https://linguifex.com/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Julijanj 2026-04-04T22:35:19Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.6 https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Lees%27hin&diff=122005 2018-07-30T11:39:38Z

<p>Julijanj: /* Morphology */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> &lt;!-- <br /> <br /> This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br /> <br /> I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).<br /> II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)<br /> III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Introduction==<br /> Lees'hin (lees'hin s'hon) is lees'hinian language spoken in Democratic Republic of Lees'hin (Vas’ha Nhelhuk Lees’hin) by 48 000 native speakers. It was created in 2015. The language has no cognate with natural languages. I wanted to make some very strange language with strange vocubalary. Also Lees'hin is intelligable with 2 other lees'hinian languages. They are Mihrulen and Basti.<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Example categories/headings: <br /> <br /> Goals<br /> Setting<br /> Inspiration<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- ***Phonology*** --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- What sounds does your language use? --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br /> <br /> Vowel inventory<br /> Consonant inventory<br /> Syllable structure<br /> Stress<br /> Intonation<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Orthography===<br /> Lees'hin orthography is special, because every letter except y has version with the letter h. For digraphs ch, sh, nh, lh and jh , version with h is c'h s'h, n'h, l'h and j'h.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Letter!! Name of letter<br /> |-<br /> | a || akú<br /> |-<br /> | ã || a kamã<br /> |-<br /> | á || a acún<br /> |-<br /> | b || bãh<br /> |-<br /> | bh || abhú<br /> |-<br /> | c || ca<br /> |-<br /> | ch || cha<br /> |-<br /> | c'h || ac'ha<br /> |-<br /> | d || da<br /> |-<br /> | dh||adhe <br /> |-<br /> | e|| ekú<br /> |-<br /> | é || e acún<br /> |-<br /> | f || fa<br /> |-<br /> | fh|| efhe<br /> |-<br /> | g || gu<br /> |-<br /> | gh|| aghe<br /> |-<br /> | h || hu<br /> |-<br /> | i || ikú<br /> |-<br /> | í || i acún<br /> |-<br /> | j || ja<br /> |-<br /> | jh || jhe<br /> |-<br /> | j'h || aj'he<br /> |-<br /> | k || kã<br /> |-<br /> | kh || akhã<br /> |-<br /> | l || la<br /> |-<br /> | lh || lha<br /> |-<br /> | l'h || al'he<br /> |-<br /> | m || ma<br /> |-<br /> | mh || amhe<br /> |-<br /> | n || ne<br /> |-<br /> | nh || nhe<br /> |-<br /> | n'h|| an'he<br /> |-<br /> | o || okú<br /> |-<br /> | õ || o kamã<br /> |-<br /> | ó || o acún<br /> |-<br /> | p|| pu<br /> |-<br /> | ph || aphú<br /> |-<br /> | r || ra<br /> |-<br /> | rh || arha<br /> |-<br /> | s|| se<br /> |-<br /> | sh || she<br /> |-<br /> | s'h || as'hé<br /> |-<br /> | t || tan<br /> |-<br /> | th || athan<br /> |-<br /> | u || ukú<br /> |-<br /> | ú||u acún<br /> |-<br /> | v || vãku<br /> |-<br /> | vh || vhãku<br /> |-<br /> | y|| yun<br /> |-<br /> | z || za<br /> |-<br /> | zh || azha<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Bilabial!!Labio-dental!!Alveolar!!Post-alveolar!!Palatal!!Velar!!Uvular!!Glottal<br /> |-<br /> |Nasal|| m /m/ || || n /n/ || || nh /ɲ/ || n /ŋ/ || || <br /> |-<br /> |Plosive || p /p/ b /b/ || || t /t/ d /d/ || || || k /k/ g /g/ || ||<br /> |-<br /> |Affricate || || || c /t͡s/ || ch /t͡ʃ/ jh /d͡ʒ/ || || || || <br /> |-<br /> |Fricative || || f /f/ v /v/ || s /s/ z /z/ || sh /ʃ/ j /ʒ/ || || *(')h /x/ || || h /h/<br /> |-<br /> |Approximant || || || || || y /j/ || || || <br /> |-<br /> |Trill || || || r /r/ || || || || ||<br /> |-<br /> |Lateral app. || || || l /l/ || || || lh /ʎ/ || || <br /> |}<br /> *(')h- when h is after consonant it will be pronounced /x/. So in writing exist 2 groups. One is with apostrophe and other has no apostrophe. Group with apostrophe is: s'h, c'h, j'h, l'h and n'h. In other group are consonants that don't need an apostrophe because they can't make another sound. So s'h is written this way to avoid mixing with sh. But gh is written in this way because g with h can't make another phoneme, like sh.<br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Front!! Central !! Back<br /> |-<br /> | Close || i, í /i/ || || u, ú /u/<br /> |-<br /> | Close-mid || e, é /e/ || || õ/ɤ/ o, ó /o/<br /> |-<br /> | Mid || || ã /ə/ || <br /> |-<br /> | Open || a, á /a/ || || <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Prosody===<br /> ====Stress====<br /> Stress is mainly on first place. The stress isn't on first place when a word has graphic accent, then the stress falls where an acute accent is found. Lees'hin has one accent, acute. Vowels can be short or long. A vowel is short if the following vowel isn't the same as proceeding vowel. A vowel is long if after a vowel comes the same vowel.<br /> <br /> ====Intonation====<br /> Intonation in Lees'hin is the same as in English.<br /> <br /> ===Phonotactics===<br /> &lt;!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, &quot;st&quot; is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset &quot;ng&quot; isn't. --&gt;<br /> In Lees'hin are permissible all combinations with h, eg, bh, ch, c'h, sh, s'h... All syllables must have at least one vowel. Nouns cannot end with a vowel.<br /> <br /> ==Morphology==<br /> &lt;!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --&gt;Lees'hin has 6 cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative, instrumenatal). Verbs are inflected through 2 numbers, 2 voices, 3 moods( indicative , subjunctive, imperative), 9 tenses in indicative, 5 in subjunctive and only 1 in imperative. Nouns differ from adjectives. Adjectives differ from verbs.<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Here are some example subcategories:<br /> <br /> Nouns<br /> As I said, Lees'hin has 6 cases. Also Lees'hin has 3 genders (maculine, feminine, neuter) and 3 declinations for each gender. First noun is masculine, the noun s'hon. As seen Lees'hin has no locative, so locative is found in accusative.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !!Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || s'hon || s'honii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || s'hone || s'honeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || s'hona || s'honaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative|| s'honat || s'honatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || s'hono || s'honoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental|| s'honot || s'honotii<br /> |}<br /> Second noun is feminine, the noun hõshejh <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || hõshejh || hõshejhii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || hõshejhe || hõshejheii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || hõshejhet || hõshejhetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || hõshejhon || hõshejhonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || hõshejhono || hõshejhonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || hõshejhonot || hõshejhonotii<br /> |}<br /> Third noun is neuter, the noun heemuõãat<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || heemuõãat|| heemuõãatii<br /> |- |<br /> | Genitive|| heemuõãate || heemuõãateii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || heemuõãati || heemuõãatiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || heemuõãatit || heemuõãatiti<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || heemuõãato || heemuõãatoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || heemuõãatot || heemuõãatotii<br /> |}<br /> Irregular declinations<br /> In Lees'hin also exist irregular declanations, there are 3 types of declination. <br /> First declination: r-declination, e.g. sujh(f)-bowl. This noun has irregular plural.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || sujh || sãchii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || sujher || sãcherii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || sujhra || sãchrii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || sãchrat || sãchratii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || sujhro || sãchroii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||sujhrot|| sãchrotii<br /> |}<br /> Second declination: k-declination, e.g. lhum(m)-owl<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || lhum || lhumii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || lhumka || lhumkaii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative|| lhumak || lhumakii<br /> |-<br /> |Accusative|| lhumakat || lhumakatii<br /> |-<br /> |Vocative || lhumo || lhumoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || lhumkot || lhumkotii<br /> |}<br /> Third declination:v-declination, e.g. jãkhan(m)-door<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| jãkhan || jãkhanii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || jãkhanve || jãkhanveii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative ||jãkhanav|| jãkhanavii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || jãkhanvat || jãkhanvatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || jãkhanvo || jãkhanvoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||jãkhanvot|| jãkhanvotii<br /> |}<br /> Pronouns<br /> Personal pronouns<br /> Lees'hin has 3 pronouns in singular and 3 in plural. Pronouns are diclined slightly different.<br /> First pronouns: nõhi(I) and soc’heches’hei(we) <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| nõhi || soc'heches'hei<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõhiim || soc'heches'heiim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõhia || soc'hes'heia<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||nõhiat || soc'ches'heiat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - || -<br /> |-<br /> |Instrumental || nõhiot || soc'heches'heiot<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Second pronoun: úbosh( you) and nol’halhujh(you)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !!Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || úbosh || nol'halhujh<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || úboshim || nol'halhujhim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative|| úbosha || nol'halhujha<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || úboshat || nol'halhujhat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative|| úbosho || nol'halhujho<br /> |-<br /> |Instrumental || úboshot || nol'halhujhot<br /> |}<br /> Third pronouns: nõbéheghelh (he), nhããmãadaõ(she) and nhãmadão(it)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Singular !! Masculine !! Feminine !! Neuter<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||nõbéheghelh ||nhããmãadaõ || nhãmadão<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive||nõbéheghelhim|| nhããmãadaõim || nhãmadãoim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõbéheghelha || nhããmãadaõet || nhãmadãoi<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõbéheghelhat || nhããmãadaõon || nhãmadãoit<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - ||- || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nõbéheghelhot || nhããmãadaõonot || nhãmadãoot<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun: teãbãõkhé(they)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Plural !! <br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || teãbãõkhéim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || teãbãõkhéa<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || teãbãõkhéat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental|| teãbãõkhéot<br /> |}<br /> Possessive pronouns<br /> Possessive pronouns are actually genitives of personal pronouns. These genitives become nominatives in declination.<br /> First person:nõhiim(my)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõhiim || nõhiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõhiime || nõhiimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõhiima || nõhiimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõhiimat || nõhiimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative|| nõhiimo || nõhiimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nõhiimot || nõhiimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõhiim || nõhiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõhiime|| nõhiimeii<br /> |- <br /> |Dative || nõhiimet || nõhiimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõhiimon || nõhiimon<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõhiimono || nõhiimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nõhiimonot || nõhiimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõhiim || nõhiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitives || nõhiime || nõhiimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõhiimi || nõhiimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative|| nõhiimit || nõhiimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõhiimo || nõhiimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental|| nõhiimot || nõhiimotii<br /> |}<br /> Second pronoun: úboshim(your)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||úboshim || úboshimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || úboshime|| úboshimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || úboshima || úboshimaii <br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || úboshimat|| úboshimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || úboshimo || úboshimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || úboshimot || úboshimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || úboshim || úboshimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || úboshime || úboshimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || úboshimet||úboshimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || úboshimon || úboshimonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || úboshimono || úboshimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || úboshimonot ||úboshimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Neuter!! Singular !! Singular<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || úboshim||úboshimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || úboshime || úboshimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || úboshimi || úboshimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || úboshimit || úboshimitii <br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || úboshimo || úboshimoii <br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||úboshimot || úboshimotii<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun: nõbéheghelhim(his)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõbéheghelhim || nõbéheghelhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõbéheghelhime ||nõbéheghelhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõbéheghelhima || nõbéheghelhimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||nõbéheghelhimat|| nõbéheghelhimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõbéheghelhimo ||nõbéheghelhimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nõbéheghelhimot || nõbéheghelhimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõbéheghelhim || nõbéheghelhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõbéheghelhime || nõbéheghelhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõbéheghelhimet || nõbéheghelhimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõbéheghelhimon || nõbéheghelhimonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõbéheghelhimono || nõbéheghelhimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumenatal || nõbéheghelhimonot || nõbéheghelhimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõbéheghelhim|| nõbéheghelhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõbéheghelhime || nõbéheghelhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõbéheghelhimi || nõbéheghelhimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõbéheghelhimit || nõbéheghelhimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõbéheghelhimo || nõbéheghelhimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumenatal || nõbéheghelhimot || nõbéheghelhimotii<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun:nhããmãadaõim(her)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhããmãadaõim|| nhããmãadaõimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhããmãadaõime || nhããmãadaõimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhããmãadaõima || nhããmãadaõimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhããmãadaõimat || nhããmãadaõimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhããmãadaõimo || nhããmãadaõimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhããmãadaõimot || nhããmãadaõimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||nhããmãadaõim || nhããmãadaõimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhããmãadaõime || nhããmãadaõimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhããmãadaõimet || nhããmãadaõimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhããmãadaõimon || nhããmãadaõimonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative|| nhããmãadaõimono || nhããmãadaõimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhããmãadaõimonot || nhããmãadaõimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhããmãadaõim || nhããmãadaõimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive ||nhããmãadaõime || nhããmãadaõimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhããmãadaõimi || nhããmãadaõimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhããmãadaõimit || nhããmãadaõimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhããmãadaõimo || nhããmãadaõimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhããmãadaõimot || nhããmãadaõimotii<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun:nhãmadãoim(its)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine''!! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhãmadãoim || nhãmadãoimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhãmadãoime || nhãmadãoimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhãmadãoima || nhãmadãoimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||nhãmadãoimat || nhãmadãoimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhãmadãoimo || nhãmadãoimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhãmadãoimot || nhãmadãoimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nomnative || nhãmadãoim|| nhãmadãoimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhãmadãoime|| nhãmadãoimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhãmadãoimet || nhãmadãoimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhãmadãoimon || nhãmadãoimonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhãmadãoimono || nhãmadãoimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhãmadãoimonot || nhãmadãoimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhãmadãoim || nhãmadãoimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhãmadãoime || nhãmadãoimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhãmadãoimi || nhãmadãoimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhãmadãoimit || nhãmadãoimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhãmadãoimo || nhãmadãoimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhãmadãoimot || nhãmadãoimotii<br /> |}<br /> First pronoun:soc'heches'heiim(our)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Maculine !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || soc'heches'heiim || soc'heches'heiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive ||soc'heches'heiime || soc'heches'heiimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || soc'heches'heiima || soc'heches'heiimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || soc'heches'heiimat||soc'heches'heiimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || soc'heches'heiimo || soc'heches'heiimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || soc'heches'heiimot || soc'heches'heiimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || soc'heches'heiim|| soc'heches'heiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || soc'heches'heiime ||soc'heches'heiimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || soc'heches'heiimet || soc'heches'heiimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || soc'heches'heiimon || soc'heches'heiimonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || soc'heches'heiimono || soc'heches'heiimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || soc'heches'heiimonot || soc'heches'heiimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative||soc'heches'heiim|| soc'heches'heiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || soc'heches'heiime || soc'heches'heiimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || soc'heches'heiimi || soc'heches'heiimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || soc'heches'heiimit || soc'heches'heiimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || soc'heches'heiimo || soc'heches'heiimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental||soc'heches'heiimot || soc'heches'heiimotii<br /> |}<br /> Second pronoun:nol'halhujhim (your)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nol'halhujhim ||nol'halhujhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nol'halhujhime|| nol'halhujhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nol'halhujhima || nol'halhujhimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nol'halhujhimat || nol'halhujhimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nol'halhujhimo || nol'halhujhimoii <br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nol'halhujhimot ||nol'halhujhimotii <br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plura<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nol'halhujhim || nol'halhujhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nol'halhujhime || nol'halhujhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nol'halhujhimet || nol'halhujhimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nol'halhujhimon || nol'halhujhimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nol'halhujhimono || nol'halhujhimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nol'halhujhimonot|| nol'halhujhimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nol'halhujhim || nol'halhujhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nol'halhujhime || nol'halhujhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nol'halhujhimi || nol'halhujhimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nol'halhujhimit || nol'halhujhimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nol'halhujhimo || nol'halhujhimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nol'halhujhimot || nol'halhujhimotii<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun: teãbãõkhéim<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || teãbãõkhéim || teãbãõkhéimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || teãbãõkhéime || teãbãõkhéimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || teãbãõkhéima || teãbãõkhéimii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||teãbãõkhéimat || teãbãõkhéimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || teãbãõkhéimo|| teãbãõkhéimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || teãbãõkhéimot || teãbãõkhéimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || teãbãõkhéim || teãbãõkhéimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || teãbãõkhéime || teãbãõkhéimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || teãbãõkhéimet|| teãbãõkhéimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || teãbãõkhéimon || teãbãõkhéimonii <br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || teãbãõkhéimono || teãbãõkhéimonoii <br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || teãbãõkhéimonot || teãbãõkhéimonotii <br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || teãbãõkhéim || teãbãõkhéimii <br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || teãbãõkhéime ||teãbãõkhéimeii <br /> |-<br /> | Dative || teãbãõkhéimi || teãbãõkhéimiii <br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || teãbãõkhéimit || teãbãõkhéimitii <br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || teãbãõkhéimo ||teãbãõkhéimoii <br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || teãbãõkhéimot || teãbãõkhéimotii <br /> |}<br /> Reflexive pronoun<br /> c'hug(-self)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! <br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || - ||<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || c'hug || <br /> |-<br /> | Dative || c'huga || <br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || c'hug ||<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - || <br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || c'hugot || <br /> |}<br /> Demonstrative pronouns<br /> gan(this)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || gan || ganii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || gane || ganeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || gana|| ganaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || ganat|| ganatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || gano || ganoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || ganot || ganotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || gan || ganii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || gane || ganeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || ganet || ganetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || ganon || ganonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || ganono ||ganonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || ganonot || ganonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || gan || ganii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || gane || ganeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || gani || ganiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || ganit || ganit<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || gano || ganoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || ganotii || ganotii<br /> |}<br /> nhal(that)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhal || nhalii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhale || nhaleii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhala|| nhalaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhalat || nhalatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhalo || nhaloii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhalot|| nhalotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhal || nhalii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhale || nhaleii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhalet || nhaletii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhalon|| nhalonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhalono || nhalonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||nhalonot || nhalonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhal || nhalii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhale || nhaleii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhali || nhaliii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhalit || nhalitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhalo || nhaloii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhalot || nhalotii<br /> |}<br /> jhav(that)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || jhav || jhavii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || jhave || jhaveii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || jhava|| jhavaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || jhavat || jhavatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || jhavo || jhavoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || jhavot || jhavotii<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || jhav || jhavii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || jhave || jhaveii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative|| jhavet || jhavetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || jhavon || jhavonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || jhavono || jhavonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || jhavonot || jhavonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || jhav || jhavii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || jhave || jhaveii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || jhavi || jhaviii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || jhavit || jhavitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || jhavo || jhavoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||jhavot|| jhavotii<br /> |}<br /> Interrogative pronouns<br /> thãz((who)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| thãz<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || thãze<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || thãza<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || thãzat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || thãzot<br /> |}<br /> yaaj(what)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || yaaj<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || yaaje<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || yaaja<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || yaajat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || yaajot<br /> |}<br /> Relative pronouns<br /> abhõp(which)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine''!! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||abhõp || abhõpii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || abhõpe || abhõpeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || abhõpa || abhõpa<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || abhõpat || abhõpatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || abhõpot || abhõpotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || abhõp || abhõpii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || abhõpe|| abhõpeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || abhõpet || abhõpetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || abhõpon || abhõponii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || abhõponot|| abhõponotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !!Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || abhõp || abhõpii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || abhõpe || abhõpeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || abhõpi|| abhõpiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||abhõpit || abhõpitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || abhõpot|| abhõpotii<br /> |}<br /> Indefinite pronouns:<br /> guthãz(someone)/guyaaj(something)<br /> pethãz(no-one)/peyaaj(nothing)<br /> s'him(all) etc.<br /> Adjectives<br /> Adjectives can end with a vowel or a consonant. Adjectives with a vowel have regular comparation, and with a consonant have irregular comparation.<br /> Adjectives are diclined like the noun that goes after.<br /> moní-beautiful<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Singular !! Maculine !! Feminine !! Neuter<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| moní ||moní || moní<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || moníe ||moníe || moníe<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || monía || moníet|| moníi<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || moníat ||moníon || moníit<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || monío || moníono || monío<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||moníot || moníonot ||moníot<br /> |-<br /> | Plural || <br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||moníii|| moníii || moníii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || moníeii|| moníeii || moníeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || moníaii || moníetii || moníiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||moníatii|| moníonii || moníitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || moníoii || moníonoii || moníoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || moníotii || moníonotii || moníotii<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> Other adjectives are declined like adjective moní.<br /> Comparation<br /> Lees'hin has normally positive, comparative and superlative. Comparation can be regular or irregular.<br /> Regular comparation<br /> For comparative -r is added, e.g. monír (comparative of moní). Irrelugar comparative, e.g. ganõm( comparative of as'har-good)<br /> For superlative particle ka and comparative are added, e.g. ka monír or ka ganõm.<br /> Verbs<br /> Lees'hin verbs are inflected in numbers, moods and tenses. Every grammatical person has own suffix. One thing is special and that is infinitive. Infinitive in Lees'hin is thematic vowel +-eu. Basically Lees'hin verb consists of 2 parts, first is before -eu and second after, e.g. õnhaka-eu, the root is õnhak, and infinitive is a-eu<br /> Regular conjugation:<br /> to love/past participle: õnhakako-euko<br /> Indicative<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei!! nol’halhujh !! teãbãõkhé !! <br /> |-<br /> | Present || õnhak-eu || õnhakay-euy || õnhakat-eut ||õnhakayo-euyo || õnhakayot-euyot || õnhakanh-eunh <br /> |-<br /> | Imperfect || õnhakaha-euha || õnhakahay-euhay || õnhakahat-euhat || õnhakahayo-euhayo || õnhakahayot-euhayot || õnhakahanh-euhanh<br /> |-<br /> | Preterite || õnhakã-eu || õnhakãy-euy || õnhakãt-eut || õnhakãyo-euyo || õnhakãyot-euyot || õnhakãnh-eunh <br /> |-<br /> | Perfect || dan-eu õnhakako-euko || day-euy õnhakako-euko || dat-eut õnhakako-euko || dayo-euyo õnhakako-euko ||dayot-euyot õnhakako-euko || danh-eunh õnhakako-euko <br /> |-<br /> | Past Perfect || danaha-euha õnhakako-euko || danahay-euhay õnhakako-euko || danahat-euhat õnhakako-euko || danahayo-euhayo õnhakako-euko || danahayot-euhayot õnhakako-euko || danahanh-<br /> euhanh õnhakako-euko<br /> |-<br /> | Future I ||õnhakaba-euba || õnhakabay-eubay || õnhakabat-eubat || õnhakabayo-eubayo || õnhakabayot-eubayot || õnhakabanh-eubanh <br /> |-<br /> | Future II || dãnaba-euba õnhakako-euko || dãnabay-eubay õnhakako-euko || dãnabat-eubat õnhakako-euko || dãnabayo-eubayo õnhakako-euko || dãnabayot-eubayot õnhakako-euko || dãnabanh-eubanh <br /> õnhakako-euko <br /> |-<br /> | Conditional I || õnhakaumú-eumú || õnhakaumúy-eumúy || õnhakaumút-eumút || õnhakaumúyo-eumúyo || õnhakaumúyot-eumúyot || õnhakaumúnh-eumúnh<br /> |-<br /> | Conditional II || dãnaumú-eumú õnhakako-euko || dãnaumúy-eumúy õnhakako-euko || dãnaumút-eumút õnhakako-euko || dãnaumúyo-eumúyo õnhakako-euko || dãnaumúyot-eumúyot õnhakako-euko|| dãnaumúnh-<br /> eumúnh õnhakako-euko <br /> |}<br /> Subjanctive<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !!soc'heches'hei !!nol’halhujh !! teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Present ||õnhaké-eué|| õnhakéy-euéy||õnhakét-euét || õnhakéyo-euéyo ||õnhakéyot-euéyot || õnhakénh-euénh<br /> |-<br /> | Imperfect || õnhakaze-euze || õnhakazey-euzey || õnhakazet-euzet || õnhakazeyo-euzeyo|| õnhakazeyot-euzeyot || õnhakazenh-euzenh<br /> |-<br /> | Perfect || dãné-eué õnhakako-euko || dãnéy-euéy õnhakako-euko|| dãnét-euét õnhakako-euko|| dãnéyo-euéyo õnhakako-euko|| dãnéyot-euéyot õnhakako-euko || dãnénh-euénh õnhakako-euko<br /> |-<br /> | Past Perfect || dãnaze-euze õnhakako-euko ||dãnazey-euzey õnhakako-euko || dãnazet-euzet õnhakako-euko || dãnazeyo-euzeyo õnhakako-euko|| <br /> dãnazeyot-euzeyot õnhakako-euko|| dãnazenh-euzenh <br /> õnhakako-euko<br /> |-<br /> | Future || õnhakabé-eubé || õnhakabéy-eubéy || õnhakabét-eubét || õnhakabéyo-eubéyo || õnhakabéyot-eubéyot || õnhakabénh-eubénh <br /> |}<br /> Imperative<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei !! nol’halhujh !! teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Present || - || õnhaká-eu || - || õnhakéyo-euyo || õnhakéyot-euyot || -<br /> |}<br /> Auxilary verbs:<br /> bãssãjha-eu(to be), dãna-eu(to have)<br /> <br /> bãssãjha-eu<br /> Indicative<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei !! nol’halhujh !!teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Present || bus-eu || busay-euy || busat-eut || bãssãyo-euyo|| bãssãyot-euyot|| bãssanh-eunh <br /> |-<br /> | Imperfect || bússã-eu || bússãy-euy ||bússãt-eut || bússãyo-euyo || bússãyot-euyot || bússãnh-eunh<br /> |-<br /> | Preterite || bússaha-euha|| bússahay-euahay || bússahat-euahat || bússahayo-euahayo || bússahayot-euahayot|| bússahanh-euahanh <br /> |-<br /> | Perfect || dan-eu busko-euko|| day-euy busko-euko ||dat-eut busko-euko || dayo-euyo busko-euko || dayot-euyot busko-euko || danh-eunh busko-euko <br /> |-<br /> | Past perfect|| danaha-euaha busko-euko || danahay-euahay busko-euko || danahat-euahat busko-euko || danahayo-euahayo busko-euko || danahayot-euahayot busko-euko|| danahanh-euahanh busko-<br /> euko <br /> |-<br /> | Future I || bãssãjhaba-euba|| bãssãjhabay-eubay || bãssãjhabat-eubat || bãssãjhabayo-eubayo ||bãssãjhabayot-eubayot || bãssãjhabanh-eubanh <br /> |-<br /> | Future II|| dãnaba-euba busko-euko || dãnabay-eubay busko-euko || dãnabat-eubat busko-euko || dãnabayo-eubayo busko-euko || dãnabayot-eubayot busko-euko || dãnabanh-eubanh busko-euko<br /> |-<br /> | Conditional I || bãssãjhaumú-eumú || bãssãjhaumúy-eumúy || bãssãjhaumút-eumút || bãssãjhaumúyo-eumúyo || bãssãjhaumúyot-eumúyot ||bãssãjhaumúnh-eumúnh<br /> |-<br /> | Conditional II || dãnaumú-eumú busko-euko || dãnaumúy-eumúy busko-euko || dãnaumút-eumút busko-euko ||dãnaumúyo-eumúyo busko-euko || dãnaumúyot-eumúyot busko-euko || dãnaumúyot-eumúyot <br /> busko-euko <br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> Subjanctive<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !!úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei !! nol’halhujh !! teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Present || bãssãjhé-eué || bãssãjhéy-euéy || bãssãjhét-euét || bãssãjhéyo-euéyo || bãssãjhéyot-euéyot ||bãssãjhénh-euénh <br /> |-<br /> | Imperfect || bãssãjhaze-euaze || bãssãjhazey-euazey || bãssãjhazet-euazet || bãssãjhazeyo-euazeyo ||bãssãjhazeyot-euazeyot || bãssãjhazenh-euazenh <br /> |-<br /> | Perfect || dãné-eué busko-euko || dãnéy-euéy busko-euko || dãnét-euét busko-euko || dãnéyo-euéyo busko-euko || dãnéyot-euéyot busko-euko || dãnénh-euénh busko-euko<br /> |-<br /> | Past Perfect || dãnaze-euaze busko-euko || dãnazey-euazey busko-euko || dãnazet-euazet busko-euko || dãnazeyo-euazeyo busko-euko || dãnazeyot-euazeyot busko-euko || dãnaazenh-euazenh busko-<br /> euko<br /> |-<br /> | Future || bãssãjhabé-eubé || bãssãjhabéy-eubéy || bãssãjhabét-eubét ||bãssãjhabéyo-eubéyo || bãssãjhabéyot-eubéyot ||bãssãjhabénh-eubénh <br /> |}<br /> Imperative<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei !! nol’halhujh !! teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Present || - || bãssá-eu || - || bãsséyo-euyo || bãsséyot-euyot || -<br /> |}<br /> dãna-eu<br /> Indicative<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei !! nol’halhujh !! teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Present || dan-eu || day-euy || dat-eut || dayo-euyo || dayot-euyot || danh-eunh<br /> |-<br /> | Imperfect || danaha-euha || danahay-euhay || danahat-euhat || danahayo-euhayo || danahayot-euyot || danahanh-euhanh<br /> |-<br /> | Preterite || danã-eu || danãy-euy || danãt-eut || danãyo-euyo || danãyot-euyot || danãnh-eunh<br /> |-<br /> | Perfect || dan-eu danko-euko || day-euy danko-euko || dat-eut danko-euko ||dayo-euyo danko-euko|| dayot-euyot danko-euko || danh-eunh danko-<br /> euko<br /> |-<br /> | Past Perfect || danaha-euha danko-euko || danahay-euhay danko-euko || danahat-euhat danko-euko || danahayo-euyo danko-euko || danahayot-<br /> euyot danko-euko || danahanh-euhanh danko-euko<br /> |-<br /> | Future I || dãnaba-euba || dãnabay-eubay || dãnabat-eubat || dãnabayo-eubayo || dãnabayot-eubayot || dãnabanh-eubanh<br /> |-<br /> | Future II || dãnaba-euba danko-euko || dãnabay-eubay danko-euko || dãnabat-eubat danko-euko|| dãnabayo-eubayo danko-euko || dãnabayot-eubayot danko-euko || dãnabanh-eubanh danko-eu<br /> |-<br /> | Conditional I || dãnaumú-eumú || dãnaumúy-eumúy || dãnaumút-eumút|| dãnaumúyo-eumúyo || dãnaumúyot-eumúyot || dãnaumúnh-eumúnh<br /> |-<br /> | Conditional II || dãnaumú-eumú danko-euko || dãnaumúy-eumúy danko-euko || dãnaumút-eumút danko-euko || dãnaumúyo-eumúyo danko-euko || <br /> dãnaumúyot-eumúyot danko-euko || dãnaumúnh-eumúnh danko-euko <br /> |} <br /> Subjanctive<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei !! nol’halhujh !! teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Present || dãné-eué || dãnéy-euéy || dãnét-euét || dãnéyo-euéyo|| dãnéyot-euéyot || dãnénh-euénh<br /> |-<br /> | Imperfect || dãnaze-euze || dãnazey-euzey || dãnazet-euzet|| dãnazeyo-euzeyo || dãnazeyot-euzeyot|| dãnazenh-euzenh<br /> |-<br /> | Perfect || dãné-eué danko-euko || dãnéy-euéy danko-euko || dãnét-euét danko-euko || dãnéyo-euéyo danko-euko || dãnéyot-euéyot || dãnénh-<br /> euénh danko-euko<br /> |-<br /> | Past Perfect ||dãnaze-euze danko-euko||dãnazey-euzey danko-euko || dãnazet-euzet danko-euko || dãnazeyo-euzeyo danko-euko || dãnazeyot-euzeyot danko-euko || dãnazenh-euzenh danko-euko<br /> |-<br /> | Future || dãnabé-eubé || dãnabéy-eubéy ||dãnabét-eubét || dãnabéyo-eubéyo || dãnabéyot-eubéyot ||dãnabénh-eubénh<br /> |}<br /> Imperative<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei !! nol'halhujh !!teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Present || - || daná-eu || - || danéyo-euyo || danéyot-euyot || -<br /> |}<br /> Irregular verbs and modal verbs<br /> Lees'hin has over twenty irregular verbs and four modal verbs. In table below are some lees'hin irregular verbs. Other irregular verbs will be on Contionary.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Infinitive !!1st person present !! particip perfect !! translation<br /> |-<br /> | lhojha-eu|| lhujh-eu || lhãko-euko || to want<br /> |-<br /> | hátha-eu || hãt-eu || hãko-euko || to drink<br /> |-<br /> | ghema-eu || ghõm-eu || ghiko-euko || to know<br /> |-<br /> | naya-eu || ney-eu || neko-euko || to see<br /> |-<br /> | n'has'ha-eu || nhish || nhako-euko || can<br /> |}<br /> Adverbs<br /> <br /> Particles<br /> Derivational morphology<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Syntax==<br /> ===Constituent order===<br /> ===Noun phrase===<br /> ===Verb phrase===<br /> ===Sentence phrase===<br /> ===Dependent clauses===<br /> &lt;!-- etc. etc. --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Example texts==<br /> ==Other resources==<br /> &lt;!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Template area --&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]<br /> [[Category:Languages]]</div>

Julijanj https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Lees%27hin&diff=121994 2018-07-30T11:19:30Z

<p>Julijanj: /* Consonants */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> &lt;!-- <br /> <br /> This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br /> <br /> I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).<br /> II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)<br /> III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Introduction==<br /> Lees'hin (lees'hin s'hon) is lees'hinian language spoken in Democratic Republic of Lees'hin (Vas’ha Nhelhuk Lees’hin) by 48 000 native speakers. It was created in 2015. The language has no cognate with natural languages. I wanted to make some very strange language with strange vocubalary. Also Lees'hin is intelligable with 2 other lees'hinian languages. They are Mihrulen and Basti.<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Example categories/headings: <br /> <br /> Goals<br /> Setting<br /> Inspiration<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- ***Phonology*** --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- What sounds does your language use? --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br /> <br /> Vowel inventory<br /> Consonant inventory<br /> Syllable structure<br /> Stress<br /> Intonation<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Orthography===<br /> Lees'hin orthography is special, because every letter except y has version with the letter h. For digraphs ch, sh, nh, lh and jh , version with h is c'h s'h, n'h, l'h and j'h.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Letter!! Name of letter<br /> |-<br /> | a || akú<br /> |-<br /> | ã || a kamã<br /> |-<br /> | á || a acún<br /> |-<br /> | b || bãh<br /> |-<br /> | bh || abhú<br /> |-<br /> | c || ca<br /> |-<br /> | ch || cha<br /> |-<br /> | c'h || ac'ha<br /> |-<br /> | d || da<br /> |-<br /> | dh||adhe <br /> |-<br /> | e|| ekú<br /> |-<br /> | é || e acún<br /> |-<br /> | f || fa<br /> |-<br /> | fh|| efhe<br /> |-<br /> | g || gu<br /> |-<br /> | gh|| aghe<br /> |-<br /> | h || hu<br /> |-<br /> | i || ikú<br /> |-<br /> | í || i acún<br /> |-<br /> | j || ja<br /> |-<br /> | jh || jhe<br /> |-<br /> | j'h || aj'he<br /> |-<br /> | k || kã<br /> |-<br /> | kh || akhã<br /> |-<br /> | l || la<br /> |-<br /> | lh || lha<br /> |-<br /> | l'h || al'he<br /> |-<br /> | m || ma<br /> |-<br /> | mh || amhe<br /> |-<br /> | n || ne<br /> |-<br /> | nh || nhe<br /> |-<br /> | n'h|| an'he<br /> |-<br /> | o || okú<br /> |-<br /> | õ || o kamã<br /> |-<br /> | ó || o acún<br /> |-<br /> | p|| pu<br /> |-<br /> | ph || aphú<br /> |-<br /> | r || ra<br /> |-<br /> | rh || arha<br /> |-<br /> | s|| se<br /> |-<br /> | sh || she<br /> |-<br /> | s'h || as'hé<br /> |-<br /> | t || tan<br /> |-<br /> | th || athan<br /> |-<br /> | u || ukú<br /> |-<br /> | ú||u acún<br /> |-<br /> | v || vãku<br /> |-<br /> | vh || vhãku<br /> |-<br /> | y|| yun<br /> |-<br /> | z || za<br /> |-<br /> | zh || azha<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Bilabial!!Labio-dental!!Alveolar!!Post-alveolar!!Palatal!!Velar!!Uvular!!Glottal<br /> |-<br /> |Nasal|| m /m/ || || n /n/ || || nh /ɲ/ || n /ŋ/ || || <br /> |-<br /> |Plosive || p /p/ b /b/ || || t /t/ d /d/ || || || k /k/ g /g/ || ||<br /> |-<br /> |Affricate || || || c /t͡s/ || ch /t͡ʃ/ jh /d͡ʒ/ || || || || <br /> |-<br /> |Fricative || || f /f/ v /v/ || s /s/ z /z/ || sh /ʃ/ j /ʒ/ || || *(')h /x/ || || h /h/<br /> |-<br /> |Approximant || || || || || y /j/ || || || <br /> |-<br /> |Trill || || || r /r/ || || || || ||<br /> |-<br /> |Lateral app. || || || l /l/ || || || lh /ʎ/ || || <br /> |}<br /> *(')h- when h is after consonant it will be pronounced /x/. So in writing exist 2 groups. One is with apostrophe and other has no apostrophe. Group with apostrophe is: s'h, c'h, j'h, l'h and n'h. In other group are consonants that don't need an apostrophe because they can't make another sound. So s'h is written this way to avoid mixing with sh. But gh is written in this way because g with h can't make another phoneme, like sh.<br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Front!! Central !! Back<br /> |-<br /> | Close || i, í /i/ || || u, ú /u/<br /> |-<br /> | Close-mid || e, é /e/ || || õ/ɤ/ o, ó /o/<br /> |-<br /> | Mid || || ã /ə/ || <br /> |-<br /> | Open || a, á /a/ || || <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Prosody===<br /> ====Stress====<br /> Stress is mainly on first place. The stress isn't on first place when a word has graphic accent, then the stress falls where an acute accent is found. Lees'hin has one accent, acute. Vowels can be short or long. A vowel is short if the following vowel isn't the same as proceeding vowel. A vowel is long if after a vowel comes the same vowel.<br /> <br /> ====Intonation====<br /> Intonation in Lees'hin is the same as in English.<br /> <br /> ===Phonotactics===<br /> &lt;!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, &quot;st&quot; is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset &quot;ng&quot; isn't. --&gt;<br /> In Lees'hin are permissible all combinations with h, eg, bh, ch, c'h, sh, s'h... All syllables must have at least one vowel. Nouns cannot end with a vowel.<br /> <br /> ==Morphology==<br /> &lt;!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --&gt;Lees'hin has 6 cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative, instrumenatal). Verbs are inflected through 2 numbers, 2 voices, 3 moods( indicative , subjunctive, imperative), 9 tenses in indicative, 5 in subjunctive and only 1 in imperative. Nouns differ from adjectives. Adjectives differ from verbs.<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Here are some example subcategories:<br /> <br /> Nouns<br /> As I said, Lees'hin has 6 cases. Also Lees'hin has 3 genders (maculine, feminine, neuter) and 3 declinations for each gender. First noun is masculine, the noun s'hon. As seen Lees'hin has no locative, so locative is found in accusative.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !!Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || s'hon || s'honii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || s'hone || s'honeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || s'hona || s'honaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative|| s'honat || s'honatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || s'hono || s'honoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental|| s'honot || s'honotii<br /> |}<br /> Second noun is feminine, the noun hõshejh <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || hõshejh || hõshejhii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || hõshejhe || hõshejheii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || hõshejhet || hõshejhetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || hõshejhon || hõshejhonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || hõshejhono || hõshejhonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || hõshejhonot || hõshejhonotii<br /> |}<br /> Third noun is neuter, the noun heemuõãat<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || heemuõãat|| heemuõãatii<br /> |- |<br /> | Genitive|| heemuõãate || heemuõãateii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || heemuõãati || heemuõãatiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || heemuõãatit || heemuõãatiti<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || heemuõãato || heemuõãatoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || heemuõãatot || heemuõãatotii<br /> |}<br /> Irregular declinations<br /> In Lees'hin also exist irregular declanations, there are 3 types of declination. <br /> First declination: r-declination, e.g. sujh(f)-bowl. This noun has irregular plural.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || sujh || sãchii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || sujher || sãcherii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || sujhra || sãchrii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || sãchrat || sãchratii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || sujhro || sãchroii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||sujhrot|| sãchrotii<br /> |}<br /> Second declination: k-declination, e.g. lhum(m)-owl<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || lhum || lhumii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || lhumka || lhumkaii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative|| lhumak || lhumakii<br /> |-<br /> |Accusative|| lhumakat || lhumakatii<br /> |-<br /> |Vocative || lhumo || lhumoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || lhumkot || lhumkotii<br /> |}<br /> Third declination:v-declination, e.g. jãkhan(m)-door<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| jãkhan || jãkhanii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || jãkhanve || jãkhanveii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative ||jãkhanav|| jãkhanavii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || jãkhanvat || jãkhanvatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || jãkhanvo || jãkhanvoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||jãkhanvot|| jãkhanvotii<br /> |}<br /> Pronouns<br /> Personal pronouns<br /> Lees'hin has 3 pronouns in singular and 3 in plural. Pronouns are diclined slightly different.<br /> First pronouns: nõhi(I) and soc’heches’hei(we) <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| nõhi || soc'heches'hei<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõhiim || soc'heches'heiim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõhia || soc'hes'heia<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||nõhiat || soc'ches'heiat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - || -<br /> |-<br /> |Instrumental || nõhiot || soc'heches'heiot<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Second pronoun: úbosh( you) and nol’halhujh(you)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !!Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || úbosh || nol'halhujh<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || úboshim || nol'halhujhim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative|| úbosha || nol'halhujha<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || úboshat || nol'halhujhat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative|| úbosho || nol'halhujho<br /> |-<br /> |Instrumental || úboshot || nol'halhujhot<br /> |}<br /> Third pronouns: nõbéheghelh (he), nhããmãadaõ(she) and nhãmadão(it)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Singular !! Masculine !! Feminine !! Neuter<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||nõbéheghelh ||nhããmãadaõ || nhãmadão<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive||nõbéheghelhim|| nhããmãadaõim || nhãmadãoim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõbéheghelha || nhããmãadaõet || nhãmadãoi<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõbéheghelhat || nhããmãadaõon || nhãmadãoit<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - ||- || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nõbéheghelhot || nhããmãadaõonot || nhãmadãoot<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun: teãbãõkhé(they)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Plural !! <br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || teãbãõkhéim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || teãbãõkhéa<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || teãbãõkhéat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental|| teãbãõkhéot<br /> |}<br /> Possessive pronouns<br /> Possessive pronouns are actually genitives of personal pronouns. These genitives become nominatives in declination.<br /> First person:nõhiim(my)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõhiim || nõhiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõhiime || nõhiimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõhiima || nõhiimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõhiimat || nõhiimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative|| nõhiimo || nõhiimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nõhiimot || nõhiimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõhiim || nõhiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõhiime|| nõhiimeii<br /> |- <br /> |Dative || nõhiimet || nõhiimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõhiimon || nõhiimon<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõhiimono || nõhiimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nõhiimonot || nõhiimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõhiim || nõhiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitives || nõhiime || nõhiimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõhiimi || nõhiimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative|| nõhiimit || nõhiimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõhiimo || nõhiimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental|| nõhiimot || nõhiimotii<br /> |}<br /> Second pronoun: úboshim(your)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||úboshim || úboshimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || úboshime|| úboshimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || úboshima || úboshimaii <br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || úboshimat|| úboshimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || úboshimo || úboshimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || úboshimot || úboshimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || úboshim || úboshimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || úboshime || úboshimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || úboshimet||úboshimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || úboshimon || úboshimonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || úboshimono || úboshimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || úboshimonot ||úboshimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Neuter!! Singular !! Singular<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || úboshim||úboshimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || úboshime || úboshimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || úboshimi || úboshimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || úboshimit || úboshimitii <br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || úboshimo || úboshimoii <br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||úboshimot || úboshimotii<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun: nõbéheghelhim(his)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõbéheghelhim || nõbéheghelhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõbéheghelhime ||nõbéheghelhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõbéheghelhima || nõbéheghelhimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||nõbéheghelhimat|| nõbéheghelhimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõbéheghelhimo ||nõbéheghelhimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nõbéheghelhimot || nõbéheghelhimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõbéheghelhim || nõbéheghelhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõbéheghelhime || nõbéheghelhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõbéheghelhimet || nõbéheghelhimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõbéheghelhimon || nõbéheghelhimonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõbéheghelhimono || nõbéheghelhimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumenatal || nõbéheghelhimonot || nõbéheghelhimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõbéheghelhim|| nõbéheghelhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõbéheghelhime || nõbéheghelhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõbéheghelhimi || nõbéheghelhimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõbéheghelhimit || nõbéheghelhimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõbéheghelhimo || nõbéheghelhimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumenatal || nõbéheghelhimot || nõbéheghelhimotii<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun:nhããmãadaõim(her)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhããmãadaõim|| nhããmãadaõimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhããmãadaõime || nhããmãadaõimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhããmãadaõima || nhããmãadaõimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhããmãadaõimat || nhããmãadaõimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhããmãadaõimo || nhããmãadaõimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhããmãadaõimot || nhããmãadaõimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||nhããmãadaõim || nhããmãadaõimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhããmãadaõime || nhããmãadaõimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhããmãadaõimet || nhããmãadaõimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhããmãadaõimon || nhããmãadaõimonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative|| nhããmãadaõimono || nhããmãadaõimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhããmãadaõimonot || nhããmãadaõimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhããmãadaõim || nhããmãadaõimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive ||nhããmãadaõime || nhããmãadaõimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhããmãadaõimi || nhããmãadaõimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhããmãadaõimit || nhããmãadaõimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhããmãadaõimo || nhããmãadaõimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhããmãadaõimot || nhããmãadaõimotii<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun:nhãmadãoim(its)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine''!! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhãmadãoim || nhãmadãoimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhãmadãoime || nhãmadãoimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhãmadãoima || nhãmadãoimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||nhãmadãoimat || nhãmadãoimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhãmadãoimo || nhãmadãoimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhãmadãoimot || nhãmadãoimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nomnative || nhãmadãoim|| nhãmadãoimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhãmadãoime|| nhãmadãoimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhãmadãoimet || nhãmadãoimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhãmadãoimon || nhãmadãoimonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhãmadãoimono || nhãmadãoimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhãmadãoimonot || nhãmadãoimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhãmadãoim || nhãmadãoimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhãmadãoime || nhãmadãoimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhãmadãoimi || nhãmadãoimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhãmadãoimit || nhãmadãoimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhãmadãoimo || nhãmadãoimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhãmadãoimot || nhãmadãoimotii<br /> |}<br /> First pronoun:soc'heches'heiim(our)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Maculine !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || soc'heches'heiim || soc'heches'heiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive ||soc'heches'heiime || soc'heches'heiimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || soc'heches'heiima || soc'heches'heiimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || soc'heches'heiimat||soc'heches'heiimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || soc'heches'heiimo || soc'heches'heiimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || soc'heches'heiimot || soc'heches'heiimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || soc'heches'heiim|| soc'heches'heiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || soc'heches'heiime ||soc'heches'heiimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || soc'heches'heiimet || soc'heches'heiimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || soc'heches'heiimon || soc'heches'heiimonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || soc'heches'heiimono || soc'heches'heiimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || soc'heches'heiimonot || soc'heches'heiimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative||soc'heches'heiim|| soc'heches'heiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || soc'heches'heiime || soc'heches'heiimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || soc'heches'heiimi || soc'heches'heiimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || soc'heches'heiimit || soc'heches'heiimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || soc'heches'heiimo || soc'heches'heiimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental||soc'heches'heiimot || soc'heches'heiimotii<br /> |}<br /> Second pronoun:nol'halhujhim (your)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nol'halhujhim ||nol'halhujhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nol'halhujhime|| nol'halhujhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nol'halhujhima || nol'halhujhimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nol'halhujhimat || nol'halhujhimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nol'halhujhimo || nol'halhujhimoii <br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nol'halhujhimot ||nol'halhujhimotii <br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plura<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nol'halhujhim || nol'halhujhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nol'halhujhime || nol'halhujhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nol'halhujhimet || nol'halhujhimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nol'halhujhimon || nol'halhujhimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nol'halhujhimono || nol'halhujhimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nol'halhujhimonot|| nol'halhujhimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nol'halhujhim || nol'halhujhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nol'halhujhime || nol'halhujhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nol'halhujhimi || nol'halhujhimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nol'halhujhimit || nol'halhujhimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nol'halhujhimo || nol'halhujhimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nol'halhujhimot || nol'halhujhimotii<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun: teãbãõkhéim<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || teãbãõkhéim || teãbãõkhéimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || teãbãõkhéime || teãbãõkhéimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || teãbãõkhéima || teãbãõkhéimii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||teãbãõkhéimat || teãbãõkhéimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || teãbãõkhéimo|| teãbãõkhéimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || teãbãõkhéimot || teãbãõkhéimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || teãbãõkhéim || teãbãõkhéimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || teãbãõkhéime || teãbãõkhéimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || teãbãõkhéimet|| teãbãõkhéimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || teãbãõkhéimon || teãbãõkhéimonii <br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || teãbãõkhéimono || teãbãõkhéimonoii <br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || teãbãõkhéimonot || teãbãõkhéimonotii <br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || teãbãõkhéim || teãbãõkhéimii <br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || teãbãõkhéime ||teãbãõkhéimeii <br /> |-<br /> | Dative || teãbãõkhéimi || teãbãõkhéimiii <br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || teãbãõkhéimit || teãbãõkhéimitii <br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || teãbãõkhéimo ||teãbãõkhéimoii <br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || teãbãõkhéimot || teãbãõkhéimotii <br /> |}<br /> Reflexive pronoun<br /> c'hug(-self)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! <br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || - ||<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || c'hug || <br /> |-<br /> | Dative || c'huga || <br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || c'hug ||<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - || <br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || c'hugot || <br /> |}<br /> Demonstrative pronouns<br /> gan(this)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || gan || ganii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || gane || ganeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || gana|| ganaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || ganat|| ganatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || gano || ganoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || ganot || ganotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || gan || ganii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || gane || ganeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || ganet || ganetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || ganon || ganonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || ganono ||ganonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || ganonot || ganonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || gan || ganii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || gane || ganeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || gani || ganiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || ganit || ganit<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || gano || ganoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || ganotii || ganotii<br /> |}<br /> nhal(that)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhal || nhalii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhale || nhaleii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhala|| nhalaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhalat || nhalatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhalo || nhaloii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhalot|| nhalotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhal || nhalii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhale || nhaleii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhalet || nhaletii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhalon|| nhalonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhalono || nhalonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||nhalonot || nhalonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhal || nhalii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhale || nhaleii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhali || nhaliii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhalit || nhalitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhalo || nhaloii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhalot || nhalotii<br /> |}<br /> jhav(that)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || jhav || jhavii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || jhave || jhaveii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || jhava|| jhavaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || jhavat || jhavatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || jhavo || jhavoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || jhavot || jhavotii<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || jhav || jhavii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || jhave || jhaveii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative|| jhavet || jhavetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || jhavon || jhavonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || jhavono || jhavonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || jhavonot || jhavonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || jhav || jhavii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || jhave || jhaveii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || jhavi || jhaviii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || jhavit || jhavitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || jhavo || jhavoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||jhavot|| jhavotii<br /> |}<br /> Interrogative pronouns<br /> thãz((who)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| thãz<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || thãze<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || thãza<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || thãzat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || thãzot<br /> |}<br /> yaaj(what)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || yaaj<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || yaaje<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || yaaja<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || yaajat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || yaajot<br /> |}<br /> Relative pronouns<br /> abhõp(which)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine''!! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||abhõp || abhõpii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || abhõpe || abhõpeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || abhõpa || abhõpa<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || abhõpat || abhõpatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || abhõpot || abhõpotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || abhõp || abhõpii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || abhõpe|| abhõpeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || abhõpet || abhõpetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || abhõpon || abhõponii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || abhõponot|| abhõponotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !!Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || abhõp || abhõpii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || abhõpe || abhõpeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || abhõpi|| abhõpiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||abhõpit || abhõpitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || abhõpot|| abhõpotii<br /> |}<br /> Indefinite pronouns:<br /> guthãz(someone)/guyaaj(something)<br /> pethãz(no-one)/peyaaj(nothing)<br /> s'him(all) etc.<br /> Adjectives<br /> Adjectives can end with a vowel or a consonant. Adjectives with a vowel have regular comparation, and with a consonant have irregular comparation.<br /> Adjectives are diclined like the noun that goes after.<br /> moní-beautiful<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Singular !! Maculine !! Feminine !! Neuter<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| moní ||moní || moní<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || moníe ||moníe || moníe<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || monía || moníet|| moníi<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || moníat ||moníon || moníit<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || monío || moníono || monío<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||moníot || moníonot ||moníot<br /> |-<br /> | Plural || <br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||moníii|| moníii || moníii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || moníeii|| moníeii || moníeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || moníaii || moníetii || moníiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||moníatii|| moníonii || moníitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || moníoii || moníonoii || moníoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || moníotii || moníonotii || moníotii<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> Other adjectives are declined like adjective moní.<br /> Comparation<br /> Lees'hin has normally positive, comparative and superlative. Comparation can be regular or irregular.<br /> Regular comparation<br /> For comparative -r is added, e.g. monír (comparative of moní). Irrelugar comparative, e.g. ganõm( comparative of as'har-good)<br /> For superlative particle ka and comparative are added, e.g. ka monír or ka ganõm.<br /> Verbs<br /> Lees'hin verbs are inflected in numbers, moods and tenses. Every grammatical person has own suffix. One thing is special and that is infinitive. Infinitive in Lees'hin is thematic vowel +-eu. Basically Lees'hin verb consists of 2 parts, first is before -eu and second after, e.g. õnhaka-eu, the root is õnhak, and infinitive is a-eu<br /> Regular conjugation:<br /> to love/past participle: õnhakako-euko<br /> Indicative<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei!! nol’halhujh !! teãbãõkhé !! <br /> |-<br /> | Present || õnhak-eu || õnhakay-euy || õnhakat-eut ||õnhakayo-euyo || õnhakayot-euyot || õnhakanh-eunh <br /> |-<br /> | Imperfect || õnhakaha-euha || õnhakahay-euhay || õnhakahat-euhat || õnhakahayo-euhayo || õnhakahayot-euhayot || õnhakahanh-euhanh<br /> |-<br /> | Preterite || õnhakã-eu || õnhakãy-euy || õnhakãt-eut || õnhakãyo-euyo || õnhakãyot-euyot || õnhakãnh-eunh <br /> |-<br /> | Perfect || dan-eu õnhakako-euko || day-euy õnhakako-euko || dat-eut õnhakako-euko || dayo-euyo õnhakako-euko ||dayot-euyot õnhakako-euko || danh-eunh õnhakako-euko <br /> |-<br /> | Past Perfect || danaha-euha õnhakako-euko || danahay-euhay õnhakako-euko || danahat-euhat õnhakako-euko || danahayo-euhayo õnhakako-euko || danahayot-euhayot õnhakako-euko || danahanh-<br /> euhanh õnhakako-euko<br /> |-<br /> | Future I ||õnhakaba-euba || õnhakabay-eubay || õnhakabat-eubat || õnhakabayo-eubayo || õnhakabayot-eubayot || õnhakabanh-eubanh <br /> |-<br /> | Future II || dãnaba-euba õnhakako-euko || dãnabay-eubay õnhakako-euko || dãnabat-eubat õnhakako-euko || dãnabayo-eubayo õnhakako-euko || dãnabayot-eubayot õnhakako-euko || dãnabanh-eubanh <br /> õnhakako-euko <br /> |-<br /> | Conditional I || õnhakaumú-eumú || õnhakaumúy-eumúy || õnhakaumút-eumút || õnhakaumúyo-eumúyo || õnhakaumúyot-eumúyot || õnhakaumúnh-eumúnh<br /> |-<br /> | Conditional II || dãnaumú-eumú õnhakako-euko || dãnaumúy-eumúy õnhakako-euko || dãnaumút-eumút õnhakako-euko || dãnaumúyo-eumúyo õnhakako-euko || dãnaumúyot-eumúyot õnhakako-euko|| dãnaumúnh-<br /> eumúnh õnhakako-euko <br /> |}<br /> Subjanctive<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !!soc'heches'hei !!nol’halhujh !! teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Present ||õnhaké-eué|| õnhakéy-euéy||õnhakét-euét || õnhakéyo-euéyo ||õnhakéyot-euéyot || õnhakénh-euénh<br /> |-<br /> | Imperfect || õnhakaze-euze || õnhakazey-euzey || õnhakazet-euzet || õnhakazeyo-euzeyo|| õnhakazeyot-euzeyot || õnhakazenh-euzenh<br /> |-<br /> | Perfect || dãné-eué õnhakako-euko || dãnéy-euéy õnhakako-euko|| dãnét-euét õnhakako-euko|| dãnéyo-euéyo õnhakako-euko|| dãnéyot-euéyot õnhakako-euko || dãnénh-euénh õnhakako-euko<br /> |-<br /> | Past Perfect || dãnaze-euze õnhakako-euko ||dãnazey-euzey õnhakako-euko || dãnazet-euzet õnhakako-euko || dãnazeyo-euzeyo õnhakako-euko|| <br /> dãnazeyot-euzeyot õnhakako-euko|| dãnazenh-euzenh <br /> õnhakako-euko<br /> |-<br /> | Future || õnhakabé-eubé || õnhakabéy-eubéy || õnhakabét-eubét || õnhakabéyo-eubéyo || õnhakabéyot-eubéyot || õnhakabénh-eubénh <br /> |}<br /> Imperative<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei !! nol’halhujh !! teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Present || - || õnhaká-eu || - || õnhakéyo-euyo || õnhakéyot-euyot || -<br /> |}<br /> Auxilary verbs:<br /> bãssãjha-eu(to be), dãna-eu(to have)<br /> <br /> bãssãjha-eu<br /> Indicative<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei !! nol’halhujh !!teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Present || bus-eu || busay-euy || busat-eut || bãssãyo-euyo|| bãssãyot-euyot|| bãssanh-eunh <br /> |-<br /> | Imperfect || bússã-eu || bússãy-euy ||bússãt-eut || bússãyo-euyo || bússãyot-euyot || bússãnh-eunh<br /> |-<br /> | Preterite || bússaha-euha|| bússahay-euahay || bússahat-euahat || bússahayo-euahayo || bússahayot-euahayot|| bússahanh-euahanh <br /> |-<br /> | Perfect || dan-eu busko-euko|| day-euy busko-euko ||dat-eut busko-euko || dayo-euyo busko-euko || dayot-euyot busko-euko || danh-eunh busko-euko <br /> |-<br /> | Past perfect|| danaha-euaha busko-euko || danahay-euahay busko-euko || danahat-euahat busko-euko || danahayo-euahayo busko-euko || danahayot-euahayot busko-euko|| danahanh-euahanh busko-<br /> euko <br /> |-<br /> | Future I || bãssãjhaba-euba|| bãssãjhabay-eubay || bãssãjhabat-eubat || bãssãjhabayo-eubayo ||bãssãjhabayot-eubayot || bãssãjhabanh-eubanh <br /> |-<br /> | Future II|| dãnaba-euba busko-euko || dãnabay-eubay busko-euko || dãnabat-eubat busko-euko || dãnabayo-eubayo busko-euko || dãnabayot-eubayot busko-euko || dãnabanh-eubanh busko-euko<br /> |-<br /> | Conditional I || bãssãjhaumú-eumú || bãssãjhaumúy-eumúy || bãssãjhaumút-eumút || bãssãjhaumúyo-eumúyo || bãssãjhaumúyot-eumúyot ||bãssãjhaumúnh-eumúnh<br /> |-<br /> | Conditional II || dãnaumú-eumú busko-euko || dãnaumúy-eumúy busko-euko || dãnaumút-eumút busko-euko ||dãnaumúyo-eumúyo busko-euko || dãnaumúyot-eumúyot busko-euko || dãnaumúyot-eumúyot <br /> busko-euko <br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> Subjanctive<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !!úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei !! nol’halhujh !! teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Present || bãssãjhé-eué || bãssãjhéy-euéy || bãssãjhét-euét || bãssãjhéyo-euéyo || bãssãjhéyot-euéyot ||bãssãjhénh-euénh <br /> |-<br /> | Imperfect || bãssãjhaze-euaze || bãssãjhazey-euazey || bãssãjhazet-euazet || bãssãjhazeyo-euazeyo ||bãssãjhazeyot-euazeyot || bãssãjhazenh-euazenh <br /> |-<br /> | Perfect || dãné-eué busko-euko || dãnéy-euéy busko-euko || dãnét-euét busko-euko || dãnéyo-euéyo busko-euko || dãnéyot-euéyot busko-euko || dãnénh-euénh busko-euko<br /> |-<br /> | Past Perfect || dãnaze-euaze busko-euko || dãnazey-euazey busko-euko || dãnazet-euazet busko-euko || dãnazeyo-euazeyo busko-euko || dãnazeyot-euazeyot busko-euko || dãnaazenh-euazenh busko-<br /> euko<br /> |-<br /> | Future || bãssãjhabé-eubé || bãssãjhabéy-eubéy || bãssãjhabét-eubét ||bãssãjhabéyo-eubéyo || bãssãjhabéyot-eubéyot ||bãssãjhabénh-eubénh <br /> |}<br /> Imperative<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei !! nol’halhujh !! teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Present || - || bãssá-eu || - || bãsséyo-euyo || bãsséyot-euyot || -<br /> |}<br /> dãna-eu<br /> Indicative<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei !! nol’halhujh !! teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Present || dan-eu || day-euy || dat-eut || dayo-euyo || dayot-euyot || danh-eunh<br /> |-<br /> | Imperfect || danaha-euha || danahay-euhay || danahat-euhat || danahayo-euhayo || danahayot-euyot || danahanh-euhanh<br /> |-<br /> | Preterite || danã-eu || danãy-euy || danãt-eut || danãyo-euyo || danãyot-euyot || danãnh-eunh<br /> |-<br /> | Perfect || dan-eu danko-euko || day-euy danko-euko || dat-eut danko-euko ||dayo-euyo danko-euko|| dayot-euyot danko-euko || danh-eunh danko-<br /> euko<br /> |-<br /> | Past Perfect || danaha-euha danko-euko || danahay-euhay danko-euko || danahat-euhat danko-euko || danahayo-euyo danko-euko || danahayot-<br /> euyot danko-euko || danahanh-euhanh danko-euko<br /> |-<br /> | Future I || dãnaba-euba || dãnabay-eubay || dãnabat-eubat || dãnabayo-eubayo || dãnabayot-eubayot || dãnabanh-eubanh<br /> |-<br /> | Future II || dãnaba-euba danko-euko || dãnabay-eubay danko-euko || dãnabat-eubat danko-euko|| dãnabayo-eubayo danko-euko || dãnabayot-eubayot danko-euko || dãnabanh-eubanh danko-eu<br /> |-<br /> | Conditional I || dãnaumú-eumú || dãnaumúy-eumúy || dãnaumút-eumút|| dãnaumúyo-eumúyo || dãnaumúyot-eumúyot || dãnaumúnh-eumúnh<br /> |-<br /> | Conditional II || dãnaumú-eumú danko-euko || dãnaumúy-eumúy danko-euko || dãnaumút-eumút danko-euko || dãnaumúyo-eumúyo danko-euko || <br /> dãnaumúyot-eumúyot danko-euko || dãnaumúnh-eumúnh danko-euko <br /> |} <br /> Subjanctive<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei !! nol’halhujh !! teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Present || dãné-eué || dãnéy-euéy || dãnét-euét || dãnéyo-euéyo|| dãnéyot-euéyot || dãnénh-euénh<br /> |-<br /> | Imperfect || dãnaze-euze || dãnazey-euzey || dãnazet-euzet|| dãnazeyo-euzeyo || dãnazeyot-euzeyot|| dãnazenh-euzenh<br /> |-<br /> | Perfect || dãné-eué danko-euko || dãnéy-euéy danko-euko || dãnét-euét danko-euko || dãnéyo-euéyo danko-euko || dãnéyot-euéyot || dãnénh-<br /> euénh danko-euko<br /> |-<br /> | Past Perfect ||dãnaze-euze danko-euko||dãnazey-euzey danko-euko || dãnazet-euzet danko-euko || dãnazeyo-euzeyo danko-euko || dãnazeyot-euzeyot danko-euko || dãnazenh-euzenh danko-euko<br /> |-<br /> | Future || dãnabé-eubé || dãnabéy-eubéy ||dãnabét-eubét || dãnabéyo-eubéyo || dãnabéyot-eubéyot ||dãnabénh-eubénh<br /> |}<br /> Imperative<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei !! nol'halhujh !!teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Present || - || daná-eu || - || danéyo-euyo || danéyot-euyot || -<br /> |}<br /> Irregular verbs and modal verbs<br /> Lees'hin has over twenty irregular verbs and four modal verbs. In table below are some lees'hin irregular verbs. Other irregular verbs will be on Contionary.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Infinitive !!1st person present !! particip perfect !! translation<br /> |-<br /> | lhojha-eu|| lhujh-eu || lhãko-euko || to want<br /> |-<br /> | hátha-eu || hãt-eu || hãko-euko || to drink<br /> |-<br /> | ghema-eu || ghõm-eu || ghiko-euko || to know<br /> |-<br /> | naya-eu || ney-eu || neko-euko || to see<br /> |-<br /> | n'has'ha-eu || nhish || nhako-euko || can<br /> |}<br /> Adverbs<br /> Particles<br /> Derivational morphology<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Syntax==<br /> ===Constituent order===<br /> ===Noun phrase===<br /> ===Verb phrase===<br /> ===Sentence phrase===<br /> ===Dependent clauses===<br /> &lt;!-- etc. etc. --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Example texts==<br /> ==Other resources==<br /> &lt;!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Template area --&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]<br /> [[Category:Languages]]</div>

Julijanj https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Lees%27hin&diff=121991 2018-07-30T11:18:49Z

