Linguifex - User contributions [en]

Elvarri

2026-04-04T18:41:41Z

Jukethatbox:

{{construction}}
{{infobox language
| name = Elvarri
| nativename = elvariu / elvarriu
| pronunciation = elˈvarju
| creator = User:Jukethatbox
| created = 2026
| fam1 = Luxelvic
| fam2 = North Luxelvic
| ancestor1 = Proto-Luxelvic
| ancestor2 = Proto-North Luxelvic
| setting = Hamanna
| notice = ipa
| ethnicity = Elvars
| scripts = Nagri
| state = Elvod
}}
'''Elvarri''' (''elvariu'' or ''elvarriu'' [[Help:IPA|[elˈvarju]]]), also called '''Levarian''', is a [[w:Classical language|classical language]] of the Luxelvic family. Elvarri was originally spoken by the Elvars, a tribe of Fairelves native to Elvod, a region at the mouth of the Separ river on the island of Haparod. It then became a dominant language of Haparod through the short-lived empire of Nagripon, who also oversaw the invention of Nagri script. After the death of Nagripon, his empire fractured into the Nagripu city-states, which then spread Elvarri as a dominant [[w:Trade language|trade language]] across the Inner Waters as these city-states developed into seafaring trade empires. It was the most spoken language in Hamanna in the Age of Stone, and has a large influence on most modern languages, especially the various elf languages. It also still has considerable use as a [[w:Sacred language|liturgical language]] of the Sun Temple (''Vasnadom'') and the Great Bay Nation (''Duvargamiod'').

Similarly to [[w:Latin|Latin]] in the real world, Elvarri did not undergo [[w:Language death|language death]], but rather evolved into regional dialects and then distinct languages, including [[Hoklevar]], [[Hespadrin]], [[Whitereed]], [[Tasparin]], [[Macatranese]], [[Amtarese]], [[Moonhind]] and various isolated Inner Water island languages collectively called [[Insular Levarian]]. However, it remained a significantly used common language long after it was no longer spoken as a native language, due to its large influence on scientific, economic, military, horological and naval vocabulary; this dominance remained till the 12th century, when modern languages largely supplanted its traditional use.

Elvarri is a mostly agglutinative, strictly VSO, adjective-noun and informally [[w:Pro-drop language|pro-drop]] language with a complex system of [[w:Grammatical|case inflections]], verb inflections, and a twoway [[w:Animacy|animacy]] distinction of animate and inanimate.
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
! !! colspan=2 | Bilabial !! colspan=2 | Labiodental !! colspan=2 | Alveolar !! Retroflex !! colspan=2 | Palatal !! colspan=2 | Velar !! Glottal
|-
! Nasal
| colspan=2 | m || colspan=2 | || colspan=2 | n || ɳ || colspan=2 | ɲ || colspan=2 | ŋ ||
|-
! Stop
| p || b || colspan=2 | || t || d || || colspan=2 | || k || g || ʔ
|-
! Fricative
| colspan=2 | || f || v || s || z || ʂ || colspan=2 | || x || (ɣ) || h
|-
! Rhotic
| colspan=2 | || colspan=2 | || colspan=2 | r || ɽ || colspan=2 | || colspan=2 | ||
|-
! Liquid
| colspan=2 | || colspan=2 | || colspan=2 | l || ɭ || colspan=2 | || colspan=2 | ||
|-
! Semivowel
| colspan=2 | || colspan=2 | || colspan=2 | || || colspan=2 | j || colspan=2 | w ||
|}
The retroflex consonants ({{ipa|/ɳ ʂ ɽ ɭ/}}) were originally marked with an [[w:Dot (diacritic)|underdot]] as ⟨ṇ ṣ ṛ ḷ⟩. However, these were rarely used, and by the Age of Stone most inscriptions did not mark the retroflexes at all, save for {{ipa|/ɽ/}}, which was often written ⟨r⟩ while [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|trill]] {{ipa|/r/}} was written ⟨rr⟩.

Various consonants were also prone to mutation after {{ipa|/r/}}, a process called ''hurdaski'' ([[Help:IPA|[xr̩ˈðaski]]] "r-changing") or ''hurhassi'' ([[Help:IPA|[xr̩ˈxaʂi]]] "r-morphing"):
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
! Process !! Resultantphoneme !! Examples
|-
| {{ipa|/r/}} + {{ipa|/g/}} || {{ipa|/ɣ/}} || ''ar'''g'''a'' "also"''meiur'''g'''e'' "garbage, trash"
|-
| {{ipa|/r/}} + {{ipa|/k/}} || {{ipa|/x/}} || ''ur'''k'''amo'' "to split, to cut"''mur'''k'''ambet'' "aqueduct"
|-
| rowspan=2 | {{ipa|/r/}} + {{ipa|/t/}} || {{ipa|/ʔ/}} > {{ipa|/∅/}} || ''gor'''t''''' "container"''ennar'''t''''' "within"
|-
| {{ipa|/θ/}} or {{ipa|/ts/}} || ''ennar'''t'''o'' "to insert"''ver'''t'''uk'' "healer"
|-
| {{ipa|/r/}} + {{ipa|/d/}} || {{ipa|/ð/}} or {{ipa|/dz/}} || ''tor'''d'''aski'' "helm-changing;(figuratively) a boring but necessary task"''mur'''d'''o'' "to water"
|-
| {{ipa|/r/}} + {{ipa|/f/}} || {{ipa|/h/}} || ''far'''f'''a'' "flatbread"''oller'''f'''a'' "onlooker"
|-
| {{ipa|/r/}} + {{ipa|/z/}} || {{ipa|/s/}} > {{ipa|/ʂ/}} || ''ir'''z'''evet'' "period between winter and spring"''asmur'''z'''u'' "religious offering"
|}
===Vowels===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
! !! Front !! Central !! Back
|-
! Close
| i || || u
|-
! Mid
| ɛ || || ɔ
|-
! Open
| || a ||
|}
{{ipa|/ɛ ɔ/}} become {{ipa|/e o/}} in unstressed syllables. {{ipa|/u/}} was also often dropped between a velar consonant and any other consonant, rendering the latter consonant syllabic, as in ''k'''u'''ruk'' "tailor" [[Help:IPA|[ˈkr̩uk]]].
[[Category:Elvarri]] [[Category:Hamanna]] [[Category:Languages]] [[Category:Conlangs]]

Elvarri

2026-04-04T18:34:00Z

Jukethatbox:

{{construction}}
{{infobox language
| name = Elvarri
| nativename = elvariu / elvarriu
| pronunciation = elˈvarju
| creator = User:Jukethatbox
| created = 2026
| fam1 = Luxelvic
| fam2 = North Luxelvic
| ancestor1 = Proto-Luxelvic
| ancestor2 = Proto-North Luxelvic
| setting = Hamanna
| notice = ipa
| ethnicity = Elvars
| scripts = Nagri
| state = Elvod
}}
'''Elvarri''' (''elvariu'' or ''elvarriu'' [[Help:IPA|[elˈvarju]]]), also called '''Levarian''', is a [[w:Classical language|classical language]] of the Luxelvic family. Elvarri was originally spoken by the Elvars, a tribe of Fairelves native to Elvod, a region at the mouth of the Separ river on the island of Haparod. It then became a dominant language of Haparod through the short-lived empire of Nagripon, who also oversaw the invention of Nagri script. After the death of Nagripon, his empire fractured into the Nagripu city-states, which then spread Elvarri as a dominant [[w:Trade language|trade language]] across the Inner Waters as these city-states developed into seafaring trade empires. It was the most spoken language in Hamanna in the Age of Stone, and has a large influence on most modern languages, especially the various elf languages. It also still has considerable use as a [[w:Sacred language|liturgical language]] of the Sun Temple (''Vasnadom'') and the Great Bay Nation (''Duvargamiod'').

Similarly to [[w:Latin|Latin]] in the real world, Elvarri did not undergo [[w:Language death|language death]], but rather evolved into regional dialects and then distinct languages, including [[Hoklevar]], [[Hespadrin]], [[Whitereed]], [[Tasparin]], [[Macatranese]], [[Amtarese]], [[Moonhind]] and various isolated Inner Water island languages collectively called [[Insular Levarian]]. However, it remained a significantly used common language long after it was no longer spoken as a native language, due to its large influence on scientific, economic, military, horological and naval vocabulary; this dominance remained till the 12th century, when modern languages largely supplanted its traditional use.

Elvarri is a mostly agglutinative, strictly VSO, adjective-noun and informally [[w:Pro-drop language|pro-drop]] language with a complex system of [[w:Grammatical|case inflections]], verb inflections, and a twoway [[w:Animacy|animacy]] distinction of animate and inanimate.
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
! !! colspan=2 | Bilabial !! colspan=2 | Labiodental !! colspan=2 | Alveolar !! Retroflex !! colspan=2 | Palatal !! colspan=2 | Velar !! Glottal
|-
! Nasal
| colspan=2 | m || colspan=2 | || colspan=2 | n || ɳ || colspan=2 | ɲ || colspan=2 | ŋ ||
|-
! Stop
| p || b || colspan=2 | || t || d || || colspan=2 | || k || g || ʔ
|-
! Fricative
| colspan=2 | || f || v || s || z || ʂ || colspan=2 | || x || (ɣ) || h
|-
! Rhotic
| colspan=2 | || colspan=2 | || colspan=2 | r || ɽ || colspan=2 | || colspan=2 | ||
|-
! Liquid
| colspan=2 | || colspan=2 | || colspan=2 | l || ɭ || colspan=2 | || colspan=2 | ||
|-
! Semivowel
| colspan=2 | || colspan=2 | || colspan=2 | || || colspan=2 | j || colspan=2 | w ||
|}
The retroflex consonants ({{ipa|/ɳ ʂ ɽ ɭ/}}) were originally marked with an [[w:Dot (diacritic)|underdot]] as ⟨ṇ ṣ ṛ ḷ⟩. However, these were rarely used, and by the Age of Stone most inscriptions did not mark the retroflexes at all, save for {{ipa|/ɽ/}}, which was often written ⟨r⟩ while [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|trill]] {{ipa|/r/}} was written ⟨rr⟩.

Various consonants were also prone to mutation after {{ipa|/r/}}, a process called ''hurdaski'' ([[Help:IPA|[xr̩ˈðaski]]] "r-changing") or ''hurhassi'' ([[Help:IPA|[xr̩ˈxaʂi]]] "r-morphing"):
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
! Process !! Resultantphoneme !! Examples
|-
| {{ipa|/r/}} + {{ipa|/g/}} || {{ipa|/ɣ/}} || ''ar'''g'''a'' "also"''meiur'''g'''e'' "garbage, trash"
|-
| {{ipa|/r/}} + {{ipa|/k/}} || {{ipa|/x/}} || ''ur'''k'''amo'' "to split, to cut"''mur'''k'''ambet'' "aqueduct"
|-
| rowspan=2 | {{ipa|/r/}} + {{ipa|/t/}} || {{ipa|/ʔ/}} > {{ipa|/∅/}} || ''gor'''t''''' "container"''ennar'''t''''' "inserting"
|-
| {{ipa|/θ/}} or {{ipa|/ts/}} || ''ennar'''t'''o'' "to insert"''ver'''t'''uk'' "healer"
|-
| {{ipa|/r/}} + {{ipa|/d/}} || {{ipa|/ð/}} or {{ipa|/dz/}} || ''tor'''d'''aski'' "helm-changing;(figuratively) a boring but necessary task"''mur'''d'''o'' "to water"
|-
| {{ipa|/r/}} + {{ipa|/f/}} || {{ipa|/h/}} || ''far'''f'''a'' "flatbread"''oller'''f'''a'' "onlooker"
|-
| {{ipa|/r/}} + {{ipa|/z/}} || {{ipa|/s/}} > {{ipa|/ʂ/}} || ''ir'''z'''evet'' "period between winter and spring"''asmur'''z'''u'' "religious offering"
|}
===Vowels===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
! !! Front !! Central !! Back
|-
! Close
| i || || u
|-
! Mid
| ɛ || || ɔ
|-
! Open
| || a ||
|}
{{ipa|/ɛ ɔ/}} become {{ipa|/e o/}} in unstressed syllables. {{ipa|/u/}} was also often dropped between a velar consonant and any other consonant, rendering the latter consonant syllabic, as in ''k'''u'''ruk'' "tailor" [[Help:IPA|[ˈkr̩uk]]].
[[Category:Elvarri]] [[Category:Hamanna]] [[Category:Languages]] [[Category:Conlangs]]

Elvarri

2026-04-04T17:35:11Z

Jukethatbox:

{{construction}}
{{infobox language
| name = Elvarri
| nativename = elvariu / elvarriu
| pronunciation = elˈvarju
| creator = User:Jukethatbox
| created = 2026
| fam1 = Luxelvic
| fam2 = North Luxelvic
| ancestor1 = Proto-Luxelvic
| ancestor2 = Proto-North Luxelvic
| setting = Hamanna
| notice = ipa
| ethnicity = Elvars
| scripts = Nagri
| state = Elvod
}}
'''Elvarri''' (''elvariu'' or ''elvarriu'' [[Help:IPA|[elˈvarju]]]), also called '''Levarian''', is a [[w:Classical language|classical language]] of the Luxelvic family. Elvarri was originally spoken by the Elvars, a tribe of Fairelves native to Elvod, a region at the mouth of the Separ river on the island of Haparod. It then became a dominant language of Haparod through the short-lived empire of Nagripon, who also oversaw the invention of Nagri script. After the death of Nagripon, his empire fractured into the Nagripu city-states, which then spread Elvarri as a dominant [[w:Trade language|trade language]] across the Inner Waters as these city-states developed into seafaring trade empires. It was the most spoken language in Hamanna in the Age of Stone, and has a large influence on most modern languages, especially the various elf languages. It also still has considerable use as a [[w:Sacred language|liturgical language]] of the Sun Temple (''Vasnadom'') and the Great Bay Nation (''Duvargamiod'').

Elvarri is a mostly agglutinative, strictly VSO, adjective-noun and informally [[w:Pro-drop language|pro-drop]] language with a complex system of [[w:Grammatical|case inflections]], verb inflections, and a twoway [[w:Animacy|animacy]] distinction of animate and inanimate.
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
! !! colspan=2 | Bilabial !! colspan=2 | Labiodental !! colspan=2 | Alveolar !! Retroflex !! colspan=2 | Palatal !! colspan=2 | Velar !! Glottal
|-
! Nasal
| colspan=2 | m || colspan=2 | || colspan=2 | n || ɳ || colspan=2 | ɲ || colspan=2 | ŋ ||
|-
! Stop
| p || b || colspan=2 | || t || d || || colspan=2 | || k || g || ʔ
|-
! Fricative
| colspan=2 | || f || v || s || z || ʂ || colspan=2 | || x || (ɣ) || h
|-
! Rhotic
| colspan=2 | || colspan=2 | || colspan=2 | r || ɽ || colspan=2 | || colspan=2 | ||
|-
! Liquid
| colspan=2 | || colspan=2 | || colspan=2 | l || ɭ || colspan=2 | || colspan=2 | ||
|-
! Semivowel
| colspan=2 | || colspan=2 | || colspan=2 | || || colspan=2 | j || colspan=2 | w ||
|}
The retroflex consonants ({{ipa|/ɳ ʂ ɽ ɭ/}}) were originally marked with an [[w:Dot (diacritic)|underdot]] as ⟨ṇ ṣ ṛ ḷ⟩. However, these were rarely used, and by the Age of Stone most inscriptions did not mark the retroflexes at all, save for {{ipa|/ɽ/}}, which was often written ⟨r⟩ while [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|trill]] {{ipa|/r/}} was written ⟨rr⟩.

