|LittleBrother=
|LittleSistersHusband=
|TwinSistersHusband=
|BigSistersHusband=
|BigBrothersWife=
|TwinBrothersWife=
|LittleBrothersWife=
|MaternalAuntsSon=
|MaternalAuntsDaughter=
|MaternalUnclesSon=
|MaternalUnclesDaughter=
|HusbandSon=
|HusbandDaughter=
|WifeSon=
|WifeDaughter=
|TwinSisterNiece=
|TwinSisterNephew=
|LittleSisterNiece=
|LittleSisterNephew=
|BigSisterNiece=
|BigSisterNephew=
|TwinBrotherNiece=
|TwinBrotherNephew=
|LittleBrotherNiece=
|LittleBrotherNephew=
|BigBrotherNiece=
|BigBrotherNephew=
}}

==Swadesh list==

{{Swadesh
|language=
|nativename=
|I=
|you (singular)=
|he=
|we=
|you (plural)=
|they=
|this=
|that=
|here=
|there=
|who=
|what=
|where=
|when=
|how=
|not=
|all=
|many=
|some=
|few=
|other=
|one=
|two=
|three=
|four=
|five=
|big=
|long=
|wide=
|thick=
|heavy=
|small=
|short=
|narrow=
|thin=
|woman=
|man (adult male)=
|Man (human being)=
|child=
|wife=
|husband=
|mother=
|father=
|animal=
|fish=
|bird=
|dog=
|louse=
|snake=
|worm=
|tree=
|forest=
|stick=
|fruit=
|seed=
|leaf=
|root=
|bark=
|flower=
|grass=
|rope=
|skin=
|meat=
|blood=
|bone=
|fat (n.)=
|egg=
|horn=
|tail=
|feather=
|hair=
|head=
|ear=
|eye=
|nose=
|mouth=
|tooth=
|tongue=
|fingernail=
|foot=
|leg=
|knee=
|hand=
|wing=
|belly=
|guts=
|neck=
|back=
|breast=
|heart=
|liver=
|drink=
|eat=
|bite=
|suck=
|spit=
|vomit=
|blow=
|breathe=
|laugh=
|see=
|hear=
|know=
|think=
|smell=
|fear=
|sleep=
|live=
|die=
|kill=
|fight=
|hunt=
|hit=
|cut=
|split=
|stab=
|scratch=
|dig=
|swim=
|fly (v.)=
|walk=
|come=
|lie=
|sit=
|stand=
|turn=
|fall=
|give=
|hold=
|squeeze=
|rub=
|wash=
|wipe=
|pull=
|push=
|throw=
|tie=
|sew=
|count=
|say=
|sing=
|play=
|float=
|flow=
|freeze=
|swell=
|sun=
|moon=
|star=
|water=
|rain=
|river=
|lake=
|sea=
|salt=
|stone=
|sand=
|dust=
|earth=
|cloud=
|fog=
|sky=
|wind=
|snow=
|ice=
|smoke=
|fire=
|ashes=
|burn=
|road=
|mountain=
|red=
|green=
|yellow=
|white=
|black=
|night=
|day=
|year=
|warm=
|cold=
|full=
|new=
|old=
|good=
|bad=
|rotten=
|dirty=
|straight=
|round=
|sharp=
|dull=
|smooth=
|wet=
|dry=
|correct=
|near=
|far=
|right=
|left=
|at=
|in=
|with=
|and=
|if=
|because=
|name=}}

==Example texts==
====[[Translation:The Universal Declaration of Human Rights/Iaskyon|The Universal Declaration of Human Rights]]====
*'''Article 1; Kiloncy-1'''

'''Fá hwe nixonax yawaoşöüno, hecleŋeu cwakleŋeuel pöüloşöü.'''

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.

'''Tĺbo lékmaşehĺ hácexşehĺel üneĺino, i çamkwel mwőgkwolöŋau núgĺ çodgat.'''

They are endowed with reason and conscience and should treat each other in a spirit of brotherhood.

[[Category:Conlangs]]
<noinclude>

</noinclude>

File:Kaenifsphere.png

2012-11-13T01:59:01Z

Kaenif: Userpage sphere of Kaenif (very ugly)

Userpage sphere of Kaenif (very ugly)

Guide:Features

2012-10-03T07:13:50Z

Kaenif:

Small list of various features and examples of natlangs/conlangs that use them
==Phonological==
===[[Consonants]]===
====[[Palatalised]]====
*{{labb|um|link}}
====[[Labialised]]====
*{{labb|um|link}}
*{{nabb|ab|link}}

====[[Geminated]]====
*{{labb|um|link}}
*{{nabb|sv|link}}

====[[Aspirated]]====
====[[Pre-nasalised]]====
====[[Syllabic]]====
{{labb|ia|link}}
====[[Ejective]]====
{{labb|nv|link}}

====[[Clicks]]====

===[[Vowels]]===
====[[Long]]====
*{{labb|ia|link}}
*{{labb|um|link}}

====[[Nasalised]]====
*{{nabb|fr|link}}
*{{labb|lp|link}}
====[[Tonal]]====
*{{nabb|zh|link}}