<p>Julijanj: /* Consonants */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> &lt;!-- <br /> <br /> This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br /> <br /> I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).<br /> II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)<br /> III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Introduction==<br /> Lees'hin (lees'hin s'hon) is lees'hinian language spoken in Democratic Republic of Lees'hin (Vas’ha Nhelhuk Lees’hin) by 48 000 native speakers. It was created in 2015. The language has no cognate with natural languages. I wanted to make some very strange language with strange vocubalary. Also Lees'hin is intelligable with 2 other lees'hinian languages. They are Mihrulen and Basti.<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Example categories/headings: <br /> <br /> Goals<br /> Setting<br /> Inspiration<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- ***Phonology*** --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- What sounds does your language use? --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br /> <br /> Vowel inventory<br /> Consonant inventory<br /> Syllable structure<br /> Stress<br /> Intonation<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Orthography===<br /> Lees'hin orthography is special, because every letter except y has version with the letter h. For digraphs ch, sh, nh, lh and jh , version with h is c'h s'h, n'h, l'h and j'h.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Letter!! Name of letter<br /> |-<br /> | a || akú<br /> |-<br /> | ã || a kamã<br /> |-<br /> | á || a acún<br /> |-<br /> | b || bãh<br /> |-<br /> | bh || abhú<br /> |-<br /> | c || ca<br /> |-<br /> | ch || cha<br /> |-<br /> | c'h || ac'ha<br /> |-<br /> | d || da<br /> |-<br /> | dh||adhe <br /> |-<br /> | e|| ekú<br /> |-<br /> | é || e acún<br /> |-<br /> | f || fa<br /> |-<br /> | fh|| efhe<br /> |-<br /> | g || gu<br /> |-<br /> | gh|| aghe<br /> |-<br /> | h || hu<br /> |-<br /> | i || ikú<br /> |-<br /> | í || i acún<br /> |-<br /> | j || ja<br /> |-<br /> | jh || jhe<br /> |-<br /> | j'h || aj'he<br /> |-<br /> | k || kã<br /> |-<br /> | kh || akhã<br /> |-<br /> | l || la<br /> |-<br /> | lh || lha<br /> |-<br /> | l'h || al'he<br /> |-<br /> | m || ma<br /> |-<br /> | mh || amhe<br /> |-<br /> | n || ne<br /> |-<br /> | nh || nhe<br /> |-<br /> | n'h|| an'he<br /> |-<br /> | o || okú<br /> |-<br /> | õ || o kamã<br /> |-<br /> | ó || o acún<br /> |-<br /> | p|| pu<br /> |-<br /> | ph || aphú<br /> |-<br /> | r || ra<br /> |-<br /> | rh || arha<br /> |-<br /> | s|| se<br /> |-<br /> | sh || she<br /> |-<br /> | s'h || as'hé<br /> |-<br /> | t || tan<br /> |-<br /> | th || athan<br /> |-<br /> | u || ukú<br /> |-<br /> | ú||u acún<br /> |-<br /> | v || vãku<br /> |-<br /> | vh || vhãku<br /> |-<br /> | y|| yun<br /> |-<br /> | z || za<br /> |-<br /> | zh || azha<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Bilabial!!Labio-dental!!Alveolar!!Post-alveolar!!Palatal!!Velar!!Uvular!!Glottal<br /> |-<br /> |Nasal|| m /m/ || || n /n/ || || nh /ɲ/ || n /ŋ/ || || <br /> |-<br /> |Plosive || p /p/ b /b/ || || t /t/ d /d/ || || || k /k/ g /g/ || <br /> |-<br /> |Affricate || || || c /t͡s/ || ch /t͡ʃ/ jh /d͡ʒ/ || || || || <br /> |-<br /> |Fricative || || f /f/ v /v/ || s /s/ z /z/ || sh /ʃ/ j /ʒ/ || || *(')h /x/ || || h /h/<br /> |-<br /> |Approximant || || || || || y /j/ || || || <br /> |-<br /> |Trill || || || r /r/ || || || || ||<br /> |-<br /> |Lateral app. || || || l /l/ || || || lh /ʎ/ || || <br /> |}<br /> *(')h- when h is after consonant it will be pronounced /x/. So in writing exist 2 groups. One is with apostrophe and other has no apostrophe. Group with apostrophe is: s'h, c'h, j'h, l'h and n'h. In other group are consonants that don't need an apostrophe because they can't make another sound. So s'h is written this way to avoid mixing with sh. But gh is written in this way because g with h can't make another phoneme, like sh.<br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Front!! Central !! Back<br /> |-<br /> | Close || i, í /i/ || || u, ú /u/<br /> |-<br /> | Close-mid || e, é /e/ || || õ/ɤ/ o, ó /o/<br /> |-<br /> | Mid || || ã /ə/ || <br /> |-<br /> | Open || a, á /a/ || || <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Prosody===<br /> ====Stress====<br /> Stress is mainly on first place. The stress isn't on first place when a word has graphic accent, then the stress falls where an acute accent is found. Lees'hin has one accent, acute. Vowels can be short or long. A vowel is short if the following vowel isn't the same as proceeding vowel. A vowel is long if after a vowel comes the same vowel.<br /> <br /> ====Intonation====<br /> Intonation in Lees'hin is the same as in English.<br /> <br /> ===Phonotactics===<br /> &lt;!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, &quot;st&quot; is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset &quot;ng&quot; isn't. --&gt;<br /> In Lees'hin are permissible all combinations with h, eg, bh, ch, c'h, sh, s'h... All syllables must have at least one vowel. Nouns cannot end with a vowel.<br /> <br /> ==Morphology==<br /> &lt;!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --&gt;Lees'hin has 6 cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative, instrumenatal). Verbs are inflected through 2 numbers, 2 voices, 3 moods( indicative , subjunctive, imperative), 9 tenses in indicative, 5 in subjunctive and only 1 in imperative. Nouns differ from adjectives. Adjectives differ from verbs.<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Here are some example subcategories:<br /> <br /> Nouns<br /> As I said, Lees'hin has 6 cases. Also Lees'hin has 3 genders (maculine, feminine, neuter) and 3 declinations for each gender. First noun is masculine, the noun s'hon. As seen Lees'hin has no locative, so locative is found in accusative.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !!Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || s'hon || s'honii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || s'hone || s'honeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || s'hona || s'honaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative|| s'honat || s'honatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || s'hono || s'honoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental|| s'honot || s'honotii<br /> |}<br /> Second noun is feminine, the noun hõshejh <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || hõshejh || hõshejhii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || hõshejhe || hõshejheii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || hõshejhet || hõshejhetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || hõshejhon || hõshejhonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || hõshejhono || hõshejhonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || hõshejhonot || hõshejhonotii<br /> |}<br /> Third noun is neuter, the noun heemuõãat<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || heemuõãat|| heemuõãatii<br /> |- |<br /> | Genitive|| heemuõãate || heemuõãateii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || heemuõãati || heemuõãatiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || heemuõãatit || heemuõãatiti<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || heemuõãato || heemuõãatoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || heemuõãatot || heemuõãatotii<br /> |}<br /> Irregular declinations<br /> In Lees'hin also exist irregular declanations, there are 3 types of declination. <br /> First declination: r-declination, e.g. sujh(f)-bowl. This noun has irregular plural.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || sujh || sãchii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || sujher || sãcherii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || sujhra || sãchrii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || sãchrat || sãchratii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || sujhro || sãchroii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||sujhrot|| sãchrotii<br /> |}<br /> Second declination: k-declination, e.g. lhum(m)-owl<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || lhum || lhumii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || lhumka || lhumkaii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative|| lhumak || lhumakii<br /> |-<br /> |Accusative|| lhumakat || lhumakatii<br /> |-<br /> |Vocative || lhumo || lhumoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || lhumkot || lhumkotii<br /> |}<br /> Third declination:v-declination, e.g. jãkhan(m)-door<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| jãkhan || jãkhanii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || jãkhanve || jãkhanveii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative ||jãkhanav|| jãkhanavii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || jãkhanvat || jãkhanvatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || jãkhanvo || jãkhanvoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||jãkhanvot|| jãkhanvotii<br /> |}<br /> Pronouns<br /> Personal pronouns<br /> Lees'hin has 3 pronouns in singular and 3 in plural. Pronouns are diclined slightly different.<br /> First pronouns: nõhi(I) and soc’heches’hei(we) <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| nõhi || soc'heches'hei<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõhiim || soc'heches'heiim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõhia || soc'hes'heia<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||nõhiat || soc'ches'heiat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - || -<br /> |-<br /> |Instrumental || nõhiot || soc'heches'heiot<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Second pronoun: úbosh( you) and nol’halhujh(you)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !!Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || úbosh || nol'halhujh<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || úboshim || nol'halhujhim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative|| úbosha || nol'halhujha<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || úboshat || nol'halhujhat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative|| úbosho || nol'halhujho<br /> |-<br /> |Instrumental || úboshot || nol'halhujhot<br /> |}<br /> Third pronouns: nõbéheghelh (he), nhããmãadaõ(she) and nhãmadão(it)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Singular !! Masculine !! Feminine !! Neuter<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||nõbéheghelh ||nhããmãadaõ || nhãmadão<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive||nõbéheghelhim|| nhããmãadaõim || nhãmadãoim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõbéheghelha || nhããmãadaõet || nhãmadãoi<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõbéheghelhat || nhããmãadaõon || nhãmadãoit<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - ||- || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nõbéheghelhot || nhããmãadaõonot || nhãmadãoot<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun: teãbãõkhé(they)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Plural !! <br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || teãbãõkhéim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || teãbãõkhéa<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || teãbãõkhéat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental|| teãbãõkhéot<br /> |}<br /> Possessive pronouns<br /> Possessive pronouns are actually genitives of personal pronouns. These genitives become nominatives in declination.<br /> First person:nõhiim(my)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõhiim || nõhiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõhiime || nõhiimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõhiima || nõhiimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõhiimat || nõhiimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative|| nõhiimo || nõhiimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nõhiimot || nõhiimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõhiim || nõhiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõhiime|| nõhiimeii<br /> |- <br /> |Dative || nõhiimet || nõhiimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõhiimon || nõhiimon<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõhiimono || nõhiimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nõhiimonot || nõhiimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõhiim || nõhiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitives || nõhiime || nõhiimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõhiimi || nõhiimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative|| nõhiimit || nõhiimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõhiimo || nõhiimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental|| nõhiimot || nõhiimotii<br /> |}<br /> Second pronoun: úboshim(your)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||úboshim || úboshimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || úboshime|| úboshimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || úboshima || úboshimaii <br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || úboshimat|| úboshimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || úboshimo || úboshimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || úboshimot || úboshimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || úboshim || úboshimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || úboshime || úboshimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || úboshimet||úboshimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || úboshimon || úboshimonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || úboshimono || úboshimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || úboshimonot ||úboshimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Neuter!! Singular !! Singular<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || úboshim||úboshimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || úboshime || úboshimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || úboshimi || úboshimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || úboshimit || úboshimitii <br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || úboshimo || úboshimoii <br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||úboshimot || úboshimotii<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun: nõbéheghelhim(his)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõbéheghelhim || nõbéheghelhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõbéheghelhime ||nõbéheghelhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõbéheghelhima || nõbéheghelhimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||nõbéheghelhimat|| nõbéheghelhimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõbéheghelhimo ||nõbéheghelhimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nõbéheghelhimot || nõbéheghelhimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõbéheghelhim || nõbéheghelhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõbéheghelhime || nõbéheghelhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõbéheghelhimet || nõbéheghelhimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõbéheghelhimon || nõbéheghelhimonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõbéheghelhimono || nõbéheghelhimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumenatal || nõbéheghelhimonot || nõbéheghelhimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõbéheghelhim|| nõbéheghelhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõbéheghelhime || nõbéheghelhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõbéheghelhimi || nõbéheghelhimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõbéheghelhimit || nõbéheghelhimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõbéheghelhimo || nõbéheghelhimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumenatal || nõbéheghelhimot || nõbéheghelhimotii<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun:nhããmãadaõim(her)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhããmãadaõim|| nhããmãadaõimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhããmãadaõime || nhããmãadaõimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhããmãadaõima || nhããmãadaõimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhããmãadaõimat || nhããmãadaõimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhããmãadaõimo || nhããmãadaõimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhããmãadaõimot || nhããmãadaõimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||nhããmãadaõim || nhããmãadaõimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhããmãadaõime || nhããmãadaõimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhããmãadaõimet || nhããmãadaõimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhããmãadaõimon || nhããmãadaõimonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative|| nhããmãadaõimono || nhããmãadaõimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhããmãadaõimonot || nhããmãadaõimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhããmãadaõim || nhããmãadaõimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive ||nhããmãadaõime || nhããmãadaõimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhããmãadaõimi || nhããmãadaõimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhããmãadaõimit || nhããmãadaõimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhããmãadaõimo || nhããmãadaõimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhããmãadaõimot || nhããmãadaõimotii<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun:nhãmadãoim(its)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine''!! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhãmadãoim || nhãmadãoimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhãmadãoime || nhãmadãoimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhãmadãoima || nhãmadãoimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||nhãmadãoimat || nhãmadãoimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhãmadãoimo || nhãmadãoimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhãmadãoimot || nhãmadãoimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nomnative || nhãmadãoim|| nhãmadãoimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhãmadãoime|| nhãmadãoimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhãmadãoimet || nhãmadãoimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhãmadãoimon || nhãmadãoimonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhãmadãoimono || nhãmadãoimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhãmadãoimonot || nhãmadãoimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhãmadãoim || nhãmadãoimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhãmadãoime || nhãmadãoimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhãmadãoimi || nhãmadãoimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhãmadãoimit || nhãmadãoimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhãmadãoimo || nhãmadãoimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhãmadãoimot || nhãmadãoimotii<br /> |}<br /> First pronoun:soc'heches'heiim(our)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Maculine !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || soc'heches'heiim || soc'heches'heiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive ||soc'heches'heiime || soc'heches'heiimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || soc'heches'heiima || soc'heches'heiimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || soc'heches'heiimat||soc'heches'heiimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || soc'heches'heiimo || soc'heches'heiimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || soc'heches'heiimot || soc'heches'heiimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || soc'heches'heiim|| soc'heches'heiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || soc'heches'heiime ||soc'heches'heiimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || soc'heches'heiimet || soc'heches'heiimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || soc'heches'heiimon || soc'heches'heiimonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || soc'heches'heiimono || soc'heches'heiimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || soc'heches'heiimonot || soc'heches'heiimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative||soc'heches'heiim|| soc'heches'heiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || soc'heches'heiime || soc'heches'heiimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || soc'heches'heiimi || soc'heches'heiimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || soc'heches'heiimit || soc'heches'heiimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || soc'heches'heiimo || soc'heches'heiimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental||soc'heches'heiimot || soc'heches'heiimotii<br /> |}<br /> Second pronoun:nol'halhujhim (your)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nol'halhujhim ||nol'halhujhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nol'halhujhime|| nol'halhujhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nol'halhujhima || nol'halhujhimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nol'halhujhimat || nol'halhujhimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nol'halhujhimo || nol'halhujhimoii <br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nol'halhujhimot ||nol'halhujhimotii <br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plura<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nol'halhujhim || nol'halhujhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nol'halhujhime || nol'halhujhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nol'halhujhimet || nol'halhujhimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nol'halhujhimon || nol'halhujhimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nol'halhujhimono || nol'halhujhimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nol'halhujhimonot|| nol'halhujhimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nol'halhujhim || nol'halhujhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nol'halhujhime || nol'halhujhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nol'halhujhimi || nol'halhujhimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nol'halhujhimit || nol'halhujhimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nol'halhujhimo || nol'halhujhimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nol'halhujhimot || nol'halhujhimotii<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun: teãbãõkhéim<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || teãbãõkhéim || teãbãõkhéimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || teãbãõkhéime || teãbãõkhéimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || teãbãõkhéima || teãbãõkhéimii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||teãbãõkhéimat || teãbãõkhéimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || teãbãõkhéimo|| teãbãõkhéimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || teãbãõkhéimot || teãbãõkhéimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || teãbãõkhéim || teãbãõkhéimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || teãbãõkhéime || teãbãõkhéimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || teãbãõkhéimet|| teãbãõkhéimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || teãbãõkhéimon || teãbãõkhéimonii <br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || teãbãõkhéimono || teãbãõkhéimonoii <br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || teãbãõkhéimonot || teãbãõkhéimonotii <br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || teãbãõkhéim || teãbãõkhéimii <br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || teãbãõkhéime ||teãbãõkhéimeii <br /> |-<br /> | Dative || teãbãõkhéimi || teãbãõkhéimiii <br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || teãbãõkhéimit || teãbãõkhéimitii <br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || teãbãõkhéimo ||teãbãõkhéimoii <br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || teãbãõkhéimot || teãbãõkhéimotii <br /> |}<br /> Reflexive pronoun<br /> c'hug(-self)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! <br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || - ||<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || c'hug || <br /> |-<br /> | Dative || c'huga || <br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || c'hug ||<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - || <br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || c'hugot || <br /> |}<br /> Demonstrative pronouns<br /> gan(this)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || gan || ganii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || gane || ganeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || gana|| ganaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || ganat|| ganatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || gano || ganoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || ganot || ganotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || gan || ganii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || gane || ganeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || ganet || ganetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || ganon || ganonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || ganono ||ganonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || ganonot || ganonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || gan || ganii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || gane || ganeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || gani || ganiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || ganit || ganit<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || gano || ganoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || ganotii || ganotii<br /> |}<br /> nhal(that)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhal || nhalii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhale || nhaleii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhala|| nhalaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhalat || nhalatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhalo || nhaloii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhalot|| nhalotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhal || nhalii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhale || nhaleii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhalet || nhaletii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhalon|| nhalonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhalono || nhalonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||nhalonot || nhalonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhal || nhalii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhale || nhaleii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhali || nhaliii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhalit || nhalitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhalo || nhaloii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhalot || nhalotii<br /> |}<br /> jhav(that)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || jhav || jhavii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || jhave || jhaveii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || jhava|| jhavaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || jhavat || jhavatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || jhavo || jhavoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || jhavot || jhavotii<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || jhav || jhavii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || jhave || jhaveii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative|| jhavet || jhavetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || jhavon || jhavonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || jhavono || jhavonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || jhavonot || jhavonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || jhav || jhavii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || jhave || jhaveii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || jhavi || jhaviii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || jhavit || jhavitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || jhavo || jhavoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||jhavot|| jhavotii<br /> |}<br /> Interrogative pronouns<br /> thãz((who)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| thãz<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || thãze<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || thãza<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || thãzat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || thãzot<br /> |}<br /> yaaj(what)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || yaaj<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || yaaje<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || yaaja<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || yaajat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || yaajot<br /> |}<br /> Relative pronouns<br /> abhõp(which)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine''!! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||abhõp || abhõpii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || abhõpe || abhõpeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || abhõpa || abhõpa<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || abhõpat || abhõpatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || abhõpot || abhõpotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || abhõp || abhõpii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || abhõpe|| abhõpeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || abhõpet || abhõpetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || abhõpon || abhõponii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || abhõponot|| abhõponotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !!Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || abhõp || abhõpii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || abhõpe || abhõpeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || abhõpi|| abhõpiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||abhõpit || abhõpitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || abhõpot|| abhõpotii<br /> |}<br /> Indefinite pronouns:<br /> guthãz(someone)/guyaaj(something)<br /> pethãz(no-one)/peyaaj(nothing)<br /> s'him(all) etc.<br /> Adjectives<br /> Adjectives can end with a vowel or a consonant. Adjectives with a vowel have regular comparation, and with a consonant have irregular comparation.<br /> Adjectives are diclined like the noun that goes after.<br /> moní-beautiful<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Singular !! Maculine !! Feminine !! Neuter<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| moní ||moní || moní<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || moníe ||moníe || moníe<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || monía || moníet|| moníi<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || moníat ||moníon || moníit<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || monío || moníono || monío<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||moníot || moníonot ||moníot<br /> |-<br /> | Plural || <br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||moníii|| moníii || moníii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || moníeii|| moníeii || moníeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || moníaii || moníetii || moníiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||moníatii|| moníonii || moníitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || moníoii || moníonoii || moníoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || moníotii || moníonotii || moníotii<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> Other adjectives are declined like adjective moní.<br /> Comparation<br /> Lees'hin has normally positive, comparative and superlative. Comparation can be regular or irregular.<br /> Regular comparation<br /> For comparative -r is added, e.g. monír (comparative of moní). Irrelugar comparative, e.g. ganõm( comparative of as'har-good)<br /> For superlative particle ka and comparative are added, e.g. ka monír or ka ganõm.<br /> Verbs<br /> Lees'hin verbs are inflected in numbers, moods and tenses. Every grammatical person has own suffix. One thing is special and that is infinitive. Infinitive in Lees'hin is thematic vowel +-eu. Basically Lees'hin verb consists of 2 parts, first is before -eu and second after, e.g. õnhaka-eu, the root is õnhak, and infinitive is a-eu<br /> Regular conjugation:<br /> to love/past participle: õnhakako-euko<br /> Indicative<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei!! nol’halhujh !! teãbãõkhé !! <br /> |-<br /> | Present || õnhak-eu || õnhakay-euy || õnhakat-eut ||õnhakayo-euyo || õnhakayot-euyot || õnhakanh-eunh <br /> |-<br /> | Imperfect || õnhakaha-euha || õnhakahay-euhay || õnhakahat-euhat || õnhakahayo-euhayo || õnhakahayot-euhayot || õnhakahanh-euhanh<br /> |-<br /> | Preterite || õnhakã-eu || õnhakãy-euy || õnhakãt-eut || õnhakãyo-euyo || õnhakãyot-euyot || õnhakãnh-eunh <br /> |-<br /> | Perfect || dan-eu õnhakako-euko || day-euy õnhakako-euko || dat-eut õnhakako-euko || dayo-euyo õnhakako-euko ||dayot-euyot õnhakako-euko || danh-eunh õnhakako-euko <br /> |-<br /> | Past Perfect || danaha-euha õnhakako-euko || danahay-euhay õnhakako-euko || danahat-euhat õnhakako-euko || danahayo-euhayo õnhakako-euko || danahayot-euhayot õnhakako-euko || danahanh-<br /> euhanh õnhakako-euko<br /> |-<br /> | Future I ||õnhakaba-euba || õnhakabay-eubay || õnhakabat-eubat || õnhakabayo-eubayo || õnhakabayot-eubayot || õnhakabanh-eubanh <br /> |-<br /> | Future II || dãnaba-euba õnhakako-euko || dãnabay-eubay õnhakako-euko || dãnabat-eubat õnhakako-euko || dãnabayo-eubayo õnhakako-euko || dãnabayot-eubayot õnhakako-euko || dãnabanh-eubanh <br /> õnhakako-euko <br /> |-<br /> | Conditional I || õnhakaumú-eumú || õnhakaumúy-eumúy || õnhakaumút-eumút || õnhakaumúyo-eumúyo || õnhakaumúyot-eumúyot || õnhakaumúnh-eumúnh<br /> |-<br /> | Conditional II || dãnaumú-eumú õnhakako-euko || dãnaumúy-eumúy õnhakako-euko || dãnaumút-eumút õnhakako-euko || dãnaumúyo-eumúyo õnhakako-euko || dãnaumúyot-eumúyot õnhakako-euko|| dãnaumúnh-<br /> eumúnh õnhakako-euko <br /> |}<br /> Subjanctive<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !!soc'heches'hei !!nol’halhujh !! teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Present ||õnhaké-eué|| õnhakéy-euéy||õnhakét-euét || õnhakéyo-euéyo ||õnhakéyot-euéyot || õnhakénh-euénh<br /> |-<br /> | Imperfect || õnhakaze-euze || õnhakazey-euzey || õnhakazet-euzet || õnhakazeyo-euzeyo|| õnhakazeyot-euzeyot || õnhakazenh-euzenh<br /> |-<br /> | Perfect || dãné-eué õnhakako-euko || dãnéy-euéy õnhakako-euko|| dãnét-euét õnhakako-euko|| dãnéyo-euéyo õnhakako-euko|| dãnéyot-euéyot õnhakako-euko || dãnénh-euénh õnhakako-euko<br /> |-<br /> | Past Perfect || dãnaze-euze õnhakako-euko ||dãnazey-euzey õnhakako-euko || dãnazet-euzet õnhakako-euko || dãnazeyo-euzeyo õnhakako-euko|| <br /> dãnazeyot-euzeyot õnhakako-euko|| dãnazenh-euzenh <br /> õnhakako-euko<br /> |-<br /> | Future || õnhakabé-eubé || õnhakabéy-eubéy || õnhakabét-eubét || õnhakabéyo-eubéyo || õnhakabéyot-eubéyot || õnhakabénh-eubénh <br /> |}<br /> Imperative<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei !! nol’halhujh !! teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Present || - || õnhaká-eu || - || õnhakéyo-euyo || õnhakéyot-euyot || -<br /> |}<br /> Auxilary verbs:<br /> bãssãjha-eu(to be), dãna-eu(to have)<br /> <br /> bãssãjha-eu<br /> Indicative<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei !! nol’halhujh !!teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Present || bus-eu || busay-euy || busat-eut || bãssãyo-euyo|| bãssãyot-euyot|| bãssanh-eunh <br /> |-<br /> | Imperfect || bússã-eu || bússãy-euy ||bússãt-eut || bússãyo-euyo || bússãyot-euyot || bússãnh-eunh<br /> |-<br /> | Preterite || bússaha-euha|| bússahay-euahay || bússahat-euahat || bússahayo-euahayo || bússahayot-euahayot|| bússahanh-euahanh <br /> |-<br /> | Perfect || dan-eu busko-euko|| day-euy busko-euko ||dat-eut busko-euko || dayo-euyo busko-euko || dayot-euyot busko-euko || danh-eunh busko-euko <br /> |-<br /> | Past perfect|| danaha-euaha busko-euko || danahay-euahay busko-euko || danahat-euahat busko-euko || danahayo-euahayo busko-euko || danahayot-euahayot busko-euko|| danahanh-euahanh busko-<br /> euko <br /> |-<br /> | Future I || bãssãjhaba-euba|| bãssãjhabay-eubay || bãssãjhabat-eubat || bãssãjhabayo-eubayo ||bãssãjhabayot-eubayot || bãssãjhabanh-eubanh <br /> |-<br /> | Future II|| dãnaba-euba busko-euko || dãnabay-eubay busko-euko || dãnabat-eubat busko-euko || dãnabayo-eubayo busko-euko || dãnabayot-eubayot busko-euko || dãnabanh-eubanh busko-euko<br /> |-<br /> | Conditional I || bãssãjhaumú-eumú || bãssãjhaumúy-eumúy || bãssãjhaumút-eumút || bãssãjhaumúyo-eumúyo || bãssãjhaumúyot-eumúyot ||bãssãjhaumúnh-eumúnh<br /> |-<br /> | Conditional II || dãnaumú-eumú busko-euko || dãnaumúy-eumúy busko-euko || dãnaumút-eumút busko-euko ||dãnaumúyo-eumúyo busko-euko || dãnaumúyot-eumúyot busko-euko || dãnaumúyot-eumúyot <br /> busko-euko <br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> Subjanctive<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !!úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei !! nol’halhujh !! teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Present || bãssãjhé-eué || bãssãjhéy-euéy || bãssãjhét-euét || bãssãjhéyo-euéyo || bãssãjhéyot-euéyot ||bãssãjhénh-euénh <br /> |-<br /> | Imperfect || bãssãjhaze-euaze || bãssãjhazey-euazey || bãssãjhazet-euazet || bãssãjhazeyo-euazeyo ||bãssãjhazeyot-euazeyot || bãssãjhazenh-euazenh <br /> |-<br /> | Perfect || dãné-eué busko-euko || dãnéy-euéy busko-euko || dãnét-euét busko-euko || dãnéyo-euéyo busko-euko || dãnéyot-euéyot busko-euko || dãnénh-euénh busko-euko<br /> |-<br /> | Past Perfect || dãnaze-euaze busko-euko || dãnazey-euazey busko-euko || dãnazet-euazet busko-euko || dãnazeyo-euazeyo busko-euko || dãnazeyot-euazeyot busko-euko || dãnaazenh-euazenh busko-<br /> euko<br /> |-<br /> | Future || bãssãjhabé-eubé || bãssãjhabéy-eubéy || bãssãjhabét-eubét ||bãssãjhabéyo-eubéyo || bãssãjhabéyot-eubéyot ||bãssãjhabénh-eubénh <br /> |}<br /> Imperative<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei !! nol’halhujh !! teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Present || - || bãssá-eu || - || bãsséyo-euyo || bãsséyot-euyot || -<br /> |}<br /> dãna-eu<br /> Indicative<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei !! nol’halhujh !! teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Present || dan-eu || day-euy || dat-eut || dayo-euyo || dayot-euyot || danh-eunh<br /> |-<br /> | Imperfect || danaha-euha || danahay-euhay || danahat-euhat || danahayo-euhayo || danahayot-euyot || danahanh-euhanh<br /> |-<br /> | Preterite || danã-eu || danãy-euy || danãt-eut || danãyo-euyo || danãyot-euyot || danãnh-eunh<br /> |-<br /> | Perfect || dan-eu danko-euko || day-euy danko-euko || dat-eut danko-euko ||dayo-euyo danko-euko|| dayot-euyot danko-euko || danh-eunh danko-<br /> euko<br /> |-<br /> | Past Perfect || danaha-euha danko-euko || danahay-euhay danko-euko || danahat-euhat danko-euko || danahayo-euyo danko-euko || danahayot-<br /> euyot danko-euko || danahanh-euhanh danko-euko<br /> |-<br /> | Future I || dãnaba-euba || dãnabay-eubay || dãnabat-eubat || dãnabayo-eubayo || dãnabayot-eubayot || dãnabanh-eubanh<br /> |-<br /> | Future II || dãnaba-euba danko-euko || dãnabay-eubay danko-euko || dãnabat-eubat danko-euko|| dãnabayo-eubayo danko-euko || dãnabayot-eubayot danko-euko || dãnabanh-eubanh danko-eu<br /> |-<br /> | Conditional I || dãnaumú-eumú || dãnaumúy-eumúy || dãnaumút-eumút|| dãnaumúyo-eumúyo || dãnaumúyot-eumúyot || dãnaumúnh-eumúnh<br /> |-<br /> | Conditional II || dãnaumú-eumú danko-euko || dãnaumúy-eumúy danko-euko || dãnaumút-eumút danko-euko || dãnaumúyo-eumúyo danko-euko || <br /> dãnaumúyot-eumúyot danko-euko || dãnaumúnh-eumúnh danko-euko <br /> |} <br /> Subjanctive<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei !! nol’halhujh !! teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Present || dãné-eué || dãnéy-euéy || dãnét-euét || dãnéyo-euéyo|| dãnéyot-euéyot || dãnénh-euénh<br /> |-<br /> | Imperfect || dãnaze-euze || dãnazey-euzey || dãnazet-euzet|| dãnazeyo-euzeyo || dãnazeyot-euzeyot|| dãnazenh-euzenh<br /> |-<br /> | Perfect || dãné-eué danko-euko || dãnéy-euéy danko-euko || dãnét-euét danko-euko || dãnéyo-euéyo danko-euko || dãnéyot-euéyot || dãnénh-<br /> euénh danko-euko<br /> |-<br /> | Past Perfect ||dãnaze-euze danko-euko||dãnazey-euzey danko-euko || dãnazet-euzet danko-euko || dãnazeyo-euzeyo danko-euko || dãnazeyot-euzeyot danko-euko || dãnazenh-euzenh danko-euko<br /> |-<br /> | Future || dãnabé-eubé || dãnabéy-eubéy ||dãnabét-eubét || dãnabéyo-eubéyo || dãnabéyot-eubéyot ||dãnabénh-eubénh<br /> |}<br /> Imperative<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei !! nol'halhujh !!teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Present || - || daná-eu || - || danéyo-euyo || danéyot-euyot || -<br /> |}<br /> Irregular verbs and modal verbs<br /> Lees'hin has over twenty irregular verbs and four modal verbs. In table below are some lees'hin irregular verbs. Other irregular verbs will be on Contionary.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Infinitive !!1st person present !! particip perfect !! translation<br /> |-<br /> | lhojha-eu|| lhujh-eu || lhãko-euko || to want<br /> |-<br /> | hátha-eu || hãt-eu || hãko-euko || to drink<br /> |-<br /> | ghema-eu || ghõm-eu || ghiko-euko || to know<br /> |-<br /> | naya-eu || ney-eu || neko-euko || to see<br /> |-<br /> | n'has'ha-eu || nhish || nhako-euko || can<br /> |}<br /> Adverbs<br /> Particles<br /> Derivational morphology<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Syntax==<br /> ===Constituent order===<br /> ===Noun phrase===<br /> ===Verb phrase===<br /> ===Sentence phrase===<br /> ===Dependent clauses===<br /> &lt;!-- etc. etc. --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Example texts==<br /> ==Other resources==<br /> &lt;!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Template area --&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]<br /> [[Category:Languages]]</div>

Julijanj https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Lees%27hin&diff=121989 2018-07-30T11:18:23Z

<p>Julijanj: /* Orthography */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> &lt;!-- <br /> <br /> This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br /> <br /> I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).<br /> II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)<br /> III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Introduction==<br /> Lees'hin (lees'hin s'hon) is lees'hinian language spoken in Democratic Republic of Lees'hin (Vas’ha Nhelhuk Lees’hin) by 48 000 native speakers. It was created in 2015. The language has no cognate with natural languages. I wanted to make some very strange language with strange vocubalary. Also Lees'hin is intelligable with 2 other lees'hinian languages. They are Mihrulen and Basti.<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Example categories/headings: <br /> <br /> Goals<br /> Setting<br /> Inspiration<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- ***Phonology*** --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- What sounds does your language use? --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br /> <br /> Vowel inventory<br /> Consonant inventory<br /> Syllable structure<br /> Stress<br /> Intonation<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Orthography===<br /> Lees'hin orthography is special, because every letter except y has version with the letter h. For digraphs ch, sh, nh, lh and jh , version with h is c'h s'h, n'h, l'h and j'h.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Letter!! Name of letter<br /> |-<br /> | a || akú<br /> |-<br /> | ã || a kamã<br /> |-<br /> | á || a acún<br /> |-<br /> | b || bãh<br /> |-<br /> | bh || abhú<br /> |-<br /> | c || ca<br /> |-<br /> | ch || cha<br /> |-<br /> | c'h || ac'ha<br /> |-<br /> | d || da<br /> |-<br /> | dh||adhe <br /> |-<br /> | e|| ekú<br /> |-<br /> | é || e acún<br /> |-<br /> | f || fa<br /> |-<br /> | fh|| efhe<br /> |-<br /> | g || gu<br /> |-<br /> | gh|| aghe<br /> |-<br /> | h || hu<br /> |-<br /> | i || ikú<br /> |-<br /> | í || i acún<br /> |-<br /> | j || ja<br /> |-<br /> | jh || jhe<br /> |-<br /> | j'h || aj'he<br /> |-<br /> | k || kã<br /> |-<br /> | kh || akhã<br /> |-<br /> | l || la<br /> |-<br /> | lh || lha<br /> |-<br /> | l'h || al'he<br /> |-<br /> | m || ma<br /> |-<br /> | mh || amhe<br /> |-<br /> | n || ne<br /> |-<br /> | nh || nhe<br /> |-<br /> | n'h|| an'he<br /> |-<br /> | o || okú<br /> |-<br /> | õ || o kamã<br /> |-<br /> | ó || o acún<br /> |-<br /> | p|| pu<br /> |-<br /> | ph || aphú<br /> |-<br /> | r || ra<br /> |-<br /> | rh || arha<br /> |-<br /> | s|| se<br /> |-<br /> | sh || she<br /> |-<br /> | s'h || as'hé<br /> |-<br /> | t || tan<br /> |-<br /> | th || athan<br /> |-<br /> | u || ukú<br /> |-<br /> | ú||u acún<br /> |-<br /> | v || vãku<br /> |-<br /> | vh || vhãku<br /> |-<br /> | y|| yun<br /> |-<br /> | z || za<br /> |-<br /> | zh || azha<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Bilabial!!Labio-dental!!Alveolar!!Post-alveolar!!Palatal!!Velar!!Uvular!!Glottal<br /> |-<br /> |Nasal|| m /m/ || || n /n/ || || nh /ɲ/ || n /ŋ/ || || <br /> |-<br /> |Plosive || p /p/ b /b/ || || t /t/ d /d/ || || || k /k/ g /g/ ||q /q/ || <br /> |-<br /> |Affricate || || || c /t͡s/ || ch /t͡ʃ/ jh /d͡ʒ/ || || || || <br /> |-<br /> |Fricative || || f /f/ v /v/ || s /s/ z /z/ || sh /ʃ/ j /ʒ/ || || *(')h /x/ || || h /h/<br /> |-<br /> |Approximant || || || || || y /j/ || || || <br /> |-<br /> |Trill || || || r /r/ || || || || ||<br /> |-<br /> |Lateral app. || || || l /l/ || || || lh /ʎ/ || || <br /> |}<br /> *(')h- when h is after consonant it will be pronounced /x/. So in writing exist 2 groups. One is with apostrophe and other has no apostrophe. Group with apostrophe is: s'h, c'h, j'h, l'h and n'h. In other group are consonants that don't need an apostrophe because they can't make another sound. So s'h is written this way to avoid mixing with sh. But gh is written in this way because g with h can't make another phoneme, like sh.<br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Front!! Central !! Back<br /> |-<br /> | Close || i, í /i/ || || u, ú /u/<br /> |-<br /> | Close-mid || e, é /e/ || || õ/ɤ/ o, ó /o/<br /> |-<br /> | Mid || || ã /ə/ || <br /> |-<br /> | Open || a, á /a/ || || <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Prosody===<br /> ====Stress====<br /> Stress is mainly on first place. The stress isn't on first place when a word has graphic accent, then the stress falls where an acute accent is found. Lees'hin has one accent, acute. Vowels can be short or long. A vowel is short if the following vowel isn't the same as proceeding vowel. A vowel is long if after a vowel comes the same vowel.<br /> <br /> ====Intonation====<br /> Intonation in Lees'hin is the same as in English.<br /> <br /> ===Phonotactics===<br /> &lt;!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, &quot;st&quot; is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset &quot;ng&quot; isn't. --&gt;<br /> In Lees'hin are permissible all combinations with h, eg, bh, ch, c'h, sh, s'h... All syllables must have at least one vowel. Nouns cannot end with a vowel.<br /> <br /> ==Morphology==<br /> &lt;!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --&gt;Lees'hin has 6 cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative, instrumenatal). Verbs are inflected through 2 numbers, 2 voices, 3 moods( indicative , subjunctive, imperative), 9 tenses in indicative, 5 in subjunctive and only 1 in imperative. Nouns differ from adjectives. Adjectives differ from verbs.<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Here are some example subcategories:<br /> <br /> Nouns<br /> As I said, Lees'hin has 6 cases. Also Lees'hin has 3 genders (maculine, feminine, neuter) and 3 declinations for each gender. First noun is masculine, the noun s'hon. As seen Lees'hin has no locative, so locative is found in accusative.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !!Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || s'hon || s'honii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || s'hone || s'honeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || s'hona || s'honaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative|| s'honat || s'honatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || s'hono || s'honoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental|| s'honot || s'honotii<br /> |}<br /> Second noun is feminine, the noun hõshejh <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || hõshejh || hõshejhii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || hõshejhe || hõshejheii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || hõshejhet || hõshejhetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || hõshejhon || hõshejhonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || hõshejhono || hõshejhonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || hõshejhonot || hõshejhonotii<br /> |}<br /> Third noun is neuter, the noun heemuõãat<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || heemuõãat|| heemuõãatii<br /> |- |<br /> | Genitive|| heemuõãate || heemuõãateii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || heemuõãati || heemuõãatiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || heemuõãatit || heemuõãatiti<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || heemuõãato || heemuõãatoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || heemuõãatot || heemuõãatotii<br /> |}<br /> Irregular declinations<br /> In Lees'hin also exist irregular declanations, there are 3 types of declination. <br /> First declination: r-declination, e.g. sujh(f)-bowl. This noun has irregular plural.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || sujh || sãchii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || sujher || sãcherii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || sujhra || sãchrii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || sãchrat || sãchratii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || sujhro || sãchroii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||sujhrot|| sãchrotii<br /> |}<br /> Second declination: k-declination, e.g. lhum(m)-owl<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || lhum || lhumii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || lhumka || lhumkaii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative|| lhumak || lhumakii<br /> |-<br /> |Accusative|| lhumakat || lhumakatii<br /> |-<br /> |Vocative || lhumo || lhumoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || lhumkot || lhumkotii<br /> |}<br /> Third declination:v-declination, e.g. jãkhan(m)-door<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| jãkhan || jãkhanii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || jãkhanve || jãkhanveii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative ||jãkhanav|| jãkhanavii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || jãkhanvat || jãkhanvatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || jãkhanvo || jãkhanvoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||jãkhanvot|| jãkhanvotii<br /> |}<br /> Pronouns<br /> Personal pronouns<br /> Lees'hin has 3 pronouns in singular and 3 in plural. Pronouns are diclined slightly different.<br /> First pronouns: nõhi(I) and soc’heches’hei(we) <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| nõhi || soc'heches'hei<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõhiim || soc'heches'heiim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõhia || soc'hes'heia<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||nõhiat || soc'ches'heiat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - || -<br /> |-<br /> |Instrumental || nõhiot || soc'heches'heiot<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Second pronoun: úbosh( you) and nol’halhujh(you)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !!Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || úbosh || nol'halhujh<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || úboshim || nol'halhujhim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative|| úbosha || nol'halhujha<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || úboshat || nol'halhujhat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative|| úbosho || nol'halhujho<br /> |-<br /> |Instrumental || úboshot || nol'halhujhot<br /> |}<br /> Third pronouns: nõbéheghelh (he), nhããmãadaõ(she) and nhãmadão(it)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Singular !! Masculine !! Feminine !! Neuter<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||nõbéheghelh ||nhããmãadaõ || nhãmadão<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive||nõbéheghelhim|| nhããmãadaõim || nhãmadãoim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõbéheghelha || nhããmãadaõet || nhãmadãoi<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõbéheghelhat || nhããmãadaõon || nhãmadãoit<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - ||- || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nõbéheghelhot || nhããmãadaõonot || nhãmadãoot<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun: teãbãõkhé(they)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Plural !! <br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || teãbãõkhéim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || teãbãõkhéa<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || teãbãõkhéat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental|| teãbãõkhéot<br /> |}<br /> Possessive pronouns<br /> Possessive pronouns are actually genitives of personal pronouns. These genitives become nominatives in declination.<br /> First person:nõhiim(my)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõhiim || nõhiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõhiime || nõhiimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõhiima || nõhiimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõhiimat || nõhiimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative|| nõhiimo || nõhiimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nõhiimot || nõhiimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõhiim || nõhiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõhiime|| nõhiimeii<br /> |- <br /> |Dative || nõhiimet || nõhiimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõhiimon || nõhiimon<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõhiimono || nõhiimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nõhiimonot || nõhiimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõhiim || nõhiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitives || nõhiime || nõhiimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõhiimi || nõhiimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative|| nõhiimit || nõhiimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõhiimo || nõhiimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental|| nõhiimot || nõhiimotii<br /> |}<br /> Second pronoun: úboshim(your)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||úboshim || úboshimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || úboshime|| úboshimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || úboshima || úboshimaii <br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || úboshimat|| úboshimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || úboshimo || úboshimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || úboshimot || úboshimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || úboshim || úboshimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || úboshime || úboshimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || úboshimet||úboshimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || úboshimon || úboshimonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || úboshimono || úboshimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || úboshimonot ||úboshimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Neuter!! Singular !! Singular<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || úboshim||úboshimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || úboshime || úboshimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || úboshimi || úboshimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || úboshimit || úboshimitii <br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || úboshimo || úboshimoii <br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||úboshimot || úboshimotii<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun: nõbéheghelhim(his)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõbéheghelhim || nõbéheghelhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõbéheghelhime ||nõbéheghelhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõbéheghelhima || nõbéheghelhimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||nõbéheghelhimat|| nõbéheghelhimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõbéheghelhimo ||nõbéheghelhimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nõbéheghelhimot || nõbéheghelhimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõbéheghelhim || nõbéheghelhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõbéheghelhime || nõbéheghelhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõbéheghelhimet || nõbéheghelhimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõbéheghelhimon || nõbéheghelhimonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõbéheghelhimono || nõbéheghelhimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumenatal || nõbéheghelhimonot || nõbéheghelhimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõbéheghelhim|| nõbéheghelhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõbéheghelhime || nõbéheghelhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõbéheghelhimi || nõbéheghelhimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõbéheghelhimit || nõbéheghelhimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõbéheghelhimo || nõbéheghelhimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumenatal || nõbéheghelhimot || nõbéheghelhimotii<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun:nhããmãadaõim(her)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhããmãadaõim|| nhããmãadaõimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhããmãadaõime || nhããmãadaõimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhããmãadaõima || nhããmãadaõimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhããmãadaõimat || nhããmãadaõimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhããmãadaõimo || nhããmãadaõimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhããmãadaõimot || nhããmãadaõimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||nhããmãadaõim || nhããmãadaõimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhããmãadaõime || nhããmãadaõimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhããmãadaõimet || nhããmãadaõimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhããmãadaõimon || nhããmãadaõimonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative|| nhããmãadaõimono || nhããmãadaõimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhããmãadaõimonot || nhããmãadaõimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhããmãadaõim || nhããmãadaõimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive ||nhããmãadaõime || nhããmãadaõimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhããmãadaõimi || nhããmãadaõimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhããmãadaõimit || nhããmãadaõimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhããmãadaõimo || nhããmãadaõimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhããmãadaõimot || nhããmãadaõimotii<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun:nhãmadãoim(its)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine''!! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhãmadãoim || nhãmadãoimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhãmadãoime || nhãmadãoimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhãmadãoima || nhãmadãoimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||nhãmadãoimat || nhãmadãoimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhãmadãoimo || nhãmadãoimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhãmadãoimot || nhãmadãoimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nomnative || nhãmadãoim|| nhãmadãoimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhãmadãoime|| nhãmadãoimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhãmadãoimet || nhãmadãoimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhãmadãoimon || nhãmadãoimonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhãmadãoimono || nhãmadãoimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhãmadãoimonot || nhãmadãoimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhãmadãoim || nhãmadãoimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhãmadãoime || nhãmadãoimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhãmadãoimi || nhãmadãoimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhãmadãoimit || nhãmadãoimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhãmadãoimo || nhãmadãoimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhãmadãoimot || nhãmadãoimotii<br /> |}<br /> First pronoun:soc'heches'heiim(our)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Maculine !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || soc'heches'heiim || soc'heches'heiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive ||soc'heches'heiime || soc'heches'heiimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || soc'heches'heiima || soc'heches'heiimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || soc'heches'heiimat||soc'heches'heiimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || soc'heches'heiimo || soc'heches'heiimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || soc'heches'heiimot || soc'heches'heiimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || soc'heches'heiim|| soc'heches'heiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || soc'heches'heiime ||soc'heches'heiimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || soc'heches'heiimet || soc'heches'heiimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || soc'heches'heiimon || soc'heches'heiimonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || soc'heches'heiimono || soc'heches'heiimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || soc'heches'heiimonot || soc'heches'heiimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative||soc'heches'heiim|| soc'heches'heiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || soc'heches'heiime || soc'heches'heiimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || soc'heches'heiimi || soc'heches'heiimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || soc'heches'heiimit || soc'heches'heiimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || soc'heches'heiimo || soc'heches'heiimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental||soc'heches'heiimot || soc'heches'heiimotii<br /> |}<br /> Second pronoun:nol'halhujhim (your)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nol'halhujhim ||nol'halhujhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nol'halhujhime|| nol'halhujhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nol'halhujhima || nol'halhujhimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nol'halhujhimat || nol'halhujhimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nol'halhujhimo || nol'halhujhimoii <br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nol'halhujhimot ||nol'halhujhimotii <br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plura<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nol'halhujhim || nol'halhujhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nol'halhujhime || nol'halhujhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nol'halhujhimet || nol'halhujhimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nol'halhujhimon || nol'halhujhimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nol'halhujhimono || nol'halhujhimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nol'halhujhimonot|| nol'halhujhimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nol'halhujhim || nol'halhujhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nol'halhujhime || nol'halhujhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nol'halhujhimi || nol'halhujhimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nol'halhujhimit || nol'halhujhimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nol'halhujhimo || nol'halhujhimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nol'halhujhimot || nol'halhujhimotii<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun: teãbãõkhéim<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || teãbãõkhéim || teãbãõkhéimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || teãbãõkhéime || teãbãõkhéimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || teãbãõkhéima || teãbãõkhéimii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||teãbãõkhéimat || teãbãõkhéimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || teãbãõkhéimo|| teãbãõkhéimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || teãbãõkhéimot || teãbãõkhéimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || teãbãõkhéim || teãbãõkhéimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || teãbãõkhéime || teãbãõkhéimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || teãbãõkhéimet|| teãbãõkhéimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || teãbãõkhéimon || teãbãõkhéimonii <br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || teãbãõkhéimono || teãbãõkhéimonoii <br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || teãbãõkhéimonot || teãbãõkhéimonotii <br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || teãbãõkhéim || teãbãõkhéimii <br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || teãbãõkhéime ||teãbãõkhéimeii <br /> |-<br /> | Dative || teãbãõkhéimi || teãbãõkhéimiii <br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || teãbãõkhéimit || teãbãõkhéimitii <br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || teãbãõkhéimo ||teãbãõkhéimoii <br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || teãbãõkhéimot || teãbãõkhéimotii <br /> |}<br /> Reflexive pronoun<br /> c'hug(-self)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! <br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || - ||<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || c'hug || <br /> |-<br /> | Dative || c'huga || <br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || c'hug ||<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - || <br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || c'hugot || <br /> |}<br /> Demonstrative pronouns<br /> gan(this)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || gan || ganii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || gane || ganeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || gana|| ganaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || ganat|| ganatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || gano || ganoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || ganot || ganotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || gan || ganii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || gane || ganeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || ganet || ganetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || ganon || ganonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || ganono ||ganonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || ganonot || ganonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || gan || ganii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || gane || ganeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || gani || ganiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || ganit || ganit<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || gano || ganoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || ganotii || ganotii<br /> |}<br /> nhal(that)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhal || nhalii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhale || nhaleii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhala|| nhalaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhalat || nhalatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhalo || nhaloii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhalot|| nhalotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhal || nhalii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhale || nhaleii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhalet || nhaletii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhalon|| nhalonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhalono || nhalonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||nhalonot || nhalonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhal || nhalii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhale || nhaleii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhali || nhaliii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhalit || nhalitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhalo || nhaloii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhalot || nhalotii<br /> |}<br /> jhav(that)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || jhav || jhavii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || jhave || jhaveii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || jhava|| jhavaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || jhavat || jhavatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || jhavo || jhavoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || jhavot || jhavotii<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || jhav || jhavii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || jhave || jhaveii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative|| jhavet || jhavetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || jhavon || jhavonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || jhavono || jhavonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || jhavonot || jhavonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || jhav || jhavii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || jhave || jhaveii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || jhavi || jhaviii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || jhavit || jhavitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || jhavo || jhavoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||jhavot|| jhavotii<br /> |}<br /> Interrogative pronouns<br /> thãz((who)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| thãz<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || thãze<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || thãza<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || thãzat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || thãzot<br /> |}<br /> yaaj(what)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || yaaj<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || yaaje<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || yaaja<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || yaajat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || yaajot<br /> |}<br /> Relative pronouns<br /> abhõp(which)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine''!! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||abhõp || abhõpii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || abhõpe || abhõpeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || abhõpa || abhõpa<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || abhõpat || abhõpatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || abhõpot || abhõpotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || abhõp || abhõpii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || abhõpe|| abhõpeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || abhõpet || abhõpetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || abhõpon || abhõponii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || abhõponot|| abhõponotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !!Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || abhõp || abhõpii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || abhõpe || abhõpeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || abhõpi|| abhõpiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||abhõpit || abhõpitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || abhõpot|| abhõpotii<br /> |}<br /> Indefinite pronouns:<br /> guthãz(someone)/guyaaj(something)<br /> pethãz(no-one)/peyaaj(nothing)<br /> s'him(all) etc.<br /> Adjectives<br /> Adjectives can end with a vowel or a consonant. Adjectives with a vowel have regular comparation, and with a consonant have irregular comparation.<br /> Adjectives are diclined like the noun that goes after.<br /> moní-beautiful<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Singular !! Maculine !! Feminine !! Neuter<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| moní ||moní || moní<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || moníe ||moníe || moníe<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || monía || moníet|| moníi<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || moníat ||moníon || moníit<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || monío || moníono || monío<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||moníot || moníonot ||moníot<br /> |-<br /> | Plural || <br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||moníii|| moníii || moníii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || moníeii|| moníeii || moníeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || moníaii || moníetii || moníiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||moníatii|| moníonii || moníitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || moníoii || moníonoii || moníoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || moníotii || moníonotii || moníotii<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> Other adjectives are declined like adjective moní.<br /> Comparation<br /> Lees'hin has normally positive, comparative and superlative. Comparation can be regular or irregular.<br /> Regular comparation<br /> For comparative -r is added, e.g. monír (comparative of moní). Irrelugar comparative, e.g. ganõm( comparative of as'har-good)<br /> For superlative particle ka and comparative are added, e.g. ka monír or ka ganõm.<br /> Verbs<br /> Lees'hin verbs are inflected in numbers, moods and tenses. Every grammatical person has own suffix. One thing is special and that is infinitive. Infinitive in Lees'hin is thematic vowel +-eu. Basically Lees'hin verb consists of 2 parts, first is before -eu and second after, e.g. õnhaka-eu, the root is õnhak, and infinitive is a-eu<br /> Regular conjugation:<br /> to love/past participle: õnhakako-euko<br /> Indicative<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei!! nol’halhujh !! teãbãõkhé !! <br /> |-<br /> | Present || õnhak-eu || õnhakay-euy || õnhakat-eut ||õnhakayo-euyo || õnhakayot-euyot || õnhakanh-eunh <br /> |-<br /> | Imperfect || õnhakaha-euha || õnhakahay-euhay || õnhakahat-euhat || õnhakahayo-euhayo || õnhakahayot-euhayot || õnhakahanh-euhanh<br /> |-<br /> | Preterite || õnhakã-eu || õnhakãy-euy || õnhakãt-eut || õnhakãyo-euyo || õnhakãyot-euyot || õnhakãnh-eunh <br /> |-<br /> | Perfect || dan-eu õnhakako-euko || day-euy õnhakako-euko || dat-eut õnhakako-euko || dayo-euyo õnhakako-euko ||dayot-euyot õnhakako-euko || danh-eunh õnhakako-euko <br /> |-<br /> | Past Perfect || danaha-euha õnhakako-euko || danahay-euhay õnhakako-euko || danahat-euhat õnhakako-euko || danahayo-euhayo õnhakako-euko || danahayot-euhayot õnhakako-euko || danahanh-<br /> euhanh õnhakako-euko<br /> |-<br /> | Future I ||õnhakaba-euba || õnhakabay-eubay || õnhakabat-eubat || õnhakabayo-eubayo || õnhakabayot-eubayot || õnhakabanh-eubanh <br /> |-<br /> | Future II || dãnaba-euba õnhakako-euko || dãnabay-eubay õnhakako-euko || dãnabat-eubat õnhakako-euko || dãnabayo-eubayo õnhakako-euko || dãnabayot-eubayot õnhakako-euko || dãnabanh-eubanh <br /> õnhakako-euko <br /> |-<br /> | Conditional I || õnhakaumú-eumú || õnhakaumúy-eumúy || õnhakaumút-eumút || õnhakaumúyo-eumúyo || õnhakaumúyot-eumúyot || õnhakaumúnh-eumúnh<br /> |-<br /> | Conditional II || dãnaumú-eumú õnhakako-euko || dãnaumúy-eumúy õnhakako-euko || dãnaumút-eumút õnhakako-euko || dãnaumúyo-eumúyo õnhakako-euko || dãnaumúyot-eumúyot õnhakako-euko|| dãnaumúnh-<br /> eumúnh õnhakako-euko <br /> |}<br /> Subjanctive<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !!soc'heches'hei !!nol’halhujh !! teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Present ||õnhaké-eué|| õnhakéy-euéy||õnhakét-euét || õnhakéyo-euéyo ||õnhakéyot-euéyot || õnhakénh-euénh<br /> |-<br /> | Imperfect || õnhakaze-euze || õnhakazey-euzey || õnhakazet-euzet || õnhakazeyo-euzeyo|| õnhakazeyot-euzeyot || õnhakazenh-euzenh<br /> |-<br /> | Perfect || dãné-eué õnhakako-euko || dãnéy-euéy õnhakako-euko|| dãnét-euét õnhakako-euko|| dãnéyo-euéyo õnhakako-euko|| dãnéyot-euéyot õnhakako-euko || dãnénh-euénh õnhakako-euko<br /> |-<br /> | Past Perfect || dãnaze-euze õnhakako-euko ||dãnazey-euzey õnhakako-euko || dãnazet-euzet õnhakako-euko || dãnazeyo-euzeyo õnhakako-euko|| <br /> dãnazeyot-euzeyot õnhakako-euko|| dãnazenh-euzenh <br /> õnhakako-euko<br /> |-<br /> | Future || õnhakabé-eubé || õnhakabéy-eubéy || õnhakabét-eubét || õnhakabéyo-eubéyo || õnhakabéyot-eubéyot || õnhakabénh-eubénh <br /> |}<br /> Imperative<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei !! nol’halhujh !! teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Present || - || õnhaká-eu || - || õnhakéyo-euyo || õnhakéyot-euyot || -<br /> |}<br /> Auxilary verbs:<br /> bãssãjha-eu(to be), dãna-eu(to have)<br /> <br /> bãssãjha-eu<br /> Indicative<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei !! nol’halhujh !!teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Present || bus-eu || busay-euy || busat-eut || bãssãyo-euyo|| bãssãyot-euyot|| bãssanh-eunh <br /> |-<br /> | Imperfect || bússã-eu || bússãy-euy ||bússãt-eut || bússãyo-euyo || bússãyot-euyot || bússãnh-eunh<br /> |-<br /> | Preterite || bússaha-euha|| bússahay-euahay || bússahat-euahat || bússahayo-euahayo || bússahayot-euahayot|| bússahanh-euahanh <br /> |-<br /> | Perfect || dan-eu busko-euko|| day-euy busko-euko ||dat-eut busko-euko || dayo-euyo busko-euko || dayot-euyot busko-euko || danh-eunh busko-euko <br /> |-<br /> | Past perfect|| danaha-euaha busko-euko || danahay-euahay busko-euko || danahat-euahat busko-euko || danahayo-euahayo busko-euko || danahayot-euahayot busko-euko|| danahanh-euahanh busko-<br /> euko <br /> |-<br /> | Future I || bãssãjhaba-euba|| bãssãjhabay-eubay || bãssãjhabat-eubat || bãssãjhabayo-eubayo ||bãssãjhabayot-eubayot || bãssãjhabanh-eubanh <br /> |-<br /> | Future II|| dãnaba-euba busko-euko || dãnabay-eubay busko-euko || dãnabat-eubat busko-euko || dãnabayo-eubayo busko-euko || dãnabayot-eubayot busko-euko || dãnabanh-eubanh busko-euko<br /> |-<br /> | Conditional I || bãssãjhaumú-eumú || bãssãjhaumúy-eumúy || bãssãjhaumút-eumút || bãssãjhaumúyo-eumúyo || bãssãjhaumúyot-eumúyot ||bãssãjhaumúnh-eumúnh<br /> |-<br /> | Conditional II || dãnaumú-eumú busko-euko || dãnaumúy-eumúy busko-euko || dãnaumút-eumút busko-euko ||dãnaumúyo-eumúyo busko-euko || dãnaumúyot-eumúyot busko-euko || dãnaumúyot-eumúyot <br /> busko-euko <br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> Subjanctive<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !!úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei !! nol’halhujh !! teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Present || bãssãjhé-eué || bãssãjhéy-euéy || bãssãjhét-euét || bãssãjhéyo-euéyo || bãssãjhéyot-euéyot ||bãssãjhénh-euénh <br /> |-<br /> | Imperfect || bãssãjhaze-euaze || bãssãjhazey-euazey || bãssãjhazet-euazet || bãssãjhazeyo-euazeyo ||bãssãjhazeyot-euazeyot || bãssãjhazenh-euazenh <br /> |-<br /> | Perfect || dãné-eué busko-euko || dãnéy-euéy busko-euko || dãnét-euét busko-euko || dãnéyo-euéyo busko-euko || dãnéyot-euéyot busko-euko || dãnénh-euénh busko-euko<br /> |-<br /> | Past Perfect || dãnaze-euaze busko-euko || dãnazey-euazey busko-euko || dãnazet-euazet busko-euko || dãnazeyo-euazeyo busko-euko || dãnazeyot-euazeyot busko-euko || dãnaazenh-euazenh busko-<br /> euko<br /> |-<br /> | Future || bãssãjhabé-eubé || bãssãjhabéy-eubéy || bãssãjhabét-eubét ||bãssãjhabéyo-eubéyo || bãssãjhabéyot-eubéyot ||bãssãjhabénh-eubénh <br /> |}<br /> Imperative<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei !! nol’halhujh !! teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Present || - || bãssá-eu || - || bãsséyo-euyo || bãsséyot-euyot || -<br /> |}<br /> dãna-eu<br /> Indicative<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei !! nol’halhujh !! teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Present || dan-eu || day-euy || dat-eut || dayo-euyo || dayot-euyot || danh-eunh<br /> |-<br /> | Imperfect || danaha-euha || danahay-euhay || danahat-euhat || danahayo-euhayo || danahayot-euyot || danahanh-euhanh<br /> |-<br /> | Preterite || danã-eu || danãy-euy || danãt-eut || danãyo-euyo || danãyot-euyot || danãnh-eunh<br /> |-<br /> | Perfect || dan-eu danko-euko || day-euy danko-euko || dat-eut danko-euko ||dayo-euyo danko-euko|| dayot-euyot danko-euko || danh-eunh danko-<br /> euko<br /> |-<br /> | Past Perfect || danaha-euha danko-euko || danahay-euhay danko-euko || danahat-euhat danko-euko || danahayo-euyo danko-euko || danahayot-<br /> euyot danko-euko || danahanh-euhanh danko-euko<br /> |-<br /> | Future I || dãnaba-euba || dãnabay-eubay || dãnabat-eubat || dãnabayo-eubayo || dãnabayot-eubayot || dãnabanh-eubanh<br /> |-<br /> | Future II || dãnaba-euba danko-euko || dãnabay-eubay danko-euko || dãnabat-eubat danko-euko|| dãnabayo-eubayo danko-euko || dãnabayot-eubayot danko-euko || dãnabanh-eubanh danko-eu<br /> |-<br /> | Conditional I || dãnaumú-eumú || dãnaumúy-eumúy || dãnaumút-eumút|| dãnaumúyo-eumúyo || dãnaumúyot-eumúyot || dãnaumúnh-eumúnh<br /> |-<br /> | Conditional II || dãnaumú-eumú danko-euko || dãnaumúy-eumúy danko-euko || dãnaumút-eumút danko-euko || dãnaumúyo-eumúyo danko-euko || <br /> dãnaumúyot-eumúyot danko-euko || dãnaumúnh-eumúnh danko-euko <br /> |} <br /> Subjanctive<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei !! nol’halhujh !! teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Present || dãné-eué || dãnéy-euéy || dãnét-euét || dãnéyo-euéyo|| dãnéyot-euéyot || dãnénh-euénh<br /> |-<br /> | Imperfect || dãnaze-euze || dãnazey-euzey || dãnazet-euzet|| dãnazeyo-euzeyo || dãnazeyot-euzeyot|| dãnazenh-euzenh<br /> |-<br /> | Perfect || dãné-eué danko-euko || dãnéy-euéy danko-euko || dãnét-euét danko-euko || dãnéyo-euéyo danko-euko || dãnéyot-euéyot || dãnénh-<br /> euénh danko-euko<br /> |-<br /> | Past Perfect ||dãnaze-euze danko-euko||dãnazey-euzey danko-euko || dãnazet-euzet danko-euko || dãnazeyo-euzeyo danko-euko || dãnazeyot-euzeyot danko-euko || dãnazenh-euzenh danko-euko<br /> |-<br /> | Future || dãnabé-eubé || dãnabéy-eubéy ||dãnabét-eubét || dãnabéyo-eubéyo || dãnabéyot-eubéyot ||dãnabénh-eubénh<br /> |}<br /> Imperative<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei !! nol'halhujh !!teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Present || - || daná-eu || - || danéyo-euyo || danéyot-euyot || -<br /> |}<br /> Irregular verbs and modal verbs<br /> Lees'hin has over twenty irregular verbs and four modal verbs. In table below are some lees'hin irregular verbs. Other irregular verbs will be on Contionary.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Infinitive !!1st person present !! particip perfect !! translation<br /> |-<br /> | lhojha-eu|| lhujh-eu || lhãko-euko || to want<br /> |-<br /> | hátha-eu || hãt-eu || hãko-euko || to drink<br /> |-<br /> | ghema-eu || ghõm-eu || ghiko-euko || to know<br /> |-<br /> | naya-eu || ney-eu || neko-euko || to see<br /> |-<br /> | n'has'ha-eu || nhish || nhako-euko || can<br /> |}<br /> Adverbs<br /> Particles<br /> Derivational morphology<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Syntax==<br /> ===Constituent order===<br /> ===Noun phrase===<br /> ===Verb phrase===<br /> ===Sentence phrase===<br /> ===Dependent clauses===<br /> &lt;!-- etc. etc. --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Example texts==<br /> ==Other resources==<br /> &lt;!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Template area --&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]<br /> [[Category:Languages]]</div>

Julijanj https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Lees%27hin&diff=110531 2018-04-02T11:18:28Z

<p>Julijanj: /* Consonants */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> &lt;!-- <br /> <br /> This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br /> <br /> I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).<br /> II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)<br /> III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Introduction==<br /> Lees'hin (lees'hin s'hon) is lees'hinian language spoken in Democratic Republic of Lees'hin (Vas’ha Nhelhuk Lees’hin) by 48 000 native speakers. It was created in 2015. The language has no cognate with natural languages. I wanted to make some very strange language with strange vocubalary. Also Lees'hin is intelligable with 2 other lees'hinian languages. They are Mihrulen and Basti.<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Example categories/headings: <br /> <br /> Goals<br /> Setting<br /> Inspiration<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- ***Phonology*** --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- What sounds does your language use? --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br /> <br /> Vowel inventory<br /> Consonant inventory<br /> Syllable structure<br /> Stress<br /> Intonation<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Orthography===<br /> Lees'hin orthography is special, because every letter except y has version with the letter h. For digraphs ch, sh, nh, lh and jh , version with h is c'h s'h, n'h, l'h and j'h.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Letter!! Name of letter<br /> |-<br /> | a || akú<br /> |-<br /> | ã || a kamã<br /> |-<br /> | á || a acún<br /> |-<br /> | b || bãh<br /> |-<br /> | bh || abhú<br /> |-<br /> | c || ca<br /> |-<br /> | ch || cha<br /> |-<br /> | c'h || ac'ha<br /> |-<br /> | d || da<br /> |-<br /> | dh||adhe <br /> |-<br /> | e|| ekú<br /> |-<br /> | é || e acún<br /> |-<br /> | f || fa<br /> |-<br /> | fh|| efhe<br /> |-<br /> | g || gu<br /> |-<br /> | gh|| aghe<br /> |-<br /> | h || hu<br /> |-<br /> | i || ikú<br /> |-<br /> | í || i acún<br /> |-<br /> | j || ja<br /> |-<br /> | jh || jhe<br /> |-<br /> | j'h || aj'he<br /> |-<br /> | k || kã<br /> |-<br /> | kh || akhã<br /> |-<br /> | l || la<br /> |-<br /> | lh || lha<br /> |-<br /> | l'h || al'he<br /> |-<br /> | m || ma<br /> |-<br /> | mh || amhe<br /> |-<br /> | n || ne<br /> |-<br /> | nh || nhe<br /> |-<br /> | n'h|| an'he<br /> |-<br /> | o || okú<br /> |-<br /> | õ || o kamã<br /> |-<br /> | ó || o acún<br /> |-<br /> | p|| pu<br /> |-<br /> | ph || aphú<br /> |-<br /> | q || qu<br /> |-<br /> | qh || aqhú<br /> |-<br /> | r || ra<br /> |-<br /> | rh || arha<br /> |-<br /> | s|| se<br /> |-<br /> | sh || she<br /> |-<br /> | s'h || as'hé<br /> |-<br /> | t || tan<br /> |-<br /> | th || athan<br /> |-<br /> | u || ukú<br /> |-<br /> | ú||u acún<br /> |-<br /> | v || vãku<br /> |-<br /> | vh || vhãku<br /> |-<br /> | y|| yun<br /> |-<br /> | z || za<br /> |-<br /> | zh || azha<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Bilabial!!Labio-dental!!Alveolar!!Post-alveolar!!Palatal!!Velar!!Uvular!!Glottal<br /> |-<br /> |Nasal|| m /m/ || || n /n/ || || nh /ɲ/ || n /ŋ/ || || <br /> |-<br /> |Plosive || p /p/ b /b/ || || t /t/ d /d/ || || || k /k/ g /g/ ||q /q/ || <br /> |-<br /> |Affricate || || || c /t͡s/ || ch /t͡ʃ/ jh /d͡ʒ/ || || || || <br /> |-<br /> |Fricative || || f /f/ v /v/ || s /s/ z /z/ || sh /ʃ/ j /ʒ/ || || *(')h /x/ || || h /h/<br /> |-<br /> |Approximant || || || || || y /j/ || || || <br /> |-<br /> |Trill || || || r /r/ || || || || ||<br /> |-<br /> |Lateral app. || || || l /l/ || || || lh /ʎ/ || || <br /> |}<br /> *(')h- when h is after consonant it will be pronounced /x/. So in writing exist 2 groups. One is with apostrophe and other has no apostrophe. Group with apostrophe is: s'h, c'h, j'h, l'h and n'h. In other group are consonants that don't need an apostrophe because they can't make another sound. So s'h is written this way to avoid mixing with sh. But gh is written in this way because g with h can't make another phoneme, like sh.<br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Front!! Central !! Back<br /> |-<br /> | Close || i, í /i/ || || u, ú /u/<br /> |-<br /> | Close-mid || e, é /e/ || || õ/ɤ/ o, ó /o/<br /> |-<br /> | Mid || || ã /ə/ || <br /> |-<br /> | Open || a, á /a/ || || <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Prosody===<br /> ====Stress====<br /> Stress is mainly on first place. The stress isn't on first place when a word has graphic accent, then the stress falls where an acute accent is found. Lees'hin has one accent, acute. Vowels can be short or long. A vowel is short if the following vowel isn't the same as proceeding vowel. A vowel is long if after a vowel comes the same vowel.<br /> <br /> ====Intonation====<br /> Intonation in Lees'hin is the same as in English.<br /> <br /> ===Phonotactics===<br /> &lt;!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, &quot;st&quot; is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset &quot;ng&quot; isn't. --&gt;<br /> In Lees'hin are permissible all combinations with h, eg, bh, ch, c'h, sh, s'h... All syllables must have at least one vowel. Nouns cannot end with a vowel.<br /> <br /> ==Morphology==<br /> &lt;!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --&gt;Lees'hin has 6 cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative, instrumenatal). Verbs are inflected through 2 numbers, 2 voices, 3 moods( indicative , subjunctive, imperative), 9 tenses in indicative, 5 in subjunctive and only 1 in imperative. Nouns differ from adjectives. Adjectives differ from verbs.<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Here are some example subcategories:<br /> <br /> Nouns<br /> As I said, Lees'hin has 6 cases. Also Lees'hin has 3 genders (maculine, feminine, neuter) and 3 declinations for each gender. First noun is masculine, the noun s'hon. As seen Lees'hin has no locative, so locative is found in accusative.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !!Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || s'hon || s'honii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || s'hone || s'honeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || s'hona || s'honaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative|| s'honat || s'honatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || s'hono || s'honoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental|| s'honot || s'honotii<br /> |}<br /> Second noun is feminine, the noun hõshejh <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || hõshejh || hõshejhii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || hõshejhe || hõshejheii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || hõshejhet || hõshejhetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || hõshejhon || hõshejhonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || hõshejhono || hõshejhonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || hõshejhonot || hõshejhonotii<br /> |}<br /> Third noun is neuter, the noun heemuõãat<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || heemuõãat|| heemuõãatii<br /> |- |<br /> | Genitive|| heemuõãate || heemuõãateii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || heemuõãati || heemuõãatiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || heemuõãatit || heemuõãatiti<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || heemuõãato || heemuõãatoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || heemuõãatot || heemuõãatotii<br /> |}<br /> Irregular declinations<br /> In Lees'hin also exist irregular declanations, there are 3 types of declination. <br /> First declination: r-declination, e.g. sujh(f)-bowl. This noun has irregular plural.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || sujh || sãchii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || sujher || sãcherii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || sujhra || sãchrii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || sãchrat || sãchratii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || sujhro || sãchroii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||sujhrot|| sãchrotii<br /> |}<br /> Second declination: k-declination, e.g. lhum(m)-owl<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || lhum || lhumii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || lhumka || lhumkaii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative|| lhumak || lhumakii<br /> |-<br /> |Accusative|| lhumakat || lhumakatii<br /> |-<br /> |Vocative || lhumo || lhumoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || lhumkot || lhumkotii<br /> |}<br /> Third declination:v-declination, e.g. jãkhan(m)-door<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| jãkhan || jãkhanii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || jãkhanve || jãkhanveii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative ||jãkhanav|| jãkhanavii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || jãkhanvat || jãkhanvatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || jãkhanvo || jãkhanvoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||jãkhanvot|| jãkhanvotii<br /> |}<br /> Pronouns<br /> Personal pronouns<br /> Lees'hin has 3 pronouns in singular and 3 in plural. Pronouns are diclined slightly different.<br /> First pronouns: nõhi(I) and soc’heches’hei(we) <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| nõhi || soc'heches'hei<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõhiim || soc'heches'heiim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõhia || soc'hes'heia<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||nõhiat || soc'ches'heiat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - || -<br /> |-<br /> |Instrumental || nõhiot || soc'heches'heiot<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Second pronoun: úbosh( you) and nol’halhujh(you)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !!Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || úbosh || nol'halhujh<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || úboshim || nol'halhujhim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative|| úbosha || nol'halhujha<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || úboshat || nol'halhujhat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative|| úbosho || nol'halhujho<br /> |-<br /> |Instrumental || úboshot || nol'halhujhot<br /> |}<br /> Third pronouns: nõbéheghelh (he), nhããmãadaõ(she) and nhãmadão(it)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Singular !! Masculine !! Feminine !! Neuter<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||nõbéheghelh ||nhããmãadaõ || nhãmadão<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive||nõbéheghelhim|| nhããmãadaõim || nhãmadãoim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõbéheghelha || nhããmãadaõet || nhãmadãoi<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõbéheghelhat || nhããmãadaõon || nhãmadãoit<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - ||- || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nõbéheghelhot || nhããmãadaõonot || nhãmadãoot<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun: teãbãõkhé(they)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Plural !! <br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || teãbãõkhéim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || teãbãõkhéa<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || teãbãõkhéat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental|| teãbãõkhéot<br /> |}<br /> Possessive pronouns<br /> Possessive pronouns are actually genitives of personal pronouns. These genitives become nominatives in declination.<br /> First person:nõhiim(my)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõhiim || nõhiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõhiime || nõhiimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõhiima || nõhiimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõhiimat || nõhiimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative|| nõhiimo || nõhiimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nõhiimot || nõhiimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõhiim || nõhiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõhiime|| nõhiimeii<br /> |- <br /> |Dative || nõhiimet || nõhiimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõhiimon || nõhiimon<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõhiimono || nõhiimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nõhiimonot || nõhiimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõhiim || nõhiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitives || nõhiime || nõhiimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõhiimi || nõhiimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative|| nõhiimit || nõhiimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõhiimo || nõhiimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental|| nõhiimot || nõhiimotii<br /> |}<br /> Second pronoun: úboshim(your)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||úboshim || úboshimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || úboshime|| úboshimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || úboshima || úboshimaii <br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || úboshimat|| úboshimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || úboshimo || úboshimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || úboshimot || úboshimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || úboshim || úboshimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || úboshime || úboshimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || úboshimet||úboshimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || úboshimon || úboshimonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || úboshimono || úboshimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || úboshimonot ||úboshimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Neuter!! Singular !! Singular<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || úboshim||úboshimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || úboshime || úboshimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || úboshimi || úboshimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || úboshimit || úboshimitii <br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || úboshimo || úboshimoii <br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||úboshimot || úboshimotii<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun: nõbéheghelhim(his)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõbéheghelhim || nõbéheghelhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõbéheghelhime ||nõbéheghelhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõbéheghelhima || nõbéheghelhimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||nõbéheghelhimat|| nõbéheghelhimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõbéheghelhimo ||nõbéheghelhimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nõbéheghelhimot || nõbéheghelhimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõbéheghelhim || nõbéheghelhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõbéheghelhime || nõbéheghelhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõbéheghelhimet || nõbéheghelhimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõbéheghelhimon || nõbéheghelhimonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõbéheghelhimono || nõbéheghelhimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumenatal || nõbéheghelhimonot || nõbéheghelhimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõbéheghelhim|| nõbéheghelhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõbéheghelhime || nõbéheghelhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõbéheghelhimi || nõbéheghelhimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõbéheghelhimit || nõbéheghelhimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõbéheghelhimo || nõbéheghelhimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumenatal || nõbéheghelhimot || nõbéheghelhimotii<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun:nhããmãadaõim(her)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhããmãadaõim|| nhããmãadaõimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhããmãadaõime || nhããmãadaõimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhããmãadaõima || nhããmãadaõimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhããmãadaõimat || nhããmãadaõimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhããmãadaõimo || nhããmãadaõimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhããmãadaõimot || nhããmãadaõimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||nhããmãadaõim || nhããmãadaõimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhããmãadaõime || nhããmãadaõimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhããmãadaõimet || nhããmãadaõimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhããmãadaõimon || nhããmãadaõimonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative|| nhããmãadaõimono || nhããmãadaõimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhããmãadaõimonot || nhããmãadaõimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhããmãadaõim || nhããmãadaõimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive ||nhããmãadaõime || nhããmãadaõimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhããmãadaõimi || nhããmãadaõimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhããmãadaõimit || nhããmãadaõimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhããmãadaõimo || nhããmãadaõimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhããmãadaõimot || nhããmãadaõimotii<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun:nhãmadãoim(its)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine''!! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhãmadãoim || nhãmadãoimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhãmadãoime || nhãmadãoimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhãmadãoima || nhãmadãoimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||nhãmadãoimat || nhãmadãoimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhãmadãoimo || nhãmadãoimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhãmadãoimot || nhãmadãoimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nomnative || nhãmadãoim|| nhãmadãoimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhãmadãoime|| nhãmadãoimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhãmadãoimet || nhãmadãoimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhãmadãoimon || nhãmadãoimonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhãmadãoimono || nhãmadãoimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhãmadãoimonot || nhãmadãoimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhãmadãoim || nhãmadãoimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhãmadãoime || nhãmadãoimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhãmadãoimi || nhãmadãoimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhãmadãoimit || nhãmadãoimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhãmadãoimo || nhãmadãoimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhãmadãoimot || nhãmadãoimotii<br /> |}<br /> First pronoun:soc'heches'heiim(our)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Maculine !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || soc'heches'heiim || soc'heches'heiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive ||soc'heches'heiime || soc'heches'heiimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || soc'heches'heiima || soc'heches'heiimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || soc'heches'heiimat||soc'heches'heiimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || soc'heches'heiimo || soc'heches'heiimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || soc'heches'heiimot || soc'heches'heiimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || soc'heches'heiim|| soc'heches'heiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || soc'heches'heiime ||soc'heches'heiimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || soc'heches'heiimet || soc'heches'heiimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || soc'heches'heiimon || soc'heches'heiimonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || soc'heches'heiimono || soc'heches'heiimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || soc'heches'heiimonot || soc'heches'heiimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative||soc'heches'heiim|| soc'heches'heiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || soc'heches'heiime || soc'heches'heiimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || soc'heches'heiimi || soc'heches'heiimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || soc'heches'heiimit || soc'heches'heiimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || soc'heches'heiimo || soc'heches'heiimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental||soc'heches'heiimot || soc'heches'heiimotii<br /> |}<br /> Second pronoun:nol'halhujhim (your)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nol'halhujhim ||nol'halhujhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nol'halhujhime|| nol'halhujhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nol'halhujhima || nol'halhujhimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nol'halhujhimat || nol'halhujhimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nol'halhujhimo || nol'halhujhimoii <br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nol'halhujhimot ||nol'halhujhimotii <br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plura<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nol'halhujhim || nol'halhujhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nol'halhujhime || nol'halhujhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nol'halhujhimet || nol'halhujhimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nol'halhujhimon || nol'halhujhimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nol'halhujhimono || nol'halhujhimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nol'halhujhimonot|| nol'halhujhimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nol'halhujhim || nol'halhujhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nol'halhujhime || nol'halhujhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nol'halhujhimi || nol'halhujhimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nol'halhujhimit || nol'halhujhimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nol'halhujhimo || nol'halhujhimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nol'halhujhimot || nol'halhujhimotii<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun: teãbãõkhéim<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || teãbãõkhéim || teãbãõkhéimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || teãbãõkhéime || teãbãõkhéimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || teãbãõkhéima || teãbãõkhéimii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||teãbãõkhéimat || teãbãõkhéimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || teãbãõkhéimo|| teãbãõkhéimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || teãbãõkhéimot || teãbãõkhéimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || teãbãõkhéim || teãbãõkhéimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || teãbãõkhéime || teãbãõkhéimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || teãbãõkhéimet|| teãbãõkhéimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || teãbãõkhéimon || teãbãõkhéimonii <br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || teãbãõkhéimono || teãbãõkhéimonoii <br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || teãbãõkhéimonot || teãbãõkhéimonotii <br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || teãbãõkhéim || teãbãõkhéimii <br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || teãbãõkhéime ||teãbãõkhéimeii <br /> |-<br /> | Dative || teãbãõkhéimi || teãbãõkhéimiii <br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || teãbãõkhéimit || teãbãõkhéimitii <br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || teãbãõkhéimo ||teãbãõkhéimoii <br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || teãbãõkhéimot || teãbãõkhéimotii <br /> |}<br /> Reflexive pronoun<br /> c'hug(-self)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! <br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || - ||<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || c'hug || <br /> |-<br /> | Dative || c'huga || <br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || c'hug ||<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - || <br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || c'hugot || <br /> |}<br /> Demonstrative pronouns<br /> gan(this)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || gan || ganii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || gane || ganeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || gana|| ganaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || ganat|| ganatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || gano || ganoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || ganot || ganotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || gan || ganii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || gane || ganeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || ganet || ganetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || ganon || ganonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || ganono ||ganonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || ganonot || ganonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || gan || ganii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || gane || ganeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || gani || ganiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || ganit || ganit<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || gano || ganoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || ganotii || ganotii<br /> |}<br /> nhal(that)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhal || nhalii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhale || nhaleii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhala|| nhalaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhalat || nhalatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhalo || nhaloii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhalot|| nhalotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhal || nhalii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhale || nhaleii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhalet || nhaletii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhalon|| nhalonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhalono || nhalonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||nhalonot || nhalonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhal || nhalii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhale || nhaleii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhali || nhaliii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhalit || nhalitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhalo || nhaloii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhalot || nhalotii<br /> |}<br /> jhav(that)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || jhav || jhavii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || jhave || jhaveii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || jhava|| jhavaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || jhavat || jhavatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || jhavo || jhavoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || jhavot || jhavotii<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || jhav || jhavii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || jhave || jhaveii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative|| jhavet || jhavetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || jhavon || jhavonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || jhavono || jhavonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || jhavonot || jhavonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || jhav || jhavii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || jhave || jhaveii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || jhavi || jhaviii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || jhavit || jhavitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || jhavo || jhavoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||jhavot|| jhavotii<br /> |}<br /> Interrogative pronouns<br /> thãz((who)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| thãz<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || thãze<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || thãza<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || thãzat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || thãzot<br /> |}<br /> yaaj(what)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || yaaj<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || yaaje<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || yaaja<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || yaajat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || yaajot<br /> |}<br /> Relative pronouns<br /> abhõp(which)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine''!! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||abhõp || abhõpii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || abhõpe || abhõpeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || abhõpa || abhõpa<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || abhõpat || abhõpatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || abhõpot || abhõpotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || abhõp || abhõpii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || abhõpe|| abhõpeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || abhõpet || abhõpetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || abhõpon || abhõponii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || abhõponot|| abhõponotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !!Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || abhõp || abhõpii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || abhõpe || abhõpeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || abhõpi|| abhõpiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||abhõpit || abhõpitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || abhõpot|| abhõpotii<br /> |}<br /> Indefinite pronouns:<br /> guthãz(someone)/guyaaj(something)<br /> pethãz(no-one)/peyaaj(nothing)<br /> s'him(all) etc.<br /> Adjectives<br /> Adjectives can end with a vowel or a consonant. Adjectives with a vowel have regular comparation, and with a consonant have irregular comparation.<br /> Adjectives are diclined like the noun that goes after.<br /> moní-beautiful<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Singular !! Maculine !! Feminine !! Neuter<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| moní ||moní || moní<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || moníe ||moníe || moníe<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || monía || moníet|| moníi<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || moníat ||moníon || moníit<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || monío || moníono || monío<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||moníot || moníonot ||moníot<br /> |-<br /> | Plural || <br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||moníii|| moníii || moníii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || moníeii|| moníeii || moníeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || moníaii || moníetii || moníiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||moníatii|| moníonii || moníitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || moníoii || moníonoii || moníoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || moníotii || moníonotii || moníotii<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> Other adjectives are declined like adjective moní.<br /> Comparation<br /> Lees'hin has normally positive, comparative and superlative. Comparation can be regular or irregular.<br /> Regular comparation<br /> For comparative -r is added, e.g. monír (comparative of moní). Irrelugar comparative, e.g. ganõm( comparative of as'har-good)<br /> For superlative particle ka and comparative are added, e.g. ka monír or ka ganõm.<br /> Verbs<br /> Lees'hin verbs are inflected in numbers, moods and tenses. Every grammatical person has own suffix. One thing is special and that is infinitive. Infinitive in Lees'hin is thematic vowel +-eu. Basically Lees'hin verb consists of 2 parts, first is before -eu and second after, e.g. õnhaka-eu, the root is õnhak, and infinitive is a-eu<br /> Regular conjugation:<br /> to love/past participle: õnhakako-euko<br /> Indicative<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei!! nol’halhujh !! teãbãõkhé !! <br /> |-<br /> | Present || õnhak-eu || õnhakay-euy || õnhakat-eut ||õnhakayo-euyo || õnhakayot-euyot || õnhakanh-eunh <br /> |-<br /> | Imperfect || õnhakaha-euha || õnhakahay-euhay || õnhakahat-euhat || õnhakahayo-euhayo || õnhakahayot-euhayot || õnhakahanh-euhanh<br /> |-<br /> | Preterite || õnhakã-eu || õnhakãy-euy || õnhakãt-eut || õnhakãyo-euyo || õnhakãyot-euyot || õnhakãnh-eunh <br /> |-<br /> | Perfect || dan-eu õnhakako-euko || day-euy õnhakako-euko || dat-eut õnhakako-euko || dayo-euyo õnhakako-euko ||dayot-euyot õnhakako-euko || danh-eunh õnhakako-euko <br /> |-<br /> | Past Perfect || danaha-euha õnhakako-euko || danahay-euhay õnhakako-euko || danahat-euhat õnhakako-euko || danahayo-euhayo õnhakako-euko || danahayot-euhayot õnhakako-euko || danahanh-<br /> euhanh õnhakako-euko<br /> |-<br /> | Future I ||õnhakaba-euba || õnhakabay-eubay || õnhakabat-eubat || õnhakabayo-eubayo || õnhakabayot-eubayot || õnhakabanh-eubanh <br /> |-<br /> | Future II || dãnaba-euba õnhakako-euko || dãnabay-eubay õnhakako-euko || dãnabat-eubat õnhakako-euko || dãnabayo-eubayo õnhakako-euko || dãnabayot-eubayot õnhakako-euko || dãnabanh-eubanh <br /> õnhakako-euko <br /> |-<br /> | Conditional I || õnhakaumú-eumú || õnhakaumúy-eumúy || õnhakaumút-eumút || õnhakaumúyo-eumúyo || õnhakaumúyot-eumúyot || õnhakaumúnh-eumúnh<br /> |-<br /> | Conditional II || dãnaumú-eumú õnhakako-euko || dãnaumúy-eumúy õnhakako-euko || dãnaumút-eumút õnhakako-euko || dãnaumúyo-eumúyo õnhakako-euko || dãnaumúyot-eumúyot õnhakako-euko|| dãnaumúnh-<br /> eumúnh õnhakako-euko <br /> |}<br /> Subjanctive<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !!soc'heches'hei !!nol’halhujh !! teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Present ||õnhaké-eué|| õnhakéy-euéy||õnhakét-euét || õnhakéyo-euéyo ||õnhakéyot-euéyot || õnhakénh-euénh<br /> |-<br /> | Imperfect || õnhakaze-euze || õnhakazey-euzey || õnhakazet-euzet || õnhakazeyo-euzeyo|| õnhakazeyot-euzeyot || õnhakazenh-euzenh<br /> |-<br /> | Perfect || dãné-eué õnhakako-euko || dãnéy-euéy õnhakako-euko|| dãnét-euét õnhakako-euko|| dãnéyo-euéyo õnhakako-euko|| dãnéyot-euéyot õnhakako-euko || dãnénh-euénh õnhakako-euko<br /> |-<br /> | Past Perfect || dãnaze-euze õnhakako-euko ||dãnazey-euzey õnhakako-euko || dãnazet-euzet õnhakako-euko || dãnazeyo-euzeyo õnhakako-euko|| <br /> dãnazeyot-euzeyot õnhakako-euko|| dãnazenh-euzenh <br /> õnhakako-euko<br /> |-<br /> | Future || õnhakabé-eubé || õnhakabéy-eubéy || õnhakabét-eubét || õnhakabéyo-eubéyo || õnhakabéyot-eubéyot || õnhakabénh-eubénh <br /> |}<br /> Imperative<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei !! nol’halhujh !! teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Present || - || õnhaká-eu || - || õnhakéyo-euyo || õnhakéyot-euyot || -<br /> |}<br /> Auxilary verbs:<br /> bãssãjha-eu(to be), dãna-eu(to have)<br /> <br /> bãssãjha-eu<br /> Indicative<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei !! nol’halhujh !!teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Present || bus-eu || busay-euy || busat-eut || bãssãyo-euyo|| bãssãyot-euyot|| bãssanh-eunh <br /> |-<br /> | Imperfect || bússã-eu || bússãy-euy ||bússãt-eut || bússãyo-euyo || bússãyot-euyot || bússãnh-eunh<br /> |-<br /> | Preterite || bússaha-euha|| bússahay-euahay || bússahat-euahat || bússahayo-euahayo || bússahayot-euahayot|| bússahanh-euahanh <br /> |-<br /> | Perfect || dan-eu busko-euko|| day-euy busko-euko ||dat-eut busko-euko || dayo-euyo busko-euko || dayot-euyot busko-euko || danh-eunh busko-euko <br /> |-<br /> | Past perfect|| danaha-euaha busko-euko || danahay-euahay busko-euko || danahat-euahat busko-euko || danahayo-euahayo busko-euko || danahayot-euahayot busko-euko|| danahanh-euahanh busko-<br /> euko <br /> |-<br /> | Future I || bãssãjhaba-euba|| bãssãjhabay-eubay || bãssãjhabat-eubat || bãssãjhabayo-eubayo ||bãssãjhabayot-eubayot || bãssãjhabanh-eubanh <br /> |-<br /> | Future II|| dãnaba-euba busko-euko || dãnabay-eubay busko-euko || dãnabat-eubat busko-euko || dãnabayo-eubayo busko-euko || dãnabayot-eubayot busko-euko || dãnabanh-eubanh busko-euko<br /> |-<br /> | Conditional I || bãssãjhaumú-eumú || bãssãjhaumúy-eumúy || bãssãjhaumút-eumút || bãssãjhaumúyo-eumúyo || bãssãjhaumúyot-eumúyot ||bãssãjhaumúnh-eumúnh<br /> |-<br /> | Conditional II || dãnaumú-eumú busko-euko || dãnaumúy-eumúy busko-euko || dãnaumút-eumút busko-euko ||dãnaumúyo-eumúyo busko-euko || dãnaumúyot-eumúyot busko-euko || dãnaumúyot-eumúyot <br /> busko-euko <br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> Subjanctive<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !!úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei !! nol’halhujh !! teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Present || bãssãjhé-eué || bãssãjhéy-euéy || bãssãjhét-euét || bãssãjhéyo-euéyo || bãssãjhéyot-euéyot ||bãssãjhénh-euénh <br /> |-<br /> | Imperfect || bãssãjhaze-euaze || bãssãjhazey-euazey || bãssãjhazet-euazet || bãssãjhazeyo-euazeyo ||bãssãjhazeyot-euazeyot || bãssãjhazenh-euazenh <br /> |-<br /> | Perfect || dãné-eué busko-euko || dãnéy-euéy busko-euko || dãnét-euét busko-euko || dãnéyo-euéyo busko-euko || dãnéyot-euéyot busko-euko || dãnénh-euénh busko-euko<br /> |-<br /> | Past Perfect || dãnaze-euaze busko-euko || dãnazey-euazey busko-euko || dãnazet-euazet busko-euko || dãnazeyo-euazeyo busko-euko || dãnazeyot-euazeyot busko-euko || dãnaazenh-euazenh busko-<br /> euko<br /> |-<br /> | Future || bãssãjhabé-eubé || bãssãjhabéy-eubéy || bãssãjhabét-eubét ||bãssãjhabéyo-eubéyo || bãssãjhabéyot-eubéyot ||bãssãjhabénh-eubénh <br /> |}<br /> Imperative<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei !! nol’halhujh !! teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Present || - || bãssá-eu || - || bãsséyo-euyo || bãsséyot-euyot || -<br /> |}<br /> dãna-eu<br /> Indicative<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei !! nol’halhujh !! teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Present || dan-eu || day-euy || dat-eut || dayo-euyo || dayot-euyot || danh-eunh<br /> |-<br /> | Imperfect || danaha-euha || danahay-euhay || danahat-euhat || danahayo-euhayo || danahayot-euyot || danahanh-euhanh<br /> |-<br /> | Preterite || danã-eu || danãy-euy || danãt-eut || danãyo-euyo || danãyot-euyot || danãnh-eunh<br /> |-<br /> | Perfect || dan-eu danko-euko || day-euy danko-euko || dat-eut danko-euko ||dayo-euyo danko-euko|| dayot-euyot danko-euko || danh-eunh danko-<br /> euko<br /> |-<br /> | Past Perfect || danaha-euha danko-euko || danahay-euhay danko-euko || danahat-euhat danko-euko || danahayo-euyo danko-euko || danahayot-<br /> euyot danko-euko || danahanh-euhanh danko-euko<br /> |-<br /> | Future I || dãnaba-euba || dãnabay-eubay || dãnabat-eubat || dãnabayo-eubayo || dãnabayot-eubayot || dãnabanh-eubanh<br /> |-<br /> | Future II || dãnaba-euba danko-euko || dãnabay-eubay danko-euko || dãnabat-eubat danko-euko|| dãnabayo-eubayo danko-euko || dãnabayot-eubayot danko-euko || dãnabanh-eubanh danko-eu<br /> |-<br /> | Conditional I || dãnaumú-eumú || dãnaumúy-eumúy || dãnaumút-eumút|| dãnaumúyo-eumúyo || dãnaumúyot-eumúyot || dãnaumúnh-eumúnh<br /> |-<br /> | Conditional II || dãnaumú-eumú danko-euko || dãnaumúy-eumúy danko-euko || dãnaumút-eumút danko-euko || dãnaumúyo-eumúyo danko-euko || <br /> dãnaumúyot-eumúyot danko-euko || dãnaumúnh-eumúnh danko-euko <br /> |} <br /> Subjanctive<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei !! nol’halhujh !! teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Present || dãné-eué || dãnéy-euéy || dãnét-euét || dãnéyo-euéyo|| dãnéyot-euéyot || dãnénh-euénh<br /> |-<br /> | Imperfect || dãnaze-euze || dãnazey-euzey || dãnazet-euzet|| dãnazeyo-euzeyo || dãnazeyot-euzeyot|| dãnazenh-euzenh<br /> |-<br /> | Perfect || dãné-eué danko-euko || dãnéy-euéy danko-euko || dãnét-euét danko-euko || dãnéyo-euéyo danko-euko || dãnéyot-euéyot || dãnénh-<br /> euénh danko-euko<br /> |-<br /> | Past Perfect ||dãnaze-euze danko-euko||dãnazey-euzey danko-euko || dãnazet-euzet danko-euko || dãnazeyo-euzeyo danko-euko || dãnazeyot-euzeyot danko-euko || dãnazenh-euzenh danko-euko<br /> |-<br /> | Future || dãnabé-eubé || dãnabéy-eubéy ||dãnabét-eubét || dãnabéyo-eubéyo || dãnabéyot-eubéyot ||dãnabénh-eubénh<br /> |}<br /> Imperative<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei !! nol'halhujh !!teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Present || - || daná-eu || - || danéyo-euyo || danéyot-euyot || -<br /> |}<br /> Irregular verbs and modal verbs<br /> Lees'hin has over twenty irregular verbs and four modal verbs. In table below are some lees'hin irregular verbs. Other irregular verbs will be on Contionary.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Infinitive !!1st person present !! particip perfect !! translation<br /> |-<br /> | lhojha-eu|| lhujh-eu || lhãko-euko || to want<br /> |-<br /> | hátha-eu || hãt-eu || hãko-euko || to drink<br /> |-<br /> | ghema-eu || ghõm-eu || ghiko-euko || to know<br /> |-<br /> | naya-eu || ney-eu || neko-euko || to see<br /> |-<br /> | n'has'ha-eu || nhish || nhako-euko || can<br /> |}<br /> Adverbs<br /> Particles<br /> Derivational morphology<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Syntax==<br /> ===Constituent order===<br /> ===Noun phrase===<br /> ===Verb phrase===<br /> ===Sentence phrase===<br /> ===Dependent clauses===<br /> &lt;!-- etc. etc. --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Example texts==<br /> ==Other resources==<br /> &lt;!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Template area --&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]<br /> [[Category:Languages]]</div>