Various consonants were also prone to mutation after {{ipa|/r/}}, a process called ''hurdaski'' ([[Help:IPA|[xr̩ˈðaski]]] "r-changing") or ''hurhassi'' ([[Help:IPA|[xr̩ˈxaʂi]]] "r-morphing"):
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
! Process !! Resultantphoneme !! Examples
|-
| {{ipa|/r/}} + {{ipa|/g/}} || {{ipa|/ɣ/}} || ''ar'''g'''a'' "also"''meiur'''g'''e'' "garbage, trash"
|-
| {{ipa|/r/}} + {{ipa|/k/}} || {{ipa|/x/}} || ''ur'''k'''amo'' "to split, to cut"''mur'''k'''ambet'' "aqueduct"
|-
| rowspan=2 | {{ipa|/r/}} + {{ipa|/t/}} || {{ipa|/ʔ/}} > {{ipa|/∅/}} || ''gor'''t''''' "container"''ennar'''t''''' "inserting"
|-
| {{ipa|/θ/}} or {{ipa|/ts/}} || ''ennar'''t'''o'' "to insert"''ver'''t'''uk'' "healer"
|-
| {{ipa|/r/}} + {{ipa|/d/}} || {{ipa|/ð/}} or {{ipa|/dz/}} || ''tor'''d'''aski'' "helm-changing;(figuratively) a boring but necessary task"''mur'''d'''o'' "to water"
|-
| {{ipa|/r/}} + {{ipa|/f/}} || {{ipa|/h/}} || ''far'''f'''a'' "flatbread"''oller'''f'''a'' "onlooker"
|-
| {{ipa|/r/}} + {{ipa|/z/}} || {{ipa|/s/}} > {{ipa|/ʂ/}} || ''ir'''z'''evet'' "period between winter and spring"''asmur'''z'''u'' "religious offering"
|}
===Vowels===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
! !! Front !! Central !! Back
|-
! Close
| i || || u
|-
! Mid
| ɛ || || ɔ
|-
! Open
| || a ||
|}
[[Category:Elvarri]] [[Category:Hamanna]] [[Category:Languages]] [[Category:Conlangs]]

Category:Elvarri

2026-04-04T17:32:37Z

Jukethatbox: Created page with "{{cat main|Elvarri}} Category:Languages Category:Conlangs Category:Hamanna"

{{cat main|Elvarri}}

[[Category:Languages]] [[Category:Conlangs]] [[Category:Hamanna]]

Module:languages/data/exceptional/extra

2026-04-04T17:30:47Z

Jukethatbox:

local m = {}

m["art-nui"] = {
aliases = {"ǂA"},
}

m["brfs-pro"] = {
aliases = {"Berfesmernalmern"},
}

m["lthm-pro"] = {
aliases = {"Lyothem"},
}

m["pine"] = {
aliases = {"Niṡkullit", "Nishku", "Nishlit"}
}

m["siwa"] = {
aliases = {"Siųa"},
}

m["elva"] = {
aliases = {"Levarian"},
}

m["beme"] = {
aliases = {"Poccasinese", "Poccasin Pidgin", "Poccasin Creole"},
}

m["aav-khs-pro"] = {
aliases = {"Proto-Khasic"},
}

m["aav-nic-pro"] = {
}

m["aav-pkl-pro"] = {
}

m["aav-pro"] = { -- mkh-pro will merge into this.
}

m["afa-pro"] = {
aliases = {"Proto-Afro-Asiatic", "Hamito-Semitic"},
}

m["alg-aga"] = {
aliases = {"Agwam", "Agaam"},
}

m["alg-pro"] = {
}

m["alv-ama"] = {
}

m["alv-bgu"] = {
otherNames = {"Gubëeher", "Nyun Gubëeher", "Nun Gubëeher"},
}

m["alv-bua-pro"] = {
}

m["alv-cng-pro"] = {
}

m["alv-edk-pro"] = {
}

m["alv-edo-pro"] = {
}

m["alv-fli-pro"] = {
}

m["alv-gbe-pro"] = {
}

m["alv-gng-pro"] = {
}

m["alv-gtm-pro"] = {
aliases = {"Proto-Ghana-Togo Mountain"},
}

m["alv-gwa"] = {
}

m["alv-hei-pro"] = {
}

m["alv-ido-pro"] = {
}

m["alv-igb-pro"] = {
}

m["alv-kwa-pro"] = {
}

m["alv-mum-pro"] = {
}

m["alv-nup-pro"] = {
}

m["alv-pro"] = {
}

m["alv-von-pro"] = {
}

m["alv-yor-pro"] = {
}

m["alv-yrd-pro"] = {
}

m["apa-pro"] = {
aliases = {"Proto-Apache", "Proto-Southern Athabaskan"},
}

m["aql-pro"] = {
}

m["art-adu"] = {
aliases = {"Westron"},
}

m["art-bel"] = {
}

m["art-blk"] = {
}

m["art-bsp"] = {
}

m["art-com"] = {
}

m["art-dtk"] = {
}

m["art-elo"] = {
}

m["art-gld"] = {
}

m["art-lap"] = {
}

m["art-man"] = {
}

m["art-mun"] = {
}

m["art-nav"] = {
}

m["art-vlh"] = {
}

m["ath-nic"] = {
}

m["ath-pro"] = {
}

m["auf-pro"] = {
aliases = {"Proto-Arawan", "Proto-Arauan"},
}

m["aus-alu"] = {
otherNames = {"Ogh-Alungul", "Alngula"},
}

m["aus-and"] = {
aliases = {"Adithinngithigh"},
}

m["aus-ang"] = {
otherNames = {"Ogh-Anggula", "Anggula", "Ogh-Anggul", "Anggul"},
}

m["aus-arn-pro"] = {
}

m["aus-bra"] = {
aliases = {"Barranbinja", "Baranbinya", "Burranbinya", "Burrumbiniya", "Burrunbinya", "Barrumbinya", "Barren-binya", "Parran-binye"},
}

m["aus-brm"] = {
}

m["aus-cww-pro"] = {
}

m["aus-dal-pro"] = {
}

m["aus-guw"] = {
otherNames = {"Gowar", "Goowar", "Gooar", "Guar", "Gowr-burra", "Ngugi", "Mugee", "Wogee", "Gnoogee", "Chunchiburri", "Booroo-geen-merrie"},
}

m["aus-lsw"] = {
aliases = {"Little Swanport Tasmanian"},
}

m["aus-mbi"] = {
otherNames = {"Mbeiwum"},
}

m["aus-ngk"] = {
otherNames = {"Ngkot", "Nggoth"},
}

m["aus-nyu-pro"] = {
}

m["aus-pam-pro"] = {
}

m["aus-tul"] = {
otherNames = {"Dappil", "Dapil", "Toolooa", "Dulua", "Narung", "Dandan"},
}

m["aus-uwi"] = {
otherNames = {"Uwinjmil"},
}

m["aus-wdj-pro"] = {
}

m["aus-won"] = {
}

m["aus-wul"] = {
otherNames = {"Manbara", "Wulgurugaba", "Wulgurukaba", "Nhawalgaba"},
}

m["aus-ynk"] = { -- contrast nny
}

m["awd-amc-pro"] = {
otherNames = {"Western Maipuran"},
}

m["awd-kmp-pro"] = {
otherNames = {"Campa", "Kampan", "Campan", "Pre-Andine Maipurean"},
}

m["awd-prw-pro"] = {
otherNames = {"Paresí-Waurá", "Parecí–Xingú", "Paresí–Xingu", "Central Arawak", "Central Maipurean"},
}

m["awd-ama"] = {
}

m["awd-ana"] = {
aliases = {"Anauya"},
}

m["awd-apo"] = {
otherNames = {"Lapachu"},
}

m["awd-cab"] = {
aliases = {"Cabere", "Cávere", "Cavere"},
}

m["awd-gnu"] = {
otherNames = {"Guinao", "Inao", "Guniare", "Quinhau", "Guiano"},
}

m["awd-kar"] = {
aliases = {"Kariaí", "Kariai", "Cariyai", "Carihiahy"},
}

m["awd-kaw"] = {
aliases = {"Cawishana", "Cayuishana", "Kaishana", "Cauixana"},
}

m["awd-kus"] = {
aliases = {"Kustenaú", "Custenau", "Kutenabu"},
}

m["awd-man"] = {
}

m["awd-mar"] = {
aliases = {"Marawán"},
}

m["awd-mpr"] = {
aliases = {"Maypure", "Mejepure"},
}

m["awd-mrt"] = {
aliases = {"Mariate"},
}

m["awd-nwk-pro"] = {
aliases = {"Proto-Newiki"},
}

m["awd-pai"] = {
aliases = {"Paiconeca", "Paikone", "Paicone"},
}

m["awd-pas"] = {
aliases = {"Passé", "Pazé"},
}

m["awd-pro"] = {
otherNames = {"Proto-Arawakan", "Proto-Maipurean", "Proto-Maipuran"},
}

m["awd-she"] = {
aliases = {"Shebaya", "Shebaye"},
}

m["awd-taa-pro"] = {
otherNames = {"Proto-Ta-Arawakan", "Proto-Caribbean Northern Arawak"},
}

m["awd-wai"] = {
otherNames = {"Wainuma", "Wai", "Waima", "Wainumi", "Wainambí", "Waiwana", "Waipi", "Yanuma"},
}

m["awd-yum"] = {
aliases = {"Jumana"},
}

m["azc-caz"] = {
aliases = {"Caxcan", "Kaskán"},
}

m["azc-cup-pro"] = {
}

m["azc-ktn"] = {
aliases = {"Gitanemuk"},
}

m["azc-nah-pro"] = {
}

m["azc-num-pro"] = {
}

m["azc-pro"] = {
}

m["azc-tak-pro"] = {
}

m["azc-tat"] = {
}

m["ber-fog"] = {
otherNames = {"El-Fogaha", "El-Foqaha", "Foqaha", "Fuqaha"},
}

m["ber-pro"] = {
}

m["ber-zuw"] = {
}

m["bnt-bal"] = {
}

m["bnt-bon"] = {
}

m["bnt-boy"] = {
}

m["bnt-bwa"] = {
}

m["bnt-cmw"] = {
otherNames = {"Bravanese", "Mwiini", "Mwini", "Chimwini", "Chimini", "Brava"},
}

m["bnt-ind"] = {
otherNames = {"Kɔlɔmɔnyi", "Kɔlɛ", "Kasaï Oriental"},
}

m["bnt-lal"] = {
}

m["bnt-mpi"] = {
}

m["bnt-mpu"] = {
}

m["bnt-ngu-pro"] = {
}

m["bnt-phu"] = {
aliases = {"Siphuthi"},
}

m["bnt-pro"] = {
}

m["bnt-sbo"] = {
}

m["bnt-sts-pro"] = {
}

m["btk-pro"] = {
}

m["carn"] = {
aliases = {"Carnian"},
}

m["carn-old"] = {
aliases = {"Old Carnian"},
}

m["cau-abz-pro"] = {
otherNames = {"Proto-Abazgi", "Proto-Abkhaz-Tapanta"},
}

m["cau-and-pro"] = {
aliases = {"Proto-Andi", "Proto-Andic"},
}

m["cau-ava-pro"] = {
aliases = {"Proto-Avar-Andian", "Proto-Avar-Andi", "Proto-Avar-Andic"},
}

m["cau-cir-pro"] = {
otherNames = {"Proto-Adyghe-Kabardian", "Proto-Adyghe-Circassian"},
}

m["cau-drg-pro"] = {
otherNames = {"Proto-Dargin"},
}

m["cau-lzg-pro"] = {
aliases = {"Proto-Lezgi", "Proto-Lezgian", "Proto-Lezgic"},
}

m["cau-nec-pro"] = {
}

m["cau-nkh-pro"] = {
}

m["cau-nwc-pro"] = {
}

m["cau-tsz-pro"] = {
otherNames = {"Proto-Tsezic", "Proto-Didoic"},
}

m["cba-ata"] = {
otherNames = {"Atanque", "Cancuamo", "Kankuamo", "Kankwe", "Kankuí", "Atanke"},
}

m["cba-cat"] = {
otherNames = {"Catio Chibcha", "Old Catio"},
}

m["cba-dor"] = {
otherNames = {"Chumulu", "Changuena", "Changuina", "Chánguena", "Gualaca"},
}

m["cba-dui"] = {
}

m["cba-hue"] = {
otherNames = {"Güetar", "Guetar", "Brusela"},
}

m["cba-nut"] = {
otherNames = {"Nutabane"},
}

m["cba-pro"] = {
}

m["ccs-pro"] = {
}

m["ccs-gzn-pro"] = {
aliases = {"Proto-Karto-Zan"},
}

m["cdc-cbm-pro"] = {
aliases = {"Proto-Central-Chadic", "Proto-Biu-Mandara"},
}

m["cdc-mas-pro"] = {
}

m["cdc-pro"] = {
}

m["cdd-pro"] = {
}

m["cel-bry-pro"] = {
aliases = {"Proto-Brittonic", "Common Brythonic", "Common Brittonic"},
}

m["cel-gal"] = {
aliases = {"Calá"}
}

m["cel-gau"] = {
}

m["cel-pro"] = {
}

m["chi-pro"] = {
}

m["chm-pro"] = {
}

m["cmc-pro"] = {
}

m["crp-bip"] = {
}

m["crp-gep"] = {
aliases = {"Greenlandic Pidgin", "Greenlandic Eskimo Pidgin"},
}

m["crp-mar"] = {
otherNames = {"Jamaican Maroon Spirit Possession Language"},
}

m["crp-mpp"] = {
aliases = {"Macao Pidgin Portuguese"},
}

m["crp-rsn"] = {
}

m["crp-slb"] = {
otherNames = {"Solombala-English", "Solombala English-Russian Pidgin"},
}

m["crp-spp"] = {
}

m["crp-tpr"] = {
}

m["csu-bba-pro"] = {
}

m["csu-maa-pro"] = {
}

m["csu-pro"] = {
}

m["csu-sar-pro"] = {
}

m["cus-ash"] = {
otherNames = {"Ashraf", "Af-Ashraaf"},
varieties = { {"Marka, Lower Shabelle"}, "Shingani"},
}

m["cus-hec-pro"] = {
}

m["cus-som-pro"] = {
aliases = {"Proto-Sam", "Proto-Macro-Somali"},
}

m["cus-sou-pro"] = {
otherNames = {"Proto-Rift"},
}

m["cus-pro"] = {
}

m["dmn-dam"] = {
}

m["dra-bry"] = {
aliases = {"Byari"},
}

m["dra-cen-pro"] = {
}

m["dra-mkn"] = {
aliases = {"Nadugannada"},
}

m["dra-nor-pro"] = {
}

m["dra-okn"] = {
aliases = {"Halegannada"},
}

m["dra-ote"] = {
}

m["dra-pro"] = {
}

m["dra-sdo-pro"] = {
aliases = {"Proto-South Dravidian"},
}

m["dra-sdt-pro"] = {
aliases = {"Proto-South-Central Dravidian"},
}

m["dra-sou-pro"] = {
aliases = {"Proto-Southern Dravidian"},
}

m["egx-dem"] = {
aliases = {"Demotic Egyptian", "Enchorial"},
}

m["dmn-pro"] = {
}

m["dmn-mdw-pro"] = {
}

m["dru-pro"] = {
}

m["esx-esk-pro"] = {
}

m["esx-ink"] = {
}

m["esx-inq"] = {
}

m["esx-inu-pro"] = {
}

m["esx-pro"] = {
}

m["esx-tut"] = {
}

m["euq-pro"] = {
aliases = {"Proto-Vasconic"},
}

m["gba-pro"] = {
}

m["gem-pro"] = {
aliases = {"Common Germanic"},
}

m["gme-bur"] = {
aliases = {"Burgundish", "Burgundic"},
}

m["gme-cgo"] = {
}

m["gmq-gut"] = {
}

m["gmq-jmk"] = {
aliases = {"Jamtlandic"},
}

m["gmq-mno"] = {
}

m["gmq-oda"] = {
}

m["gmq-ogt"] = {
aliases = {"Old Gotlandic"},
}

m["gmq-osw"] = {
}

m["gmq-pro"] = {
aliases = {"Proto-Scandinavian", "Primitive Norse", "Proto-Nordic",
"Ancient Nordic", "Ancient Scandinavian", "Old Nordic", "Old Scandinavian",
"Proto-North Germanic", "North Proto-Germanic", "Common Scandinavian"},
}

m["gmq-scy"] = {
}

m["gmw-bgh"] = {
}

m["gmw-cfr"] = {
varieties = {"Mittelfränkisch", "Ripuarian", "Moselle Franconian", "Colognian", "Kölsch"},
}

m["gmw-ecg"] = {
varieties = {"Thuringian", "Thüringisch", "Upper Saxon", "Upper Saxon German", "Obersächsisch", "Lusatian", "Erzgebirgisch", "Silesian", "Silesian German", "High Prussian"},
}

m["gmw-fin"] = {
aliases = {"Fingal"},
}

m["gmw-gts"] = {
aliases = {"Gottscheerisch"},
}

m["gmw-jdt"] = {
}

m["gmw-msc"] = {
}

m["gmw-pro"] = {
}

m["gmw-rfr"] = {
aliases = {"Rheinfränkisch", "Rhenish Franconian"},
varieties = {"Hessian", "Lorraine Franconian", "Lorrainian", "Lothringisch", "Palatine German", "Pfälzisch", "Pälzisch", "Palatinate German"},
}

m["gmw-stm"] = {
aliases = {"Satu Mare Swabian", "Sathmarschwäbisch", "Sathmarisch"},
}

m["gmw-tsx"] = {
aliases = {"Siebenbürger Saxon"},
}

m["gmw-vog"] = {
}

m["gmw-zps"] = {
aliases = {"Zipser", "Zipserisch", "Outzäpsersch"},
}

m["gn-cls"] = {
}

m["grk-cal"] = {
aliases = {"Italian Greek", "Bova"},
}

m["grk-ita"] = {
aliases = {"Griko", "Grico", "Grecanic"},
}

m["grk-mar"] = {
aliases = {"Mariupolitan Greek", "Rumeíka", "Rumeika"},
}

m["grk-pro"] = {
aliases = {"Proto-Greek"},
}

m["hmn-pro"] = {
}

m["hmx-mie-pro"] = {
}

m["hmx-pro"] = {
}

m["hyx-pro"] = {
}

m["iir-nur-pro"] = {
}

m["iir-pro"] = {
}

m["ijo-pro"] = {
aliases = {"Proto-Ijaw"},
}

m["inc-apa"] = {
aliases = {"Apabhraṃśa"},
}

m["inc-ash"] = {
aliases = {"Asokan Prakrit", "Aśokan Prakrit"},
}

m["inc-kam"] = {
}

m["inc-kho"] = {
}

m["inc-krn-pro"] = {
aliases = {"Proto Kamta", "Proto-Kamata", "Proto Kamata"},
}