==Grammatical==
Grammatical features are features that exist within a language and has been standarized into a grammatical feature which must be stated for the sentence to be grammatical and proper in the speakers ears, if it is optional or not standard it doesn't classify as grammatical.
===[[Linguistics:Morphosyntactic alignment|Morphosyntactic alignment]]===
====Nominative-accusative====
*{{labb|bc|link}}
*{{labb|kh|link}}

====Ergative-absolutive====
*{{labb|aq|link}}
*{{labb|ia|link}}

====Tripartite====
*{{nabb|hi|link}}
*{{labb|um|link}}

====Fluid====
====Direct====

====[[Linguistics:Trigger alignment|Trigger]]====

===[[Linguistics:Grammatical cases|Cases]]===
====Grammatical====
*{{labb|um|link}}
====Locational====
*{{labb|ia|link}}
====Motional to====
*{{labb|ia|link}}
====Motional from====
*{{labb|ia|link}}
====Motional Via====
====Relational====
====Semantical====
====Relational====
====State====

===Definiteness===
====Article====
*{{labb|kh|link}}
*{{labb|fa|link}}

====Affixation====
*{{labb|um|link}}
*{{nabb|sv|link}}

====None====
*{{labb|ia|link}}
*{{nabb|ru|link}}

===[[Linguistics:Grammatical aspect|Aspects]]===
====Perfective and imperfective====
*{{nabb|zh|link}}
*{{nabb|ru|link}}
*{{labb|um|link}}

====Inceptive, continuative and terminative====
*{{labb|um|link}}
====Gnomic====
*{{labb|ia|link}}
====Others====

===[[Linguistics:Grammatical tense|Tenses]]===
====None====
*{{nabb|zh|link}}
====Past and non-past====

====Past, present and future====
*{{nabb|en|link}}
*{{nabb|ru|link}}
*{{nabb|sv|link}}
*{{labb|um|link}}
====Past, recent past, present and future====
====Past, recent past, present, near future and future====
====Past, present, near future and distant future====
*{{labb|ia|link}}

===Word order===
====None====
*{{nabb|wp|link}}
====Subject-object-verb====
*{{labb|ia|link}}
*{{labb|um|link}}
====Subject-verb-object====
*{{labb|aq|link}}
*{{nabb|en|link}}
*{{nabb|es|link}}
*{{nabb|sv|link}}
====Verb-subject-object====
====Object-subject-verb====
====Object-verb-subject====
====Verb-object-subject====

===Number===
If its anywhere but "none" singular is always present as well and if it is anywhere but "plural" the plural marker is also always present aswell.
====None====
*{{labb|ia|link}}
====Plural====
====Paucal====
*{{labb|um|link}}
====Dual====
*{{labb|nv|link}}
====Trial====
*{{labb|nv|link}}

===Possession===
*{{nabb|en|link}}
*{{nabb|sv|link}}
====Alienable/inalienable====
*{{labb|um|link}}

==Morphological==
Morphological features are features that are directly marked and indicated onto the verb, noun or adjective
===Person on verb===
====Subject marking====
====Object marking====
====Subject and object marking====
*{{labb|kl|link}}
====Subject or object but not both simultaneously====
====Subject marking====
===Person on adposition===
*{{nabb|ga|link}}
*{{labb|um|link}}
*{{nabb|cy|link}}

===Cases===
*{{labb|ia|link}}
*{{labb|um|link}}

===Aspects===
*{{labb|ia|link}}
*{{labb|um|link}}

===Tenses===
====Past and non-past====
*{{nabb|en|link}}
*{{nabb|sv|link}}
====Past, present and future====
*{{labb|um|link}}
====Past, present, near future and distant future====
*{{labb|ia|link}}
==Vocabulary==
===Number base===
====Octal====
*[[Kunarek]]
====Decimal====
====Duodecimal====
*{{labb|um|link}}
====Hexadecimal====
====Vigesimal====
*{{labb|ia|link}}
[[Category:Guides]]

IPA for Iaskyon

2012-07-30T18:07:06Z

Kaenif:

The charts below show the way in which the [[wikipedia:International Phonetic Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents [[Iaskyon]] pronunciations. English approximations are loose in some cases and are only intended to give a general idea of the pronunciation.
{{IPA keys}}
{| style="background: none"
|-
| valign="top" |