Julijanj https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Lees%27hin&diff=110530 2018-04-02T11:17:15Z

<p>Julijanj: /* Morphology */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> &lt;!-- <br /> <br /> This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br /> <br /> I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).<br /> II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)<br /> III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Introduction==<br /> Lees'hin (lees'hin s'hon) is lees'hinian language spoken in Democratic Republic of Lees'hin (Vas’ha Nhelhuk Lees’hin) by 48 000 native speakers. It was created in 2015. The language has no cognate with natural languages. I wanted to make some very strange language with strange vocubalary. Also Lees'hin is intelligable with 2 other lees'hinian languages. They are Mihrulen and Basti.<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Example categories/headings: <br /> <br /> Goals<br /> Setting<br /> Inspiration<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- ***Phonology*** --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- What sounds does your language use? --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br /> <br /> Vowel inventory<br /> Consonant inventory<br /> Syllable structure<br /> Stress<br /> Intonation<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Orthography===<br /> Lees'hin orthography is special, because every letter except y has version with the letter h. For digraphs ch, sh, nh, lh and jh , version with h is c'h s'h, n'h, l'h and j'h.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Letter!! Name of letter<br /> |-<br /> | a || akú<br /> |-<br /> | ã || a kamã<br /> |-<br /> | á || a acún<br /> |-<br /> | b || bãh<br /> |-<br /> | bh || abhú<br /> |-<br /> | c || ca<br /> |-<br /> | ch || cha<br /> |-<br /> | c'h || ac'ha<br /> |-<br /> | d || da<br /> |-<br /> | dh||adhe <br /> |-<br /> | e|| ekú<br /> |-<br /> | é || e acún<br /> |-<br /> | f || fa<br /> |-<br /> | fh|| efhe<br /> |-<br /> | g || gu<br /> |-<br /> | gh|| aghe<br /> |-<br /> | h || hu<br /> |-<br /> | i || ikú<br /> |-<br /> | í || i acún<br /> |-<br /> | j || ja<br /> |-<br /> | jh || jhe<br /> |-<br /> | j'h || aj'he<br /> |-<br /> | k || kã<br /> |-<br /> | kh || akhã<br /> |-<br /> | l || la<br /> |-<br /> | lh || lha<br /> |-<br /> | l'h || al'he<br /> |-<br /> | m || ma<br /> |-<br /> | mh || amhe<br /> |-<br /> | n || ne<br /> |-<br /> | nh || nhe<br /> |-<br /> | n'h|| an'he<br /> |-<br /> | o || okú<br /> |-<br /> | õ || o kamã<br /> |-<br /> | ó || o acún<br /> |-<br /> | p|| pu<br /> |-<br /> | ph || aphú<br /> |-<br /> | q || qu<br /> |-<br /> | qh || aqhú<br /> |-<br /> | r || ra<br /> |-<br /> | rh || arha<br /> |-<br /> | s|| se<br /> |-<br /> | sh || she<br /> |-<br /> | s'h || as'hé<br /> |-<br /> | t || tan<br /> |-<br /> | th || athan<br /> |-<br /> | u || ukú<br /> |-<br /> | ú||u acún<br /> |-<br /> | v || vãku<br /> |-<br /> | vh || vhãku<br /> |-<br /> | y|| yun<br /> |-<br /> | z || za<br /> |-<br /> | zh || azha<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Bilabial!!Labio-dental!!Alveolar!!Post-alveolar!!Palatal!!Velar!!Uvular!!Glottal<br /> |-<br /> |Nasal|| m /m/ || || n /n/ || || nh /ɲ/ || n /ŋ/ || || <br /> |-<br /> |Plosive || p /p/ b /b/ || || t /t/ d /d/ || || || k /k/ g /g/ ||q /q/ || <br /> |-<br /> |Affricate || || || c /t͡s/ || ch /t͡ʃ/ jh /d͡ʒ/ || || || || <br /> |-<br /> |Fricative || || f /f/ v /v/ || s /s/ z /z/ || sh /ʃ/ j /ʒ/ || || *(')h /x/ || || h /h/<br /> |-<br /> |Approximant || || || || || y /j/ || || || <br /> |-<br /> |Trill || || || r /r/ || || || || ||<br /> |-<br /> |Lateral app. || || || l /l/ || || || lh /ʎ/ || || <br /> |}<br /> *(')h- when h is after consonant it will be pronounced /x/. So in writing exist 2 groups. One is with apostrophe and other has no apostrophe. Group with apostrophe is: s'h, c'h, j'h, l'h and n'h. In other group are consonants that don't need an apostrophe because they can't make another sound. So s'h is written this way to avoid mixing with sh. But gh is written in this way becaus e g with h can't make another phoneme, like sh.<br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Front!! Central !! Back<br /> |-<br /> | Close || i, í /i/ || || u, ú /u/<br /> |-<br /> | Close-mid || e, é /e/ || || õ/ɤ/ o, ó /o/<br /> |-<br /> | Mid || || ã /ə/ || <br /> |-<br /> | Open || a, á /a/ || || <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Prosody===<br /> ====Stress====<br /> Stress is mainly on first place. The stress isn't on first place when a word has graphic accent, then the stress falls where an acute accent is found. Lees'hin has one accent, acute. Vowels can be short or long. A vowel is short if the following vowel isn't the same as proceeding vowel. A vowel is long if after a vowel comes the same vowel.<br /> <br /> ====Intonation====<br /> Intonation in Lees'hin is the same as in English.<br /> <br /> ===Phonotactics===<br /> &lt;!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, &quot;st&quot; is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset &quot;ng&quot; isn't. --&gt;<br /> In Lees'hin are permissible all combinations with h, eg, bh, ch, c'h, sh, s'h... All syllables must have at least one vowel. Nouns cannot end with a vowel.<br /> <br /> ==Morphology==<br /> &lt;!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --&gt;Lees'hin has 6 cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative, instrumenatal). Verbs are inflected through 2 numbers, 2 voices, 3 moods( indicative , subjunctive, imperative), 9 tenses in indicative, 5 in subjunctive and only 1 in imperative. Nouns differ from adjectives. Adjectives differ from verbs.<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Here are some example subcategories:<br /> <br /> Nouns<br /> As I said, Lees'hin has 6 cases. Also Lees'hin has 3 genders (maculine, feminine, neuter) and 3 declinations for each gender. First noun is masculine, the noun s'hon. As seen Lees'hin has no locative, so locative is found in accusative.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !!Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || s'hon || s'honii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || s'hone || s'honeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || s'hona || s'honaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative|| s'honat || s'honatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || s'hono || s'honoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental|| s'honot || s'honotii<br /> |}<br /> Second noun is feminine, the noun hõshejh <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || hõshejh || hõshejhii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || hõshejhe || hõshejheii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || hõshejhet || hõshejhetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || hõshejhon || hõshejhonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || hõshejhono || hõshejhonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || hõshejhonot || hõshejhonotii<br /> |}<br /> Third noun is neuter, the noun heemuõãat<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || heemuõãat|| heemuõãatii<br /> |- |<br /> | Genitive|| heemuõãate || heemuõãateii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || heemuõãati || heemuõãatiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || heemuõãatit || heemuõãatiti<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || heemuõãato || heemuõãatoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || heemuõãatot || heemuõãatotii<br /> |}<br /> Irregular declinations<br /> In Lees'hin also exist irregular declanations, there are 3 types of declination. <br /> First declination: r-declination, e.g. sujh(f)-bowl. This noun has irregular plural.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || sujh || sãchii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || sujher || sãcherii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || sujhra || sãchrii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || sãchrat || sãchratii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || sujhro || sãchroii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||sujhrot|| sãchrotii<br /> |}<br /> Second declination: k-declination, e.g. lhum(m)-owl<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || lhum || lhumii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || lhumka || lhumkaii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative|| lhumak || lhumakii<br /> |-<br /> |Accusative|| lhumakat || lhumakatii<br /> |-<br /> |Vocative || lhumo || lhumoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || lhumkot || lhumkotii<br /> |}<br /> Third declination:v-declination, e.g. jãkhan(m)-door<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| jãkhan || jãkhanii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || jãkhanve || jãkhanveii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative ||jãkhanav|| jãkhanavii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || jãkhanvat || jãkhanvatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || jãkhanvo || jãkhanvoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||jãkhanvot|| jãkhanvotii<br /> |}<br /> Pronouns<br /> Personal pronouns<br /> Lees'hin has 3 pronouns in singular and 3 in plural. Pronouns are diclined slightly different.<br /> First pronouns: nõhi(I) and soc’heches’hei(we) <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| nõhi || soc'heches'hei<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõhiim || soc'heches'heiim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõhia || soc'hes'heia<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||nõhiat || soc'ches'heiat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - || -<br /> |-<br /> |Instrumental || nõhiot || soc'heches'heiot<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Second pronoun: úbosh( you) and nol’halhujh(you)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !!Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || úbosh || nol'halhujh<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || úboshim || nol'halhujhim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative|| úbosha || nol'halhujha<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || úboshat || nol'halhujhat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative|| úbosho || nol'halhujho<br /> |-<br /> |Instrumental || úboshot || nol'halhujhot<br /> |}<br /> Third pronouns: nõbéheghelh (he), nhããmãadaõ(she) and nhãmadão(it)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Singular !! Masculine !! Feminine !! Neuter<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||nõbéheghelh ||nhããmãadaõ || nhãmadão<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive||nõbéheghelhim|| nhããmãadaõim || nhãmadãoim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõbéheghelha || nhããmãadaõet || nhãmadãoi<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõbéheghelhat || nhããmãadaõon || nhãmadãoit<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - ||- || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nõbéheghelhot || nhããmãadaõonot || nhãmadãoot<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun: teãbãõkhé(they)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Plural !! <br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || teãbãõkhéim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || teãbãõkhéa<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || teãbãõkhéat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental|| teãbãõkhéot<br /> |}<br /> Possessive pronouns<br /> Possessive pronouns are actually genitives of personal pronouns. These genitives become nominatives in declination.<br /> First person:nõhiim(my)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõhiim || nõhiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõhiime || nõhiimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõhiima || nõhiimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõhiimat || nõhiimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative|| nõhiimo || nõhiimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nõhiimot || nõhiimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõhiim || nõhiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõhiime|| nõhiimeii<br /> |- <br /> |Dative || nõhiimet || nõhiimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõhiimon || nõhiimon<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõhiimono || nõhiimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nõhiimonot || nõhiimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõhiim || nõhiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitives || nõhiime || nõhiimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõhiimi || nõhiimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative|| nõhiimit || nõhiimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõhiimo || nõhiimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental|| nõhiimot || nõhiimotii<br /> |}<br /> Second pronoun: úboshim(your)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||úboshim || úboshimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || úboshime|| úboshimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || úboshima || úboshimaii <br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || úboshimat|| úboshimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || úboshimo || úboshimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || úboshimot || úboshimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || úboshim || úboshimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || úboshime || úboshimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || úboshimet||úboshimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || úboshimon || úboshimonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || úboshimono || úboshimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || úboshimonot ||úboshimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Neuter!! Singular !! Singular<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || úboshim||úboshimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || úboshime || úboshimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || úboshimi || úboshimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || úboshimit || úboshimitii <br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || úboshimo || úboshimoii <br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||úboshimot || úboshimotii<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun: nõbéheghelhim(his)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõbéheghelhim || nõbéheghelhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõbéheghelhime ||nõbéheghelhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõbéheghelhima || nõbéheghelhimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||nõbéheghelhimat|| nõbéheghelhimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõbéheghelhimo ||nõbéheghelhimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nõbéheghelhimot || nõbéheghelhimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõbéheghelhim || nõbéheghelhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõbéheghelhime || nõbéheghelhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõbéheghelhimet || nõbéheghelhimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõbéheghelhimon || nõbéheghelhimonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõbéheghelhimono || nõbéheghelhimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumenatal || nõbéheghelhimonot || nõbéheghelhimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõbéheghelhim|| nõbéheghelhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõbéheghelhime || nõbéheghelhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõbéheghelhimi || nõbéheghelhimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõbéheghelhimit || nõbéheghelhimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõbéheghelhimo || nõbéheghelhimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumenatal || nõbéheghelhimot || nõbéheghelhimotii<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun:nhããmãadaõim(her)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhããmãadaõim|| nhããmãadaõimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhããmãadaõime || nhããmãadaõimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhããmãadaõima || nhããmãadaõimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhããmãadaõimat || nhããmãadaõimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhããmãadaõimo || nhããmãadaõimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhããmãadaõimot || nhããmãadaõimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||nhããmãadaõim || nhããmãadaõimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhããmãadaõime || nhããmãadaõimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhããmãadaõimet || nhããmãadaõimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhããmãadaõimon || nhããmãadaõimonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative|| nhããmãadaõimono || nhããmãadaõimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhããmãadaõimonot || nhããmãadaõimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhããmãadaõim || nhããmãadaõimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive ||nhããmãadaõime || nhããmãadaõimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhããmãadaõimi || nhããmãadaõimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhããmãadaõimit || nhããmãadaõimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhããmãadaõimo || nhããmãadaõimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhããmãadaõimot || nhããmãadaõimotii<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun:nhãmadãoim(its)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine''!! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhãmadãoim || nhãmadãoimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhãmadãoime || nhãmadãoimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhãmadãoima || nhãmadãoimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||nhãmadãoimat || nhãmadãoimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhãmadãoimo || nhãmadãoimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhãmadãoimot || nhãmadãoimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nomnative || nhãmadãoim|| nhãmadãoimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhãmadãoime|| nhãmadãoimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhãmadãoimet || nhãmadãoimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhãmadãoimon || nhãmadãoimonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhãmadãoimono || nhãmadãoimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhãmadãoimonot || nhãmadãoimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhãmadãoim || nhãmadãoimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhãmadãoime || nhãmadãoimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhãmadãoimi || nhãmadãoimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhãmadãoimit || nhãmadãoimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhãmadãoimo || nhãmadãoimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhãmadãoimot || nhãmadãoimotii<br /> |}<br /> First pronoun:soc'heches'heiim(our)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Maculine !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || soc'heches'heiim || soc'heches'heiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive ||soc'heches'heiime || soc'heches'heiimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || soc'heches'heiima || soc'heches'heiimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || soc'heches'heiimat||soc'heches'heiimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || soc'heches'heiimo || soc'heches'heiimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || soc'heches'heiimot || soc'heches'heiimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || soc'heches'heiim|| soc'heches'heiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || soc'heches'heiime ||soc'heches'heiimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || soc'heches'heiimet || soc'heches'heiimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || soc'heches'heiimon || soc'heches'heiimonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || soc'heches'heiimono || soc'heches'heiimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || soc'heches'heiimonot || soc'heches'heiimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative||soc'heches'heiim|| soc'heches'heiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || soc'heches'heiime || soc'heches'heiimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || soc'heches'heiimi || soc'heches'heiimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || soc'heches'heiimit || soc'heches'heiimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || soc'heches'heiimo || soc'heches'heiimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental||soc'heches'heiimot || soc'heches'heiimotii<br /> |}<br /> Second pronoun:nol'halhujhim (your)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nol'halhujhim ||nol'halhujhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nol'halhujhime|| nol'halhujhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nol'halhujhima || nol'halhujhimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nol'halhujhimat || nol'halhujhimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nol'halhujhimo || nol'halhujhimoii <br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nol'halhujhimot ||nol'halhujhimotii <br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plura<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nol'halhujhim || nol'halhujhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nol'halhujhime || nol'halhujhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nol'halhujhimet || nol'halhujhimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nol'halhujhimon || nol'halhujhimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nol'halhujhimono || nol'halhujhimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nol'halhujhimonot|| nol'halhujhimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nol'halhujhim || nol'halhujhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nol'halhujhime || nol'halhujhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nol'halhujhimi || nol'halhujhimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nol'halhujhimit || nol'halhujhimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nol'halhujhimo || nol'halhujhimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nol'halhujhimot || nol'halhujhimotii<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun: teãbãõkhéim<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || teãbãõkhéim || teãbãõkhéimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || teãbãõkhéime || teãbãõkhéimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || teãbãõkhéima || teãbãõkhéimii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||teãbãõkhéimat || teãbãõkhéimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || teãbãõkhéimo|| teãbãõkhéimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || teãbãõkhéimot || teãbãõkhéimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || teãbãõkhéim || teãbãõkhéimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || teãbãõkhéime || teãbãõkhéimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || teãbãõkhéimet|| teãbãõkhéimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || teãbãõkhéimon || teãbãõkhéimonii <br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || teãbãõkhéimono || teãbãõkhéimonoii <br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || teãbãõkhéimonot || teãbãõkhéimonotii <br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || teãbãõkhéim || teãbãõkhéimii <br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || teãbãõkhéime ||teãbãõkhéimeii <br /> |-<br /> | Dative || teãbãõkhéimi || teãbãõkhéimiii <br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || teãbãõkhéimit || teãbãõkhéimitii <br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || teãbãõkhéimo ||teãbãõkhéimoii <br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || teãbãõkhéimot || teãbãõkhéimotii <br /> |}<br /> Reflexive pronoun<br /> c'hug(-self)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! <br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || - ||<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || c'hug || <br /> |-<br /> | Dative || c'huga || <br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || c'hug ||<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - || <br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || c'hugot || <br /> |}<br /> Demonstrative pronouns<br /> gan(this)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || gan || ganii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || gane || ganeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || gana|| ganaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || ganat|| ganatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || gano || ganoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || ganot || ganotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || gan || ganii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || gane || ganeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || ganet || ganetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || ganon || ganonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || ganono ||ganonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || ganonot || ganonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || gan || ganii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || gane || ganeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || gani || ganiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || ganit || ganit<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || gano || ganoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || ganotii || ganotii<br /> |}<br /> nhal(that)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhal || nhalii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhale || nhaleii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhala|| nhalaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhalat || nhalatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhalo || nhaloii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhalot|| nhalotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhal || nhalii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhale || nhaleii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhalet || nhaletii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhalon|| nhalonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhalono || nhalonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||nhalonot || nhalonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhal || nhalii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhale || nhaleii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhali || nhaliii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhalit || nhalitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhalo || nhaloii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhalot || nhalotii<br /> |}<br /> jhav(that)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || jhav || jhavii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || jhave || jhaveii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || jhava|| jhavaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || jhavat || jhavatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || jhavo || jhavoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || jhavot || jhavotii<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || jhav || jhavii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || jhave || jhaveii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative|| jhavet || jhavetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || jhavon || jhavonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || jhavono || jhavonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || jhavonot || jhavonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || jhav || jhavii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || jhave || jhaveii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || jhavi || jhaviii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || jhavit || jhavitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || jhavo || jhavoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||jhavot|| jhavotii<br /> |}<br /> Interrogative pronouns<br /> thãz((who)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| thãz<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || thãze<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || thãza<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || thãzat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || thãzot<br /> |}<br /> yaaj(what)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || yaaj<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || yaaje<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || yaaja<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || yaajat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || yaajot<br /> |}<br /> Relative pronouns<br /> abhõp(which)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine''!! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||abhõp || abhõpii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || abhõpe || abhõpeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || abhõpa || abhõpa<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || abhõpat || abhõpatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || abhõpot || abhõpotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || abhõp || abhõpii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || abhõpe|| abhõpeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || abhõpet || abhõpetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || abhõpon || abhõponii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || abhõponot|| abhõponotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !!Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || abhõp || abhõpii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || abhõpe || abhõpeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || abhõpi|| abhõpiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||abhõpit || abhõpitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || abhõpot|| abhõpotii<br /> |}<br /> Indefinite pronouns:<br /> guthãz(someone)/guyaaj(something)<br /> pethãz(no-one)/peyaaj(nothing)<br /> s'him(all) etc.<br /> Adjectives<br /> Adjectives can end with a vowel or a consonant. Adjectives with a vowel have regular comparation, and with a consonant have irregular comparation.<br /> Adjectives are diclined like the noun that goes after.<br /> moní-beautiful<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Singular !! Maculine !! Feminine !! Neuter<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| moní ||moní || moní<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || moníe ||moníe || moníe<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || monía || moníet|| moníi<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || moníat ||moníon || moníit<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || monío || moníono || monío<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||moníot || moníonot ||moníot<br /> |-<br /> | Plural || <br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||moníii|| moníii || moníii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || moníeii|| moníeii || moníeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || moníaii || moníetii || moníiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||moníatii|| moníonii || moníitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || moníoii || moníonoii || moníoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || moníotii || moníonotii || moníotii<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> Other adjectives are declined like adjective moní.<br /> Comparation<br /> Lees'hin has normally positive, comparative and superlative. Comparation can be regular or irregular.<br /> Regular comparation<br /> For comparative -r is added, e.g. monír (comparative of moní). Irrelugar comparative, e.g. ganõm( comparative of as'har-good)<br /> For superlative particle ka and comparative are added, e.g. ka monír or ka ganõm.<br /> Verbs<br /> Lees'hin verbs are inflected in numbers, moods and tenses. Every grammatical person has own suffix. One thing is special and that is infinitive. Infinitive in Lees'hin is thematic vowel +-eu. Basically Lees'hin verb consists of 2 parts, first is before -eu and second after, e.g. õnhaka-eu, the root is õnhak, and infinitive is a-eu<br /> Regular conjugation:<br /> to love/past participle: õnhakako-euko<br /> Indicative<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei!! nol’halhujh !! teãbãõkhé !! <br /> |-<br /> | Present || õnhak-eu || õnhakay-euy || õnhakat-eut ||õnhakayo-euyo || õnhakayot-euyot || õnhakanh-eunh <br /> |-<br /> | Imperfect || õnhakaha-euha || õnhakahay-euhay || õnhakahat-euhat || õnhakahayo-euhayo || õnhakahayot-euhayot || õnhakahanh-euhanh<br /> |-<br /> | Preterite || õnhakã-eu || õnhakãy-euy || õnhakãt-eut || õnhakãyo-euyo || õnhakãyot-euyot || õnhakãnh-eunh <br /> |-<br /> | Perfect || dan-eu õnhakako-euko || day-euy õnhakako-euko || dat-eut õnhakako-euko || dayo-euyo õnhakako-euko ||dayot-euyot õnhakako-euko || danh-eunh õnhakako-euko <br /> |-<br /> | Past Perfect || danaha-euha õnhakako-euko || danahay-euhay õnhakako-euko || danahat-euhat õnhakako-euko || danahayo-euhayo õnhakako-euko || danahayot-euhayot õnhakako-euko || danahanh-<br /> euhanh õnhakako-euko<br /> |-<br /> | Future I ||õnhakaba-euba || õnhakabay-eubay || õnhakabat-eubat || õnhakabayo-eubayo || õnhakabayot-eubayot || õnhakabanh-eubanh <br /> |-<br /> | Future II || dãnaba-euba õnhakako-euko || dãnabay-eubay õnhakako-euko || dãnabat-eubat õnhakako-euko || dãnabayo-eubayo õnhakako-euko || dãnabayot-eubayot õnhakako-euko || dãnabanh-eubanh <br /> õnhakako-euko <br /> |-<br /> | Conditional I || õnhakaumú-eumú || õnhakaumúy-eumúy || õnhakaumút-eumút || õnhakaumúyo-eumúyo || õnhakaumúyot-eumúyot || õnhakaumúnh-eumúnh<br /> |-<br /> | Conditional II || dãnaumú-eumú õnhakako-euko || dãnaumúy-eumúy õnhakako-euko || dãnaumút-eumút õnhakako-euko || dãnaumúyo-eumúyo õnhakako-euko || dãnaumúyot-eumúyot õnhakako-euko|| dãnaumúnh-<br /> eumúnh õnhakako-euko <br /> |}<br /> Subjanctive<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !!soc'heches'hei !!nol’halhujh !! teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Present ||õnhaké-eué|| õnhakéy-euéy||õnhakét-euét || õnhakéyo-euéyo ||õnhakéyot-euéyot || õnhakénh-euénh<br /> |-<br /> | Imperfect || õnhakaze-euze || õnhakazey-euzey || õnhakazet-euzet || õnhakazeyo-euzeyo|| õnhakazeyot-euzeyot || õnhakazenh-euzenh<br /> |-<br /> | Perfect || dãné-eué õnhakako-euko || dãnéy-euéy õnhakako-euko|| dãnét-euét õnhakako-euko|| dãnéyo-euéyo õnhakako-euko|| dãnéyot-euéyot õnhakako-euko || dãnénh-euénh õnhakako-euko<br /> |-<br /> | Past Perfect || dãnaze-euze õnhakako-euko ||dãnazey-euzey õnhakako-euko || dãnazet-euzet õnhakako-euko || dãnazeyo-euzeyo õnhakako-euko|| <br /> dãnazeyot-euzeyot õnhakako-euko|| dãnazenh-euzenh <br /> õnhakako-euko<br /> |-<br /> | Future || õnhakabé-eubé || õnhakabéy-eubéy || õnhakabét-eubét || õnhakabéyo-eubéyo || õnhakabéyot-eubéyot || õnhakabénh-eubénh <br /> |}<br /> Imperative<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei !! nol’halhujh !! teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Present || - || õnhaká-eu || - || õnhakéyo-euyo || õnhakéyot-euyot || -<br /> |}<br /> Auxilary verbs:<br /> bãssãjha-eu(to be), dãna-eu(to have)<br /> <br /> bãssãjha-eu<br /> Indicative<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei !! nol’halhujh !!teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Present || bus-eu || busay-euy || busat-eut || bãssãyo-euyo|| bãssãyot-euyot|| bãssanh-eunh <br /> |-<br /> | Imperfect || bússã-eu || bússãy-euy ||bússãt-eut || bússãyo-euyo || bússãyot-euyot || bússãnh-eunh<br /> |-<br /> | Preterite || bússaha-euha|| bússahay-euahay || bússahat-euahat || bússahayo-euahayo || bússahayot-euahayot|| bússahanh-euahanh <br /> |-<br /> | Perfect || dan-eu busko-euko|| day-euy busko-euko ||dat-eut busko-euko || dayo-euyo busko-euko || dayot-euyot busko-euko || danh-eunh busko-euko <br /> |-<br /> | Past perfect|| danaha-euaha busko-euko || danahay-euahay busko-euko || danahat-euahat busko-euko || danahayo-euahayo busko-euko || danahayot-euahayot busko-euko|| danahanh-euahanh busko-<br /> euko <br /> |-<br /> | Future I || bãssãjhaba-euba|| bãssãjhabay-eubay || bãssãjhabat-eubat || bãssãjhabayo-eubayo ||bãssãjhabayot-eubayot || bãssãjhabanh-eubanh <br /> |-<br /> | Future II|| dãnaba-euba busko-euko || dãnabay-eubay busko-euko || dãnabat-eubat busko-euko || dãnabayo-eubayo busko-euko || dãnabayot-eubayot busko-euko || dãnabanh-eubanh busko-euko<br /> |-<br /> | Conditional I || bãssãjhaumú-eumú || bãssãjhaumúy-eumúy || bãssãjhaumút-eumút || bãssãjhaumúyo-eumúyo || bãssãjhaumúyot-eumúyot ||bãssãjhaumúnh-eumúnh<br /> |-<br /> | Conditional II || dãnaumú-eumú busko-euko || dãnaumúy-eumúy busko-euko || dãnaumút-eumút busko-euko ||dãnaumúyo-eumúyo busko-euko || dãnaumúyot-eumúyot busko-euko || dãnaumúyot-eumúyot <br /> busko-euko <br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> Subjanctive<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !!úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei !! nol’halhujh !! teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Present || bãssãjhé-eué || bãssãjhéy-euéy || bãssãjhét-euét || bãssãjhéyo-euéyo || bãssãjhéyot-euéyot ||bãssãjhénh-euénh <br /> |-<br /> | Imperfect || bãssãjhaze-euaze || bãssãjhazey-euazey || bãssãjhazet-euazet || bãssãjhazeyo-euazeyo ||bãssãjhazeyot-euazeyot || bãssãjhazenh-euazenh <br /> |-<br /> | Perfect || dãné-eué busko-euko || dãnéy-euéy busko-euko || dãnét-euét busko-euko || dãnéyo-euéyo busko-euko || dãnéyot-euéyot busko-euko || dãnénh-euénh busko-euko<br /> |-<br /> | Past Perfect || dãnaze-euaze busko-euko || dãnazey-euazey busko-euko || dãnazet-euazet busko-euko || dãnazeyo-euazeyo busko-euko || dãnazeyot-euazeyot busko-euko || dãnaazenh-euazenh busko-<br /> euko<br /> |-<br /> | Future || bãssãjhabé-eubé || bãssãjhabéy-eubéy || bãssãjhabét-eubét ||bãssãjhabéyo-eubéyo || bãssãjhabéyot-eubéyot ||bãssãjhabénh-eubénh <br /> |}<br /> Imperative<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei !! nol’halhujh !! teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Present || - || bãssá-eu || - || bãsséyo-euyo || bãsséyot-euyot || -<br /> |}<br /> dãna-eu<br /> Indicative<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei !! nol’halhujh !! teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Present || dan-eu || day-euy || dat-eut || dayo-euyo || dayot-euyot || danh-eunh<br /> |-<br /> | Imperfect || danaha-euha || danahay-euhay || danahat-euhat || danahayo-euhayo || danahayot-euyot || danahanh-euhanh<br /> |-<br /> | Preterite || danã-eu || danãy-euy || danãt-eut || danãyo-euyo || danãyot-euyot || danãnh-eunh<br /> |-<br /> | Perfect || dan-eu danko-euko || day-euy danko-euko || dat-eut danko-euko ||dayo-euyo danko-euko|| dayot-euyot danko-euko || danh-eunh danko-<br /> euko<br /> |-<br /> | Past Perfect || danaha-euha danko-euko || danahay-euhay danko-euko || danahat-euhat danko-euko || danahayo-euyo danko-euko || danahayot-<br /> euyot danko-euko || danahanh-euhanh danko-euko<br /> |-<br /> | Future I || dãnaba-euba || dãnabay-eubay || dãnabat-eubat || dãnabayo-eubayo || dãnabayot-eubayot || dãnabanh-eubanh<br /> |-<br /> | Future II || dãnaba-euba danko-euko || dãnabay-eubay danko-euko || dãnabat-eubat danko-euko|| dãnabayo-eubayo danko-euko || dãnabayot-eubayot danko-euko || dãnabanh-eubanh danko-eu<br /> |-<br /> | Conditional I || dãnaumú-eumú || dãnaumúy-eumúy || dãnaumút-eumút|| dãnaumúyo-eumúyo || dãnaumúyot-eumúyot || dãnaumúnh-eumúnh<br /> |-<br /> | Conditional II || dãnaumú-eumú danko-euko || dãnaumúy-eumúy danko-euko || dãnaumút-eumút danko-euko || dãnaumúyo-eumúyo danko-euko || <br /> dãnaumúyot-eumúyot danko-euko || dãnaumúnh-eumúnh danko-euko <br /> |} <br /> Subjanctive<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei !! nol’halhujh !! teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Present || dãné-eué || dãnéy-euéy || dãnét-euét || dãnéyo-euéyo|| dãnéyot-euéyot || dãnénh-euénh<br /> |-<br /> | Imperfect || dãnaze-euze || dãnazey-euzey || dãnazet-euzet|| dãnazeyo-euzeyo || dãnazeyot-euzeyot|| dãnazenh-euzenh<br /> |-<br /> | Perfect || dãné-eué danko-euko || dãnéy-euéy danko-euko || dãnét-euét danko-euko || dãnéyo-euéyo danko-euko || dãnéyot-euéyot || dãnénh-<br /> euénh danko-euko<br /> |-<br /> | Past Perfect ||dãnaze-euze danko-euko||dãnazey-euzey danko-euko || dãnazet-euzet danko-euko || dãnazeyo-euzeyo danko-euko || dãnazeyot-euzeyot danko-euko || dãnazenh-euzenh danko-euko<br /> |-<br /> | Future || dãnabé-eubé || dãnabéy-eubéy ||dãnabét-eubét || dãnabéyo-eubéyo || dãnabéyot-eubéyot ||dãnabénh-eubénh<br /> |}<br /> Imperative<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei !! nol'halhujh !!teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Present || - || daná-eu || - || danéyo-euyo || danéyot-euyot || -<br /> |}<br /> Irregular verbs and modal verbs<br /> Lees'hin has over twenty irregular verbs and four modal verbs. In table below are some lees'hin irregular verbs. Other irregular verbs will be on Contionary.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Infinitive !!1st person present !! particip perfect !! translation<br /> |-<br /> | lhojha-eu|| lhujh-eu || lhãko-euko || to want<br /> |-<br /> | hátha-eu || hãt-eu || hãko-euko || to drink<br /> |-<br /> | ghema-eu || ghõm-eu || ghiko-euko || to know<br /> |-<br /> | naya-eu || ney-eu || neko-euko || to see<br /> |-<br /> | n'has'ha-eu || nhish || nhako-euko || can<br /> |}<br /> Adverbs<br /> Particles<br /> Derivational morphology<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Syntax==<br /> ===Constituent order===<br /> ===Noun phrase===<br /> ===Verb phrase===<br /> ===Sentence phrase===<br /> ===Dependent clauses===<br /> &lt;!-- etc. etc. --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Example texts==<br /> ==Other resources==<br /> &lt;!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Template area --&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]<br /> [[Category:Languages]]</div>

Julijanj https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Lees%27hin&diff=110529 2018-04-02T10:28:19Z

<p>Julijanj: /* Introduction */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> &lt;!-- <br /> <br /> This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br /> <br /> I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).<br /> II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)<br /> III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Introduction==<br /> Lees'hin (lees'hin s'hon) is lees'hinian language spoken in Democratic Republic of Lees'hin (Vas’ha Nhelhuk Lees’hin) by 48 000 native speakers. It was created in 2015. The language has no cognate with natural languages. I wanted to make some very strange language with strange vocubalary. Also Lees'hin is intelligable with 2 other lees'hinian languages. They are Mihrulen and Basti.<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Example categories/headings: <br /> <br /> Goals<br /> Setting<br /> Inspiration<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- ***Phonology*** --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- What sounds does your language use? --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br /> <br /> Vowel inventory<br /> Consonant inventory<br /> Syllable structure<br /> Stress<br /> Intonation<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Orthography===<br /> Lees'hin orthography is special, because every letter except y has version with the letter h. For digraphs ch, sh, nh, lh and jh , version with h is c'h s'h, n'h, l'h and j'h.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Letter!! Name of letter<br /> |-<br /> | a || akú<br /> |-<br /> | ã || a kamã<br /> |-<br /> | á || a acún<br /> |-<br /> | b || bãh<br /> |-<br /> | bh || abhú<br /> |-<br /> | c || ca<br /> |-<br /> | ch || cha<br /> |-<br /> | c'h || ac'ha<br /> |-<br /> | d || da<br /> |-<br /> | dh||adhe <br /> |-<br /> | e|| ekú<br /> |-<br /> | é || e acún<br /> |-<br /> | f || fa<br /> |-<br /> | fh|| efhe<br /> |-<br /> | g || gu<br /> |-<br /> | gh|| aghe<br /> |-<br /> | h || hu<br /> |-<br /> | i || ikú<br /> |-<br /> | í || i acún<br /> |-<br /> | j || ja<br /> |-<br /> | jh || jhe<br /> |-<br /> | j'h || aj'he<br /> |-<br /> | k || kã<br /> |-<br /> | kh || akhã<br /> |-<br /> | l || la<br /> |-<br /> | lh || lha<br /> |-<br /> | l'h || al'he<br /> |-<br /> | m || ma<br /> |-<br /> | mh || amhe<br /> |-<br /> | n || ne<br /> |-<br /> | nh || nhe<br /> |-<br /> | n'h|| an'he<br /> |-<br /> | o || okú<br /> |-<br /> | õ || o kamã<br /> |-<br /> | ó || o acún<br /> |-<br /> | p|| pu<br /> |-<br /> | ph || aphú<br /> |-<br /> | q || qu<br /> |-<br /> | qh || aqhú<br /> |-<br /> | r || ra<br /> |-<br /> | rh || arha<br /> |-<br /> | s|| se<br /> |-<br /> | sh || she<br /> |-<br /> | s'h || as'hé<br /> |-<br /> | t || tan<br /> |-<br /> | th || athan<br /> |-<br /> | u || ukú<br /> |-<br /> | ú||u acún<br /> |-<br /> | v || vãku<br /> |-<br /> | vh || vhãku<br /> |-<br /> | y|| yun<br /> |-<br /> | z || za<br /> |-<br /> | zh || azha<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Bilabial!!Labio-dental!!Alveolar!!Post-alveolar!!Palatal!!Velar!!Uvular!!Glottal<br /> |-<br /> |Nasal|| m /m/ || || n /n/ || || nh /ɲ/ || n /ŋ/ || || <br /> |-<br /> |Plosive || p /p/ b /b/ || || t /t/ d /d/ || || || k /k/ g /g/ ||q /q/ || <br /> |-<br /> |Affricate || || || c /t͡s/ || ch /t͡ʃ/ jh /d͡ʒ/ || || || || <br /> |-<br /> |Fricative || || f /f/ v /v/ || s /s/ z /z/ || sh /ʃ/ j /ʒ/ || || *(')h /x/ || || h /h/<br /> |-<br /> |Approximant || || || || || y /j/ || || || <br /> |-<br /> |Trill || || || r /r/ || || || || ||<br /> |-<br /> |Lateral app. || || || l /l/ || || || lh /ʎ/ || || <br /> |}<br /> *(')h- when h is after consonant it will be pronounced /x/. So in writing exist 2 groups. One is with apostrophe and other has no apostrophe. Group with apostrophe is: s'h, c'h, j'h, l'h and n'h. In other group are consonants that don't need an apostrophe because they can't make another sound. So s'h is written this way to avoid mixing with sh. But gh is written in this way becaus e g with h can't make another phoneme, like sh.<br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Front!! Central !! Back<br /> |-<br /> | Close || i, í /i/ || || u, ú /u/<br /> |-<br /> | Close-mid || e, é /e/ || || õ/ɤ/ o, ó /o/<br /> |-<br /> | Mid || || ã /ə/ || <br /> |-<br /> | Open || a, á /a/ || || <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Prosody===<br /> ====Stress====<br /> Stress is mainly on first place. The stress isn't on first place when a word has graphic accent, then the stress falls where an acute accent is found. Lees'hin has one accent, acute. Vowels can be short or long. A vowel is short if the following vowel isn't the same as proceeding vowel. A vowel is long if after a vowel comes the same vowel.<br /> <br /> ====Intonation====<br /> Intonation in Lees'hin is the same as in English.<br /> <br /> ===Phonotactics===<br /> &lt;!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, &quot;st&quot; is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset &quot;ng&quot; isn't. --&gt;<br /> In Lees'hin are permissible all combinations with h, eg, bh, ch, c'h, sh, s'h... All syllables must have at least one vowel. Nouns cannot end with a vowel.<br /> <br /> ==Morphology==<br /> &lt;!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --&gt;Lees'hin has 6 cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative, instrumenatal). Verbs are inflected through 2 numbers, 2 voices, 3 moods( indicative , subjunctive, imperative), 9 tenses in indicative, 5 in subjunctive and only 1 in imperative. Nouns differ from adjectives. Adjectives differ from verbs.<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Here are some example subcategories:<br /> <br /> Nouns<br /> As I said, Lees'hin has 6 cases. Also Lees'hin has 3 genders (maculine, feminine, neuter) and 3 declinations for each gender. First noun is masculine, the noun s'hon. As seen Lees'hin has no locative, so locative is found in accusative.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !!Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || s'hon || s'honii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || s'hone || s'honeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || s'hona || s'honaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative|| s'honat || s'honatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || s'hono || s'honoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental|| s'honot || s'honotii<br /> |}<br /> Second noun is feminine, the noun hõshejh <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || hõshejh || hõshejhii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || hõshejhe || hõshejheii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || hõshejhet || hõshejhetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || hõshejhon || hõshejhonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || hõshejhono || hõshejhonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || hõshejhonot || hõshejhonotii<br /> |}<br /> Third noun is neuter, the noun heemuõãat<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || heemuõãat|| heemuõãatii<br /> |- |<br /> | Genitive|| heemuõãate || heemuõãateii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || heemuõãati || heemuõãatiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || heemuõãatit || heemuõãatiti<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || heemuõãato || heemuõãatoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || heemuõãatot || heemuõãatotii<br /> |}<br /> Irregular declinations<br /> In Lees'hin also exist irregular declanations, there are 3 types of declination. <br /> First declination: r-declination, e.g. sujh(f)-bowl. This noun has irregular plural.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || sujh || sãchii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || sujher || sãcherii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || sujhra || sãchrii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || sãchrat || sãchratii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || sujhro || sãchroii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||sujhrot|| sãchrotii<br /> |}<br /> Second declination: k-declination, e.g. lhum(m)-owl<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || lhum || lhumii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || lhumka || lhumkaii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative|| lhumak || lhumakii<br /> |-<br /> |Accusative|| lhumakat || lhumakatii<br /> |-<br /> |Vocative || lhumo || lhumoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || lhumkot || lhumkotii<br /> |}<br /> Third declination:v-declination, e.g. jãkhan(m)-door<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| jãkhan || jãkhanii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || jãkhanve || jãkhanveii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative ||jãkhanav|| jãkhanavii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || jãkhanvat || jãkhanvatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || jãkhanvo || jãkhanvoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||jãkhanvot|| jãkhanvotii<br /> |}<br /> Pronouns<br /> Personal pronouns<br /> Lees'hin has 3 pronouns in singular and 3 in plural. Pronouns are diclined slightly different.<br /> First pronouns: nõhi(I) and soc’heches’hei(we) <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| nõhi || soc'heches'hei<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõhiim || soc'heches'heiim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõhia || soc'hes'heia<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||nõhiat || soc'ches'heiat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - || -<br /> |-<br /> |Instrumental || nõhiot || soc'heches'heiot<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Second pronoun: úbosh( you) and nol’halhujh(you)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !!Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || úbosh || nol'halhujh<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || úboshim || nol'halhujhim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative|| úbosha || nol'halhujha<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || úboshat || nol'halhujhat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative|| úbosho || nol'halhujho<br /> |-<br /> |Instrumental || úboshot || nol'halhujhot<br /> |}<br /> Third pronouns: nõbéheghelh (he), nhããmãadaõ(she) and nhãmadão(it)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Singular !! Masculine !! Feminine !! Neuter<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||nõbéheghelh ||nhããmãadaõ || nhãmadão<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive||nõbéheghelhim|| nhããmãadaõim || nhãmadãoim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõbéheghelha || nhããmãadaõet || nhãmadãoi<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõbéheghelhat || nhããmãadaõon || nhãmadãoit<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - ||- || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nõbéheghelhot || nhããmãadaõonot || nhãmadãoot<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun: teãbãõkhé(they)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Plural !! <br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || teãbãõkhéim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || teãbãõkhéa<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || teãbãõkhéat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental|| teãbãõkhéot<br /> |}<br /> Possessive pronouns<br /> Possessive pronouns are actually genitives of personal pronouns. These genitives become nominatives in declination.<br /> First person:nõhiim(my)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõhiim || nõhiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõhiime || nõhiimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõhiima || nõhiimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõhiimat || nõhiimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative|| nõhiimo || nõhiimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nõhiimot || nõhiimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõhiim || nõhiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõhiime|| nõhiimeii<br /> |- <br /> |Dative || nõhiimet || nõhiimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõhiimon || nõhiimon<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõhiimono || nõhiimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nõhiimonot || nõhiimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõhiim || nõhiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitives || nõhiime || nõhiimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõhiimi || nõhiimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative|| nõhiimit || nõhiimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõhiimo || nõhiimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental|| nõhiimot || nõhiimotii<br /> |}<br /> Second pronoun: úboshim(your)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||úboshim || úboshimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || úboshime|| úboshimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || úboshima || úboshimaii <br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || úboshimat|| úboshimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || úboshimo || úboshimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || úboshimot || úboshimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || úboshim || úboshimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || úboshime || úboshimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || úboshimet||úboshimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || úboshimon || úboshimonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || úboshimono || úboshimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || úboshimonot ||úboshimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Neuter!! Singular !! Singular<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || úboshim||úboshimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || úboshime || úboshimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || úboshimi || úboshimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || úboshimit || úboshimitii <br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || úboshimo || úboshimoii <br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||úboshimot || úboshimotii<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun: nõbéheghelhim(his)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõbéheghelhim || nõbéheghelhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõbéheghelhime ||nõbéheghelhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõbéheghelhima || nõbéheghelhimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||nõbéheghelhimat|| nõbéheghelhimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõbéheghelhimo ||nõbéheghelhimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nõbéheghelhimot || nõbéheghelhimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõbéheghelhim || nõbéheghelhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõbéheghelhime || nõbéheghelhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõbéheghelhimet || nõbéheghelhimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõbéheghelhimon || nõbéheghelhimonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõbéheghelhimono || nõbéheghelhimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumenatal || nõbéheghelhimonot || nõbéheghelhimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõbéheghelhim|| nõbéheghelhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõbéheghelhime || nõbéheghelhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõbéheghelhimi || nõbéheghelhimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõbéheghelhimit || nõbéheghelhimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõbéheghelhimo || nõbéheghelhimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumenatal || nõbéheghelhimot || nõbéheghelhimotii<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun:nhããmãadaõim(her)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhããmãadaõim|| nhããmãadaõimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhããmãadaõime || nhããmãadaõimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhããmãadaõima || nhããmãadaõimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhããmãadaõimat || nhããmãadaõimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhããmãadaõimo || nhããmãadaõimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhããmãadaõimot || nhããmãadaõimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||nhããmãadaõim || nhããmãadaõimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhããmãadaõime || nhããmãadaõimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhããmãadaõimet || nhããmãadaõimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhããmãadaõimon || nhããmãadaõimonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative|| nhããmãadaõimono || nhããmãadaõimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhããmãadaõimonot || nhããmãadaõimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhããmãadaõim || nhããmãadaõimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive ||nhããmãadaõime || nhããmãadaõimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhããmãadaõimi || nhããmãadaõimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhããmãadaõimit || nhããmãadaõimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhããmãadaõimo || nhããmãadaõimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhããmãadaõimot || nhããmãadaõimotii<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun:nhãmadãoim(its)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine''!! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhãmadãoim || nhãmadãoimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhãmadãoime || nhãmadãoimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhãmadãoima || nhãmadãoimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||nhãmadãoimat || nhãmadãoimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhãmadãoimo || nhãmadãoimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhãmadãoimot || nhãmadãoimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nomnative || nhãmadãoim|| nhãmadãoimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhãmadãoime|| nhãmadãoimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhãmadãoimet || nhãmadãoimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhãmadãoimon || nhãmadãoimonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhãmadãoimono || nhãmadãoimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhãmadãoimonot || nhãmadãoimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhãmadãoim || nhãmadãoimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhãmadãoime || nhãmadãoimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhãmadãoimi || nhãmadãoimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhãmadãoimit || nhãmadãoimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhãmadãoimo || nhãmadãoimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhãmadãoimot || nhãmadãoimotii<br /> |}<br /> First pronoun:soc'heches'heiim(our)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Maculine !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || soc'heches'heiim || soc'heches'heiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive ||soc'heches'heiime || soc'heches'heiimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || soc'heches'heiima || soc'heches'heiimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || soc'heches'heiimat||soc'heches'heiimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || soc'heches'heiimo || soc'heches'heiimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || soc'heches'heiimot || soc'heches'heiimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || soc'heches'heiim|| soc'heches'heiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || soc'heches'heiime ||soc'heches'heiimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || soc'heches'heiimet || soc'heches'heiimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || soc'heches'heiimon || soc'heches'heiimonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || soc'heches'heiimono || soc'heches'heiimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || soc'heches'heiimonot || soc'heches'heiimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative||soc'heches'heiim|| soc'heches'heiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || soc'heches'heiime || soc'heches'heiimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || soc'heches'heiimi || soc'heches'heiimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || soc'heches'heiimit || soc'heches'heiimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || soc'heches'heiimo || soc'heches'heiimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental||soc'heches'heiimot || soc'heches'heiimotii<br /> |}<br /> Second pronoun:nol'halhujhim (your)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nol'halhujhim ||nol'halhujhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nol'halhujhime|| nol'halhujhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nol'halhujhima || nol'halhujhimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nol'halhujhimat || nol'halhujhimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nol'halhujhimo || nol'halhujhimoii <br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nol'halhujhimot ||nol'halhujhimotii <br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plura<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nol'halhujhim || nol'halhujhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nol'halhujhime || nol'halhujhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nol'halhujhimet || nol'halhujhimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nol'halhujhimon || nol'halhujhimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nol'halhujhimono || nol'halhujhimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nol'halhujhimonot|| nol'halhujhimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nol'halhujhim || nol'halhujhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nol'halhujhime || nol'halhujhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nol'halhujhimi || nol'halhujhimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nol'halhujhimit || nol'halhujhimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nol'halhujhimo || nol'halhujhimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nol'halhujhimot || nol'halhujhimotii<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun: teãbãõkhéim<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || teãbãõkhéim || teãbãõkhéimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || teãbãõkhéime || teãbãõkhéimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || teãbãõkhéima || teãbãõkhéimii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||teãbãõkhéimat || teãbãõkhéimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || teãbãõkhéimo|| teãbãõkhéimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || teãbãõkhéimot || teãbãõkhéimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || teãbãõkhéim || teãbãõkhéimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || teãbãõkhéime || teãbãõkhéimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || teãbãõkhéimet|| teãbãõkhéimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || teãbãõkhéimon || teãbãõkhéimonii <br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || teãbãõkhéimono || teãbãõkhéimonoii <br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || teãbãõkhéimonot || teãbãõkhéimonotii <br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || teãbãõkhéim || teãbãõkhéimii <br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || teãbãõkhéime ||teãbãõkhéimeii <br /> |-<br /> | Dative || teãbãõkhéimi || teãbãõkhéimiii <br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || teãbãõkhéimit || teãbãõkhéimitii <br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || teãbãõkhéimo ||teãbãõkhéimoii <br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || teãbãõkhéimot || teãbãõkhéimotii <br /> |}<br /> Reflexive pronoun<br /> c'hug(-self)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! <br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || - ||<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || c'hug || <br /> |-<br /> | Dative || c'huga || <br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || c'hug ||<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - || <br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || c'hugot || <br /> |}<br /> Demonstrative pronouns<br /> gan(this)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || gan || ganii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || gane || ganeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || gana|| ganaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || ganat|| ganatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || gano || ganoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || ganot || ganotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || gan || ganii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || gane || ganeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || ganet || ganetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || ganon || ganonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || ganono ||ganonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || ganonot || ganonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || gan || ganii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || gane || ganeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || gani || ganiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || ganit || ganit<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || gano || ganoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || ganotii || ganotii<br /> |}<br /> nhal(that)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhal || nhalii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhale || nhaleii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhala|| nhalaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhalat || nhalatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhalo || nhaloii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhalot|| nhalotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhal || nhalii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhale || nhaleii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhalet || nhaletii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhalon|| nhalonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhalono || nhalonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||nhalonot || nhalonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhal || nhalii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhale || nhaleii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhali || nhaliii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhalit || nhalitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhalo || nhaloii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhalot || nhalotii<br /> |}<br /> jhav(that)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || jhav || jhavii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || jhave || jhaveii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || jhava|| jhavaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || jhavat || jhavatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || jhavo || jhavoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || jhavot || jhavotii<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || jhav || jhavii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || jhave || jhaveii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative|| jhavet || jhavetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || jhavon || jhavonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || jhavono || jhavonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || jhavonot || jhavonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || jhav || jhavii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || jhave || jhaveii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || jhavi || jhaviii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || jhavit || jhavitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || jhavo || jhavoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||jhavot|| jhavotii<br /> |}<br /> Interrogative pronouns<br /> thãz((who)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| thãz<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || thãze<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || thãza<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || thãzat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || thãzot<br /> |}<br /> yaaj(what)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || yaaj<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || yaaje<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || yaaja<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || yaajat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || yaajot<br /> |}<br /> Relative pronouns<br /> abhõp(which)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine''!! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||abhõp || abhõpii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || abhõpe || abhõpeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || abhõpa || abhõpa<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || abhõpat || abhõpatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || abhõpot || abhõpotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || abhõp || abhõpii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || abhõpe|| abhõpeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || abhõpet || abhõpetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || abhõpon || abhõponii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || abhõponot|| abhõponotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !!Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || abhõp || abhõpii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || abhõpe || abhõpeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || abhõpi|| abhõpiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||abhõpit || abhõpitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || abhõpot|| abhõpotii<br /> |}<br /> Indefinite pronouns:<br /> guthãz(someone)/guyaaj(something)<br /> pethãz(no-one)/peyaaj(nothing)<br /> s'him(all) etc.<br /> Adjectives<br /> Adjectives can end with a vowel or a consonant. Adjectives with a vowel have regular comparation, and with a consonant have irregular comparation.<br /> Adjectives are diclined like the noun that goes after.<br /> moní-beautiful<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Singular !! Maculine !! Feminine !! Neuter<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| moní ||moní || moní<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || moníe ||moníe || moníe<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || monía || moníet|| moníi<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || moníat ||moníon || moníit<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || monío || moníono || monío<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||moníot || moníonot ||moníot<br /> |-<br /> | Plural || <br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||moníii|| moníii || moníii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || moníeii|| moníeii || moníeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || moníaii || moníetii || moníiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||moníatii|| moníonii || moníitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || moníoii || moníonoii || moníoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || moníotii || moníonotii || moníotii<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> Other adjectives are diclined like adjective moní.<br /> Comparation<br /> Lees'hin has normally positive, comparative and superlative. Comparation can be regular or irregular.<br /> Regular comparation<br /> For comparative -r is added, e.g. monír (comparative of moní). Irrelugar comparative, e.g. ganõm( comparative of as'har-good)<br /> For superlative particle ka and comparative are added, e.g. ka monír or ka ganõm.<br /> Verbs<br /> Lees'hin verbs are inflected in numbers, moods and tenses. Every grammatical person has own suffix. One thing is special and that is infinitive. Infinitive in Lees'hin is thematic vowel +-eu. Basically Lees'hin verb consists of 2 parts, first is before -eu and second after, e.g. õnhaka-eu, the root is õnhak, and infinitive is a-eu<br /> Regular conjugation:<br /> to love/past participle: õnhakako-euko<br /> Indicative<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei!! nol’halhujh !! teãbãõkhé !! <br /> |-<br /> | Present || õnhak-eu || õnhakay-euy || õnhakat-eut ||õnhakayo-euyo || õnhakayot-euyot || õnhakanh-eunh <br /> |-<br /> | Imperfect || õnhakaha-euha || õnhakahay-euhay || õnhakahat-euhat || õnhakahayo-euhayo || õnhakahayot-euhayot || õnhakahanh-euhanh<br /> |-<br /> | Preterite || õnhakã-eu || õnhakãy-euy || õnhakãt-eut || õnhakãyo-euyo || õnhakãyot-euyot || õnhakãnh-eunh <br /> |-<br /> | Perfect || dan-eu õnhakako-euko || day-euy õnhakako-euko || dat-eut õnhakako-euko || dayo-euyo õnhakako-euko ||dayot-euyot õnhakako-euko || danh-eunh õnhakako-euko <br /> |-<br /> | Past Perfect || danaha-euha õnhakako-euko || danahay-euhay õnhakako-euko || danahat-euhat õnhakako-euko || danahayo-euhayo õnhakako-euko || danahayot-euhayot õnhakako-euko || danahanh-<br /> euhanh õnhakako-euko<br /> |-<br /> | Future I ||õnhakaba-euba || õnhakabay-eubay || õnhakabat-eubat || õnhakabayo-eubayo || õnhakabayot-eubayot || õnhakabanh-eubanh <br /> |-<br /> | Future II || dãnaba-euba õnhakako-euko || dãnabay-eubay õnhakako-euko || dãnabat-eubat õnhakako-euko || dãnabayo-eubayo õnhakako-euko || dãnabayot-eubayot õnhakako-euko || dãnabanh-eubanh <br /> õnhakako-euko <br /> |-<br /> | Conditional I || õnhakaumú-eumú || õnhakaumúy-eumúy || õnhakaumút-eumút || õnhakaumúyo-eumúyo || õnhakaumúyot-eumúyot || õnhakaumúnh-eumúnh<br /> |-<br /> | Conditional II || dãnaumú-eumú õnhakako-euko || dãnaumúy-eumúy õnhakako-euko || dãnaumút-eumút õnhakako-euko || dãnaumúyo-eumúyo õnhakako-euko || dãnaumúyot-eumúyot õnhakako-euko|| dãnaumúnh-<br /> eumúnh õnhakako-euko <br /> |}<br /> Subjanctive<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !!soc'heches'hei !!nol’halhujh !! teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Present ||õnhaké-eué|| õnhakéy-euéy||õnhakét-euét || õnhakéyo-euéyo ||õnhakéyot-euéyot || õnhakénh-euénh<br /> |-<br /> | Imperfect || õnhakaze-euze || õnhakazey-euzey || õnhakazet-euzet || õnhakazeyo-euzeyo|| õnhakazeyot-euzeyot || õnhakazenh-euzenh<br /> |-<br /> | Perfect || dãné-eué õnhakako-euko || dãnéy-euéy õnhakako-euko|| dãnét-euét õnhakako-euko|| dãnéyo-euéyo õnhakako-euko|| dãnéyot-euéyot õnhakako-euko || dãnénh-euénh õnhakako-euko<br /> |-<br /> | Past Perfect || dãnaze-euze õnhakako-euko ||dãnazey-euzey õnhakako-euko || dãnazet-euzet õnhakako-euko || dãnazeyo-euzeyo õnhakako-euko|| <br /> dãnazeyot-euzeyot õnhakako-euko|| dãnazenh-euzenh <br /> õnhakako-euko<br /> |-<br /> | Future || õnhakabé-eubé || õnhakabéy-eubéy || õnhakabét-eubét || õnhakabéyo-eubéyo || õnhakabéyot-eubéyot || õnhakabénh-eubénh <br /> |}<br /> Imperative<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei !! nol’halhujh !! teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Present || - || õnhaká-eu || - || õnhakéyo-euyo || õnhakéyot-euyot || -<br /> |}<br /> Auxilary verbs:<br /> bãssãjha-eu(to be), dãna-eu(to have)<br /> <br /> bãssãjha-eu<br /> Indicative<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei !! nol’halhujh !!teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Present || bus-eu || busay-euy || busat-eut || bãssãyo-euyo|| bãssãyot-euyot|| bãssanh-eunh <br /> |-<br /> | Imperfect || bússã-eu || bússãy-euy ||bússãt-eut || bússãyo-euyo || bússãyot-euyot || bússãnh-eunh<br /> |-<br /> | Preterite || bússaha-euha|| bússahay-euahay || bússahat-euahat || bússahayo-euahayo || bússahayot-euahayot|| bússahanh-euahanh <br /> |-<br /> | Perfect || dan-eu busko-euko|| day-euy busko-euko ||dat-eut busko-euko || dayo-euyo busko-euko || dayot-euyot busko-euko || danh-eunh busko-euko <br /> |-<br /> | Past perfect|| danaha-euaha busko-euko || danahay-euahay busko-euko || danahat-euahat busko-euko || danahayo-euahayo busko-euko || danahayot-euahayot busko-euko|| danahanh-euahanh busko-<br /> euko <br /> |-<br /> | Future I || bãssãjhaba-euba|| bãssãjhabay-eubay || bãssãjhabat-eubat || bãssãjhabayo-eubayo ||bãssãjhabayot-eubayot || bãssãjhabanh-eubanh <br /> |-<br /> | Future II|| dãnaba-euba busko-euko || dãnabay-eubay busko-euko || dãnabat-eubat busko-euko || dãnabayo-eubayo busko-euko || dãnabayot-eubayot busko-euko || dãnabanh-eubanh busko-euko<br /> |-<br /> | Conditional I || bãssãjhaumú-eumú || bãssãjhaumúy-eumúy || bãssãjhaumút-eumút || bãssãjhaumúyo-eumúyo || bãssãjhaumúyot-eumúyot ||bãssãjhaumúnh-eumúnh<br /> |-<br /> | Conditional II || dãnaumú-eumú busko-euko || dãnaumúy-eumúy busko-euko || dãnaumút-eumút busko-euko ||dãnaumúyo-eumúyo busko-euko || dãnaumúyot-eumúyot busko-euko || dãnaumúyot-eumúyot <br /> busko-euko <br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> Subjanctive<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !!úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei !! nol’halhujh !! teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Present || bãssãjhé-eué || bãssãjhéy-euéy || bãssãjhét-euét || bãssãjhéyo-euéyo || bãssãjhéyot-euéyot ||bãssãjhénh-euénh <br /> |-<br /> | Imperfect || bãssãjhaze-euaze || bãssãjhazey-euazey || bãssãjhazet-euazet || bãssãjhazeyo-euazeyo ||bãssãjhazeyot-euazeyot || bãssãjhazenh-euazenh <br /> |-<br /> | Perfect || dãné-eué busko-euko || dãnéy-euéy busko-euko || dãnét-euét busko-euko || dãnéyo-euéyo busko-euko || dãnéyot-euéyot busko-euko || dãnénh-euénh busko-euko<br /> |-<br /> | Past Perfect || dãnaze-euaze busko-euko || dãnazey-euazey busko-euko || dãnazet-euazet busko-euko || dãnazeyo-euazeyo busko-euko || dãnazeyot-euazeyot busko-euko || dãnaazenh-euazenh busko-<br /> euko<br /> |-<br /> | Future || bãssãjhabé-eubé || bãssãjhabéy-eubéy || bãssãjhabét-eubét ||bãssãjhabéyo-eubéyo || bãssãjhabéyot-eubéyot ||bãssãjhabénh-eubénh <br /> |}<br /> Imperative<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei !! nol’halhujh !! teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Present || - || bãssá-eu || - || bãsséyo-euyo || bãsséyot-euyot || -<br /> |}<br /> dãna-eu<br /> Indicative<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei !! nol’halhujh !! teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Present || dan-eu || day-euy || dat-eut || dayo-euyo || dayot-euyot || danh-eunh<br /> |-<br /> | Imperfect || danaha-euha || danahay-euhay || danahat-euhat || danahayo-euhayo || danahayot-euyot || danahanh-euhanh<br /> |-<br /> | Preterite || danã-eu || danãy-euy || danãt-eut || danãyo-euyo || danãyot-euyot || danãnh-eunh<br /> |-<br /> | Perfect || dan-eu danko-euko || day-euy danko-euko || dat-eut danko-euko ||dayo-euyo danko-euko|| dayot-euyot danko-euko || danh-eunh danko-<br /> euko<br /> |-<br /> | Past Perfect || danaha-euha danko-euko || danahay-euhay danko-euko || danahat-euhat danko-euko || danahayo-euyo danko-euko || danahayot-<br /> euyot danko-euko || danahanh-euhanh danko-euko<br /> |-<br /> | Future I || dãnaba-euba || dãnabay-eubay || dãnabat-eubat || dãnabayo-eubayo || dãnabayot-eubayot || dãnabanh-eubanh<br /> |-<br /> | Future II || dãnaba-euba danko-euko || dãnabay-eubay danko-euko || dãnabat-eubat danko-euko|| dãnabayo-eubayo danko-euko || dãnabayot-eubayot danko-euko || dãnabanh-eubanh danko-eu<br /> |-<br /> | Conditional I || dãnaumú-eumú || dãnaumúy-eumúy || dãnaumút-eumút|| dãnaumúyo-eumúyo || dãnaumúyot-eumúyot || dãnaumúnh-eumúnh<br /> |-<br /> | Conditional II || dãnaumú-eumú danko-euko || dãnaumúy-eumúy danko-euko || dãnaumút-eumút danko-euko || dãnaumúyo-eumúyo danko-euko || <br /> dãnaumúyot-eumúyot danko-euko || dãnaumúnh-eumúnh danko-euko <br /> |} <br /> Subjanctive<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei !! nol’halhujh !! teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Present || dãné-eué || dãnéy-euéy || dãnét-euét || dãnéyo-euéyo|| dãnéyot-euéyot || dãnénh-euénh<br /> |-<br /> | Imperfect || dãnaze-euze || dãnazey-euzey || dãnazet-euzet|| dãnazeyo-euzeyo || dãnazeyot-euzeyot|| dãnazenh-euzenh<br /> |-<br /> | Perfect || dãné-eué danko-euko || dãnéy-euéy danko-euko || dãnét-euét danko-euko || dãnéyo-euéyo danko-euko || dãnéyot-euéyot || dãnénh-<br /> euénh danko-euko<br /> |-<br /> | Past Perfect ||dãnaze-euze danko-euko||dãnazey-euzey danko-euko || dãnazet-euzet danko-euko || dãnazeyo-euzeyo danko-euko || dãnazeyot-euzeyot danko-euko || dãnazenh-euzenh danko-euko<br /> |-<br /> | Future || dãnabé-eubé || dãnabéy-eubéy ||dãnabét-eubét || dãnabéyo-eubéyo || dãnabéyot-eubéyot ||dãnabénh-eubénh<br /> |}<br /> Imperative<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei !! nol'halhujh !!teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Present || - || daná-eu || - || danéyo-euyo || danéyot-euyot || -<br /> |}<br /> Adverbs<br /> Particles<br /> Derivational morphology<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Syntax==<br /> ===Constituent order===<br /> ===Noun phrase===<br /> ===Verb phrase===<br /> ===Sentence phrase===<br /> ===Dependent clauses===<br /> &lt;!-- etc. etc. --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Example texts==<br /> ==Other resources==<br /> &lt;!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Template area --&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]<br /> [[Category:Languages]]</div>

Julijanj https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Lees%27hin&diff=97776 2018-01-11T15:03:16Z