m["inc-mas"] = {
}

m["inc-mbn"] = {
}

m["inc-mgu"] = {
}

m["inc-mor"] = {
aliases = {"Middle Oriya"},
}

m["inc-oas"] = {
}

m["inc-oaw"] = {
aliases = {"Early Awadhi"},
}

m["inc-obn"] = {
}

m["inc-ogu"] = {
aliases = {"Old Western Rajasthani"},
}

m["inc-ohi"] = {
aliases = {"Dehlavi"},
}

m["inc-oor"] = {
aliases = {"Old Oriya"},
}

m["inc-opa"] = {
}

m["inc-pro"] = {
}

m["ine-ana-pro"] = {
}

m["ine-bsl-pro"] = {
}

m["ine-kal"] = {
aliases = {"Kalašmaic", "Kalasmaic"},
}

m["ine-pae"] = {
}

m["ine-pro"] = {
}

m["ine-toc-pro"] = {
}

m["xme-old"] = {
}

m["xme-mid"] = {
aliases = {"Atropatenian"},
}

m["xme-ker"] = {
otherNames = {"Kermanian", "Central Iranian Dialects", "Central Plateau Dialects", "Central Iranian", "South Median", "Gazi", "Soi", "Sohi", "Abuzeydabadi", "Abyanehi", "Farizandi", "Jowshaqani", "Nashalji", "Qohrudi", "Yarandi", "Tari", "Sedehi", "Ardestani", "Zefrehi", "Isfahani", "Kafroni", "Varzenehi", "Khuri", "Nayini", "Anaraki", "Zoroastrian Dari", "Behdināni", "Behdinani", "Gabri", "Gavrŭni", "Gavruni", "Gabrōni", "Gabroni", "Kermani", "Yazdi", "Bidhandi", "Bijagani", "Chimehi", "Hanjani", "Komjani", "Naraqi", "Qalhari", "Varani", "Zori"},
}

m["xme-taf"] = {
}

m["xme-ttc-pro"] = {
}

m["xme-kls"] = {
aliases = {"Kalāsuri", "Kalasur", "Kalāsur"},
}

m["xme-klt"] = {
}

m["xme-ott"] = {
otherNames = {"Old Tatic", "Old Azeri", "Azari", "Azeri", "Āḏarī", "Adari", "Adhari"},
}

m["ira-kms-pro"] = {
}

m["ira-mpr-pro"] = {
}

m["ira-pat-pro"] = {
}

m["ira-pro"] = {
}

m["ira-zgr-pro"] = {
}

m["xsc-pro"] = {
}

m["xsc-sar-pro"] = {
}

m["xsc-skw-pro"] = {
}

m["xsc-sak-pro"] = {
aliases = {"Proto-Sakan"},
}

m["ira-sym-pro"] = {
}

m["ira-sgi-pro"] = {
}

m["ira-mny-pro"] = {
}

m["ira-shy-pro"] = {
}

m["ira-shr-pro"] = {
}

m["ira-sgc-pro"] = {
aliases = {"Proto-Sogdian"},
}

m["ira-wnj"] = {
aliases = {"Old Vanji", "Vanchi", "Vanži", "Wanji"},
}

m["iro-ere"] = {
}

m["iro-min"] = {
}

m["iro-nor-pro"] = {
}

m["iro-pro"] = {
}

m["itc-pro"] = {
}

m["jpx-hcj"] = {
aliases = {"Hachijo"},
}

m["jpx-pro"] = {
}

m["jpx-ryu-pro"] = {
}

m["kar-pro"] = {
}

m["kca-eas"] = {
}

m["kca-nor"] = {
}

m["kca-pro"] = {
}

m["kca-sou"] = {
}

m["khi-kho-pro"] = {
}

m["khi-kun"] = {
otherNames = {"ǃOǃKung", "ǃ'OǃKung", "Kung", "Ekoka ǃKung", "Ekoka Kung", "Sekele"},
}

m["ko-ear"] = {
}

m["kro-pro"] = {
}

m["ku-pro"] = {
}

m["map-ata-pro"] = {
}

m["map-bms"] = {
}

m["map-pro"] = {
}

m["mis-hkl"] = {
aliases = {"Kelantan Peranakan Chinese", "Kelantan Peranakan Hokkien", "Hokkien Kelantan", "Kelantan Local Hokkien"}
}

m["mis-isa"] = {
}

m["mis-jie"] = {
aliases = {"Chieh", "Kjet"},
}

m["mis-jzh"] = {
aliases = {"Haihua"},
}

m["mis-kas"] = {
aliases = {"Cassite", "Kassitic", "Kaššite"},
}

m["mis-mmd"] = {
otherNames = {"Mimi of Gaudefroy-Demombynes", "Mimi-D"},
}

m["mis-mmn"] = {
otherNames = {"Mimi-N"},
}

m["mis-phi"] = {
aliases = {"Philistian", "Philistinian"},
}

m["mis-rou"] = {
aliases = {"Ruanruan", "Ruan-ruan", "Juan-juan"},
}

m["mis-tnw"] = {
aliases = {"Tangwanghua"},
}

m["mis-tuh"] = {
aliases = {"'Azha"},
}

m["mis-tuo"] = {
aliases = {"Tabghach", "Taghbach"},
}

m["mis-wuh"] = {
aliases = {"Wuwan", "Awar"},
}

m["mis-xbi"] = {
aliases = {"Serbi", "Shirwi"},
}

m["mjg-mgl"] = {
aliases = {"Huzhu", "Huzhu Monguor"},
}

m["mjg-mgr"] = {
aliases = {"Minhe", "Minhe Monguor"},
}

m["mkh-asl-pro"] = {
}

m["mkh-ban-pro"] = {
}

m["mkh-kat-pro"] = {
}

m["mkh-khm-pro"] = {
}

m["mkh-kmr-pro"] = {
}

m["mkh-mmn"] = {
}

m["mkh-mnc-pro"] = {
}

m["mkh-mvi"] = {
}

m["mkh-pal-pro"] = {
}

m["mkh-pea-pro"] = {
}

m["mkh-pkn-pro"] = {
}

m["mkh-pro"] = { --This will be merged into 2015 aav-pro.
}

m["mnw-tha"] = {
aliases = {"Raman", "Thai Raman", "Siamese Mon"},
}

m["mkh-vie-pro"] = {
}

m["mns-cen"] = {
}

m["mns-nor"] = {
}

m["mns-pro"] = {
}

m["mns-sou"] = {
}

m["mun-pro"] = {
aliases = {"Proto-Mundan"},
}

m["myn-chl"] = { -- the stage after ''emy''
otherNames = {"Cholti", "Colonial Ch'olti'", "Colonial Cholti"},
}

m["myn-pro"] = {
aliases = {"Proto-Maya"},
}

m["nai-ala"] = {
otherNames = {"Alasapa", "Pinto"},
}

m["nai-bay"] = {
otherNames = {"Bayougoula", "Bayou Goula", "Ischenoca"}, -- tribe merged with "Mougulasha", "Mongoulacha", "Mugulasha", "Mougulasha", "Muglahsa", "Muglasha", "Muguasha", "Imongolosha", "Houma", "Acolapissa"
}

m["nai-cal"] = {
}

m["nai-chi"] = {
}

m["nai-chu-pro"] = {
aliases = {"Proto-Chumashan"},
}

m["nai-cig"] = {
}

m["nai-ckn-pro"] = {
aliases = {"Proto-Chinook"},
}

m["nai-guz"] = {
aliases = {"Guazacapan"},
}

m["nai-hit"] = {
otherNames = {"Atcik-hata", "At-pasha-shliha"},
}

m["nai-ipa"] = {
otherNames = {"'Iipay 'aa", "Northern Diegueño", "Diegueño"},
}

m["nai-jtp"] = {
otherNames = {"Xutiapa", "Jalapa", "Xalapa"},
}

m["nai-jum"] = {
aliases = {"Jumaitepeque", "Jumaytepec"},
}

m["nai-kat"] = {
otherNames = {"Kathlamet Chinook"},
}

m["nai-klp-pro"] = {
}

m["nai-knm"] = {
}

m["nai-kum"] = {
otherNames = {"Kumiai", "Central Diegueño", "Diegueño"},
}

m["nai-mac"] = {
aliases = {"Macorís", "Macorix", "Mazorij", "Mazorig", "Mazoriges"},
}

m["nai-mdu-pro"] = {
aliases = {"Proto-Maiduan"},
}

m["nai-miz-pro"] = {
aliases = {"Proto-Mixe-Zoquean"},
}

m["nai-mus-pro"] = {
aliases = {"Proto-Muskhogean", "Proto-Muskogee"},
}

m["nai-nao"] = {
}

m["nai-nrs"] = {
}

m["nai-okw"] = {
}

m["nai-per"] = {
}

m["nai-pic"] = {
}

m["nai-plp-pro"] = {
}

m["nai-pom-pro"] = {
aliases = {"Proto-Pomoan"},
}

m["nai-qng"] = {
}

m["nai-sca-pro"] = { -- NB 'sio-pro' "Proto-Siouan" which is Proto-Western Siouan
}

m["nai-sin"] = {
aliases = {"Sinacantan", "Zinacantán", "Zinacantan"},
}

m["nai-sln"] = {
}

m["nai-spt"] = {
aliases = {"Shahaptin"},
}

m["nai-tap"] = {
otherNames = {"Tapachulteca", "Tapachulteco", "Tapachula"},
}

m["nai-taw"] = {
}

m["nai-teq"] = {
otherNames = {"Tequistlateco", "Tequistlateca", "Chontal", "Chontol of Oaxaca", "Oaxaca Chontal", "Oaxacan Chontal"},
}

m["nai-tip"] = {
otherNames = {"Tipay", "Tiipai", "Tiipay", "Jamul Tiipay", "Southern Digueño", "Diegueño"},
}

m["nai-tot-pro"] = {
}

m["nai-tsi-pro"] = {
}

m["nai-utn-pro"] = {
otherNames = {"Proto-Miwok-Costanoan"},
}

m["nai-wai"] = {
aliases = {"Guaycura", "Waicura"},
}

m["nai-wji"] = {
otherNames = {"Jicaque of El Palmar", "Sula"},
}

m["nai-yup"] = {
aliases = {"Jupiltepeque", "Yupiltepec", "Jupiltepec", "Xupiltepec"},
}

m["nan-dat"] = {
aliases = {"Datian"},
}

m["nan-hbl"] = {
aliases = {"Hokkienese", "Quanzhang", "Fukien", "Banlam", "Banlamese", "Ban-lam"},
}

m["nan-hlh"] = {
aliases = {"Hailufeng", "Hoklo Min", "Hai Lok Hong"},
}

m["nan-lnx"] = {
aliases = {"Longyan", "Liongna"},
}

m["nan-tws"] = {
aliases = {"Teochew Min", "Chiuchow", "Teo-Swa", "Teo-Swa Min", "Tio-Sua"},
}

m["nan-zhe"] = {
aliases = {"Zhenan"},
}

m["nan-zsh"] = {
aliases = {"Sanxiang", "Samheung", "Sahiu"},
}

m["nds-de"] = {
}

m["nds-nl"] = {
varieties = {"Achterhoeks", "Drents", "Gronings", "Sallands", "Stellingwerfs", "Twents", "Veluws"},
}

m["ngf-pro"] = {
}

m["nic-bco-pro"] = {
}

m["nic-bod-pro"] = {
}

m["nic-eov-pro"] = {
}

m["nic-gns-pro"] = {
}

m["nic-grf-pro"] = {
}

m["nic-gur-pro"] = {
}

m["nic-jkn-pro"] = {
}

m["nic-lcr-pro"] = {
}

m["nic-ogo-pro"] = {
}

m["nic-ovo-pro"] = {
}

m["nic-plt-pro"] = {
}

m["nic-pro"] = {
}

m["nic-ubg-pro"] = {
}

m["nic-ucr-pro"] = {
}

m["nic-vco-pro"] = {
}

m["nub-har"] = {
aliases = {"Ḥarāza"},
}

m["nub-pro"] = {
}

m["omq-cha-pro"] = {
}

m["omq-maz-pro"] = {
aliases = {"Proto-Mazatecan"},
}

m["omq-mix-pro"] = {
}

m["omq-mxt-pro"] = {
}

m["omq-otp-pro"] = {
}

m["omq-pro"] = {
aliases = {"Proto-Otomanguean", "Proto-Oto-Mangue"},
}

m["omq-sjq"] = {
aliases = {"Chatino Sign Language", "San Juan Quiahije Chatino Sign Language"},
}

m["omq-tel"] = {
}

m["omq-teo"] = {
}

m["omq-tri-pro"] = {
}

m["omq-zap-pro"] = {
}

m["omq-zpc-pro"] = {
}

m["omv-aro-pro"] = {
}

m["omv-diz-pro"] = {
aliases = {"Proto-Maji"},
}

m["omv-pro"] = {
}

m["oto-otm-pro"] = {
}

m["oto-pro"] = {
}

m["paa-kom"] = {
aliases = {"Komnzo", "Kómnjo", "Komnjo", "Kamundjo"},
}

m["paa-kwn"] = {
}

m["paa-nha-pro"] = {
}

m["paa-nun"] = {
}

m["phi-din"] = {
}

m["phi-kal-pro"] = {
aliases = {"Proto-Calamian"},
}

m["phi-nag"] = {
}

m["phi-pro"] = {
}

m["poz-abi"] = {
otherNames = {"Sembuak", "Tubu"},
}

m["poz-bal"] = {
}

m["poz-btk-pro"] = {
}

m["poz-cet-pro"] = {
}

m["poz-hce-pro"] = {
otherNames = {"Proto-South Halmahera - West New Guinea"},
}

m["poz-lgx-pro"] = {
}

m["poz-mcm-pro"] = {
}

m["poz-mic-pro"] = {
}

m["poz-mly-pro"] = {
}

m["poz-msa-pro"] = {
}

m["poz-oce-pro"] = {
}

m["poz-pep-pro"] = {
aliases = {"Proto-Eastern-Polynesian", "Proto-East Polynesian", "Proto-East-Polynesian"},
}

m["poz-pnp-pro"] = {
}

m["poz-pol-pro"] = {
}

m["poz-pro"] = {
otherNames = {"Proto-Western Malayo-Polynesian"}, -- Western is subsumed into general Proto-MP
}

m["poz-sml"] = {
aliases = {"Sarawak"},
}

m["poz-ssw-pro"] = {
}

m["poz-sus-pro"] = {
}

m["poz-swa-pro"] = {
}

m["poz-ter"] = {
aliases = {"Terengganu"},
}

m["pqe-pro"] = {
}

m["pra-niy"] = {
}

m["qfa-adm-pro"] = {
}

m["qfa-bet-pro"] = {
aliases = {"Proto-Tai-Be"},
}

m["qfa-cka-pro"] = {
}

m["qfa-hur-pro"] = {
}

m["qfa-kad-pro"] = {
}

m["qfa-kms-pro"] = {
}

m["qfa-kor-pro"] = {
}

m["qfa-kra-pro"] = {
}

m["qfa-lic-pro"] = {
}

m["qfa-onb-pro"] = {
aliases = {"Proto-Ong-Be", "Proto-Bê"},
}

m["qfa-ong-pro"] = {
}

m["qfa-tak-pro"] = {
aliases = {"Proto-Tai-Kadai"},
}

m["qfa-yen-pro"] = {
}

m["qfa-yuk-pro"] = {
}

m["qwe-kch"] = {
otherNames = {"Kichwa shimi", "Runashimi", "Runa", "Quichua", "Quecha", "Inga", "Chimborazo", "Imbabura Highland Kichwa", "Cañar Highland Quecha", "Quechua"},
}

m["qwe-pro"] = {
}

m["roa-ang"] = {
otherNames = {"Craonnais", "Baugeois", "Saumurois"},
}

m["roa-bbn"] = {
otherNames = {"Bourbonnais", "Berrichon", "Moulins", "Allier", "Nivernais", "Haut-Berrichon", "Bas-Berrichon"},
}

m["roa-brg"] = {
otherNames = {"Burgundian", "Bregognon", "Dijonnais", "Morvandiau", "Morvandeau", "Morvan", "Bourguignon-Morvandiau", "Mâconnais", "Brionnais", "Brionnais-Charolais", "Auxerrois", "Beaunois", "Langrois", "Valsaônois", "Verduno-Chalonnais", "Sédelocien"},
}

m["roa-cha"] = {
otherNames = {"Bassignot", "Langrois", "Sennonais", "Vallage", "Troyen", "Briard", "Der", "Perthois", "Rémois", "Argonnais", "Porcien", "Ardennais", "Sugny"},
}

m["roa-fcm"] = {
otherNames = {"Frainc-Comtou", "Comtois", "Jurassien", "Ajoulot", "Vâdais", "Taignon", "Bisontin", "Bousbot"},
}

m["roa-gal"] = {
}

m["roa-gib"] = {
}

m["roa-gis"] = {
}

m["roa-leo"] = {
}

m["roa-lor"] = {
otherNames = {"Gaumais", "Vosgien", "Welche", "Argonnais", "Longovicien", "Messin", "Nancéien", "Spinalien", "Déodatien"},
}

m["roa-oan"] = {
aliases = {"Old Aragonese"},
}

m["roa-oca"] = {
}

m["roa-ole"] = {
}

m["roa-opt"] = {
aliases = {"Galician-Portuguese", "Galician Portuguese", "Medieval Galician", "Medieval Portuguese", "Old Galician", "Old Portuguese"},
}

m["roa-orl"] = {
otherNames = {"Beauceron", "Solognot", "Gâtinais", "Blaisois", "Vendômois"},
}