{| style="background: none"
|-
| valign="top" |
{| class="IPA wikitable"
![[wikipedia:Wikipedia:IPA|IPA]] !! Examples !! nearest English equivalent
|-
! colspan=3| [[wikipedia:Consonant|Consonants]]
|-
|align="center" |<big>b</big>
|'''b'''ún
|'''b'''all
|-
|align="center" |<big>p</big>
|'''p'''öül
|'''p'''ig
|-
|align="center" |<big>d</big>
|'''d'''ém
|'''d'''og
|-
|align="center" |<big>t</big>
|'''t'''üdok
|'''t'''able
|-
|align="center" |<big>g</big>
|'''g'''wik
|'''g'''et
|-
|align="center" |<big>k</big>
|'''k'''í
|'''k'''ey
|-
|align="center" |<big>d͡z</big>
|'''j'''ú'''j'''
|pon'''ds'''
|-
|align="center" |<big>t͡s</big>
|'''c'''uŋ
|po'''ts'''
|-
|align="center" |<big>t͡θ</big>
|'''þ'''íg
|'''tth'''e ([[wikipedia:Chipewyan language|Dene Suline]])
|-
|align="center" |<big>t͡ɬ</big>
|'''ç'''óma
|'''tl'''aca'''tl''' ([[wikipedia:Nahuatl|Nahuatl]])
|-
|align="center" |<big>m</big>
|'''m'''at
|'''m'''at
|-
|align="center" |<big>n</big>
|'''n'''ât
|'''n'''ot
|-
|align="center" |<big>ŋ</big>
|'''ŋ'''őh
|si'''ng'''
|-
|align="center" |<big>l</big>
|'''l'''a
|'''l'''et
|-
|align="center" |<big>ɬ</big>
|'''ş'''út
|'''ll'''wyd ([[wikipedia:Welsh language|Welsh]])
|-
|align="center" |<big>ɸ</big>
|'''f'''á
|腐敗 (ふはい, '''f'''uhai, [[wikipedia:Japanese language|Japanese]])
|-
|align="center" |<big>β</big>
|'''w'''au
|la'''v'''a ([[wikipedia:Spanish language|Spanish]])
|-
|align="center" |<big>s</big>
|'''s'''íl
|'''s'''eal
|-
|align="center" |<big>z</big>
|'''z'''eà
|'''z'''oom
|-
|align="center" |<big>x</big>
|'''h'''á
|lo'''ch''', '''х'''орошо ([[wikipedia:Russian language|Russian]])
|-
|align="center" |<big>ɣ</big>
|'''x'''og
|a'''g'''ora ([[wikipedia:Portuguese language|Portuguese]])
|-
|align="center" |<big>ʔ</big>
|wö'''x''', ye'''t'''
|uh'''-'''oh
|-
!colspan=3| [[wikipedia:Glide (linguistics)|Glides]]
|-
|align="center" |<big>j</big>
|'''y'''awa, m'''y'''éh
|'''y'''acht
|-
|align="center" |<big>w</big>
|k'''w'''el
|q'''u'''een
|}
| valign="top" |
{| class="IPA wikitable"
![[wikipedia:Wikipedia:IPA|IPA]] !! Examples !! nearest English equivalent
|-
! colspan="3"| [[wikipedia:Vowel|Short vowels]]
|-
|align="center" |<big>a</big>
|'''a'''mós
|st'''a'''ck, c'''a'''rro ([[wikipedia:Portuguese language|Portuguese]])
|-
|align="center" |<big>ɜ</big>
|h'''à'''g
|h'''u'''rt ([[wikipedia:Received Pronunciation|RP English]], but shorter)
|-
|align="center" |<big>ɛ</big>
|'''e'''tök
|b'''e'''d
|-
|align="center" |<big>i</big>
|'''i'''bom
|reall'''y'''
|-
|align="center" |<big>y</big>
|dy'''ü'''l
|ch'''u'''te ([[wikipedia:French language|French]])
|-
|align="center" |<big>u</big>
|c'''u'''ŋ
|y'''ou''' (but shorter), '''ou''' ([[wikipedia:French language|French]])
|-
|align="center" |<big>ɔ</big>
|cw'''o'''l
|c'''augh'''t
|-
|align="center" |<big>œ</big>
|k'''ö'''d
|n'''eu'''f ([[wikipedia:French language|French]])
|-
! colspan="3"| [[wikipedia:Vowel|Long vowels]]
|-
|align="center" |<big>aː</big>
|f'''á'''
|f'''ar''' ([[wikipedia:Received Pronunciation|RP English]])
|-
|align="center" |<big>ɘː</big>
|n'''â'''t
|n'''u'''t ([[wikipedia:Southern American English|Southern American English]], some dialects; longer)
үср'''э''' ([[wikipedia:Mongolian Language|Mongolian]], longer)
|-
|align="center" |<big>eː</big>
|ŋ'''é'''k
|n'''eh'''men ([[wikipedia:German Language|German]])
|-
|align="center" |<big>iː</big>
|þ'''í'''g
|n'''ee'''d
|-
|align="center" |<big>yː</big>
|'''ű'''b
|Bl'''ü'''te ([[wikipedia:German language|German]])
|-
|align="center" |<big>uː</big>
|b'''ú'''m
|sh'''oe'''
|-
|align="center" |<big>oː</big>
|d'''ó'''h
|b'''oa'''t (some varieties), S'''oh'''n ([[wikipedia:German language|German]])
|-
|align="center" |<big>øː</big>
|ky'''ő'''
|sch'''ö'''n ([[wikipedia:German language|German]])
|-
!colspan=3| [[wikipedia:Stress (linguistics)|Stress]]
|-
|align="center" |<big>ˈ</big>
| colspan=2|Primary stress
|-
|align="center" |<big>ˌ</big>
|colspan=2|Secondary stress
|}
|}
|}
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Jukpë]]