<p>Julijanj: /* Morphology */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> &lt;!-- <br /> <br /> This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br /> <br /> I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).<br /> II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)<br /> III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Introduction==<br /> Lees'hin (lees'hin s'hon) is lees'hinian language spoken in Democratic Republic of Lees'hin (Vas’ha Nhelhuk Lees’hin) by 48 000 native speakers. It was created in 2015. The language has no cognate with natural languages. I wanted to make some very strange language with strange vocubalary. And I made it, Lees'hin was my strange language. Also Lees'hin is intelligable with 2 other lees'hinian languages. They are Mihrulen and Basti.<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Example categories/headings: <br /> <br /> Goals<br /> Setting<br /> Inspiration<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- ***Phonology*** --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- What sounds does your language use? --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br /> <br /> Vowel inventory<br /> Consonant inventory<br /> Syllable structure<br /> Stress<br /> Intonation<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Orthography===<br /> Lees'hin orthography is special, because every letter except y has version with the letter h. For digraphs ch, sh, nh, lh and jh , version with h is c'h s'h, n'h, l'h and j'h.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Letter!! Name of letter<br /> |-<br /> | a || akú<br /> |-<br /> | ã || a kamã<br /> |-<br /> | á || a acún<br /> |-<br /> | b || bãh<br /> |-<br /> | bh || abhú<br /> |-<br /> | c || ca<br /> |-<br /> | ch || cha<br /> |-<br /> | c'h || ac'ha<br /> |-<br /> | d || da<br /> |-<br /> | dh||adhe <br /> |-<br /> | e|| ekú<br /> |-<br /> | é || e acún<br /> |-<br /> | f || fa<br /> |-<br /> | fh|| efhe<br /> |-<br /> | g || gu<br /> |-<br /> | gh|| aghe<br /> |-<br /> | h || hu<br /> |-<br /> | i || ikú<br /> |-<br /> | í || i acún<br /> |-<br /> | j || ja<br /> |-<br /> | jh || jhe<br /> |-<br /> | j'h || aj'he<br /> |-<br /> | k || kã<br /> |-<br /> | kh || akhã<br /> |-<br /> | l || la<br /> |-<br /> | lh || lha<br /> |-<br /> | l'h || al'he<br /> |-<br /> | m || ma<br /> |-<br /> | mh || amhe<br /> |-<br /> | n || ne<br /> |-<br /> | nh || nhe<br /> |-<br /> | n'h|| an'he<br /> |-<br /> | o || okú<br /> |-<br /> | õ || o kamã<br /> |-<br /> | ó || o acún<br /> |-<br /> | p|| pu<br /> |-<br /> | ph || aphú<br /> |-<br /> | q || qu<br /> |-<br /> | qh || aqhú<br /> |-<br /> | r || ra<br /> |-<br /> | rh || arha<br /> |-<br /> | s|| se<br /> |-<br /> | sh || she<br /> |-<br /> | s'h || as'hé<br /> |-<br /> | t || tan<br /> |-<br /> | th || athan<br /> |-<br /> | u || ukú<br /> |-<br /> | ú||u acún<br /> |-<br /> | v || vãku<br /> |-<br /> | vh || vhãku<br /> |-<br /> | y|| yun<br /> |-<br /> | z || za<br /> |-<br /> | zh || azha<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Bilabial!!Labio-dental!!Alveolar!!Post-alveolar!!Palatal!!Velar!!Uvular!!Glottal<br /> |-<br /> |Nasal|| m /m/ || || n /n/ || || nh /ɲ/ || n /ŋ/ || || <br /> |-<br /> |Plosive || p /p/ b /b/ || || t /t/ d /d/ || || || k /k/ g /g/ ||q /q/ || <br /> |-<br /> |Affricate || || || c /t͡s/ || ch /t͡ʃ/ jh /d͡ʒ/ || || || || <br /> |-<br /> |Fricative || || f /f/ v /v/ || s /s/ z /z/ || sh /ʃ/ j /ʒ/ || || *(')h /x/ || || h /h/<br /> |-<br /> |Approximant || || || || || y /j/ || || || <br /> |-<br /> |Trill || || || r /r/ || || || || ||<br /> |-<br /> |Lateral app. || || || l /l/ || || || lh /ʎ/ || || <br /> |}<br /> *(')h- when h is after consonant it will be pronounced /x/. So in writing exist 2 groups. One is with apostrophe and other has no apostrophe. Group with apostrophe is: s'h, c'h, j'h, l'h and n'h. In other group are consonants that don't need an apostrophe because they can't make another sound. So s'h is written this way to avoid mixing with sh. But gh is written in this way becaus e g with h can't make another phoneme, like sh.<br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Front!! Central !! Back<br /> |-<br /> | Close || i, í /i/ || || u, ú /u/<br /> |-<br /> | Close-mid || e, é /e/ || || õ/ɤ/ o, ó /o/<br /> |-<br /> | Mid || || ã /ə/ || <br /> |-<br /> | Open || a, á /a/ || || <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Prosody===<br /> ====Stress====<br /> Stress is mainly on first place. The stress isn't on first place when a word has graphic accent, then the stress falls where an acute accent is found. Lees'hin has one accent, acute. Vowels can be short or long. A vowel is short if the following vowel isn't the same as proceeding vowel. A vowel is long if after a vowel comes the same vowel.<br /> <br /> ====Intonation====<br /> Intonation in Lees'hin is the same as in English.<br /> <br /> ===Phonotactics===<br /> &lt;!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, &quot;st&quot; is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset &quot;ng&quot; isn't. --&gt;<br /> In Lees'hin are permissible all combinations with h, eg, bh, ch, c'h, sh, s'h... All syllables must have at least one vowel. Nouns cannot end with a vowel.<br /> <br /> ==Morphology==<br /> &lt;!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --&gt;Lees'hin has 6 cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative, instrumenatal). Verbs are inflected through 2 numbers, 2 voices, 3 moods( indicative , subjunctive, imperative), 9 tenses in indicative, 5 in subjunctive and only 1 in imperative. Nouns differ from adjectives. Adjectives differ from verbs.<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Here are some example subcategories:<br /> <br /> Nouns<br /> As I said, Lees'hin has 6 cases. Also Lees'hin has 3 genders (maculine, feminine, neuter) and 3 declinations for each gender. First noun is masculine, the noun s'hon. As seen Lees'hin has no locative, so locative is found in accusative.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !!Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || s'hon || s'honii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || s'hone || s'honeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || s'hona || s'honaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative|| s'honat || s'honatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || s'hono || s'honoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental|| s'honot || s'honotii<br /> |}<br /> Second noun is feminine, the noun hõshejh <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || hõshejh || hõshejhii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || hõshejhe || hõshejheii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || hõshejhet || hõshejhetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || hõshejhon || hõshejhonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || hõshejhono || hõshejhonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || hõshejhonot || hõshejhonotii<br /> |}<br /> Third noun is neuter, the noun heemuõãat<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || heemuõãat|| heemuõãatii<br /> |- |<br /> | Genitive|| heemuõãate || heemuõãateii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || heemuõãati || heemuõãatiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || heemuõãatit || heemuõãatiti<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || heemuõãato || heemuõãatoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || heemuõãatot || heemuõãatotii<br /> |}<br /> Irregular declinations<br /> In Lees'hin also exist irregular declanations, there are 3 types of declination. <br /> First declination: r-declination, e.g. sujh(f)-bowl. This noun has irregular plural.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || sujh || sãchii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || sujher || sãcherii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || sujhra || sãchrii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || sãchrat || sãchratii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || sujhro || sãchroii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||sujhrot|| sãchrotii<br /> |}<br /> Second declination: k-declination, e.g. lhum(m)-owl<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || lhum || lhumii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || lhumka || lhumkaii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative|| lhumak || lhumakii<br /> |-<br /> |Accusative|| lhumakat || lhumakatii<br /> |-<br /> |Vocative || lhumo || lhumoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || lhumkot || lhumkotii<br /> |}<br /> Third declination:v-declination, e.g. jãkhan(m)-door<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| jãkhan || jãkhanii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || jãkhanve || jãkhanveii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative ||jãkhanav|| jãkhanavii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || jãkhanvat || jãkhanvatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || jãkhanvo || jãkhanvoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||jãkhanvot|| jãkhanvotii<br /> |}<br /> Pronouns<br /> Personal pronouns<br /> Lees'hin has 3 pronouns in singular and 3 in plural. Pronouns are diclined slightly different.<br /> First pronouns: nõhi(I) and soc’heches’hei(we) <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| nõhi || soc'heches'hei<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõhiim || soc'heches'heiim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõhia || soc'hes'heia<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||nõhiat || soc'ches'heiat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - || -<br /> |-<br /> |Instrumental || nõhiot || soc'heches'heiot<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Second pronoun: úbosh( you) and nol’halhujh(you)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !!Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || úbosh || nol'halhujh<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || úboshim || nol'halhujhim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative|| úbosha || nol'halhujha<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || úboshat || nol'halhujhat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative|| úbosho || nol'halhujho<br /> |-<br /> |Instrumental || úboshot || nol'halhujhot<br /> |}<br /> Third pronouns: nõbéheghelh (he), nhããmãadaõ(she) and nhãmadão(it)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Singular !! Masculine !! Feminine !! Neuter<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||nõbéheghelh ||nhããmãadaõ || nhãmadão<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive||nõbéheghelhim|| nhããmãadaõim || nhãmadãoim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõbéheghelha || nhããmãadaõet || nhãmadãoi<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõbéheghelhat || nhããmãadaõon || nhãmadãoit<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - ||- || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nõbéheghelhot || nhããmãadaõonot || nhãmadãoot<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun: teãbãõkhé(they)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Plural !! <br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || teãbãõkhéim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || teãbãõkhéa<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || teãbãõkhéat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental|| teãbãõkhéot<br /> |}<br /> Possessive pronouns<br /> Possessive pronouns are actually genitives of personal pronouns. These genitives become nominatives in declination.<br /> First person:nõhiim(my)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõhiim || nõhiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõhiime || nõhiimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõhiima || nõhiimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõhiimat || nõhiimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative|| nõhiimo || nõhiimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nõhiimot || nõhiimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõhiim || nõhiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõhiime|| nõhiimeii<br /> |- <br /> |Dative || nõhiimet || nõhiimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõhiimon || nõhiimon<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõhiimono || nõhiimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nõhiimonot || nõhiimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõhiim || nõhiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitives || nõhiime || nõhiimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõhiimi || nõhiimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative|| nõhiimit || nõhiimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõhiimo || nõhiimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental|| nõhiimot || nõhiimotii<br /> |}<br /> Second pronoun: úboshim(your)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||úboshim || úboshimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || úboshime|| úboshimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || úboshima || úboshimaii <br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || úboshimat|| úboshimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || úboshimo || úboshimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || úboshimot || úboshimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || úboshim || úboshimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || úboshime || úboshimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || úboshimet||úboshimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || úboshimon || úboshimonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || úboshimono || úboshimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || úboshimonot ||úboshimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Neuter!! Singular !! Singular<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || úboshim||úboshimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || úboshime || úboshimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || úboshimi || úboshimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || úboshimit || úboshimitii <br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || úboshimo || úboshimoii <br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||úboshimot || úboshimotii<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun: nõbéheghelhim(his)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõbéheghelhim || nõbéheghelhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõbéheghelhime ||nõbéheghelhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõbéheghelhima || nõbéheghelhimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||nõbéheghelhimat|| nõbéheghelhimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõbéheghelhimo ||nõbéheghelhimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nõbéheghelhimot || nõbéheghelhimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõbéheghelhim || nõbéheghelhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõbéheghelhime || nõbéheghelhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõbéheghelhimet || nõbéheghelhimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõbéheghelhimon || nõbéheghelhimonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõbéheghelhimono || nõbéheghelhimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumenatal || nõbéheghelhimonot || nõbéheghelhimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõbéheghelhim|| nõbéheghelhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõbéheghelhime || nõbéheghelhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõbéheghelhimi || nõbéheghelhimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõbéheghelhimit || nõbéheghelhimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõbéheghelhimo || nõbéheghelhimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumenatal || nõbéheghelhimot || nõbéheghelhimotii<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun:nhããmãadaõim(her)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhããmãadaõim|| nhããmãadaõimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhããmãadaõime || nhããmãadaõimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhããmãadaõima || nhããmãadaõimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhããmãadaõimat || nhããmãadaõimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhããmãadaõimo || nhããmãadaõimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhããmãadaõimot || nhããmãadaõimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||nhããmãadaõim || nhããmãadaõimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhããmãadaõime || nhããmãadaõimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhããmãadaõimet || nhããmãadaõimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhããmãadaõimon || nhããmãadaõimonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative|| nhããmãadaõimono || nhããmãadaõimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhããmãadaõimonot || nhããmãadaõimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhããmãadaõim || nhããmãadaõimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive ||nhããmãadaõime || nhããmãadaõimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhããmãadaõimi || nhããmãadaõimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhããmãadaõimit || nhããmãadaõimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhããmãadaõimo || nhããmãadaõimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhããmãadaõimot || nhããmãadaõimotii<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun:nhãmadãoim(its)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine''!! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhãmadãoim || nhãmadãoimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhãmadãoime || nhãmadãoimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhãmadãoima || nhãmadãoimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||nhãmadãoimat || nhãmadãoimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhãmadãoimo || nhãmadãoimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhãmadãoimot || nhãmadãoimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nomnative || nhãmadãoim|| nhãmadãoimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhãmadãoime|| nhãmadãoimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhãmadãoimet || nhãmadãoimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhãmadãoimon || nhãmadãoimonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhãmadãoimono || nhãmadãoimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhãmadãoimonot || nhãmadãoimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhãmadãoim || nhãmadãoimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhãmadãoime || nhãmadãoimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhãmadãoimi || nhãmadãoimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhãmadãoimit || nhãmadãoimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhãmadãoimo || nhãmadãoimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhãmadãoimot || nhãmadãoimotii<br /> |}<br /> First pronoun:soc'heches'heiim(our)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Maculine !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || soc'heches'heiim || soc'heches'heiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive ||soc'heches'heiime || soc'heches'heiimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || soc'heches'heiima || soc'heches'heiimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || soc'heches'heiimat||soc'heches'heiimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || soc'heches'heiimo || soc'heches'heiimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || soc'heches'heiimot || soc'heches'heiimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || soc'heches'heiim|| soc'heches'heiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || soc'heches'heiime ||soc'heches'heiimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || soc'heches'heiimet || soc'heches'heiimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || soc'heches'heiimon || soc'heches'heiimonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || soc'heches'heiimono || soc'heches'heiimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || soc'heches'heiimonot || soc'heches'heiimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative||soc'heches'heiim|| soc'heches'heiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || soc'heches'heiime || soc'heches'heiimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || soc'heches'heiimi || soc'heches'heiimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || soc'heches'heiimit || soc'heches'heiimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || soc'heches'heiimo || soc'heches'heiimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental||soc'heches'heiimot || soc'heches'heiimotii<br /> |}<br /> Second pronoun:nol'halhujhim (your)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nol'halhujhim ||nol'halhujhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nol'halhujhime|| nol'halhujhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nol'halhujhima || nol'halhujhimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nol'halhujhimat || nol'halhujhimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nol'halhujhimo || nol'halhujhimoii <br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nol'halhujhimot ||nol'halhujhimotii <br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plura<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nol'halhujhim || nol'halhujhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nol'halhujhime || nol'halhujhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nol'halhujhimet || nol'halhujhimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nol'halhujhimon || nol'halhujhimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nol'halhujhimono || nol'halhujhimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nol'halhujhimonot|| nol'halhujhimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nol'halhujhim || nol'halhujhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nol'halhujhime || nol'halhujhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nol'halhujhimi || nol'halhujhimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nol'halhujhimit || nol'halhujhimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nol'halhujhimo || nol'halhujhimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nol'halhujhimot || nol'halhujhimotii<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun: teãbãõkhéim<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || teãbãõkhéim || teãbãõkhéimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || teãbãõkhéime || teãbãõkhéimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || teãbãõkhéima || teãbãõkhéimii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||teãbãõkhéimat || teãbãõkhéimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || teãbãõkhéimo|| teãbãõkhéimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || teãbãõkhéimot || teãbãõkhéimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || teãbãõkhéim || teãbãõkhéimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || teãbãõkhéime || teãbãõkhéimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || teãbãõkhéimet|| teãbãõkhéimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || teãbãõkhéimon || teãbãõkhéimonii <br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || teãbãõkhéimono || teãbãõkhéimonoii <br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || teãbãõkhéimonot || teãbãõkhéimonotii <br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || teãbãõkhéim || teãbãõkhéimii <br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || teãbãõkhéime ||teãbãõkhéimeii <br /> |-<br /> | Dative || teãbãõkhéimi || teãbãõkhéimiii <br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || teãbãõkhéimit || teãbãõkhéimitii <br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || teãbãõkhéimo ||teãbãõkhéimoii <br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || teãbãõkhéimot || teãbãõkhéimotii <br /> |}<br /> Reflexive pronoun<br /> c'hug(-self)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! <br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || - ||<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || c'hug || <br /> |-<br /> | Dative || c'huga || <br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || c'hug ||<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - || <br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || c'hugot || <br /> |}<br /> Demonstrative pronouns<br /> gan(this)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || gan || ganii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || gane || ganeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || gana|| ganaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || ganat|| ganatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || gano || ganoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || ganot || ganotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || gan || ganii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || gane || ganeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || ganet || ganetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || ganon || ganonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || ganono ||ganonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || ganonot || ganonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || gan || ganii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || gane || ganeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || gani || ganiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || ganit || ganit<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || gano || ganoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || ganotii || ganotii<br /> |}<br /> nhal(that)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhal || nhalii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhale || nhaleii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhala|| nhalaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhalat || nhalatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhalo || nhaloii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhalot|| nhalotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhal || nhalii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhale || nhaleii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhalet || nhaletii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhalon|| nhalonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhalono || nhalonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||nhalonot || nhalonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhal || nhalii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhale || nhaleii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhali || nhaliii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhalit || nhalitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhalo || nhaloii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhalot || nhalotii<br /> |}<br /> jhav(that)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || jhav || jhavii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || jhave || jhaveii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || jhava|| jhavaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || jhavat || jhavatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || jhavo || jhavoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || jhavot || jhavotii<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || jhav || jhavii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || jhave || jhaveii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative|| jhavet || jhavetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || jhavon || jhavonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || jhavono || jhavonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || jhavonot || jhavonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || jhav || jhavii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || jhave || jhaveii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || jhavi || jhaviii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || jhavit || jhavitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || jhavo || jhavoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||jhavot|| jhavotii<br /> |}<br /> Interrogative pronouns<br /> thãz((who)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| thãz<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || thãze<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || thãza<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || thãzat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || thãzot<br /> |}<br /> yaaj(what)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || yaaj<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || yaaje<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || yaaja<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || yaajat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || yaajot<br /> |}<br /> Relative pronouns<br /> abhõp(which)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine''!! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||abhõp || abhõpii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || abhõpe || abhõpeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || abhõpa || abhõpa<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || abhõpat || abhõpatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || abhõpot || abhõpotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || abhõp || abhõpii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || abhõpe|| abhõpeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || abhõpet || abhõpetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || abhõpon || abhõponii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || abhõponot|| abhõponotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !!Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || abhõp || abhõpii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || abhõpe || abhõpeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || abhõpi|| abhõpiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||abhõpit || abhõpitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || abhõpot|| abhõpotii<br /> |}<br /> Indefinite pronouns:<br /> guthãz(someone)/guyaaj(something)<br /> pethãz(no-one)/peyaaj(nothing)<br /> s'him(all) etc.<br /> Adjectives<br /> Adjectives can end with a vowel or a consonant. Adjectives with a vowel have regular comparation, and with a consonant have irregular comparation.<br /> Adjectives are diclined like the noun that goes after.<br /> moní-beautiful<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Singular !! Maculine !! Feminine !! Neuter<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| moní ||moní || moní<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || moníe ||moníe || moníe<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || monía || moníet|| moníi<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || moníat ||moníon || moníit<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || monío || moníono || monío<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||moníot || moníonot ||moníot<br /> |-<br /> | Plural || <br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||moníii|| moníii || moníii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || moníeii|| moníeii || moníeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || moníaii || moníetii || moníiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||moníatii|| moníonii || moníitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || moníoii || moníonoii || moníoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || moníotii || moníonotii || moníotii<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> Other adjectives are diclined like adjective moní.<br /> Comparation<br /> Lees'hin has normally positive, comparative and superlative. Comparation can be regular or irregular.<br /> Regular comparation<br /> For comparative -r is added, e.g. monír (comparative of moní). Irrelugar comparative, e.g. ganõm( comparative of as'har-good)<br /> For superlative particle ka and comparative are added, e.g. ka monír or ka ganõm.<br /> Verbs<br /> Lees'hin verbs are inflected in numbers, moods and tenses. Every grammatical person has own suffix. One thing is special and that is infinitive. Infinitive in Lees'hin is thematic vowel +-eu. Basically Lees'hin verb consists of 2 parts, first is before -eu and second after, e.g. õnhaka-eu, the root is õnhak, and infinitive is a-eu<br /> Regular conjugation:<br /> to love/past participle: õnhakako-euko<br /> Indicative<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei!! nol’halhujh !! teãbãõkhé !! <br /> |-<br /> | Present || õnhak-eu || õnhakay-euy || õnhakat-eut ||õnhakayo-euyo || õnhakayot-euyot || õnhakanh-eunh <br /> |-<br /> | Imperfect || õnhakaha-euha || õnhakahay-euhay || õnhakahat-euhat || õnhakahayo-euhayo || õnhakahayot-euhayot || õnhakahanh-euhanh<br /> |-<br /> | Preterite || õnhakã-eu || õnhakãy-euy || õnhakãt-eut || õnhakãyo-euyo || õnhakãyot-euyot || õnhakãnh-eunh <br /> |-<br /> | Perfect || dan-eu õnhakako-euko || day-euy õnhakako-euko || dat-eut õnhakako-euko || dayo-euyo õnhakako-euko ||dayot-euyot õnhakako-euko || danh-eunh õnhakako-euko <br /> |-<br /> | Past Perfect || danaha-euha õnhakako-euko || danahay-euhay õnhakako-euko || danahat-euhat õnhakako-euko || danahayo-euhayo õnhakako-euko || danahayot-euhayot õnhakako-euko || danahanh-<br /> euhanh õnhakako-euko<br /> |-<br /> | Future I ||õnhakaba-euba || õnhakabay-eubay || õnhakabat-eubat || õnhakabayo-eubayo || õnhakabayot-eubayot || õnhakabanh-eubanh <br /> |-<br /> | Future II || dãnaba-euba õnhakako-euko || dãnabay-eubay õnhakako-euko || dãnabat-eubat õnhakako-euko || dãnabayo-eubayo õnhakako-euko || dãnabayot-eubayot õnhakako-euko || dãnabanh-eubanh <br /> õnhakako-euko <br /> |-<br /> | Conditional I || õnhakaumú-eumú || õnhakaumúy-eumúy || õnhakaumút-eumút || õnhakaumúyo-eumúyo || õnhakaumúyot-eumúyot || õnhakaumúnh-eumúnh<br /> |-<br /> | Conditional II || dãnaumú-eumú õnhakako-euko || dãnaumúy-eumúy õnhakako-euko || dãnaumút-eumút õnhakako-euko || dãnaumúyo-eumúyo õnhakako-euko || dãnaumúyot-eumúyot õnhakako-euko|| dãnaumúnh-<br /> eumúnh õnhakako-euko <br /> |}<br /> Subjanctive<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !!soc'heches'hei !!nol’halhujh !! teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Present ||õnhaké-eué|| õnhakéy-euéy||õnhakét-euét || õnhakéyo-euéyo ||õnhakéyot-euéyot || õnhakénh-euénh<br /> |-<br /> | Imperfect || õnhakaze-euze || õnhakazey-euzey || õnhakazet-euzet || õnhakazeyo-euzeyo|| õnhakazeyot-euzeyot || õnhakazenh-euzenh<br /> |-<br /> | Perfect || dãné-eué õnhakako-euko || dãnéy-euéy õnhakako-euko|| dãnét-euét õnhakako-euko|| dãnéyo-euéyo õnhakako-euko|| dãnéyot-euéyot õnhakako-euko || dãnénh-euénh õnhakako-euko<br /> |-<br /> | Past Perfect || dãnaze-euze õnhakako-euko ||dãnazey-euzey õnhakako-euko || dãnazet-euzet õnhakako-euko || dãnazeyo-euzeyo õnhakako-euko|| <br /> dãnazeyot-euzeyot õnhakako-euko|| dãnazenh-euzenh <br /> õnhakako-euko<br /> |-<br /> | Future || õnhakabé-eubé || õnhakabéy-eubéy || õnhakabét-eubét || õnhakabéyo-eubéyo || õnhakabéyot-eubéyot || õnhakabénh-eubénh <br /> |}<br /> Imperative<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei !! nol’halhujh !! teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Present || - || õnhaká-eu || - || õnhakéyo-euyo || õnhakéyot-euyot || -<br /> |}<br /> Auxilary verbs:<br /> bãssãjha-eu(to be), dãna-eu(to have)<br /> <br /> bãssãjha-eu<br /> Indicative<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei !! nol’halhujh !!teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Present || bus-eu || busay-euy || busat-eut || bãssãyo-euyo|| bãssãyot-euyot|| bãssanh-eunh <br /> |-<br /> | Imperfect || bússã-eu || bússãy-euy ||bússãt-eut || bússãyo-euyo || bússãyot-euyot || bússãnh-eunh<br /> |-<br /> | Preterite || bússaha-euha|| bússahay-euahay || bússahat-euahat || bússahayo-euahayo || bússahayot-euahayot|| bússahanh-euahanh <br /> |-<br /> | Perfect || dan-eu busko-euko|| day-euy busko-euko ||dat-eut busko-euko || dayo-euyo busko-euko || dayot-euyot busko-euko || danh-eunh busko-euko <br /> |-<br /> | Past perfect|| danaha-euaha busko-euko || danahay-euahay busko-euko || danahat-euahat busko-euko || danahayo-euahayo busko-euko || danahayot-euahayot busko-euko|| danahanh-euahanh busko-<br /> euko <br /> |-<br /> | Future I || bãssãjhaba-euba|| bãssãjhabay-eubay || bãssãjhabat-eubat || bãssãjhabayo-eubayo ||bãssãjhabayot-eubayot || bãssãjhabanh-eubanh <br /> |-<br /> | Future II|| dãnaba-euba busko-euko || dãnabay-eubay busko-euko || dãnabat-eubat busko-euko || dãnabayo-eubayo busko-euko || dãnabayot-eubayot busko-euko || dãnabanh-eubanh busko-euko<br /> |-<br /> | Conditional I || bãssãjhaumú-eumú || bãssãjhaumúy-eumúy || bãssãjhaumút-eumút || bãssãjhaumúyo-eumúyo || bãssãjhaumúyot-eumúyot ||bãssãjhaumúnh-eumúnh<br /> |-<br /> | Conditional II || dãnaumú-eumú busko-euko || dãnaumúy-eumúy busko-euko || dãnaumút-eumút busko-euko ||dãnaumúyo-eumúyo busko-euko || dãnaumúyot-eumúyot busko-euko || dãnaumúyot-eumúyot <br /> busko-euko <br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> Subjanctive<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !!úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei !! nol’halhujh !! teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Present || bãssãjhé-eué || bãssãjhéy-euéy || bãssãjhét-euét || bãssãjhéyo-euéyo || bãssãjhéyot-euéyot ||bãssãjhénh-euénh <br /> |-<br /> | Imperfect || bãssãjhaze-euaze || bãssãjhazey-euazey || bãssãjhazet-euazet || bãssãjhazeyo-euazeyo ||bãssãjhazeyot-euazeyot || bãssãjhazenh-euazenh <br /> |-<br /> | Perfect || dãné-eué busko-euko || dãnéy-euéy busko-euko || dãnét-euét busko-euko || dãnéyo-euéyo busko-euko || dãnéyot-euéyot busko-euko || dãnénh-euénh busko-euko<br /> |-<br /> | Past Perfect || dãnaze-euaze busko-euko || dãnazey-euazey busko-euko || dãnazet-euazet busko-euko || dãnazeyo-euazeyo busko-euko || dãnazeyot-euazeyot busko-euko || dãnaazenh-euazenh busko-<br /> euko<br /> |-<br /> | Future || bãssãjhabé-eubé || bãssãjhabéy-eubéy || bãssãjhabét-eubét ||bãssãjhabéyo-eubéyo || bãssãjhabéyot-eubéyot ||bãssãjhabénh-eubénh <br /> |}<br /> Imperative<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei !! nol’halhujh !! teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Present || - || bãssá-eu || - || bãsséyo-euyo || bãsséyot-euyot || -<br /> |}<br /> dãna-eu<br /> Indicative<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei !! nol’halhujh !! teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Present || dan-eu || day-euy || dat-eut || dayo-euyo || dayot-euyot || danh-eunh<br /> |-<br /> | Imperfect || danaha-euha || danahay-euhay || danahat-euhat || danahayo-euhayo || danahayot-euyot || danahanh-euhanh<br /> |-<br /> | Preterite || danã-eu || danãy-euy || danãt-eut || danãyo-euyo || danãyot-euyot || danãnh-eunh<br /> |-<br /> | Perfect || dan-eu danko-euko || day-euy danko-euko || dat-eut danko-euko ||dayo-euyo danko-euko|| dayot-euyot danko-euko || danh-eunh danko-<br /> euko<br /> |-<br /> | Past Perfect || danaha-euha danko-euko || danahay-euhay danko-euko || danahat-euhat danko-euko || danahayo-euyo danko-euko || danahayot-<br /> euyot danko-euko || danahanh-euhanh danko-euko<br /> |-<br /> | Future I || dãnaba-euba || dãnabay-eubay || dãnabat-eubat || dãnabayo-eubayo || dãnabayot-eubayot || dãnabanh-eubanh<br /> |-<br /> | Future II || dãnaba-euba danko-euko || dãnabay-eubay danko-euko || dãnabat-eubat danko-euko|| dãnabayo-eubayo danko-euko || dãnabayot-eubayot danko-euko || dãnabanh-eubanh danko-eu<br /> |-<br /> | Conditional I || dãnaumú-eumú || dãnaumúy-eumúy || dãnaumút-eumút|| dãnaumúyo-eumúyo || dãnaumúyot-eumúyot || dãnaumúnh-eumúnh<br /> |-<br /> | Conditional II || dãnaumú-eumú danko-euko || dãnaumúy-eumúy danko-euko || dãnaumút-eumút danko-euko || dãnaumúyo-eumúyo danko-euko || <br /> dãnaumúyot-eumúyot danko-euko || dãnaumúnh-eumúnh danko-euko <br /> |} <br /> Subjanctive<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei !! nol’halhujh !! teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Present || dãné-eué || dãnéy-euéy || dãnét-euét || dãnéyo-euéyo|| dãnéyot-euéyot || dãnénh-euénh<br /> |-<br /> | Imperfect || dãnaze-euze || dãnazey-euzey || dãnazet-euzet|| dãnazeyo-euzeyo || dãnazeyot-euzeyot|| dãnazenh-euzenh<br /> |-<br /> | Perfect || dãné-eué danko-euko || dãnéy-euéy danko-euko || dãnét-euét danko-euko || dãnéyo-euéyo danko-euko || dãnéyot-euéyot || dãnénh-<br /> euénh danko-euko<br /> |-<br /> | Past Perfect ||dãnaze-euze danko-euko||dãnazey-euzey danko-euko || dãnazet-euzet danko-euko || dãnazeyo-euzeyo danko-euko || dãnazeyot-euzeyot danko-euko || dãnazenh-euzenh danko-euko<br /> |-<br /> | Future || dãnabé-eubé || dãnabéy-eubéy ||dãnabét-eubét || dãnabéyo-eubéyo || dãnabéyot-eubéyot ||dãnabénh-eubénh<br /> |}<br /> Imperative<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei !! nol'halhujh !!teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Present || - || daná-eu || - || danéyo-euyo || danéyot-euyot || -<br /> |}<br /> Adverbs<br /> Particles<br /> Derivational morphology<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Syntax==<br /> ===Constituent order===<br /> ===Noun phrase===<br /> ===Verb phrase===<br /> ===Sentence phrase===<br /> ===Dependent clauses===<br /> &lt;!-- etc. etc. --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Example texts==<br /> ==Other resources==<br /> &lt;!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Template area --&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]<br /> [[Category:Languages]]</div>

Julijanj https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Lees%27hin&diff=94997 2017-12-23T07:23:33Z

<p>Julijanj: /* Morphology */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> &lt;!-- <br /> <br /> This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br /> <br /> I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).<br /> II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)<br /> III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Introduction==<br /> Lees'hin (lees'hin s'hon) is lees'hinian language spoken in Democratic Republic of Lees'hin (Vas’ha Nhelhuk Lees’hin) by 48 000 native speakers. It was created in 2015. The language has no cognate with natural languages. I wanted to make some very strange language with strange vocubalary. And I made it, Lees'hin was my strange language. Also Lees'hin is intelligable with 2 other lees'hinian languages. They are Mihrulen and Basti.<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Example categories/headings: <br /> <br /> Goals<br /> Setting<br /> Inspiration<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- ***Phonology*** --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- What sounds does your language use? --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br /> <br /> Vowel inventory<br /> Consonant inventory<br /> Syllable structure<br /> Stress<br /> Intonation<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Orthography===<br /> Lees'hin orthography is special, because every letter except y has version with the letter h. For digraphs ch, sh, nh, lh and jh , version with h is c'h s'h, n'h, l'h and j'h.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Letter!! Name of letter<br /> |-<br /> | a || akú<br /> |-<br /> | ã || a kamã<br /> |-<br /> | á || a acún<br /> |-<br /> | b || bãh<br /> |-<br /> | bh || abhú<br /> |-<br /> | c || ca<br /> |-<br /> | ch || cha<br /> |-<br /> | c'h || ac'ha<br /> |-<br /> | d || da<br /> |-<br /> | dh||adhe <br /> |-<br /> | e|| ekú<br /> |-<br /> | é || e acún<br /> |-<br /> | f || fa<br /> |-<br /> | fh|| efhe<br /> |-<br /> | g || gu<br /> |-<br /> | gh|| aghe<br /> |-<br /> | h || hu<br /> |-<br /> | i || ikú<br /> |-<br /> | í || i acún<br /> |-<br /> | j || ja<br /> |-<br /> | jh || jhe<br /> |-<br /> | j'h || aj'he<br /> |-<br /> | k || kã<br /> |-<br /> | kh || akhã<br /> |-<br /> | l || la<br /> |-<br /> | lh || lha<br /> |-<br /> | l'h || al'he<br /> |-<br /> | m || ma<br /> |-<br /> | mh || amhe<br /> |-<br /> | n || ne<br /> |-<br /> | nh || nhe<br /> |-<br /> | n'h|| an'he<br /> |-<br /> | o || okú<br /> |-<br /> | õ || o kamã<br /> |-<br /> | ó || o acún<br /> |-<br /> | p|| pu<br /> |-<br /> | ph || aphú<br /> |-<br /> | q || qu<br /> |-<br /> | qh || aqhú<br /> |-<br /> | r || ra<br /> |-<br /> | rh || arha<br /> |-<br /> | s|| se<br /> |-<br /> | sh || she<br /> |-<br /> | s'h || as'hé<br /> |-<br /> | t || tan<br /> |-<br /> | th || athan<br /> |-<br /> | u || ukú<br /> |-<br /> | ú||u acún<br /> |-<br /> | v || vãku<br /> |-<br /> | vh || vhãku<br /> |-<br /> | y|| yun<br /> |-<br /> | z || za<br /> |-<br /> | zh || azha<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Bilabial!!Labio-dental!!Alveolar!!Post-alveolar!!Palatal!!Velar!!Uvular!!Glottal<br /> |-<br /> |Nasal|| m /m/ || || n /n/ || || nh /ɲ/ || n /ŋ/ || || <br /> |-<br /> |Plosive || p /p/ b /b/ || || t /t/ d /d/ || || || k /k/ g /g/ ||q /q/ || <br /> |-<br /> |Affricate || || || c /t͡s/ || ch /t͡ʃ/ jh /d͡ʒ/ || || || || <br /> |-<br /> |Fricative || || f /f/ v /v/ || s /s/ z /z/ || sh /ʃ/ j /ʒ/ || || *(')h /x/ || || h /h/<br /> |-<br /> |Approximant || || || || || y /j/ || || || <br /> |-<br /> |Trill || || || r /r/ || || || || ||<br /> |-<br /> |Lateral app. || || || l /l/ || || || lh /ʎ/ || || <br /> |}<br /> *(')h- when h is after consonant it will be pronounced /x/. So in writing exist 2 groups. One is with apostrophe and other has no apostrophe. Group with apostrophe is: s'h, c'h, j'h, l'h and n'h. In other group are consonants that don't need an apostrophe because they can't make another sound. So s'h is written this way to avoid mixing with sh. But gh is written in this way becaus e g with h can't make another phoneme, like sh.<br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Front!! Central !! Back<br /> |-<br /> | Close || i, í /i/ || || u, ú /u/<br /> |-<br /> | Close-mid || e, é /e/ || || õ/ɤ/ o, ó /o/<br /> |-<br /> | Mid || || ã /ə/ || <br /> |-<br /> | Open || a, á /a/ || || <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Prosody===<br /> ====Stress====<br /> Stress is mainly on first place. The stress isn't on first place when a word has graphic accent, then the stress falls where an acute accent is found. Lees'hin has one accent, acute. Vowels can be short or long. A vowel is short if the following vowel isn't the same as proceeding vowel. A vowel is long if after a vowel comes the same vowel.<br /> <br /> ====Intonation====<br /> Intonation in Lees'hin is the same as in English.<br /> <br /> ===Phonotactics===<br /> &lt;!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, &quot;st&quot; is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset &quot;ng&quot; isn't. --&gt;<br /> In Lees'hin are permissible all combinations with h, eg, bh, ch, c'h, sh, s'h... All syllables must have at least one vowel. Nouns cannot end with a vowel.<br /> <br /> ==Morphology==<br /> &lt;!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --&gt;Lees'hin has 6 cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative, instrumenatal). Verbs are inflected through 2 numbers, 2 voices, 3 moods( indicative , subjunctive, imperative), 9 tenses in indicative, 5 in subjunctive and only 1 in imperative. Nouns differ from adjectives. Adjectives differ from verbs.<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Here are some example subcategories:<br /> <br /> Nouns<br /> As I said, Lees'hin has 6 cases. Also Lees'hin has 3 genders (maculine, feminine, neuter) and 3 declinations for each gender. First noun is masculine, the noun s'hon. As seen Lees'hin has no locative, so locative is found in accusative.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !!Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || s'hon || s'honii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || s'hone || s'honeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || s'hona || s'honaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative|| s'honat || s'honatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || s'hono || s'honoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental|| s'honot || s'honotii<br /> |}<br /> Second noun is feminine, the noun hõshejh <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || hõshejh || hõshejhii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || hõshejhe || hõshejheii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || hõshejhet || hõshejhetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || hõshejhon || hõshejhonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || hõshejhono || hõshejhonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || hõshejhonot || hõshejhonotii<br /> |}<br /> Third noun is neuter, the noun heemuõãat<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || heemuõãat|| heemuõãatii<br /> |- |<br /> | Genitive|| heemuõãate || heemuõãateii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || heemuõãati || heemuõãatiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || heemuõãatit || heemuõãatiti<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || heemuõãato || heemuõãatoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || heemuõãatot || heemuõãatotii<br /> |}<br /> Irregular declinations<br /> In Lees'hin also exist irregular declanations, there are 3 types of declination. <br /> First declination: r-declination, e.g. sujh(f)-bowl. This noun has irregular plural.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || sujh || sãchii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || sujher || sãcherii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || sujhra || sãchrii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || sãchrat || sãchratii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || sujhro || sãchroii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||sujhrot|| sãchrotii<br /> |}<br /> Second declination: k-declination, e.g. lhum(m)-owl<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || lhum || lhumii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || lhumka || lhumkaii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative|| lhumak || lhumakii<br /> |-<br /> |Accusative|| lhumakat || lhumakatii<br /> |-<br /> |Vocative || lhumo || lhumoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || lhumkot || lhumkotii<br /> |}<br /> Third declination:v-declination, e.g. jãkhan(m)-door<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| jãkhan || jãkhanii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || jãkhanve || jãkhanveii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative ||jãkhanav|| jãkhanavii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || jãkhanvat || jãkhanvatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || jãkhanvo || jãkhanvoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||jãkhanvot|| jãkhanvotii<br /> |}<br /> Pronouns<br /> Personal pronouns<br /> Lees'hin has 3 pronouns in singular and 3 in plural. Pronouns are diclined slightly different.<br /> First pronouns: nõhi(I) and soc’heches’hei(we) <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| nõhi || soc'heches'hei<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõhiim || soc'heches'heiim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõhia || soc'hes'heia<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||nõhiat || soc'ches'heiat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - || -<br /> |-<br /> |Instrumental || nõhiot || soc'heches'heiot<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Second pronoun: úbosh( you) and nol’halhujh(you)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !!Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || úbosh || nol'halhujh<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || úboshim || nol'halhujhim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative|| úbosha || nol'halhujha<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || úboshat || nol'halhujhat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative|| úbosho || nol'halhujho<br /> |-<br /> |Instrumental || úboshot || nol'halhujhot<br /> |}<br /> Third pronouns: nõbéheghelh (he), nhããmãadaõ(she) and nhãmadão(it)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Singular !! Masculine !! Feminine !! Neuter<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||nõbéheghelh ||nhããmãadaõ || nhãmadão<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive||nõbéheghelhim|| nhããmãadaõim || nhãmadãoim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõbéheghelha || nhããmãadaõet || nhãmadãoi<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõbéheghelhat || nhããmãadaõon || nhãmadãoit<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - ||- || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nõbéheghelhot || nhããmãadaõonot || nhãmadãoot<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun: teãbãõkhé(they)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Plural !! <br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || teãbãõkhéim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || teãbãõkhéa<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || teãbãõkhéat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental|| teãbãõkhéot<br /> |}<br /> Possessive pronouns<br /> Possessive pronouns are actually genitives of personal pronouns. These genitives become nominatives in declination.<br /> First person:nõhiim(my)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõhiim || nõhiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõhiime || nõhiimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõhiima || nõhiimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõhiimat || nõhiimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative|| nõhiimo || nõhiimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nõhiimot || nõhiimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõhiim || nõhiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõhiime|| nõhiimeii<br /> |- <br /> |Dative || nõhiimet || nõhiimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõhiimon || nõhiimon<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõhiimono || nõhiimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nõhiimonot || nõhiimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõhiim || nõhiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitives || nõhiime || nõhiimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõhiimi || nõhiimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative|| nõhiimit || nõhiimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõhiimo || nõhiimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental|| nõhiimot || nõhiimotii<br /> |}<br /> Second pronoun: úboshim(your)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||úboshim || úboshimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || úboshime|| úboshimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || úboshima || úboshimaii <br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || úboshimat|| úboshimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || úboshimo || úboshimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || úboshimot || úboshimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || úboshim || úboshimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || úboshime || úboshimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || úboshimet||úboshimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || úboshimon || úboshimonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || úboshimono || úboshimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || úboshimonot ||úboshimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Neuter!! Singular !! Singular<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || úboshim||úboshimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || úboshime || úboshimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || úboshimi || úboshimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || úboshimit || úboshimitii <br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || úboshimo || úboshimoii <br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||úboshimot || úboshimotii<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun: nõbéheghelhim(his)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõbéheghelhim || nõbéheghelhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõbéheghelhime ||nõbéheghelhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõbéheghelhima || nõbéheghelhimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||nõbéheghelhimat|| nõbéheghelhimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõbéheghelhimo ||nõbéheghelhimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nõbéheghelhimot || nõbéheghelhimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõbéheghelhim || nõbéheghelhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõbéheghelhime || nõbéheghelhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõbéheghelhimet || nõbéheghelhimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõbéheghelhimon || nõbéheghelhimonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõbéheghelhimono || nõbéheghelhimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumenatal || nõbéheghelhimonot || nõbéheghelhimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõbéheghelhim|| nõbéheghelhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõbéheghelhime || nõbéheghelhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõbéheghelhimi || nõbéheghelhimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõbéheghelhimit || nõbéheghelhimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõbéheghelhimo || nõbéheghelhimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumenatal || nõbéheghelhimot || nõbéheghelhimotii<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun:nhããmãadaõim(her)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhããmãadaõim|| nhããmãadaõimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhããmãadaõime || nhããmãadaõimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhããmãadaõima || nhããmãadaõimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhããmãadaõimat || nhããmãadaõimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhããmãadaõimo || nhããmãadaõimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhããmãadaõimot || nhããmãadaõimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||nhããmãadaõim || nhããmãadaõimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhããmãadaõime || nhããmãadaõimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhããmãadaõimet || nhããmãadaõimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhããmãadaõimon || nhããmãadaõimonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative|| nhããmãadaõimono || nhããmãadaõimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhããmãadaõimonot || nhããmãadaõimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhããmãadaõim || nhããmãadaõimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive ||nhããmãadaõime || nhããmãadaõimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhããmãadaõimi || nhããmãadaõimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhããmãadaõimit || nhããmãadaõimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhããmãadaõimo || nhããmãadaõimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhããmãadaõimot || nhããmãadaõimotii<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun:nhãmadãoim(its)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine''!! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhãmadãoim || nhãmadãoimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhãmadãoime || nhãmadãoimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhãmadãoima || nhãmadãoimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||nhãmadãoimat || nhãmadãoimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhãmadãoimo || nhãmadãoimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhãmadãoimot || nhãmadãoimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nomnative || nhãmadãoim|| nhãmadãoimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhãmadãoime|| nhãmadãoimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhãmadãoimet || nhãmadãoimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhãmadãoimon || nhãmadãoimonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhãmadãoimono || nhãmadãoimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhãmadãoimonot || nhãmadãoimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhãmadãoim || nhãmadãoimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhãmadãoime || nhãmadãoimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhãmadãoimi || nhãmadãoimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhãmadãoimit || nhãmadãoimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhãmadãoimo || nhãmadãoimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhãmadãoimot || nhãmadãoimotii<br /> |}<br /> First pronoun:soc'heches'heiim(our)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Maculine !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || soc'heches'heiim || soc'heches'heiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive ||soc'heches'heiime || soc'heches'heiimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || soc'heches'heiima || soc'heches'heiimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || soc'heches'heiimat||soc'heches'heiimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || soc'heches'heiimo || soc'heches'heiimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || soc'heches'heiimot || soc'heches'heiimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || soc'heches'heiim|| soc'heches'heiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || soc'heches'heiime ||soc'heches'heiimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || soc'heches'heiimet || soc'heches'heiimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || soc'heches'heiimon || soc'heches'heiimonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || soc'heches'heiimono || soc'heches'heiimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || soc'heches'heiimonot || soc'heches'heiimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative||soc'heches'heiim|| soc'heches'heiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || soc'heches'heiime || soc'heches'heiimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || soc'heches'heiimi || soc'heches'heiimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || soc'heches'heiimit || soc'heches'heiimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || soc'heches'heiimo || soc'heches'heiimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental||soc'heches'heiimot || soc'heches'heiimotii<br /> |}<br /> Second pronoun:nol'halhujhim (your)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nol'halhujhim ||nol'halhujhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nol'halhujhime|| nol'halhujhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nol'halhujhima || nol'halhujhimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nol'halhujhimat || nol'halhujhimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nol'halhujhimo || nol'halhujhimoii <br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nol'halhujhimot ||nol'halhujhimotii <br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plura<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nol'halhujhim || nol'halhujhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nol'halhujhime || nol'halhujhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nol'halhujhimet || nol'halhujhimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nol'halhujhimon || nol'halhujhimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nol'halhujhimono || nol'halhujhimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nol'halhujhimonot|| nol'halhujhimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nol'halhujhim || nol'halhujhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nol'halhujhime || nol'halhujhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nol'halhujhimi || nol'halhujhimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nol'halhujhimit || nol'halhujhimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nol'halhujhimo || nol'halhujhimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nol'halhujhimot || nol'halhujhimotii<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun: teãbãõkhéim<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || teãbãõkhéim || teãbãõkhéimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || teãbãõkhéime || teãbãõkhéimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || teãbãõkhéima || teãbãõkhéimii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||teãbãõkhéimat || teãbãõkhéimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || teãbãõkhéimo|| teãbãõkhéimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || teãbãõkhéimot || teãbãõkhéimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || teãbãõkhéim || teãbãõkhéimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || teãbãõkhéime || teãbãõkhéimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || teãbãõkhéimet|| teãbãõkhéimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || teãbãõkhéimon || teãbãõkhéimonii <br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || teãbãõkhéimono || teãbãõkhéimonoii <br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || teãbãõkhéimonot || teãbãõkhéimonotii <br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || teãbãõkhéim || teãbãõkhéimii <br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || teãbãõkhéime ||teãbãõkhéimeii <br /> |-<br /> | Dative || teãbãõkhéimi || teãbãõkhéimiii <br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || teãbãõkhéimit || teãbãõkhéimitii <br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || teãbãõkhéimo ||teãbãõkhéimoii <br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || teãbãõkhéimot || teãbãõkhéimotii <br /> |}<br /> Reflexive pronoun<br /> c'hug(-self)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! <br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || - ||<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || c'hug || <br /> |-<br /> | Dative || c'huga || <br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || c'hug ||<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - || <br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || c'hugot || <br /> |}<br /> Demonstrative pronouns<br /> gan(this)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || gan || ganii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || gane || ganeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || gana|| ganaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || ganat|| ganatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || gano || ganoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || ganot || ganotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || gan || ganii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || gane || ganeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || ganet || ganetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || ganon || ganonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || ganono ||ganonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || ganonot || ganonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || gan || ganii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || gane || ganeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || gani || ganiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || ganit || ganit<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || gano || ganoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || ganotii || ganotii<br /> |}<br /> nhal(that)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhal || nhalii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhale || nhaleii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhala|| nhalaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhalat || nhalatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhalo || nhaloii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhalot|| nhalotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhal || nhalii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhale || nhaleii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhalet || nhaletii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhalon|| nhalonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhalono || nhalonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||nhalonot || nhalonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhal || nhalii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhale || nhaleii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhali || nhaliii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhalit || nhalitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhalo || nhaloii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhalot || nhalotii<br /> |}<br /> jhav(that)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || jhav || jhavii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || jhave || jhaveii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || jhava|| jhavaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || jhavat || jhavatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || jhavo || jhavoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || jhavot || jhavotii<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || jhav || jhavii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || jhave || jhaveii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative|| jhavet || jhavetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || jhavon || jhavonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || jhavono || jhavonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || jhavonot || jhavonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || jhav || jhavii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || jhave || jhaveii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || jhavi || jhaviii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || jhavit || jhavitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || jhavo || jhavoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||jhavot|| jhavotii<br /> |}<br /> Interrogative pronouns<br /> thãz((who)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| thãz<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || thãze<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || thãza<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || thãzat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || thãzot<br /> |}<br /> yaaj(what)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || yaaj<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || yaaje<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || yaaja<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || yaajat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || yaajot<br /> |}<br /> Relative pronouns<br /> abhõp(which)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine''!! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||abhõp || abhõpii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || abhõpe || abhõpeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || abhõpa || abhõpa<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || abhõpat || abhõpatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || abhõpot || abhõpotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || abhõp || abhõpii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || abhõpe|| abhõpeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || abhõpet || abhõpetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || abhõpon || abhõponii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || abhõponot|| abhõponotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !!Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || abhõp || abhõpii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || abhõpe || abhõpeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || abhõpi|| abhõpiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||abhõpit || abhõpitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || abhõpot|| abhõpotii<br /> |}<br /> Indefinite pronouns:<br /> guthãz(someone)/guyaaj(something)<br /> pethãz(no-one)/peyaaj(nothing)<br /> s'him(all) etc.<br /> Adjectives<br /> Adjectives can end with a vowel or a consonant. Adjectives with a vowel have regular comparation, and with a consonant have irregular comparation.<br /> Adjectives are diclined like the noun that goes after.<br /> moní-beautiful<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Singular !! Maculine !! Feminine !! Neuter<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| moní ||moní || moní<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || moníe ||moníe || moníe<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || monía || moníet|| moníi<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || moníat ||moníon || moníit<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || monío || moníono || monío<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||moníot || moníonot ||moníot<br /> |-<br /> | Plural || <br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||moníii|| moníii || moníii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || moníeii|| moníeii || moníeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || moníaii || moníetii || moníiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||moníatii|| moníonii || moníitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || moníoii || moníonoii || moníoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || moníotii || moníonotii || moníotii<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> Other adjectives are diclined like adjective moní.<br /> Comparation<br /> Lees'hin has normally positive, comparative and superlative. Comparation can be regular or irregular.<br /> Regular comparation<br /> For comparative -r is added, e.g. monír (comparative of moní). Irrelugar comparative, e.g. ganõm( comparative of as'har-good)<br /> For superlative particle ka and comparative are added, e.g. ka monír or ka ganõm.<br /> Verbs<br /> Lees'hin verbs are inflected in numbers, moods and tenses. Every grammatical person has own suffix. One thing is special and that is infinitive. Infinitive in Lees'hin is thematic vowel +-eu. Basically Lees'hin verb consists of 2 parts, first is before -eu and second after, e.g. õnhaka-eu, the root is õnhak, and infinitive is a-eu<br /> Regular conjugation:<br /> to love/past participle: õnhakako-euko<br /> Indicative<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei!! nol’halhujh !! teãbãõkhé !! <br /> |-<br /> | Present || õnhak-eu || õnhakay-euy || õnhakat-eut ||õnhakayo-euyo || õnhakayot-euyot || õnhakanh-eunh <br /> |-<br /> | Imperfect || õnhakaha-euha || õnhakahay-euhay || õnhakahat-euhat || õnhakahayo-euhayo || õnhakahayot-euhayot || õnhakahanh-euhanh<br /> |-<br /> | Preterite || õnhakã-eu || õnhakãy-euy || õnhakãt-eut || õnhakãyo-euyo || õnhakãyot-euyot || õnhakãnh-eunh <br /> |-<br /> | Perfect || dan-eu õnhakako-euko || day-euy õnhakako-euko || dat-eut õnhakako-euko || dayo-euyo õnhakako-euko ||dayot-euyot õnhakako-euko || danh-eunh õnhakako-euko <br /> |-<br /> | Past Perfect || danaha-euha õnhakako-euko || danahay-euhay õnhakako-euko || danahat-euhat õnhakako-euko || danahayo-euhayo õnhakako-euko || danahayot-euhayot õnhakako-euko || danahanh-<br /> euhanh õnhakako-euko<br /> |-<br /> | Future I ||õnhakaba-euba || õnhakabay-eubay || õnhakabat-eubat || õnhakabayo-eubayo || õnhakabayot-eubayot || õnhakabanh-eubanh <br /> |-<br /> | Future II || dãnaba-euba õnhakako-euko || dãnabay-eubay õnhakako-euko || dãnabat-eubat õnhakako-euko || dãnabayo-eubayo õnhakako-euko || dãnabayot-eubayot õnhakako-euko || dãnabanh-eubanh <br /> õnhakako-euko <br /> |-<br /> | Conditional I || õnhakaumú-eumú || õnhakaumúy-eumúy || õnhakaumút-eumút || õnhakaumúyo-eumúyo || õnhakaumúyot-eumúyot || õnhakaumúnh-eumúnh<br /> |-<br /> | Conditional II || dãnaumú-eumú õnhakako-euko || dãnaumúy-eumúy õnhakako-euko || dãnaumút-eumút õnhakako-euko || dãnaumúyo-eumúyo õnhakako-euko || dãnaumúyot-eumúyot õnhakako-euko|| dãnaumúnh-<br /> eumúnh õnhakako-euko <br /> |}<br /> Subjanctive<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !!soc'heches'hei !!nol’halhujh !! teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Present ||õnhaké-eué|| õnhakéy-euéy||õnhakét-euét || õnhakéyo-euéyo ||õnhakéyot-euéyot || õnhakénh-euénh<br /> |-<br /> | Imperfect || õnhakaze-euze || õnhakazey-euzey || õnhakazet-euzet || õnhakazeyo-euzeyo|| õnhakazeyot-euzeyot || õnhakazenh-euzenh<br /> |-<br /> | Perfect || dãné-eué õnhakako-euko || dãnéy-euéy õnhakako-euko|| dãnét-euét õnhakako-euko|| dãnéyo-euéyo õnhakako-euko|| dãnéyot-euéyot õnhakako-euko || dãnénh-euénh õnhakako-euko<br /> |-<br /> | Past Perfect || dãnaze-euze õnhakako-euko ||dãnazey-euzey õnhakako-euko || dãnazet-euzet õnhakako-euko || dãnazeyo-euzeyo õnhakako-euko|| <br /> dãnazeyot-euzeyot õnhakako-euko|| dãnazenh-euzenh <br /> õnhakako-euko<br /> |-<br /> | Future || õnhakabé-eubé || õnhakabéy-eubéy || õnhakabét-eubét || õnhakabéyo-eubéyo || õnhakabéyot-eubéyot || õnhakabénh-eubénh <br /> |}<br /> Imperative<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei !! nol’halhujh !! teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Present || - || õnhaká-eu || - || õnhakéyo-euyo || õnhakéyot-euyot || -<br /> |}<br /> Auxilary verbs:<br /> bãssãjha-eu(to be), dãna-eu(to have)<br /> <br /> bãssãjha-eu<br /> Indicative<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei !! nol’halhujh !!teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Present || bus-eu || busay-euy || busat-eut ||busayo-euyo || busayot-euyot || Example<br /> |-<br /> | Imperfect || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example<br /> |-<br /> | Preterite || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example<br /> |-<br /> | Perfect || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example<br /> |-<br /> | Past perfect|| Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example<br /> |-<br /> | Future I || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example<br /> |-<br /> | Future II|| Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example<br /> |-<br /> | Conditional I || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example<br /> |-<br /> | Conditional II || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> Subjanctive<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !!úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei !! nol’halhujh !! teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Present || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example<br /> |-<br /> | Imperfect || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example<br /> |-<br /> | Perfect || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example<br /> |-<br /> | Past Perfect || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example<br /> |-<br /> | Future || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example || Example<br /> |}<br /> Imperative<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei !! nol’halhujh !! teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Present || - || bassá-eu || - || Example || Example || -<br /> |}<br /> dãna-eu<br /> Indicative<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei !! nol’halhujh !! teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Present || dan-eu || day-euy || dat-eut || dayo-euyo || dayot-euyot || danh-eunh<br /> |-<br /> | Imperfect || danaha-euha || danahay-euhay || danahat-euhat || danahayo-euhayo || danahayot-euyot || danahanh-euhanh<br /> |-<br /> | Preterite || danã-eu || danãy-euy || danãt-eut || danãyo-euyo || danãyot-euyot || danãnh-eunh<br /> |-<br /> | Perfect || dan-eu danko-euko || day-euy danko-euko || dat-eut danko-euko ||dayo-euyo danko-euko|| dayot-euyot danko-euko || danh-eunh danko-<br /> euko<br /> |-<br /> | Past Perfect || danaha-euha danko-euko || danahay-euhay danko-euko || danahat-euhat danko-euko || danahayo-euyo danko-euko || danahayot-<br /> euyot danko-euko || danahanh-euhanh danko-euko<br /> |-<br /> | Future I || dãnaba-euba || dãnabay-eubay || dãnabat-eubat || dãnabayo-eubayo || dãnabayot-eubayot || dãnabanh-eubanh<br /> |-<br /> | Future II || dãnaba-euba danko-euko || dãnabay-eubay danko-euko || dãnabat-eubat danko-euko|| dãnabayo-eubayo danko-euko || dãnabayot-eubayot danko-euko || dãnabanh-eubanh danko-eu<br /> |-<br /> | Conditional I || dãnaumú-eumú || dãnaumúy-eumúy || dãnaumút-eumút|| dãnaumúyo-eumúyo || dãnaumúyot-eumúyot || dãnaumúnh-eumúnh<br /> |-<br /> | Conditional II || dãnaumú-eumú danko-euko || dãnaumúy-eumúy danko-euko || dãnaumút-eumút danko-euko || dãnaumúyo-eumúyo danko-euko || <br /> dãnaumúyot-eumúyot danko-euko || dãnaumúnh-eumúnh danko-euko <br /> |} <br /> Subjanctive<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei !! nol’halhujh !! teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Present || dãné-eué || dãnéy-euéy || dãnét-euét || dãnéyo-euéyo|| dãnéyot-euéyot || dãnénh-euénh<br /> |-<br /> | Imperfect || dãnaze-euze || dãnazey-euzey || dãnazet-euzet|| dãnazeyo-euzeyo || dãnazeyot-euzeyot|| dãnazenh-euzenh<br /> |-<br /> | Perfect || dãné-eué danko-euko || dãnéy-euéy danko-euko || dãnét-euét danko-euko || dãnéyo-euéyo danko-euko || dãnéyot-euéyot || dãnénh-<br /> euénh danko-euko<br /> |-<br /> | Past Perfect ||dãnaze-euze danko-euko||dãnazey-euzey danko-euko || dãnazet-euzet danko-euko || dãnazeyo-euzeyo danko-euko || dãnazeyot-euzeyot danko-euko || dãnazenh-euzenh danko-euko<br /> |-<br /> | Future || dãnabé-eubé || dãnabéy-eubéy ||dãnabét-eubét || dãnabéyo-eubéyo || dãnabéyot-eubéyot ||dãnabénh-eubénh<br /> |}<br /> Imperative<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei !! nol'halhujh !!teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Present || - || daná-eu || - || danéyo-euyo || danéyot-euyot || -<br /> |}<br /> Adverbs<br /> Particles<br /> Derivational morphology<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Syntax==<br /> ===Constituent order===<br /> ===Noun phrase===<br /> ===Verb phrase===<br /> ===Sentence phrase===<br /> ===Dependent clauses===<br /> &lt;!-- etc. etc. --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Example texts==<br /> ==Other resources==<br /> &lt;!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Template area --&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]<br /> [[Category:Languages]]</div>

Julijanj https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Lees%27hin&diff=94708 2017-12-19T06:07:41Z

<p>Julijanj: /* Morphology */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> &lt;!-- <br /> <br /> This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br /> <br /> I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).<br /> II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)<br /> III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Introduction==<br /> Lees'hin (lees'hin s'hon) is lees'hinian language spoken in Democratic Republic of Lees'hin (Vas’ha Nhelhuk Lees’hin) by 48 000 native speakers. It was created in 2015. The language has no cognate with natural languages. I wanted to make some very strange language with strange vocubalary. And I made it, Lees'hin was my strange language. Also Lees'hin is intelligable with 2 other lees'hinian languages. They are Mihrulen and Basti.<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Example categories/headings: <br /> <br /> Goals<br /> Setting<br /> Inspiration<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- ***Phonology*** --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- What sounds does your language use? --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br /> <br /> Vowel inventory<br /> Consonant inventory<br /> Syllable structure<br /> Stress<br /> Intonation<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Orthography===<br /> Lees'hin orthography is special, because every letter except y has version with the letter h. For digraphs ch, sh, nh, lh and jh , version with h is c'h s'h, n'h, l'h and j'h.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Letter!! Name of letter<br /> |-<br /> | a || akú<br /> |-<br /> | ã || a kamã<br /> |-<br /> | á || a acún<br /> |-<br /> | b || bãh<br /> |-<br /> | bh || abhú<br /> |-<br /> | c || ca<br /> |-<br /> | ch || cha<br /> |-<br /> | c'h || ac'ha<br /> |-<br /> | d || da<br /> |-<br /> | dh||adhe <br /> |-<br /> | e|| ekú<br /> |-<br /> | é || e acún<br /> |-<br /> | f || fa<br /> |-<br /> | fh|| efhe<br /> |-<br /> | g || gu<br /> |-<br /> | gh|| aghe<br /> |-<br /> | h || hu<br /> |-<br /> | i || ikú<br /> |-<br /> | í || i acún<br /> |-<br /> | j || ja<br /> |-<br /> | jh || jhe<br /> |-<br /> | j'h || aj'he<br /> |-<br /> | k || kã<br /> |-<br /> | kh || akhã<br /> |-<br /> | l || la<br /> |-<br /> | lh || lha<br /> |-<br /> | l'h || al'he<br /> |-<br /> | m || ma<br /> |-<br /> | mh || amhe<br /> |-<br /> | n || ne<br /> |-<br /> | nh || nhe<br /> |-<br /> | n'h|| an'he<br /> |-<br /> | o || okú<br /> |-<br /> | õ || o kamã<br /> |-<br /> | ó || o acún<br /> |-<br /> | p|| pu<br /> |-<br /> | ph || aphú<br /> |-<br /> | q || qu<br /> |-<br /> | qh || aqhú<br /> |-<br /> | r || ra<br /> |-<br /> | rh || arha<br /> |-<br /> | s|| se<br /> |-<br /> | sh || she<br /> |-<br /> | s'h || as'hé<br /> |-<br /> | t || tan<br /> |-<br /> | th || athan<br /> |-<br /> | u || ukú<br /> |-<br /> | ú||u acún<br /> |-<br /> | v || vãku<br /> |-<br /> | vh || vhãku<br /> |-<br /> | y|| yun<br /> |-<br /> | z || za<br /> |-<br /> | zh || azha<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Bilabial!!Labio-dental!!Alveolar!!Post-alveolar!!Palatal!!Velar!!Uvular!!Glottal<br /> |-<br /> |Nasal|| m /m/ || || n /n/ || || nh /ɲ/ || n /ŋ/ || || <br /> |-<br /> |Plosive || p /p/ b /b/ || || t /t/ d /d/ || || || k /k/ g /g/ ||q /q/ || <br /> |-<br /> |Affricate || || || c /t͡s/ || ch /t͡ʃ/ jh /d͡ʒ/ || || || || <br /> |-<br /> |Fricative || || f /f/ v /v/ || s /s/ z /z/ || sh /ʃ/ j /ʒ/ || || *(')h /x/ || || h /h/<br /> |-<br /> |Approximant || || || || || y /j/ || || || <br /> |-<br /> |Trill || || || r /r/ || || || || ||<br /> |-<br /> |Lateral app. || || || l /l/ || || || lh /ʎ/ || || <br /> |}<br /> *(')h- when h is after consonant it will be pronounced /x/. So in writing exist 2 groups. One is with apostrophe and other has no apostrophe. Group with apostrophe is: s'h, c'h, j'h, l'h and n'h. In other group are consonants that don't need an apostrophe because they can't make another sound. So s'h is written this way to avoid mixing with sh. But gh is written in this way becaus e g with h can't make another phoneme, like sh.<br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Front!! Central !! Back<br /> |-<br /> | Close || i, í /i/ || || u, ú /u/<br /> |-<br /> | Close-mid || e, é /e/ || || õ/ɤ/ o, ó /o/<br /> |-<br /> | Mid || || ã /ə/ || <br /> |-<br /> | Open || a, á /a/ || || <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Prosody===<br /> ====Stress====<br /> Stress is mainly on first place. The stress isn't on first place when a word has graphic accent, then the stress falls where an acute accent is found. Lees'hin has one accent, acute. Vowels can be short or long. A vowel is short if the following vowel isn't the same as proceeding vowel. A vowel is long if after a vowel comes the same vowel.<br /> <br /> ====Intonation====<br /> Intonation in Lees'hin is the same as in English.<br /> <br /> ===Phonotactics===<br /> &lt;!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, &quot;st&quot; is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset &quot;ng&quot; isn't. --&gt;<br /> In Lees'hin are permissible all combinations with h, eg, bh, ch, c'h, sh, s'h... All syllables must have at least one vowel. Nouns cannot end with a vowel.<br /> <br /> ==Morphology==<br /> &lt;!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --&gt;Lees'hin has 6 cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative, instrumenatal). Verbs are inflected through 2 numbers, 2 voices, 3 moods( indicative , subjunctive, imperative), 9 tenses in indicative, 5 in subjunctive and only 1 in imperative. Nouns differ from adjectives. Adjectives differ from verbs.<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Here are some example subcategories:<br /> <br /> Nouns<br /> As I said, Lees'hin has 6 cases. Also Lees'hin has 3 genders (maculine, feminine, neuter) and 3 declinations for each gender. First noun is masculine, the noun s'hon. As seen Lees'hin has no locative, so locative is found in accusative.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !!Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || s'hon || s'honii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || s'hone || s'honeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || s'hona || s'honaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative|| s'honat || s'honatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || s'hono || s'honoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental|| s'honot || s'honotii<br /> |}<br /> Second noun is feminine, the noun hõshejh <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || hõshejh || hõshejhii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || hõshejhe || hõshejheii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || hõshejhet || hõshejhetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || hõshejhon || hõshejhonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || hõshejhono || hõshejhonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || hõshejhonot || hõshejhonotii<br /> |}<br /> Third noun is neuter, the noun heemuõãat<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || heemuõãat|| heemuõãatii<br /> |- |<br /> | Genitive|| heemuõãate || heemuõãateii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || heemuõãati || heemuõãatiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || heemuõãatit || heemuõãatiti<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || heemuõãato || heemuõãatoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || heemuõãatot || heemuõãatotii<br /> |}<br /> Irregular declinations<br /> In Lees'hin also exist irregular declanations, there are 3 types of declination. <br /> First declination: r-declination, e.g. sujh(f)-bowl. This noun has irregular plural.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || sujh || sãchii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || sujher || sãcherii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || sujhra || sãchrii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || sãchrat || sãchratii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || sujhro || sãchroii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||sujhrot|| sãchrotii<br /> |}<br /> Second declination: k-declination, e.g. lhum(m)-owl<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || lhum || lhumii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || lhumka || lhumkaii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative|| lhumak || lhumakii<br /> |-<br /> |Accusative|| lhumakat || lhumakatii<br /> |-<br /> |Vocative || lhumo || lhumoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || lhumkot || lhumkotii<br /> |}<br /> Third declination:v-declination, e.g. jãkhan(m)-door<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| jãkhan || jãkhanii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || jãkhanve || jãkhanveii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative ||jãkhanav|| jãkhanavii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || jãkhanvat || jãkhanvatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || jãkhanvo || jãkhanvoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||jãkhanvot|| jãkhanvotii<br /> |}<br /> Pronouns<br /> Personal pronouns<br /> Lees'hin has 3 pronouns in singular and 3 in plural. Pronouns are diclined slightly different.<br /> First pronouns: nõhi(I) and soc’heches’hei(we) <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| nõhi || soc'heches'hei<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõhiim || soc'heches'heiim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõhia || soc'hes'heia<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||nõhiat || soc'ches'heiat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - || -<br /> |-<br /> |Instrumental || nõhiot || soc'heches'heiot<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Second pronoun: úbosh( you) and nol’halhujh(you)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !!Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || úbosh || nol'halhujh<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || úboshim || nol'halhujhim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative|| úbosha || nol'halhujha<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || úboshat || nol'halhujhat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative|| úbosho || nol'halhujho<br /> |-<br /> |Instrumental || úboshot || nol'halhujhot<br /> |}<br /> Third pronouns: nõbéheghelh (he), nhããmãadaõ(she) and nhãmadão(it)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Singular !! Masculine !! Feminine !! Neuter<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||nõbéheghelh ||nhããmãadaõ || nhãmadão<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive||nõbéheghelhim|| nhããmãadaõim || nhãmadãoim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõbéheghelha || nhããmãadaõet || nhãmadãoi<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõbéheghelhat || nhããmãadaõon || nhãmadãoit<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - ||- || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nõbéheghelhot || nhããmãadaõonot || nhãmadãoot<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun: teãbãõkhé(they)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Plural !! <br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || teãbãõkhéim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || teãbãõkhéa<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || teãbãõkhéat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental|| teãbãõkhéot<br /> |}<br /> Possessive pronouns<br /> Possessive pronouns are actually genitives of personal pronouns. These genitives become nominatives in declination.<br /> First person:nõhiim(my)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõhiim || nõhiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõhiime || nõhiimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõhiima || nõhiimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõhiimat || nõhiimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative|| nõhiimo || nõhiimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nõhiimot || nõhiimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõhiim || nõhiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõhiime|| nõhiimeii<br /> |- <br /> |Dative || nõhiimet || nõhiimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõhiimon || nõhiimon<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõhiimono || nõhiimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nõhiimonot || nõhiimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõhiim || nõhiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitives || nõhiime || nõhiimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõhiimi || nõhiimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative|| nõhiimit || nõhiimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõhiimo || nõhiimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental|| nõhiimot || nõhiimotii<br /> |}<br /> Second pronoun: úboshim(your)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||úboshim || úboshimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || úboshime|| úboshimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || úboshima || úboshimaii <br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || úboshimat|| úboshimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || úboshimo || úboshimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || úboshimot || úboshimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || úboshim || úboshimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || úboshime || úboshimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || úboshimet||úboshimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || úboshimon || úboshimonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || úboshimono || úboshimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || úboshimonot ||úboshimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Neuter!! Singular !! Singular<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || úboshim||úboshimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || úboshime || úboshimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || úboshimi || úboshimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || úboshimit || úboshimitii <br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || úboshimo || úboshimoii <br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||úboshimot || úboshimotii<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun: nõbéheghelhim(his)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõbéheghelhim || nõbéheghelhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõbéheghelhime ||nõbéheghelhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõbéheghelhima || nõbéheghelhimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||nõbéheghelhimat|| nõbéheghelhimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõbéheghelhimo ||nõbéheghelhimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nõbéheghelhimot || nõbéheghelhimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõbéheghelhim || nõbéheghelhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõbéheghelhime || nõbéheghelhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõbéheghelhimet || nõbéheghelhimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõbéheghelhimon || nõbéheghelhimonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõbéheghelhimono || nõbéheghelhimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumenatal || nõbéheghelhimonot || nõbéheghelhimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõbéheghelhim|| nõbéheghelhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõbéheghelhime || nõbéheghelhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõbéheghelhimi || nõbéheghelhimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõbéheghelhimit || nõbéheghelhimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõbéheghelhimo || nõbéheghelhimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumenatal || nõbéheghelhimot || nõbéheghelhimotii<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun:nhããmãadaõim(her)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhããmãadaõim|| nhããmãadaõimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhããmãadaõime || nhããmãadaõimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhããmãadaõima || nhããmãadaõimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhããmãadaõimat || nhããmãadaõimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhããmãadaõimo || nhããmãadaõimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhããmãadaõimot || nhããmãadaõimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||nhããmãadaõim || nhããmãadaõimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhããmãadaõime || nhããmãadaõimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhããmãadaõimet || nhããmãadaõimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhããmãadaõimon || nhããmãadaõimonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative|| nhããmãadaõimono || nhããmãadaõimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhããmãadaõimonot || nhããmãadaõimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhããmãadaõim || nhããmãadaõimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive ||nhããmãadaõime || nhããmãadaõimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhããmãadaõimi || nhããmãadaõimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhããmãadaõimit || nhããmãadaõimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhããmãadaõimo || nhããmãadaõimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhããmãadaõimot || nhããmãadaõimotii<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun:nhãmadãoim(its)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine''!! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhãmadãoim || nhãmadãoimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhãmadãoime || nhãmadãoimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhãmadãoima || nhãmadãoimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||nhãmadãoimat || nhãmadãoimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhãmadãoimo || nhãmadãoimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhãmadãoimot || nhãmadãoimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nomnative || nhãmadãoim|| nhãmadãoimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhãmadãoime|| nhãmadãoimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhãmadãoimet || nhãmadãoimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhãmadãoimon || nhãmadãoimonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhãmadãoimono || nhãmadãoimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhãmadãoimonot || nhãmadãoimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhãmadãoim || nhãmadãoimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhãmadãoime || nhãmadãoimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhãmadãoimi || nhãmadãoimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhãmadãoimit || nhãmadãoimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhãmadãoimo || nhãmadãoimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhãmadãoimot || nhãmadãoimotii<br /> |}<br /> First pronoun:soc'heches'heiim(our)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Maculine !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || soc'heches'heiim || soc'heches'heiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive ||soc'heches'heiime || soc'heches'heiimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || soc'heches'heiima || soc'heches'heiimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || soc'heches'heiimat||soc'heches'heiimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || soc'heches'heiimo || soc'heches'heiimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || soc'heches'heiimot || soc'heches'heiimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || soc'heches'heiim|| soc'heches'heiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || soc'heches'heiime ||soc'heches'heiimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || soc'heches'heiimet || soc'heches'heiimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || soc'heches'heiimon || soc'heches'heiimonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || soc'heches'heiimono || soc'heches'heiimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || soc'heches'heiimonot || soc'heches'heiimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative||soc'heches'heiim|| soc'heches'heiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || soc'heches'heiime || soc'heches'heiimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || soc'heches'heiimi || soc'heches'heiimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || soc'heches'heiimit || soc'heches'heiimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || soc'heches'heiimo || soc'heches'heiimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental||soc'heches'heiimot || soc'heches'heiimotii<br /> |}<br /> Second pronoun:nol'halhujhim (your)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nol'halhujhim ||nol'halhujhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nol'halhujhime|| nol'halhujhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nol'halhujhima || nol'halhujhimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nol'halhujhimat || nol'halhujhimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nol'halhujhimo || nol'halhujhimoii <br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nol'halhujhimot ||nol'halhujhimotii <br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plura<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nol'halhujhim || nol'halhujhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nol'halhujhime || nol'halhujhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nol'halhujhimet || nol'halhujhimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nol'halhujhimon || nol'halhujhimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nol'halhujhimono || nol'halhujhimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nol'halhujhimonot|| nol'halhujhimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nol'halhujhim || nol'halhujhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nol'halhujhime || nol'halhujhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nol'halhujhimi || nol'halhujhimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nol'halhujhimit || nol'halhujhimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nol'halhujhimo || nol'halhujhimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nol'halhujhimot || nol'halhujhimotii<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun: teãbãõkhéim<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || teãbãõkhéim || teãbãõkhéimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || teãbãõkhéime || teãbãõkhéimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || teãbãõkhéima || teãbãõkhéimii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||teãbãõkhéimat || teãbãõkhéimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || teãbãõkhéimo|| teãbãõkhéimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || teãbãõkhéimot || teãbãõkhéimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || teãbãõkhéim || teãbãõkhéimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || teãbãõkhéime || teãbãõkhéimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || teãbãõkhéimet|| teãbãõkhéimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || teãbãõkhéimon || teãbãõkhéimonii <br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || teãbãõkhéimono || teãbãõkhéimonoii <br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || teãbãõkhéimonot || teãbãõkhéimonotii <br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || teãbãõkhéim || teãbãõkhéimii <br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || teãbãõkhéime ||teãbãõkhéimeii <br /> |-<br /> | Dative || teãbãõkhéimi || teãbãõkhéimiii <br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || teãbãõkhéimit || teãbãõkhéimitii <br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || teãbãõkhéimo ||teãbãõkhéimoii <br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || teãbãõkhéimot || teãbãõkhéimotii <br /> |}<br /> Reflexive pronoun<br /> c'hug(-self)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! <br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || - ||<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || c'hug || <br /> |-<br /> | Dative || c'huga || <br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || c'hug ||<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - || <br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || c'hugot || <br /> |}<br /> Demonstrative pronouns<br /> gan(this)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || gan || ganii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || gane || ganeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || gana|| ganaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || ganat|| ganatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || gano || ganoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || ganot || ganotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || gan || ganii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || gane || ganeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || ganet || ganetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || ganon || ganonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || ganono ||ganonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || ganonot || ganonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || gan || ganii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || gane || ganeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || gani || ganiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || ganit || ganit<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || gano || ganoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || ganotii || ganotii<br /> |}<br /> nhal(that)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhal || nhalii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhale || nhaleii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhala|| nhalaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhalat || nhalatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhalo || nhaloii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhalot|| nhalotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhal || nhalii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhale || nhaleii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhalet || nhaletii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhalon|| nhalonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhalono || nhalonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||nhalonot || nhalonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhal || nhalii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhale || nhaleii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhali || nhaliii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhalit || nhalitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhalo || nhaloii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhalot || nhalotii<br /> |}<br /> jhav(that)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || jhav || jhavii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || jhave || jhaveii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || jhava|| jhavaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || jhavat || jhavatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || jhavo || jhavoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || jhavot || jhavotii<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || jhav || jhavii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || jhave || jhaveii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative|| jhavet || jhavetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || jhavon || jhavonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || jhavono || jhavonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || jhavonot || jhavonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || jhav || jhavii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || jhave || jhaveii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || jhavi || jhaviii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || jhavit || jhavitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || jhavo || jhavoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||jhavot|| jhavotii<br /> |}<br /> Interrogative pronouns<br /> thãz((who)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| thãz<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || thãze<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || thãza<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || thãzat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || thãzot<br /> |}<br /> yaaj(what)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || yaaj<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || yaaje<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || yaaja<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || yaajat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || yaajot<br /> |}<br /> Relative pronouns<br /> abhõp(which)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine''!! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||abhõp || abhõpii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || abhõpe || abhõpeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || abhõpa || abhõpa<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || abhõpat || abhõpatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || abhõpot || abhõpotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || abhõp || abhõpii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || abhõpe|| abhõpeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || abhõpet || abhõpetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || abhõpon || abhõponii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || abhõponot|| abhõponotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !!Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || abhõp || abhõpii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || abhõpe || abhõpeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || abhõpi|| abhõpiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||abhõpit || abhõpitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || abhõpot|| abhõpotii<br /> |}<br /> Indefinite pronouns:<br /> guthãz(someone)/guyaaj(something)<br /> pethãz(no-one)/peyaaj(nothing)<br /> s'him(all) etc.<br /> Adjectives<br /> Adjectives can end with a vowel or a consonant. Adjectives with a vowel have regular comparation, and with a consonant have irregular comparation.<br /> Adjectives are diclined like the noun that goes after.<br /> moní-beautiful<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Singular !! Maculine !! Feminine !! Neuter<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| moní ||moní || moní<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || moníe ||moníe || moníe<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || monía || moníet|| moníi<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || moníat ||moníon || moníit<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || monío || moníono || monío<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||moníot || moníonot ||moníot<br /> |-<br /> | Plural || <br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||moníii|| moníii || moníii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || moníeii|| moníeii || moníeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || moníaii || moníetii || moníiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||moníatii|| moníonii || moníitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || moníoii || moníonoii || moníoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || moníotii || moníonotii || moníotii<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> Other adjectives are diclined like adjective moní.<br /> Comparation<br /> Lees'hin has normally positive, comparative and superlative. Comparation can be regular or irregular.<br /> Regular comparation<br /> For comparative -r is added, e.g. monír (comparative of moní). Irrelugar comparative, e.g. ganõm( comparative of as'har-good)<br /> For superlative particle ka and comparative are added, e.g. ka monír or ka ganõm.<br /> Verbs<br /> Lees'hin verbs are inflected in numbers, moods and tenses. Every grammatical person has own suffix. One thing is special and that is infinitive. Infinitive in Lees'hin is thematic vowel +-eu. Basically Lees'hin verb consists of 2 parts, first is before -eu and second after, e.g. õnhaka-eu, the root is õnhak, and infinitive is a-eu<br /> Regular conjugation:<br /> to love/past participle: õnhakako-euko<br /> Indicative<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei!! nol’halhujh !! teãbãõkhé !! <br /> |-<br /> | Present || õnhak-eu || õnhakay-euy || õnhakat-eut ||õnhakayo-euyo || õnhakayot-euyot || õnhakanh-eunh <br /> |-<br /> | Imperfect || õnhakaha-euha || õnhakahay-euhay || õnhakahat-euhat || õnhakahayo-euhayo || õnhakahayot-euhayot || õnhakahanh-euhanh<br /> |-<br /> | Preterite || õnhakã-eu || õnhakãy-euy || õnhakãt-eut || õnhakãyo-euyo || õnhakãyot-euyot || õnhakãnh-eunh <br /> |-<br /> | Perfect || dan-eu õnhakako-euko || day-euy õnhakako-euko || dat-eut õnhakako-euko || dayo-euyo õnhakako-euko ||dayot-euyot õnhakako-euko || danh-eunh õnhakako-euko <br /> |-<br /> | Past Perfect || danaha-euha õnhakako-euko || danahay-euhay õnhakako-euko || danahat-euhat õnhakako-euko || danahayo-euhayo õnhakako-euko || danahayot-euhayot õnhakako-euko || danahanh-<br /> euhanh õnhakako-euko<br /> |-<br /> | Future I ||õnhakaba-euba || õnhakabay-eubay || õnhakabat-eubat || õnhakabayo-eubayo || õnhakabayot-eubayot || õnhakabanh-eubanh <br /> |-<br /> | Future II || dãnaba-euba õnhakako-euko || dãnabay-eubay õnhakako-euko || dãnabat-eubat õnhakako-euko || dãnabayo-eubayo õnhakako-euko || dãnabayot-eubayot õnhakako-euko || dãnabanh-eubanh <br /> õnhakako-euko <br /> |-<br /> | Conditional I || õnhakaumú-eumú || õnhakaumúy-eumúy || õnhakaumút-eumút || õnhakaumúyo-eumúyo || õnhakaumúyot-eumúyot || õnhakaumúnh-eumúnh<br /> |-<br /> | Conditional II || dãnaumú-eumú õnhakako-euko || dãnaumúy-eumúy õnhakako-euko || dãnaumút-eumút õnhakako-euko || dãnaumúyo-eumúyo õnhakako-euko || dãnaumúyot-eumúyot õnhakako-euko|| dãnaumúnh-<br /> eumúnh õnhakako-euko <br /> |}<br /> Subjanctive<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !!soc'heches'hei !!nol’halhujh !! teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Present ||õnhaké-eué|| õnhakéy-euéy||õnhakét-euét || õnhakéyo-euéyo ||õnhakéyot-euéyot || õnhakénh-euénh<br /> |-<br /> | Imperfect || õnhakaze-euze || õnhakazey-euzey || õnhakazet-euzet || õnhakazeyo-euzeyo|| õnhakazeyot-euzeyot || õnhakazenh-euzenh<br /> |-<br /> | Perfect || dãné-eué õnhakako-euko || dãnéy-euéy õnhakako-euko|| dãnét-euét õnhakako-euko|| dãnéyo-euéyo õnhakako-euko|| dãnéyot-euéyot õnhakako-euko || dãnénh-euénh õnhakako-euko<br /> |-<br /> | Past Perfect || dãnaze-euze õnhakako-euko ||dãnazey-euzey õnhakako-euko || dãnazet-euzet õnhakako-euko || dãnazeyo-euzeyo õnhakako-euko|| dãnazeyot-euzeyot õnhakako-euko|| dãnazenh-euzenh <br /> õnhakako-euko<br /> |-<br /> | Future || õnhakabé-eubé || õnhakabéy-eubéy || õnhakabét-eubét || õnhakabéyo-eubéyo || õnhakabéyot-eubéyot || õnhakabénh-eubénh <br /> |}<br /> Imperative<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! nõhi !! úbosh !! nõbéheghelh !! soc'heches'hei !! nol’halhujh !! teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Present || - || õnhaká-eu || - || õnhakéyo-euéyo || õnhakéyot-euéyot || -<br /> |}<br /> Adverbs<br /> Particles<br /> Derivational morphology<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Syntax==<br /> ===Constituent order===<br /> ===Noun phrase===<br /> ===Verb phrase===<br /> ===Sentence phrase===<br /> ===Dependent clauses===<br /> &lt;!-- etc. etc. --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Example texts==<br /> ==Other resources==<br /> &lt;!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Template area --&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]<br /> [[Category:Languages]]</div>