m["roa-poi"] = {
otherNames = {"Poitevin", "Saintongeais", "Maraîchin"},
}

m["roa-tar"] = {
}

m["sai-all"] = {
otherNames = {"Alyentiyak", "Huarpe", "Warpe"},
}

m["sai-and"] = { -- not to be confused with 'cbc' or 'ano'
otherNames = {"Miranya", "Miranha", "Miranha Carapana-Tapuya", "Miraña-Carapana-Tapuyo", "Andokero", "Miranya-Karapana-Tapuyo", "Miraña", "Carapana"},
}

m["sai-ayo"] = {
aliases = {"Ayoman", "Ayamán", "Ayaman"},
}

m["sai-bae"] = {
aliases = {"Baenã", "Baenán", "Baena"},
}

m["sai-bag"] = {
otherNames = {"Patagón de Bagua"},
}

m["sai-bet"] = {
otherNames = {"Betoy", "Betoya", "Betoye", "Betoi-Jirara", "Jirara"},
}

m["sai-bor-pro"] = {
otherNames = {"Proto-Bora-Muinane", "Proto-Bora-Muiname"},
}

m["sai-cac"] = {
otherNames = {"Kakán", "Diaguita", "Cacan", "Kakan", "Calchaquí", "Chaka", "Kaka", "Kaká", "Caca", "Caca-Diaguita", "Catamarcano", "Capayán", "Capayana", "Yacampis"},
}

m["sai-caq"] = {
otherNames = {"Cara", "Kara"},
}

m["sai-car-pro"] = {
}

m["sai-cat"] = {
}

m["sai-cer-pro"] = {
otherNames = {"Proto-Amazonian Jê"},
}

m["sai-chi"] = {
}

m["sai-chn"] = {
aliases = {"Chana"},
}

m["sai-chp"] = {
aliases = {"Txapacura", "Xapacura", "Guapore", "Šapakura", "Txapakura", "Txapakúra", "Xapakúra"},
}

m["sai-chr"] = {
aliases = {"Charrúa", "Charruá"},
}

m["sai-chu"] = {
aliases = {"Churoya"},
}

m["sai-cje-pro"] = {
otherNames = {"Proto-Akuwẽ"},
}

m["sai-cmg"] = {
aliases = {"Comechingón", "Comechingona", "Comechingone"},
}

m["sai-cno"] = {
otherNames = {"Chonos", "Caucau"},
}

m["sai-cnr"] = {
aliases = {"Cañar"},
}

m["sai-coe"] = {
aliases = {"Koeruna"},
}

m["sai-col"] = {
aliases = {"Colan"},
}

m["sai-cop"] = {
}

m["sai-crd"] = {
otherNames = {"Coroado"},
}

m["sai-ctq"] = {
aliases = {"Catuquinarú", "Katukinaru"},
}

m["sai-cul"] = {
otherNames = {"Culle", "Kulyi", "Ilinga", "Linga"},
}

m["sai-cva"] = {
}

m["sai-esm"] = {
otherNames = {"Esmeraldeño", "Atacame", "Takame"},
}

m["sai-ewa"] = {
}

m["sai-gam"] = {
aliases = {"Gamella", "Acobu", "Curinsi", "Barbados"},
}

m["sai-gay"] = {
aliases = {"Gayon"},
}

m["sai-gmo"] = {
otherNames = {"Wamo", "Santa Rosa", "San Jose", "Barinas", "Guamotey", "Guama"},
}

m["sai-gua"] = {
aliases = {"Guachi", "Wachí", "Wachi"},
}

m["sai-gue"] = {
aliases = {"Guenoa"},
}

m["sai-hau"] = {
otherNames = {"Manek'enk"},
}

m["sai-jee-pro"] = {
otherNames = {"Proto-Gê", "Proto-Jean", "Proto-Gean", "Proto-Jê-Kaingang", "Proto-Ye"},
}

m["sai-jko"] = {
aliases = {"Geicó", "Jeicó", "Jaikó", "Geikó", "Yeikó", "Jeiko", "Geico", "Jeico", "Jaiko", "Geiko", "Yeiko", "Eyco"},
}

m["sai-jrj"] = {
}

m["sai-kat"] = { -- contrast xoo, kzw, sai-xoc
otherNames = {"Catrimbi", "Catembri", "Kariri de Mirandela", "Mirandela", "Kariri", "Kiriri"},
}

m["sai-mal"] = {
aliases = {"Malali"},
}

m["sai-mar"] = {
}

m["sai-mat"] = {
otherNames = {"Matanauí", "Matanaui", "Matanawü", "Mitandua", "Moutoniway"},
}

m["sai-mcn"] = {
aliases = {"Mokana"},
}

m["sai-men"] = {
aliases = {"Menién"},
}

m["sai-mil"] = {
otherNames = {"Milykayak", "Huarpe", "Warpe"},
}

m["sai-mlb"] = {
aliases = {"Malibú", "Malebú"},
}

m["sai-msk"] = {
aliases = {"Masakara", "Masacará", "Masacara"},
}

m["sai-muc"] = {
otherNames = {"Mucuchi", "Mokochi", "Mocochí", "Mirripú", "Maripú", "Mucuchí-Maripú"},
}

m["sai-mue"] = {
aliases = {"Muellamués"},
}

m["sai-muz"] = {
}

m["sai-mys"] = {
otherNames = {"Mayna", "Maina", "Rimachu"},
}

m["sai-nat"] = {
otherNames = {"Natu", "Peagaxinan"},
}

m["sai-nje-pro"] = {
otherNames = {"Proto-Core Jê"},
}

m["sai-opo"] = {
otherNames = {"Opon", "Opón-Karare", "Opón-Carare", "Carare", "Carare-Opón"},
}

m["sai-oto"] = {
aliases = {"Otomako", "Otomacan", "Otomac", "Otomak"},
}

m["sai-pal"] = {
}

m["sai-pam"] = {
aliases = {"Pamiwa"},
}

m["sai-par"] = {
aliases = {"Paratio", "Prarto"},
}

m["sai-pnz"] = {
aliases = {"Pansaleo"},
}

m["sai-prh"] = {
}

m["sai-ptg"] = {
otherNames = {"Patagón de Perico"},
}

m["sai-pur"] = {
aliases = {"Purukoto", "Purucotó", "Purucoto"},
}

m["sai-pyg"] = {
aliases = {"Payawá", "Payagua"},
}

m["sai-pyk"] = {
aliases = {"Gavião-Pykobjê", "Pykobjê-Gavião", "Gavião", "Pyhcopji", "Gavião-Pyhcopji"},
}

m["sai-qmb"] = {
otherNames = {"Kimbaya", "Quindío", "Quindio", "Quindo"},
}

m["sai-qtm"] = {
aliases = {"Quitemoca"},
}

m["sai-rab"] = {
}

m["sai-ram"] = {
}

m["sai-sac"] = {
otherNames = {"Sacata", "Zácata", "Chillao"},
}

m["sai-san"] = {
aliases = {"Sanavirón", "Sanabirón", "Sanabiron", "Sanavirona", "Zanavirona"},
}

m["sai-sap"] = {
aliases = {"Zapará", "Zapara"},
}

m["sai-sec"] = {
otherNames = {"Sek", "Sec"},
}

m["sai-sin"] = {
otherNames = {"Cenúfana", "Zenúfana", "Cinifaná", "Sinufana", "Sinú", "Cenú", "Zenú", "Finzenú", "Fincenú", "Pancenú", "Sutagao"},
}

m["sai-sje-pro"] = {
}

m["sai-tab"] = {
otherNames = {"Aconipa"},
}

m["sai-tal"] = {
otherNames = {"Atalán", "Tallan", "Tallanca", "Atalan", "Sek"},
}

m["sai-tap"] = {
otherNames = {"Tapayúna", "Kajkwakhrattxi"},
}

m["sai-tar-pro"] = {
}

m["sai-teu"] = {
aliases = {"Tehues", "Teuéx"},
}

m["sai-tim"] = {
otherNames = {"Cuica", "Timote-Cuica"},
}

m["sai-tpr"] = {
aliases = {"Taparito"},
}

m["sai-trr"] = {
otherNames = {"Caratiú"},
}

m["sai-wai"] = {
aliases = {"Waitaka", "Waitacá", "Waitaca", "Goytacá", "Goitacá", "Guaitacá", "Guiatacá", "Guiatacás", "Goiatacá", "Goiatacás", "Guaiatacá", "Goytacaz", "Goitacaz", "Goyataca", "Aitacaz", "Uetacaz", "Uetacá", "Outacá", "Ouetacá", "Eutacá", "Itacaz", "Vaitacá"},
}

m["sai-way"] = {
aliases = {"Wajumará", "Wajumara", "Wayumará", "Azumara", "Guimara"},
}

m["sai-wit-pro"] = {
otherNames = {"Proto-Huitotoan", "Proto-Uitotoan"},
}

m["sai-wnm"] = {
otherNames = {"Wañam", "Wanyam", "Huanyam", "Uanham", "Abitana"},
}

m["sai-xoc"] = { -- contrast xoo, kzw, sai-kat
otherNames = {"Xoco", "Chocó", "Shokó", "Shoko", "Shocó", "Shoco", "Choco", "Chocaz", "Kariri-Xocó", "Kariri-Xoco", "Kariri-Shoko", "Cariri-Chocó", "Xukuru-Kariri", "Xucuru-Kariri", "Xucuru-Cariri", "Xukurú-Kirirí"},
}

m["sai-yao"] = {
aliases = {"Yao", "Jaoi", "Yaoi", "Yaio", "Anacaioury"},
}

m["sai-yar"] = { -- not the same family as 'suy'
aliases = {"Yaruma"},
}

m["sai-yri"] = {
aliases = {"Jurí"},
}

m["sai-yup"] = {
otherNames = {"Yupuá", "Yupúa", "Jupua", "Jupuá", "Jupúa", "Hiupiá", "Yupuá-Duriña", "Duriña"},
}

m["sai-yur"] = {
aliases = {"Yurumangui", "Yurimangí", "Yurimangi", "Yurimanguí", "Yurimangui"},
}

m["sal-pro"] = {
aliases = {"Proto-Salishan"},
}

m["sdv-daj-pro"] = {
}

m["sdv-eje-pro"] = {
}

m["sdv-nil-pro"] = {
}

m["sdv-nyi-pro"] = {
}

m["sdv-tmn-pro"] = {
}

m["sel-nor"] = {
aliases = {"Taz Selkup"},
}

m["sel-pro"] = {
}

m["sel-sou"] = {
}

m["sem-amm"] = {
}

m["sem-amo"] = {
aliases = {"Amoritic"},
}

m["sem-cha"] = {
aliases = {"Cheha", "Čäha", "Čäxa"},
}

m["sem-dad"] = {
otherNames = {"Dadanite", "Lihyanite", "Lihyanitic"},
}

m["sem-dum"] = {
}

m["sem-has"] = {
}

m["sem-his"] = {
otherNames = {"Thamudic E"},
}

m["sem-mhr"] = {
otherNames = {"Muher Gurage", "Muxar", "Muxər", "Muhər", "Muḫər"},
}

m["sem-pro"] = {
}

m["sem-saf"] = {
}

m["sem-srb"] = {
}

m["sem-tay"] = {
otherNames = {"Taymanite", "Thamudic A"},
}

m["sem-tha"] = {
}

m["sem-wes-pro"] = {
}

m["sio-pro"] = { -- NB this is not Proto-Siouan-Catawban 'nai-sca-pro'
}

m["sit-bok"] = {
otherNames = {"Ramo", "Pailibo"},
}

m["sit-bai-pro"] = {
}

m["sit-ban"] = {
}

m["sit-cai"] = {
}

m["sit-cha"] = {
}

m["sit-hrs-pro"] = {
}

m["sit-jap"] = {
otherNames = {"Chabao", "Kuru"},
}

m["sit-kha-pro"] = {
}

m["sit-khb-pro"] = {
}

m["sit-khp-pro"] = {
}

m["sit-khw-pro"] = {
}

m["sit-liz"] = {
}

m["sit-lnj"] = {
}

m["sit-lrn"] = {
}

m["sit-luu-pro"] = {
}

m["sit-prn"] = {
}

m["sit-pro"] = {
}

m["sit-sit"] = {
otherNames = {"Eastern rGyalrong", "rGyalrong", "Rgyalrong", "rGyalrongic", "Gyalrong", "Gyarong", "rGyarong", "Gyarung", "Jiarong", "Jiarongyu", "Jyarong", "Jyarung", "Yelong", "Kuru"},
}

m["sit-tam-pro"] = {
aliases = {"Proto-Tamang"},
}

m["sit-tan-pro"] = {
}

m["sit-tgm"] = {
}

m["sit-tos"] = {
}

m["sit-tsh"] = {
otherNames = {"Caodeng", "Sidaba", "rGyalrong", "Rgyalrong", "Jiarong", "Gyarung", "Kuru"},
}

m["sit-zbu"] = {
otherNames = {"Ribu", "Rdzong'bur", "Rdzongmbur", "Showu", "rGyalrong", "Rgyalrong", "Jiarong", "Gyarung", "Kuru"},
}

m["sla-pro"] = {
aliases = {"Common Slavic"},
}

m["smi-pro"] = {
aliases = {"Proto-Sami"},
}

m["son-pro"] = {
aliases = {"Proto-Songhai"},
}

m["sqj-pro"] = {
}

m["ssa-klk-pro"] = {
aliases = {"Proto-Rub"},
}

m["ssa-kom-pro"] = {
}

m["ssa-pro"] = {
}

m["syd-fne"] = {
}

m["syd-pro"] = {
}

m["tai-pro"] = {
}

m["tai-swe-pro"] = {
}

m["tbq-bdg-pro"] = {
}

m["tbq-blg"] = {
aliases = {"Pai-lang", "Pailang"},
}

m["tbq-gkh"] = {
aliases = {"Gɔkhý", "Gɔkhy", "Gouke"},
}

m["tbq-kuk-pro"] = {
otherNames = {"Proto-Kukish"},
}

m["tbq-lal-pro"] = {
}

m["tbq-laz"] = {
otherNames = {"Lare", "Shuitianhua"},
}

m["tbq-lob-pro"] = {
}

m["tbq-lol-pro"] = {
aliases = {"Proto-Yi", "Proto-Ngwi", "Proto-Nisoic"},
}

m["tbq-mil"] = {
}

m["tbq-mor"] = {
aliases = {"Morān"},
}

m["tbq-ngo"] = {
otherNames = {"Ngachang", "Achang"},
}

-- tbq-pro is now etymology-only

m["trk-dkh"] = {
aliases = {"Dukha"},
}

m["trk-oat"] = {
}

m["trk-pro"] = {
}

m["tup-gua-pro"] = {
}

m["tup-kab"] = {
aliases = {"Kabixiana", "Cabixiana", "Cabishiana", "Kapishana", "Capishana", "Kapišana", "Cabichiana", "Capichana", "Capixana"},
}

m["tuw-alk"] = {
aliases = {"Alechuka"},
}

m["tuw-bal"] = {
}

m["tuw-kkl"] = {
aliases = {"Chinese Kyakala"},
}

m["tuw-kli"] = {
aliases = {"Kilen", "Kirin", "Kila", "Hezhe", "Qile'en"},
}

m["tup-pro"] = {
}

m["tuw-pro"] = {
}

m["tuw-sol"] = {
}

m["urj-fin-pro"] = {
}

m["urj-koo"] = {
aliases = {"Old Permian"},
}

m["urj-kuk"] = {
aliases = {"Kukkuzi Votic", "Kukkuzi Ingrian", "Kukkusi"},
}

m["urj-kya"] = {
}

m["urj-mdv-pro"] = {
}

m["urj-prm-pro"] = {
}

m["urj-pro"] = {
otherNames = {"Proto-Finno-Ugric", "Proto-Finno-Permic"}, -- PFU and PFP are subsumed into PU per [[Wiktionary:Beer parlour/2015/January#Merging Finno-Volgaic, Finno-Samic, Finno-Permic and Finno-Ugric into Uralic]]
}

m["urj-ugr-pro"] = {
}

m["xgn-pro"] = {
}

m["xnd-pro"] = {
otherNames = {"Proto-Na-Dené", "Proto-Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit"},
}

m["yok-bvy"] = {
otherNames = {"Tulamni-Hometwoli", "Tulamni", "Tulamne", "Tuolumne", "Tawitchi", "Hometwoli", "Taneshach"},
}

m["yok-dly"] = {
otherNames = {"Far Northern Valley Yokuts", "Yachikumne", "Yachikumni", "Chulamni", "Lower San Joaquin", "Lakisamni", "Tawalimni"},
}

m["yok-gsy"] = {
}

m["yok-kry"] = {
otherNames = {"Choinimni", "Choynimni", "Ayticha", "Kocheyali", "Ayitcha", "Michahay", "Chukaymina", "Chukaimina"},
}

m["yok-nvy"] = {
otherNames = {"Chukchansi", "Kechayi", "Dumna", "Chawchila", "Noptinte", "Nopṭinṭe", "Nopthrinthre", "Nopchinchi", "Takin"},
}

m["yok-ply"] = {
otherNames = {"Paleuyami", "Altinin", "Poso Creek", "Poso Creek Yokuts"},
}

m["yok-svy"] = {
otherNames = {"Yawelmani", "Tachi", "Koyeti", "Nutunutu", "Chunut", "Wo'lasi", "Choynok", "Choinok", "Wechihit"},
}

m["yok-tky"] = {
otherNames = {"Wikchamni", "Wukchamni", "Wukchumni", "Yawdanchi"},
}

m["ypk-pro"] = {
}

m["zhx-min-pro"] = {
}

m["zhx-sht"] = {
otherNames = {"Xiangnan Tuhua", "Yuebei Tuhua", "Shipo", "Shina"},
}

m["zhx-sic"] = {
aliases = {"Sichuanese Mandarin"},
}

m["zhx-tai"] = {
aliases = {"Toishanese"},
}

m["zle-ono"] = {
}

m["zle-ort"] = {
}

m["zls-chs"] = {
}

m["zlw-ocs"] = {
}

m["zlw-opl"] = {
}

m["zlw-osk"] = {
}

m["zlw-slv"] = {
}

return m

Module:languages/data/exceptional

2026-04-04T17:28:44Z

Jukethatbox:

local m_langdata = require("Module:languages/data")