Julijanj https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Lees%27hin&diff=94603 2017-12-16T18:38:43Z

<p>Julijanj: /* Morphology */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> &lt;!-- <br /> <br /> This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br /> <br /> I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).<br /> II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)<br /> III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Introduction==<br /> Lees'hin (lees'hin s'hon) is lees'hinian language spoken in Democratic Republic of Lees'hin (Vas’ha Nhelhuk Lees’hin) by 48 000 native speakers. It was created in 2015. The language has no cognate with natural languages. I wanted to make some very strange language with strange vocubalary. And I made it, Lees'hin was my strange language. Also Lees'hin is intelligable with 2 other lees'hinian languages. They are Mihrulen and Basti.<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Example categories/headings: <br /> <br /> Goals<br /> Setting<br /> Inspiration<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- ***Phonology*** --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- What sounds does your language use? --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br /> <br /> Vowel inventory<br /> Consonant inventory<br /> Syllable structure<br /> Stress<br /> Intonation<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Orthography===<br /> Lees'hin orthography is special, because every letter except y has version with the letter h. For digraphs ch, sh, nh, lh and jh , version with h is c'h s'h, n'h, l'h and j'h.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Letter!! Name of letter<br /> |-<br /> | a || akú<br /> |-<br /> | ã || a kamã<br /> |-<br /> | á || a acún<br /> |-<br /> | b || bãh<br /> |-<br /> | bh || abhú<br /> |-<br /> | c || ca<br /> |-<br /> | ch || cha<br /> |-<br /> | c'h || ac'ha<br /> |-<br /> | d || da<br /> |-<br /> | dh||adhe <br /> |-<br /> | e|| ekú<br /> |-<br /> | é || e acún<br /> |-<br /> | f || fa<br /> |-<br /> | fh|| efhe<br /> |-<br /> | g || gu<br /> |-<br /> | gh|| aghe<br /> |-<br /> | h || hu<br /> |-<br /> | i || ikú<br /> |-<br /> | í || i acún<br /> |-<br /> | j || ja<br /> |-<br /> | jh || jhe<br /> |-<br /> | j'h || aj'he<br /> |-<br /> | k || kã<br /> |-<br /> | kh || akhã<br /> |-<br /> | l || la<br /> |-<br /> | lh || lha<br /> |-<br /> | l'h || al'he<br /> |-<br /> | m || ma<br /> |-<br /> | mh || amhe<br /> |-<br /> | n || ne<br /> |-<br /> | nh || nhe<br /> |-<br /> | n'h|| an'he<br /> |-<br /> | o || okú<br /> |-<br /> | õ || o kamã<br /> |-<br /> | ó || o acún<br /> |-<br /> | p|| pu<br /> |-<br /> | ph || aphú<br /> |-<br /> | q || qu<br /> |-<br /> | qh || aqhú<br /> |-<br /> | r || ra<br /> |-<br /> | rh || arha<br /> |-<br /> | s|| se<br /> |-<br /> | sh || she<br /> |-<br /> | s'h || as'hé<br /> |-<br /> | t || tan<br /> |-<br /> | th || athan<br /> |-<br /> | u || ukú<br /> |-<br /> | ú||u acún<br /> |-<br /> | v || vãku<br /> |-<br /> | vh || vhãku<br /> |-<br /> | y|| yun<br /> |-<br /> | z || za<br /> |-<br /> | zh || azha<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Bilabial!!Labio-dental!!Alveolar!!Post-alveolar!!Palatal!!Velar!!Uvular!!Glottal<br /> |-<br /> |Nasal|| m /m/ || || n /n/ || || nh /ɲ/ || n /ŋ/ || || <br /> |-<br /> |Plosive || p /p/ b /b/ || || t /t/ d /d/ || || || k /k/ g /g/ ||q /q/ || <br /> |-<br /> |Affricate || || || c /t͡s/ || ch /t͡ʃ/ jh /d͡ʒ/ || || || || <br /> |-<br /> |Fricative || || f /f/ v /v/ || s /s/ z /z/ || sh /ʃ/ j /ʒ/ || || *(')h /x/ || || h /h/<br /> |-<br /> |Approximant || || || || || y /j/ || || || <br /> |-<br /> |Trill || || || r /r/ || || || || ||<br /> |-<br /> |Lateral app. || || || l /l/ || || || lh /ʎ/ || || <br /> |}<br /> *(')h- when h is after consonant it will be pronounced /x/. So in writing exist 2 groups. One is with apostrophe and other has no apostrophe. Group with apostrophe is: s'h, c'h, j'h, l'h and n'h. In other group are consonants that don't need an apostrophe because they can't make another sound. So s'h is written this way to avoid mixing with sh. But gh is written in this way becaus e g with h can't make another phoneme, like sh.<br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Front!! Central !! Back<br /> |-<br /> | Close || i, í /i/ || || u, ú /u/<br /> |-<br /> | Close-mid || e, é /e/ || || õ/ɤ/ o, ó /o/<br /> |-<br /> | Mid || || ã /ə/ || <br /> |-<br /> | Open || a, á /a/ || || <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Prosody===<br /> ====Stress====<br /> Stress is mainly on first place. The stress isn't on first place when a word has graphic accent, then the stress falls where an acute accent is found. Lees'hin has one accent, acute. Vowels can be short or long. A vowel is short if the following vowel isn't the same as proceeding vowel. A vowel is long if after a vowel comes the same vowel.<br /> <br /> ====Intonation====<br /> Intonation in Lees'hin is the same as in English.<br /> <br /> ===Phonotactics===<br /> &lt;!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, &quot;st&quot; is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset &quot;ng&quot; isn't. --&gt;<br /> In Lees'hin are permissible all combinations with h, eg, bh, ch, c'h, sh, s'h... All syllables must have at least one vowel. Nouns cannot end with a vowel.<br /> <br /> ==Morphology==<br /> &lt;!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --&gt;Lees'hin has 6 cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative, instrumenatal). Verbs are inflected through 2 numbers, 2 voices, 3 moods( indicative , subjunctive, imperative), 9 tenses in indicative, 5 in subjunctive and only 1 in imperative. Nouns differ from adjectives. Adjectives differ from verbs.<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Here are some example subcategories:<br /> <br /> Nouns<br /> As I said, Lees'hin has 6 cases. Also Lees'hin has 3 genders (maculine, feminine, neuter) and 3 declinations for each gender. First noun is masculine, the noun s'hon. As seen Lees'hin has no locative, so locative is found in accusative.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !!Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || s'hon || s'honii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || s'hone || s'honeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || s'hona || s'honaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative|| s'honat || s'honatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || s'hono || s'honoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental|| s'honot || s'honotii<br /> |}<br /> Second noun is feminine, the noun hõshejh <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || hõshejh || hõshejhii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || hõshejhe || hõshejheii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || hõshejhet || hõshejhetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || hõshejhon || hõshejhonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || hõshejhono || hõshejhonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || hõshejhonot || hõshejhonotii<br /> |}<br /> Third noun is neuter, the noun heemuõãat<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || heemuõãat|| heemuõãatii<br /> |- |<br /> | Genitive|| heemuõãate || heemuõãateii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || heemuõãati || heemuõãatiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || heemuõãatit || heemuõãatiti<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || heemuõãato || heemuõãatoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || heemuõãatot || heemuõãatotii<br /> |}<br /> Irregular declinations<br /> In Lees'hin also exist irregular declanations, there are 3 types of declination. <br /> First declination: r-declination, e.g. sujh(f)-bowl. This noun has irregular plural.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || sujh || sãchii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || sujher || sãcherii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || sujhra || sãchrii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || sãchrat || sãchratii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || sujhro || sãchroii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||sujhrot|| sãchrotii<br /> |}<br /> Second declination: k-declination, e.g. lhum(m)-owl<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || lhum || lhumii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || lhumka || lhumkaii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative|| lhumak || lhumakii<br /> |-<br /> |Accusative|| lhumakat || lhumakatii<br /> |-<br /> |Vocative || lhumo || lhumoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || lhumkot || lhumkotii<br /> |}<br /> Third declination:v-declination, e.g. jãkhan(m)-door<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| jãkhan || jãkhanii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || jãkhanve || jãkhanveii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative ||jãkhanav|| jãkhanavii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || jãkhanvat || jãkhanvatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || jãkhanvo || jãkhanvoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||jãkhanvot|| jãkhanvotii<br /> |}<br /> Pronouns<br /> Personal pronouns<br /> Lees'hin has 3 pronouns in singular and 3 in plural. Pronouns are diclined slightly different.<br /> First pronouns: nõhi(I) and soc’heches’hei(we) <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| nõhi || soc'heches'hei<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõhiim || soc'heches'heiim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõhia || soc'hes'heia<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||nõhiat || soc'ches'heiat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - || -<br /> |-<br /> |Instrumental || nõhiot || soc'heches'heiot<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Second pronoun: úbosh( you) and nol’halhujh(you)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !!Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || úbosh || nol'halhujh<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || úboshim || nol'halhujhim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative|| úbosha || nol'halhujha<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || úboshat || nol'halhujhat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative|| úbosho || nol'halhujho<br /> |-<br /> |Instrumental || úboshot || nol'halhujhot<br /> |}<br /> Third pronouns: nõbéheghelh (he), nhããmãadaõ(she) and nhãmadão(it)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Singular !! Masculine !! Feminine !! Neuter<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||nõbéheghelh ||nhããmãadaõ || nhãmadão<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive||nõbéheghelhim|| nhããmãadaõim || nhãmadãoim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõbéheghelha || nhããmãadaõet || nhãmadãoi<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõbéheghelhat || nhããmãadaõon || nhãmadãoit<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - ||- || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nõbéheghelhot || nhããmãadaõonot || nhãmadãoot<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun: teãbãõkhé(they)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Plural !! <br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || teãbãõkhéim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || teãbãõkhéa<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || teãbãõkhéat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental|| teãbãõkhéot<br /> |}<br /> Possessive pronouns<br /> Possessive pronouns are actually genitives of personal pronouns. These genitives become nominatives in declination.<br /> First person:nõhiim(my)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõhiim || nõhiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõhiime || nõhiimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõhiima || nõhiimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõhiimat || nõhiimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative|| nõhiimo || nõhiimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nõhiimot || nõhiimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõhiim || nõhiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõhiime|| nõhiimeii<br /> |- <br /> |Dative || nõhiimet || nõhiimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõhiimon || nõhiimon<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõhiimono || nõhiimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nõhiimonot || nõhiimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõhiim || nõhiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitives || nõhiime || nõhiimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõhiimi || nõhiimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative|| nõhiimit || nõhiimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõhiimo || nõhiimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental|| nõhiimot || nõhiimotii<br /> |}<br /> Second pronoun: úboshim(your)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||úboshim || úboshimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || úboshime|| úboshimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || úboshima || úboshimaii <br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || úboshimat|| úboshimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || úboshimo || úboshimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || úboshimot || úboshimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || úboshim || úboshimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || úboshime || úboshimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || úboshimet||úboshimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || úboshimon || úboshimonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || úboshimono || úboshimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || úboshimonot ||úboshimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Neuter!! Singular !! Singular<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || úboshim||úboshimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || úboshime || úboshimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || úboshimi || úboshimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || úboshimit || úboshimitii <br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || úboshimo || úboshimoii <br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||úboshimot || úboshimotii<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun: nõbéheghelhim(his)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõbéheghelhim || nõbéheghelhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõbéheghelhime ||nõbéheghelhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõbéheghelhima || nõbéheghelhimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||nõbéheghelhimat|| nõbéheghelhimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõbéheghelhimo ||nõbéheghelhimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nõbéheghelhimot || nõbéheghelhimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõbéheghelhim || nõbéheghelhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõbéheghelhime || nõbéheghelhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõbéheghelhimet || nõbéheghelhimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõbéheghelhimon || nõbéheghelhimonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõbéheghelhimono || nõbéheghelhimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumenatal || nõbéheghelhimonot || nõbéheghelhimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõbéheghelhim|| nõbéheghelhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõbéheghelhime || nõbéheghelhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõbéheghelhimi || nõbéheghelhimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõbéheghelhimit || nõbéheghelhimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõbéheghelhimo || nõbéheghelhimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumenatal || nõbéheghelhimot || nõbéheghelhimotii<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun:nhããmãadaõim(her)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhããmãadaõim|| nhããmãadaõimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhããmãadaõime || nhããmãadaõimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhããmãadaõima || nhããmãadaõimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhããmãadaõimat || nhããmãadaõimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhããmãadaõimo || nhããmãadaõimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhããmãadaõimot || nhããmãadaõimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||nhããmãadaõim || nhããmãadaõimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhããmãadaõime || nhããmãadaõimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhããmãadaõimet || nhããmãadaõimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhããmãadaõimon || nhããmãadaõimonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative|| nhããmãadaõimono || nhããmãadaõimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhããmãadaõimonot || nhããmãadaõimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhããmãadaõim || nhããmãadaõimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive ||nhããmãadaõime || nhããmãadaõimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhããmãadaõimi || nhããmãadaõimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhããmãadaõimit || nhããmãadaõimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhããmãadaõimo || nhããmãadaõimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhããmãadaõimot || nhããmãadaõimotii<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun:nhãmadãoim(its)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine''!! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhãmadãoim || nhãmadãoimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhãmadãoime || nhãmadãoimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhãmadãoima || nhãmadãoimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||nhãmadãoimat || nhãmadãoimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhãmadãoimo || nhãmadãoimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhãmadãoimot || nhãmadãoimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nomnative || nhãmadãoim|| nhãmadãoimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhãmadãoime|| nhãmadãoimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhãmadãoimet || nhãmadãoimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhãmadãoimon || nhãmadãoimonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhãmadãoimono || nhãmadãoimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhãmadãoimonot || nhãmadãoimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhãmadãoim || nhãmadãoimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhãmadãoime || nhãmadãoimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhãmadãoimi || nhãmadãoimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhãmadãoimit || nhãmadãoimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhãmadãoimo || nhãmadãoimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhãmadãoimot || nhãmadãoimotii<br /> |}<br /> First pronoun:soc'heches'heiim(our)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Maculine !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || soc'heches'heiim || soc'heches'heiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive ||soc'heches'heiime || soc'heches'heiimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || soc'heches'heiima || soc'heches'heiimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || soc'heches'heiimat||soc'heches'heiimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || soc'heches'heiimo || soc'heches'heiimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || soc'heches'heiimot || soc'heches'heiimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || soc'heches'heiim|| soc'heches'heiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || soc'heches'heiime ||soc'heches'heiimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || soc'heches'heiimet || soc'heches'heiimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || soc'heches'heiimon || soc'heches'heiimonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || soc'heches'heiimono || soc'heches'heiimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || soc'heches'heiimonot || soc'heches'heiimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative||soc'heches'heiim|| soc'heches'heiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || soc'heches'heiime || soc'heches'heiimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || soc'heches'heiimi || soc'heches'heiimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || soc'heches'heiimit || soc'heches'heiimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || soc'heches'heiimo || soc'heches'heiimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental||soc'heches'heiimot || soc'heches'heiimotii<br /> |}<br /> Second pronoun:nol'halhujhim (your)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nol'halhujhim ||nol'halhujhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nol'halhujhime|| nol'halhujhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nol'halhujhima || nol'halhujhimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nol'halhujhimat || nol'halhujhimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nol'halhujhimo || nol'halhujhimoii <br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nol'halhujhimot ||nol'halhujhimotii <br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plura<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nol'halhujhim || nol'halhujhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nol'halhujhime || nol'halhujhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nol'halhujhimet || nol'halhujhimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nol'halhujhimon || nol'halhujhimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nol'halhujhimono || nol'halhujhimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nol'halhujhimonot|| nol'halhujhimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nol'halhujhim || nol'halhujhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nol'halhujhime || nol'halhujhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nol'halhujhimi || nol'halhujhimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nol'halhujhimit || nol'halhujhimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nol'halhujhimo || nol'halhujhimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nol'halhujhimot || nol'halhujhimotii<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun: teãbãõkhéim<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || teãbãõkhéim || teãbãõkhéimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || teãbãõkhéime || teãbãõkhéimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || teãbãõkhéima || teãbãõkhéimii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||teãbãõkhéimat || teãbãõkhéimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || teãbãõkhéimo|| teãbãõkhéimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || teãbãõkhéimot || teãbãõkhéimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || teãbãõkhéim || teãbãõkhéimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || teãbãõkhéime || teãbãõkhéimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || teãbãõkhéimet|| teãbãõkhéimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || teãbãõkhéimon || teãbãõkhéimonii <br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || teãbãõkhéimono || teãbãõkhéimonoii <br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || teãbãõkhéimonot || teãbãõkhéimonotii <br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || teãbãõkhéim || teãbãõkhéimii <br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || teãbãõkhéime ||teãbãõkhéimeii <br /> |-<br /> | Dative || teãbãõkhéimi || teãbãõkhéimiii <br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || teãbãõkhéimit || teãbãõkhéimitii <br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || teãbãõkhéimo ||teãbãõkhéimoii <br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || teãbãõkhéimot || teãbãõkhéimotii <br /> |}<br /> Demonstrative pronouns<br /> gan(this)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || gan || ganii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || gane || ganeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || gana|| ganaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || ganat|| ganatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || gano || ganoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || ganot || ganotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || gan || ganii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || gane || ganeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || ganet || ganetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || ganon || ganonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || ganono ||ganonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || ganonot || ganonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || gan || ganii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || gane || ganeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || gani || ganiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || ganit || ganit<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || gano || ganoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || ganotii || ganotii<br /> |}<br /> nhal(that)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhal || nhalii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhale || nhaleii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhala|| nhalaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhalat || nhalatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhalo || nhaloii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhalot|| nhalotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhal || nhalii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhale || nhaleii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhalet || nhaletii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhalon|| nhalonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhalono || nhalonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||nhalonot || nhalonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Example || Example || Example<br /> |-<br /> | Example || Example || Example<br /> |-<br /> | Example || Example || Example<br /> |-<br /> | Example || Example || Example<br /> |-<br /> | Example || Example || Example<br /> |-<br /> | Example || Example || Example<br /> |}<br /> Adjectives<br /> Adjectives can end with a vowel or a consonant. Adjectives with a vowel have regular comparation, and with a consonant have irregular comparation.<br /> Adjectives are diclined like the noun that goes after.<br /> moní-beautiful<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Singular !! Maculine !! Feminine !! Neuter<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| moní ||moní || moní<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || moníe ||moníe || moníe<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || monía || moníet|| moníi<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || moníat ||moníon || moníit<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || monío || moníono || monío<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||moníot || moníonot ||moníot<br /> |-<br /> | Plural || <br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||moníii|| moníii || moníii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || moníeii|| moníeii || moníeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || moníaii || moníetii || moníiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||moníatii|| moníonii || moníitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || moníoii || moníonoii || moníoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || moníotii || moníonotii || moníotii<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> Other adjectives are diclined like adjective moní.<br /> Comparation<br /> Lees'hin has normally positive, comparative and superlative. Comparation can be regular or irregular.<br /> Regular comparation<br /> For comparative -r is added, e.g. monír (comparative of moní). Irrelugar comparative, e.g. ganõm( comparative of as'har-good)<br /> For superlative particle ka and comparative are added, e.g. ka monír or ka ganõm.<br /> Verbs<br /> Lees'hin verbs are inflected in numbers, moods and tenses. Every grammatical person has own suffix. One thing is special and that is infinitive. Infinitive in Lees'hin is thematic vowel +-eu. Basically Lees'hin verb consists of 2 parts, first is before -eu and second after, e.g. õnhak'''a-eu''', the root is õnhak, and infinitive is a-eu<br /> Regular conjugation:<br /> <br /> <br /> Adverbs<br /> Particles<br /> Derivational morphology<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Syntax==<br /> ===Constituent order===<br /> ===Noun phrase===<br /> ===Verb phrase===<br /> ===Sentence phrase===<br /> ===Dependent clauses===<br /> &lt;!-- etc. etc. --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Example texts==<br /> ==Other resources==<br /> &lt;!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Template area --&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]<br /> [[Category:Languages]]</div>

Julijanj https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Lees%27hin&diff=94599 2017-12-16T17:53:25Z

<p>Julijanj: /* Morphology */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> &lt;!-- <br /> <br /> This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br /> <br /> I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).<br /> II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)<br /> III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Introduction==<br /> Lees'hin (lees'hin s'hon) is lees'hinian language spoken in Democratic Republic of Lees'hin (Vas’ha Nhelhuk Lees’hin) by 48 000 native speakers. It was created in 2015. The language has no cognate with natural languages. I wanted to make some very strange language with strange vocubalary. And I made it, Lees'hin was my strange language. Also Lees'hin is intelligable with 2 other lees'hinian languages. They are Mihrulen and Basti.<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Example categories/headings: <br /> <br /> Goals<br /> Setting<br /> Inspiration<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- ***Phonology*** --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- What sounds does your language use? --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br /> <br /> Vowel inventory<br /> Consonant inventory<br /> Syllable structure<br /> Stress<br /> Intonation<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Orthography===<br /> Lees'hin orthography is special, because every letter except y has version with the letter h. For digraphs ch, sh, nh, lh and jh , version with h is c'h s'h, n'h, l'h and j'h.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Letter!! Name of letter<br /> |-<br /> | a || akú<br /> |-<br /> | ã || a kamã<br /> |-<br /> | á || a acún<br /> |-<br /> | b || bãh<br /> |-<br /> | bh || abhú<br /> |-<br /> | c || ca<br /> |-<br /> | ch || cha<br /> |-<br /> | c'h || ac'ha<br /> |-<br /> | d || da<br /> |-<br /> | dh||adhe <br /> |-<br /> | e|| ekú<br /> |-<br /> | é || e acún<br /> |-<br /> | f || fa<br /> |-<br /> | fh|| efhe<br /> |-<br /> | g || gu<br /> |-<br /> | gh|| aghe<br /> |-<br /> | h || hu<br /> |-<br /> | i || ikú<br /> |-<br /> | í || i acún<br /> |-<br /> | j || ja<br /> |-<br /> | jh || jhe<br /> |-<br /> | j'h || aj'he<br /> |-<br /> | k || kã<br /> |-<br /> | kh || akhã<br /> |-<br /> | l || la<br /> |-<br /> | lh || lha<br /> |-<br /> | l'h || al'he<br /> |-<br /> | m || ma<br /> |-<br /> | mh || amhe<br /> |-<br /> | n || ne<br /> |-<br /> | nh || nhe<br /> |-<br /> | n'h|| an'he<br /> |-<br /> | o || okú<br /> |-<br /> | õ || o kamã<br /> |-<br /> | ó || o acún<br /> |-<br /> | p|| pu<br /> |-<br /> | ph || aphú<br /> |-<br /> | q || qu<br /> |-<br /> | qh || aqhú<br /> |-<br /> | r || ra<br /> |-<br /> | rh || arha<br /> |-<br /> | s|| se<br /> |-<br /> | sh || she<br /> |-<br /> | s'h || as'hé<br /> |-<br /> | t || tan<br /> |-<br /> | th || athan<br /> |-<br /> | u || ukú<br /> |-<br /> | ú||u acún<br /> |-<br /> | v || vãku<br /> |-<br /> | vh || vhãku<br /> |-<br /> | y|| yun<br /> |-<br /> | z || za<br /> |-<br /> | zh || azha<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Bilabial!!Labio-dental!!Alveolar!!Post-alveolar!!Palatal!!Velar!!Uvular!!Glottal<br /> |-<br /> |Nasal|| m /m/ || || n /n/ || || nh /ɲ/ || n /ŋ/ || || <br /> |-<br /> |Plosive || p /p/ b /b/ || || t /t/ d /d/ || || || k /k/ g /g/ ||q /q/ || <br /> |-<br /> |Affricate || || || c /t͡s/ || ch /t͡ʃ/ jh /d͡ʒ/ || || || || <br /> |-<br /> |Fricative || || f /f/ v /v/ || s /s/ z /z/ || sh /ʃ/ j /ʒ/ || || *(')h /x/ || || h /h/<br /> |-<br /> |Approximant || || || || || y /j/ || || || <br /> |-<br /> |Trill || || || r /r/ || || || || ||<br /> |-<br /> |Lateral app. || || || l /l/ || || || lh /ʎ/ || || <br /> |}<br /> *(')h- when h is after consonant it will be pronounced /x/. So in writing exist 2 groups. One is with apostrophe and other has no apostrophe. Group with apostrophe is: s'h, c'h, j'h, l'h and n'h. In other group are consonants that don't need an apostrophe because they can't make another sound. So s'h is written this way to avoid mixing with sh. But gh is written in this way becaus e g with h can't make another phoneme, like sh.<br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Front!! Central !! Back<br /> |-<br /> | Close || i, í /i/ || || u, ú /u/<br /> |-<br /> | Close-mid || e, é /e/ || || õ/ɤ/ o, ó /o/<br /> |-<br /> | Mid || || ã /ə/ || <br /> |-<br /> | Open || a, á /a/ || || <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Prosody===<br /> ====Stress====<br /> Stress is mainly on first place. The stress isn't on first place when a word has graphic accent, then the stress falls where an acute accent is found. Lees'hin has one accent, acute. Vowels can be short or long. A vowel is short if the following vowel isn't the same as proceeding vowel. A vowel is long if after a vowel comes the same vowel.<br /> <br /> ====Intonation====<br /> Intonation in Lees'hin is the same as in English.<br /> <br /> ===Phonotactics===<br /> &lt;!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, &quot;st&quot; is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset &quot;ng&quot; isn't. --&gt;<br /> In Lees'hin are permissible all combinations with h, eg, bh, ch, c'h, sh, s'h... All syllables must have at least one vowel. Nouns cannot end with a vowel.<br /> <br /> ==Morphology==<br /> &lt;!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --&gt;Lees'hin has 6 cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative, instrumenatal). Verbs are inflected through 2 numbers, 2 voices, 3 moods( indicative , subjunctive, imperative), 9 tenses in indicative, 5 in subjunctive and only 1 in imperative. Nouns differ from adjectives. Adjectives differ from verbs.<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Here are some example subcategories:<br /> <br /> Nouns<br /> As I said, Lees'hin has 6 cases. Also Lees'hin has 3 genders (maculine, feminine, neuter) and 3 declinations for each gender. First noun is masculine, the noun s'hon. As seen Lees'hin has no locative, so locative is found in accusative.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !!Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || s'hon || s'honii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || s'hone || s'honeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || s'hona || s'honaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative|| s'honat || s'honatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || s'hono || s'honoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental|| s'honot || s'honotii<br /> |}<br /> Second noun is feminine, the noun hõshejh <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || hõshejh || hõshejhii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || hõshejhe || hõshejheii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || hõshejhet || hõshejhetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || hõshejhon || hõshejhonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || hõshejhono || hõshejhonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || hõshejhonot || hõshejhonotii<br /> |}<br /> Third noun is neuter, the noun heemuõãat<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || heemuõãat|| heemuõãatii<br /> |- |<br /> | Genitive|| heemuõãate || heemuõãateii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || heemuõãati || heemuõãatiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || heemuõãatit || heemuõãatiti<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || heemuõãato || heemuõãatoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || heemuõãatot || heemuõãatotii<br /> |}<br /> Irregular declinations<br /> In Lees'hin also exist irregular declanations, there are 3 types of declination. <br /> First declination: r-declination, e.g. sujh(f)-bowl. This noun has irregular plural.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || sujh || sãchii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || sujher || sãcherii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || sujhra || sãchrii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || sãchrat || sãchratii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || sujhro || sãchroii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||sujhrot|| sãchrotii<br /> |}<br /> Second declination: k-declination, e.g. lhum(m)-owl<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || lhum || lhumii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || lhumka || lhumkaii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative|| lhumak || lhumakii<br /> |-<br /> |Accusative|| lhumakat || lhumakatii<br /> |-<br /> |Vocative || lhumo || lhumoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || lhumkot || lhumkotii<br /> |}<br /> Third declination:v-declination, e.g. jãkhan(m)-door<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| jãkhan || jãkhanii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || jãkhanve || jãkhanveii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative ||jãkhanav|| jãkhanavii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || jãkhanvat || jãkhanvatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || jãkhanvo || jãkhanvoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||jãkhanvot|| jãkhanvotii<br /> |}<br /> Pronouns<br /> Personal pronouns<br /> Lees'hin has 3 pronouns in singular and 3 in plural. Pronouns are diclined slightly different.<br /> First pronouns: nõhi(I) and soc’heches’hei(we) <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| nõhi || soc'heches'hei<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõhiim || soc'heches'heiim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõhia || soc'hes'heia<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||nõhiat || soc'ches'heiat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - || -<br /> |-<br /> |Instrumental || nõhiot || soc'heches'heiot<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Second pronoun: úbosh( you) and nol’halhujh(you)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !!Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || úbosh || nol'halhujh<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || úboshim || nol'halhujhim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative|| úbosha || nol'halhujha<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || úboshat || nol'halhujhat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative|| úbosho || nol'halhujho<br /> |-<br /> |Instrumental || úboshot || nol'halhujhot<br /> |}<br /> Third pronouns: nõbéheghelh (he), nhããmãadaõ(she) and nhãmadão(it)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Singular !! Masculine !! Feminine !! Neuter<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||nõbéheghelh ||nhããmãadaõ || nhãmadão<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive||nõbéheghelhim|| nhããmãadaõim || nhãmadãoim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõbéheghelha || nhããmãadaõet || nhãmadãoi<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõbéheghelhat || nhããmãadaõon || nhãmadãoit<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - ||- || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nõbéheghelhot || nhããmãadaõonot || nhãmadãoot<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun: teãbãõkhé(they)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Plural !! <br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || teãbãõkhéim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || teãbãõkhéa<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || teãbãõkhéat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental|| teãbãõkhéot<br /> |}<br /> Possessive pronouns<br /> Possessive pronouns are actually genitives of personal pronouns. These genitives become nominatives in declination.<br /> First person:nõhiim(my)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõhiim || nõhiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõhiime || nõhiimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõhiima || nõhiimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõhiimat || nõhiimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative|| nõhiimo || nõhiimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nõhiimot || nõhiimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõhiim || nõhiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõhiime|| nõhiimeii<br /> |- <br /> |Dative || nõhiimet || nõhiimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõhiimon || nõhiimon<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõhiimono || nõhiimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nõhiimonot || nõhiimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõhiim || nõhiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitives || nõhiime || nõhiimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõhiimi || nõhiimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative|| nõhiimit || nõhiimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõhiimo || nõhiimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental|| nõhiimot || nõhiimotii<br /> |}<br /> Second pronoun: úboshim(your)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||úboshim || úboshimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || úboshime|| úboshimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || úboshima || úboshimaii <br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || úboshimat|| úboshimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || úboshimo || úboshimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || úboshimot || úboshimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || úboshim || úboshimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || úboshime || úboshimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || úboshimet||úboshimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || úboshimon || úboshimonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || úboshimono || úboshimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || úboshimonot ||úboshimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Neuter!! Singular !! Singular<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || úboshim||úboshimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || úboshime || úboshimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || úboshimi || úboshimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || úboshimit || úboshimitii <br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || úboshimo || úboshimoii <br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||úboshimot || úboshimotii<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun: nõbéheghelhim(his)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõbéheghelhim || nõbéheghelhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõbéheghelhime ||nõbéheghelhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõbéheghelhima || nõbéheghelhimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||nõbéheghelhimat|| nõbéheghelhimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõbéheghelhimo ||nõbéheghelhimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nõbéheghelhimot || nõbéheghelhimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõbéheghelhim || nõbéheghelhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõbéheghelhime || nõbéheghelhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõbéheghelhimet || nõbéheghelhimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõbéheghelhimon || nõbéheghelhimonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõbéheghelhimono || nõbéheghelhimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumenatal || nõbéheghelhimonot || nõbéheghelhimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõbéheghelhim|| nõbéheghelhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõbéheghelhime || nõbéheghelhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõbéheghelhimi || nõbéheghelhimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõbéheghelhimit || nõbéheghelhimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõbéheghelhimo || nõbéheghelhimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumenatal || nõbéheghelhimot || nõbéheghelhimotii<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun:nhããmãadaõim(her)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhããmãadaõim|| nhããmãadaõimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhããmãadaõime || nhããmãadaõimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhããmãadaõima || nhããmãadaõimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhããmãadaõimat || nhããmãadaõimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhããmãadaõimo || nhããmãadaõimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhããmãadaõimot || nhããmãadaõimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||nhããmãadaõim || nhããmãadaõimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhããmãadaõime || nhããmãadaõimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhããmãadaõimet || nhããmãadaõimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhããmãadaõimon || nhããmãadaõimonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative|| nhããmãadaõimono || nhããmãadaõimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhããmãadaõimonot || nhããmãadaõimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhããmãadaõim || nhããmãadaõimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive ||nhããmãadaõime || nhããmãadaõimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhããmãadaõimi || nhããmãadaõimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhããmãadaõimit || nhããmãadaõimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhããmãadaõimo || nhããmãadaõimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhããmãadaõimot || nhããmãadaõimotii<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun:nhãmadãoim(its)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine''!! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhãmadãoim || nhãmadãoimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhãmadãoime || nhãmadãoimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhãmadãoima || nhãmadãoimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||nhãmadãoimat || nhãmadãoimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhãmadãoimo || nhãmadãoimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhãmadãoimot || nhãmadãoimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nomnative || nhãmadãoim|| nhãmadãoimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhãmadãoime|| nhãmadãoimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhãmadãoimet || nhãmadãoimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhãmadãoimon || nhãmadãoimonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhãmadãoimono || nhãmadãoimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhãmadãoimonot || nhãmadãoimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhãmadãoim || nhãmadãoimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhãmadãoime || nhãmadãoimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhãmadãoimi || nhãmadãoimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhãmadãoimit || nhãmadãoimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhãmadãoimo || nhãmadãoimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhãmadãoimot || nhãmadãoimotii<br /> |}<br /> First pronoun:soc'heches'heiim(our)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Maculine !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || soc'heches'heiim || soc'heches'heiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive ||soc'heches'heiime || soc'heches'heiimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || soc'heches'heiima || soc'heches'heiimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || soc'heches'heiimat||soc'heches'heiimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || soc'heches'heiimo || soc'heches'heiimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || soc'heches'heiimot || soc'heches'heiimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || soc'heches'heiim|| soc'heches'heiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || soc'heches'heiime ||soc'heches'heiimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || soc'heches'heiimet || soc'heches'heiimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || soc'heches'heiimon || soc'heches'heiimonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || soc'heches'heiimono || soc'heches'heiimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || soc'heches'heiimonot || soc'heches'heiimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative||soc'heches'heiim|| soc'heches'heiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || soc'heches'heiime || soc'heches'heiimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || soc'heches'heiimi || soc'heches'heiimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || soc'heches'heiimit || soc'heches'heiimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || soc'heches'heiimo || soc'heches'heiimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental||soc'heches'heiimot || soc'heches'heiimotii<br /> |}<br /> Second pronoun:nol'halhujhim (your)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nol'halhujhim ||nol'halhujhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nol'halhujhime|| nol'halhujhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nol'halhujhima || nol'halhujhimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nol'halhujhimat || nol'halhujhimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nol'halhujhimo || nol'halhujhimoii <br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nol'halhujhimot ||nol'halhujhimotii <br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plura<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nol'halhujhim || nol'halhujhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nol'halhujhime || nol'halhujhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nol'halhujhimet || nol'halhujhimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nol'halhujhimon || nol'halhujhimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nol'halhujhimono || nol'halhujhimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nol'halhujhimonot|| nol'halhujhimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nol'halhujhim || nol'halhujhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nol'halhujhime || nol'halhujhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nol'halhujhimi || nol'halhujhimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nol'halhujhimit || nol'halhujhimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nol'halhujhimo || nol'halhujhimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nol'halhujhimot || nol'halhujhimotii<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun: teãbãõkhéim<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || teãbãõkhéim || teãbãõkhéimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || teãbãõkhéime || teãbãõkhéimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || teãbãõkhéima || teãbãõkhéimii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||teãbãõkhéimat || teãbãõkhéimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || teãbãõkhéimo|| teãbãõkhéimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || teãbãõkhéimot || teãbãõkhéimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || teãbãõkhéim || teãbãõkhéimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || teãbãõkhéime || teãbãõkhéimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || teãbãõkhéimet|| teãbãõkhéimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || teãbãõkhéimon || teãbãõkhéimonii <br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || teãbãõkhéimono || teãbãõkhéimonoii <br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || teãbãõkhéimonot || teãbãõkhéimonotii <br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || teãbãõkhéim || teãbãõkhéimii <br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || teãbãõkhéime ||teãbãõkhéimeii <br /> |-<br /> | Dative || teãbãõkhéimi || teãbãõkhéimiii <br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || teãbãõkhéimit || teãbãõkhéimitii <br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || teãbãõkhéimo ||teãbãõkhéimoii <br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || teãbãõkhéimot || teãbãõkhéimotii <br /> |}<br /> Demonstrative pronouns<br /> <br /> <br /> Adjectives<br /> Adjectives can end with a vowel or a consonant. Adjectives with a vowel have regular comparation, and with a consonant have irregular comparation.<br /> Adjectives are diclined like the noun that goes after.<br /> moní-beautiful<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Singular !! Maculine !! Feminine !! Neuter<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| moní ||moní || moní<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || moníe ||moníe || moníe<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || monía || moníet|| moníi<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || moníat ||moníon || moníit<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || monío || moníono || monío<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||moníot || moníonot ||moníot<br /> |-<br /> | Plural || <br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||moníii|| moníii || moníii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || moníeii|| moníeii || moníeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || moníaii || moníetii || moníiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||moníatii|| moníonii || moníitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || moníoii || moníonoii || moníoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || moníotii || moníonotii || moníotii<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> Other adjectives are diclined like adjective moní.<br /> Comparation<br /> Lees'hin has normally positive, comparative and superlative. Comparation can be regular or irregular.<br /> Regular comparation<br /> For comparative -r is added, e.g. monír (comparative of moní). Irrelugar comparative, e.g. ganõm( comparative of as'har-good)<br /> For superlative particle ka and comparative are added, e.g. ka monír or ka ganõm.<br /> Verbs<br /> Lees'hin verbs are inflected in numbers, moods and tenses. Every grammatical person has own suffix. One thing is special and that is infinitive. Infinitive in Lees'hin is thematic vowel +-eu. Basically Lees'hin verb consists of 2 parts, first is before -eu and second after, e.g. õnhak'''a-eu''', the root is õnhak, and infinitive is a-eu<br /> Regular conjugation:<br /> <br /> <br /> Adverbs<br /> Particles<br /> Derivational morphology<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Syntax==<br /> ===Constituent order===<br /> ===Noun phrase===<br /> ===Verb phrase===<br /> ===Sentence phrase===<br /> ===Dependent clauses===<br /> &lt;!-- etc. etc. --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Example texts==<br /> ==Other resources==<br /> &lt;!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Template area --&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]<br /> [[Category:Languages]]</div>

Julijanj https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Lees%27hin&diff=93727 2017-12-08T19:14:36Z

<p>Julijanj: /* Morphology */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> &lt;!-- <br /> <br /> This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br /> <br /> I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).<br /> II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)<br /> III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Introduction==<br /> Lees'hin (lees'hin s'hon) is lees'hinian language spoken in Democratic Republic of Lees'hin (Vas’ha Nhelhuk Lees’hin) by 48 000 native speakers. It was created in 2015. The language has no cognate with natural languages. I wanted to make some very strange language with strange vocubalary. And I made it, Lees'hin was my strange language. Also Lees'hin is intelligable with 2 other lees'hinian languages. They are Mihrulen and Basti.<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Example categories/headings: <br /> <br /> Goals<br /> Setting<br /> Inspiration<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- ***Phonology*** --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- What sounds does your language use? --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br /> <br /> Vowel inventory<br /> Consonant inventory<br /> Syllable structure<br /> Stress<br /> Intonation<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Orthography===<br /> Lees'hin orthography is special, because every letter except y has version with the letter h. For digraphs ch, sh, nh, lh and jh , version with h is c'h s'h, n'h, l'h and j'h.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Letter!! Name of letter<br /> |-<br /> | a || akú<br /> |-<br /> | ã || a kamã<br /> |-<br /> | á || a acún<br /> |-<br /> | b || bãh<br /> |-<br /> | bh || abhú<br /> |-<br /> | c || ca<br /> |-<br /> | ch || cha<br /> |-<br /> | c'h || ac'ha<br /> |-<br /> | d || da<br /> |-<br /> | dh||adhe <br /> |-<br /> | e|| ekú<br /> |-<br /> | é || e acún<br /> |-<br /> | f || fa<br /> |-<br /> | fh|| efhe<br /> |-<br /> | g || gu<br /> |-<br /> | gh|| aghe<br /> |-<br /> | h || hu<br /> |-<br /> | i || ikú<br /> |-<br /> | í || i acún<br /> |-<br /> | j || ja<br /> |-<br /> | jh || jhe<br /> |-<br /> | j'h || aj'he<br /> |-<br /> | k || kã<br /> |-<br /> | kh || akhã<br /> |-<br /> | l || la<br /> |-<br /> | lh || lha<br /> |-<br /> | l'h || al'he<br /> |-<br /> | m || ma<br /> |-<br /> | mh || amhe<br /> |-<br /> | n || ne<br /> |-<br /> | nh || nhe<br /> |-<br /> | n'h|| an'he<br /> |-<br /> | o || okú<br /> |-<br /> | õ || o kamã<br /> |-<br /> | ó || o acún<br /> |-<br /> | p|| pu<br /> |-<br /> | ph || aphú<br /> |-<br /> | q || qu<br /> |-<br /> | qh || aqhú<br /> |-<br /> | r || ra<br /> |-<br /> | rh || arha<br /> |-<br /> | s|| se<br /> |-<br /> | sh || she<br /> |-<br /> | s'h || as'hé<br /> |-<br /> | t || tan<br /> |-<br /> | th || athan<br /> |-<br /> | u || ukú<br /> |-<br /> | ú||u acún<br /> |-<br /> | v || vãku<br /> |-<br /> | vh || vhãku<br /> |-<br /> | y|| yun<br /> |-<br /> | z || za<br /> |-<br /> | zh || azha<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Bilabial!!Labio-dental!!Alveolar!!Post-alveolar!!Palatal!!Velar!!Uvular!!Glottal<br /> |-<br /> |Nasal|| m /m/ || || n /n/ || || nh /ɲ/ || n /ŋ/ || || <br /> |-<br /> |Plosive || p /p/ b /b/ || || t /t/ d /d/ || || || k /k/ g /g/ ||q /q/ || <br /> |-<br /> |Affricate || || || c /t͡s/ || ch /t͡ʃ/ jh /d͡ʒ/ || || || || <br /> |-<br /> |Fricative || || f /f/ v /v/ || s /s/ z /z/ || sh /ʃ/ j /ʒ/ || || *(')h /x/ || || h /h/<br /> |-<br /> |Approximant || || || || || y /j/ || || || <br /> |-<br /> |Trill || || || r /r/ || || || || ||<br /> |-<br /> |Lateral app. || || || l /l/ || || || lh /ʎ/ || || <br /> |}<br /> *(')h- when h is after consonant it will be pronounced /x/. So in writing exist 2 groups. One is with apostrophe and other has no apostrophe. Group with apostrophe is: s'h, c'h, j'h, l'h and n'h. In other group are consonants that don't need an apostrophe because they can't make another sound. So s'h is written this way to avoid mixing with sh. But gh is written in this way becaus e g with h can't make another phoneme, like sh.<br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Front!! Central !! Back<br /> |-<br /> | Close || i, í /i/ || || u, ú /u/<br /> |-<br /> | Close-mid || e, é /e/ || || õ/ɤ/ o, ó /o/<br /> |-<br /> | Mid || || ã /ə/ || <br /> |-<br /> | Open || a, á /a/ || || <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Prosody===<br /> ====Stress====<br /> Stress is mainly on first place. The stress isn't on first place when a word has graphic accent, then the stress falls where an acute accent is found. Lees'hin has one accent, acute. Vowels can be short or long. A vowel is short if the following vowel isn't the same as proceeding vowel. A vowel is long if after a vowel comes the same vowel.<br /> <br /> ====Intonation====<br /> Intonation in Lees'hin is the same as in English.<br /> <br /> ===Phonotactics===<br /> &lt;!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, &quot;st&quot; is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset &quot;ng&quot; isn't. --&gt;<br /> In Lees'hin are permissible all combinations with h, eg, bh, ch, c'h, sh, s'h... All syllables must have at least one vowel. Nouns cannot end with a vowel.<br /> <br /> ==Morphology==<br /> &lt;!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --&gt;Lees'hin has 6 cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative, instrumenatal). Verbs are inflected through 2 numbers, 2 voices, 3 moods( indicative , subjunctive, imperative), 9 tenses in indicative, 5 in subjunctive and only 1 in imperative. Nouns differ from adjectives. Adjectives differ from verbs.<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Here are some example subcategories:<br /> <br /> Nouns<br /> As I said, Lees'hin has 6 cases. Also Lees'hin has 3 genders (maculine, feminine, neuter) and 3 declinations for each gender. First noun is masculine, the noun s'hon. As seen Lees'hin has no locative, so locative is found in accusative.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !!Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || s'hon || s'honii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || s'hone || s'honeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || s'hona || s'honaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative|| s'honat || s'honatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || s'hono || s'honoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental|| s'honot || s'honotii<br /> |}<br /> Second noun is feminine, the noun hõshejh <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || hõshejh || hõshejhii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || hõshejhe || hõshejheii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || hõshejhet || hõshejhetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || hõshejhon || hõshejhonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || hõshejhono || hõshejhonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || hõshejhonot || hõshejhonotii<br /> |}<br /> Third noun is neuter, the noun heemuõãat<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || heemuõãat|| heemuõãatii<br /> |- |<br /> | Genitive|| heemuõãate || heemuõãateii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || heemuõãati || heemuõãatiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || heemuõãatit || heemuõãatiti<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || heemuõãato || heemuõãatoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || heemuõãatot || heemuõãatotii<br /> |}<br /> Irregular declinations<br /> In Lees'hin also exist irregular declanations, there are 3 types of declination. <br /> First declination: r-declination, e.g. sujh(f)-bowl. This noun has irregular plural.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || sujh || sãchii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || sujher || sãcherii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || sujhra || sãchrii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || sãchrat || sãchratii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || sujhro || sãchroii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||sujhrot|| sãchrotii<br /> |}<br /> Second declination: k-declination, e.g. lhum(m)-owl<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || lhum || lhumii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || lhumka || lhumkaii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative|| lhumak || lhumakii<br /> |-<br /> |Accusative|| lhumakat || lhumakatii<br /> |-<br /> |Vocative || lhumo || lhumoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || lhumkot || lhumkotii<br /> |}<br /> Third declination:v-declination, e.g. jãkhan(m)-door<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| jãkhan || jãkhanii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || jãkhanve || jãkhanveii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative ||jãkhanav|| jãkhanavii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || jãkhanvat || jãkhanvatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || jãkhanvo || jãkhanvoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||jãkhanvot|| jãkhanvotii<br /> |}<br /> Pronouns<br /> Personal pronouns<br /> Lees'hin has 3 pronouns in singular and 3 in plural. Pronouns are diclined slightly different.<br /> First pronouns: nõhi(I) and soc’heches’hei(we) <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| nõhi || soc'heches'hei<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõhiim || soc'heches'heiim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõhia || soc'hes'heia<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||nõhiat || soc'ches'heiat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - || -<br /> |-<br /> |Instrumental || nõhiot || soc'heches'heiot<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Second pronoun: úbosh( you) and nol’halhujh(you)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !!Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || úbosh || nol'halhujh<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || úboshim || nol'halhujhim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative|| úbosha || nol'halhujha<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || úboshat || nol'halhujhat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative|| úbosho || nol'halhujho<br /> |-<br /> |Instrumental || úboshot || nol'halhujhot<br /> |}<br /> Third pronouns: nõbéheghelh (he), nhããmãadaõ(she) and nhãmadão(it)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Singular !! Masculine !! Feminine !! Neuter<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||nõbéheghelh ||nhããmãadaõ || nhãmadão<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive||nõbéheghelhim|| nhããmãadaõim || nhãmadãoim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõbéheghelha || nhããmãadaõet || nhãmadãoi<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõbéheghelhat || nhããmãadaõon || nhãmadãoit<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - ||- || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nõbéheghelhot || nhããmãadaõonot || nhãmadãoot<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun: teãbãõkhé(they)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Plural !! <br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || teãbãõkhéim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || teãbãõkhéa<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || teãbãõkhéat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental|| teãbãõkhéot<br /> |}<br /> Possessive pronouns<br /> Possessive pronouns are actually genitives of personal pronouns. These genitives become nominatives in declination.<br /> First person:nõhiim(my)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõhiim || nõhiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõhiime || nõhiimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõhiima || nõhiimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõhiimat || nõhiimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative|| nõhiimo || nõhiimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nõhiimot || nõhiimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõhiim || nõhiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõhiime|| nõhiimeii<br /> |- <br /> |Dative || nõhiimet || nõhiimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõhiimon || nõhiimon<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõhiimono || nõhiimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nõhiimonot || nõhiimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõhiim || nõhiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitives || nõhiime || nõhiimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõhiimi || nõhiimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative|| nõhiimit || nõhiimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõhiimo || nõhiimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental|| nõhiimot || nõhiimotii<br /> |}<br /> Second pronoun: úboshim(your)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||úboshim || úboshimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || úboshime|| úboshimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || úboshima || úboshimaii <br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || úboshimat|| úboshimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || úboshimo || úboshimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || úboshimot || úboshimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || úboshim || úboshimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || úboshime || úboshimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || úboshimet||úboshimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || úboshimon || úboshimonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || úboshimono || úboshimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || úboshimonot ||úboshimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Neuter!! Singular !! Singular<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || úboshim||úboshimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || úboshime || úboshimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || úboshimi || úboshimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || úboshimit || úboshimitii <br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || úboshimo || úboshimoii <br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||úboshimot || úboshimotii<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun: nõbéheghelhim(his)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõbéheghelhim || nõbéheghelhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõbéheghelhime ||nõbéheghelhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõbéheghelhima || nõbéheghelhimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||nõbéheghelhimat|| nõbéheghelhimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõbéheghelhimo ||nõbéheghelhimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nõbéheghelhimot || nõbéheghelhimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõbéheghelhim || nõbéheghelhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõbéheghelhime || nõbéheghelhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõbéheghelhimet || nõbéheghelhimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõbéheghelhimon || nõbéheghelhimonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõbéheghelhimono || nõbéheghelhimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumenatal || nõbéheghelhimonot || nõbéheghelhimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõbéheghelhim|| nõbéheghelhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõbéheghelhime || nõbéheghelhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõbéheghelhimi || nõbéheghelhimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõbéheghelhimit || nõbéheghelhimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõbéheghelhimo || nõbéheghelhimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumenatal || nõbéheghelhimot || nõbéheghelhimotii<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun:nhããmãadaõim(her)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhããmãadaõim|| nhããmãadaõimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhããmãadaõime || nhããmãadaõimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhããmãadaõima || nhããmãadaõimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhããmãadaõimat || nhããmãadaõimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhããmãadaõimo || nhããmãadaõimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhããmãadaõimot || nhããmãadaõimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||nhããmãadaõim || nhããmãadaõimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhããmãadaõime || nhããmãadaõimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhããmãadaõimet || nhããmãadaõimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhããmãadaõimon || nhããmãadaõimonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative|| nhããmãadaõimono || nhããmãadaõimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhããmãadaõimonot || nhããmãadaõimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhããmãadaõim || nhããmãadaõimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive ||nhããmãadaõime || nhããmãadaõimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhããmãadaõimi || nhããmãadaõimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhããmãadaõimit || nhããmãadaõimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhããmãadaõimo || nhããmãadaõimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhããmãadaõimot || nhããmãadaõimotii<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun:nhãmadãoim(its)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine''!! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhãmadãoim || nhãmadãoimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhãmadãoime || nhãmadãoimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhãmadãoima || nhãmadãoimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||nhãmadãoimat || nhãmadãoimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhãmadãoimo || nhãmadãoimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhãmadãoimot || nhãmadãoimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nomnative || nhãmadãoim|| nhãmadãoimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhãmadãoime|| nhãmadãoimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhãmadãoimet || nhãmadãoimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhãmadãoimon || nhãmadãoimonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhãmadãoimono || nhãmadãoimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhãmadãoimonot || nhãmadãoimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhãmadãoim || nhãmadãoimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhãmadãoime || nhãmadãoimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhãmadãoimi || nhãmadãoimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhãmadãoimit || nhãmadãoimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhãmadãoimo || nhãmadãoimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhãmadãoimot || nhãmadãoimotii<br /> |}<br /> First pronoun:soc'heches'heiim(our)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Maculine !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || soc'heches'heiim || soc'heches'heiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive ||soc'heches'heiime || soc'heches'heiimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || soc'heches'heiima || soc'heches'heiimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || soc'heches'heiimat||soc'heches'heiimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || soc'heches'heiimo || soc'heches'heiimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || soc'heches'heiimot || soc'heches'heiimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || soc'heches'heiim|| soc'heches'heiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || soc'heches'heiime ||soc'heches'heiimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || soc'heches'heiimet || soc'heches'heiimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || soc'heches'heiimon || soc'heches'heiimonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || soc'heches'heiimono || soc'heches'heiimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || soc'heches'heiimonot || soc'heches'heiimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative||soc'heches'heiim|| soc'heches'heiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || soc'heches'heiime || soc'heches'heiimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || soc'heches'heiimi || soc'heches'heiimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || soc'heches'heiimit || soc'heches'heiimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || soc'heches'heiimo || soc'heches'heiimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental||soc'heches'heiimot || soc'heches'heiimotii<br /> |}<br /> Second pronoun:nol'halhujhim (your)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nol'halhujhim ||nol'halhujhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nol'halhujhime|| nol'halhujhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nol'halhujhima || nol'halhujhimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nol'halhujhimat || nol'halhujhimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nol'halhujhimo || nol'halhujhimoii <br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nol'halhujhimot ||nol'halhujhimotii <br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plura<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nol'halhujhim || nol'halhujhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nol'halhujhime || nol'halhujhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nol'halhujhimet || nol'halhujhimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nol'halhujhimon || nol'halhujhimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nol'halhujhimono || nol'halhujhimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nol'halhujhimonot|| nol'halhujhimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nol'halhujhim || nol'halhujhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nol'halhujhime || nol'halhujhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nol'halhujhimi || nol'halhujhimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nol'halhujhimit || nol'halhujhimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nol'halhujhimo || nol'halhujhimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nol'halhujhimot || nol'halhujhimotii<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun: teãbãõkhéim<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || teãbãõkhéim || teãbãõkhéimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || teãbãõkhéime || teãbãõkhéimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || teãbãõkhéima || teãbãõkhéimii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||teãbãõkhéimat || teãbãõkhéimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || teãbãõkhéimo|| teãbãõkhéimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || teãbãõkhéimot || teãbãõkhéimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || teãbãõkhéim || teãbãõkhéimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || teãbãõkhéime || teãbãõkhéimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || teãbãõkhéimet|| teãbãõkhéimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || teãbãõkhéimon || teãbãõkhéimonii <br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || teãbãõkhéimono || teãbãõkhéimonoii <br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || teãbãõkhéimonot || teãbãõkhéimonotii <br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || teãbãõkhéim || teãbãõkhéimii <br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || teãbãõkhéime ||teãbãõkhéimeii <br /> |-<br /> | Dative || teãbãõkhéimi || teãbãõkhéimiii <br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || teãbãõkhéimit || teãbãõkhéimitii <br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || teãbãõkhéimo ||teãbãõkhéimoii <br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || teãbãõkhéimot || teãbãõkhéimotii <br /> |}<br /> Demonstrative pronouns<br /> <br /> Adjectives<br /> Adjectives can end with a vowel or a consonant. Adjectives with a vowel have regular comparation, and with a consonant have irregular comparation.<br /> Adjectives are diclined like the noun that goes after.<br /> moní-beautiful<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Singular !! Maculine !! Feminine !! Neuter<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| moní ||moní || moní<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || moníe ||moníe || moníe<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || monía || moníet|| moníi<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || moníat ||moníon || moníit<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || monío || moníono || monío<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||moníot || moníonot ||moníot<br /> |-<br /> | Plural || <br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||moníii|| moníii || moníii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || moníeii|| moníeii || moníeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || moníaii || moníetii || moníiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||moníatii|| moníonii || moníitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || moníoii || moníonoii || moníoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || moníotii || moníonotii || moníotii<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> Other adjectives are diclined like adjective moní.<br /> Comparation<br /> Lees'hin has normally positive, comparative and superlative. Comparation can be regular or irregular.<br /> Regular comparation<br /> For comparative -r is added, e.g. monír (comparative of moní). Irrelugar comparative, e.g. ganõm( comparative of as'har-good)<br /> For superlative particle ka and comparative are added, e.g. ka monír or ka ganõm.<br /> Verbs<br /> Lees'hin verbs are inflected in numbers, moods and tenses. Every grammatical person has own suffix. One thing is special and that is infinitive. Infinitive in Lees'hin is thematic vowel +-eu. Basically Lees'hin verb consists of 2 parts, first is before -eu and second after, e.g. õnhak'''a-eu''', the root is õnhak, and infinitive is a-eu<br /> Regular conjugation:<br /> <br /> <br /> Adverbs<br /> Particles<br /> Derivational morphology<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Syntax==<br /> ===Constituent order===<br /> ===Noun phrase===<br /> ===Verb phrase===<br /> ===Sentence phrase===<br /> ===Dependent clauses===<br /> &lt;!-- etc. etc. --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Example texts==<br /> ==Other resources==<br /> &lt;!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Template area --&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]<br /> [[Category:Languages]]</div>

Julijanj https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Lees%27hin&diff=93457 2017-12-06T17:04:32Z

<p>Julijanj: /* Morphology */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> &lt;!-- <br /> <br /> This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br /> <br /> I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).<br /> II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)<br /> III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Introduction==<br /> Lees'hin (lees'hin s'hon) is lees'hinian language spoken in Democratic Republic of Lees'hin (Vas’ha Nhelhuk Lees’hin) by 48 000 native speakers. It was created in 2015. The language has no cognate with natural languages. I wanted to make some very strange language with strange vocubalary. And I made it, Lees'hin was my strange language. Also Lees'hin is intelligable with 2 other lees'hinian languages. They are Mihrulen and Basti.<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Example categories/headings: <br /> <br /> Goals<br /> Setting<br /> Inspiration<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- ***Phonology*** --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- What sounds does your language use? --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br /> <br /> Vowel inventory<br /> Consonant inventory<br /> Syllable structure<br /> Stress<br /> Intonation<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Orthography===<br /> Lees'hin orthography is special, because every letter except y has version with the letter h. For digraphs ch, sh, nh, lh and jh , version with h is c'h s'h, n'h, l'h and j'h.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Letter!! Name of letter<br /> |-<br /> | a || akú<br /> |-<br /> | ã || a kamã<br /> |-<br /> | á || a acún<br /> |-<br /> | b || bãh<br /> |-<br /> | bh || abhú<br /> |-<br /> | c || ca<br /> |-<br /> | ch || cha<br /> |-<br /> | c'h || ac'ha<br /> |-<br /> | d || da<br /> |-<br /> | dh||adhe <br /> |-<br /> | e|| ekú<br /> |-<br /> | é || e acún<br /> |-<br /> | f || fa<br /> |-<br /> | fh|| efhe<br /> |-<br /> | g || gu<br /> |-<br /> | gh|| aghe<br /> |-<br /> | h || hu<br /> |-<br /> | i || ikú<br /> |-<br /> | í || i acún<br /> |-<br /> | j || ja<br /> |-<br /> | jh || jhe<br /> |-<br /> | j'h || aj'he<br /> |-<br /> | k || kã<br /> |-<br /> | kh || akhã<br /> |-<br /> | l || la<br /> |-<br /> | lh || lha<br /> |-<br /> | l'h || al'he<br /> |-<br /> | m || ma<br /> |-<br /> | mh || amhe<br /> |-<br /> | n || ne<br /> |-<br /> | nh || nhe<br /> |-<br /> | n'h|| an'he<br /> |-<br /> | o || okú<br /> |-<br /> | õ || o kamã<br /> |-<br /> | ó || o acún<br /> |-<br /> | p|| pu<br /> |-<br /> | ph || aphú<br /> |-<br /> | q || qu<br /> |-<br /> | qh || aqhú<br /> |-<br /> | r || ra<br /> |-<br /> | rh || arha<br /> |-<br /> | s|| se<br /> |-<br /> | sh || she<br /> |-<br /> | s'h || as'hé<br /> |-<br /> | t || tan<br /> |-<br /> | th || athan<br /> |-<br /> | u || ukú<br /> |-<br /> | ú||u acún<br /> |-<br /> | v || vãku<br /> |-<br /> | vh || vhãku<br /> |-<br /> | y|| yun<br /> |-<br /> | z || za<br /> |-<br /> | zh || azha<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Bilabial!!Labio-dental!!Alveolar!!Post-alveolar!!Palatal!!Velar!!Uvular!!Glottal<br /> |-<br /> |Nasal|| m /m/ || || n /n/ || || nh /ɲ/ || n /ŋ/ || || <br /> |-<br /> |Plosive || p /p/ b /b/ || || t /t/ d /d/ || || || k /k/ g /g/ ||q /q/ || <br /> |-<br /> |Affricate || || || c /t͡s/ || ch /t͡ʃ/ jh /d͡ʒ/ || || || || <br /> |-<br /> |Fricative || || f /f/ v /v/ || s /s/ z /z/ || sh /ʃ/ j /ʒ/ || || *(')h /x/ || || h /h/<br /> |-<br /> |Approximant || || || || || y /j/ || || || <br /> |-<br /> |Trill || || || r /r/ || || || || ||<br /> |-<br /> |Lateral app. || || || l /l/ || || || lh /ʎ/ || || <br /> |}<br /> *(')h- when h is after consonant it will be pronounced /x/. So in writing exist 2 groups. One is with apostrophe and other has no apostrophe. Group with apostrophe is: s'h, c'h, j'h, l'h and n'h. In other group are consonants that don't need an apostrophe because they can't make another sound. So s'h is written this way to avoid mixing with sh. But gh is written in this way becaus e g with h can't make another phoneme, like sh.<br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Front!! Central !! Back<br /> |-<br /> | Close || i, í /i/ || || u, ú /u/<br /> |-<br /> | Close-mid || e, é /e/ || || õ/ɤ/ o, ó /o/<br /> |-<br /> | Mid || || ã /ə/ || <br /> |-<br /> | Open || a, á /a/ || || <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Prosody===<br /> ====Stress====<br /> Stress is mainly on first place. The stress isn't on first place when a word has graphic accent, then the stress falls where an acute accent is found. Lees'hin has one accent, acute. Vowels can be short or long. A vowel is short if the following vowel isn't the same as proceeding vowel. A vowel is long if after a vowel comes the same vowel.<br /> <br /> ====Intonation====<br /> Intonation in Lees'hin is the same as in English.<br /> <br /> ===Phonotactics===<br /> &lt;!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, &quot;st&quot; is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset &quot;ng&quot; isn't. --&gt;<br /> In Lees'hin are permissible all combinations with h, eg, bh, ch, c'h, sh, s'h... All syllables must have at least one vowel. Nouns cannot end with a vowel.<br /> <br /> ==Morphology==<br /> &lt;!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --&gt;Lees'hin has 6 cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative, instrumenatal). Verbs are inflected through 2 numbers, 2 voices, 3 moods( indicative , subjunctive, imperative), 9 tenses in indicative, 5 in subjunctive and only 1 in imperative. Nouns differ from adjectives. Adjectives differ from verbs.<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Here are some example subcategories:<br /> <br /> Nouns<br /> As I said, Lees'hin has 6 cases. Also Lees'hin has 3 genders (maculine, feminine, neuter) and 3 declinations for each gender. First noun is masculine, the noun s'hon. As seen Lees'hin has no locative, so locative is found in accusative.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !!Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || s'hon || s'honii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || s'hone || s'honeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || s'hona || s'honaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative|| s'honat || s'honatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || s'hono || s'honoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental|| s'honot || s'honotii<br /> |}<br /> Second noun is feminine, the noun hõshejh <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || hõshejh || hõshejhii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || hõshejhe || hõshejheii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || hõshejhet || hõshejhetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || hõshejhon || hõshejhonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || hõshejhono || hõshejhonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || hõshejhonot || hõshejhonotii<br /> |}<br /> Third noun is neuter, the noun heemuõãat<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || heemuõãat|| heemuõãatii<br /> |- |<br /> | Genitive|| heemuõãate || heemuõãateii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || heemuõãati || heemuõãatiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || heemuõãatit || heemuõãatiti<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || heemuõãato || heemuõãatoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || heemuõãatot || heemuõãatotii<br /> |}<br /> Irregular declinations<br /> In Lees'hin also exist irregular declanations, there are 3 types of declination. <br /> First declination: r-declination, e.g. sujh(f)-bowl. This noun has irregular plural.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || sujh || sãchii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || sujher || sãcherii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || sujhra || sãchrii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || sãchrat || sãchratii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || sujhro || sãchroii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||sujhrot|| sãchrotii<br /> |}<br /> Second declination: k-declination, e.g. lhum(m)-owl<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || lhum || lhumii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || lhumka || lhumkaii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative|| lhumak || lhumakii<br /> |-<br /> |Accusative|| lhumakat || lhumakatii<br /> |-<br /> |Vocative || lhumo || lhumoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || lhumkot || lhumkotii<br /> |}<br /> Third declination:v-declination, e.g. jãkhan(m)-door<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| jãkhan || jãkhanii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || jãkhanve || jãkhanveii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative ||jãkhanav|| jãkhanavii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || jãkhanvat || jãkhanvatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || jãkhanvo || jãkhanvoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||jãkhanvot|| jãkhanvotii<br /> |}<br /> Pronouns<br /> Personal pronouns<br /> Lees'hin has 3 pronouns in singular and 3 in plural. Pronouns are diclined slightly different.<br /> First pronouns: nõhi(I) and soc’heches’hei(we) <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| nõhi || soc'heches'hei<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõhiim || soc'heches'heiim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõhia || soc'hes'heia<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||nõhiat || soc'ches'heiat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - || -<br /> |-<br /> |Instrumental || nõhiot || soc'heches'heiot<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Second pronoun: úbosh( you) and nol’halhujh(you)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !!Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || úbosh || nol'halhujh<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || úboshim || nol'halhujhim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative|| úbosha || nol'halhujha<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || úboshat || nol'halhujhat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative|| úbosho || nol'halhujho<br /> |-<br /> |Instrumental || úboshot || nol'halhujhot<br /> |}<br /> Third pronouns: nõbéheghelh (he), nhããmãadaõ(she) and nhãmadão(it)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Singular !! Masculine !! Feminine !! Neuter<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||nõbéheghelh ||nhããmãadaõ || nhãmadão<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive||nõbéheghelhim|| nhããmãadaõim || nhãmadãoim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõbéheghelha || nhããmãadaõet || nhãmadãoi<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõbéheghelhat || nhããmãadaõon || nhãmadãoit<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - ||- || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nõbéheghelhot || nhããmãadaõonot || nhãmadãoot<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun: teãbãõkhé(they)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Plural !! <br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || teãbãõkhéim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || teãbãõkhéa<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || teãbãõkhéat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental|| teãbãõkhéot<br /> |}<br /> Possessive pronouns<br /> Possessive pronouns are actually genitives of personal pronouns. These genitives become nominatives in declination.<br /> First person:nõhiim(my)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõhiim || nõhiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõhiime || nõhiimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõhiima || nõhiimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõhiimat || nõhiimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative|| nõhiimo || nõhiimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nõhiimot || nõhiimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõhiim || nõhiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõhiime|| nõhiimeii<br /> |- <br /> |Dative || nõhiimet || nõhiimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõhiimon || nõhiimon<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõhiimono || nõhiimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nõhiimonot || nõhiimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõhiim || nõhiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitives || nõhiime || nõhiimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõhiimi || nõhiimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative|| nõhiimit || nõhiimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõhiimo || nõhiimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental|| nõhiimot || nõhiimotii<br /> |}<br /> Second pronoun: úboshim(your)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||úboshim || úboshimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || úboshime|| úboshimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || úboshima || úboshimaii <br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || úboshimat|| úboshimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || úboshimo || úboshimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || úboshimot || úboshimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || úboshim || úboshimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || úboshime || úboshimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || úboshimet||úboshimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || úboshimon || úboshimonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || úboshimono || úboshimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || úboshimonot ||úboshimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Neuter!! Singular !! Singular<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || úboshim||úboshimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || úboshime || úboshimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || úboshimi || úboshimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || úboshimit || úboshimitii <br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || úboshimo || úboshimoii <br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||úboshimot || úboshimotii<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun: nõbéheghelhim(his)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõbéheghelhim || nõbéheghelhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõbéheghelhime ||nõbéheghelhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõbéheghelhima || nõbéheghelhimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||nõbéheghelhimat|| nõbéheghelhimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõbéheghelhimo ||nõbéheghelhimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nõbéheghelhimot || nõbéheghelhimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõbéheghelhim || nõbéheghelhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõbéheghelhime || nõbéheghelhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõbéheghelhimet || nõbéheghelhimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõbéheghelhimon || nõbéheghelhimonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõbéheghelhimono || nõbéheghelhimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumenatal || nõbéheghelhimonot || nõbéheghelhimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõbéheghelhim|| nõbéheghelhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõbéheghelhime || nõbéheghelhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõbéheghelhimi || nõbéheghelhimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõbéheghelhimit || nõbéheghelhimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõbéheghelhimo || nõbéheghelhimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumenatal || nõbéheghelhimot || nõbéheghelhimotii<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun:nhããmãadaõim(her)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhããmãadaõim|| nhããmãadaõimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhããmãadaõime || nhããmãadaõimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhããmãadaõima || nhããmãadaõimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhããmãadaõimat || nhããmãadaõimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhããmãadaõimo || nhããmãadaõimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhããmãadaõimot || nhããmãadaõimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||nhããmãadaõim || nhããmãadaõimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhããmãadaõime || nhããmãadaõimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhããmãadaõimet || nhããmãadaõimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhããmãadaõimon || nhããmãadaõimonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative|| nhããmãadaõimono || nhããmãadaõimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhããmãadaõimonot || nhããmãadaõimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhããmãadaõim || nhããmãadaõimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive ||nhããmãadaõime || nhããmãadaõimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhããmãadaõimi || nhããmãadaõimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhããmãadaõimit || nhããmãadaõimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhããmãadaõimo || nhããmãadaõimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhããmãadaõimot || nhããmãadaõimotii<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun:nhãmadãoim(its)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine''!! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhãmadãoim || nhãmadãoimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhãmadãoime || nhãmadãoimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhãmadãoima || nhãmadãoimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||nhãmadãoimat || nhãmadãoimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhãmadãoimo || nhãmadãoimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhãmadãoimot || nhãmadãoimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nomnative || nhãmadãoim|| nhãmadãoimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhãmadãoime|| nhãmadãoimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhãmadãoimet || nhãmadãoimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhãmadãoimon || nhãmadãoimonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhãmadãoimono || nhãmadãoimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhãmadãoimonot || nhãmadãoimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhãmadãoim || nhãmadãoimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhãmadãoime || nhãmadãoimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhãmadãoimi || nhãmadãoimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhãmadãoimit || nhãmadãoimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhãmadãoimo || nhãmadãoimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhãmadãoimot || nhãmadãoimotii<br /> |}<br /> First pronoun:soc'heches'heiim(our)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Maculine !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || soc'heches'heiim || soc'heches'heiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive ||soc'heches'heiime || soc'heches'heiimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || soc'heches'heiima || soc'heches'heiimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || soc'heches'heiimat||soc'heches'heiimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || soc'heches'heiimo || soc'heches'heiimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || soc'heches'heiimot || soc'heches'heiimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || soc'heches'heiim|| soc'heches'heiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || soc'heches'heiime ||soc'heches'heiimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || soc'heches'heiimet || soc'heches'heiimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || soc'heches'heiimon || soc'heches'heiimonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || soc'heches'heiimono || soc'heches'heiimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || soc'heches'heiimonot || soc'heches'heiimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative||soc'heches'heiim|| soc'heches'heiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || soc'heches'heiime || soc'heches'heiimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || soc'heches'heiimi || soc'heches'heiimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || soc'heches'heiimit || soc'heches'heiimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || soc'heches'heiimo || soc'heches'heiimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental||soc'heches'heiimot || soc'heches'heiimotii<br /> |}<br /> Second pronoun:nol'halhujhim (your)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nol'halhujhim ||nol'halhujhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nol'halhujhime|| nol'halhujhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nol'halhujhima || nol'halhujhimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nol'halhujhimat || nol'halhujhimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nol'halhujhimo || nol'halhujhimoii <br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nol'halhujhimot ||nol'halhujhimotii <br /> |}<br /> Adjectives<br /> Adjectives can end with a vowel or a consonant. Adjectives with a vowel have regular comparation, and with a consonant have irregular comparation.<br /> Adjectives are diclined like the noun that goes after.<br /> moní-beautiful<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Singular !! Maculine !! Feminine !! Neuter<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| moní ||moní || moní<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || moníe ||moníe || moníe<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || monía || moníet|| moníi<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || moníat ||moníon || moníit<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || monío || moníono || monío<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||moníot || moníonot ||moníot<br /> |-<br /> | Plural || <br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||moníii|| moníii || moníii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || moníeii|| moníeii || moníeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || moníaii || moníetii || moníiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||moníatii|| moníonii || moníitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || moníoii || moníonoii || moníoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || moníotii || moníonotii || moníotii<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> Other adjectives are diclined like adjective moní.<br /> Comparation<br /> Lees'hin has normally positive, comparative and superlative. Comparation can be regular or irregular.<br /> Regular comparation<br /> For comparative -r is added, e.g. monír (comparative of moní). Irrelugar comparative, e.g. ganõm( comparative of as'har-good)<br /> For superlative particle ka and comparative are added, e.g. ka monír or ka ganõm.<br /> Verbs<br /> Lees'hin verbs are inflected in numbers, moods and tenses. Every grammatical person has own suffix. One thing is special and that is infinitive. Infinitive in Lees'hin is thematic vowel +-eu. Basically Lees'hin verb consists of 2 parts, first is before -eu and second after, e.g. õnhak'''a-eu''', the root is õnhak, and infinitive is a-eu<br /> Regular conjugation:<br /> <br /> <br /> Adverbs<br /> Particles<br /> Derivational morphology<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Syntax==<br /> ===Constituent order===<br /> ===Noun phrase===<br /> ===Verb phrase===<br /> ===Sentence phrase===<br /> ===Dependent clauses===<br /> &lt;!-- etc. etc. --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Example texts==<br /> ==Other resources==<br /> &lt;!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Template area --&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]<br /> [[Category:Languages]]</div>

Julijanj https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Lees%27hin&diff=92814 2017-12-02T14:51:27Z

<p>Julijanj: /* Morphology */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> &lt;!-- <br /> <br /> This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br /> <br /> I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).<br /> II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)<br /> III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Introduction==<br /> Lees'hin (lees'hin s'hon) is lees'hinian language spoken in Democratic Republic of Lees'hin (Vas’ha Nhelhuk Lees’hin) by 48 000 native speakers. It was created in 2015. The language has no cognate with natural languages. I wanted to make some very strange language with strange vocubalary. And I made it, Lees'hin was my strange language. Also Lees'hin is intelligable with 2 other lees'hinian languages. They are Mihrulen and Basti.<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Example categories/headings: <br /> <br /> Goals<br /> Setting<br /> Inspiration<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- ***Phonology*** --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- What sounds does your language use? --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br /> <br /> Vowel inventory<br /> Consonant inventory<br /> Syllable structure<br /> Stress<br /> Intonation<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Orthography===<br /> Lees'hin orthography is special, because every letter except y has version with the letter h. For digraphs ch, sh, nh, lh and jh , version with h is c'h s'h, n'h, l'h and j'h.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Letter!! Name of letter<br /> |-<br /> | a || akú<br /> |-<br /> | ã || a kamã<br /> |-<br /> | á || a acún<br /> |-<br /> | b || bãh<br /> |-<br /> | bh || abhú<br /> |-<br /> | c || ca<br /> |-<br /> | ch || cha<br /> |-<br /> | c'h || ac'ha<br /> |-<br /> | d || da<br /> |-<br /> | dh||adhe <br /> |-<br /> | e|| ekú<br /> |-<br /> | é || e acún<br /> |-<br /> | f || fa<br /> |-<br /> | fh|| efhe<br /> |-<br /> | g || gu<br /> |-<br /> | gh|| aghe<br /> |-<br /> | h || hu<br /> |-<br /> | i || ikú<br /> |-<br /> | í || i acún<br /> |-<br /> | j || ja<br /> |-<br /> | jh || jhe<br /> |-<br /> | j'h || aj'he<br /> |-<br /> | k || kã<br /> |-<br /> | kh || akhã<br /> |-<br /> | l || la<br /> |-<br /> | lh || lha<br /> |-<br /> | l'h || al'he<br /> |-<br /> | m || ma<br /> |-<br /> | mh || amhe<br /> |-<br /> | n || ne<br /> |-<br /> | nh || nhe<br /> |-<br /> | n'h|| an'he<br /> |-<br /> | o || okú<br /> |-<br /> | õ || o kamã<br /> |-<br /> | ó || o acún<br /> |-<br /> | p|| pu<br /> |-<br /> | ph || aphú<br /> |-<br /> | q || qu<br /> |-<br /> | qh || aqhú<br /> |-<br /> | r || ra<br /> |-<br /> | rh || arha<br /> |-<br /> | s|| se<br /> |-<br /> | sh || she<br /> |-<br /> | s'h || as'hé<br /> |-<br /> | t || tan<br /> |-<br /> | th || athan<br /> |-<br /> | u || ukú<br /> |-<br /> | ú||u acún<br /> |-<br /> | v || vãku<br /> |-<br /> | vh || vhãku<br /> |-<br /> | y|| yun<br /> |-<br /> | z || za<br /> |-<br /> | zh || azha<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Bilabial!!Labio-dental!!Alveolar!!Post-alveolar!!Palatal!!Velar!!Uvular!!Glottal<br /> |-<br /> |Nasal|| m /m/ || || n /n/ || || nh /ɲ/ || n /ŋ/ || || <br /> |-<br /> |Plosive || p /p/ b /b/ || || t /t/ d /d/ || || || k /k/ g /g/ ||q /q/ || <br /> |-<br /> |Affricate || || || c /t͡s/ || ch /t͡ʃ/ jh /d͡ʒ/ || || || || <br /> |-<br /> |Fricative || || f /f/ v /v/ || s /s/ z /z/ || sh /ʃ/ j /ʒ/ || || *(')h /x/ || || h /h/<br /> |-<br /> |Approximant || || || || || y /j/ || || || <br /> |-<br /> |Trill || || || r /r/ || || || || ||<br /> |-<br /> |Lateral app. || || || l /l/ || || || lh /ʎ/ || || <br /> |}<br /> *(')h- when h is after consonant it will be pronounced /x/. So in writing exist 2 groups. One is with apostrophe and other has no apostrophe. Group with apostrophe is: s'h, c'h, j'h, l'h and n'h. In other group are consonants that don't need an apostrophe because they can't make another sound. So s'h is written this way to avoid mixing with sh. But gh is written in this way becaus e g with h can't make another phoneme, like sh.<br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Front!! Central !! Back<br /> |-<br /> | Close || i, í /i/ || || u, ú /u/<br /> |-<br /> | Close-mid || e, é /e/ || || õ/ɤ/ o, ó /o/<br /> |-<br /> | Mid || || ã /ə/ || <br /> |-<br /> | Open || a, á /a/ || || <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Prosody===<br /> ====Stress====<br /> Stress is mainly on first place. The stress isn't on first place when a word has graphic accent, then the stress falls where an acute accent is found. Lees'hin has one accent, acute. Vowels can be short or long. A vowel is short if the following vowel isn't the same as proceeding vowel. A vowel is long if after a vowel comes the same vowel.<br /> <br /> ====Intonation====<br /> Intonation in Lees'hin is the same as in English.<br /> <br /> ===Phonotactics===<br /> &lt;!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, &quot;st&quot; is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset &quot;ng&quot; isn't. --&gt;<br /> In Lees'hin are permissible all combinations with h, eg, bh, ch, c'h, sh, s'h... All syllables must have at least one vowel. Nouns cannot end with a vowel.<br /> <br /> ==Morphology==<br /> &lt;!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --&gt;Lees'hin has 6 cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative, instrumenatal). Verbs are inflected through 2 numbers, 2 voices, 3 moods( indicative , subjunctive, imperative), 9 tenses in indicative, 5 in subjunctive and only 1 in imperative. Nouns differ from adjectives. Adjectives differ from verbs.<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Here are some example subcategories:<br /> <br /> Nouns<br /> As I said, Lees'hin has 6 cases. Also Lees'hin has 3 genders (maculine, feminine, neuter) and 3 declinations for each gender. First noun is masculine, the noun s'hon. As seen Lees'hin has no locative, so locative is found in accusative.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !!Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || s'hon || s'honii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || s'hone || s'honeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || s'hona || s'honaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative|| s'honat || s'honatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || s'hono || s'honoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental|| s'honot || s'honotii<br /> |}<br /> Second noun is feminine, the noun hõshejh <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || hõshejh || hõshejhii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || hõshejhe || hõshejheii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || hõshejhet || hõshejhetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || hõshejhon || hõshejhonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || hõshejhono || hõshejhonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || hõshejhonot || hõshejhonotii<br /> |}<br /> Third noun is neuter, the noun heemuõãat<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || heemuõãat|| heemuõãatii<br /> |- |<br /> | Genitive|| heemuõãate || heemuõãateii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || heemuõãati || heemuõãatiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || heemuõãatit || heemuõãatiti<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || heemuõãato || heemuõãatoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || heemuõãatot || heemuõãatotii<br /> |}<br /> Irregular declinations<br /> In Lees'hin also exist irregular declanations, there are 3 types of declination. <br /> First declination: r-declination, e.g. sujh(f)-bowl. This noun has irregular plural.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || sujh || sãchii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || sujher || sãcherii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || sujhra || sãchrii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || sãchrat || sãchratii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || sujhro || sãchroii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||sujhrot|| sãchrotii<br /> |}<br /> Second declination: k-declination, e.g. lhum(m)-owl<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || lhum || lhumii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || lhumka || lhumkaii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative|| lhumak || lhumakii<br /> |-<br /> |Accusative|| lhumakat || lhumakatii<br /> |-<br /> |Vocative || lhumo || lhumoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || lhumkot || lhumkotii<br /> |}<br /> Third declination:v-declination, e.g. jãkhan(m)-door<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| jãkhan || jãkhanii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || jãkhanve || jãkhanveii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative ||jãkhanav|| jãkhanavii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || jãkhanvat || jãkhanvatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || jãkhanvo || jãkhanvoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||jãkhanvot|| jãkhanvotii<br /> |}<br /> Pronouns<br /> Personal pronouns<br /> Lees'hin has 3 pronouns in singular and 3 in plural. Pronouns are diclined slightly different.<br /> First pronouns: nõhi(I) and soc’heches’hei(we) <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| nõhi || soc'heches'hei<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõhiim || soc'heches'heiim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõhia || soc'hes'heia<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||nõhiat || soc'ches'heiat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - || -<br /> |-<br /> |Instrumental || nõhiot || soc'heches'heiot<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Second pronoun: úbosh( you) and nol’halhujh(you)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !!Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || úbosh || nol'halhujh<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || úboshim || nol'halhujhim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative|| úbosha || nol'halhujha<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || úboshat || nol'halhujhat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative|| úbosho || nol'halhujho<br /> |-<br /> |Instrumental || úboshot || nol'halhujhot<br /> |}<br /> Third pronouns: nõbéheghelh (he), nhããmãadaõ(she) and nhãmadão(it)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Singular !! Masculine !! Feminine !! Neuter<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||nõbéheghelh ||nhããmãadaõ || nhãmadão<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive||nõbéheghelhim|| nhããmãadaõim || nhãmadãoim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõbéheghelha || nhããmãadaõet || nhãmadãoi<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõbéheghelhat || nhããmãadaõon || nhãmadãoit<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - ||- || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nõbéheghelhot || nhããmãadaõonot || nhãmadãoot<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun: teãbãõkhé(they)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Plural !! <br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || teãbãõkhéim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || teãbãõkhéa<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || teãbãõkhéat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental|| teãbãõkhéot<br /> |}<br /> Possessive pronouns<br /> Possessive pronouns are actually genitives of personal pronouns. These genitives become nominatives in declination.<br /> First person:nõhiim(my)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõhiim || nõhiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõhiime || nõhiimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõhiima || nõhiimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõhiimat || nõhiimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative|| nõhiimo || nõhiimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nõhiimot || nõhiimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõhiim || nõhiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõhiime|| nõhiimeii<br /> |- <br /> |Dative || nõhiimet || nõhiimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõhiimon || nõhiimon<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõhiimono || nõhiimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nõhiimonot || nõhiimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõhiim || nõhiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitives || nõhiime || nõhiimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõhiimi || nõhiimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative|| nõhiimit || nõhiimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõhiimo || nõhiimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental|| nõhiimot || nõhiimotii<br /> |}<br /> Second pronoun: úboshim(your)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||úboshim || úboshimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || úboshime|| úboshimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || úboshima || úboshimaii <br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || úboshimat|| úboshimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || úboshimo || úboshimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || úboshimot || úboshimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || úboshim || úboshimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || úboshime || úboshimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || úboshimet||úboshimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || úboshimon || úboshimonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || úboshimono || úboshimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || úboshimonot ||úboshimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Neuter!! Singular !! Singular<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || úboshim||úboshimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || úboshime || úboshimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || úboshimi || úboshimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || úboshimit || úboshimitii <br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || úboshimo || úboshimoii <br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||úboshimot || úboshimotii<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun: nõbéheghelhim(his)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõbéheghelhim || nõbéheghelhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõbéheghelhime ||nõbéheghelhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõbéheghelhima || nõbéheghelhimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||nõbéheghelhimat|| nõbéheghelhimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõbéheghelhimo ||nõbéheghelhimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nõbéheghelhimot || nõbéheghelhimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõbéheghelhim || nõbéheghelhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõbéheghelhime || nõbéheghelhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõbéheghelhimet || nõbéheghelhimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõbéheghelhimon || nõbéheghelhimonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõbéheghelhimono || nõbéheghelhimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumenatal || nõbéheghelhimonot || nõbéheghelhimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõbéheghelhim|| nõbéheghelhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõbéheghelhime || nõbéheghelhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõbéheghelhimi || nõbéheghelhimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõbéheghelhimit || nõbéheghelhimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõbéheghelhimo || nõbéheghelhimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumenatal || nõbéheghelhimot || nõbéheghelhimotii<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun:nhããmãadaõim(her)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhããmãadaõim|| nhããmãadaõimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhããmãadaõime || nhããmãadaõimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhããmãadaõima || nhããmãadaõimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhããmãadaõimat || nhããmãadaõimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhããmãadaõimo || nhããmãadaõimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhããmãadaõimot || nhããmãadaõimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||nhããmãadaõim || nhããmãadaõimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhããmãadaõime || nhããmãadaõimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhããmãadaõimet || nhããmãadaõimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhããmãadaõimon || nhããmãadaõimonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative|| nhããmãadaõimono || nhããmãadaõimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhããmãadaõimonot || nhããmãadaõimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhããmãadaõim || nhããmãadaõimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive ||nhããmãadaõime || nhããmãadaõimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhããmãadaõimi || nhããmãadaõimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhããmãadaõimit || nhããmãadaõimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhããmãadaõimo || nhããmãadaõimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhããmãadaõimot || nhããmãadaõimotii<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun:nhãmadãoim(its)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine''!! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhãmadãoim || nhãmadãoimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhãmadãoime || nhãmadãoimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhãmadãoima || nhãmadãoimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||nhãmadãoimat || nhãmadãoimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhãmadãoimo || nhãmadãoimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhãmadãoimot || nhãmadãoimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nomnative || nhãmadãoim|| nhãmadãoimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhãmadãoime|| nhãmadãoimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhãmadãoimet || nhãmadãoimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhãmadãoimon || nhãmadãoimonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhãmadãoimono || nhãmadãoimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhãmadãoimonot || nhãmadãoimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhãmadãoim || nhãmadãoimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhãmadãoime || nhãmadãoimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhãmadãoimi || nhãmadãoimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhãmadãoimit || nhãmadãoimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhãmadãoimo || nhãmadãoimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhãmadãoimot || nhãmadãoimotii<br /> |}<br /> First pronoun:soc'heches'heiim(our)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Maculine !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Example || Example || Example<br /> |-<br /> | Example || Example || Example<br /> |-<br /> | Example || Example || Example<br /> |-<br /> | Example || Example || Example<br /> |-<br /> | Example || Example || Example<br /> |-<br /> | Example || Example || Example<br /> |}<br /> Adjectives<br /> Adjectives can end with a vowel or a consonant. Adjectives with a vowel have regular comparation, and with a consonant have irregular comparation.<br /> Adjectives are diclined like the noun that goes after.<br /> moní-beautiful<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Singular !! Maculine !! Feminine !! Neuter<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| moní ||moní || moní<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || moníe ||moníe || moníe<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || monía || moníet|| moníi<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || moníat ||moníon || moníit<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || monío || moníono || monío<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||moníot || moníonot ||moníot<br /> |-<br /> | Plural || <br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||moníii|| moníii || moníii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || moníeii|| moníeii || moníeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || moníaii || moníetii || moníiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||moníatii|| moníonii || moníitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || moníoii || moníonoii || moníoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || moníotii || moníonotii || moníotii<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> Other adjectives are diclined like adjective moní.<br /> Comparation<br /> Lees'hin has normally positive, comparative and superlative. Comparation can be regular or irregular.<br /> Regular comparation<br /> For comparative -r is added, e.g. monír (comparative of moní). Irrelugar comparative, e.g. ganõm( comparative of as'har-good)<br /> For superlative particle ka and comparative are added, e.g. ka monír or ka ganõm.<br /> Verbs<br /> Lees'hin verbs are inflected in numbers, moods and tenses. Every grammatical person has own suffix. One thing is special and that is infinitive. Infinitive in Lees'hin is thematic vowel +-eu. Basically Lees'hin verb consists of 2 parts, first is before -eu and second after, e.g. õnhak'''a-eu''', the root is õnhak, and infinitive is a-eu<br /> Regular conjugation:<br /> <br /> <br /> Adverbs<br /> Particles<br /> Derivational morphology<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Syntax==<br /> ===Constituent order===<br /> ===Noun phrase===<br /> ===Verb phrase===<br /> ===Sentence phrase===<br /> ===Dependent clauses===<br /> &lt;!-- etc. etc. --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Example texts==<br /> ==Other resources==<br /> &lt;!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Template area --&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]<br /> [[Category:Languages]]</div>

Julijanj https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Lees%27hin&diff=92317 2017-11-29T16:24:55Z

<p>Julijanj: /* Morphology */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> &lt;!-- <br /> <br /> This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br /> <br /> I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).<br /> II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)<br /> III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Introduction==<br /> Lees'hin (lees'hin s'hon) is lees'hinian language spoken in Democratic Republic of Lees'hin (Vas’ha Nhelhuk Lees’hin) by 48 000 native speakers. It was created in 2015. The language has no cognate with natural languages. I wanted to make some very strange language with strange vocubalary. And I made it, Lees'hin was my strange language. Also Lees'hin is intelligable with 2 other lees'hinian languages. They are Mihrulen and Basti.<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Example categories/headings: <br /> <br /> Goals<br /> Setting<br /> Inspiration<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- ***Phonology*** --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- What sounds does your language use? --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br /> <br /> Vowel inventory<br /> Consonant inventory<br /> Syllable structure<br /> Stress<br /> Intonation<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Orthography===<br /> Lees'hin orthography is special, because every letter except y has version with the letter h. For digraphs ch, sh, nh, lh and jh , version with h is c'h s'h, n'h, l'h and j'h.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Letter!! Name of letter<br /> |-<br /> | a || akú<br /> |-<br /> | ã || a kamã<br /> |-<br /> | á || a acún<br /> |-<br /> | b || bãh<br /> |-<br /> | bh || abhú<br /> |-<br /> | c || ca<br /> |-<br /> | ch || cha<br /> |-<br /> | c'h || ac'ha<br /> |-<br /> | d || da<br /> |-<br /> | dh||adhe <br /> |-<br /> | e|| ekú<br /> |-<br /> | é || e acún<br /> |-<br /> | f || fa<br /> |-<br /> | fh|| efhe<br /> |-<br /> | g || gu<br /> |-<br /> | gh|| aghe<br /> |-<br /> | h || hu<br /> |-<br /> | i || ikú<br /> |-<br /> | í || i acún<br /> |-<br /> | j || ja<br /> |-<br /> | jh || jhe<br /> |-<br /> | j'h || aj'he<br /> |-<br /> | k || kã<br /> |-<br /> | kh || akhã<br /> |-<br /> | l || la<br /> |-<br /> | lh || lha<br /> |-<br /> | l'h || al'he<br /> |-<br /> | m || ma<br /> |-<br /> | mh || amhe<br /> |-<br /> | n || ne<br /> |-<br /> | nh || nhe<br /> |-<br /> | n'h|| an'he<br /> |-<br /> | o || okú<br /> |-<br /> | õ || o kamã<br /> |-<br /> | ó || o acún<br /> |-<br /> | p|| pu<br /> |-<br /> | ph || aphú<br /> |-<br /> | q || qu<br /> |-<br /> | qh || aqhú<br /> |-<br /> | r || ra<br /> |-<br /> | rh || arha<br /> |-<br /> | s|| se<br /> |-<br /> | sh || she<br /> |-<br /> | s'h || as'hé<br /> |-<br /> | t || tan<br /> |-<br /> | th || athan<br /> |-<br /> | u || ukú<br /> |-<br /> | ú||u acún<br /> |-<br /> | v || vãku<br /> |-<br /> | vh || vhãku<br /> |-<br /> | y|| yun<br /> |-<br /> | z || za<br /> |-<br /> | zh || azha<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Bilabial!!Labio-dental!!Alveolar!!Post-alveolar!!Palatal!!Velar!!Uvular!!Glottal<br /> |-<br /> |Nasal|| m /m/ || || n /n/ || || nh /ɲ/ || n /ŋ/ || || <br /> |-<br /> |Plosive || p /p/ b /b/ || || t /t/ d /d/ || || || k /k/ g /g/ ||q /q/ || <br /> |-<br /> |Affricate || || || c /t͡s/ || ch /t͡ʃ/ jh /d͡ʒ/ || || || || <br /> |-<br /> |Fricative || || f /f/ v /v/ || s /s/ z /z/ || sh /ʃ/ j /ʒ/ || || *(')h /x/ || || h /h/<br /> |-<br /> |Approximant || || || || || y /j/ || || || <br /> |-<br /> |Trill || || || r /r/ || || || || ||<br /> |-<br /> |Lateral app. || || || l /l/ || || || lh /ʎ/ || || <br /> |}<br /> *(')h- when h is after consonant it will be pronounced /x/. So in writing exist 2 groups. One is with apostrophe and other has no apostrophe. Group with apostrophe is: s'h, c'h, j'h, l'h and n'h. In other group are consonants that don't need an apostrophe because they can't make another sound. So s'h is written this way to avoid mixing with sh. But gh is written in this way becaus e g with h can't make another phoneme, like sh.<br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Front!! Central !! Back<br /> |-<br /> | Close || i, í /i/ || || u, ú /u/<br /> |-<br /> | Close-mid || e, é /e/ || || õ/ɤ/ o, ó /o/<br /> |-<br /> | Mid || || ã /ə/ || <br /> |-<br /> | Open || a, á /a/ || || <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Prosody===<br /> ====Stress====<br /> Stress is mainly on first place. The stress isn't on first place when a word has graphic accent, then the stress falls where an acute accent is found. Lees'hin has one accent, acute. Vowels can be short or long. A vowel is short if the following vowel isn't the same as proceeding vowel. A vowel is long if after a vowel comes the same vowel.<br /> <br /> ====Intonation====<br /> Intonation in Lees'hin is the same as in English.<br /> <br /> ===Phonotactics===<br /> &lt;!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, &quot;st&quot; is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset &quot;ng&quot; isn't. --&gt;<br /> In Lees'hin are permissible all combinations with h, eg, bh, ch, c'h, sh, s'h... All syllables must have at least one vowel. Nouns cannot end with a vowel.<br /> <br /> ==Morphology==<br /> &lt;!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --&gt;Lees'hin has 6 cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative, instrumenatal). Verbs are inflected through 2 numbers, 2 voices, 3 moods( indicative , subjunctive, imperative), 9 tenses in indicative, 5 in subjunctive and only 1 in imperative. Nouns differ from adjectives. Adjectives differ from verbs.<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Here are some example subcategories:<br /> <br /> Nouns<br /> As I said, Lees'hin has 6 cases. Also Lees'hin has 3 genders (maculine, feminine, neuter) and 3 declinations for each gender. First noun is masculine, the noun s'hon. As seen Lees'hin has no locative, so locative is found in accusative.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !!Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || s'hon || s'honii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || s'hone || s'honeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || s'hona || s'honaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative|| s'honat || s'honatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || s'hono || s'honoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental|| s'honot || s'honotii<br /> |}<br /> Second noun is feminine, the noun hõshejh <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || hõshejh || hõshejhii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || hõshejhe || hõshejheii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || hõshejhet || hõshejhetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || hõshejhon || hõshejhonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || hõshejhono || hõshejhonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || hõshejhonot || hõshejhonotii<br /> |}<br /> Third noun is neuter, the noun heemuõãat<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || heemuõãat|| heemuõãatii<br /> |- |<br /> | Genitive|| heemuõãate || heemuõãateii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || heemuõãati || heemuõãatiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || heemuõãatit || heemuõãatiti<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || heemuõãato || heemuõãatoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || heemuõãatot || heemuõãatotii<br /> |}<br /> Irregular declinations<br /> In Lees'hin also exist irregular declanations, there are 3 types of declination. <br /> First declination: r-declination, e.g. sujh(f)-bowl. This noun has irregular plural.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || sujh || sãchii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || sujher || sãcherii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || sujhra || sãchrii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || sãchrat || sãchratii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || sujhro || sãchroii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||sujhrot|| sãchrotii<br /> |}<br /> Second declination: k-declination, e.g. lhum(m)-owl<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || lhum || lhumii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || lhumka || lhumkaii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative|| lhumak || lhumakii<br /> |-<br /> |Accusative|| lhumakat || lhumakatii<br /> |-<br /> |Vocative || lhumo || lhumoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || lhumkot || lhumkotii<br /> |}<br /> Third declination:v-declination, e.g. jãkhan(m)-door<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| jãkhan || jãkhanii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || jãkhanve || jãkhanveii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative ||jãkhanav|| jãkhanavii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || jãkhanvat || jãkhanvatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || jãkhanvo || jãkhanvoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||jãkhanvot|| jãkhanvotii<br /> |}<br /> Pronouns<br /> Personal pronouns<br /> Lees'hin has 3 pronouns in singular and 3 in plural. Pronouns are diclined slightly different.<br /> First pronouns: nõhi(I) and soc’heches’hei(we) <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| nõhi || soc'heches'hei<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõhiim || soc'heches'heiim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõhia || soc'hes'heia<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||nõhiat || soc'ches'heiat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - || -<br /> |-<br /> |Instrumental || nõhiot || soc'heches'heiot<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Second pronoun: úbosh( you) and nol’halhujh(you)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !!Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || úbosh || nol'halhujh<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || úboshim || nol'halhujhim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative|| úbosha || nol'halhujha<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || úboshat || nol'halhujhat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative|| úbosho || nol'halhujho<br /> |-<br /> |Instrumental || úboshot || nol'halhujhot<br /> |}<br /> Third pronouns: nõbéheghelh (he), nhããmãadaõ(she) and nhãmadão(it)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Singular !! Masculine !! Feminine !! Neuter<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||nõbéheghelh ||nhããmãadaõ || nhãmadão<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive||nõbéheghelhim|| nhããmãadaõim || nhãmadãoim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõbéheghelha || nhããmãadaõet || nhãmadãoi<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõbéheghelhat || nhããmãadaõon || nhãmadãoit<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - ||- || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nõbéheghelhot || nhããmãadaõonot || nhãmadãoot<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun: teãbãõkhé(they)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Plural !! <br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || teãbãõkhéim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || teãbãõkhéa<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || teãbãõkhéat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental|| teãbãõkhéot<br /> |}<br /> Possessive pronouns<br /> Possessive pronouns are actually genitives of personal pronouns. These genitives become nominatives in declination.<br /> First person:nõhiim(my)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõhiim || nõhiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõhiime || nõhiimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõhiima || nõhiimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõhiimat || nõhiimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative|| nõhiimo || nõhiimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nõhiimot || nõhiimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõhiim || nõhiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõhiime|| nõhiimeii<br /> |- <br /> |Dative || nõhiimet || nõhiimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõhiimon || nõhiimon<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõhiimono || nõhiimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nõhiimonot || nõhiimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõhiim || nõhiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitives || nõhiime || nõhiimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõhiimi || nõhiimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative|| nõhiimit || nõhiimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõhiimo || nõhiimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental|| nõhiimot || nõhiimotii<br /> |}<br /> Second pronoun: úboshim(your)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||úboshim || úboshimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || úboshime|| úboshimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || úboshima || úboshimaii <br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || úboshimat|| úboshimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || úboshimo || úboshimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || úboshimot || úboshimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || úboshim || úboshimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || úboshime || úboshimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || úboshimet||úboshimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || úboshimon || úboshimonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || úboshimono || úboshimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || úboshimonot ||úboshimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Neuter!! Singular !! Singular<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || úboshim||úboshimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || úboshime || úboshimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || úboshimi || úboshimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || úboshimit || úboshimitii <br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || úboshimo || úboshimoii <br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||úboshimot || úboshimotii<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun: nõbéheghelhim(his)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõbéheghelhim || nõbéheghelhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõbéheghelhime ||nõbéheghelhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõbéheghelhima || nõbéheghelhimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||nõbéheghelhimat|| nõbéheghelhimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõbéheghelhimo ||nõbéheghelhimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nõbéheghelhimot || nõbéheghelhimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõbéheghelhim || nõbéheghelhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõbéheghelhime || nõbéheghelhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõbéheghelhimet || nõbéheghelhimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõbéheghelhimon || nõbéheghelhimonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõbéheghelhimono || nõbéheghelhimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumenatal || nõbéheghelhimonot || nõbéheghelhimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõbéheghelhim|| nõbéheghelhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõbéheghelhime || nõbéheghelhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõbéheghelhimi || nõbéheghelhimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõbéheghelhimit || nõbéheghelhimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõbéheghelhimo || nõbéheghelhimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumenatal || nõbéheghelhimot || nõbéheghelhimotii<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun:nhããmãadaõim(her)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nhããmãadaõim|| nhããmãadaõimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nhããmãadaõime || nhããmãadaõimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nhããmãadaõima || nhããmãadaõimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nhããmãadaõimat || nhããmãadaõimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nhããmãadaõimo || nhããmãadaõimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nhããmãadaõimot || nhããmãadaõimotii<br /> |}<br /> Adjectives<br /> Adjectives can end with a vowel or a consonant. Adjectives with a vowel have regular comparation, and with a consonant have irregular comparation.<br /> Adjectives are diclined like the noun that goes after.<br /> moní-beautiful<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Singular !! Maculine !! Feminine !! Neuter<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| moní ||moní || moní<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || moníe ||moníe || moníe<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || monía || moníet|| moníi<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || moníat ||moníon || moníit<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || monío || moníono || monío<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||moníot || moníonot ||moníot<br /> |-<br /> | Plural || <br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||moníii|| moníii || moníii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || moníeii|| moníeii || moníeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || moníaii || moníetii || moníiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||moníatii|| moníonii || moníitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || moníoii || moníonoii || moníoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || moníotii || moníonotii || moníotii<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> Other adjectives are diclined like adjective moní.<br /> Comparation<br /> Lees'hin has normally positive, comparative and superlative. Comparation can be regular or irregular.<br /> Regular comparation<br /> For comparative -r is added, e.g. monír (comparative of moní). Irrelugar comparative, e.g. ganõm( comparative of as'har-good)<br /> For superlative particle ka and comparative are added, e.g. ka monír or ka ganõm.<br /> Verbs<br /> Lees'hin verbs are inflected in numbers, moods and tenses. Every grammatical person has own suffix. One thing is special and that is infinitive. Infinitive in Lees'hin is thematic vowel +-eu. Basically Lees'hin verb consists of 2 parts, first is before -eu and second after, e.g. õnhak'''a-eu''', the root is õnhak, and infinitive is a-eu<br /> Regular conjugation:<br /> <br /> <br /> Adverbs<br /> Particles<br /> Derivational morphology<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Syntax==<br /> ===Constituent order===<br /> ===Noun phrase===<br /> ===Verb phrase===<br /> ===Sentence phrase===<br /> ===Dependent clauses===<br /> &lt;!-- etc. etc. --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Example texts==<br /> ==Other resources==<br /> &lt;!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Template area --&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]<br /> [[Category:Languages]]</div>

Julijanj https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Lees%27hin&diff=91916 2017-11-26T23:28:22Z

<p>Julijanj: /* Morphology */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> &lt;!-- <br /> <br /> This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br /> <br /> I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).<br /> II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)<br /> III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Introduction==<br /> Lees'hin (lees'hin s'hon) is lees'hinian language spoken in Democratic Republic of Lees'hin (Vas’ha Nhelhuk Lees’hin) by 48 000 native speakers. It was created in 2015. The language has no cognate with natural languages. I wanted to make some very strange language with strange vocubalary. And I made it, Lees'hin was my strange language. Also Lees'hin is intelligable with 2 other lees'hinian languages. They are Mihrulen and Basti.<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Example categories/headings: <br /> <br /> Goals<br /> Setting<br /> Inspiration<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- ***Phonology*** --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- What sounds does your language use? --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br /> <br /> Vowel inventory<br /> Consonant inventory<br /> Syllable structure<br /> Stress<br /> Intonation<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Orthography===<br /> Lees'hin orthography is special, because every letter except y has version with the letter h. For digraphs ch, sh, nh, lh and jh , version with h is c'h s'h, n'h, l'h and j'h.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Letter!! Name of letter<br /> |-<br /> | a || akú<br /> |-<br /> | ã || a kamã<br /> |-<br /> | á || a acún<br /> |-<br /> | b || bãh<br /> |-<br /> | bh || abhú<br /> |-<br /> | c || ca<br /> |-<br /> | ch || cha<br /> |-<br /> | c'h || ac'ha<br /> |-<br /> | d || da<br /> |-<br /> | dh||adhe <br /> |-<br /> | e|| ekú<br /> |-<br /> | é || e acún<br /> |-<br /> | f || fa<br /> |-<br /> | fh|| efhe<br /> |-<br /> | g || gu<br /> |-<br /> | gh|| aghe<br /> |-<br /> | h || hu<br /> |-<br /> | i || ikú<br /> |-<br /> | í || i acún<br /> |-<br /> | j || ja<br /> |-<br /> | jh || jhe<br /> |-<br /> | j'h || aj'he<br /> |-<br /> | k || kã<br /> |-<br /> | kh || akhã<br /> |-<br /> | l || la<br /> |-<br /> | lh || lha<br /> |-<br /> | l'h || al'he<br /> |-<br /> | m || ma<br /> |-<br /> | mh || amhe<br /> |-<br /> | n || ne<br /> |-<br /> | nh || nhe<br /> |-<br /> | n'h|| an'he<br /> |-<br /> | o || okú<br /> |-<br /> | õ || o kamã<br /> |-<br /> | ó || o acún<br /> |-<br /> | p|| pu<br /> |-<br /> | ph || aphú<br /> |-<br /> | q || qu<br /> |-<br /> | qh || aqhú<br /> |-<br /> | r || ra<br /> |-<br /> | rh || arha<br /> |-<br /> | s|| se<br /> |-<br /> | sh || she<br /> |-<br /> | s'h || as'hé<br /> |-<br /> | t || tan<br /> |-<br /> | th || athan<br /> |-<br /> | u || ukú<br /> |-<br /> | ú||u acún<br /> |-<br /> | v || vãku<br /> |-<br /> | vh || vhãku<br /> |-<br /> | y|| yun<br /> |-<br /> | z || za<br /> |-<br /> | zh || azha<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Bilabial!!Labio-dental!!Alveolar!!Post-alveolar!!Palatal!!Velar!!Uvular!!Glottal<br /> |-<br /> |Nasal|| m /m/ || || n /n/ || || nh /ɲ/ || n /ŋ/ || || <br /> |-<br /> |Plosive || p /p/ b /b/ || || t /t/ d /d/ || || || k /k/ g /g/ ||q /q/ || <br /> |-<br /> |Affricate || || || c /t͡s/ || ch /t͡ʃ/ jh /d͡ʒ/ || || || || <br /> |-<br /> |Fricative || || f /f/ v /v/ || s /s/ z /z/ || sh /ʃ/ j /ʒ/ || || *(')h /x/ || || h /h/<br /> |-<br /> |Approximant || || || || || y /j/ || || || <br /> |-<br /> |Trill || || || r /r/ || || || || ||<br /> |-<br /> |Lateral app. || || || l /l/ || || || lh /ʎ/ || || <br /> |}<br /> *(')h- when h is after consonant it will be pronounced /x/. So in writing exist 2 groups. One is with apostrophe and other has no apostrophe. Group with apostrophe is: s'h, c'h, j'h, l'h and n'h. In other group are consonants that don't need an apostrophe because they can't make another sound. So s'h is written this way to avoid mixing with sh. But gh is written in this way becaus e g with h can't make another phoneme, like sh.<br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Front!! Central !! Back<br /> |-<br /> | Close || i, í /i/ || || u, ú /u/<br /> |-<br /> | Close-mid || e, é /e/ || || õ/ɤ/ o, ó /o/<br /> |-<br /> | Mid || || ã /ə/ || <br /> |-<br /> | Open || a, á /a/ || || <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Prosody===<br /> ====Stress====<br /> Stress is mainly on first place. The stress isn't on first place when a word has graphic accent, then the stress falls where an acute accent is found. Lees'hin has one accent, acute. Vowels can be short or long. A vowel is short if the following vowel isn't the same as proceeding vowel. A vowel is long if after a vowel comes the same vowel.<br /> <br /> ====Intonation====<br /> Intonation in Lees'hin is the same as in English.<br /> <br /> ===Phonotactics===<br /> &lt;!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, &quot;st&quot; is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset &quot;ng&quot; isn't. --&gt;<br /> In Lees'hin are permissible all combinations with h, eg, bh, ch, c'h, sh, s'h... All syllables must have at least one vowel. Nouns cannot end with a vowel.<br /> <br /> ==Morphology==<br /> &lt;!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --&gt;Lees'hin has 6 cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative, instrumenatal). Verbs are inflected through 2 numbers, 2 voices, 3 moods( indicative , subjunctive, imperative), 9 tenses in indicative, 5 in subjunctive and only 1 in imperative. Nouns differ from adjectives. Adjectives differ from verbs.<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Here are some example subcategories:<br /> <br /> Nouns<br /> As I said, Lees'hin has 6 cases. Also Lees'hin has 3 genders (maculine, feminine, neuter) and 3 declinations for each gender. First noun is masculine, the noun s'hon. As seen Lees'hin has no locative, so locative is found in accusative.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !!Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || s'hon || s'honii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || s'hone || s'honeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || s'hona || s'honaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative|| s'honat || s'honatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || s'hono || s'honoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental|| s'honot || s'honotii<br /> |}<br /> Second noun is feminine, the noun hõshejh <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || hõshejh || hõshejhii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || hõshejhe || hõshejheii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || hõshejhet || hõshejhetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || hõshejhon || hõshejhonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || hõshejhono || hõshejhonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || hõshejhonot || hõshejhonotii<br /> |}<br /> Third noun is neuter, the noun heemuõãat<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || heemuõãat|| heemuõãatii<br /> |- |<br /> | Genitive|| heemuõãate || heemuõãateii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || heemuõãati || heemuõãatiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || heemuõãatit || heemuõãatiti<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || heemuõãato || heemuõãatoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || heemuõãatot || heemuõãatotii<br /> |}<br /> Irregular declinations<br /> In Lees'hin also exist irregular declanations, there are 3 types of declination. <br /> First declination: r-declination, e.g. sujh(f)-bowl. This noun has irregular plural.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || sujh || sãchii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || sujher || sãcherii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || sujhra || sãchrii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || sãchrat || sãchratii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || sujhro || sãchroii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||sujhrot|| sãchrotii<br /> |}<br /> Second declination: k-declination, e.g. lhum(m)-owl<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || lhum || lhumii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || lhumka || lhumkaii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative|| lhumak || lhumakii<br /> |-<br /> |Accusative|| lhumakat || lhumakatii<br /> |-<br /> |Vocative || lhumo || lhumoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || lhumkot || lhumkotii<br /> |}<br /> Third declination:v-declination, e.g. jãkhan(m)-door<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| jãkhan || jãkhanii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || jãkhanve || jãkhanveii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative ||jãkhanav|| jãkhanavii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || jãkhanvat || jãkhanvatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || jãkhanvo || jãkhanvoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||jãkhanvot|| jãkhanvotii<br /> |}<br /> Pronouns<br /> Personal pronouns<br /> Lees'hin has 3 pronouns in singular and 3 in plural. Pronouns are diclined slightly different.<br /> First pronouns: nõhi(I) and soc’heches’hei(we) <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| nõhi || soc'heches'hei<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõhiim || soc'heches'heiim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõhia || soc'hes'heia<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||nõhiat || soc'ches'heiat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - || -<br /> |-<br /> |Instrumental || nõhiot || soc'heches'heiot<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Second pronoun: úbosh( you) and nol’halhujh(you)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !!Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || úbosh || nol'halhujh<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || úboshim || nol'halhujhim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative|| úbosha || nol'halhujha<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || úboshat || nol'halhujhat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative|| úbosho || nol'halhujho<br /> |-<br /> |Instrumental || úboshot || nol'halhujhot<br /> |}<br /> Third pronouns: nõbéheghelh (he), nhããmãadaõ(she) and nhãmadão(it)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Singular !! Masculine !! Feminine !! Neuter<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||nõbéheghelh ||nhããmãadaõ || nhãmadão<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive||nõbéheghelhim|| nhããmãadaõim || nhãmadãoim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõbéheghelha || nhããmãadaõet || nhãmadãoi<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõbéheghelhat || nhããmãadaõon || nhãmadãoit<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - ||- || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nõbéheghelhot || nhããmãadaõonot || nhãmadãoot<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun: teãbãõkhé(they)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Plural !! <br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || teãbãõkhéim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || teãbãõkhéa<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || teãbãõkhéat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental|| teãbãõkhéot<br /> |}<br /> Possessive pronouns<br /> Possessive pronouns are actually genitives of personal pronouns. These genitives become nominatives in declination.<br /> First person:nõhiim(my)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõhiim || nõhiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõhiime || nõhiimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõhiima || nõhiimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõhiimat || nõhiimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative|| nõhiimo || nõhiimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nõhiimot || nõhiimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõhiim || nõhiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõhiime|| nõhiimeii<br /> |- <br /> |Dative || nõhiimet || nõhiimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõhiimon || nõhiimon<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõhiimono || nõhiimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nõhiimonot || nõhiimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõhiim || nõhiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitives || nõhiime || nõhiimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõhiimi || nõhiimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative|| nõhiimit || nõhiimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõhiimo || nõhiimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental|| nõhiimot || nõhiimotii<br /> |}<br /> Second pronoun: úboshim(your)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||úboshim || úboshimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || úboshime|| úboshimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || úboshima || úboshimaii <br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || úboshimat|| úboshimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || úboshimo || úboshimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || úboshimot || úboshimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || úboshim || úboshimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || úboshime || úboshimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || úboshimet||úboshimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || úboshimon || úboshimonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || úboshimono || úboshimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || úboshimonot ||úboshimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Neuter!! Singular !! Singular<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || úboshim||úboshimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || úboshime || úboshimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || úboshimi || úboshimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || úboshimit || úboshimitii <br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || úboshimo || úboshimoii <br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||úboshimot || úboshimotii<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun: nõbéheghelhim(his)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõbéheghelhim || nõbéheghelhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõbéheghelhime ||nõbéheghelhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõbéheghelhima || nõbéheghelhimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||nõbéheghelhimat|| nõbéheghelhimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõbéheghelhimo ||nõbéheghelhimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nõbéheghelhimot || nõbéheghelhimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõbéheghelhim || nõbéheghelhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõbéheghelhime || nõbéheghelhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõbéheghelhimet || nõbéheghelhimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõbéheghelhimon || nõbéheghelhimonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõbéheghelhimono || nõbéheghelhimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumenatal || nõbéheghelhimonot || nõbéheghelhimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõbéheghelhim|| nõbéheghelhimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõbéheghelhime || nõbéheghelhimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõbéheghelhimi || nõbéheghelhimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõbéheghelhimit || nõbéheghelhimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõbéheghelhimo || nõbéheghelhimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumenatal || nõbéheghelhimot || nõbéheghelhimotii<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun:nhããmãadaõim(her)<br /> Adjectives<br /> Adjectives can end with a vowel or a consonant. Adjectives with a vowel have regular comparation, and with a consonant have irregular comparation.<br /> Adjectives are diclined like the noun that goes after.<br /> moní-beautiful<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Singular !! Maculine !! Feminine !! Neuter<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| moní ||moní || moní<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || moníe ||moníe || moníe<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || monía || moníet|| moníi<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || moníat ||moníon || moníit<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || monío || moníono || monío<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||moníot || moníonot ||moníot<br /> |-<br /> | Plural || <br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||moníii|| moníii || moníii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || moníeii|| moníeii || moníeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || moníaii || moníetii || moníiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||moníatii|| moníonii || moníitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || moníoii || moníonoii || moníoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || moníotii || moníonotii || moníotii<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> Other adjectives are diclined like adjective moní.<br /> Comparation<br /> Lees'hin has normally positive, comparative and superlative. Comparation can be regular or irregular.<br /> Regular comparation<br /> For comparative -r is added, e.g. monír (comparative of moní). Irrelugar comparative, e.g. ganõm( comparative of as'har-good)<br /> For superlative particle ka and comparative are added, e.g. ka monír or ka ganõm.<br /> Verbs<br /> Lees'hin verbs are inflected in numbers, moods and tenses. Every grammatical person has own suffix. One thing is special and that is infinitive. Infinitive in Lees'hin is thematic vowel +-eu. Basically Lees'hin verb consists of 2 parts, first is before -eu and second after, e.g. õnhak'''a-eu''', the root is õnhak, and infinitive is a-eu<br /> Regular conjugation:<br /> <br /> <br /> Adverbs<br /> Particles<br /> Derivational morphology<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Syntax==<br /> ===Constituent order===<br /> ===Noun phrase===<br /> ===Verb phrase===<br /> ===Sentence phrase===<br /> ===Dependent clauses===<br /> &lt;!-- etc. etc. --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Example texts==<br /> ==Other resources==<br /> &lt;!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Template area --&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]<br /> [[Category:Languages]]</div>

Julijanj https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Lees%27hin&diff=91906 2017-11-26T23:03:10Z

<p>Julijanj: /* Morphology */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> &lt;!-- <br /> <br /> This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br /> <br /> I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).<br /> II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)<br /> III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Introduction==<br /> Lees'hin (lees'hin s'hon) is lees'hinian language spoken in Democratic Republic of Lees'hin (Vas’ha Nhelhuk Lees’hin) by 48 000 native speakers. It was created in 2015. The language has no cognate with natural languages. I wanted to make some very strange language with strange vocubalary. And I made it, Lees'hin was my strange language. Also Lees'hin is intelligable with 2 other lees'hinian languages. They are Mihrulen and Basti.<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Example categories/headings: <br /> <br /> Goals<br /> Setting<br /> Inspiration<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- ***Phonology*** --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- What sounds does your language use? --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br /> <br /> Vowel inventory<br /> Consonant inventory<br /> Syllable structure<br /> Stress<br /> Intonation<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Orthography===<br /> Lees'hin orthography is special, because every letter except y has version with the letter h. For digraphs ch, sh, nh, lh and jh , version with h is c'h s'h, n'h, l'h and j'h.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Letter!! Name of letter<br /> |-<br /> | a || akú<br /> |-<br /> | ã || a kamã<br /> |-<br /> | á || a acún<br /> |-<br /> | b || bãh<br /> |-<br /> | bh || abhú<br /> |-<br /> | c || ca<br /> |-<br /> | ch || cha<br /> |-<br /> | c'h || ac'ha<br /> |-<br /> | d || da<br /> |-<br /> | dh||adhe <br /> |-<br /> | e|| ekú<br /> |-<br /> | é || e acún<br /> |-<br /> | f || fa<br /> |-<br /> | fh|| efhe<br /> |-<br /> | g || gu<br /> |-<br /> | gh|| aghe<br /> |-<br /> | h || hu<br /> |-<br /> | i || ikú<br /> |-<br /> | í || i acún<br /> |-<br /> | j || ja<br /> |-<br /> | jh || jhe<br /> |-<br /> | j'h || aj'he<br /> |-<br /> | k || kã<br /> |-<br /> | kh || akhã<br /> |-<br /> | l || la<br /> |-<br /> | lh || lha<br /> |-<br /> | l'h || al'he<br /> |-<br /> | m || ma<br /> |-<br /> | mh || amhe<br /> |-<br /> | n || ne<br /> |-<br /> | nh || nhe<br /> |-<br /> | n'h|| an'he<br /> |-<br /> | o || okú<br /> |-<br /> | õ || o kamã<br /> |-<br /> | ó || o acún<br /> |-<br /> | p|| pu<br /> |-<br /> | ph || aphú<br /> |-<br /> | q || qu<br /> |-<br /> | qh || aqhú<br /> |-<br /> | r || ra<br /> |-<br /> | rh || arha<br /> |-<br /> | s|| se<br /> |-<br /> | sh || she<br /> |-<br /> | s'h || as'hé<br /> |-<br /> | t || tan<br /> |-<br /> | th || athan<br /> |-<br /> | u || ukú<br /> |-<br /> | ú||u acún<br /> |-<br /> | v || vãku<br /> |-<br /> | vh || vhãku<br /> |-<br /> | y|| yun<br /> |-<br /> | z || za<br /> |-<br /> | zh || azha<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Bilabial!!Labio-dental!!Alveolar!!Post-alveolar!!Palatal!!Velar!!Uvular!!Glottal<br /> |-<br /> |Nasal|| m /m/ || || n /n/ || || nh /ɲ/ || n /ŋ/ || || <br /> |-<br /> |Plosive || p /p/ b /b/ || || t /t/ d /d/ || || || k /k/ g /g/ ||q /q/ || <br /> |-<br /> |Affricate || || || c /t͡s/ || ch /t͡ʃ/ jh /d͡ʒ/ || || || || <br /> |-<br /> |Fricative || || f /f/ v /v/ || s /s/ z /z/ || sh /ʃ/ j /ʒ/ || || *(')h /x/ || || h /h/<br /> |-<br /> |Approximant || || || || || y /j/ || || || <br /> |-<br /> |Trill || || || r /r/ || || || || ||<br /> |-<br /> |Lateral app. || || || l /l/ || || || lh /ʎ/ || || <br /> |}<br /> *(')h- when h is after consonant it will be pronounced /x/. So in writing exist 2 groups. One is with apostrophe and other has no apostrophe. Group with apostrophe is: s'h, c'h, j'h, l'h and n'h. In other group are consonants that don't need an apostrophe because they can't make another sound. So s'h is written this way to avoid mixing with sh. But gh is written in this way becaus e g with h can't make another phoneme, like sh.<br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Front!! Central !! Back<br /> |-<br /> | Close || i, í /i/ || || u, ú /u/<br /> |-<br /> | Close-mid || e, é /e/ || || õ/ɤ/ o, ó /o/<br /> |-<br /> | Mid || || ã /ə/ || <br /> |-<br /> | Open || a, á /a/ || || <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Prosody===<br /> ====Stress====<br /> Stress is mainly on first place. The stress isn't on first place when a word has graphic accent, then the stress falls where an acute accent is found. Lees'hin has one accent, acute. Vowels can be short or long. A vowel is short if the following vowel isn't the same as proceeding vowel. A vowel is long if after a vowel comes the same vowel.<br /> <br /> ====Intonation====<br /> Intonation in Lees'hin is the same as in English.<br /> <br /> ===Phonotactics===<br /> &lt;!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, &quot;st&quot; is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset &quot;ng&quot; isn't. --&gt;<br /> In Lees'hin are permissible all combinations with h, eg, bh, ch, c'h, sh, s'h... All syllables must have at least one vowel. Nouns cannot end with a vowel.<br /> <br /> ==Morphology==<br /> &lt;!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --&gt;Lees'hin has 6 cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative, instrumenatal). Verbs are inflected through 2 numbers, 2 voices, 3 moods( indicative , subjunctive, imperative), 9 tenses in indicative, 5 in subjunctive and only 1 in imperative. Nouns differ from adjectives. Adjectives differ from verbs.<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Here are some example subcategories:<br /> <br /> Nouns<br /> As I said, Lees'hin has 6 cases. Also Lees'hin has 3 genders (maculine, feminine, neuter) and 3 declinations for each gender. First noun is masculine, the noun s'hon. As seen Lees'hin has no locative, so locative is found in accusative.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !!Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || s'hon || s'honii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || s'hone || s'honeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || s'hona || s'honaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative|| s'honat || s'honatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || s'hono || s'honoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental|| s'honot || s'honotii<br /> |}<br /> Second noun is feminine, the noun hõshejh <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || hõshejh || hõshejhii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || hõshejhe || hõshejheii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || hõshejhet || hõshejhetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || hõshejhon || hõshejhonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || hõshejhono || hõshejhonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || hõshejhonot || hõshejhonotii<br /> |}<br /> Third noun is neuter, the noun heemuõãat<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || heemuõãat|| heemuõãatii<br /> |- |<br /> | Genitive|| heemuõãate || heemuõãateii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || heemuõãati || heemuõãatiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || heemuõãatit || heemuõãatiti<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || heemuõãato || heemuõãatoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || heemuõãatot || heemuõãatotii<br /> |}<br /> Irregular declinations<br /> In Lees'hin also exist irregular declanations, there are 3 types of declination. <br /> First declination: r-declination, e.g. sujh(f)-bowl. This noun has irregular plural.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || sujh || sãchii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || sujher || sãcherii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || sujhra || sãchrii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || sãchrat || sãchratii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || sujhro || sãchroii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||sujhrot|| sãchrotii<br /> |}<br /> Second declination: k-declination, e.g. lhum(m)-owl<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || lhum || lhumii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || lhumka || lhumkaii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative|| lhumak || lhumakii<br /> |-<br /> |Accusative|| lhumakat || lhumakatii<br /> |-<br /> |Vocative || lhumo || lhumoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || lhumkot || lhumkotii<br /> |}<br /> Third declination:v-declination, e.g. jãkhan(m)-door<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| jãkhan || jãkhanii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || jãkhanve || jãkhanveii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative ||jãkhanav|| jãkhanavii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || jãkhanvat || jãkhanvatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || jãkhanvo || jãkhanvoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||jãkhanvot|| jãkhanvotii<br /> |}<br /> Pronouns<br /> Personal pronouns<br /> Lees'hin has 3 pronouns in singular and 3 in plural. Pronouns are diclined slightly different.<br /> First pronouns: nõhi(I) and soc’heches’hei(we) <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| nõhi || soc'heches'hei<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõhiim || soc'heches'heiim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõhia || soc'hes'heia<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||nõhiat || soc'ches'heiat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - || -<br /> |-<br /> |Instrumental || nõhiot || soc'heches'heiot<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Second pronoun: úbosh( you) and nol’halhujh(you)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !!Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || úbosh || nol'halhujh<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || úboshim || nol'halhujhim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative|| úbosha || nol'halhujha<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || úboshat || nol'halhujhat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative|| úbosho || nol'halhujho<br /> |-<br /> |Instrumental || úboshot || nol'halhujhot<br /> |}<br /> Third pronouns: nõbéheghelh (he), nhããmãadaõ(she) and nhãmadão(it)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Singular !! Masculine !! Feminine !! Neuter<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||nõbéheghelh ||nhããmãadaõ || nhãmadão<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive||nõbéheghelhim|| nhããmãadaõim || nhãmadãoim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõbéheghelha || nhããmãadaõet || nhãmadãoi<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõbéheghelhat || nhããmãadaõon || nhãmadãoit<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - ||- || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nõbéheghelhot || nhããmãadaõonot || nhãmadãoot<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun: teãbãõkhé(they)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Plural !! <br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || teãbãõkhéim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || teãbãõkhéa<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || teãbãõkhéat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental|| teãbãõkhéot<br /> |}<br /> Possessive pronouns<br /> Possessive pronouns are actually genitives of personal pronouns. These genitives become nominatives in declination.<br /> First person:nõhiim(my)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõhiim || nõhiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõhiime || nõhiimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõhiima || nõhiimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõhiimat || nõhiimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative|| nõhiimo || nõhiimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nõhiimot || nõhiimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõhiim || nõhiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõhiime|| nõhiimeii<br /> |- <br /> |Dative || nõhiimet || nõhiimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõhiimon || nõhiimon<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõhiimono || nõhiimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nõhiimonot || nõhiimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõhiim || nõhiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitives || nõhiime || nõhiimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõhiimi || nõhiimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative|| nõhiimit || nõhiimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõhiimo || nõhiimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental|| nõhiimot || nõhiimotii<br /> |}<br /> Second pronoun: úboshim(your)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||úboshim || úboshimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || úboshime|| úboshimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || úboshima || úboshimaii <br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || úboshimat|| úboshimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || úboshimo || úboshimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || úboshimot || úboshimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || úboshim || úboshimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || úboshime || úboshimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || úboshimet||úboshimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || úboshimon || úboshimonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || úboshimono || úboshimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || úboshimonot ||úboshimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Neuter!! Singular !! Singular<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || úboshim||úboshimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || úboshime || úboshimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || úboshimi || úboshimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || úboshimit || úboshimitii <br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || úboshimo || úboshimoii <br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||úboshimot || úboshimotii<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun: nõbéheghelhim(his)<br /> Adjectives<br /> Adjectives can end with a vowel or a consonant. Adjectives with a vowel have regular comparation, and with a consonant have irregular comparation.<br /> Adjectives are diclined like the noun that goes after.<br /> moní-beautiful<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Singular !! Maculine !! Feminine !! Neuter<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| moní ||moní || moní<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || moníe ||moníe || moníe<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || monía || moníet|| moníi<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || moníat ||moníon || moníit<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || monío || moníono || monío<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||moníot || moníonot ||moníot<br /> |-<br /> | Plural || <br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||moníii|| moníii || moníii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || moníeii|| moníeii || moníeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || moníaii || moníetii || moníiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||moníatii|| moníonii || moníitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || moníoii || moníonoii || moníoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || moníotii || moníonotii || moníotii<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> Other adjectives are diclined like adjective moní.<br /> Comparation<br /> Lees'hin has normally positive, comparative and superlative. Comparation can be regular or irregular.<br /> Regular comparation<br /> For comparative -r is added, e.g. monír (comparative of moní). Irrelugar comparative, e.g. ganõm( comparative of as'har-good)<br /> For superlative particle ka and comparative are added, e.g. ka monír or ka ganõm.<br /> Verbs<br /> Lees'hin verbs are inflected in numbers, moods and tenses. Every grammatical person has own suffix. One thing is special and that is infinitive. Infinitive in Lees'hin is thematic vowel +-eu. Basically Lees'hin verb consists of 2 parts, first is before -eu and second after, e.g. õnhak'''a-eu''', the root is õnhak, and infinitive is a-eu<br /> Regular conjugation:<br /> <br /> <br /> Adverbs<br /> Particles<br /> Derivational morphology<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Syntax==<br /> ===Constituent order===<br /> ===Noun phrase===<br /> ===Verb phrase===<br /> ===Sentence phrase===<br /> ===Dependent clauses===<br /> &lt;!-- etc. etc. --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Example texts==<br /> ==Other resources==<br /> &lt;!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Template area --&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]<br /> [[Category:Languages]]</div>

Julijanj https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Lees%27hin&diff=91846 2017-11-26T16:57:00Z

<p>Julijanj: /* Morphology */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> &lt;!-- <br /> <br /> This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br /> <br /> I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).<br /> II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)<br /> III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Introduction==<br /> Lees'hin (lees'hin s'hon) is lees'hinian language spoken in Democratic Republic of Lees'hin (Vas’ha Nhelhuk Lees’hin) by 48 000 native speakers. It was created in 2015. The language has no cognate with natural languages. I wanted to make some very strange language with strange vocubalary. And I made it, Lees'hin was my strange language. Also Lees'hin is intelligable with 2 other lees'hinian languages. They are Mihrulen and Basti.<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Example categories/headings: <br /> <br /> Goals<br /> Setting<br /> Inspiration<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- ***Phonology*** --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- What sounds does your language use? --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br /> <br /> Vowel inventory<br /> Consonant inventory<br /> Syllable structure<br /> Stress<br /> Intonation<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Orthography===<br /> Lees'hin orthography is special, because every letter except y has version with the letter h. For digraphs ch, sh, nh, lh and jh , version with h is c'h s'h, n'h, l'h and j'h.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Letter!! Name of letter<br /> |-<br /> | a || akú<br /> |-<br /> | ã || a kamã<br /> |-<br /> | á || a acún<br /> |-<br /> | b || bãh<br /> |-<br /> | bh || abhú<br /> |-<br /> | c || ca<br /> |-<br /> | ch || cha<br /> |-<br /> | c'h || ac'ha<br /> |-<br /> | d || da<br /> |-<br /> | dh||adhe <br /> |-<br /> | e|| ekú<br /> |-<br /> | é || e acún<br /> |-<br /> | f || fa<br /> |-<br /> | fh|| efhe<br /> |-<br /> | g || gu<br /> |-<br /> | gh|| aghe<br /> |-<br /> | h || hu<br /> |-<br /> | i || ikú<br /> |-<br /> | í || i acún<br /> |-<br /> | j || ja<br /> |-<br /> | jh || jhe<br /> |-<br /> | j'h || aj'he<br /> |-<br /> | k || kã<br /> |-<br /> | kh || akhã<br /> |-<br /> | l || la<br /> |-<br /> | lh || lha<br /> |-<br /> | l'h || al'he<br /> |-<br /> | m || ma<br /> |-<br /> | mh || amhe<br /> |-<br /> | n || ne<br /> |-<br /> | nh || nhe<br /> |-<br /> | n'h|| an'he<br /> |-<br /> | o || okú<br /> |-<br /> | õ || o kamã<br /> |-<br /> | ó || o acún<br /> |-<br /> | p|| pu<br /> |-<br /> | ph || aphú<br /> |-<br /> | q || qu<br /> |-<br /> | qh || aqhú<br /> |-<br /> | r || ra<br /> |-<br /> | rh || arha<br /> |-<br /> | s|| se<br /> |-<br /> | sh || she<br /> |-<br /> | s'h || as'hé<br /> |-<br /> | t || tan<br /> |-<br /> | th || athan<br /> |-<br /> | u || ukú<br /> |-<br /> | ú||u acún<br /> |-<br /> | v || vãku<br /> |-<br /> | vh || vhãku<br /> |-<br /> | y|| yun<br /> |-<br /> | z || za<br /> |-<br /> | zh || azha<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Bilabial!!Labio-dental!!Alveolar!!Post-alveolar!!Palatal!!Velar!!Uvular!!Glottal<br /> |-<br /> |Nasal|| m /m/ || || n /n/ || || nh /ɲ/ || n /ŋ/ || || <br /> |-<br /> |Plosive || p /p/ b /b/ || || t /t/ d /d/ || || || k /k/ g /g/ ||q /q/ || <br /> |-<br /> |Affricate || || || c /t͡s/ || ch /t͡ʃ/ jh /d͡ʒ/ || || || || <br /> |-<br /> |Fricative || || f /f/ v /v/ || s /s/ z /z/ || sh /ʃ/ j /ʒ/ || || *(')h /x/ || || h /h/<br /> |-<br /> |Approximant || || || || || y /j/ || || || <br /> |-<br /> |Trill || || || r /r/ || || || || ||<br /> |-<br /> |Lateral app. || || || l /l/ || || || lh /ʎ/ || || <br /> |}<br /> *(')h- when h is after consonant it will be pronounced /x/. So in writing exist 2 groups. One is with apostrophe and other has no apostrophe. Group with apostrophe is: s'h, c'h, j'h, l'h and n'h. In other group are consonants that don't need an apostrophe because they can't make another sound. So s'h is written this way to avoid mixing with sh. But gh is written in this way becaus e g with h can't make another phoneme, like sh.<br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Front!! Central !! Back<br /> |-<br /> | Close || i, í /i/ || || u, ú /u/<br /> |-<br /> | Close-mid || e, é /e/ || || õ/ɤ/ o, ó /o/<br /> |-<br /> | Mid || || ã /ə/ || <br /> |-<br /> | Open || a, á /a/ || || <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Prosody===<br /> ====Stress====<br /> Stress is mainly on first place. The stress isn't on first place when a word has graphic accent, then the stress falls where an acute accent is found. Lees'hin has one accent, acute. Vowels can be short or long. A vowel is short if the following vowel isn't the same as proceeding vowel. A vowel is long if after a vowel comes the same vowel.<br /> <br /> ====Intonation====<br /> Intonation in Lees'hin is the same as in English.<br /> <br /> ===Phonotactics===<br /> &lt;!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, &quot;st&quot; is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset &quot;ng&quot; isn't. --&gt;<br /> In Lees'hin are permissible all combinations with h, eg, bh, ch, c'h, sh, s'h... All syllables must have at least one vowel. Nouns cannot end with a vowel.<br /> <br /> ==Morphology==<br /> &lt;!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --&gt;Lees'hin has 6 cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative, instrumenatal). Verbs are inflected through 2 numbers, 3 moods( indicative , subjunctive, imperative), 9 tenses in indicative, 5 in subjunctive and only 1 in imperative. Nouns differ from adjectives. Adjectives differ from verbs.<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Here are some example subcategories:<br /> <br /> Nouns<br /> As I said, Lees'hin has 6 cases. Also Lees'hin has 3 genders (maculine, feminine, neuter) and 3 declinations for each gender. First noun is masculine, the noun s'hon. As seen Lees'hin has no locative, so locative is found in accusative.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !!Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || s'hon || s'honii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || s'hone || s'honeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || s'hona || s'honaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative|| s'honat || s'honatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || s'hono || s'honoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental|| s'honot || s'honotii<br /> |}<br /> Second noun is feminine, the noun hõshejh <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || hõshejh || hõshejhii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || hõshejhe || hõshejheii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || hõshejhet || hõshejhetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || hõshejhon || hõshejhonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || hõshejhono || hõshejhonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || hõshejhonot || hõshejhonotii<br /> |}<br /> Third noun is neuter, the noun heemuõãat<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || heemuõãat|| heemuõãatii<br /> |- |<br /> | Genitive|| heemuõãate || heemuõãateii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || heemuõãati || heemuõãatiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || heemuõãatit || heemuõãatiti<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || heemuõãato || heemuõãatoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || heemuõãatot || heemuõãatotii<br /> |}<br /> Irregular declinations<br /> In Lees'hin also exist irregular declanations, there are 3 types of declination. <br /> First declination: r-declination, e.g. sujh(f)-bowl. This noun has irregular plural.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || sujh || sãchii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || sujher || sãcherii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || sujhra || sãchrii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || sãchrat || sãchratii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || sujhro || sãchroii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||sujhrot|| sãchrotii<br /> |}<br /> Second declination: k-declination, e.g. lhum(m)-owl<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || lhum || lhumii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || lhumka || lhumkaii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative|| lhumak || lhumakii<br /> |-<br /> |Accusative|| lhumakat || lhumakatii<br /> |-<br /> |Vocative || lhumo || lhumoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || lhumkot || lhumkotii<br /> |}<br /> Third declination:v-declination, e.g. jãkhan(m)-door<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| jãkhan || jãkhanii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || jãkhanve || jãkhanveii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative ||jãkhanav|| jãkhanavii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || jãkhanvat || jãkhanvatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || jãkhanvo || jãkhanvoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||jãkhanvot|| jãkhanvotii<br /> |}<br /> Pronouns<br /> Personal pronouns<br /> Lees'hin has 3 pronouns in singular and 3 in plural. Pronouns are diclined slightly different.<br /> First pronouns: nõhi(I) and soc’heches’hei(we) <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| nõhi || soc'heches'hei<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõhiim || soc'heches'heiim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõhia || soc'hes'heia<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||nõhiat || soc'ches'heiat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - || -<br /> |-<br /> |Instrumental || nõhiot || soc'heches'heiot<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Second pronoun: úbosh( you) and nol’halhujh(you)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !!Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || úbosh || nol'halhujh<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || úboshim || nol'halhujhim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative|| úbosha || nol'halhujha<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || úboshat || nol'halhujhat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative|| úbosho || nol'halhujho<br /> |-<br /> |Instrumental || úboshot || nol'halhujhot<br /> |}<br /> Third pronouns: nõbéheghelh (he), nhããmãadaõ(she) and nhãmadão(it)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Singular !! Masculine !! Feminine !! Neuter<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||nõbéheghelh ||nhããmãadaõ || nhãmadão<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive||nõbéheghelhim|| nhããmãadaõim || nhãmadãoim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõbéheghelha || nhããmãadaõet || nhãmadãoi<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõbéheghelhat || nhããmãadaõon || nhãmadãoit<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - ||- || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nõbéheghelhot || nhããmãadaõonot || nhãmadãoot<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun: teãbãõkhé(they)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Plural !! <br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || teãbãõkhéim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || teãbãõkhéa<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || teãbãõkhéat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental|| teãbãõkhéot<br /> |}<br /> Possessive pronouns<br /> Possessive pronouns are actually genitives of personal pronouns. These genitives become nominatives in declination.<br /> First person:nõhiim(my)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõhiim || nõhiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõhiime || nõhiimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõhiima || nõhiimaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõhiimat || nõhiimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative|| nõhiimo || nõhiimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nõhiimot || nõhiimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõhiim || nõhiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõhiime|| nõhiimeii<br /> |- <br /> |Dative || nõhiimet || nõhiimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõhiimon || nõhiimon<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõhiimono || nõhiimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nõhiimonot || nõhiimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Neuter'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || nõhiim || nõhiimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitives || nõhiime || nõhiimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõhiimi || nõhiimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative|| nõhiimit || nõhiimitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || nõhiimo || nõhiimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental|| nõhiimot || nõhiimotii<br /> |}<br /> Second pronoun: úboshim(your)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Masculine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||úboshim || úboshimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || úboshime|| úboshimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || úboshima || úboshimaii <br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || úboshimat|| úboshimatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || úboshimo || úboshimoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || úboshimot || úboshimotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Feminine'' !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || úboshim || úboshimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || úboshime || úboshimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || úboshimet||úboshimetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || úboshimon || úboshimonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || úboshimono || úboshimonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || úboshimonot ||úboshimonotii<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Neuter!! Singular !! Singular<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || úboshim||úboshimii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || úboshime || úboshimeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || úboshimi || úboshimiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || úboshimit || úboshimitii <br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || úboshimo || úboshimoii <br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||úboshimot || úboshimotii<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun: nõbéheghelhim(his)<br /> Adjectives<br /> Adjectives can end with a vowel or a consonant. Adjectives with a vowel have regular comparation, and with a consonant have irregular comparation.<br /> Adjectives are diclined like the noun that goes after.<br /> moní-beautiful<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Singular !! Maculine !! Feminine !! Neuter<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| moní ||moní || moní<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || moníe ||moníe || moníe<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || monía || moníet|| moníi<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || moníat ||moníon || moníit<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || monío || moníono || monío<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||moníot || moníonot ||moníot<br /> |-<br /> | Plural || <br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||moníii|| moníii || moníii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || moníeii|| moníeii || moníeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || moníaii || moníetii || moníiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||moníatii|| moníonii || moníitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || moníoii || moníonoii || moníoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || moníotii || moníonotii || moníotii<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> Other adjectives are diclined like adjective moní.<br /> Comparation<br /> Lees'hin has normally positive, comparative and superlative. Comparation can be regular or irregular.<br /> Regular comparation<br /> For comparative -r is added, e.g. monír (comparative of moní). Irrelugar comparative, e.g. ganõm( comparative of as'har-good)<br /> For superlative particle ka and comparative are added, e.g. ka monír or ka ganõm.<br /> Verbs<br /> Lees'hin verbs are inflected in numbers, moods and tenses. Every grammatical person has own suffix. One thing is special and that is infinitive. Infinitive in Lees'hin is thematic vowel +-eu. Basically Lees'hin verb consists of 2 parts, first is before -eu and second after, e.g. õnhak'''a-eu''', the root is õnhak, and infinitive is a-eu<br /> Regular conjugation:<br /> <br /> <br /> Adverbs<br /> Particles<br /> Derivational morphology<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Syntax==<br /> ===Constituent order===<br /> ===Noun phrase===<br /> ===Verb phrase===<br /> ===Sentence phrase===<br /> ===Dependent clauses===<br /> &lt;!-- etc. etc. --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Example texts==<br /> ==Other resources==<br /> &lt;!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Template area --&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]<br /> [[Category:Languages]]</div>

Julijanj https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Lees%27hin&diff=91620 2017-11-24T20:38:15Z

<p>Julijanj: /* Introduction */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> &lt;!-- <br /> <br /> This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br /> <br /> I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).<br /> II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)<br /> III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Introduction==<br /> Lees'hin (lees'hin s'hon) is lees'hinian language spoken in Democratic Republic of Lees'hin (Vas’ha Nhelhuk Lees’hin) by 48 000 native speakers. It was created in 2015. The language has no cognate with natural languages. I wanted to make some very strange language with strange vocubalary. And I made it, Lees'hin was my strange language. Also Lees'hin is intelligable with 2 other lees'hinian languages. They are Mihrulen and Basti.<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Example categories/headings: <br /> <br /> Goals<br /> Setting<br /> Inspiration<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- ***Phonology*** --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- What sounds does your language use? --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br /> <br /> Vowel inventory<br /> Consonant inventory<br /> Syllable structure<br /> Stress<br /> Intonation<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Orthography===<br /> Lees'hin orthography is special, because every letter except y has version with the letter h. For digraphs ch, sh, nh, lh and jh , version with h is c'h s'h, n'h, l'h and j'h.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Letter!! Name of letter<br /> |-<br /> | a || akú<br /> |-<br /> | ã || a kamã<br /> |-<br /> | á || a acún<br /> |-<br /> | b || bãh<br /> |-<br /> | bh || abhú<br /> |-<br /> | c || ca<br /> |-<br /> | ch || cha<br /> |-<br /> | c'h || ac'ha<br /> |-<br /> | d || da<br /> |-<br /> | dh||adhe <br /> |-<br /> | e|| ekú<br /> |-<br /> | é || e acún<br /> |-<br /> | f || fa<br /> |-<br /> | fh|| efhe<br /> |-<br /> | g || gu<br /> |-<br /> | gh|| aghe<br /> |-<br /> | h || hu<br /> |-<br /> | i || ikú<br /> |-<br /> | í || i acún<br /> |-<br /> | j || ja<br /> |-<br /> | jh || jhe<br /> |-<br /> | j'h || aj'he<br /> |-<br /> | k || kã<br /> |-<br /> | kh || akhã<br /> |-<br /> | l || la<br /> |-<br /> | lh || lha<br /> |-<br /> | l'h || al'he<br /> |-<br /> | m || ma<br /> |-<br /> | mh || amhe<br /> |-<br /> | n || ne<br /> |-<br /> | nh || nhe<br /> |-<br /> | n'h|| an'he<br /> |-<br /> | o || okú<br /> |-<br /> | õ || o kamã<br /> |-<br /> | ó || o acún<br /> |-<br /> | p|| pu<br /> |-<br /> | ph || aphú<br /> |-<br /> | q || qu<br /> |-<br /> | qh || aqhú<br /> |-<br /> | r || ra<br /> |-<br /> | rh || arha<br /> |-<br /> | s|| se<br /> |-<br /> | sh || she<br /> |-<br /> | s'h || as'hé<br /> |-<br /> | t || tan<br /> |-<br /> | th || athan<br /> |-<br /> | u || ukú<br /> |-<br /> | ú||u acún<br /> |-<br /> | v || vãku<br /> |-<br /> | vh || vhãku<br /> |-<br /> | y|| yun<br /> |-<br /> | z || za<br /> |-<br /> | zh || azha<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Bilabial!!Labio-dental!!Alveolar!!Post-alveolar!!Palatal!!Velar!!Uvular!!Glottal<br /> |-<br /> |Nasal|| m /m/ || || n /n/ || || nh /ɲ/ || n /ŋ/ || || <br /> |-<br /> |Plosive || p /p/ b /b/ || || t /t/ d /d/ || || || k /k/ g /g/ ||q /q/ || <br /> |-<br /> |Affricate || || || c /t͡s/ || ch /t͡ʃ/ jh /d͡ʒ/ || || || || <br /> |-<br /> |Fricative || || f /f/ v /v/ || s /s/ z /z/ || sh /ʃ/ j /ʒ/ || || *(')h /x/ || || h /h/<br /> |-<br /> |Approximant || || || || || y /j/ || || || <br /> |-<br /> |Trill || || || r /r/ || || || || ||<br /> |-<br /> |Lateral app. || || || l /l/ || || || lh /ʎ/ || || <br /> |}<br /> *(')h- when h is after consonant it will be pronounced /x/. So in writing exist 2 groups. One is with apostrophe and other has no apostrophe. Group with apostrophe is: s'h, c'h, j'h, l'h and n'h. In other group are consonants that don't need an apostrophe because they can't make another sound. So s'h is written this way to avoid mixing with sh. But gh is written in this way becaus e g with h can't make another phoneme, like sh.<br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Front!! Central !! Back<br /> |-<br /> | Close || i, í /i/ || || u, ú /u/<br /> |-<br /> | Close-mid || e, é /e/ || || õ/ɤ/ o, ó /o/<br /> |-<br /> | Mid || || ã /ə/ || <br /> |-<br /> | Open || a, á /a/ || || <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Prosody===<br /> ====Stress====<br /> Stress is mainly on first place. The stress isn't on first place when a word has graphic accent, then the stress falls where an acute accent is found. Lees'hin has one accent, acute. Vowels can be short or long. A vowel is short if the following vowel isn't the same as proceeding vowel. A vowel is long if after a vowel comes the same vowel.<br /> <br /> ====Intonation====<br /> Intonation in Lees'hin is the same as in English.<br /> <br /> ===Phonotactics===<br /> &lt;!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, &quot;st&quot; is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset &quot;ng&quot; isn't. --&gt;<br /> In Lees'hin are permissible all combinations with h, eg, bh, ch, c'h, sh, s'h... All syllables must have at least one vowel. Nouns cannot end with a vowel.<br /> <br /> ==Morphology==<br /> &lt;!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --&gt;Lees'hin has 6 cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative, instrumenatal). Verbs are inflected through 2 numbers, 3 moods( indicative , subjunctive, imperative), 9 tenses in indicative, 5 in subjunctive and only 1 in imperative. Nouns differ from adjectives. Adjectives differ from verbs.<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Here are some example subcategories:<br /> <br /> Nouns<br /> As I said, Lees'hin has 6 cases. Also Lees'hin has 3 genders (maculine, feminine, neuter) and 3 declinations for each gender. First noun is masculine, the noun s'hon. As seen Lees'hin has no locative, so locative is found in accusative.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !!Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || s'hon || s'honii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || s'hone || s'honeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || s'hona || s'honaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative|| s'honat || s'honatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || s'hono || s'honoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental|| s'honot || s'honotii<br /> |}<br /> Second noun is feminine, the noun hõshejh <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || hõshejh || hõshejhii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || hõshejhe || hõshejheii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || hõshejhet || hõshejhetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || hõshejhon || hõshejhonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || hõshejhono || hõshejhonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || hõshejhonot || hõshejhonotii<br /> |}<br /> Third noun is neuter, the noun heemuõãat<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || heemuõãat|| heemuõãatii<br /> |- |<br /> | Genitive|| heemuõãate || heemuõãateii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || heemuõãati || heemuõãatiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || heemuõãatit || heemuõãatiti<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || heemuõãato || heemuõãatoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || heemuõãatot || heemuõãatotii<br /> |}<br /> Irregular declinations<br /> In Lees'hin also exist irregular declanations, there are 3 types of declination. <br /> First declination: r-declination, e.g. sujh(f)-bowl. This noun has irregular plural.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || sujh || sãchii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || sujher || sãcherii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || sujhra || sãchrii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || sãchrat || sãchratii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || sujhro || sãchroii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||sujhrot|| sãchrotii<br /> |}<br /> Second declination: k-declination, e.g. lhum(m)-owl<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || lhum || lhumii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || lhumka || lhumkaii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative|| lhumak || lhumakii<br /> |-<br /> |Accusative|| lhumakat || lhumakatii<br /> |-<br /> |Vocative || lhumo || lhumoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || lhumkot || lhumkotii<br /> |}<br /> Third declination:v-declination, e.g. jãkhan(m)-door<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| jãkhan || jãkhanii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || jãkhanve || jãkhanveii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative ||jãkhanav|| jãkhanavii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || jãkhanvat || jãkhanvatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || jãkhanvo || jãkhanvoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||jãkhanvot|| jãkhanvotii<br /> |}<br /> Pronouns<br /> Personal pronouns<br /> Lees'hin has 3 pronouns in singular and 3 in plural. Pronouns are diclined slightly different.<br /> First pronouns: nõhi(I) and soc’heches’hei(we) <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| nõhi || soc'heches'hei<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõhiim || soc'heches'heiim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõhia || soc'hes'heia<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||nõhiat || soc'ches'heiat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - || -<br /> |-<br /> |Instrumental || nõhiot || soc'heches'heiot<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Second pronoun: túbosh( you) and nol’halhujh(you)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !!Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || túbosh || nol'halhujh<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || túboshim || nol'halhujhim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative|| túbosha || nol'halhujha<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || túboshat || nol'halhujhat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative|| túbosho || nol'halhujho<br /> |-<br /> |Instrumental || túboshot || nol'halhujhot<br /> |}<br /> Third pronouns: nõbéheghelh (he), nhããmãadaõ(she) and nhãmadão(it)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Singular !! Masculine !! Feminine !! Neuter<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||nõbéheghelh ||nhããmãadaõ || nhãmadão<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive||nõbéheghelhim|| nhããmãadaõim || nhãmadãoim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõbéheghelha || nhããmãadaõet || nhãmadãoi<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõbéheghelhat || nhããmãadaõon || nhãmadãoit<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - ||- || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nõbéheghelhot || nhããmãadaõonot || nhãmadãoot<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun: teãbãõkhé(they)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Plural !! <br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || teãbãõkhéim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || teãbãõkhéa<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || teãbãõkhéat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental|| teãbãõkhéot<br /> |}<br /> Possessive pronouns<br /> Adjectives<br /> Adjectives can end with a vowel or a consonant. Adjectives with a vowel have regular comparation, and with a consonant have irregular comparation.<br /> Adjectives are diclined like the noun that goes after.<br /> moní-beautiful<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Singular !! Maculine !! Feminine !! Neuter<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| moní ||moní || moní<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || moníe ||moníe || moníe<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || monía || moníet|| moníi<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || moníat ||moníon || moníit<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || monío || moníono || monío<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||moníot || moníonot ||moníot<br /> |-<br /> | Plural || <br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||moníii|| moníii || moníii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || moníeii|| moníeii || moníeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || moníaii || moníetii || moníiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||moníatii|| moníonii || moníitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || moníoii || moníonoii || moníoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || moníotii || moníonotii || moníotii<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> Other adjectives are diclined like adjective moní.<br /> Comparation<br /> Lees'hin has normally positive, comparative and superlative. Comparation can be regular or irregular.<br /> Regular comparation<br /> For comparative -r is added, e.g. monír (comparative of moní). Irrelugar comparative, e.g. ganõm( comparative of as'har-good)<br /> For superlative particle ka and comparative are added, e.g. ka monír or ka ganõm.<br /> Verbs<br /> Lees'hin verbs are inflected in numbers, moods and tenses. Every grammatical person has own suffix. One thing is special and that is infinitive. Infinitive in Lees'hin is thematic vowel +-eu. Basically Lees'hin verb consists of 2 parts, first is before -eu and second after, e.g. õnhak'''a-eu''', the root is õnhak, and infinitive is a-eu<br /> Regular conjugation:<br /> <br /> <br /> Adverbs<br /> Particles<br /> Derivational morphology<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Syntax==<br /> ===Constituent order===<br /> ===Noun phrase===<br /> ===Verb phrase===<br /> ===Sentence phrase===<br /> ===Dependent clauses===<br /> &lt;!-- etc. etc. --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Example texts==<br /> ==Other resources==<br /> &lt;!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Template area --&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]<br /> [[Category:Languages]]</div>