-- Loaded on demand, as it may not be needed (depending on the data).
local function u(...)
u = require("Module:string utilities").char
return u(...)
end

local c = m_langdata.chars
local p = m_langdata.puaChars
local s = m_langdata.shared

local m = {}

m["afh"] = {
"Afrihili",
384707,
"art",
"Latn",
}

m["alo-col"] = {
"Central Olma",
nil,
"alo-cst",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["alo-eol"] = {
"Eastern Olma",
nil,
"alo-cst",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["alo-eon"] = {
"Eastern Onori",
nil,
"alo-tdr",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["alo-kol"] = {
"Coastal Olma",
nil,
"alo-cst",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["alo-pro"] = {
"Proto-Alopian",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
sort_key = {
from = {"[-*·]"},
to = {""},
remove_diacritics = c.macron .. c.breve,
},
type = "conlang",
}

m["alo-sig"] = {
"Sigori",
nil,
"alo-fre",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["alo-sol"] = {
"Southern Olma",
nil,
"alo-cst",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["alo-won"] = {
"Western Onori",
nil,
"alo-tdr",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["art-blk"] = {
"Bolak",
2909283,
"art",
"Latn",
}

m["art-bsp"] = {
"Black Speech",
686210,
"art",
"Latn, Teng",
}

m["art-com"] = {
"Communicationssprache",
35227,
"art",
"Latn",
}

m["art-dtk"] = {
"Dothraki",
2914733,
"art",
"Latn",
}

m["art-elo"] = {
"Eloi",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
}

m["art-gld"] = {
"Goa'uld",
19823,
"art",
"Latn, Egyp, Mero",
}

m["art-lap"] = {
"Lapine",
6488195,
"art",
"Latn",
}

m["art-man"] = {
"Mandalorian",
54289,
"art",
"Latn",
}

m["art-mun"] = {
"Mundolinco",
851355,
"art",
"Latn",
}

m["art-nav"] = {
"Na'vi",
316939,
"art",
"Latn",
}

m["art-nox"] = {
"Noxilo",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

local F = "[ɬsṣš]"

m["art-nui"] = {
"ǂA Ṇṵĩ",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
sort_key = {
from = {
"^N", "^Ɠ", "ṭr",
F .. "([ʇǃǂǁ])qʼ",
F .. "([ʇǃǂǁ])ʼ",
F .. "([ʇǃǂǁ])",
"ɴ([ʇǃǂǁ])x",
"ɴ([ʇǃǂǁ])ʼ",
"ɴ([ʇǃǂǁʘ])",
"r([ǃǁ]), (ʘ)r",
"([ǃǁ])ʛ",
"([ʇǃǂǁ])qʼ",
"([ʇǃǂǁ])x",
"([ʇǃǂǁ])ʼ",
"^[aeiou]?(.)",
},
to = {
"ɴ", "ʛ", "ṭᵣ",
"%1₊",
"%1₉",
"%1₈",
"%1₇",
"%1₆",
"%1₅",
"%1₄, %1₄",
"%1₃",
"%1₂",
"%1₁",
"%1₀",
"%1",
},
remove_diacritics = c.tildebelow .. c.grave
},
type = "conlang",
}

m["art-una"] = {
"Unas",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["arto-pro"] = {
"Proto-Artonian",
nil,
"ine, mish, arto",
"Latn",
ancestors = "mish-pro, ine-pro",
type = "reconstructed,conlang",
}

m["avk"] = {
"Kotava",
1377116,
"art",
"Latn",
}

m["axwa-pro"] = {
"Proto-Axwan",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed,conlang",
}

m["azms"] = {
"Azimasi",
nil,
"ine, mish, arto",
"Latn",
ancestors = "azms-old, arto-pro, mish-pro, ine-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["azms-old"] = {
"Old Azimasi",
nil,
"ine, mish, arto",
"Latn",
ancestors = "arto-pro, mish-pro, ine-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["beme"] = {
"Bemé",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "conlang"
}

m["brfs-pro"] = {
"Ancient Berfesian",
nil,
"brfs",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["cel-gal"] = {
"Modern Gallaecian",
nil,
"cel-his",
"Latn",
type = "conlang"
}

m["dzhk"] = {
"Dženubiskă",
nil,
"gem",
"Cyrl",
translit = "dzhk-translit",
ancestors = "got",
type = "conlang",
}

m["gwax"] = {
"Gwaxol",
nil,
"wasc",
"Latn",
ancestors = "wasc, nent-pro",
type = "conlang",
entry_name = {
from = {"1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6"},
to = {"¹", "²", "³", "⁴", "⁵", "⁶"},
},
display_text = {
from = {"1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6"},
to = {"¹", "²", "³", "⁴", "⁵", "⁶"},
}
}

m["hceo"] = {
"Hceor Theec",
nil,
"nent",
"Latn",
ancestors = "lnent",
type = "conlang",
}

m["hzlc"] = {
"Hazulacanol",
nil,
"wasc",
"Latn",
ancestors = "wasc",
type = "conlang",
}

m["xodc"] = {
"Xodec",
nil,
"wasc",
"Latn",
ancestors = "hzlc",
type = "conlang",
}

m["xodc-n"] = {
"North Xodec",
nil,
"wasc",
"Latn",
ancestors = "xodc, hzlc",
type = "conlang",
}

m["ibe-pro"] = {
"Proto-Iberian",
nil,
"ibe",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["kisl"] = {
"Kilīmos-sāîl",
nil,
"wasc",
"Latn",
ancestors = "wasc",
type = "conlang",
}

m["knra"] = {
"Knrawi",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["lnent"] = {
"Late Nentammmi",
nil,
"nent",
"Latn",
ancestors = "nent-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["loxw"] = {
"Central Isles Creole",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
ancestors = "knra, qsc",
type = "conlang",
}

m["maat"] = {
"Maahaat",
nil,
"slaq",
"Latn",
ancestors = "slaq-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["maaz"] = {
"Maazha",
nil,
"slaq",
"Latn",
ancestors = "slaq-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["mcb"] = {
"Macambese",
nil,
"ine, roa, roa-oil",
"Latn",
type="conlang",
}

m["naedz"] = {
"Naedzur",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
ancestors = "naedz-old",
type = "conlang",
}

m["naedz-old"] = {
"Old Naedzur",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["nent-pro"] = {
"Nentammmi",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed,conlang",
}

m["noan"] = {
"Noanglo",
nil,
"nent",
"Latn",
ancestors = "nent-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["okan"] = {
"Misa Okan",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["popo"] = {
"Po Po",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["ravk"] = {
"Ravihkeo",
nil,
"nent",
"Latn",
ancestors = "nent-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["soky"] = {
"Sokya",
nil,
"wasc",
"Latn",
ancestors = "qsc",
type = "conlang",
}

m["anrdg"] = {
"Rokadong",
nil,
"art",
"Roka",
ancestors = "annen",
type = "conlang",
}

m["anks"] = {
"Ankistran substrate",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["anktl"] = {
"Kairitelan",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
ancestors = "annen",
type = "conlang",
}

m["anldk"] = {
"Liðakuin",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
ancestors = "anldk-old",
type = "conlang",
}

m["andbz"] = {
"Debazi",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
ancestors = "anmnk",
type = "conlang",
}

m["anldk-old"] = {
"Old Liðakuin",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
ancestors = "anwgs",
type = "conlang",
}

m["anmnk"] = {
"Classical Munkai",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
ancestors = "anpmk",
type = "conlang",
}

m["anpmk"] = {
"Proto-Munkai",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
ancestors = "anplm",
type = "conlang",
}

m["anplm"] = {
"Proto-Leyen-Mangellian",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["annen"] = {
"Proto-Nenta",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["anwgs"] = {
"Proto-West-Gomensayan",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["anhat"] = {
"Hatzonian",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
ancestors = "ankar",
type = "conlang",
}

m["anckr"] = {
"Common Kardonian",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
ancestors = "ankar",
type = "conlang",
}

m["anspd"] = {
"Speodan",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
ancestors = "ankar",
type = "conlang",
}

m["ancal"] = {
"Calubian",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
ancestors = "ankar",
type = "conlang",
}

m["andya"] = {
"Dyamantian",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
ancestors = "ankar",
type = "conlang",
}

m["ankar"] = {
"Middle Kardonian",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["cruc"] = {
"Cruckeny",
nil,
"ine, cel",
"Latn",
ancestors = "ga",
type = "conlang",
}

m["ehom"] = {
"Ehomanian",
nil,
"ehmc",
"Latn",
ancestors = "ehom-old",
type = "conlang",
}

m["ehom-old"] = {
"Old Ehomanian",
nil,
"ehmc",
"Latn",
ancestors = "ehmc-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["ehmc-pro"] = {
"Proto-Ehomanic",
nil,
"ehmc",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed,conlang",
}

m["ebur"] = {
"Eburonian",
nil,
"gmw",
"Latn",
ancestors = "ebur-old,ebur-mid",
type = "conlang",
}

m["ebur-old"] = {
"Old Eburonian",
nil,
"gmw",
"Latn",
ancestors = "gem-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["ebur-mid"] = {
"Middle Eburonian",
nil,
"gmw",
"Latn",
ancestors = "ebur-old",
type = "conlang",
}

m["auth"] = {
"Authish",
nil,
"gme",
"Latn",
ancestors = "auth-old",
type = "conlang",
}

m["elva"] = {
"Elvarri",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
type="conlang"
}

m["auth-old"] = {
"Old Authish",
nil,
"gme",
"Latn, Runr",
ancestors = "gem-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["caim"] = {
"Caimish",
nil,
"vdnc",
"Latn",
ancestors = "caim-old, vdnc-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["caim-old"] = {
"Old Caimish",
nil,
"vdnc",
"Latn",
ancestors = "vdnc-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["vond"] = {
"Vondic",
nil,
"vdnc",
"Latn",
ancestors = "vdnc-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["guim"] = {
"Guimin",
nil,
"ine",
"Cyrl",
translit = "guim-translit",
ancestors = "ine-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["hema"] = {
"Hemaluan",
nil,
"map",
"Hani, Kana",
ancestors = "map-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["jl-two"] = {
"Jokelang 2",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["jovl"] = {
"Jovlish",
nil,
"ine, ger, gmw-ang",
"Jovl",
ancestors = "ang",
type = "conlang",
translit = "font-translit"
}

m["gthv"] = {
"Gothevian",
nil,
"ine, ger, gme",
"Gthv",
ancestors = "got",
type = "conlang",
translit = "Gthv-translit"
}

m["keel"] = {
"Keeltyewarem",
nil,
"ine, cel",
"Latn",
ancestors = "ga",
type = "conlang",
}

m["kilta"] = {
"Kílta",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
sort_key = {
remove_diacritics = c.acute,
},
type = "conlang",
}

m["lthm-pro"] = {
"Proto-Lothem",
nil,
"lthm",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed,conlang",
}

m["sasr"] = {
"Ancient Sassrian",
nil,
"sasr",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["lyti"] = {
"Oltic",
nil,
"ine, cel",
"Grek, Cyrl",
ancestors = "cel-pro, ine-pro, lyti-mid, lyti-old",
type = "conlang",
translit = "lyti-translit"
}

m["lyti-mid"] = {
"Middle Oltic",
nil,
"ine, cel",
"Grek",
ancestors = "cel-pro, ine-pro, lyti-old",
type = "conlang",
}

m["lyti-old"] = {
"Old Oltic",
nil,
"ine, cel",
"Grek",
ancestors = "cel-pro, ine-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["mill"] = {
"Millennish",
nil,
"ine, gem",
"Latn",
ancestors = "gem-pro, mill-old",
type = "conlang",
}

m["mill-old"] = {
"Old Millennish",
nil,
"ine, gem",
"Latn",
ancestors = "gem-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["mish-pro"] = {
"Proto-Mish",
nil,
"ine, mish",
"Latn",
ancestors = "ine-pro",
type = "reconstructed,conlang",
}

m["vayr-old"] = {
"Old Vayri",
nil,
"vyrc",
"Latn",
ancestors = "vayr-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["vayr-pro"] = {
"Proto-Vayric",
nil,
"vyrc",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["vayr"] = {
"Vayri",
nil,
"vyrc",
"Latn",
ancestors = "vayr-old",
type = "conlang",
}

m["nwc"] = {
"Anchwa",
nil,
"aav",
"Hang, Thai, Khmr",
ancestors = "aav-pro, nwc-old",
type = "conlang",
}

m["wuhu"] = {
"Nawuhu",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["nwc-old"] = {
"Old Anchwa",
nil,
"aav",
"Thai",
ancestors = "aav-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["pine"] = {
"Pine",
nil,
"art",
"Teul, Tugv",
entry_name = {
from = {"‧"},
to = {""},
},
sort_key = {
remove_diacritics = c.hook,
},
type = "conlang",
translit = {
Teul = "pine-translit",
},
}

m["old-pnsh"] = {
"Old Ponish",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
ancestors = "gmw-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["pnsh"] = {
"Ponish",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
ancestors = "old-pnsh",
type = "conlang",
}

m["sekh"] = {
"Sekhulla",
nil,
"wasc",
"Latn",
ancestors = "wasc",
type = "conlang",
}

m["rulh"] = {
"Rulhilli",
nil,
"sit, zhx",
"Deva",
ancestors = "och, rulh-old",
type = "conlang",
}

m["rulh-old"] = {
"Old Rulhilli",
nil,
"sit, zhx",
"Deva",
ancestors = "och",
type = "conlang",
}

m["siwa"] = {
"Siwa",
nil,
"alo-fre",
"Latn",
entry_name = {
from = {"‧"},
to = {""},
},
sort_key = {
remove_diacritics = c.hook,
},
ancestors = "alo-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["slaq-pro"] = {
"Proto-Slaq",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed,conlang",
}

m["sudy"] = {
"Sudyrnish",
nil,
"ine, gem",
"Latn",
ancestors = "ang",
type = "conlang",
}

m["thuo"] = {
"Thuōsha",
nil,
"nent",
"Latn",
ancestors = "nent-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["tok"] = {
"Toki Pona",
36846,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["uche"] = {
"Uchee",
nil,
"slaq",
"Latn",
ancestors = "slaq-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["ucrn"] = {
"Ucrean",
nil,
nil,
"Ucrn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["urka"] = {
"Urka",
nil,
"slaq",
"Latn",
ancestors = "slaq-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["vinn"] = {
"Vinnish",
nil,
"gem",
"Latn",
sort_key = {
from = {"ð, æ, ø, å"},
to = {"d" .. p[1], "z" .. p[1], "z" .. p[2], "z" .. p[3]}
},
type = "conlang",
}

m["wasc"] = {
"Wascotl",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed,conlang",
}

m["wedg"] = {
"Wedge",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
type="conlang",
}

m["xchc"] = {
"Chiingimec",
nil,
"art",
"Cyrl",
translit = "xchc-translit",
type = "conlang",
}

m["zmlj"] = {
"Zemljask",
nil,
"sla",
"Latn",
ancestors = "sla-pro",
entry_name = {remove_diacritics = c.acute},
type = "conlang",
}

m["rsn-pro"] = {
"Proto-Raysio-Smipharic",
nil,
"vrg",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed,conlang",
ancestors = "vrg-pro",
}

m["cuy-pro"] = {
"Proto-Cuyic",
nil,
"cuy",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed,conlang",
ancestors = "ine-pro",
}

m["oyp-old"] = {
"Old Oypatha",
nil,
"cuy",
"Hani",
ancestors = "cuy-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["oyp-mod"] = {
"Oypatha",
nil,
"cuy",
"Mong, mnc-Mong, sjo-Mong, xwo-Mong",
ancestors = "oyp-old",
type = "conlang",
}

m["icn-old"] = {
"Old Incene",
nil,
"cuy",
"fa-Arab",
ancestors = "cuy-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["syr-icn"] = {
"Syrian Incene",
nil,
"cuy",
"Arab, fa-Arab",
ancestors = "icn-old",
type = "conlang",
}

m["ant-icn"] = {
"Anatolian Incene",
nil,
"cuy",
"Armn",
ancestors = "icn-old",
type = "conlang",
}

m["vrg-pro"] = {
"Proto-Vergic",
nil,
"vrg",
type = "reconstructed,conlang",
"Latn",
ancestors = "ine-pro",
}

m["vib-old"] = {
"Old Iberian Vergic",
nil,
"vrg",
"Grek",
ancestors = "vrg-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["dac-old"] = {
"Old Dacian Vergic",
nil,
"vrg",
"Grek",
ancestors = "vrg-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["pls-pro"] = {
"Proto-Plains",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed,conlang"
}

m["pnn-pro"] = {
"Proto-Pannonian",
nil,
"gem",
type = "reconstructed,conlang",
"Latn",
ancestors = "gem-pro",
}

m["pnw-old"] = {
"Old West Pannonian",
nil,
"gem",
"Pann",
ancestors = "pnn-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["pne-old"] = {
"Old East Pannonian",
nil,
"gem",
"Pann",
ancestors = "pnn-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["qasu"] = {
"Qasunattuuji",
nil,
"ine",
ancestors = "ine-pro",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["qut-nan"] = {
"Qut",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["asc-pro"] = {
"Proto-Asisic",
nil,
"asc",
type = "reconstructed,conlang",
"Latn",
}

m["wsc-pro"] = {
"Proto-Tephricheic",
nil,
"asc",
type = "reconstructed,conlang",
ancestors = "asc-pro",
"Latn",
}

m["esc-pro"] = {
"Proto-Vainodic",
nil,
"asc",
type = "reconstructed,conlang",
ancestors = "asc-pro",
"Latn",
}

m["mgx-pro"] = {
"Proto-Myguxic",
nil,
"asc",
type = "reconstructed,conlang",
ancestors = "asc-pro",
"Latn",
}

m["tfr-old"] = {
"Old Tefrian",
nil,
"asc",
ancestors = "wsc-pro",
"Latn, Arab, fa-Arab",
type = "conlang",
}

m["tfr-mod"] = {
"Tefrian",
nil,
"asc",
"fa-Arab, Arab",
ancestors = "tfr-old",
type = "conlang",
}

m["acs-old"] = {
"Old Achissari",
nil,
"asc",
"Brah",
ancestors = "wsc-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["acs-wst"] = {
"West Achissari",
nil,
"asc",
"ur-Arab",
ancestors = "acs-old",
type = "conlang",
}

m["acs-est"] = {
"East Achissari",
nil,
"asc",
"ur-Arab",
ancestors = "acs-old",
type = "conlang",
}

m["vanc"] = {
"Vancian",
nil,
"asc",
ancestors = "esc-pro",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["buls"] = {
"Bulusic",
nil,
"asc",
ancestors = "esc-pro",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["nygm"] = {
"Nyongom",
nil,
"asc",
ancestors = "esc-pro",
"Cyrl",
type = "conlang",
}

m["dvs-old"] = {
"Old Dovasene",
nil,
"asc",
ancestors = "mgx-pro",
"Latn",
type = "conlang",
}

m["dvs-mod"] = {
"Dovasene",
nil,
"asc",
ancestors = "dvs-old",
"Cyrl",
type = "conlang",
}

m["xbr-old"] = {
"Old Khbirye",
nil,
"asc",
ancestors = "mgx-pro",
"Geok",
type = "conlang",
}

m["xbr-mod"] = {
"Khbirye",
nil,
"asc",
ancestors = "xbr-old",
"Geor",
type = "conlang",
}

m["wesd"] = {
"Wessedian",
nil,
"gem",
ancestors = "gem-pro",
"Latn, Runr",
type = "conlang",
}

m["aav-khs-pro"] = {
"Proto-Khasian",
116773216,
"aav-khs",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["aav-nic-pro"] = {
"Proto-Nicobarese",
116773793,
"aav-nic",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["aav-pkl-pro"] = {
"Proto-Pnar-Khasi-Lyngngam",
116773259,
"aav-pkl",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["aav-pro"] = { -- mkh-pro will merge into this
"Proto-Austroasiatic",
116773186,
"aav",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["afa-pro"] = {
"Proto-Afroasiatic",
269125,
"afa",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["alg-aga"] = {
"Agawam",
nil,
"alg-eas",
"Latn",
}

m["alg-pro"] = {
"Proto-Algonquian",
7251834,
"alg",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
sort_key = {remove_diacritics = "·"},
}

m["alv-ama"] = {
"Amasi",
4740400,
"nic-grs",
"Latn",
entry_name = {remove_diacritics = c.grave .. c.acute .. c.circ .. c.tilde .. c.macron},
}

m["alv-bgu"] = {
"Baïnounk Gubëeher",
17002646,
"alv-bny",
"Latn",
}

m["alv-bua-pro"] = {
"Proto-Bua",
116773723,
"alv-bua",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["alv-cng-pro"] = {
"Proto-Cangin",
116773726,
"alv-cng",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["alv-edo-pro"] = {
"Proto-Edoid",
116773206,
"alv-edo",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["alv-fli-pro"] = {
"Proto-Fali",
116773754,
"alv-fli",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["alv-gbe-pro"] = {
"Proto-Gbe",
116773208,
"alv-gbe",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["alv-gng-pro"] = {
"Proto-Guang",
116773757,
"alv-gng",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["alv-gtm-pro"] = {
"Proto-Central Togo",
116773732,
"alv-gtm",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["alv-gwa"] = {
"Gwara",
16945580,
"nic-pla",
"Latn",
}

m["alv-hei-pro"] = {
"Proto-Heiban",
116773760,
"alv-hei",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["alv-ido-pro"] = {
"Proto-Idomoid",
116773764,
"alv-ido",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["alv-igb-pro"] = {
"Proto-Igboid",
116773765,
"alv-igb",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["alv-kwa-pro"] = {
"Proto-Kwa",
116773780,
"alv-kwa",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["alv-mum-pro"] = {
"Proto-Mumuye",
116773791,
"alv-mum",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["alv-nup-pro"] = {
"Proto-Nupoid",
116773795,
"alv-nup",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["alv-pro"] = {
"Proto-Atlantic-Congo",
116732838,
"alv",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["alv-edk-pro"] = {
"Proto-Edekiri",
nil,
"alv-edk",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["alv-yor-pro"] = {
"Proto-Yoruba",
nil,
"alv-yor",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["alv-yrd-pro"] = {
"Proto-Yoruboid",
116773824,
"alv-yrd",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["alv-von-pro"] = {
"Proto-Volta-Niger",
116773820,
"alv-von",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["apa-pro"] = {
"Proto-Apachean",
116773135,
"apa",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["aql-pro"] = {
"Proto-Algic",
18389588,
"aql",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
sort_key = {remove_diacritics = "·"},
}

m["art-adu"] = {
"Adûni",
1232159,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "appendix-constructed",
}

m["art-bel"] = {
"Belter Creole",
108055510,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "appendix-constructed",
sort_key = {
remove_diacritics = c.acute,
from = {"ɒ"},
to = {"a"},
},
}

m["art-blk"] = {
"Bolak",
2909283,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "appendix-constructed",
}

m["art-bsp"] = {
"Black Speech",
686210,
"art",
"Latn, Teng",
type = "appendix-constructed",
}

m["art-com"] = {
"Communicationssprache",
35227,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "appendix-constructed",
}

m["art-dtk"] = {
"Dothraki",
2914733,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "appendix-constructed",
}

m["art-elo"] = {
"Eloi",
nil,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "appendix-constructed",
}

m["art-gld"] = {
"Goa'uld",
19823,
"art",
"Latn, Egyp, Mero",
type = "appendix-constructed",
}

m["art-lap"] = {
"Lapine",
6488195,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "appendix-constructed",
}

m["art-man"] = {
"Mandalorian",
54289,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "appendix-constructed",
}

m["art-mun"] = {
"Mundolinco",
851355,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "appendix-constructed",
}

m["art-nav"] = {
"Naʼvi",
316939,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "appendix-constructed",
}

m["art-vlh"] = {
"High Valyrian",
64483808,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "appendix-constructed",
}

m["ath-nic"] = {
"Nicola",
20609,
"ath-nor",
"Latn",
}

m["ath-pro"] = {
"Proto-Athabaskan",
104841722,
"ath",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["auf-pro"] = {
"Proto-Arawa",
116773706,
"auf",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["aus-alu"] = {
"Alungul",
16827670,
"aus-pmn",
"Latn",
}

m["aus-and"] = {
"Andjingith",
4754509,
"aus-pmn",
"Latn",
}

m["aus-ang"] = {
"Angkula",
16828520,
"aus-pmn",
"Latn",
}

m["aus-arn-pro"] = {
"Proto-Arnhem",
116773720,
"aus-arn",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["aus-bra"] = {
"Barranbinya",
4863220,
"aus-pmn",
"Latn",
}

m["aus-brm"] = {
"Barunggam",
4865914,
"aus-pmn",
"Latn",
}

m["aus-cww-pro"] = {
"Proto-Central New South Wales",
116773199,
"aus-cww",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["aus-dal-pro"] = {
"Proto-Daly",
116773743,
"aus-dal",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["aus-guw"] = {
"Guwar",
6652138,
"aus-pam",
"Latn",
}

m["aus-lsw"] = {
"Little Swanport",
6652138,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["aus-mbi"] = {
"Mbiywom",
6799701,
"aus-pmn",
"Latn",
}

m["aus-ngk"] = {
"Ngkoth",
7022405,
"aus-pmn",
"Latn",
}

m["aus-nyu-pro"] = {
"Proto-Nyulnyulan",
116773797,
"aus-nyu",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["aus-pam-pro"] = {
"Proto-Pama-Nyungan",
33942,
"aus-pam",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["aus-tul"] = {
"Tulua",
16938541,
"aus-pam",
"Latn",
}

m["aus-uwi"] = {
"Uwinymil",
7903995,
"aus-arn",
"Latn",
}

m["aus-wdj-pro"] = {
"Proto-Iwaidjan",
116773767,
"aus-wdj",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["aus-won"] = {
"Wong-gie",
nil,
"aus-pam",
"Latn",
}

m["aus-wul"] = {
"Wulguru",
8039196,
"aus-dyb",
"Latn",
}

m["aus-ynk"] = { -- contrast nny
"Yangkaal",
3913770,
"aus-tnk",
"Latn",
}

m["awd-amc-pro"] = {
"Proto-Amuesha-Chamicuro",
nil,
"awd",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["awd-kmp-pro"] = {
"Proto-Kampa",
nil,
"awd",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["awd-prw-pro"] = {
"Proto-Paresi-Waura",
nil,
"awd",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["awd-ama"] = {
"Amarizana",
16827787,
"awd",
"Latn",
}

m["awd-ana"] = {
"Anauyá",
16828252,
"awd",
"Latn",
}

m["awd-apo"] = {
"Apolista",
16916645,
"awd",
"Latn",
}

m["awd-cab"] = {
"Cabre",
16850160,
"awd",
"Latn",
}

m["awd-gnu"] = {
"Guinau",
3504087,
"awd",
"Latn",
}

m["awd-kar"] = {
"Cariay",
16920253,
"awd",
"Latn",
}

m["awd-kaw"] = {
"Kawishana",
6379993,
"awd-nwk",
"Latn",
}

m["awd-kus"] = {
"Kustenau",
5196293,
"awd",
"Latn",
}

m["awd-man"] = {
"Manao",
6746920,
"awd",
"Latn",
}

m["awd-mar"] = {
"Marawan",
6755108,
"awd",
"Latn",
}

m["awd-mpr"] = {
"Maipure",
6736872,
"awd",
"Latn",
}

m["awd-mrt"] = {
"Mariaté",
16910017,
"awd-nwk",
"Latn",
}

m["awd-nwk-pro"] = {
"Proto-Nawiki",
116773234,
"awd-nwk",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["awd-pai"] = {
"Paikoneka",
128807835,
"awd",
"Latn",
}

m["awd-pas"] = {
"Pasé",
7143168,
"awd-nwk",
"Latn",
}

m["awd-pro"] = {
"Proto-Arawak",
97573478,
"awd",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["awd-she"] = {
"Shebayo",
7492248,
"awd",
"Latn",
}

m["awd-taa-pro"] = {
"Proto-Ta-Arawak",
116773282,
"awd-taa",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["awd-wai"] = {
"Wainumá",
16910017,
"awd-nwk",
"Latn",
}

m["awd-yum"] = {
"Yumana",
8061062,
"awd-nwk",
"Latn",
}

m["azc-caz"] = {
"Cazcan",
5055514,
"azc",
"Latn",
}

m["azc-cup-pro"] = {
"Proto-Cupan",
116773738,
"azc-cup",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["azc-ktn"] = {
"Kitanemuk",
3197558,
"azc-tak",
"Latn",
}

m["azc-nah-pro"] = {
"Proto-Nahuan",
7251860,
"azc-nah",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["azc-num-pro"] = {
"Proto-Numic",
116773247,
"azc-num",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["azc-pro"] = {
"Proto-Uto-Aztecan",
96400333,
"azc",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["azc-tak-pro"] = {
"Proto-Takic",
116773283,
"azc-tak",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["azc-tat"] = {
"Tataviam",
743736,
"azc",
"Latn",
}

m["ber-pro"] = {
"Proto-Berber",
2855698,
"ber",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["ber-fog"] = {
"Fogaha",
107610173,
"ber",
"Latn",
}

m["ber-zuw"] = {
"Zuwara",
4117169,
"ber",
"Latn",
}

m["bnt-bal"] = {
"Balong",
93935237,
"bnt-bbo",
"Latn",
}

m["bnt-bon"] = {
"Boma Nkuu",
nil,
"bnt",
"Latn",
}

m["bnt-boy"] = {
"Boma Yumu",
nil,
"bnt",
"Latn",
}

m["bnt-bwa"] = {
"Bwala",
128810345,
"bnt-tek",
"Latn",
}

m["bnt-cmw"] = {
"Chimwiini",
4958328,
"bnt-swh",
"Latn",
}

m["bnt-ind"] = {
"Indanga",
51412803,
"bnt",
"Latn",
}

m["bnt-lal"] = {
"Lala (South Africa)",
6480154,
"bnt-ngu",
"Latn",
}

m["bnt-mpi"] = {
"Mpiin",
93937013,
"bnt-bdz",
"Latn",
}

m["bnt-mpu"] = {
"Mpuono", -- not to be confused with Mbuun zmp
36056,
"bnt",
"Latn",
}

m["bnt-ngu-pro"] = {
"Proto-Nguni",
961559,
"bnt-ngu",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
sort_key = {remove_diacritics = c.grave .. c.acute .. c.circ .. c.caron},
}

m["bnt-phu"] = {
"Phuthi",
33796,
"bnt-ngu",
"Latn",
entry_name = {remove_diacritics = c.grave .. c.acute},
}

m["bnt-pro"] = {
"Proto-Bantu",
3408025,
"bnt",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
sort_key = "bnt-pro-sortkey",
}

m["bnt-sbo"] = {
"South Boma",
nil,
"bnt",
"Latn",
}

m["bnt-sts-pro"] = {
"Proto-Sotho-Tswana",
116773278,
"bnt-sts",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["btk-pro"] = {
"Proto-Batak",
116773191,
"btk",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["cau-abz-pro"] = {
"Proto-Abkhaz-Abaza",
7251831,
"cau-abz",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["cau-and-pro"] = {
"Proto-Andian",
nil,
"cau-and",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["cau-ava-pro"] = {
"Proto-Avaro-Andian",
116773187,
"cau-ava",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["cau-cir-pro"] = {
"Proto-Circassian",
7251838,
"cau-cir",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["cau-drg-pro"] = {
"Proto-Dargwa",
116773205,
"cau-drg",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["cau-lzg-pro"] = {
"Proto-Lezghian",
116773223,
"cau-lzg",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["cau-nec-pro"] = {
"Proto-Northeast Caucasian",
116773244,
"cau-nec",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["cau-nkh-pro"] = {
"Proto-Nakh",
108032840,
"cau-nkh",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["cau-nwc-pro"] = {
"Proto-Northwest Caucasian",
7251861,
"cau-nwc",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["cau-tsz-pro"] = {
"Proto-Tsezian",
116773287,
"cau-tsz",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["cba-ata"] = {
"Atanques",
4812783,
"cba",
"Latn",
}

m["cba-cat"] = {
"Catío Chibcha",
7083619,
"cba",
"Latn",
}

m["cba-dor"] = {
"Dorasque",
5297532,
"cba",
"Latn",
}

m["cba-dui"] = {
"Duit",
3041061,
"cba",
"Latn",
}

m["cba-hue"] = {
"Huetar",
35514,
"cba",
"Latn",
}

m["cba-nut"] = {
"Nutabe",
7070405,
"cba",
"Latn",
}

m["cba-pro"] = {
"Proto-Chibchan",
116773203,
"cba",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["ccs-pro"] = {
"Proto-Kartvelian",
2608203,
"ccs",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
entry_name = {
from = {"q̣", "p̣", "ʓ", "ċ"},
to = {"q̇", "ṗ", "ʒ", "c̣"}
},
}

m["ccs-gzn-pro"] = {
"Proto-Georgian-Zan",
23808119,
"ccs-gzn",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
entry_name = {
from = {"q̣", "p̣", "ʓ", "ċ"},
to = {"q̇", "ṗ", "ʒ", "c̣"}
},
}

m["cdc-cbm-pro"] = {
"Proto-Central Chadic",
116773197,
"cdc-cbm",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["cdc-mas-pro"] = {
"Proto-Masa",
116773789,
"cdc-mas",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["cdc-pro"] = {
"Proto-Chadic",
116773201,
"cdc",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["cdd-pro"] = {
"Proto-Caddoan",
116773725,
"cdd",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["cel-bry-pro"] = {
"Proto-Brythonic",
1248800,
"cel-bry",
"Latn, Polyt",
translit = {
Polyt = "grc-translit",
},
display_text = {
Polyt = s["Polyt-displaytext"],
},
entry_name = {
Polyt = s["Polyt-entryname"],
},
sort_key = {
Latn = "cel-bry-pro-sortkey",
Polyt = s["Polyt-sortkey"],
},
}