Julijanj https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Lees%27hin&diff=91619 2017-11-24T20:37:37Z

<p>Julijanj: /* Morphology */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> &lt;!-- <br /> <br /> This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br /> <br /> I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).<br /> II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)<br /> III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Introduction==<br /> Lees'hin (lees'hin s'hon) is lees'hinian language spoken in Democratic Republic of Lees'hin (Vas’hat Nhelhuk Lees’hin) by 48 000 native speakers. It was created in 2015. The language has no cognate with natural languages. I wanted to make some very strange language with strange vocubalary. And I made it, Lees'hin was my strange language. Also Lees'hin is intelligable with 2 other lees'hinian languages. They are Mihrulen and Basti.<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Example categories/headings: <br /> <br /> Goals<br /> Setting<br /> Inspiration<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- ***Phonology*** --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- What sounds does your language use? --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br /> <br /> Vowel inventory<br /> Consonant inventory<br /> Syllable structure<br /> Stress<br /> Intonation<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Orthography===<br /> Lees'hin orthography is special, because every letter except y has version with the letter h. For digraphs ch, sh, nh, lh and jh , version with h is c'h s'h, n'h, l'h and j'h.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Letter!! Name of letter<br /> |-<br /> | a || akú<br /> |-<br /> | ã || a kamã<br /> |-<br /> | á || a acún<br /> |-<br /> | b || bãh<br /> |-<br /> | bh || abhú<br /> |-<br /> | c || ca<br /> |-<br /> | ch || cha<br /> |-<br /> | c'h || ac'ha<br /> |-<br /> | d || da<br /> |-<br /> | dh||adhe <br /> |-<br /> | e|| ekú<br /> |-<br /> | é || e acún<br /> |-<br /> | f || fa<br /> |-<br /> | fh|| efhe<br /> |-<br /> | g || gu<br /> |-<br /> | gh|| aghe<br /> |-<br /> | h || hu<br /> |-<br /> | i || ikú<br /> |-<br /> | í || i acún<br /> |-<br /> | j || ja<br /> |-<br /> | jh || jhe<br /> |-<br /> | j'h || aj'he<br /> |-<br /> | k || kã<br /> |-<br /> | kh || akhã<br /> |-<br /> | l || la<br /> |-<br /> | lh || lha<br /> |-<br /> | l'h || al'he<br /> |-<br /> | m || ma<br /> |-<br /> | mh || amhe<br /> |-<br /> | n || ne<br /> |-<br /> | nh || nhe<br /> |-<br /> | n'h|| an'he<br /> |-<br /> | o || okú<br /> |-<br /> | õ || o kamã<br /> |-<br /> | ó || o acún<br /> |-<br /> | p|| pu<br /> |-<br /> | ph || aphú<br /> |-<br /> | q || qu<br /> |-<br /> | qh || aqhú<br /> |-<br /> | r || ra<br /> |-<br /> | rh || arha<br /> |-<br /> | s|| se<br /> |-<br /> | sh || she<br /> |-<br /> | s'h || as'hé<br /> |-<br /> | t || tan<br /> |-<br /> | th || athan<br /> |-<br /> | u || ukú<br /> |-<br /> | ú||u acún<br /> |-<br /> | v || vãku<br /> |-<br /> | vh || vhãku<br /> |-<br /> | y|| yun<br /> |-<br /> | z || za<br /> |-<br /> | zh || azha<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Bilabial!!Labio-dental!!Alveolar!!Post-alveolar!!Palatal!!Velar!!Uvular!!Glottal<br /> |-<br /> |Nasal|| m /m/ || || n /n/ || || nh /ɲ/ || n /ŋ/ || || <br /> |-<br /> |Plosive || p /p/ b /b/ || || t /t/ d /d/ || || || k /k/ g /g/ ||q /q/ || <br /> |-<br /> |Affricate || || || c /t͡s/ || ch /t͡ʃ/ jh /d͡ʒ/ || || || || <br /> |-<br /> |Fricative || || f /f/ v /v/ || s /s/ z /z/ || sh /ʃ/ j /ʒ/ || || *(')h /x/ || || h /h/<br /> |-<br /> |Approximant || || || || || y /j/ || || || <br /> |-<br /> |Trill || || || r /r/ || || || || ||<br /> |-<br /> |Lateral app. || || || l /l/ || || || lh /ʎ/ || || <br /> |}<br /> *(')h- when h is after consonant it will be pronounced /x/. So in writing exist 2 groups. One is with apostrophe and other has no apostrophe. Group with apostrophe is: s'h, c'h, j'h, l'h and n'h. In other group are consonants that don't need an apostrophe because they can't make another sound. So s'h is written this way to avoid mixing with sh. But gh is written in this way becaus e g with h can't make another phoneme, like sh.<br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Front!! Central !! Back<br /> |-<br /> | Close || i, í /i/ || || u, ú /u/<br /> |-<br /> | Close-mid || e, é /e/ || || õ/ɤ/ o, ó /o/<br /> |-<br /> | Mid || || ã /ə/ || <br /> |-<br /> | Open || a, á /a/ || || <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Prosody===<br /> ====Stress====<br /> Stress is mainly on first place. The stress isn't on first place when a word has graphic accent, then the stress falls where an acute accent is found. Lees'hin has one accent, acute. Vowels can be short or long. A vowel is short if the following vowel isn't the same as proceeding vowel. A vowel is long if after a vowel comes the same vowel.<br /> <br /> ====Intonation====<br /> Intonation in Lees'hin is the same as in English.<br /> <br /> ===Phonotactics===<br /> &lt;!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, &quot;st&quot; is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset &quot;ng&quot; isn't. --&gt;<br /> In Lees'hin are permissible all combinations with h, eg, bh, ch, c'h, sh, s'h... All syllables must have at least one vowel. Nouns cannot end with a vowel.<br /> <br /> ==Morphology==<br /> &lt;!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --&gt;Lees'hin has 6 cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative, instrumenatal). Verbs are inflected through 2 numbers, 3 moods( indicative , subjunctive, imperative), 9 tenses in indicative, 5 in subjunctive and only 1 in imperative. Nouns differ from adjectives. Adjectives differ from verbs.<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Here are some example subcategories:<br /> <br /> Nouns<br /> As I said, Lees'hin has 6 cases. Also Lees'hin has 3 genders (maculine, feminine, neuter) and 3 declinations for each gender. First noun is masculine, the noun s'hon. As seen Lees'hin has no locative, so locative is found in accusative.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !!Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || s'hon || s'honii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || s'hone || s'honeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || s'hona || s'honaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative|| s'honat || s'honatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || s'hono || s'honoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental|| s'honot || s'honotii<br /> |}<br /> Second noun is feminine, the noun hõshejh <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || hõshejh || hõshejhii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || hõshejhe || hõshejheii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || hõshejhet || hõshejhetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || hõshejhon || hõshejhonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || hõshejhono || hõshejhonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || hõshejhonot || hõshejhonotii<br /> |}<br /> Third noun is neuter, the noun heemuõãat<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || heemuõãat|| heemuõãatii<br /> |- |<br /> | Genitive|| heemuõãate || heemuõãateii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || heemuõãati || heemuõãatiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || heemuõãatit || heemuõãatiti<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || heemuõãato || heemuõãatoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || heemuõãatot || heemuõãatotii<br /> |}<br /> Irregular declinations<br /> In Lees'hin also exist irregular declanations, there are 3 types of declination. <br /> First declination: r-declination, e.g. sujh(f)-bowl. This noun has irregular plural.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || sujh || sãchii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || sujher || sãcherii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || sujhra || sãchrii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || sãchrat || sãchratii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || sujhro || sãchroii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||sujhrot|| sãchrotii<br /> |}<br /> Second declination: k-declination, e.g. lhum(m)-owl<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || lhum || lhumii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || lhumka || lhumkaii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative|| lhumak || lhumakii<br /> |-<br /> |Accusative|| lhumakat || lhumakatii<br /> |-<br /> |Vocative || lhumo || lhumoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || lhumkot || lhumkotii<br /> |}<br /> Third declination:v-declination, e.g. jãkhan(m)-door<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| jãkhan || jãkhanii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || jãkhanve || jãkhanveii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative ||jãkhanav|| jãkhanavii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || jãkhanvat || jãkhanvatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || jãkhanvo || jãkhanvoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||jãkhanvot|| jãkhanvotii<br /> |}<br /> Pronouns<br /> Personal pronouns<br /> Lees'hin has 3 pronouns in singular and 3 in plural. Pronouns are diclined slightly different.<br /> First pronouns: nõhi(I) and soc’heches’hei(we) <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| nõhi || soc'heches'hei<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõhiim || soc'heches'heiim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõhia || soc'hes'heia<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||nõhiat || soc'ches'heiat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - || -<br /> |-<br /> |Instrumental || nõhiot || soc'heches'heiot<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Second pronoun: túbosh( you) and nol’halhujh(you)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !!Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || túbosh || nol'halhujh<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || túboshim || nol'halhujhim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative|| túbosha || nol'halhujha<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || túboshat || nol'halhujhat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative|| túbosho || nol'halhujho<br /> |-<br /> |Instrumental || túboshot || nol'halhujhot<br /> |}<br /> Third pronouns: nõbéheghelh (he), nhããmãadaõ(she) and nhãmadão(it)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Singular !! Masculine !! Feminine !! Neuter<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||nõbéheghelh ||nhããmãadaõ || nhãmadão<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive||nõbéheghelhim|| nhããmãadaõim || nhãmadãoim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõbéheghelha || nhããmãadaõet || nhãmadãoi<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõbéheghelhat || nhããmãadaõon || nhãmadãoit<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - ||- || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nõbéheghelhot || nhããmãadaõonot || nhãmadãoot<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun: teãbãõkhé(they)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Plural !! <br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || teãbãõkhé<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || teãbãõkhéim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || teãbãõkhéa<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || teãbãõkhéat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental|| teãbãõkhéot<br /> |}<br /> Possessive pronouns<br /> Adjectives<br /> Adjectives can end with a vowel or a consonant. Adjectives with a vowel have regular comparation, and with a consonant have irregular comparation.<br /> Adjectives are diclined like the noun that goes after.<br /> moní-beautiful<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Singular !! Maculine !! Feminine !! Neuter<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| moní ||moní || moní<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || moníe ||moníe || moníe<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || monía || moníet|| moníi<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || moníat ||moníon || moníit<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || monío || moníono || monío<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||moníot || moníonot ||moníot<br /> |-<br /> | Plural || <br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||moníii|| moníii || moníii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || moníeii|| moníeii || moníeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || moníaii || moníetii || moníiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||moníatii|| moníonii || moníitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || moníoii || moníonoii || moníoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || moníotii || moníonotii || moníotii<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> Other adjectives are diclined like adjective moní.<br /> Comparation<br /> Lees'hin has normally positive, comparative and superlative. Comparation can be regular or irregular.<br /> Regular comparation<br /> For comparative -r is added, e.g. monír (comparative of moní). Irrelugar comparative, e.g. ganõm( comparative of as'har-good)<br /> For superlative particle ka and comparative are added, e.g. ka monír or ka ganõm.<br /> Verbs<br /> Lees'hin verbs are inflected in numbers, moods and tenses. Every grammatical person has own suffix. One thing is special and that is infinitive. Infinitive in Lees'hin is thematic vowel +-eu. Basically Lees'hin verb consists of 2 parts, first is before -eu and second after, e.g. õnhak'''a-eu''', the root is õnhak, and infinitive is a-eu<br /> Regular conjugation:<br /> <br /> <br /> Adverbs<br /> Particles<br /> Derivational morphology<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Syntax==<br /> ===Constituent order===<br /> ===Noun phrase===<br /> ===Verb phrase===<br /> ===Sentence phrase===<br /> ===Dependent clauses===<br /> &lt;!-- etc. etc. --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Example texts==<br /> ==Other resources==<br /> &lt;!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Template area --&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]<br /> [[Category:Languages]]</div>

Julijanj https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Lees%27hin&diff=91617 2017-11-24T18:51:35Z

<p>Julijanj: /* Morphology */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> &lt;!-- <br /> <br /> This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br /> <br /> I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).<br /> II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)<br /> III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Introduction==<br /> Lees'hin (lees'hin s'hon) is lees'hinian language spoken in Democratic Republic of Lees'hin (Vas’hat Nhelhuk Lees’hin) by 48 000 native speakers. It was created in 2015. The language has no cognate with natural languages. I wanted to make some very strange language with strange vocubalary. And I made it, Lees'hin was my strange language. Also Lees'hin is intelligable with 2 other lees'hinian languages. They are Mihrulen and Basti.<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Example categories/headings: <br /> <br /> Goals<br /> Setting<br /> Inspiration<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- ***Phonology*** --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- What sounds does your language use? --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br /> <br /> Vowel inventory<br /> Consonant inventory<br /> Syllable structure<br /> Stress<br /> Intonation<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Orthography===<br /> Lees'hin orthography is special, because every letter except y has version with the letter h. For digraphs ch, sh, nh, lh and jh , version with h is c'h s'h, n'h, l'h and j'h.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Letter!! Name of letter<br /> |-<br /> | a || akú<br /> |-<br /> | ã || a kamã<br /> |-<br /> | á || a acún<br /> |-<br /> | b || bãh<br /> |-<br /> | bh || abhú<br /> |-<br /> | c || ca<br /> |-<br /> | ch || cha<br /> |-<br /> | c'h || ac'ha<br /> |-<br /> | d || da<br /> |-<br /> | dh||adhe <br /> |-<br /> | e|| ekú<br /> |-<br /> | é || e acún<br /> |-<br /> | f || fa<br /> |-<br /> | fh|| efhe<br /> |-<br /> | g || gu<br /> |-<br /> | gh|| aghe<br /> |-<br /> | h || hu<br /> |-<br /> | i || ikú<br /> |-<br /> | í || i acún<br /> |-<br /> | j || ja<br /> |-<br /> | jh || jhe<br /> |-<br /> | j'h || aj'he<br /> |-<br /> | k || kã<br /> |-<br /> | kh || akhã<br /> |-<br /> | l || la<br /> |-<br /> | lh || lha<br /> |-<br /> | l'h || al'he<br /> |-<br /> | m || ma<br /> |-<br /> | mh || amhe<br /> |-<br /> | n || ne<br /> |-<br /> | nh || nhe<br /> |-<br /> | n'h|| an'he<br /> |-<br /> | o || okú<br /> |-<br /> | õ || o kamã<br /> |-<br /> | ó || o acún<br /> |-<br /> | p|| pu<br /> |-<br /> | ph || aphú<br /> |-<br /> | q || qu<br /> |-<br /> | qh || aqhú<br /> |-<br /> | r || ra<br /> |-<br /> | rh || arha<br /> |-<br /> | s|| se<br /> |-<br /> | sh || she<br /> |-<br /> | s'h || as'hé<br /> |-<br /> | t || tan<br /> |-<br /> | th || athan<br /> |-<br /> | u || ukú<br /> |-<br /> | ú||u acún<br /> |-<br /> | v || vãku<br /> |-<br /> | vh || vhãku<br /> |-<br /> | y|| yun<br /> |-<br /> | z || za<br /> |-<br /> | zh || azha<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Bilabial!!Labio-dental!!Alveolar!!Post-alveolar!!Palatal!!Velar!!Uvular!!Glottal<br /> |-<br /> |Nasal|| m /m/ || || n /n/ || || nh /ɲ/ || n /ŋ/ || || <br /> |-<br /> |Plosive || p /p/ b /b/ || || t /t/ d /d/ || || || k /k/ g /g/ ||q /q/ || <br /> |-<br /> |Affricate || || || c /t͡s/ || ch /t͡ʃ/ jh /d͡ʒ/ || || || || <br /> |-<br /> |Fricative || || f /f/ v /v/ || s /s/ z /z/ || sh /ʃ/ j /ʒ/ || || *(')h /x/ || || h /h/<br /> |-<br /> |Approximant || || || || || y /j/ || || || <br /> |-<br /> |Trill || || || r /r/ || || || || ||<br /> |-<br /> |Lateral app. || || || l /l/ || || || lh /ʎ/ || || <br /> |}<br /> *(')h- when h is after consonant it will be pronounced /x/. So in writing exist 2 groups. One is with apostrophe and other has no apostrophe. Group with apostrophe is: s'h, c'h, j'h, l'h and n'h. In other group are consonants that don't need an apostrophe because they can't make another sound. So s'h is written this way to avoid mixing with sh. But gh is written in this way becaus e g with h can't make another phoneme, like sh.<br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Front!! Central !! Back<br /> |-<br /> | Close || i, í /i/ || || u, ú /u/<br /> |-<br /> | Close-mid || e, é /e/ || || õ/ɤ/ o, ó /o/<br /> |-<br /> | Mid || || ã /ə/ || <br /> |-<br /> | Open || a, á /a/ || || <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Prosody===<br /> ====Stress====<br /> Stress is mainly on first place. The stress isn't on first place when a word has graphic accent, then the stress falls where an acute accent is found. Lees'hin has one accent, acute. Vowels can be short or long. A vowel is short if the following vowel isn't the same as proceeding vowel. A vowel is long if after a vowel comes the same vowel.<br /> <br /> ====Intonation====<br /> Intonation in Lees'hin is the same as in English.<br /> <br /> ===Phonotactics===<br /> &lt;!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, &quot;st&quot; is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset &quot;ng&quot; isn't. --&gt;<br /> In Lees'hin are permissible all combinations with h, eg, bh, ch, c'h, sh, s'h... All syllables must have at least one vowel. Nouns cannot end with a vowel.<br /> <br /> ==Morphology==<br /> &lt;!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --&gt;Lees'hin has 6 cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative, instrumenatal). Verbs are inflected through 2 numbers, 3 moods( indicative , subjunctive, imperative), 9 tenses in indicative, 5 in subjunctive and only 1 in imperative. Nouns differ from adjectives. Adjectives differ from verbs.<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Here are some example subcategories:<br /> <br /> Nouns<br /> As I said, Lees'hin has 6 cases. Also Lees'hin has 3 genders (maculine, feminine, neuter) and 3 declinations for each gender. First noun is masculine, the noun s'hon. As seen Lees'hin has no locative, so locative is found in accusative.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !!Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || s'hon || s'honii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || s'hone || s'honeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || s'hona || s'honaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative|| s'honat || s'honatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || s'hono || s'honoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental|| s'honot || s'honotii<br /> |}<br /> Second noun is feminine, the noun hõshejh <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || hõshejh || hõshejhii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || hõshejhe || hõshejheii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || hõshejhet || hõshejhetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || hõshejhon || hõshejhonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || hõshejhono || hõshejhonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || hõshejhonot || hõshejhonotii<br /> |}<br /> Third noun is neuter, the noun heemuõãat<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || heemuõãat|| heemuõãatii<br /> |- |<br /> | Genitive|| heemuõãate || heemuõãateii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || heemuõãati || heemuõãatiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || heemuõãatit || heemuõãatiti<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || heemuõãato || heemuõãatoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || heemuõãatot || heemuõãatotii<br /> |}<br /> Irregular declinations<br /> In Lees'hin also exist irregular declanations, there are 3 types of declination. <br /> First declination: r-declination, e.g. sujh(f)-bowl. This noun has irregular plural.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || sujh || sãchii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || sujher || sãcherii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || sujhra || sãchrii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || sãchrat || sãchratii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || sujhro || sãchroii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||sujhrot|| sãchrotii<br /> |}<br /> Second declination: k-declination, e.g. lhum(m)-owl<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || lhum || lhumii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || lhumka || lhumkaii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative|| lhumak || lhumakii<br /> |-<br /> |Accusative|| lhumakat || lhumakatii<br /> |-<br /> |Vocative || lhumo || lhumoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || lhumkot || lhumkotii<br /> |}<br /> Third declination:v-declination, e.g. jãkhan(m)-door<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| jãkhan || jãkhanii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || jãkhanve || jãkhanveii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative ||jãkhanav|| jãkhanavii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || jãkhanvat || jãkhanvatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || jãkhanvo || jãkhanvoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||jãkhanvot|| jãkhanvotii<br /> |}<br /> Pronouns<br /> Personal pronouns<br /> Lees'hin has 3 pronouns in singular and 3 in plural. Pronouns are diclined slightly different.<br /> First pronouns: nõhi(I) and soc’heches’hei(we) <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| nõhi || soc'heches'hei<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || nõhiim || soc'heches'heiim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõhia || soc'hes'heia<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||nõhiat || soc'ches'heiat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - || -<br /> |-<br /> |Instrumental || nõhiot || soc'heches'heiot<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Second pronoun: túbosh( you) and nol’halhujh(you)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !!Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || túbosh || nol'halhujh<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || túboshim || nol'halhujhim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative|| túbosha || nol'halhujha<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || túboshat || nol'halhujhat<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative|| túbosho || nol'halhujho<br /> |-<br /> |Instrumental || túboshot || nol'halhujhot<br /> |}<br /> Third pronouns: nõbéheghelh (he), nhããmãadaõ(she) and nhãmadão(it)<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Singular !! Masculine !! Feminine !! Neuter<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||nõbéheghelh ||nhããmãadaõ || nhãmadão<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive||nõbéheghelhim|| nhããmãadaõim || nhãmadãoim<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || nõbéheghelha || nhããmãadaõet || nhãmadãoi<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || nõbéheghelhat || nhããmãadaõon || nhãmadãoit<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || - ||- || -<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || nõbéheghelhot || nhããmãadaõonot || nhãmadãoot<br /> |}<br /> Third pronoun: teãbãõkhé(they)<br /> Adjectives<br /> Adjectives can end with a vowel or a consonant. Adjectives with a vowel have regular comparation, and with a consonant have irregular comparation.<br /> Adjectives are diclined like the noun that goes after.<br /> moní-beautiful<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Singular !! Maculine !! Feminine !! Neuter<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| moní ||moní || moní<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || moníe ||moníe || moníe<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || monía || moníet|| moníi<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || moníat ||moníon || moníit<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || monío || moníono || monío<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||moníot || moníonot ||moníot<br /> |-<br /> | Plural || <br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||moníii|| moníii || moníii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || moníeii|| moníeii || moníeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || moníaii || moníetii || moníiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||moníatii|| moníonii || moníitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || moníoii || moníonoii || moníoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || moníotii || moníonotii || moníotii<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> Other adjectives are diclined like adjective moní.<br /> Comparation<br /> Lees'hin has normally positive, comparative and superlative. Comparation can be regular or irregular.<br /> Regular comparation<br /> For comparative -r is added, e.g. monír (comparative of moní). Irrelugar comparative, e.g. ganõm( comparative of as'har-good)<br /> For superlative particle ka and comparative are added, e.g. ka monír or ka ganõm.<br /> Verbs<br /> Lees'hin verbs are inflected in numbers, moods and tenses. Every grammatical person has own suffix. One thing is special and that is infinitive. Infinitive in Lees'hin is thematic vowel +-eu. Basically Lees'hin verb consists of 2 parts, first is before -eu and second after, e.g. õnhak'''a-eu''', the root is õnhak, and infinitive is a-eu<br /> Regular conjugation:<br /> <br /> <br /> Adverbs<br /> Particles<br /> Derivational morphology<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Syntax==<br /> ===Constituent order===<br /> ===Noun phrase===<br /> ===Verb phrase===<br /> ===Sentence phrase===<br /> ===Dependent clauses===<br /> &lt;!-- etc. etc. --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Example texts==<br /> ==Other resources==<br /> &lt;!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Template area --&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]<br /> [[Category:Languages]]</div>

Julijanj https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Lees%27hin&diff=91616 2017-11-24T17:28:47Z

<p>Julijanj: /* Morphology */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> &lt;!-- <br /> <br /> This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br /> <br /> I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).<br /> II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)<br /> III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Introduction==<br /> Lees'hin (lees'hin s'hon) is lees'hinian language spoken in Democratic Republic of Lees'hin (Vas’hat Nhelhuk Lees’hin) by 48 000 native speakers. It was created in 2015. The language has no cognate with natural languages. I wanted to make some very strange language with strange vocubalary. And I made it, Lees'hin was my strange language. Also Lees'hin is intelligable with 2 other lees'hinian languages. They are Mihrulen and Basti.<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Example categories/headings: <br /> <br /> Goals<br /> Setting<br /> Inspiration<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- ***Phonology*** --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- What sounds does your language use? --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br /> <br /> Vowel inventory<br /> Consonant inventory<br /> Syllable structure<br /> Stress<br /> Intonation<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Orthography===<br /> Lees'hin orthography is special, because every letter except y has version with the letter h. For digraphs ch, sh, nh, lh and jh , version with h is c'h s'h, n'h, l'h and j'h.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Letter!! Name of letter<br /> |-<br /> | a || akú<br /> |-<br /> | ã || a kamã<br /> |-<br /> | á || a acún<br /> |-<br /> | b || bãh<br /> |-<br /> | bh || abhú<br /> |-<br /> | c || ca<br /> |-<br /> | ch || cha<br /> |-<br /> | c'h || ac'ha<br /> |-<br /> | d || da<br /> |-<br /> | dh||adhe <br /> |-<br /> | e|| ekú<br /> |-<br /> | é || e acún<br /> |-<br /> | f || fa<br /> |-<br /> | fh|| efhe<br /> |-<br /> | g || gu<br /> |-<br /> | gh|| aghe<br /> |-<br /> | h || hu<br /> |-<br /> | i || ikú<br /> |-<br /> | í || i acún<br /> |-<br /> | j || ja<br /> |-<br /> | jh || jhe<br /> |-<br /> | j'h || aj'he<br /> |-<br /> | k || kã<br /> |-<br /> | kh || akhã<br /> |-<br /> | l || la<br /> |-<br /> | lh || lha<br /> |-<br /> | l'h || al'he<br /> |-<br /> | m || ma<br /> |-<br /> | mh || amhe<br /> |-<br /> | n || ne<br /> |-<br /> | nh || nhe<br /> |-<br /> | n'h|| an'he<br /> |-<br /> | o || okú<br /> |-<br /> | õ || o kamã<br /> |-<br /> | ó || o acún<br /> |-<br /> | p|| pu<br /> |-<br /> | ph || aphú<br /> |-<br /> | q || qu<br /> |-<br /> | qh || aqhú<br /> |-<br /> | r || ra<br /> |-<br /> | rh || arha<br /> |-<br /> | s|| se<br /> |-<br /> | sh || she<br /> |-<br /> | s'h || as'hé<br /> |-<br /> | t || tan<br /> |-<br /> | th || athan<br /> |-<br /> | u || ukú<br /> |-<br /> | ú||u acún<br /> |-<br /> | v || vãku<br /> |-<br /> | vh || vhãku<br /> |-<br /> | y|| yun<br /> |-<br /> | z || za<br /> |-<br /> | zh || azha<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Bilabial!!Labio-dental!!Alveolar!!Post-alveolar!!Palatal!!Velar!!Uvular!!Glottal<br /> |-<br /> |Nasal|| m /m/ || || n /n/ || || nh /ɲ/ || n /ŋ/ || || <br /> |-<br /> |Plosive || p /p/ b /b/ || || t /t/ d /d/ || || || k /k/ g /g/ ||q /q/ || <br /> |-<br /> |Affricate || || || c /t͡s/ || ch /t͡ʃ/ jh /d͡ʒ/ || || || || <br /> |-<br /> |Fricative || || f /f/ v /v/ || s /s/ z /z/ || sh /ʃ/ j /ʒ/ || || *(')h /x/ || || h /h/<br /> |-<br /> |Approximant || || || || || y /j/ || || || <br /> |-<br /> |Trill || || || r /r/ || || || || ||<br /> |-<br /> |Lateral app. || || || l /l/ || || || lh /ʎ/ || || <br /> |}<br /> *(')h- when h is after consonant it will be pronounced /x/. So in writing exist 2 groups. One is with apostrophe and other has no apostrophe. Group with apostrophe is: s'h, c'h, j'h, l'h and n'h. In other group are consonants that don't need an apostrophe because they can't make another sound. So s'h is written this way to avoid mixing with sh. But gh is written in this way becaus e g with h can't make another phoneme, like sh.<br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Front!! Central !! Back<br /> |-<br /> | Close || i, í /i/ || || u, ú /u/<br /> |-<br /> | Close-mid || e, é /e/ || || õ/ɤ/ o, ó /o/<br /> |-<br /> | Mid || || ã /ə/ || <br /> |-<br /> | Open || a, á /a/ || || <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Prosody===<br /> ====Stress====<br /> Stress is mainly on first place. The stress isn't on first place when a word has graphic accent, then the stress falls where an acute accent is found. Lees'hin has one accent, acute. Vowels can be short or long. A vowel is short if the following vowel isn't the same as proceeding vowel. A vowel is long if after a vowel comes the same vowel.<br /> <br /> ====Intonation====<br /> Intonation in Lees'hin is the same as in English.<br /> <br /> ===Phonotactics===<br /> &lt;!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, &quot;st&quot; is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset &quot;ng&quot; isn't. --&gt;<br /> In Lees'hin are permissible all combinations with h, eg, bh, ch, c'h, sh, s'h... All syllables must have at least one vowel. Nouns cannot end with a vowel.<br /> <br /> ==Morphology==<br /> &lt;!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --&gt;Lees'hin has 6 cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative, instrumenatal). Verbs are inflected through 2 numbers, 3 moods( indicative , subjunctive, imperative), 9 tenses in indicative, 5 in subjunctive and only 1 in imperative. Nouns differ from adjectives. Adjectives differ from verbs.<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Here are some example subcategories:<br /> <br /> Nouns<br /> As I said, Lees'hin has 6 cases. Also Lees'hin has 3 genders (maculine, feminine, neuter) and 3 declinations for each gender. First noun is masculine, the noun s'hon. As seen Lees'hin has no locative, so locative is found in accusative.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !!Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || s'hon || s'honii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || s'hone || s'honeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || s'hona || s'honaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative|| s'honat || s'honatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || s'hono || s'honoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental|| s'honot || s'honotii<br /> |}<br /> Second noun is feminine, the noun hõshejh <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || hõshejh || hõshejhii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || hõshejhe || hõshejheii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || hõshejhet || hõshejhetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || hõshejhon || hõshejhonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || hõshejhono || hõshejhonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || hõshejhonot || hõshejhonotii<br /> |}<br /> Third noun is neuter, the noun heemuõãat<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || heemuõãat|| heemuõãatii<br /> |- |<br /> | Genitive|| heemuõãate || heemuõãateii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || heemuõãati || heemuõãatiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || heemuõãatit || heemuõãatiti<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || heemuõãato || heemuõãatoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || heemuõãatot || heemuõãatotii<br /> |}<br /> Irregular declinations<br /> In Lees'hin also exist irregular declanations, there are 3 types of declination. <br /> First declination: r-declination, e.g. sujh(f)-bowl. This noun has irregular plural.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || sujh || sãchii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || sujher || sãcherii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || sujhra || sãchrii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || sãchrat || sãchratii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || sujhro || sãchroii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||sujhrot|| sãchrotii<br /> |}<br /> Second declination: k-declination, e.g. lhum(m)-owl<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || lhum || lhumii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || lhumka || lhumkaii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative|| lhumak || lhumakii<br /> |-<br /> |Accusative|| lhumakat || lhumakatii<br /> |-<br /> |Vocative || lhumo || lhumoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || lhumkot || lhumkotii<br /> |}<br /> Third declination:v-declination, e.g. jãkhan(m)-door<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| jãkhan || jãkhanii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || jãkhanve || jãkhanveii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative ||jãkhanav|| jãkhanavii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || jãkhanvat || jãkhanvatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || jãkhanvo || jãkhanvoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||jãkhanvot|| jãkhanvotii<br /> |}<br /> Pronouns<br /> <br /> Adjectives<br /> Adjectives can end with a vowel or a consonant. Adjectives with a vowel have regular comparation, and with a consonant have irregular comparation.<br /> Adjectives are diclined like the noun that goes after.<br /> moní-beautiful<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Singular !! Maculine !! Feminine !! Neuter<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| moní ||moní || moní<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || moníe ||moníe || moníe<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || monía || moníet|| moníi<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || moníat ||moníon || moníit<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || monío || moníono || monío<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||moníot || moníonot ||moníot<br /> |-<br /> | Plural || <br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||moníii|| moníii || moníii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || moníeii|| moníeii || moníeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || moníaii || moníetii || moníiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||moníatii|| moníonii || moníitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || moníoii || moníonoii || moníoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || moníotii || moníonotii || moníotii<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> Other adjectives are diclined like adjective moní.<br /> Comparation<br /> Lees'hin has normally positive, comparative and superlative. Comparation can be regular or irregular.<br /> Regular comparation<br /> For comparative -r is added, e.g. monír (comparative of moní). Irrelugar comparative, e.g. ganõm( comparative of as'har-good)<br /> For superlative particle ka and comparative are added, e.g. ka monír or ka ganõm.<br /> Verbs<br /> Lees'hin verbs are inflected in numbers, moods and tenses. Every grammatical person has own suffix. One thing is special and that is infinitive. Infinitive in Lees'hin is thematic vowel +-eu. Basically Lees'hin verb consists of 2 parts, first is before -eu and second after, e.g. õnhak'''a-eu''', the root is õnhak, and infinitive is a-eu<br /> Regular conjugation:<br /> <br /> <br /> Adverbs<br /> Particles<br /> Derivational morphology<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Syntax==<br /> ===Constituent order===<br /> ===Noun phrase===<br /> ===Verb phrase===<br /> ===Sentence phrase===<br /> ===Dependent clauses===<br /> &lt;!-- etc. etc. --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Example texts==<br /> ==Other resources==<br /> &lt;!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Template area --&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]<br /> [[Category:Languages]]</div>

Julijanj https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Lees%27hin&diff=91615 2017-11-24T17:25:43Z

<p>Julijanj: /* Morphology */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> &lt;!-- <br /> <br /> This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br /> <br /> I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).<br /> II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)<br /> III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Introduction==<br /> Lees'hin (lees'hin s'hon) is lees'hinian language spoken in Democratic Republic of Lees'hin (Vas’hat Nhelhuk Lees’hin) by 48 000 native speakers. It was created in 2015. The language has no cognate with natural languages. I wanted to make some very strange language with strange vocubalary. And I made it, Lees'hin was my strange language. Also Lees'hin is intelligable with 2 other lees'hinian languages. They are Mihrulen and Basti.<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Example categories/headings: <br /> <br /> Goals<br /> Setting<br /> Inspiration<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- ***Phonology*** --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- What sounds does your language use? --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br /> <br /> Vowel inventory<br /> Consonant inventory<br /> Syllable structure<br /> Stress<br /> Intonation<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Orthography===<br /> Lees'hin orthography is special, because every letter except y has version with the letter h. For digraphs ch, sh, nh, lh and jh , version with h is c'h s'h, n'h, l'h and j'h.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Letter!! Name of letter<br /> |-<br /> | a || akú<br /> |-<br /> | ã || a kamã<br /> |-<br /> | á || a acún<br /> |-<br /> | b || bãh<br /> |-<br /> | bh || abhú<br /> |-<br /> | c || ca<br /> |-<br /> | ch || cha<br /> |-<br /> | c'h || ac'ha<br /> |-<br /> | d || da<br /> |-<br /> | dh||adhe <br /> |-<br /> | e|| ekú<br /> |-<br /> | é || e acún<br /> |-<br /> | f || fa<br /> |-<br /> | fh|| efhe<br /> |-<br /> | g || gu<br /> |-<br /> | gh|| aghe<br /> |-<br /> | h || hu<br /> |-<br /> | i || ikú<br /> |-<br /> | í || i acún<br /> |-<br /> | j || ja<br /> |-<br /> | jh || jhe<br /> |-<br /> | j'h || aj'he<br /> |-<br /> | k || kã<br /> |-<br /> | kh || akhã<br /> |-<br /> | l || la<br /> |-<br /> | lh || lha<br /> |-<br /> | l'h || al'he<br /> |-<br /> | m || ma<br /> |-<br /> | mh || amhe<br /> |-<br /> | n || ne<br /> |-<br /> | nh || nhe<br /> |-<br /> | n'h|| an'he<br /> |-<br /> | o || okú<br /> |-<br /> | õ || o kamã<br /> |-<br /> | ó || o acún<br /> |-<br /> | p|| pu<br /> |-<br /> | ph || aphú<br /> |-<br /> | q || qu<br /> |-<br /> | qh || aqhú<br /> |-<br /> | r || ra<br /> |-<br /> | rh || arha<br /> |-<br /> | s|| se<br /> |-<br /> | sh || she<br /> |-<br /> | s'h || as'hé<br /> |-<br /> | t || tan<br /> |-<br /> | th || athan<br /> |-<br /> | u || ukú<br /> |-<br /> | ú||u acún<br /> |-<br /> | v || vãku<br /> |-<br /> | vh || vhãku<br /> |-<br /> | y|| yun<br /> |-<br /> | z || za<br /> |-<br /> | zh || azha<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Bilabial!!Labio-dental!!Alveolar!!Post-alveolar!!Palatal!!Velar!!Uvular!!Glottal<br /> |-<br /> |Nasal|| m /m/ || || n /n/ || || nh /ɲ/ || n /ŋ/ || || <br /> |-<br /> |Plosive || p /p/ b /b/ || || t /t/ d /d/ || || || k /k/ g /g/ ||q /q/ || <br /> |-<br /> |Affricate || || || c /t͡s/ || ch /t͡ʃ/ jh /d͡ʒ/ || || || || <br /> |-<br /> |Fricative || || f /f/ v /v/ || s /s/ z /z/ || sh /ʃ/ j /ʒ/ || || *(')h /x/ || || h /h/<br /> |-<br /> |Approximant || || || || || y /j/ || || || <br /> |-<br /> |Trill || || || r /r/ || || || || ||<br /> |-<br /> |Lateral app. || || || l /l/ || || || lh /ʎ/ || || <br /> |}<br /> *(')h- when h is after consonant it will be pronounced /x/. So in writing exist 2 groups. One is with apostrophe and other has no apostrophe. Group with apostrophe is: s'h, c'h, j'h, l'h and n'h. In other group are consonants that don't need an apostrophe because they can't make another sound. So s'h is written this way to avoid mixing with sh. But gh is written in this way becaus e g with h can't make another phoneme, like sh.<br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Front!! Central !! Back<br /> |-<br /> | Close || i, í /i/ || || u, ú /u/<br /> |-<br /> | Close-mid || e, é /e/ || || õ/ɤ/ o, ó /o/<br /> |-<br /> | Mid || || ã /ə/ || <br /> |-<br /> | Open || a, á /a/ || || <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Prosody===<br /> ====Stress====<br /> Stress is mainly on first place. The stress isn't on first place when a word has graphic accent, then the stress falls where an acute accent is found. Lees'hin has one accent, acute. Vowels can be short or long. A vowel is short if the following vowel isn't the same as proceeding vowel. A vowel is long if after a vowel comes the same vowel.<br /> <br /> ====Intonation====<br /> Intonation in Lees'hin is the same as in English.<br /> <br /> ===Phonotactics===<br /> &lt;!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, &quot;st&quot; is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset &quot;ng&quot; isn't. --&gt;<br /> In Lees'hin are permissible all combinations with h, eg, bh, ch, c'h, sh, s'h... All syllables must have at least one vowel. Nouns cannot end with a vowel.<br /> <br /> ==Morphology==<br /> &lt;!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --&gt;Lees'hin has 6 cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative, instrumenatal). Verbs are inflected through 2 numbers, 3 moods( indicative , subjunctive, imperative), 9 tenses in indicative, 5 in subjunctive and only 1 in imperative. Nouns differ from adjectives. Adjectives differ from verbs.<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Here are some example subcategories:<br /> <br /> Nouns<br /> As I said, Lees'hin has 6 cases. Also Lees'hin has 3 genders (maculine, feminine, neuter) and 3 declinations for each gender. First noun is masculine, the noun s'hon. As seen Lees'hin has no locative, so locative is found in accusative.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !!Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || s'hon || s'honii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || s'hone || s'honeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || s'hona || s'honaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative|| s'honat || s'honatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || s'hono || s'honoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental|| s'honot || s'honotii<br /> |}<br /> Second noun is feminine, the noun hõshejh <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || hõshejh || hõshejhii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || hõshejhe || hõshejheii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || hõshejhet || hõshejhetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || hõshejhon || hõshejhonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || hõshejhono || hõshejhonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || hõshejhonot || hõshejhonotii<br /> |}<br /> Third noun is neuter, the noun heemuõãat<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || heemuõãat|| heemuõãatii<br /> |- |<br /> | Genitive|| heemuõãate || heemuõãateii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || heemuõãati || heemuõãatiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || heemuõãatit || heemuõãatiti<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || heemuõãato || heemuõãatoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || heemuõãatot || heemuõãatotii<br /> |}<br /> Irregular declinations<br /> In Lees'hin also exist irregular declanations, there are 3 types of declination. <br /> First declination: r-declination, e.g. sujh(f)-bowl. This noun has irregular plural.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || sujh || sãchii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || sujher || sãcherii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || sujhra || sãchrii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || sãchrat || sãchratii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || sujhro || sãchroii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||sujhrot|| sãchrotii<br /> |}<br /> Second declination: k-declination, e.g. lhum(m)-owl<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || lhum || lhumii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || lhumka || lhumkaii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative|| lhumak || lhumakii<br /> |-<br /> |Accusative|| lhumakat || lhumakatii<br /> |-<br /> |Vocative || lhumo || lhumoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || lhumkot || lhumkotii<br /> |}<br /> Third declination:v-declination, e.g. jãkhan(m)-door<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| jãkhan || jãkhanii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || jãkhanve || jãkhanveii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative ||jãkhanav|| jãkhanavii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || jãkhanvat || jãkhanvatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || jãkhanvo || jãkhanvoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||jãkhanvot|| jãkhanvotii<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Adjectives<br /> Adjectives can end with a vowel or a consonant. Adjectives with a vowel have regular comparation, and with a consonant have irregular comparation.<br /> Adjectives are diclined like the noun that goes after.<br /> moní-beautiful<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Singular !! Maculine !! Feminine !! Neuter<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| moní ||moní || moní<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || moníe ||moníe || moníe<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || monía || moníet|| moníi<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || moníat ||moníon || moníit<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || monío || moníono || monío<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||moníot || moníonot ||moníot<br /> |-<br /> | Plural || <br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||moníii|| moníii || moníii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || moníeii|| moníeii || moníeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || moníaii || moníetii || moníiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||moníatii|| moníonii || moníitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || moníoii || moníonoii || moníoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || moníotii || moníonotii || moníotii<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> Other adjectiives are diclined like adjective moní.<br /> Comparation<br /> Lees'hin has normally positive, comparative and superlative. Comparation can be regular or irregular.<br /> Regular comparation<br /> For comparative -r is added, e.g. monír (comparative of moní). Irrelugar comparative, e.g. ganõm( comparative of as'har-good)<br /> For superlative particle ka and comparative are added, e.g. ka monír or ka ganõm.<br /> Verbs<br /> Lees'hin verbs are inflected in numbers, moods and tenses. Every grammatical person has own suffix. One thing is special and that is infinitive. Infinitive in Lees'hin is thematic vowel +-eu. Basically Lees'hin verb consists of 2 parts, first is before -eu and second after, e.g. õnhak'''a-eu''', the root is õnhak, and infinitive is a-eu<br /> Regular conjugation:<br /> <br /> Pronouns<br /> Adverbs<br /> Particles<br /> Derivational morphology<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Syntax==<br /> ===Constituent order===<br /> ===Noun phrase===<br /> ===Verb phrase===<br /> ===Sentence phrase===<br /> ===Dependent clauses===<br /> &lt;!-- etc. etc. --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Example texts==<br /> ==Other resources==<br /> &lt;!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Template area --&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]<br /> [[Category:Languages]]</div>

Julijanj https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Lees%27hin&diff=91614 2017-11-24T17:24:07Z

<p>Julijanj: /* Morphology */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> &lt;!-- <br /> <br /> This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br /> <br /> I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).<br /> II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)<br /> III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Introduction==<br /> Lees'hin (lees'hin s'hon) is lees'hinian language spoken in Democratic Republic of Lees'hin (Vas’hat Nhelhuk Lees’hin) by 48 000 native speakers. It was created in 2015. The language has no cognate with natural languages. I wanted to make some very strange language with strange vocubalary. And I made it, Lees'hin was my strange language. Also Lees'hin is intelligable with 2 other lees'hinian languages. They are Mihrulen and Basti.<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Example categories/headings: <br /> <br /> Goals<br /> Setting<br /> Inspiration<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- ***Phonology*** --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- What sounds does your language use? --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br /> <br /> Vowel inventory<br /> Consonant inventory<br /> Syllable structure<br /> Stress<br /> Intonation<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Orthography===<br /> Lees'hin orthography is special, because every letter except y has version with the letter h. For digraphs ch, sh, nh, lh and jh , version with h is c'h s'h, n'h, l'h and j'h.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Letter!! Name of letter<br /> |-<br /> | a || akú<br /> |-<br /> | ã || a kamã<br /> |-<br /> | á || a acún<br /> |-<br /> | b || bãh<br /> |-<br /> | bh || abhú<br /> |-<br /> | c || ca<br /> |-<br /> | ch || cha<br /> |-<br /> | c'h || ac'ha<br /> |-<br /> | d || da<br /> |-<br /> | dh||adhe <br /> |-<br /> | e|| ekú<br /> |-<br /> | é || e acún<br /> |-<br /> | f || fa<br /> |-<br /> | fh|| efhe<br /> |-<br /> | g || gu<br /> |-<br /> | gh|| aghe<br /> |-<br /> | h || hu<br /> |-<br /> | i || ikú<br /> |-<br /> | í || i acún<br /> |-<br /> | j || ja<br /> |-<br /> | jh || jhe<br /> |-<br /> | j'h || aj'he<br /> |-<br /> | k || kã<br /> |-<br /> | kh || akhã<br /> |-<br /> | l || la<br /> |-<br /> | lh || lha<br /> |-<br /> | l'h || al'he<br /> |-<br /> | m || ma<br /> |-<br /> | mh || amhe<br /> |-<br /> | n || ne<br /> |-<br /> | nh || nhe<br /> |-<br /> | n'h|| an'he<br /> |-<br /> | o || okú<br /> |-<br /> | õ || o kamã<br /> |-<br /> | ó || o acún<br /> |-<br /> | p|| pu<br /> |-<br /> | ph || aphú<br /> |-<br /> | q || qu<br /> |-<br /> | qh || aqhú<br /> |-<br /> | r || ra<br /> |-<br /> | rh || arha<br /> |-<br /> | s|| se<br /> |-<br /> | sh || she<br /> |-<br /> | s'h || as'hé<br /> |-<br /> | t || tan<br /> |-<br /> | th || athan<br /> |-<br /> | u || ukú<br /> |-<br /> | ú||u acún<br /> |-<br /> | v || vãku<br /> |-<br /> | vh || vhãku<br /> |-<br /> | y|| yun<br /> |-<br /> | z || za<br /> |-<br /> | zh || azha<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Bilabial!!Labio-dental!!Alveolar!!Post-alveolar!!Palatal!!Velar!!Uvular!!Glottal<br /> |-<br /> |Nasal|| m /m/ || || n /n/ || || nh /ɲ/ || n /ŋ/ || || <br /> |-<br /> |Plosive || p /p/ b /b/ || || t /t/ d /d/ || || || k /k/ g /g/ ||q /q/ || <br /> |-<br /> |Affricate || || || c /t͡s/ || ch /t͡ʃ/ jh /d͡ʒ/ || || || || <br /> |-<br /> |Fricative || || f /f/ v /v/ || s /s/ z /z/ || sh /ʃ/ j /ʒ/ || || *(')h /x/ || || h /h/<br /> |-<br /> |Approximant || || || || || y /j/ || || || <br /> |-<br /> |Trill || || || r /r/ || || || || ||<br /> |-<br /> |Lateral app. || || || l /l/ || || || lh /ʎ/ || || <br /> |}<br /> *(')h- when h is after consonant it will be pronounced /x/. So in writing exist 2 groups. One is with apostrophe and other has no apostrophe. Group with apostrophe is: s'h, c'h, j'h, l'h and n'h. In other group are consonants that don't need an apostrophe because they can't make another sound. So s'h is written this way to avoid mixing with sh. But gh is written in this way becaus e g with h can't make another phoneme, like sh.<br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Front!! Central !! Back<br /> |-<br /> | Close || i, í /i/ || || u, ú /u/<br /> |-<br /> | Close-mid || e, é /e/ || || õ/ɤ/ o, ó /o/<br /> |-<br /> | Mid || || ã /ə/ || <br /> |-<br /> | Open || a, á /a/ || || <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Prosody===<br /> ====Stress====<br /> Stress is mainly on first place. The stress isn't on first place when a word has graphic accent, then the stress falls where an acute accent is found. Lees'hin has one accent, acute. Vowels can be short or long. A vowel is short if the following vowel isn't the same as proceeding vowel. A vowel is long if after a vowel comes the same vowel.<br /> <br /> ====Intonation====<br /> Intonation in Lees'hin is the same as in English.<br /> <br /> ===Phonotactics===<br /> &lt;!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, &quot;st&quot; is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset &quot;ng&quot; isn't. --&gt;<br /> In Lees'hin are permissible all combinations with h, eg, bh, ch, c'h, sh, s'h... All syllables must have at least one vowel. Nouns cannot end with a vowel.<br /> <br /> ==Morphology==<br /> &lt;!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --&gt;Lees'hin has 6 cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative, instrumenatal). Verbs are inflected through 2 numbers, 3 moods( indicative , subjunctive, imperative), 9 tenses in indicative, 5 in subjunctive and only 1 in imperative. Nouns differ from adjectives. Adjectives differ from verbs.<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Here are some example subcategories:<br /> <br /> Nouns<br /> As I said, Lees'hin has 6 cases. Also Lees'hin has 3 genders (maculine, feminine, neuter) and 3 declinations for each gender. First noun is masculine, the noun s'hon. As seen Lees'hin has no locative, so locative is found in accusative.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !!Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || s'hon || s'honii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || s'hone || s'honeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || s'hona || s'honaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative|| s'honat || s'honatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || s'hono || s'honoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental|| s'honot || s'honotii<br /> |}<br /> Second noun is feminine, the noun hõshejh <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || hõshejh || hõshejhii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || hõshejhe || hõshejheii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || hõshejhet || hõshejhetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || hõshejhon || hõshejhonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || hõshejhono || hõshejhonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || hõshejhonot || hõshejhonotii<br /> |}<br /> Third noun is neuter, the noun heemuõãat<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || heemuõãat|| heemuõãatii<br /> |- |<br /> | Genitive|| heemuõãate || heemuõãateii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || heemuõãati || heemuõãatiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || heemuõãatit || heemuõãatiti<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || heemuõãato || heemuõãatoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || heemuõãatot || heemuõãatotii<br /> |}<br /> Irregular declinations<br /> In Lees'hin also exist irregular declanations, there are 3 types of declination. <br /> First declination: r-declination, e.g. sujh(f)-bowl. This noun has irregular plural.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || sujh || sãchii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || sujher || sãcherii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || sujhra || sãchrii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || sãchrat || sãchratii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || sujhro || sãchroii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||sujhrot|| sãchrotii<br /> |}<br /> Second declination: k-declination, e.g. lhum(m)-owl<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || lhum || lhumii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || lhumka || lhumkaii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative|| lhumak || lhumakii<br /> |-<br /> |Accusative|| lhumakat || lhumakatii<br /> |-<br /> |Vocative || lhumo || lhumoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || lhumkot || lhumkotii<br /> |}<br /> Third declination:v-declination, e.g. jãkhan(m)-door<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| jãkhan || jãkhanii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || jãkhanve || jãkhanveii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative ||jãkhanav|| jãkhanavii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || jãkhanvat || jãkhanvatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || jãkhanvo || jãkhanvoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||jãkhanvot|| jãkhanvotii<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Adjectives<br /> Adjectives can end with a vowel or a consonant. Adjectives with a vowel have regular comparation, and with a consonant have irregular comparation.<br /> Adjectives are diclined like the noun that goes after.<br /> moní-beautiful<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Singular !! Maculine !! Feminine !! Neuter<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| moní ||moní || moní<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || moníe ||moníe || moníe<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || monía || moníet|| moníi<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || moníat ||moníon || moníit<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || monío || moníono || monío<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||moníot || moníonot ||moníot<br /> |-<br /> | Plural || <br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||moníii|| moníii || moníii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || moníeii|| moníeii || moníeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || moníaii || moníetii || moníiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||moníatii|| moníonii || moníitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || moníoii || moníonoii || moníoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || moníotii || moníonotii || moníotii<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> Other adjectiives are diclined like adjective moní.<br /> Comparation<br /> Lees'hin has normally positive, comparative and superlative. Comparation can be regular or irregular.<br /> Regular comparation<br /> For comparative -r is added, e.g. monír (comparative of moní). Irrelugar comparative, e.g. ganõm( comparative of as'har-good)<br /> For superlative particle ka and comparative are added, e.g. ka monír or ka ganõm.<br /> Verbs<br /> Lees'hin verbs are inflected in numbers, moods and tenses. Every grammatical person has own suffix. One thing is special and that is infinitive. Infinitive in Lees'hin is thematic vowel +-eu. Basically Lees'hin verb consists of 2 parts, first is before -eu and second after, e.g. õnhak'''a-eu''', the root is õnhak, and infinitive is a-eu<br /> Regular conjugation:<br /> Adverbs<br /> Pronouns<br /> Particles<br /> Derivational morphology<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Syntax==<br /> ===Constituent order===<br /> ===Noun phrase===<br /> ===Verb phrase===<br /> ===Sentence phrase===<br /> ===Dependent clauses===<br /> &lt;!-- etc. etc. --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Example texts==<br /> ==Other resources==<br /> &lt;!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Template area --&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]<br /> [[Category:Languages]]</div>

Julijanj https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Lees%27hin&diff=91613 2017-11-24T17:20:55Z

<p>Julijanj: /* Morphology */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> &lt;!-- <br /> <br /> This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br /> <br /> I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).<br /> II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)<br /> III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Introduction==<br /> Lees'hin (lees'hin s'hon) is lees'hinian language spoken in Democratic Republic of Lees'hin (Vas’hat Nhelhuk Lees’hin) by 48 000 native speakers. It was created in 2015. The language has no cognate with natural languages. I wanted to make some very strange language with strange vocubalary. And I made it, Lees'hin was my strange language. Also Lees'hin is intelligable with 2 other lees'hinian languages. They are Mihrulen and Basti.<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Example categories/headings: <br /> <br /> Goals<br /> Setting<br /> Inspiration<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- ***Phonology*** --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- What sounds does your language use? --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br /> <br /> Vowel inventory<br /> Consonant inventory<br /> Syllable structure<br /> Stress<br /> Intonation<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Orthography===<br /> Lees'hin orthography is special, because every letter except y has version with the letter h. For digraphs ch, sh, nh, lh and jh , version with h is c'h s'h, n'h, l'h and j'h.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Letter!! Name of letter<br /> |-<br /> | a || akú<br /> |-<br /> | ã || a kamã<br /> |-<br /> | á || a acún<br /> |-<br /> | b || bãh<br /> |-<br /> | bh || abhú<br /> |-<br /> | c || ca<br /> |-<br /> | ch || cha<br /> |-<br /> | c'h || ac'ha<br /> |-<br /> | d || da<br /> |-<br /> | dh||adhe <br /> |-<br /> | e|| ekú<br /> |-<br /> | é || e acún<br /> |-<br /> | f || fa<br /> |-<br /> | fh|| efhe<br /> |-<br /> | g || gu<br /> |-<br /> | gh|| aghe<br /> |-<br /> | h || hu<br /> |-<br /> | i || ikú<br /> |-<br /> | í || i acún<br /> |-<br /> | j || ja<br /> |-<br /> | jh || jhe<br /> |-<br /> | j'h || aj'he<br /> |-<br /> | k || kã<br /> |-<br /> | kh || akhã<br /> |-<br /> | l || la<br /> |-<br /> | lh || lha<br /> |-<br /> | l'h || al'he<br /> |-<br /> | m || ma<br /> |-<br /> | mh || amhe<br /> |-<br /> | n || ne<br /> |-<br /> | nh || nhe<br /> |-<br /> | n'h|| an'he<br /> |-<br /> | o || okú<br /> |-<br /> | õ || o kamã<br /> |-<br /> | ó || o acún<br /> |-<br /> | p|| pu<br /> |-<br /> | ph || aphú<br /> |-<br /> | q || qu<br /> |-<br /> | qh || aqhú<br /> |-<br /> | r || ra<br /> |-<br /> | rh || arha<br /> |-<br /> | s|| se<br /> |-<br /> | sh || she<br /> |-<br /> | s'h || as'hé<br /> |-<br /> | t || tan<br /> |-<br /> | th || athan<br /> |-<br /> | u || ukú<br /> |-<br /> | ú||u acún<br /> |-<br /> | v || vãku<br /> |-<br /> | vh || vhãku<br /> |-<br /> | y|| yun<br /> |-<br /> | z || za<br /> |-<br /> | zh || azha<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Bilabial!!Labio-dental!!Alveolar!!Post-alveolar!!Palatal!!Velar!!Uvular!!Glottal<br /> |-<br /> |Nasal|| m /m/ || || n /n/ || || nh /ɲ/ || n /ŋ/ || || <br /> |-<br /> |Plosive || p /p/ b /b/ || || t /t/ d /d/ || || || k /k/ g /g/ ||q /q/ || <br /> |-<br /> |Affricate || || || c /t͡s/ || ch /t͡ʃ/ jh /d͡ʒ/ || || || || <br /> |-<br /> |Fricative || || f /f/ v /v/ || s /s/ z /z/ || sh /ʃ/ j /ʒ/ || || *(')h /x/ || || h /h/<br /> |-<br /> |Approximant || || || || || y /j/ || || || <br /> |-<br /> |Trill || || || r /r/ || || || || ||<br /> |-<br /> |Lateral app. || || || l /l/ || || || lh /ʎ/ || || <br /> |}<br /> *(')h- when h is after consonant it will be pronounced /x/. So in writing exist 2 groups. One is with apostrophe and other has no apostrophe. Group with apostrophe is: s'h, c'h, j'h, l'h and n'h. In other group are consonants that don't need an apostrophe because they can't make another sound. So s'h is written this way to avoid mixing with sh. But gh is written in this way becaus e g with h can't make another phoneme, like sh.<br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Front!! Central !! Back<br /> |-<br /> | Close || i, í /i/ || || u, ú /u/<br /> |-<br /> | Close-mid || e, é /e/ || || õ/ɤ/ o, ó /o/<br /> |-<br /> | Mid || || ã /ə/ || <br /> |-<br /> | Open || a, á /a/ || || <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Prosody===<br /> ====Stress====<br /> Stress is mainly on first place. The stress isn't on first place when a word has graphic accent, then the stress falls where an acute accent is found. Lees'hin has one accent, acute. Vowels can be short or long. A vowel is short if the following vowel isn't the same as proceeding vowel. A vowel is long if after a vowel comes the same vowel.<br /> <br /> ====Intonation====<br /> Intonation in Lees'hin is the same as in English.<br /> <br /> ===Phonotactics===<br /> &lt;!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, &quot;st&quot; is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset &quot;ng&quot; isn't. --&gt;<br /> In Lees'hin are permissible all combinations with h, eg, bh, ch, c'h, sh, s'h... All syllables must have at least one vowel. Nouns cannot end with a vowel.<br /> <br /> ==Morphology==<br /> &lt;!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --&gt;Lees'hin has 6 cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative, instrumenatal). Verbs are inflected through 2 numbers, 3 moods( indicative , subjunctive, imperative), 9 tenses in indicative, 5 in subjunctive and only 1 in imperative. Nouns differ from adjectives. Adjectives differ from verbs.<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Here are some example subcategories:<br /> <br /> Nouns<br /> As I said, Lees'hin has 6 cases. Also Lees'hin has 3 genders (maculine, feminine, neuter) and 3 declinations for each gender. First noun is masculine, the noun s'hon. As seen Lees'hin has no locative, so locative is found in accusative.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !!Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || s'hon || s'honii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || s'hone || s'honeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || s'hona || s'honaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative|| s'honat || s'honatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || s'hono || s'honoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental|| s'honot || s'honotii<br /> |}<br /> Second noun is feminine, the noun hõshejh <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || hõshejh || hõshejhii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || hõshejhe || hõshejheii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || hõshejhet || hõshejhetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || hõshejhon || hõshejhonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || hõshejhono || hõshejhonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || hõshejhonot || hõshejhonotii<br /> |}<br /> Third noun is neuter, the noun heemuõãat<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || heemuõãat|| heemuõãatii<br /> |- |<br /> | Genitive|| heemuõãate || heemuõãateii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || heemuõãati || heemuõãatiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || heemuõãatit || heemuõãatiti<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || heemuõãato || heemuõãatoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || heemuõãatot || heemuõãatotii<br /> |}<br /> Irregular declinations<br /> In Lees'hin also exist irregular declanations, there are 3 types of declination. <br /> First declination: r-declination, e.g. sujh(f)-bowl. This noun has irregular plural.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || sujh || sãchii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || sujher || sãcherii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || sujhra || sãchrii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || sãchrat || sãchratii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || sujhro || sãchroii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||sujhrot|| sãchrotii<br /> |}<br /> Second declination: k-declination, e.g. lhum(m)-owl<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || lhum || lhumii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || lhumka || lhumkaii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative|| lhumak || lhumakii<br /> |-<br /> |Accusative|| lhumakat || lhumakatii<br /> |-<br /> |Vocative || lhumo || lhumoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || lhumkot || lhumkotii<br /> |}<br /> Third declination:v-declination, e.g. jãkhan(m)-door<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| jãkhan || jãkhanii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || jãkhanve || jãkhanveii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative ||jãkhanav|| jãkhanavii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || jãkhanvat || jãkhanvatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || jãkhanvo || jãkhanvoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||jãkhanvot|| jãkhanvotii<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Adjectives<br /> Adjectives can end with a vowel or a consonant. Adjectives with a vowel have regular comparation, and with a consonant have irregular comparation.<br /> Adjectives are diclined like the noun that goes after.<br /> moní-beautiful<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Singular !! Maculine !! Feminine !! Neuter<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| moní ||moní || moní<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || moníe ||moníe || moníe<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || monía || moníet|| moníi<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || moníat ||moníon || moníit<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || monío || moníono || monío<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||moníot || moníonot ||moníot<br /> |-<br /> | Plural || <br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||moníii|| moníii || moníii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || moníeii|| moníeii || moníeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || moníaii || moníetii || moníiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||moníatii|| moníonii || moníitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || moníoii || moníonoii || moníoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || moníotii || moníonotii || moníotii<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> Other adjectiives are diclined like adjective moní.<br /> Comparation<br /> Lees'hin has normally positive, comparative and superlative. Comparation can be regular or irregular.<br /> Regular comparation<br /> For comparative -r is added, e.g. monír (comparative of moní). Irrelugar comparative, e.g. ganõm( comparative of as'har-good)<br /> For superlative particle ka and comparative are added, e.g. ka monír or ka ganõm.<br /> Verbs<br /> Lees'hin verbs are inflected in numbers, moods and tenses. Every grammatical person has own suffix. One thing is special and that is infinitive. Infinitive in Lees'hin is thematic vowel +-eu. Basically Lees'hin verb consists of 2 parts, first is before -eu and second after, e.g. õnhak'''a-eu''', the root õnhak, and infinitive is -a-eu<br /> Adverbs<br /> Particles<br /> Derivational morphology<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Syntax==<br /> ===Constituent order===<br /> ===Noun phrase===<br /> ===Verb phrase===<br /> ===Sentence phrase===<br /> ===Dependent clauses===<br /> &lt;!-- etc. etc. --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Example texts==<br /> ==Other resources==<br /> &lt;!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Template area --&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]<br /> [[Category:Languages]]</div>

Julijanj https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Lees%27hin&diff=91612 2017-11-24T16:58:19Z

<p>Julijanj: /* Morphology */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> &lt;!-- <br /> <br /> This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br /> <br /> I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).<br /> II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)<br /> III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Introduction==<br /> Lees'hin (lees'hin s'hon) is lees'hinian language spoken in Democratic Republic of Lees'hin (Vas’hat Nhelhuk Lees’hin) by 48 000 native speakers. It was created in 2015. The language has no cognate with natural languages. I wanted to make some very strange language with strange vocubalary. And I made it, Lees'hin was my strange language. Also Lees'hin is intelligable with 2 other lees'hinian languages. They are Mihrulen and Basti.<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Example categories/headings: <br /> <br /> Goals<br /> Setting<br /> Inspiration<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- ***Phonology*** --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- What sounds does your language use? --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br /> <br /> Vowel inventory<br /> Consonant inventory<br /> Syllable structure<br /> Stress<br /> Intonation<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Orthography===<br /> Lees'hin orthography is special, because every letter except y has version with the letter h. For digraphs ch, sh, nh, lh and jh , version with h is c'h s'h, n'h, l'h and j'h.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Letter!! Name of letter<br /> |-<br /> | a || akú<br /> |-<br /> | ã || a kamã<br /> |-<br /> | á || a acún<br /> |-<br /> | b || bãh<br /> |-<br /> | bh || abhú<br /> |-<br /> | c || ca<br /> |-<br /> | ch || cha<br /> |-<br /> | c'h || ac'ha<br /> |-<br /> | d || da<br /> |-<br /> | dh||adhe <br /> |-<br /> | e|| ekú<br /> |-<br /> | é || e acún<br /> |-<br /> | f || fa<br /> |-<br /> | fh|| efhe<br /> |-<br /> | g || gu<br /> |-<br /> | gh|| aghe<br /> |-<br /> | h || hu<br /> |-<br /> | i || ikú<br /> |-<br /> | í || i acún<br /> |-<br /> | j || ja<br /> |-<br /> | jh || jhe<br /> |-<br /> | j'h || aj'he<br /> |-<br /> | k || kã<br /> |-<br /> | kh || akhã<br /> |-<br /> | l || la<br /> |-<br /> | lh || lha<br /> |-<br /> | l'h || al'he<br /> |-<br /> | m || ma<br /> |-<br /> | mh || amhe<br /> |-<br /> | n || ne<br /> |-<br /> | nh || nhe<br /> |-<br /> | n'h|| an'he<br /> |-<br /> | o || okú<br /> |-<br /> | õ || o kamã<br /> |-<br /> | ó || o acún<br /> |-<br /> | p|| pu<br /> |-<br /> | ph || aphú<br /> |-<br /> | q || qu<br /> |-<br /> | qh || aqhú<br /> |-<br /> | r || ra<br /> |-<br /> | rh || arha<br /> |-<br /> | s|| se<br /> |-<br /> | sh || she<br /> |-<br /> | s'h || as'hé<br /> |-<br /> | t || tan<br /> |-<br /> | th || athan<br /> |-<br /> | u || ukú<br /> |-<br /> | ú||u acún<br /> |-<br /> | v || vãku<br /> |-<br /> | vh || vhãku<br /> |-<br /> | y|| yun<br /> |-<br /> | z || za<br /> |-<br /> | zh || azha<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Bilabial!!Labio-dental!!Alveolar!!Post-alveolar!!Palatal!!Velar!!Uvular!!Glottal<br /> |-<br /> |Nasal|| m /m/ || || n /n/ || || nh /ɲ/ || n /ŋ/ || || <br /> |-<br /> |Plosive || p /p/ b /b/ || || t /t/ d /d/ || || || k /k/ g /g/ ||q /q/ || <br /> |-<br /> |Affricate || || || c /t͡s/ || ch /t͡ʃ/ jh /d͡ʒ/ || || || || <br /> |-<br /> |Fricative || || f /f/ v /v/ || s /s/ z /z/ || sh /ʃ/ j /ʒ/ || || *(')h /x/ || || h /h/<br /> |-<br /> |Approximant || || || || || y /j/ || || || <br /> |-<br /> |Trill || || || r /r/ || || || || ||<br /> |-<br /> |Lateral app. || || || l /l/ || || || lh /ʎ/ || || <br /> |}<br /> *(')h- when h is after consonant it will be pronounced /x/. So in writing exist 2 groups. One is with apostrophe and other has no apostrophe. Group with apostrophe is: s'h, c'h, j'h, l'h and n'h. In other group are consonants that don't need an apostrophe because they can't make another sound. So s'h is written this way to avoid mixing with sh. But gh is written in this way becaus e g with h can't make another phoneme, like sh.<br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Front!! Central !! Back<br /> |-<br /> | Close || i, í /i/ || || u, ú /u/<br /> |-<br /> | Close-mid || e, é /e/ || || õ/ɤ/ o, ó /o/<br /> |-<br /> | Mid || || ã /ə/ || <br /> |-<br /> | Open || a, á /a/ || || <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Prosody===<br /> ====Stress====<br /> Stress is mainly on first place. The stress isn't on first place when a word has graphic accent, then the stress falls where an acute accent is found. Lees'hin has one accent, acute. Vowels can be short or long. A vowel is short if the following vowel isn't the same as proceeding vowel. A vowel is long if after a vowel comes the same vowel.<br /> <br /> ====Intonation====<br /> Intonation in Lees'hin is the same as in English.<br /> <br /> ===Phonotactics===<br /> &lt;!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, &quot;st&quot; is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset &quot;ng&quot; isn't. --&gt;<br /> In Lees'hin are permissible all combinations with h, eg, bh, ch, c'h, sh, s'h... All syllables must have at least one vowel. Nouns cannot end with a vowel.<br /> <br /> ==Morphology==<br /> &lt;!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --&gt;Lees'hin has 6 cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative, instrumenatal). Verbs are inflected through 2 numbers, 3 moods( indicative , subjunctive, imperative), 9 tenses in indicative, 5 in subjunctive and only 1 in imperative. Nouns differ from adjectives. Adjectives differ from verbs.<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Here are some example subcategories:<br /> <br /> Nouns<br /> As I said, Lees'hin has 6 cases. Also Lees'hin has 3 genders (maculine, feminine, neuter) and 3 declinations for each gender. First noun is masculine, the noun s'hon. As seen Lees'hin has no locative, so locative is found in accusative.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !!Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || s'hon || s'honii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || s'hone || s'honeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || s'hona || s'honaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative|| s'honat || s'honatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || s'hono || s'honoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental|| s'honot || s'honotii<br /> |}<br /> Second noun is feminine, the noun hõshejh <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || hõshejh || hõshejhii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || hõshejhe || hõshejheii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || hõshejhet || hõshejhetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || hõshejhon || hõshejhonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || hõshejhono || hõshejhonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || hõshejhonot || hõshejhonotii<br /> |}<br /> Third noun is neuter, the noun heemuõãat<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || heemuõãat|| heemuõãatii<br /> |- |<br /> | Genitive|| heemuõãate || heemuõãateii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || heemuõãati || heemuõãatiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || heemuõãatit || heemuõãatiti<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || heemuõãato || heemuõãatoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || heemuõãatot || heemuõãatotii<br /> |}<br /> Irregular declinations<br /> In Lees'hin also exist irregular declanations, there are 3 types of declination. <br /> First declination: r-declination, e.g. sujh(f)-bowl. This noun has irregular plural.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || sujh || sãchii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || sujher || sãcherii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || sujhra || sãchrii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || sãchrat || sãchratii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || sujhro || sãchroii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||sujhrot|| sãchrotii<br /> |}<br /> Second declination: k-declination, e.g. lhum(m)-owl<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || lhum || lhumii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || lhumka || lhumkaii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative|| lhumak || lhumakii<br /> |-<br /> |Accusative|| lhumakat || lhumakatii<br /> |-<br /> |Vocative || lhumo || lhumoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || lhumkot || lhumkotii<br /> |}<br /> Third declination:v-declination, e.g. jãkhan(m)-door<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| jãkhan || jãkhanii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || jãkhanve || jãkhanveii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative ||jãkhanav|| jãkhanavii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || jãkhanvat || jãkhanvatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || jãkhanvo || jãkhanvoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||jãkhanvot|| jãkhanvotii<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Adjectives<br /> Adjectives can end with a vowel or a consonant. Adjectives with a vowel have regular comparation, and with a consonant have irregular comparation.<br /> Adjectives are diclined like the noun that goes after.<br /> moní-beautiful<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Singular !! Maculine !! Feminine !! Neuter<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| moní ||moní || moní<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || moníe ||moníe || moníe<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || monía || moníet|| moníi<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || moníat ||moníon || moníit<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || monío || moníono || monío<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||moníot || moníonot ||moníot<br /> |-<br /> | Plural || <br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||moníii|| moníii || moníii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || moníeii|| moníeii || moníeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || moníaii || moníetii || moníiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||moníatii|| moníonii || moníitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || moníoii || moníonoii || moníoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || moníotii || moníonotii || moníotii<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> Other adjectiives are diclined like adjective moní.<br /> Comparation<br /> Lees'hin has normally positive, comparative and superlative. Comparation can be regular or irregular.<br /> Regular comparation<br /> For comparative -r is added, e.g. monír (comparative of moní). Irrelugar comparative, e.g. ganõm( comparative of as'har-good)<br /> For superlative particle ka and comparative are added, e.g. ka monír or ka ganõm.<br /> Verbs<br /> <br /> Adverbs<br /> Particles<br /> Derivational morphology<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Syntax==<br /> ===Constituent order===<br /> ===Noun phrase===<br /> ===Verb phrase===<br /> ===Sentence phrase===<br /> ===Dependent clauses===<br /> &lt;!-- etc. etc. --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Example texts==<br /> ==Other resources==<br /> &lt;!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Template area --&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]<br /> [[Category:Languages]]</div>

Julijanj https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Lees%27hin&diff=91611 2017-11-24T16:56:59Z