m["cel-gau"] = {
"Gaulish",
29977,
"cel",
"Latn, Polyt, Ital",
translit = {
Polyt = "grc-translit",
Ital = "Ital-translit"
},
display_text = {
Polyt = s["Polyt-displaytext"],
},
entry_name = {
Latn = {remove_diacritics = c.macron .. c.breve .. c.diaer},
Polyt = s["Polyt-entryname"],
},
sort_key = {
Latn = "cel-bry-pro-sortkey",
Polyt = s["Polyt-sortkey"],
},
}

m["cel-pro"] = {
"Proto-Celtic",
653649,
"cel",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
sort_key = "cel-pro-sortkey",
}

m["chi-pro"] = {
"Proto-Chimakuan",
116773734,
"chi",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["chm-pro"] = {
"Proto-Mari",
116773788,
"chm",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["cmc-pro"] = {
"Proto-Chamic",
114793834,
"cmc",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["crp-bip"] = {
"Basque-Icelandic Pidgin",
810378,
"crp",
"Latn",
ancestors = "eu",
}

m["crp-gep"] = {
"West Greenlandic Pidgin",
17036301,
"crp",
"Latn",
ancestors = "kl",
}

m["crp-kia"] = {
"Kiautschou German Pidgin",
108314615,
"crp",
"Latn",
ancestors = "de",
}

m["crp-mar"] = {
"Maroon Spirit Language",
1093206,
"crp",
"Latn",
ancestors = "en",
}

m["crp-mpp"] = {
"Macau Pidgin Portuguese",
128804537,
"crp",
"Hant, Latn",
ancestors = "pt",
sort_key = {Hant = "Hani-sortkey"},
}

m["crp-rsn"] = {
"Russenorsk",
505125,
"crp",
"Cyrl, Latn",
ancestors = "nn, ru",
translit = {Cyrl = "ru-translit"},
}

m["crp-spp"] = {
"Samoan Plantation Pidgin",
7409948,
"crp",
"Latn",
ancestors = "en",
}

m["crp-slb"] = {
"Solombala English",
7558525,
"crp",
"Cyrl, Latn",
ancestors = "en, ru",
translit = {Cyrl = "ru-translit"},
}

m["crp-tpr"] = {
"Taimyr Pidgin Russian",
16930506,
"crp",
"Cyrl",
ancestors = "ru",
translit = "ru-translit",
}

m["csu-bba-pro"] = {
"Proto-Bongo-Bagirmi",
116773722,
"csu-bba",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["csu-maa-pro"] = {
"Proto-Mangbetu",
116773786,
"csu-maa",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["csu-pro"] = {
"Proto-Central Sudanic",
116773730,
"csu",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["csu-sar-pro"] = {
"Proto-Sara",
116773809,
"csu-sar",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["cus-ash"] = {
"Ashraaf",
4805855,
"cus-som",
"Latn",
}

m["cus-hec-pro"] = {
"Proto-Highland East Cushitic",
116773761,
"cus-hec",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["cus-som-pro"] = {
"Proto-Somaloid",
nil,
"cus-som",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["cus-sou-pro"] = {
"Proto-South Cushitic",
126081567,
"cus-sou",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["cus-pro"] = {
"Proto-Cushitic",
116773204,
"cus",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["dmn-dam"] = {
"Dama (Sierra Leone)",
19601574,
"dmn",
"Latn",
}

m["dra-bry"] = {
"Beary",
1089116,
"qfa-mix",
"Mlym, Knda",
ancestors = "ml, tcy",
translit = {
Mlym = "ml-translit",
Knda = "kn-translit",
},
}

m["dra-cen-pro"] = {
"Proto-Central Dravidian",
nil,
"dra-cen",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["dra-mkn"] = {
"Middle Kannada",
128810572,
"dra-kan",
"Knda",
translit = "kn-translit",
}

m["dra-nor-pro"] = {
"Proto-North Dravidian",
124433593,
"dra-nor",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["dra-okn"] = {
"Old Kannada",
15723156,
"dra-kan",
"Knda",
translit = "kn-translit",
}

m["dra-ote"] = {
"Old Telugu",
126720868,
"dra-tel",
"Telu",
translit = "te-translit",
}

m["dra-pro"] = {
"Proto-Dravidian",
1702853,
"dra",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["dra-sdo-pro"] = {
"Proto-South Dravidian I",
104847952, -- Wikipedia's "Proto-South Dravidian" is Proto-South Dravidian I in this scheme.
"dra-sdo",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["dra-sdt-pro"] = {
"Proto-South Dravidian II",
128885257,
"dra-sdt",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["dra-sou-pro"] = {
"Proto-South Dravidian",
128886121,
"dra-sou",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["egx-dem"] = {
"Demotic",
36765,
"egx",
"Latn, Egyd, Polyt",
translit = {
Polyt = "grc-translit",
},
display_text = {
Polyt = s["Polyt-displaytext"],
},
entry_name = {
Polyt = s["Polyt-entryname"],
},
sort_key = {
Latn = {
remove_diacritics = "'%-%s",
from = {"ꜣ", "j", "e", "ꜥ", "y", "w", "b", "p", "f", "m", "n", "r", "l", "ḥ", "ḫ", "h̭", "ẖ", "h", "š", "s", "q", "k", "g", "ṱ", "ṯ", "t", "ḏ", "%.", "⸗"},
to = {p[1], p[2], p[3], p[4], p[5], p[6], p[7], p[8], p[9], p[10], p[11], p[12], p[13], p[15], p[16], p[16], p[17], p[14], p[19], p[18], p[20], p[21], p[22], p[23], p[24], p[23], p[25], p[26], p[26]}
},
Polyt = s["Polyt-sortkey"],
},
}

m["dmn-pro"] = {
"Proto-Mande",
116773785,
"dmn",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["dmn-mdw-pro"] = {
"Proto-Western Mande",
116773822,
"dmn-mdw",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["dru-pro"] = {
"Proto-Rukai",
116773807,
"map",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["ero-gsz"] = {
"Geshiza",
nil,
"ero",
"Latn",
}

m["ero-nya"] = {
"Nyagrong Minyag",
nil,
"ero",
"Latn",
}

m["ero-tau"] = {
"Stau",
nil,
"ero",
"Latn",
}

m["esx-esk-pro"] = {
"Proto-Eskimo",
7251842,
"esx-esk",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["esx-ink"] = {
"Inuktun",
1671647,
"esx-inu",
"Latn",
}

m["esx-inq"] = {
"Inuinnaqtun",
28070,
"esx-inu",
"Latn",
}

m["esx-inu-pro"] = {
"Proto-Inuit",
60785588,
"esx-inu",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["esx-pro"] = {
"Proto-Eskimo-Aleut",
7251843,
"esx",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["esx-tut"] = {
"Tunumiisut",
15665389,
"esx-inu",
"Latn",
}

m["euq-pro"] = {
"Proto-Basque",
938011,
"euq",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["gba-pro"] = {
"Proto-Gbaya",
nil,
"gba",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["gem-pro"] = {
"Proto-Germanic",
669623,
"gem",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
sort_key = "gem-pro-sortkey",
}

m["gme-bur"] = {
"Burgundian",
47625,
"gme",
"Latn",
}

m["gme-cgo"] = {
"Crimean Gothic",
36211,
"gme",
"Latn",
}

m["gmq-gut"] = {
"Gutnish",
1256646,
"gmq",
"Latn",
ancestors = "gmq-ogt",
}

m["gmq-jmk"] = {
"Jamtish",
35512,
"gmq-eas",
"Latn",
}

m["gmq-mno"] = {
"Middle Norwegian",
3417070,
"gmq-wes",
"Latn",
}

m["gmq-oda"] = {
"Old Danish",
12330003,
"gmq-eas",
"Latn, Runr",
entry_name = {remove_diacritics = c.macron},
}

m["gmq-ogt"] = {
"Old Gutnish",
1133488,
"gmq",
"Latn, Runr",
ancestors = "non",
}

m["gmq-osw"] = {
"Old Swedish",
2417210,
"gmq-eas",
"Latn, Runr",
entry_name = {remove_diacritics = c.macron},
}

m["gmq-pro"] = {
"Proto-Norse",
1671294,
"gmq",
"Runr",
translit = "Runr-translit",
}

m["gmq-scy"] = {
"Scanian",
768017,
"gmq-eas",
"Latn",
}

m["gmw-bgh"] = {
"Bergish",
329030,
"gmw-frk",
"Latn",
}

m["gmw-cfr"] = {
"Central Franconian",
572197,
"gmw-hgm",
"Latn",
ancestors = "gmh",
wikimedia_codes = "ksh",
}

m["gmw-ecg"] = {
"East Central German",
499344, -- subsumes Q699284, Q152965
"gmw-hgm",
"Latn",
ancestors = "gmh",
}

m["gmw-fin"] = {
"Fingallian",
3072588,
"gmw-ian",
"Latn",
}

m["gmw-gts"] = {
"Gottscheerish",
533109,
"gmw-hgm",
"Latn",
ancestors = "bar",
}

m["gmw-jdt"] = {
"Jersey Dutch",
1687911,
"gmw-frk",
"Latn",
ancestors = "nl",
}

m["gmw-msc"] = {
"Middle Scots",
3327000,
"gmw-ang",
"Latn",
ancestors = "enm-esc",
}

m["gmw-pro"] = {
"Proto-West Germanic",
78079021,
"gmw",
"Latn, Runr",
-- type = "reconstructed",
-- largely but not entirely reconstructed (like Proto-Norse); see April '24 BP, set back to reconstructed (?) if 'anti-asterisk' is added
sort_key = "gmw-pro-sortkey",
}

m["gmw-rfr"] = {
"Rhine Franconian",
707007,
"gmw-hgm",
"Latn",
ancestors = "gmh",
}

m["gmw-stm"] = {
"Sathmar Swabian",
2223059,
"gmw-hgm",
"Latn",
ancestors = "swg",
}

m["gmw-tsx"] = {
"Transylvanian Saxon",
260942,
"gmw-hgm",
"Latn",
ancestors = "gmw-cfr",
}

m["gmw-vog"] = {
"Volga German",
312574,
"gmw-hgm",
"Latn",
ancestors = "gmw-rfr",
}

m["gmw-zps"] = {
"Zipser German",
205548,
"gmw-hgm",
"Latn",
ancestors = "gmh",
}

m["gn-cls"] = {
"Classical Guaraní",
17478065,
"tup-gua",
"Latn",
ancestors = "gn",
}

m["grk-cal"] = {
"Calabrian Greek",
1146398,
"grk",
"Latn, Grek",
ancestors = "grk-ita",
translit = {
Grek = "el-translit",
},
display_text = {
Grek = s["Grek-displaytext"],
},
entry_name = {
Grek = s["Grek-entryname"],
},
sort_key = {
Grek = s["Grek-sortkey"],
},
}

m["grk-ita"] = {
"Italiot Greek",
19720507,
"grk",
"Latn, Grek",
ancestors = "gkm",
translit = {
Grek = "el-translit",
},
display_text = {
Grek = s["Grek-displaytext"],
},
entry_name = {
Grek = s["Grek-entryname"],
},
sort_key = {
Grek = s["Grek-sortkey"],
},
}

m["grk-mar"] = {
"Mariupol Greek",
4400023,
"grk",
"Cyrl, Latn, Grek",
ancestors = "gkm",
translit = {
Cyrl = "grk-mar-translit",
Grek = "grk-mar-translit",
},
override_translit = true,
display_text = {
Grek = s["Grek-displaytext"],
},
entry_name = {
Cyrl = {remove_diacritics = c.acute},
Grek = s["Grek-entryname"],
},
sort_key = {
Grek = s["Grek-sortkey"],
},
}

m["grk-pro"] = {
"Proto-Hellenic",
1231805,
"grk",
"Latn, Polyt",
type = "reconstructed",
sort_key = {Latn = {
from = {"ʰ", "ʷ"},
to = {"h", "w"},
remove_diacritics = c.grave .. c.acute .. c.macron .. c.breve .. c.caron
}},
}

m["hmn-pro"] = {
"Proto-Hmong",
116773210,
"hmn",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["hmx-mie-pro"] = {
"Proto-Mien",
116773229,
"hmx-mie",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["hmx-pro"] = {
"Proto-Hmong-Mien",
7251846,
"hmx",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["hyx-pro"] = {
"Proto-Armenian",
3848498,
"hyx",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["iir-nur-pro"] = {
"Proto-Nuristani",
116773248,
"iir-nur",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["iir-pro"] = {
"Proto-Indo-Iranian",
966439,
"iir",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["ijo-pro"] = {
"Proto-Ijoid",
116773766,
"ijo",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["inc-apa"] = {
"Apabhramsa",
616419,
"inc-mid",
"Deva, Shrd, Sidd",
ancestors = "pra",
translit = {
Deva = "sa-translit",
Shrd = "Shrd-translit",
Sidd = "Sidd-translit",
},
}

m["inc-ash"] = {
"Ashokan Prakrit",
104854379,
"inc-mid",
"Brah, Khar",
ancestors = "sa",
translit = {
Brah = "Brah-translit",
Khar = "Khar-translit",
},
}

m["inc-kam"] = {
"Kamarupi Prakrit",
6356097,
"inc-bas",
"Brah, Sidd",
translit = {
Brah = "Brah-translit",
Sidd = "Sidd-translit",
},
}

m["inc-kho"] = {
"Kholosi",
24952008,
"inc-snd",
"Latn",
}

m["inc-krd-pro"] = {
"Proto-Kamta",
128816843,
"inc-bas",
"Latn",
ancestors = "inc-kam",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["inc-mas"] = {
"Middle Assamese",
128806836,
"inc-bas",
"as-Beng",
ancestors = "inc-oas",
translit = "inc-mas-translit",
}

m["inc-mbn"] = {
"Middle Bengali",
113559927,
"inc-bas",
"Beng",
ancestors = "inc-obn",
translit = "inc-mbn-translit",
}

m["inc-mgu"] = {
"Middle Gujarati",
24907429,
"inc-wes",
"Deva",
ancestors = "inc-ogu",
}

m["inc-mor"] = {
"Middle Odia",
128810882,
"inc-eas",
"Orya",
ancestors = "inc-oor",
}

m["inc-oas"] = {
"Early Assamese",
85758237,
"inc-bas",
"as-Beng",
ancestors = "inc-kam",
translit = "inc-oas-translit",
}

m["inc-oaw"] = {
"Old Awadhi",
nil,
"inc-hie",
"Deva, Kthi, ur-Arab",
entry_name = {
from = {"هٔ", "ۂ"}, -- character "ۂ" code U+06C2 to "ه" and "هٔ"‎ (U+0647 + U+0654) to "ه"
to = {"ہ", "ہ"},
remove_diacritics = c.fathatan .. c.dammatan .. c.kasratan .. c.fatha .. c.damma .. c.kasra .. c.shadda .. c.sukun .. c.nunghunna .. c.superalef
},
translit = {
Deva = "sa-translit",
Kthi = "sa-Kthi-translit",
["ur-Arab"] = "inc-ohi-translit",
},
}

m["inc-obn"] = {
"Old Bengali",
113559926,
"inc-bas",
"Beng",
}

m["inc-ogu"] = {
"Old Gujarati",
24907427,
"inc-wes",
"Deva",
translit = "sa-translit",
}

m["inc-ohi"] = {
"Old Hindi",
48767781,
"inc-hiw",
"Deva, ur-Arab",
entry_name = {
from = {"هٔ", "ۂ"}, -- character "ۂ" code U+06C2 to "ه" and "هٔ"‎ (U+0647 + U+0654) to "ه"
to = {"ہ", "ہ"},
remove_diacritics = c.fathatan .. c.dammatan .. c.kasratan .. c.fatha .. c.damma .. c.kasra .. c.shadda .. c.sukun .. c.nunghunna .. c.superalef
},
translit = {
Deva = "sa-translit",
["ur-Arab"] = "inc-ohi-translit",
},
}

m["inc-oor"] = {
"Old Odia",
128807801,
"inc-eas",
"Orya",
}

m["inc-opa"] = {
"Old Punjabi",
115270971,
"inc-pan",
"Guru, pa-Arab",
translit = {
Guru = "inc-opa-Guru-translit",
["pa-Arab"] = "pa-Arab-translit",
},
entry_name = {remove_diacritics = c.fathatan .. c.dammatan .. c.kasratan .. c.fatha .. c.damma .. c.kasra .. c.shadda .. c.sukun},
}

m["inc-pro"] = {
"Proto-Indo-Aryan",
23808344,
"inc",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["ine-ana-pro"] = {
"Proto-Anatolian",
7251833,
"ine-ana",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["ine-bsl-pro"] = {
"Proto-Balto-Slavic",
1703347,
"ine-bsl",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
sort_key = {
from = {"[áā]", "[éēḗ]", "[íī]", "[óōṓ]", "[úū]", c.acute, c.macron, "ˀ"},
to = {"a", "e", "i", "o", "u"}
},
}

m["ine-kal"] = {
"Kalašma",
122770439,
"ine-ana",
"Xsux",
}

m["ine-pae"] = {
"Paeonian",
2705672,
"ine",
"Polyt",
translit = "grc-translit",
display_text = s["Polyt-displaytext"],
entry_name = s["Polyt-entryname"],
sort_key = s["Polyt-sortkey"],
}