<p>Julijanj: /* Morphology */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> &lt;!-- <br /> <br /> This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br /> <br /> I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).<br /> II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)<br /> III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Introduction==<br /> Lees'hin (lees'hin s'hon) is lees'hinian language spoken in Democratic Republic of Lees'hin (Vas’hat Nhelhuk Lees’hin) by 48 000 native speakers. It was created in 2015. The language has no cognate with natural languages. I wanted to make some very strange language with strange vocubalary. And I made it, Lees'hin was my strange language. Also Lees'hin is intelligable with 2 other lees'hinian languages. They are Mihrulen and Basti.<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Example categories/headings: <br /> <br /> Goals<br /> Setting<br /> Inspiration<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- ***Phonology*** --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- What sounds does your language use? --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br /> <br /> Vowel inventory<br /> Consonant inventory<br /> Syllable structure<br /> Stress<br /> Intonation<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Orthography===<br /> Lees'hin orthography is special, because every letter except y has version with the letter h. For digraphs ch, sh, nh, lh and jh , version with h is c'h s'h, n'h, l'h and j'h.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Letter!! Name of letter<br /> |-<br /> | a || akú<br /> |-<br /> | ã || a kamã<br /> |-<br /> | á || a acún<br /> |-<br /> | b || bãh<br /> |-<br /> | bh || abhú<br /> |-<br /> | c || ca<br /> |-<br /> | ch || cha<br /> |-<br /> | c'h || ac'ha<br /> |-<br /> | d || da<br /> |-<br /> | dh||adhe <br /> |-<br /> | e|| ekú<br /> |-<br /> | é || e acún<br /> |-<br /> | f || fa<br /> |-<br /> | fh|| efhe<br /> |-<br /> | g || gu<br /> |-<br /> | gh|| aghe<br /> |-<br /> | h || hu<br /> |-<br /> | i || ikú<br /> |-<br /> | í || i acún<br /> |-<br /> | j || ja<br /> |-<br /> | jh || jhe<br /> |-<br /> | j'h || aj'he<br /> |-<br /> | k || kã<br /> |-<br /> | kh || akhã<br /> |-<br /> | l || la<br /> |-<br /> | lh || lha<br /> |-<br /> | l'h || al'he<br /> |-<br /> | m || ma<br /> |-<br /> | mh || amhe<br /> |-<br /> | n || ne<br /> |-<br /> | nh || nhe<br /> |-<br /> | n'h|| an'he<br /> |-<br /> | o || okú<br /> |-<br /> | õ || o kamã<br /> |-<br /> | ó || o acún<br /> |-<br /> | p|| pu<br /> |-<br /> | ph || aphú<br /> |-<br /> | q || qu<br /> |-<br /> | qh || aqhú<br /> |-<br /> | r || ra<br /> |-<br /> | rh || arha<br /> |-<br /> | s|| se<br /> |-<br /> | sh || she<br /> |-<br /> | s'h || as'hé<br /> |-<br /> | t || tan<br /> |-<br /> | th || athan<br /> |-<br /> | u || ukú<br /> |-<br /> | ú||u acún<br /> |-<br /> | v || vãku<br /> |-<br /> | vh || vhãku<br /> |-<br /> | y|| yun<br /> |-<br /> | z || za<br /> |-<br /> | zh || azha<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Bilabial!!Labio-dental!!Alveolar!!Post-alveolar!!Palatal!!Velar!!Uvular!!Glottal<br /> |-<br /> |Nasal|| m /m/ || || n /n/ || || nh /ɲ/ || n /ŋ/ || || <br /> |-<br /> |Plosive || p /p/ b /b/ || || t /t/ d /d/ || || || k /k/ g /g/ ||q /q/ || <br /> |-<br /> |Affricate || || || c /t͡s/ || ch /t͡ʃ/ jh /d͡ʒ/ || || || || <br /> |-<br /> |Fricative || || f /f/ v /v/ || s /s/ z /z/ || sh /ʃ/ j /ʒ/ || || *(')h /x/ || || h /h/<br /> |-<br /> |Approximant || || || || || y /j/ || || || <br /> |-<br /> |Trill || || || r /r/ || || || || ||<br /> |-<br /> |Lateral app. || || || l /l/ || || || lh /ʎ/ || || <br /> |}<br /> *(')h- when h is after consonant it will be pronounced /x/. So in writing exist 2 groups. One is with apostrophe and other has no apostrophe. Group with apostrophe is: s'h, c'h, j'h, l'h and n'h. In other group are consonants that don't need an apostrophe because they can't make another sound. So s'h is written this way to avoid mixing with sh. But gh is written in this way becaus e g with h can't make another phoneme, like sh.<br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Front!! Central !! Back<br /> |-<br /> | Close || i, í /i/ || || u, ú /u/<br /> |-<br /> | Close-mid || e, é /e/ || || õ/ɤ/ o, ó /o/<br /> |-<br /> | Mid || || ã /ə/ || <br /> |-<br /> | Open || a, á /a/ || || <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Prosody===<br /> ====Stress====<br /> Stress is mainly on first place. The stress isn't on first place when a word has graphic accent, then the stress falls where an acute accent is found. Lees'hin has one accent, acute. Vowels can be short or long. A vowel is short if the following vowel isn't the same as proceeding vowel. A vowel is long if after a vowel comes the same vowel.<br /> <br /> ====Intonation====<br /> Intonation in Lees'hin is the same as in English.<br /> <br /> ===Phonotactics===<br /> &lt;!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, &quot;st&quot; is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset &quot;ng&quot; isn't. --&gt;<br /> In Lees'hin are permissible all combinations with h, eg, bh, ch, c'h, sh, s'h... All syllables must have at least one vowel. Nouns cannot end with a vowel.<br /> <br /> ==Morphology==<br /> &lt;!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --&gt;Lees'hin has 6 cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative, instrumenatal). Verbs are inflected through 2 numbers, 3 moods( indicative , subjunctive, imperative), 9 tenses in indicative, 5 in subjunctive and only 1 in imperative. Nouns differ from adjectives. Adjectives differ from verbs.<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Here are some example subcategories:<br /> <br /> Nouns<br /> As I said, Lees'hin has 6 cases. Also Lees'hin has 3 genders (maculine, feminine, neuter) and 3 declinations for each gender. First noun is masculine, the noun s'hon.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !!Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || s'hon || s'honii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || s'hone || s'honeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || s'hona || s'honaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative|| s'honat || s'honatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || s'hono || s'honoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental|| s'honot || s'honotii<br /> |}<br /> Second noun is feminine, the noun hõshejh <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || hõshejh || hõshejhii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || hõshejhe || hõshejheii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || hõshejhet || hõshejhetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || hõshejhon || hõshejhonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || hõshejhono || hõshejhonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || hõshejhonot || hõshejhonotii<br /> |}<br /> Third noun is neuter, the noun heemuõãat<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || heemuõãat|| heemuõãatii<br /> |- |<br /> | Genitive|| heemuõãate || heemuõãateii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || heemuõãati || heemuõãatiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || heemuõãatit || heemuõãatiti<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || heemuõãato || heemuõãatoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || heemuõãatot || heemuõãatotii<br /> |}<br /> Irregular declinations<br /> In Lees'hin also exist irregular declanations, there are 3 types of declination. <br /> First declination: r-declination, e.g. sujh(f)-bowl. This noun has irregular plural.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || sujh || sãchii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || sujher || sãcherii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || sujhra || sãchrii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || sãchrat || sãchratii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || sujhro || sãchroii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||sujhrot|| sãchrotii<br /> |}<br /> Second declination: k-declination, e.g. lhum(m)-owl<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || lhum || lhumii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || lhumka || lhumkaii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative|| lhumak || lhumakii<br /> |-<br /> |Accusative|| lhumakat || lhumakatii<br /> |-<br /> |Vocative || lhumo || lhumoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || lhumkot || lhumkotii<br /> |}<br /> Third declination:v-declination, e.g. jãkhan(m)-door<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| jãkhan || jãkhanii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || jãkhanve || jãkhanveii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative ||jãkhanav|| jãkhanavii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || jãkhanvat || jãkhanvatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || jãkhanvo || jãkhanvoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||jãkhanvot|| jãkhanvotii<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Adjectives<br /> Adjectives can end with a vowel or a consonant. Adjectives with a vowel have regular comparation, and with a consonant have irregular comparation.<br /> Adjectives are diclined like the noun that goes after.<br /> moní-beautiful<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Singular !! Maculine !! Feminine !! Neuter<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| moní ||moní || moní<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || moníe ||moníe || moníe<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || monía || moníet|| moníi<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || moníat ||moníon || moníit<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || monío || moníono || monío<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||moníot || moníonot ||moníot<br /> |-<br /> | Plural || <br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||moníii|| moníii || moníii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || moníeii|| moníeii || moníeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || moníaii || moníetii || moníiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||moníatii|| moníonii || moníitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || moníoii || moníonoii || moníoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || moníotii || moníonotii || moníotii<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> Other adjectiives are diclined like adjective moní.<br /> Comparation<br /> Lees'hin has normally positive, comparative and superlative. Comparation can be regular or irregular.<br /> Regular comparation<br /> For comparative -r is added, e.g. monír (comparative of moní). Irrelugar comparative, e.g. ganõm( comparative of as'har-good)<br /> For superlative particle ka and comparative are added, e.g. ka monír or ka ganõm.<br /> Verbs<br /> <br /> Adverbs<br /> Particles<br /> Derivational morphology<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Syntax==<br /> ===Constituent order===<br /> ===Noun phrase===<br /> ===Verb phrase===<br /> ===Sentence phrase===<br /> ===Dependent clauses===<br /> &lt;!-- etc. etc. --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Example texts==<br /> ==Other resources==<br /> &lt;!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Template area --&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]<br /> [[Category:Languages]]</div>

Julijanj https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Lees%27hin&diff=91610 2017-11-24T15:41:34Z

<p>Julijanj: /* Introduction */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> &lt;!-- <br /> <br /> This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br /> <br /> I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).<br /> II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)<br /> III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Introduction==<br /> Lees'hin (lees'hin s'hon) is lees'hinian language spoken in Democratic Republic of Lees'hin (Vas’hat Nhelhuk Lees’hin) by 48 000 native speakers. It was created in 2015. The language has no cognate with natural languages. I wanted to make some very strange language with strange vocubalary. And I made it, Lees'hin was my strange language. Also Lees'hin is intelligable with 2 other lees'hinian languages. They are Mihrulen and Basti.<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Example categories/headings: <br /> <br /> Goals<br /> Setting<br /> Inspiration<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- ***Phonology*** --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- What sounds does your language use? --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br /> <br /> Vowel inventory<br /> Consonant inventory<br /> Syllable structure<br /> Stress<br /> Intonation<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Orthography===<br /> Lees'hin orthography is special, because every letter except y has version with the letter h. For digraphs ch, sh, nh, lh and jh , version with h is c'h s'h, n'h, l'h and j'h.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Letter!! Name of letter<br /> |-<br /> | a || akú<br /> |-<br /> | ã || a kamã<br /> |-<br /> | á || a acún<br /> |-<br /> | b || bãh<br /> |-<br /> | bh || abhú<br /> |-<br /> | c || ca<br /> |-<br /> | ch || cha<br /> |-<br /> | c'h || ac'ha<br /> |-<br /> | d || da<br /> |-<br /> | dh||adhe <br /> |-<br /> | e|| ekú<br /> |-<br /> | é || e acún<br /> |-<br /> | f || fa<br /> |-<br /> | fh|| efhe<br /> |-<br /> | g || gu<br /> |-<br /> | gh|| aghe<br /> |-<br /> | h || hu<br /> |-<br /> | i || ikú<br /> |-<br /> | í || i acún<br /> |-<br /> | j || ja<br /> |-<br /> | jh || jhe<br /> |-<br /> | j'h || aj'he<br /> |-<br /> | k || kã<br /> |-<br /> | kh || akhã<br /> |-<br /> | l || la<br /> |-<br /> | lh || lha<br /> |-<br /> | l'h || al'he<br /> |-<br /> | m || ma<br /> |-<br /> | mh || amhe<br /> |-<br /> | n || ne<br /> |-<br /> | nh || nhe<br /> |-<br /> | n'h|| an'he<br /> |-<br /> | o || okú<br /> |-<br /> | õ || o kamã<br /> |-<br /> | ó || o acún<br /> |-<br /> | p|| pu<br /> |-<br /> | ph || aphú<br /> |-<br /> | q || qu<br /> |-<br /> | qh || aqhú<br /> |-<br /> | r || ra<br /> |-<br /> | rh || arha<br /> |-<br /> | s|| se<br /> |-<br /> | sh || she<br /> |-<br /> | s'h || as'hé<br /> |-<br /> | t || tan<br /> |-<br /> | th || athan<br /> |-<br /> | u || ukú<br /> |-<br /> | ú||u acún<br /> |-<br /> | v || vãku<br /> |-<br /> | vh || vhãku<br /> |-<br /> | y|| yun<br /> |-<br /> | z || za<br /> |-<br /> | zh || azha<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Bilabial!!Labio-dental!!Alveolar!!Post-alveolar!!Palatal!!Velar!!Uvular!!Glottal<br /> |-<br /> |Nasal|| m /m/ || || n /n/ || || nh /ɲ/ || n /ŋ/ || || <br /> |-<br /> |Plosive || p /p/ b /b/ || || t /t/ d /d/ || || || k /k/ g /g/ ||q /q/ || <br /> |-<br /> |Affricate || || || c /t͡s/ || ch /t͡ʃ/ jh /d͡ʒ/ || || || || <br /> |-<br /> |Fricative || || f /f/ v /v/ || s /s/ z /z/ || sh /ʃ/ j /ʒ/ || || *(')h /x/ || || h /h/<br /> |-<br /> |Approximant || || || || || y /j/ || || || <br /> |-<br /> |Trill || || || r /r/ || || || || ||<br /> |-<br /> |Lateral app. || || || l /l/ || || || lh /ʎ/ || || <br /> |}<br /> *(')h- when h is after consonant it will be pronounced /x/. So in writing exist 2 groups. One is with apostrophe and other has no apostrophe. Group with apostrophe is: s'h, c'h, j'h, l'h and n'h. In other group are consonants that don't need an apostrophe because they can't make another sound. So s'h is written this way to avoid mixing with sh. But gh is written in this way becaus e g with h can't make another phoneme, like sh.<br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Front!! Central !! Back<br /> |-<br /> | Close || i, í /i/ || || u, ú /u/<br /> |-<br /> | Close-mid || e, é /e/ || || õ/ɤ/ o, ó /o/<br /> |-<br /> | Mid || || ã /ə/ || <br /> |-<br /> | Open || a, á /a/ || || <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Prosody===<br /> ====Stress====<br /> Stress is mainly on first place. The stress isn't on first place when a word has graphic accent, then the stress falls where an acute accent is found. Lees'hin has one accent, acute. Vowels can be short or long. A vowel is short if the following vowel isn't the same as proceeding vowel. A vowel is long if after a vowel comes the same vowel.<br /> <br /> ====Intonation====<br /> Intonation in Lees'hin is the same as in English.<br /> <br /> ===Phonotactics===<br /> &lt;!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, &quot;st&quot; is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset &quot;ng&quot; isn't. --&gt;<br /> In Lees'hin are permissible all combinations with h, eg, bh, ch, c'h, sh, s'h... All syllables must have at least one vowel. Nouns cannot end with a vowel.<br /> <br /> ==Morphology==<br /> &lt;!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --&gt;Lees'hin has 6 cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative, instrumenatal). Verbs are inflected through 2 numbers, 3 moods( indicative , subjunctive, imperative), 9 tenses in indicative, 5 in subjunctive and only 1 in imperative. Nouns differ from adjectives. Adjectives differ from verbs.<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Here are some example subcategories:<br /> <br /> Nouns<br /> As I said, Lees'hin has 6 cases. Also Lees'hin has 3 genders (maculine, feminine, neuter) and 3 declinations for each gender. First noun is masculine, the noun s'hon.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !!Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || s'hon || s'honii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || s'hone || s'honeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || s'hona || s'honaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative|| s'honat || s'honatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || s'hono || s'honoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental|| s'honot || s'honotii<br /> |}<br /> Second noun is feminine, the noun hõshejh <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || hõshejh || hõshejhii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || hõshejhe || hõshejheii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || hõshejhet || hõshejhetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || hõshejhon || hõshejhonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || hõshejhono || hõshejhonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || hõshejhonot || hõshejhonotii<br /> |}<br /> Third noun is neuter, the noun heemuõãat<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || heemuõãat|| heemuõãatii<br /> |- |<br /> | Genitive|| heemuõãate || heemuõãateii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || heemuõãati || heemuõãatiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || heemuõãatit || heemuõãatiti<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || heemuõãato || heemuõãatoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || heemuõãatot || heemuõãatotii<br /> |}<br /> Irregular declinations<br /> In Lees'hin also exist irregular declanations, there are 3 types of declination. <br /> First declination: r-declination, e.g. sujh(f)-bowl. This noun has irregular plural.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || sujh || sãchii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || sujher || sãcherii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || sujhra || sãchrii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || sãchrat || sãchratii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || sujhro || sãchroii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||sujhrot|| sãchrotii<br /> |}<br /> Second declination: k-declination, e.g. lhum(m)-owl<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || lhum || lhumii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || lhumka || lhumkaii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative|| lhumak || lhumakii<br /> |-<br /> |Accusative|| lhumakat || lhumakatii<br /> |-<br /> |Vocative || lhumo || lhumoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || lhumkot || lhumkotii<br /> |}<br /> Third declination:v-declination, e.g. jãkhan(m)-door<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| jãkhan || jãkhanii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || jãkhanve || jãkhanveii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative ||jãkhanav|| jãkhanavii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || jãkhanvat || jãkhanvatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || jãkhanvo || jãkhanvoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||jãkhanvot|| jãkhanvotii<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Adjectives<br /> Adjectives can end with a vowel or a consonant. Adjectives with a vowel have regular comparation, and with a consonant have irregular comparation.<br /> Adjectives are diclined like the noun that goes after.<br /> moní-beautiful and as'har-good<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Singular !! Maculine !! Feminine !! Neuter<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| Example || Example || Example<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || Example || Example || Example<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || Example || Example || Example<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || Example || Example || Example<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || Example || Example || Example<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || Example || Example || Example<br /> |-<br /> | Plural || <br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || Example || Example || Example<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || Example || Example || Example<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || Example || Example || Example<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || Example || Example || Example<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || Example || Example || Example<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || Example || Example || Example<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> Verbs<br /> Adverbs<br /> Particles<br /> Derivational morphology<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Syntax==<br /> ===Constituent order===<br /> ===Noun phrase===<br /> ===Verb phrase===<br /> ===Sentence phrase===<br /> ===Dependent clauses===<br /> &lt;!-- etc. etc. --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Example texts==<br /> ==Other resources==<br /> &lt;!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Template area --&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]<br /> [[Category:Languages]]</div>

Julijanj https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Contionary:heemu%C3%B5%C3%A3at&diff=91609 2017-11-24T15:31:52Z

<p>Julijanj: /* Etymology */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> &lt;!--<br /> <br /> Welcome to the new word template! <br /> To speed up some time, we've included a handy expansion template that quickly builds up the page. All you need to do is fill in a few things.<br /> 1 = is equal to the name of your language, first-letter capitalised.<br /> 2 = is the actual word.<br /> POS = This is where you fill in the primary category to which your word belongs to. Is it a noun, an adjective or a verb? Perhaps, a particle? Capitalise the first letter: write Noun, not “noun”.<br /> IPA = The pronunciation of your word may be filled in here using the International Phonetic Alphabet (accessible by going to Special Characters &gt; IPA).<br /> POS2 = This will be used to categorise your entry; do not use a capital here, write ''noun'' rather, instead of ''Noun'' (Opposite of POS!)<br /> <br /> An example is given here, using the word ''entry''<br /> <br /> {{subst:User:Chrysophylax/Template:nous<br /> |1=English<br /> |2=entry<br /> |POS=Noun <br /> |IPA=ˈentʰɹɪ <br /> |POS2=noun <br /> }}<br /> --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- Now you try! --&gt;<br /> ==Lees'hin==<br /> ===Etymology===<br /> From Proto-Lees'hin *''hēmuād'', old Lees'hin hēmuat, middle Lees'hin heemuõaat. Cognates with Mihrulen heemuat and Basti heemuvat.<br /> <br /> ===Pronunciation===<br /> (''Lees'hin'') [[Guide:IPA|IPA]]: /'he:muɤəat/<br /> <br /> ===Noun===<br /> '''heemuõãat'''<br /> <br /> # table<br /> #:''Lhuj-eu õã '''heemuõãatit.''' ''<br /> #:: ''I want a table.''<br /> <br /> <br /> ====Inflection====<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||heemuõãat ||heemuõãatii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || heemuõãate || heemuõãateii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || heemuõãati || heemuõãatiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||heemuõãatit ||heemuõãatitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative|| heemuõãato || heemuõãatoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || heemuõãatot || heemuõãatotii<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ====Usage notes====<br /> ====Synonyms====<br /> ====Derived terms====<br /> ====Related terms====<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Contionary]] [[Category:Lees-hin Nouns]] [[Category:Lees-hin words]]</div>

Julijanj https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Contionary:heemu%C3%B5%C3%A3at&diff=91608 2017-11-24T15:31:38Z

<p>Julijanj: /* Etymology */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> &lt;!--<br /> <br /> Welcome to the new word template! <br /> To speed up some time, we've included a handy expansion template that quickly builds up the page. All you need to do is fill in a few things.<br /> 1 = is equal to the name of your language, first-letter capitalised.<br /> 2 = is the actual word.<br /> POS = This is where you fill in the primary category to which your word belongs to. Is it a noun, an adjective or a verb? Perhaps, a particle? Capitalise the first letter: write Noun, not “noun”.<br /> IPA = The pronunciation of your word may be filled in here using the International Phonetic Alphabet (accessible by going to Special Characters &gt; IPA).<br /> POS2 = This will be used to categorise your entry; do not use a capital here, write ''noun'' rather, instead of ''Noun'' (Opposite of POS!)<br /> <br /> An example is given here, using the word ''entry''<br /> <br /> {{subst:User:Chrysophylax/Template:nous<br /> |1=English<br /> |2=entry<br /> |POS=Noun <br /> |IPA=ˈentʰɹɪ <br /> |POS2=noun <br /> }}<br /> --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- Now you try! --&gt;<br /> ==Lees'hin==<br /> ===Etymology===<br /> From Proto-Lees'hin *''hēmuād,'' old Lees'hin hēmuat, middle Lees'hin heemuõaat. Cognates with Mihrulen heemuat and Basti heemuvat.<br /> <br /> ===Pronunciation===<br /> (''Lees'hin'') [[Guide:IPA|IPA]]: /'he:muɤəat/<br /> <br /> ===Noun===<br /> '''heemuõãat'''<br /> <br /> # table<br /> #:''Lhuj-eu õã '''heemuõãatit.''' ''<br /> #:: ''I want a table.''<br /> <br /> <br /> ====Inflection====<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||heemuõãat ||heemuõãatii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || heemuõãate || heemuõãateii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || heemuõãati || heemuõãatiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||heemuõãatit ||heemuõãatitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative|| heemuõãato || heemuõãatoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || heemuõãatot || heemuõãatotii<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ====Usage notes====<br /> ====Synonyms====<br /> ====Derived terms====<br /> ====Related terms====<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Contionary]] [[Category:Lees-hin Nouns]] [[Category:Lees-hin words]]</div>

Julijanj https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Contionary:h%C3%B5shejh&diff=91607 2017-11-24T15:30:22Z

<p>Julijanj: /* Etymology */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> &lt;!--<br /> <br /> Welcome to the new word template! <br /> To speed up some time, we've included a handy expansion template that quickly builds up the page. All you need to do is fill in a few things.<br /> 1 = is equal to the name of your language, first-letter capitalised.<br /> 2 = is the actual word.<br /> POS = This is where you fill in the primary category to which your word belongs to. Is it a noun, an adjective or a verb? Perhaps, a particle? Capitalise the first letter: write Noun, not “noun”.<br /> IPA = The pronunciation of your word may be filled in here using the International Phonetic Alphabet (accessible by going to Special Characters &gt; IPA).<br /> POS2 = This will be used to categorise your entry; do not use a capital here, write ''noun'' rather, instead of ''Noun'' (Opposite of POS!)<br /> <br /> An example is given here, using the word ''entry''<br /> <br /> {{subst:User:Chrysophylax/Template:nous<br /> |1=English<br /> |2=entry<br /> |POS=Noun <br /> |IPA=ˈentʰɹɪ <br /> |POS2=noun <br /> }}<br /> --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- Now you try! --&gt;<br /> ==Lees'hin==<br /> ===Etymology===<br /> From Proto-Lees'hin ''*hashe'', old Lees'hin hashech, middle Lees'hin hõshech Compares with Mihrulen hashejh and Basti hushech.<br /> <br /> ===Pronunciation===<br /> (''Lees'hin'') [[Guide:IPA|IPA]]: /'hɤʃed͡ʒ/<br /> ===Noun===<br /> '''hõshejh''''' f''<br /> <br /> # house<br /> #:''Dan-eu ã '''hõshejhon.'''''<br /> #:: ''I have a house.''<br /> <br /> <br /> ====Inflection====<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Case !!Singular!! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative||hõshejh || hõshejhii <br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || hõshejhe || hõshejheii <br /> |-<br /> | Dative|| hõshejhet || hõshejhetii <br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||hõshejhon || hõshejhonii <br /> |-<br /> | Vocative ||hõshejhono || hõshejhonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||hõshejhonot|| hõshejhonotii<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ====Usage notes====<br /> ====Synonyms====<br /> ====Derived terms====<br /> ====Related terms====<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Contionary]] [[Category:Lees'hin nouns]] [[Category:Lees'hin words]]</div>

Julijanj https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Contionary:h%C3%B5shejh&diff=91606 2017-11-24T15:29:54Z

<p>Julijanj: /* Alternative forms */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> &lt;!--<br /> <br /> Welcome to the new word template! <br /> To speed up some time, we've included a handy expansion template that quickly builds up the page. All you need to do is fill in a few things.<br /> 1 = is equal to the name of your language, first-letter capitalised.<br /> 2 = is the actual word.<br /> POS = This is where you fill in the primary category to which your word belongs to. Is it a noun, an adjective or a verb? Perhaps, a particle? Capitalise the first letter: write Noun, not “noun”.<br /> IPA = The pronunciation of your word may be filled in here using the International Phonetic Alphabet (accessible by going to Special Characters &gt; IPA).<br /> POS2 = This will be used to categorise your entry; do not use a capital here, write ''noun'' rather, instead of ''Noun'' (Opposite of POS!)<br /> <br /> An example is given here, using the word ''entry''<br /> <br /> {{subst:User:Chrysophylax/Template:nous<br /> |1=English<br /> |2=entry<br /> |POS=Noun <br /> |IPA=ˈentʰɹɪ <br /> |POS2=noun <br /> }}<br /> --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- Now you try! --&gt;<br /> ==Lees'hin==<br /> ===Etymology===<br /> From Proto-lees'hinian *hashe, old Lees'hin hashech, middle Lees'hin hõshech Compares with Mihrulen hashejh and Basti hushech.<br /> <br /> ===Pronunciation===<br /> (''Lees'hin'') [[Guide:IPA|IPA]]: /'hɤʃed͡ʒ/<br /> ===Noun===<br /> '''hõshejh''''' f''<br /> <br /> # house<br /> #:''Dan-eu ã '''hõshejhon.'''''<br /> #:: ''I have a house.''<br /> <br /> <br /> ====Inflection====<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Case !!Singular!! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative||hõshejh || hõshejhii <br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || hõshejhe || hõshejheii <br /> |-<br /> | Dative|| hõshejhet || hõshejhetii <br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||hõshejhon || hõshejhonii <br /> |-<br /> | Vocative ||hõshejhono || hõshejhonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||hõshejhonot|| hõshejhonotii<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ====Usage notes====<br /> ====Synonyms====<br /> ====Derived terms====<br /> ====Related terms====<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Contionary]] [[Category:Lees'hin nouns]] [[Category:Lees'hin words]]</div>

Julijanj https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Contionary:s%27hon&diff=91605 2017-11-24T15:26:39Z

<p>Julijanj: /* Etymology */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> &lt;!--<br /> <br /> Welcome to the new word template! <br /> To speed up some time, we've included a handy expansion template that quickly builds up the page. All you need to do is fill in a few things.<br /> 1 = is equal to the name of your language, first-letter capitalised.<br /> 2 = is the actual word.<br /> POS = This is where you fill in the primary category to which your word belongs to. Is it a noun, an adjective or a verb? Perhaps, a particle? Capitalise the first letter: write Noun, not “noun”.<br /> IPA = The pronunciation of your word may be filled in here using the International Phonetic Alphabet (accessible by going to Special Characters &gt; IPA).<br /> POS2 = This will be used to categorise your entry; do not use a capital here, write ''noun'' rather, instead of ''Noun'' (Opposite of POS!)<br /> <br /> An example is given here, using the word ''entry''<br /> <br /> {{subst:User:Chrysophylax/Template:nous<br /> |1=English<br /> |2=entry<br /> |POS=Noun <br /> |IPA=ˈentʰɹɪ <br /> |POS2=noun <br /> }}<br /> --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- Now you try! --&gt;<br /> ==Lees'hin==<br /> ===Etymology===<br /> From proto-Lees'hin word ''*skun'', old Lees'hin skun, middle Lees'hin s'ho. Cognates with mihrulenian s'hun and bastian skon.<br /> <br /> ===Pronunciation===<br /> (''Lees'hin'') [[Guide:IPA|IPA]]: /'sxon/<br /> ===Noun===<br /> '''s'hon '''''m<br /> <br /> # language<br /> #:''Mal-eu lees'hinat '''s'honat.''' '' <br /> #:: ''I speak lees'hin language.''<br /> <br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ====Inflection====<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Case !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative||s'hon || s'honii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || s'hone || s'honeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative|| s'hona || s'honaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || s'honat || s'honatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || s'hono || s'honoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || s'honot || s'honotii<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ====Usage notes====<br /> ====Synonyms====<br /> ====Derived terms====<br /> ====Related terms====<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Contionary]] [[Category:Lees'hin Nouns]] [[Category:Lees'hin words]]</div>

Julijanj https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Contionary:s%27hon&diff=91604 2017-11-24T15:26:22Z

<p>Julijanj: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> &lt;!--<br /> <br /> Welcome to the new word template! <br /> To speed up some time, we've included a handy expansion template that quickly builds up the page. All you need to do is fill in a few things.<br /> 1 = is equal to the name of your language, first-letter capitalised.<br /> 2 = is the actual word.<br /> POS = This is where you fill in the primary category to which your word belongs to. Is it a noun, an adjective or a verb? Perhaps, a particle? Capitalise the first letter: write Noun, not “noun”.<br /> IPA = The pronunciation of your word may be filled in here using the International Phonetic Alphabet (accessible by going to Special Characters &gt; IPA).<br /> POS2 = This will be used to categorise your entry; do not use a capital here, write ''noun'' rather, instead of ''Noun'' (Opposite of POS!)<br /> <br /> An example is given here, using the word ''entry''<br /> <br /> {{subst:User:Chrysophylax/Template:nous<br /> |1=English<br /> |2=entry<br /> |POS=Noun <br /> |IPA=ˈentʰɹɪ <br /> |POS2=noun <br /> }}<br /> --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- Now you try! --&gt;<br /> ==Lees'hin==<br /> ===Etymology===<br /> From proto-Lees'hi word ''*skun'', old Lees'hin skun, middle Lees'hin s'ho. Cognates with mihrulenian s'hun and bastian skon.<br /> <br /> ===Pronunciation===<br /> (''Lees'hin'') [[Guide:IPA|IPA]]: /'sxon/<br /> ===Noun===<br /> '''s'hon '''''m<br /> <br /> # language<br /> #:''Mal-eu lees'hinat '''s'honat.''' '' <br /> #:: ''I speak lees'hin language.''<br /> <br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ====Inflection====<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Case !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative||s'hon || s'honii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || s'hone || s'honeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative|| s'hona || s'honaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || s'honat || s'honatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || s'hono || s'honoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || s'honot || s'honotii<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ====Usage notes====<br /> ====Synonyms====<br /> ====Derived terms====<br /> ====Related terms====<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Contionary]] [[Category:Lees'hin Nouns]] [[Category:Lees'hin words]]</div>

Julijanj https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Lees%27hin&diff=91576 2017-11-23T18:38:41Z

<p>Julijanj: /* Morphology */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> &lt;!-- <br /> <br /> This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br /> <br /> I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).<br /> II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)<br /> III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Introduction==<br /> Lees'hin (lees'hin s'hon) is lees'hinian language spoken in Democratic Republic of Lees'hinia (Vas’hat Nhelhuk Lees’hin) by 48 000 native speakers. It was created in 2015. The language has no cognate with natural languages. I wanted to make some very strange language with strange vocubalary. And I made it, Lees'hin was my strange language. Also Lees'hin is intelligable with 2 other lees'hinian languages. They are Mihrulen and Basti.<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Example categories/headings: <br /> <br /> Goals<br /> Setting<br /> Inspiration<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- ***Phonology*** --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- What sounds does your language use? --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br /> <br /> Vowel inventory<br /> Consonant inventory<br /> Syllable structure<br /> Stress<br /> Intonation<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Orthography===<br /> Lees'hin orthography is special, because every letter except y has version with the letter h. For digraphs ch, sh, nh, lh and jh , version with h is c'h s'h, n'h, l'h and j'h.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Letter!! Name of letter<br /> |-<br /> | a || akú<br /> |-<br /> | ã || a kamã<br /> |-<br /> | á || a acún<br /> |-<br /> | b || bãh<br /> |-<br /> | bh || abhú<br /> |-<br /> | c || ca<br /> |-<br /> | ch || cha<br /> |-<br /> | c'h || ac'ha<br /> |-<br /> | d || da<br /> |-<br /> | dh||adhe <br /> |-<br /> | e|| ekú<br /> |-<br /> | é || e acún<br /> |-<br /> | f || fa<br /> |-<br /> | fh|| efhe<br /> |-<br /> | g || gu<br /> |-<br /> | gh|| aghe<br /> |-<br /> | h || hu<br /> |-<br /> | i || ikú<br /> |-<br /> | í || i acún<br /> |-<br /> | j || ja<br /> |-<br /> | jh || jhe<br /> |-<br /> | j'h || aj'he<br /> |-<br /> | k || kã<br /> |-<br /> | kh || akhã<br /> |-<br /> | l || la<br /> |-<br /> | lh || lha<br /> |-<br /> | l'h || al'he<br /> |-<br /> | m || ma<br /> |-<br /> | mh || amhe<br /> |-<br /> | n || ne<br /> |-<br /> | nh || nhe<br /> |-<br /> | n'h|| an'he<br /> |-<br /> | o || okú<br /> |-<br /> | õ || o kamã<br /> |-<br /> | ó || o acún<br /> |-<br /> | p|| pu<br /> |-<br /> | ph || aphú<br /> |-<br /> | q || qu<br /> |-<br /> | qh || aqhú<br /> |-<br /> | r || ra<br /> |-<br /> | rh || arha<br /> |-<br /> | s|| se<br /> |-<br /> | sh || she<br /> |-<br /> | s'h || as'hé<br /> |-<br /> | t || tan<br /> |-<br /> | th || athan<br /> |-<br /> | u || ukú<br /> |-<br /> | ú||u acún<br /> |-<br /> | v || vãku<br /> |-<br /> | vh || vhãku<br /> |-<br /> | y|| yun<br /> |-<br /> | z || za<br /> |-<br /> | zh || azha<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Bilabial!!Labio-dental!!Alveolar!!Post-alveolar!!Palatal!!Velar!!Uvular!!Glottal<br /> |-<br /> |Nasal|| m /m/ || || n /n/ || || nh /ɲ/ || n /ŋ/ || || <br /> |-<br /> |Plosive || p /p/ b /b/ || || t /t/ d /d/ || || || k /k/ g /g/ ||q /q/ || <br /> |-<br /> |Affricate || || || c /t͡s/ || ch /t͡ʃ/ jh /d͡ʒ/ || || || || <br /> |-<br /> |Fricative || || f /f/ v /v/ || s /s/ z /z/ || sh /ʃ/ j /ʒ/ || || *(')h /x/ || || h /h/<br /> |-<br /> |Approximant || || || || || y /j/ || || || <br /> |-<br /> |Trill || || || r /r/ || || || || ||<br /> |-<br /> |Lateral app. || || || l /l/ || || || lh /ʎ/ || || <br /> |}<br /> *(')h- when h is after consonant it will be pronounced /x/. So in writing exist 2 groups. One is with apostrophe and other has no apostrophe. Group with apostrophe is: s'h, c'h, j'h, l'h and n'h. In other group are consonants that don't need an apostrophe because they can't make another sound. So s'h is written this way to avoid mixing with sh. But gh is written in this way becaus e g with h can't make another phoneme, like sh.<br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Front!! Central !! Back<br /> |-<br /> | Close || i, í /i/ || || u, ú /u/<br /> |-<br /> | Close-mid || e, é /e/ || || õ/ɤ/ o, ó /o/<br /> |-<br /> | Mid || || ã /ə/ || <br /> |-<br /> | Open || a, á /a/ || || <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Prosody===<br /> ====Stress====<br /> Stress is mainly on first place. The stress isn't on first place when a word has graphic accent, then the stress falls where an acute accent is found. Lees'hin has one accent, acute. Vowels can be short or long. A vowel is short if the following vowel isn't the same as proceeding vowel. A vowel is long if after a vowel comes the same vowel.<br /> <br /> ====Intonation====<br /> Intonation in Lees'hin is the same as in English.<br /> <br /> ===Phonotactics===<br /> &lt;!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, &quot;st&quot; is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset &quot;ng&quot; isn't. --&gt;<br /> In Lees'hin are permissible all combinations with h, eg, bh, ch, c'h, sh, s'h... All syllables must have at least one vowel. Nouns cannot end with a vowel.<br /> <br /> ==Morphology==<br /> &lt;!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --&gt;Lees'hin has 6 cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative, instrumenatal). Verbs are inflected through 2 numbers, 3 moods( indicative , subjunctive, imperative), 9 tenses in indicative, 5 in subjunctive and only 1 in imperative. Nouns differ from adjectives. Adjectives differ from verbs.<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Here are some example subcategories:<br /> <br /> Nouns<br /> As I said, Lees'hin has 6 cases. Also Lees'hin has 3 genders (maculine, feminine, neuter) and 3 declinations for each gender. First noun is masculine, the noun s'hon.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !!Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || s'hon || s'honii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || s'hone || s'honeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || s'hona || s'honaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative|| s'honat || s'honatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || s'hono || s'honoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental|| s'honot || s'honotii<br /> |}<br /> Second noun is feminine, the noun hõshejh <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || hõshejh || hõshejhii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || hõshejhe || hõshejheii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || hõshejhet || hõshejhetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || hõshejhon || hõshejhonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || hõshejhono || hõshejhonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || hõshejhonot || hõshejhonotii<br /> |}<br /> Third noun is neuter, the noun heemuõãat<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || heemuõãat|| heemuõãatii<br /> |- |<br /> | Genitive|| heemuõãate || heemuõãateii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || heemuõãati || heemuõãatiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || heemuõãatit || heemuõãatiti<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || heemuõãato || heemuõãatoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || heemuõãatot || heemuõãatotii<br /> |}<br /> Irregular declinations<br /> In Lees'hin also exist irregular declanations, there are 3 types of declination. <br /> First declination: r-declination, e.g. sujh(f)-bowl. This noun has irregular plural.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || sujh || sãchii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || sujher || sãcherii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || sujhra || sãchrii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || sãchrat || sãchratii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || sujhro || sãchroii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||sujhrot|| sãchrotii<br /> |}<br /> Second declination: k-declination, e.g. lhum(m)-owl<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || lhum || lhumii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || lhumka || lhumkaii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative|| lhumak || lhumakii<br /> |-<br /> |Accusative|| lhumakat || lhumakatii<br /> |-<br /> |Vocative || lhumo || lhumoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || lhumkot || lhumkotii<br /> |}<br /> Third declination:v-declination, e.g. jãkhan(m)-door<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| jãkhan || jãkhanii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || jãkhanve || jãkhanveii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative ||jãkhanav|| jãkhanavii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || jãkhanvat || jãkhanvatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || jãkhanvo || jãkhanvoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||jãkhanvot|| jãkhanvotii<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Adjectives<br /> Adjectives can end with a vowel or a consonant. Adjectives with a vowel have regular comparation, and with a consonant have irregular comparation.<br /> Adjectives are diclined like the noun that goes after.<br /> moní-beautiful and as'har-good<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Singular !! Maculine !! Feminine !! Neuter<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| Example || Example || Example<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || Example || Example || Example<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || Example || Example || Example<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || Example || Example || Example<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || Example || Example || Example<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || Example || Example || Example<br /> |-<br /> | Plural || <br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || Example || Example || Example<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || Example || Example || Example<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || Example || Example || Example<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || Example || Example || Example<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || Example || Example || Example<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || Example || Example || Example<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> Verbs<br /> Adverbs<br /> Particles<br /> Derivational morphology<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Syntax==<br /> ===Constituent order===<br /> ===Noun phrase===<br /> ===Verb phrase===<br /> ===Sentence phrase===<br /> ===Dependent clauses===<br /> &lt;!-- etc. etc. --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Example texts==<br /> ==Other resources==<br /> &lt;!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Template area --&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]<br /> [[Category:Languages]]</div>

Julijanj https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Lees%27hin&diff=91571 2017-11-23T18:06:07Z

<p>Julijanj: /* Morphology */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> &lt;!-- <br /> <br /> This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br /> <br /> I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).<br /> II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)<br /> III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Introduction==<br /> Lees'hin (lees'hin s'hon) is lees'hinian language spoken in Democratic Republic of Lees'hinia (Vas’hat Nhelhuk Lees’hin) by 48 000 native speakers. It was created in 2015. The language has no cognate with natural languages. I wanted to make some very strange language with strange vocubalary. And I made it, Lees'hin was my strange language. Also Lees'hin is intelligable with 2 other lees'hinian languages. They are Mihrulen and Basti.<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Example categories/headings: <br /> <br /> Goals<br /> Setting<br /> Inspiration<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- ***Phonology*** --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- What sounds does your language use? --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br /> <br /> Vowel inventory<br /> Consonant inventory<br /> Syllable structure<br /> Stress<br /> Intonation<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Orthography===<br /> Lees'hin orthography is special, because every letter except y has version with the letter h. For digraphs ch, sh, nh, lh and jh , version with h is c'h s'h, n'h, l'h and j'h.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Letter!! Name of letter<br /> |-<br /> | a || akú<br /> |-<br /> | ã || a kamã<br /> |-<br /> | á || a acún<br /> |-<br /> | b || bãh<br /> |-<br /> | bh || abhú<br /> |-<br /> | c || ca<br /> |-<br /> | ch || cha<br /> |-<br /> | c'h || ac'ha<br /> |-<br /> | d || da<br /> |-<br /> | dh||adhe <br /> |-<br /> | e|| ekú<br /> |-<br /> | é || e acún<br /> |-<br /> | f || fa<br /> |-<br /> | fh|| efhe<br /> |-<br /> | g || gu<br /> |-<br /> | gh|| aghe<br /> |-<br /> | h || hu<br /> |-<br /> | i || ikú<br /> |-<br /> | í || i acún<br /> |-<br /> | j || ja<br /> |-<br /> | jh || jhe<br /> |-<br /> | j'h || aj'he<br /> |-<br /> | k || kã<br /> |-<br /> | kh || akhã<br /> |-<br /> | l || la<br /> |-<br /> | lh || lha<br /> |-<br /> | l'h || al'he<br /> |-<br /> | m || ma<br /> |-<br /> | mh || amhe<br /> |-<br /> | n || ne<br /> |-<br /> | nh || nhe<br /> |-<br /> | n'h|| an'he<br /> |-<br /> | o || okú<br /> |-<br /> | õ || o kamã<br /> |-<br /> | ó || o acún<br /> |-<br /> | p|| pu<br /> |-<br /> | ph || aphú<br /> |-<br /> | q || qu<br /> |-<br /> | qh || aqhú<br /> |-<br /> | r || ra<br /> |-<br /> | rh || arha<br /> |-<br /> | s|| se<br /> |-<br /> | sh || she<br /> |-<br /> | s'h || as'hé<br /> |-<br /> | t || tan<br /> |-<br /> | th || athan<br /> |-<br /> | u || ukú<br /> |-<br /> | ú||u acún<br /> |-<br /> | v || vãku<br /> |-<br /> | vh || vhãku<br /> |-<br /> | y|| yun<br /> |-<br /> | z || za<br /> |-<br /> | zh || azha<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Bilabial!!Labio-dental!!Alveolar!!Post-alveolar!!Palatal!!Velar!!Uvular!!Glottal<br /> |-<br /> |Nasal|| m /m/ || || n /n/ || || nh /ɲ/ || n /ŋ/ || || <br /> |-<br /> |Plosive || p /p/ b /b/ || || t /t/ d /d/ || || || k /k/ g /g/ ||q /q/ || <br /> |-<br /> |Affricate || || || c /t͡s/ || ch /t͡ʃ/ jh /d͡ʒ/ || || || || <br /> |-<br /> |Fricative || || f /f/ v /v/ || s /s/ z /z/ || sh /ʃ/ j /ʒ/ || || *(')h /x/ || || h /h/<br /> |-<br /> |Approximant || || || || || y /j/ || || || <br /> |-<br /> |Trill || || || r /r/ || || || || ||<br /> |-<br /> |Lateral app. || || || l /l/ || || || lh /ʎ/ || || <br /> |}<br /> *(')h- when h is after consonant it will be pronounced /x/. So in writing exist 2 groups. One is with apostrophe and other has no apostrophe. Group with apostrophe is: s'h, c'h, j'h, l'h and n'h. In other group are consonants that don't need an apostrophe because they can't make another sound. So s'h is written this way to avoid mixing with sh. But gh is written in this way becaus e g with h can't make another phoneme, like sh.<br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Front!! Central !! Back<br /> |-<br /> | Close || i, í /i/ || || u, ú /u/<br /> |-<br /> | Close-mid || e, é /e/ || || õ/ɤ/ o, ó /o/<br /> |-<br /> | Mid || || ã /ə/ || <br /> |-<br /> | Open || a, á /a/ || || <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Prosody===<br /> ====Stress====<br /> Stress is mainly on first place. The stress isn't on first place when a word has graphic accent, then the stress falls where an acute accent is found. Lees'hin has one accent, acute. Vowels can be short or long. A vowel is short if the following vowel isn't the same as proceeding vowel. A vowel is long if after a vowel comes the same vowel.<br /> <br /> ====Intonation====<br /> Intonation in Lees'hin is the same as in English.<br /> <br /> ===Phonotactics===<br /> &lt;!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, &quot;st&quot; is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset &quot;ng&quot; isn't. --&gt;<br /> In Lees'hin are permissible all combinations with h, eg, bh, ch, c'h, sh, s'h... All syllables must have at least one vowel. Nouns cannot end with a vowel.<br /> <br /> ==Morphology==<br /> &lt;!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --&gt;Lees'hin has 6 cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative, instrumenatal). Verbs are inflected through 2 numbers, 3 moods( indicative , subjunctive, imperative), 9 tenses in indicative, 5 in subjunctive and only 1 in imperative. Nouns differ from adjectives. Adjectives differ from verbs.<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Here are some example subcategories:<br /> <br /> Nouns<br /> As I said, Lees'hin has 6 cases. Also Lees'hin has 3 genders (maculine, feminine, neuter) and 3 declinations for each gender. First noun is masculine, the noun s'hon.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !!Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || s'hon || s'honii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || s'hone || s'honeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || s'hona || s'honaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative|| s'honat || s'honatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || s'hono || s'honoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental|| s'honot || s'honotii<br /> |}<br /> Second noun is feminine, the noun hõshejh <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || hõshejh || hõshejhii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || hõshejhe || hõshejheii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || hõshejhet || hõshejhetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || hõshejhon || hõshejhonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || hõshejhono || hõshejhonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || hõshejhonot || hõshejhonotii<br /> |}<br /> Third noun is neuter, the noun heemuõãat<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || heemuõãat|| heemuõãatii<br /> |- |<br /> | Genitive|| heemuõãate || heemuõãateii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || heemuõãati || heemuõãatiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || heemuõãatit || heemuõãatiti<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || heemuõãato || heemuõãatoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || heemuõãatot || heemuõãatotii<br /> |}<br /> Irregular declinations<br /> In Lees'hin also exist irregular declanations, there are 3 types of declination. <br /> First declination: r-declination, e.g. sujh(f)-bowl. This noun has irregular plural.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || sujh || sãchii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || sujher || sãcherii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || sujhra || sãchrii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || sãchrat || sãchratii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || sujhro || sãchroii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||sujhrot|| sãchrotii<br /> |}<br /> Second declination: k-declination, e.g. lhum(m)-owl<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || lhum || lhumii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || lhumka || lhumkaii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative|| lhumak || lhumakii<br /> |-<br /> |Accusative|| lhumakat || lhumakatii<br /> |-<br /> |Vocative || lhumo || lhumoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || lhumkot || lhumkotii<br /> |}<br /> Third declination:v-declination, e.g. jãkhan(m)-door<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative|| jãkhan || jãkhanii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || jãkhanve || jãkhanveii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative ||jãkhanav|| jãkhanavii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || jãkhanvat || jãkhanvatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || jãkhanvo || jãkhanvoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||jãkhanvot|| jãkhanvotii<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Adjectives<br /> Verbs<br /> Adverbs<br /> Particles<br /> Derivational morphology<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Syntax==<br /> ===Constituent order===<br /> ===Noun phrase===<br /> ===Verb phrase===<br /> ===Sentence phrase===<br /> ===Dependent clauses===<br /> &lt;!-- etc. etc. --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Example texts==<br /> ==Other resources==<br /> &lt;!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Template area --&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]<br /> [[Category:Languages]]</div>

Julijanj https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Contionary:h%C3%B5shejh&diff=91303 2017-11-20T15:30:35Z

<p>Julijanj: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> &lt;!--<br /> <br /> Welcome to the new word template! <br /> To speed up some time, we've included a handy expansion template that quickly builds up the page. All you need to do is fill in a few things.<br /> 1 = is equal to the name of your language, first-letter capitalised.<br /> 2 = is the actual word.<br /> POS = This is where you fill in the primary category to which your word belongs to. Is it a noun, an adjective or a verb? Perhaps, a particle? Capitalise the first letter: write Noun, not “noun”.<br /> IPA = The pronunciation of your word may be filled in here using the International Phonetic Alphabet (accessible by going to Special Characters &gt; IPA).<br /> POS2 = This will be used to categorise your entry; do not use a capital here, write ''noun'' rather, instead of ''Noun'' (Opposite of POS!)<br /> <br /> An example is given here, using the word ''entry''<br /> <br /> {{subst:User:Chrysophylax/Template:nous<br /> |1=English<br /> |2=entry<br /> |POS=Noun <br /> |IPA=ˈentʰɹɪ <br /> |POS2=noun <br /> }}<br /> --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- Now you try! --&gt;<br /> ==Lees'hin==<br /> ===Alternative forms===<br /> <br /> ===Etymology===<br /> From Proto-lees'hinian *hashe, old Lees'hin hashech, middle Lees'hin hõshech Compares with Mihrulen hashejh and Basti hushech.<br /> <br /> ===Pronunciation===<br /> (''Lees'hin'') [[Guide:IPA|IPA]]: /'hɤʃed͡ʒ/<br /> ===Noun===<br /> '''hõshejh''''' f''<br /> <br /> # house<br /> #:''Dan-eu ã '''hõshejhon.'''''<br /> #:: ''I have a house.''<br /> <br /> <br /> ====Inflection====<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Case !!Singular!! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative||hõshejh || hõshejhii <br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || hõshejhe || hõshejheii <br /> |-<br /> | Dative|| hõshejhet || hõshejhetii <br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||hõshejhon || hõshejhonii <br /> |-<br /> | Vocative ||hõshejhono || hõshejhonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental ||hõshejhonot|| hõshejhonotii<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ====Usage notes====<br /> ====Synonyms====<br /> ====Derived terms====<br /> ====Related terms====<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Contionary]] [[Category:Lees'hin nouns]] [[Category:Lees'hin words]]</div>

Julijanj https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Contionary:s%27hon&diff=91301 2017-11-20T15:26:45Z

<p>Julijanj: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> &lt;!--<br /> <br /> Welcome to the new word template! <br /> To speed up some time, we've included a handy expansion template that quickly builds up the page. All you need to do is fill in a few things.<br /> 1 = is equal to the name of your language, first-letter capitalised.<br /> 2 = is the actual word.<br /> POS = This is where you fill in the primary category to which your word belongs to. Is it a noun, an adjective or a verb? Perhaps, a particle? Capitalise the first letter: write Noun, not “noun”.<br /> IPA = The pronunciation of your word may be filled in here using the International Phonetic Alphabet (accessible by going to Special Characters &gt; IPA).<br /> POS2 = This will be used to categorise your entry; do not use a capital here, write ''noun'' rather, instead of ''Noun'' (Opposite of POS!)<br /> <br /> An example is given here, using the word ''entry''<br /> <br /> {{subst:User:Chrysophylax/Template:nous<br /> |1=English<br /> |2=entry<br /> |POS=Noun <br /> |IPA=ˈentʰɹɪ <br /> |POS2=noun <br /> }}<br /> --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- Now you try! --&gt;<br /> ==Lees'hin==<br /> ===Etymology===<br /> From proto-lees'hinian word *skun, old Lees'hin skun, middle Lees'hin s'ho. Cognates with mihrulenian s'hun and bastian skon.<br /> <br /> ===Pronunciation===<br /> (''Lees'hin'') [[Guide:IPA|IPA]]: /'sxon/<br /> ===Noun===<br /> '''s'hon '''''m<br /> <br /> # language<br /> #:''Mal-eu lees'hinat '''s'honat.''' '' <br /> #:: ''I speak lees'hin language.''<br /> <br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ====Inflection====<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Case !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative||s'hon || s'honii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || s'hone || s'honeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative|| s'hona || s'honaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || s'honat || s'honatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || s'hono || s'honoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || s'honot || s'honotii<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ====Usage notes====<br /> ====Synonyms====<br /> ====Derived terms====<br /> ====Related terms====<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Contionary]] [[Category:Lees'hin Nouns]] [[Category:Lees'hin words]]</div>

Julijanj https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Contionary:heemu%C3%B5%C3%A3at&diff=91299 2017-11-20T15:21:12Z

<p>Julijanj: /* Inflection */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> &lt;!--<br /> <br /> Welcome to the new word template! <br /> To speed up some time, we've included a handy expansion template that quickly builds up the page. All you need to do is fill in a few things.<br /> 1 = is equal to the name of your language, first-letter capitalised.<br /> 2 = is the actual word.<br /> POS = This is where you fill in the primary category to which your word belongs to. Is it a noun, an adjective or a verb? Perhaps, a particle? Capitalise the first letter: write Noun, not “noun”.<br /> IPA = The pronunciation of your word may be filled in here using the International Phonetic Alphabet (accessible by going to Special Characters &gt; IPA).<br /> POS2 = This will be used to categorise your entry; do not use a capital here, write ''noun'' rather, instead of ''Noun'' (Opposite of POS!)<br /> <br /> An example is given here, using the word ''entry''<br /> <br /> {{subst:User:Chrysophylax/Template:nous<br /> |1=English<br /> |2=entry<br /> |POS=Noun <br /> |IPA=ˈentʰɹɪ <br /> |POS2=noun <br /> }}<br /> --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- Now you try! --&gt;<br /> ==Lees'hin==<br /> ===Etymology===<br /> From Proto-lees'hin *hēmuād, old Lees'hin hēmuat, middle Lees'hin heemuõaat. Cognates with Mihrulen heemuat and Basti heemuvat.<br /> <br /> ===Pronunciation===<br /> (''Lees'hin'') [[Guide:IPA|IPA]]: /'he:muɤəat/<br /> <br /> ===Noun===<br /> '''heemuõãat'''<br /> <br /> # table<br /> #:''Lhuj-eu õã '''heemuõãatit.''' ''<br /> #:: ''I want a table.''<br /> <br /> <br /> ====Inflection====<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative ||heemuõãat ||heemuõãatii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || heemuõãate || heemuõãateii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || heemuõãati || heemuõãatiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative ||heemuõãatit ||heemuõãatitii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative|| heemuõãato || heemuõãatoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || heemuõãatot || heemuõãatotii<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ====Usage notes====<br /> ====Synonyms====<br /> ====Derived terms====<br /> ====Related terms====<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Contionary]] [[Category:Lees-hin Nouns]] [[Category:Lees-hin words]]</div>

Julijanj https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Contionary:heemu%C3%B5%C3%A3at&diff=91294 2017-11-20T15:08:22Z

<p>Julijanj: /* Etymology */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> &lt;!--<br /> <br /> Welcome to the new word template! <br /> To speed up some time, we've included a handy expansion template that quickly builds up the page. All you need to do is fill in a few things.<br /> 1 = is equal to the name of your language, first-letter capitalised.<br /> 2 = is the actual word.<br /> POS = This is where you fill in the primary category to which your word belongs to. Is it a noun, an adjective or a verb? Perhaps, a particle? Capitalise the first letter: write Noun, not “noun”.<br /> IPA = The pronunciation of your word may be filled in here using the International Phonetic Alphabet (accessible by going to Special Characters &gt; IPA).<br /> POS2 = This will be used to categorise your entry; do not use a capital here, write ''noun'' rather, instead of ''Noun'' (Opposite of POS!)<br /> <br /> An example is given here, using the word ''entry''<br /> <br /> {{subst:User:Chrysophylax/Template:nous<br /> |1=English<br /> |2=entry<br /> |POS=Noun <br /> |IPA=ˈentʰɹɪ <br /> |POS2=noun <br /> }}<br /> --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- Now you try! --&gt;<br /> ==Lees'hin==<br /> ===Etymology===<br /> From Proto-lees'hin *hēmuād, old Lees'hin hēmuat, middle Lees'hin heemuõaat. Cognates with Mihrulen heemuat and Basti heemuvat.<br /> <br /> ===Pronunciation===<br /> (''Lees'hin'') [[Guide:IPA|IPA]]: /'he:muɤəat/<br /> <br /> ===Noun===<br /> '''heemuõãat'''<br /> <br /> # table<br /> #:''Lhuj-eu õã '''heemuõãatit.''' ''<br /> #:: ''I want a table.''<br /> <br /> <br /> ====Inflection====<br /> <br /> ====Usage notes====<br /> ====Synonyms====<br /> ====Derived terms====<br /> ====Related terms====<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Contionary]] [[Category:Lees-hin Nouns]] [[Category:Lees-hin words]]</div>

Julijanj https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Contionary:heemu%C3%B5%C3%A3at&diff=91293 2017-11-20T14:58:29Z

<p>Julijanj: /* Alternative forms */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> &lt;!--<br /> <br /> Welcome to the new word template! <br /> To speed up some time, we've included a handy expansion template that quickly builds up the page. All you need to do is fill in a few things.<br /> 1 = is equal to the name of your language, first-letter capitalised.<br /> 2 = is the actual word.<br /> POS = This is where you fill in the primary category to which your word belongs to. Is it a noun, an adjective or a verb? Perhaps, a particle? Capitalise the first letter: write Noun, not “noun”.<br /> IPA = The pronunciation of your word may be filled in here using the International Phonetic Alphabet (accessible by going to Special Characters &gt; IPA).<br /> POS2 = This will be used to categorise your entry; do not use a capital here, write ''noun'' rather, instead of ''Noun'' (Opposite of POS!)<br /> <br /> An example is given here, using the word ''entry''<br /> <br /> {{subst:User:Chrysophylax/Template:nous<br /> |1=English<br /> |2=entry<br /> |POS=Noun <br /> |IPA=ˈentʰɹɪ <br /> |POS2=noun <br /> }}<br /> --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- Now you try! --&gt;<br /> ==Lees'hin==<br /> ===Etymology===<br /> <br /> ===Pronunciation===<br /> (''Lees'hin'') [[Guide:IPA|IPA]]: /'he:muɤəat/<br /> <br /> ===Noun===<br /> '''heemuõãat'''<br /> <br /> # table<br /> #:''Lhuj-eu õã '''heemuõãatit.''' ''<br /> #:: ''I want a table.''<br /> <br /> <br /> ====Inflection====<br /> <br /> ====Usage notes====<br /> ====Synonyms====<br /> ====Derived terms====<br /> ====Related terms====<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Contionary]] [[Category:Lees-hin Nouns]] [[Category:Lees-hin words]]</div>

Julijanj https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Contionary:heemu%C3%B5%C3%A3at&diff=91292 2017-11-20T14:58:14Z

<p>Julijanj: /* Noun */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> &lt;!--<br /> <br /> Welcome to the new word template! <br /> To speed up some time, we've included a handy expansion template that quickly builds up the page. All you need to do is fill in a few things.<br /> 1 = is equal to the name of your language, first-letter capitalised.<br /> 2 = is the actual word.<br /> POS = This is where you fill in the primary category to which your word belongs to. Is it a noun, an adjective or a verb? Perhaps, a particle? Capitalise the first letter: write Noun, not “noun”.<br /> IPA = The pronunciation of your word may be filled in here using the International Phonetic Alphabet (accessible by going to Special Characters &gt; IPA).<br /> POS2 = This will be used to categorise your entry; do not use a capital here, write ''noun'' rather, instead of ''Noun'' (Opposite of POS!)<br /> <br /> An example is given here, using the word ''entry''<br /> <br /> {{subst:User:Chrysophylax/Template:nous<br /> |1=English<br /> |2=entry<br /> |POS=Noun <br /> |IPA=ˈentʰɹɪ <br /> |POS2=noun <br /> }}<br /> --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- Now you try! --&gt;<br /> ==Lees'hin==<br /> ===Alternative forms===<br /> <br /> ===Etymology===<br /> <br /> ===Pronunciation===<br /> (''Lees'hin'') [[Guide:IPA|IPA]]: /'he:muɤəat/<br /> <br /> ===Noun===<br /> '''heemuõãat'''<br /> <br /> # table<br /> #:''Lhuj-eu õã '''heemuõãatit.''' ''<br /> #:: ''I want a table.''<br /> <br /> <br /> ====Inflection====<br /> <br /> ====Usage notes====<br /> ====Synonyms====<br /> ====Derived terms====<br /> ====Related terms====<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Contionary]] [[Category:Lees-hin Nouns]] [[Category:Lees-hin words]]</div>

Julijanj https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Contionary:heemu%C3%B5%C3%A3at&diff=91291 2017-11-20T14:58:03Z

<p>Julijanj: /* Lees-hin */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> &lt;!--<br /> <br /> Welcome to the new word template! <br /> To speed up some time, we've included a handy expansion template that quickly builds up the page. All you need to do is fill in a few things.<br /> 1 = is equal to the name of your language, first-letter capitalised.<br /> 2 = is the actual word.<br /> POS = This is where you fill in the primary category to which your word belongs to. Is it a noun, an adjective or a verb? Perhaps, a particle? Capitalise the first letter: write Noun, not “noun”.<br /> IPA = The pronunciation of your word may be filled in here using the International Phonetic Alphabet (accessible by going to Special Characters &gt; IPA).<br /> POS2 = This will be used to categorise your entry; do not use a capital here, write ''noun'' rather, instead of ''Noun'' (Opposite of POS!)<br /> <br /> An example is given here, using the word ''entry''<br /> <br /> {{subst:User:Chrysophylax/Template:nous<br /> |1=English<br /> |2=entry<br /> |POS=Noun <br /> |IPA=ˈentʰɹɪ <br /> |POS2=noun <br /> }}<br /> --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- Now you try! --&gt;<br /> ==Lees'hin==<br /> ===Alternative forms===<br /> <br /> ===Etymology===<br /> <br /> ===Pronunciation===<br /> (''Lees'hin'') [[Guide:IPA|IPA]]: /'he:muɤəat/<br /> <br /> ===Noun===<br /> '''heemuõãat'''<br /> <br /> # table<br /> #:''Lhuj-eu õã'''heemuõãatit.''' ''<br /> #:: ''I want a table.''<br /> <br /> <br /> ====Inflection====<br /> <br /> ====Usage notes====<br /> ====Synonyms====<br /> ====Derived terms====<br /> ====Related terms====<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Contionary]] [[Category:Lees-hin Nouns]] [[Category:Lees-hin words]]</div>

Julijanj https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Contionary:heemu%C3%B5%C3%A3at&diff=91290 2017-11-20T14:57:39Z

<p>Julijanj: /* Noun */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> &lt;!--<br /> <br /> Welcome to the new word template! <br /> To speed up some time, we've included a handy expansion template that quickly builds up the page. All you need to do is fill in a few things.<br /> 1 = is equal to the name of your language, first-letter capitalised.<br /> 2 = is the actual word.<br /> POS = This is where you fill in the primary category to which your word belongs to. Is it a noun, an adjective or a verb? Perhaps, a particle? Capitalise the first letter: write Noun, not “noun”.<br /> IPA = The pronunciation of your word may be filled in here using the International Phonetic Alphabet (accessible by going to Special Characters &gt; IPA).<br /> POS2 = This will be used to categorise your entry; do not use a capital here, write ''noun'' rather, instead of ''Noun'' (Opposite of POS!)<br /> <br /> An example is given here, using the word ''entry''<br /> <br /> {{subst:User:Chrysophylax/Template:nous<br /> |1=English<br /> |2=entry<br /> |POS=Noun <br /> |IPA=ˈentʰɹɪ <br /> |POS2=noun <br /> }}<br /> --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- Now you try! --&gt;<br /> ==Lees-hin==<br /> ===Alternative forms===<br /> <br /> ===Etymology===<br /> <br /> ===Pronunciation===<br /> (''Lees'hin'') [[Guide:IPA|IPA]]: /'he:muɤəat/<br /> <br /> ===Noun===<br /> '''heemuõãat'''<br /> <br /> # table<br /> #:''Lhuj-eu õã'''heemuõãatit.''' ''<br /> #:: ''I want a table.''<br /> <br /> <br /> ====Inflection====<br /> <br /> ====Usage notes====<br /> ====Synonyms====<br /> ====Derived terms====<br /> ====Related terms====<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Contionary]] [[Category:Lees-hin Nouns]] [[Category:Lees-hin words]]</div>

Julijanj https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Contionary:heemu%C3%B5%C3%A3at&diff=91289 2017-11-20T14:55:17Z

<p>Julijanj: /* Noun */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> &lt;!--<br /> <br /> Welcome to the new word template! <br /> To speed up some time, we've included a handy expansion template that quickly builds up the page. All you need to do is fill in a few things.<br /> 1 = is equal to the name of your language, first-letter capitalised.<br /> 2 = is the actual word.<br /> POS = This is where you fill in the primary category to which your word belongs to. Is it a noun, an adjective or a verb? Perhaps, a particle? Capitalise the first letter: write Noun, not “noun”.<br /> IPA = The pronunciation of your word may be filled in here using the International Phonetic Alphabet (accessible by going to Special Characters &gt; IPA).<br /> POS2 = This will be used to categorise your entry; do not use a capital here, write ''noun'' rather, instead of ''Noun'' (Opposite of POS!)<br /> <br /> An example is given here, using the word ''entry''<br /> <br /> {{subst:User:Chrysophylax/Template:nous<br /> |1=English<br /> |2=entry<br /> |POS=Noun <br /> |IPA=ˈentʰɹɪ <br /> |POS2=noun <br /> }}<br /> --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- Now you try! --&gt;<br /> ==Lees-hin==<br /> ===Alternative forms===<br /> <br /> ===Etymology===<br /> <br /> ===Pronunciation===<br /> (''Lees'hin'') [[Guide:IPA|IPA]]: /'he:muɤəat/<br /> <br /> ===Noun===<br /> '''heemuõãat'''<br /> <br /> # table<br /> #:''Lhuj-eu '''heemuõãatit''' ''<br /> #:: ''italicised translation here.''<br /> <br /> <br /> ====Inflection====<br /> ====Usage notes====<br /> ====Synonyms====<br /> ====Derived terms====<br /> ====Related terms====<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Contionary]] [[Category:Lees-hin Nouns]] [[Category:Lees-hin words]]</div>

Julijanj https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Contionary:heemu%C3%B5%C3%A3at&diff=91288 2017-11-20T14:55:04Z

<p>Julijanj: /* Noun */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> &lt;!--<br /> <br /> Welcome to the new word template! <br /> To speed up some time, we've included a handy expansion template that quickly builds up the page. All you need to do is fill in a few things.<br /> 1 = is equal to the name of your language, first-letter capitalised.<br /> 2 = is the actual word.<br /> POS = This is where you fill in the primary category to which your word belongs to. Is it a noun, an adjective or a verb? Perhaps, a particle? Capitalise the first letter: write Noun, not “noun”.<br /> IPA = The pronunciation of your word may be filled in here using the International Phonetic Alphabet (accessible by going to Special Characters &gt; IPA).<br /> POS2 = This will be used to categorise your entry; do not use a capital here, write ''noun'' rather, instead of ''Noun'' (Opposite of POS!)<br /> <br /> An example is given here, using the word ''entry''<br /> <br /> {{subst:User:Chrysophylax/Template:nous<br /> |1=English<br /> |2=entry<br /> |POS=Noun <br /> |IPA=ˈentʰɹɪ <br /> |POS2=noun <br /> }}<br /> --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- Now you try! --&gt;<br /> ==Lees-hin==<br /> ===Alternative forms===<br /> <br /> ===Etymology===<br /> <br /> ===Pronunciation===<br /> (''Lees'hin'') [[Guide:IPA|IPA]]: /'he:muɤəat/<br /> <br /> ===Noun===<br /> '''heemuõãat'''<br /> <br /> # table<br /> #:''Lhuj-eu'''heemuõãatit''' ''<br /> #:: ''italicised translation here.''<br /> <br /> <br /> ====Inflection====<br /> ====Usage notes====<br /> ====Synonyms====<br /> ====Derived terms====<br /> ====Related terms====<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Contionary]] [[Category:Lees-hin Nouns]] [[Category:Lees-hin words]]</div>

Julijanj https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Contionary:heemu%C3%B5%C3%A3at&diff=91287 2017-11-20T14:53:28Z

<p>Julijanj: /* Pronunciation */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> &lt;!--<br /> <br /> Welcome to the new word template! <br /> To speed up some time, we've included a handy expansion template that quickly builds up the page. All you need to do is fill in a few things.<br /> 1 = is equal to the name of your language, first-letter capitalised.<br /> 2 = is the actual word.<br /> POS = This is where you fill in the primary category to which your word belongs to. Is it a noun, an adjective or a verb? Perhaps, a particle? Capitalise the first letter: write Noun, not “noun”.<br /> IPA = The pronunciation of your word may be filled in here using the International Phonetic Alphabet (accessible by going to Special Characters &gt; IPA).<br /> POS2 = This will be used to categorise your entry; do not use a capital here, write ''noun'' rather, instead of ''Noun'' (Opposite of POS!)<br /> <br /> An example is given here, using the word ''entry''<br /> <br /> {{subst:User:Chrysophylax/Template:nous<br /> |1=English<br /> |2=entry<br /> |POS=Noun <br /> |IPA=ˈentʰɹɪ <br /> |POS2=noun <br /> }}<br /> --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- Now you try! --&gt;<br /> ==Lees-hin==<br /> ===Alternative forms===<br /> <br /> ===Etymology===<br /> <br /> ===Pronunciation===<br /> (''Lees'hin'') [[Guide:IPA|IPA]]: /'he:muɤəat/<br /> <br /> ===Noun===<br /> '''heemuõãat'''<br /> <br /> # definition<br /> #:''example usage of '''heemuõãat''' here''<br /> #:: ''italicised translation here.''<br /> <br /> <br /> ====Inflection====<br /> ====Usage notes====<br /> ====Synonyms====<br /> ====Derived terms====<br /> ====Related terms====<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Contionary]] [[Category:Lees-hin Nouns]] [[Category:Lees-hin words]]</div>

Julijanj https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Contionary:heemu%C3%B5%C3%A3at&diff=91286 2017-11-20T14:53:11Z

<p>Julijanj: Created page with &quot; &lt;!-- Welcome to the new word template! To speed up some time, we&#039;ve included a handy expansion template that quickly builds up the page. All you need to do is fill in a few...&quot;</p> <hr /> <div><br /> &lt;!--<br /> <br /> Welcome to the new word template! <br /> To speed up some time, we've included a handy expansion template that quickly builds up the page. All you need to do is fill in a few things.<br /> 1 = is equal to the name of your language, first-letter capitalised.<br /> 2 = is the actual word.<br /> POS = This is where you fill in the primary category to which your word belongs to. Is it a noun, an adjective or a verb? Perhaps, a particle? Capitalise the first letter: write Noun, not “noun”.<br /> IPA = The pronunciation of your word may be filled in here using the International Phonetic Alphabet (accessible by going to Special Characters &gt; IPA).<br /> POS2 = This will be used to categorise your entry; do not use a capital here, write ''noun'' rather, instead of ''Noun'' (Opposite of POS!)<br /> <br /> An example is given here, using the word ''entry''<br /> <br /> {{subst:User:Chrysophylax/Template:nous<br /> |1=English<br /> |2=entry<br /> |POS=Noun <br /> |IPA=ˈentʰɹɪ <br /> |POS2=noun <br /> }}<br /> --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- Now you try! --&gt;<br /> ==Lees-hin==<br /> ===Alternative forms===<br /> <br /> ===Etymology===<br /> <br /> ===Pronunciation===<br /> (''Lees-hin'') [[Guide:IPA|IPA]]: /'he:muɤəat/<br /> ===Noun===<br /> '''heemuõãat'''<br /> <br /> # definition<br /> #:''example usage of '''heemuõãat''' here''<br /> #:: ''italicised translation here.''<br /> <br /> <br /> ====Inflection====<br /> ====Usage notes====<br /> ====Synonyms====<br /> ====Derived terms====<br /> ====Related terms====<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Contionary]] [[Category:Lees-hin Nouns]] [[Category:Lees-hin words]]</div>

Julijanj https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Lees%27hin&diff=91284 2017-11-20T14:46:20Z

<p>Julijanj: /* Morphology */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> &lt;!-- <br /> <br /> This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br /> <br /> I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).<br /> II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)<br /> III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Introduction==<br /> Lees'hin (lees'hin s'hon) is lees'hinian language spoken in Democratic Republic of Lees'hinia (Vas’hat Nhelhuk Lees’hin) by 48 000 native speakers. It was created in 2015. The language has no cognate with natural languages. I wanted to make some very strange language with strange vocubalary. And I made it, Lees'hin was my strange language. Also Lees'hin is intelligable with 2 other lees'hinian languages. They are Mihrulen and Basti.<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Example categories/headings: <br /> <br /> Goals<br /> Setting<br /> Inspiration<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- ***Phonology*** --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- What sounds does your language use? --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br /> <br /> Vowel inventory<br /> Consonant inventory<br /> Syllable structure<br /> Stress<br /> Intonation<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> <br /> <br /> ===Orthography===<br /> Lees'hin orthography is special, because every letter except y has version with the letter h. For digraphs ch, sh, nh, lh and jh , version with h is c'h s'h, n'h, l'h and j'h.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Letter!! Name of letter<br /> |-<br /> | a || akú<br /> |-<br /> | ã || a kamã<br /> |-<br /> | á || a acún<br /> |-<br /> | b || bãh<br /> |-<br /> | bh || abhú<br /> |-<br /> | c || ca<br /> |-<br /> | ch || cha<br /> |-<br /> | c'h || ac'ha<br /> |-<br /> | d || da<br /> |-<br /> | dh||adhe <br /> |-<br /> | e|| ekú<br /> |-<br /> | é || e acún<br /> |-<br /> | f || fa<br /> |-<br /> | fh|| efhe<br /> |-<br /> | g || gu<br /> |-<br /> | gh|| aghe<br /> |-<br /> | h || hu<br /> |-<br /> | i || ikú<br /> |-<br /> | í || i acún<br /> |-<br /> | j || ja<br /> |-<br /> | jh || jhe<br /> |-<br /> | j'h || aj'he<br /> |-<br /> | k || kã<br /> |-<br /> | kh || akhã<br /> |-<br /> | l || la<br /> |-<br /> | lh || lha<br /> |-<br /> | l'h || al'he<br /> |-<br /> | m || ma<br /> |-<br /> | mh || amhe<br /> |-<br /> | n || ne<br /> |-<br /> | nh || nhe<br /> |-<br /> | n'h|| an'he<br /> |-<br /> | o || okú<br /> |-<br /> | õ || o kamã<br /> |-<br /> | ó || o acún<br /> |-<br /> | p|| pu<br /> |-<br /> | ph || aphú<br /> |-<br /> | q || qu<br /> |-<br /> | qh || aqhú<br /> |-<br /> | r || ra<br /> |-<br /> | rh || arha<br /> |-<br /> | s|| se<br /> |-<br /> | sh || she<br /> |-<br /> | s'h || as'hé<br /> |-<br /> | t || tan<br /> |-<br /> | th || athan<br /> |-<br /> | u || ukú<br /> |-<br /> | ú||u acún<br /> |-<br /> | v || vãku<br /> |-<br /> | vh || vhãku<br /> |-<br /> | y|| yun<br /> |-<br /> | z || za<br /> |-<br /> | zh || azha<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Bilabial!!Labio-dental!!Alveolar!!Post-alveolar!!Palatal!!Velar!!Uvular!!Glottal<br /> |-<br /> |Nasal|| m /m/ || || n /n/ || || nh /ɲ/ || n /ŋ/ || || <br /> |-<br /> |Plosive || p /p/ b /b/ || || t /t/ d /d/ || || || k /k/ g /g/ ||q /q/ || <br /> |-<br /> |Affricate || || || c /t͡s/ || ch /t͡ʃ/ jh /d͡ʒ/ || || || || <br /> |-<br /> |Fricative || || f /f/ v /v/ || s /s/ z /z/ || sh /ʃ/ j /ʒ/ || || *(')h /x/ || || h /h/<br /> |-<br /> |Approximant || || || || || y /j/ || || || <br /> |-<br /> |Trill || || || r /r/ || || || || ||<br /> |-<br /> |Lateral app. || || || l /l/ || || || lh /ʎ/ || || <br /> |}<br /> *(')h- when h is after consonant it will be pronounced /x/. So in writing exist 2 groups. One is with apostrophe and other has no apostrophe. Group with apostrophe is: s'h, c'h, j'h, l'h and n'h. In other group are consonants that don't need an apostrophe because they can't make another sound. So s'h is written this way to avoid mixing with sh. But gh is written in this way becaus e g with h can't make another phoneme, like sh.<br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Front!! Central !! Back<br /> |-<br /> | Close || i, í /i/ || || u, ú /u/<br /> |-<br /> | Close-mid || e, é /e/ || || õ/ɤ/ o, ó /o/<br /> |-<br /> | Mid || || ã /ə/ || <br /> |-<br /> | Open || a, á /a/ || || <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Prosody===<br /> ====Stress====<br /> Stress is mainly on first place. The stress isn't on first place when a word has graphic accent, then the stress falls where an acute accent is found. Lees'hin has one accent, acute. Vowels can be short or long. A vowel is short if the following vowel isn't the same as proceeding vowel. A vowel is long if after a vowel comes the same vowel.<br /> <br /> ====Intonation====<br /> Intonation in Lees'hin is the same as in English.<br /> <br /> ===Phonotactics===<br /> &lt;!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, &quot;st&quot; is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset &quot;ng&quot; isn't. --&gt;<br /> In Lees'hin are permissible all combinations with h, eg, bh, ch, c'h, sh, s'h... All syllables must have at least one vowel. Nouns cannot end with a vowel.<br /> <br /> ==Morphology==<br /> &lt;!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --&gt;Lees'hin has 6 cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative, instrumenatal). Verbs are inflected through 2 numbers, 3 moods( indicative , subjunctive, imperative), 9 tenses in indicative, 5 in subjunctive and only 1 in imperative. Nouns differ from adjectives. Adjectives differ from verbs.<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Here are some example subcategories:<br /> <br /> Nouns<br /> As I said, Lees'hin has 6 cases. Also Lees'hin has 3 genders (maculine, feminine, neutro) and 3 declinations for each gender. First noun is masculine, the noun s'hon.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !!Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || s'hon || s'honii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || s'hone || s'honeii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || s'hona || s'honaii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative|| s'honat || s'honatii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || s'hono || s'honoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental|| s'honot || s'honotii<br /> |}<br /> Second noun is feminine, the noun hõshejh <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || hõshejh || hõshejhii<br /> |-<br /> | Genitive || hõshejhe || hõshejheii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || hõshejhet || hõshejhetii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || hõshejhon || hõshejhonii<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || hõshejhono || hõshejhonoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || hõshejhonot || hõshejhonotii<br /> |}<br /> Third noun is neutro, the noun heemuõãat<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! !! Singular !! Plural<br /> |-<br /> | Nominative || heemuõãat|| heemuõãatii<br /> |- |<br /> | Genitive|| heemuõãate || heemuõãateii<br /> |-<br /> | Dative || heemuõãati || heemuõãatiii<br /> |-<br /> | Accusative || heemuõãatit || heemuõãatiti<br /> |-<br /> | Vocative || heemuõãato || heemuõãatoii<br /> |-<br /> | Instrumental || heemuõãatot || heemuõãatotii<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Adjectives<br /> Verbs<br /> Adverbs<br /> Particles<br /> Derivational morphology<br /> <br /> --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Syntax==<br /> ===Constituent order===<br /> ===Noun phrase===<br /> ===Verb phrase===<br /> ===Sentence phrase===<br /> ===Dependent clauses===<br /> &lt;!-- etc. etc. --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Example texts==<br /> ==Other resources==<br /> &lt;!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Template area --&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]<br /> [[Category:Languages]]</div>

Julijanj