m["ine-pro"] = {
"Proto-Indo-European",
37178,
"ine",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
sort_key = {
from = {"[áā]", "[éēḗ]", "[íī]", "[óōṓ]", "[úū]", "ĺ", "ḿ", "ń", "ŕ", "ǵ", "ḱ", "ʰ", "ʷ", "₁", "₂", "₃", c.ringbelow, c.acute, c.macron},
to = {"a", "e", "i", "o", "u", "l", "m", "n", "r", "g'", "k'", "¯h", "¯w", "1", "2", "3"}
},
}

m["ine-toc-pro"] = {
"Proto-Tocharian",
104841462,
"ine-toc",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["xme-old"] = {
"Old Median",
36461,
"xme",
"Polyt, Latn",
translit = {
Polyt = "grc-translit",
},
display_text = {
Polyt = s["Polyt-displaytext"],
},
entry_name = {
Polyt = s["Polyt-entryname"],
},
sort_key = {
Polyt = s["Polyt-sortkey"],
},
}

m["xme-mid"] = {
"Middle Median",
12836150,
"xme",
"Latn",
}

m["xme-ker"] = {
"Kermanic",
129850,
"xme",
"fa-Arab, Latn, Hebr",
ancestors = "xme-mid",
}

m["xme-taf"] = {
"Tafreshi",
nil,
"xme",
"fa-Arab, Latn",
ancestors = "xme-mid",
}

m["xme-ttc-pro"] = {
"Proto-Tatic",
122973870,
"xme-ttc",
"Latn",
ancestors = "xme-mid",
}

m["xme-kls"] = {
"Kalasuri",
nil,
"xme-ttc",
ancestors = "xme-ttc-nor",
}

m["xme-klt"] = {
"Kilit",
3612452,
"xme-ttc",
"Cyrl", -- and fa-Arab?
}

m["xme-ott"] = {
"Old Tati",
434697,
"xme-ttc",
"fa-Arab, Latn",
}

m["ira-kms-pro"] = {
"Proto-Komisenian",
116773777,
"ira-kms",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["ira-mpr-pro"] = {
"Proto-Medo-Parthian",
116773227,
"ira-mpr",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["ira-pat-pro"] = {
"Proto-Pathan",
116773255,
"ira-pat",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["ira-pro"] = {
"Proto-Iranian",
4167865,
"ira",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["ira-zgr-pro"] = {
"Proto-Zaza-Gorani",
116775031,
"ira-zgr",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["xsc-pro"] = {
"Proto-Scythian",
116773273,
"xsc",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["xsc-sar-pro"] = {
"Proto-Sarmatian",
116773249,
"xsc-sar",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["xsc-skw-pro"] = {
"Proto-Saka-Wakhi",
116773267,
"xsc-skw",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["xsc-sak-pro"] = {
"Proto-Saka",
116773264,
"xsc-sak",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["ira-sym-pro"] = {
"Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami-Munji",
116773813,
"ira-sym",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["ira-sgi-pro"] = {
"Proto-Sanglechi-Ishkashimi",
116773808,
"ira-sgi",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["ira-mny-pro"] = {
"Proto-Munji-Yidgha",
116773792,
"ira-mny",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["ira-shy-pro"] = {
"Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami",
116773812,
"ira-shy",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["ira-shr-pro"] = {
"Proto-Shughni-Roshani",
116773811,
"ira-shr",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["ira-sgc-pro"] = {
"Proto-Sogdic",
116773276,
"ira-sgc",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["ira-wnj"] = {
"Vanji",
3398419,
"ira-shy",
"Latn",
}

m["iro-ere"] = {
"Erie",
5388365,
"iro-nor",
"Latn",
}

m["iro-min"] = {
"Mingo",
128531,
"iro-nor",
"Latn",
ietf_subtag = "i-mingo", -- grandfathered IETF tag
}

m["iro-nor-pro"] = {
"Proto-North Iroquoian",
116773242,
"iro-nor",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["iro-pro"] = {
"Proto-Iroquoian",
7251852,
"iro",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["itc-pro"] = {
"Proto-Italic",
17102720,
"itc",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["itc-psa"] = {
"Pre-Samnite",
7239186,
"itc-sbl",
"Ital, Polyt, Latn",
translit = {
Polyt = "grc-translit",
},
display_text = {
Polyt = s["Polyt-displaytext"],
},
entry_name = {
Polyt = s["Polyt-entryname"],
},
sort_key = {
Polyt = s["Polyt-sortkey"],
},
}

m["jpx-hcj"] = {
"Hachijō",
5637049,
"jpx",
"Jpan",
ancestors = "ojp-eas",
translit = s["jpx-translit"],
display_text = s["jpx-displaytext"],
entry_name = s["jpx-entryname"],
sort_key = s["jpx-sortkey"],
}

m["jpx-pro"] = {
"Proto-Japonic",
3924309,
"jpx",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["jpx-ryu-pro"] = {
"Proto-Ryukyuan",
56349069,
"jpx-ryu",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["kar-pro"] = {
"Proto-Karen",
85794783,
"kar",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["kca-eas"] = {
"Eastern Khanty",
30304622,
"kca",
"Cyrl",
translit = "kca-translit",
override_translit = true,
-- TODO temporary until MediaWiki supports Unicode 16 (probably requires a PHP update from their side)
sort_key = { Cyrl = { from = {"ᲊ"}, to = {"Ᲊ"} } },
}

m["kca-nor"] = {
"Northern Khanty",
30304527,
"kca",
"Cyrl",
translit = "kca-translit",
override_translit = true,
-- TODO temporary until MediaWiki supports Unicode 16 (probably requires a PHP update from their side)
sort_key = { Cyrl = { from = {"ᲊ"}, to = {"Ᲊ"} } },
}

m["kca-pro"] = {
"Proto-Khanty",
127505171,
"kca",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["kca-sou"] = {
"Southern Khanty",
30304618,
"kca",
"Cyrl",
translit = "kca-translit",
override_translit = true,
}

m["khi-kho-pro"] = {
"Proto-Khoe",
116773218,
"khi-kho",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["khi-kun"] = {
"ǃKung",
32904,
"khi-kxa",
"Latn",
}

m["ko-ear"] = {
"Early Modern Korean",
756014,
"qfa-kor",
"Kore",
ancestors = "okm",
translit = "okm-translit",
entry_name = s["Kore-entryname"],
}

m["kro-pro"] = {
"Proto-Kru",
116773778,
"kro",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["ku-pro"] = {
"Proto-Kurdish",
116773221,
"ku",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["map-ata-pro"] = {
"Proto-Atayalic",
116773151,
"map-ata",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["map-bms"] = {
"Banyumasan",
33219,
"map",
"Latn, Java",
}

m["map-pro"] = {
"Proto-Austronesian",
49230,
"map",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["mis-hkl"] = {
"Kelantan Peranakan Hokkien",
108794818,
"qfa-mix",
ancestors = "nan-hbl, sou, mfa",
}

m["mis-idn"] = {
"Idiom Neutral",
35847,
"art",
"Latn",
type = "appendix-constructed",
}

m["mis-isa"] = {
"Isaurian",
16956868,
nil,
-- "Xsux, Hluw, Latn",
}

m["mis-jie"] = {
"Jie",
124424186,
nil,
"Hani",
sort_key = "Hani-sortkey",
}

m["mis-jzh"] = {
"Jizhao",
45242758,
"qfa-bej",
"Latn",
}

m["mis-kas"] = {
"Kassite",
35612,
nil,
"Xsux",
}

m["mis-mmd"] = {
"Mimi of Decorse",
6862206,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["mis-mmn"] = {
"Mimi of Nachtigal",
6862207,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["mis-phi"] = {
"Philistine",
2230924,
nil,
"Phnx",
}

m["mis-rou"] = {
"Rouran",
48816637,
"qfa-xgx",
"Hani, Latn",
sort_key = {Hani = "Hani-sortkey"},
}

m["mis-tdl"] = {
"Turdulian",
133176492,
}

m["mis-tdt"] = {
"Turdetanian",
133176461,
}

m["mis-tnw"] = {
"Tangwang",
7683179,
"qfa-mix",
"Latn",
ancestors = "cmn, sce",
}

m["mis-tuh"] = {
"Tuyuhun",
48816625,
"qfa-xgx",
"Hani, Latn",
sort_key = {Hani = "Hani-sortkey"},
}

m["mis-tuo"] = {
"Tuoba",
48816629,
"qfa-xgx",
"Hani, Latn",
sort_key = {Hani = "Hani-sortkey"},
}

m["mis-wuh"] = {
"Wuhuan",
118976867,
"qfa-xgx",
"Hani, Latn",
sort_key = {Hani = "Hani-sortkey"},
}

m["mis-xbi"] = {
"Xianbei",
4448647,
"qfa-xgx",
"Hani, Latn",
sort_key = {Hani = "Hani-sortkey"},
}

m["mis-xnu"] = {
"Xiongnu",
10901674,
nil,
"Hani, Latn",
sort_key = {Hani = "Hani-sortkey"},
}

m["mjg-mgl"] = {
"Mongghul",
53765528,
"mjg",
"Latn", -- also Mong, Cyrl ?
}

m["mjg-mgr"] = {
"Mangghuer",
56285392,
"mjg",
"Latn", -- also Mong, Cyrl ?
}

m["mkh-asl-pro"] = {
"Proto-Aslian",
55630680,
"mkh-asl",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["mkh-ban-pro"] = {
"Proto-Bahnaric",
116773189,
"mkh-ban",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["mkh-kat-pro"] = {
"Proto-Katuic",
116773772,
"mkh-kat",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["mkh-khm-pro"] = {
"Proto-Khmuic",
116773774,
"mkh-khm",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["mkh-kmr-pro"] = {
"Proto-Khmeric",
55630684,
"mkh-kmr",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["mkh-mmn"] = {
"Middle Mon",
121337926,
"mkh-mnc",
"Latn, Mymr", --and also Pallava
ancestors = "omx",
}

m["mkh-mnc-pro"] = {
"Proto-Monic",
116773231,
"mkh-mnc",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["mkh-mvi"] = {
"Middle Vietnamese",
9199,
"mkh-vie",
"Hani, Latn",
sort_key = {Hani = "Hani-sortkey"},
}

m["mkh-pal-pro"] = {
"Proto-Palaungic",
104847372,
"mkh-pal",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["mkh-pea-pro"] = {
"Proto-Pearic",
116773804,
"mkh-pea",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["mkh-pkn-pro"] = {
"Proto-Pakanic",
116773803,
"mkh-pkn",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["mkh-pro"] = { --This will be merged into 2015 aav-pro.
"Proto-Mon-Khmer",
7251859,
"mkh",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["mnw-tha"] = { -- To be removed.
"Thai Mon",
nil,
"mkh-mnc",
"Mymr, Thai",
ancestors = "mkh-mmn",
sort_key = {
from = {"[%p]", "ျ", "ြ", "ွ", "ှ", "ၞ", "ၟ", "ၠ", "ၚ", "ဿ", "[็-๎]", "([เแโใไ])([ก-ฮ])ฺ?"},
to = {"", "္ယ", "္ရ", "္ဝ", "္ဟ", "္န", "္မ", "္လ", "င", "သ္သ", "", "%2%1"}
},
}

m["mkh-vie-pro"] = {
"Proto-Vietic",
109432616,
"mkh-vie",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["mns-cen"] = {
"Central Mansi",
128810384,
"mns",
"Cyrl",
translit = "mns-translit",
override_translit = true,
}

m["mns-nor"] = {
"Northern Mansi",
30304537,
"mns",
"Cyrl",
translit = "mns-translit",
override_translit = true,
}

m["mns-pro"] = {
"Proto-Mansi",
128883093,
"mns",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["mns-sou"] = {
"Southern Mansi",
30304629,
"mns",
"Cyrl",
translit = "mns-translit",
override_translit = true,
}

m["mun-pro"] = {
"Proto-Munda",
105102373,
"mun",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["myn-chl"] = { -- the stage after ''emy''
"Ch'olti'",
873995,
"myn",
"Latn",
}

m["myn-pro"] = {
"Proto-Mayan",
3321532,
"myn",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nai-ala"] = {
"Alazapa",
128810233,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["nai-bay"] = {
"Bayogoula",
1563704,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["nai-cal"] = {
"Calusa",
51782,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["nai-chi"] = {
"Chiquimulilla",
25339627,
"nai-xin",
"Latn",
}

m["nai-chu-pro"] = {
"Proto-Chumash",
116773736,
"nai-chu",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nai-cig"] = {
"Ciguayo",
20741700,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["nai-ckn-pro"] = {
"Proto-Chinookan",
116773735,
"nai-ckn",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nai-guz"] = {
"Guazacapán",
19572028,
"nai-xin",
"Latn",
}

m["nai-hit"] = {
"Hitchiti",
1542882,
"nai-mus",
"Latn",
}

m["nai-ipa"] = {
"Ipai",
3027474,
"nai-yuc",
"Latn",
}

m["nai-jtp"] = {
"Jutiapa",
nil,
"nai-xin",
"Latn",
}

m["nai-jum"] = {
"Jumaytepeque",
25339626,
"nai-xin",
"Latn",
}

m["nai-kat"] = {
"Kathlamet",
6376639,
"nai-ckn",
"Latn",
}

m["nai-klp-pro"] = {
"Proto-Kalapuyan",
116773771,
"nai-klp",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nai-knm"] = {
"Konomihu",
3198734,
"nai-shs",
"Latn",
}

m["nai-kum"] = {
"Kumeyaay",
4910139,
"nai-yuc",
"Latn",
}

m["nai-mac"] = {
"Macoris",
21070851,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["nai-mdu-pro"] = {
"Proto-Maidun",
116773784,
"nai-mdu",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nai-miz-pro"] = {
"Proto-Mixe-Zoque",
7251858,
"nai-miz",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nai-mus-pro"] = {
"Proto-Muskogean",
116775368,
"nai-mus",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nai-nao"] = {
"Naolan",
6964594,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["nai-nrs"] = {
"New River Shasta",
7011254,
"nai-shs",
"Latn",
}

m["nai-okw"] = {
"Okwanuchu",
3350126,
"nai-shs",
"Latn",
}

m["nai-per"] = {
"Pericú",
3375369,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["nai-pic"] = {
"Picuris",
7191257,
"nai-kta",
"Latn",
}

m["nai-plp-pro"] = {
"Proto-Plateau Penutian",
116773806,
"nai-plp",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nai-pom-pro"] = {
"Proto-Pomo",
116773262,
"nai-pom",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nai-qng"] = {
"Quinigua",
36360,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["nai-sca-pro"] = { -- NB 'sio-pro' "Proto-Siouan" which is Proto-Western Siouan
"Proto-Siouan-Catawban",
116773275,
"nai-sca",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nai-sin"] = {
"Sinacantán",
24190249,
"nai-xin",
"Latn",
}

m["nai-sln"] = {
"Salvadoran Lenca",
3229434,
"nai-len",
"Latn",
}

m["nai-spt"] = {
"Sahaptin",
3833015,
"nai-shp",
"Latn",
}

m["nai-tap"] = {
"Tapachultec",
7684401,
"nai-miz",
"Latn",
}

m["nai-taw"] = {
"Tawasa",
7689233,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["nai-teq"] = {
"Tequistlatec",
2964454,
"nai-tqn",
"Latn",
}

m["nai-tip"] = {
"Tipai",
3027471,
"nai-yuc",
"Latn",
}

m["nai-tot-pro"] = {
"Proto-Totozoquean",
116773285,
"nai-tot",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nai-tsi-pro"] = {
"Proto-Tsimshianic",
nil,
"nai-tsi",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nai-utn-pro"] = {
"Proto-Utian",
116773290,
"nai-utn",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nai-wai"] = {
"Waikuri",
3118702,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["nai-wji"] = {
"Western Jicaque",
3178610,
"nai-jcq",
"Latn",
}

m["nai-yup"] = {
"Yupiltepeque",
25339628,
"nai-xin",
"Latn",
}

m["nan-dat"] = {
"Datian Min",
19855572,
"zhx-nan",
"Hants",
generate_forms = "zh-generateforms",
sort_key = "Hani-sortkey",
}

m["nan-hbl"] = {
"Hokkien",
1624231,
"zhx-nan",
"Hants, Latn, Bopo, Kana",
wikimedia_codes = "zh-min-nan",
generate_forms = "zh-generateforms",
sort_key = {
Hani = "Hani-sortkey",
Kana = "Kana-sortkey"
},
}

m["nan-hlh"] = {
"Hailufeng Min",
120755728,
"zhx-nan",
"Hants",
generate_forms = "zh-generateforms",
sort_key = "Hani-sortkey",
}

m["nan-lnx"] = {
"Longyan Min",
6674568,
"zhx-nan",
"Hants",
generate_forms = "zh-generateforms",
sort_key = "Hani-sortkey",
}

m["nan-tws"] = {
"Teochew",
36759,
"zhx-nan",
"Hants",
generate_forms = "zh-generateforms",
translit = "zh-translit",
sort_key = "Hani-sortkey",
}

m["nan-zhe"] = {
"Zhenan Min",
3846710,
"zhx-nan",
"Hants",
generate_forms = "zh-generateforms",
sort_key = "Hani-sortkey",
}

m["nan-zsh"] = {
"Sanxiang Min",
7420769,
"zhx-nan",
"Hants",
generate_forms = "zh-generateforms",
sort_key = "Hani-sortkey",
}

m["nds-de"] = {
"German Low German",
25433,
"gmw-lgm",
"Latn",
ancestors = "nds",
ietf_subtag = "nds-DE", -- should we make this the actual code?
wikimedia_codes = "nds",
}

m["nds-nl"] = {
"Dutch Low Saxon",
516137,
"gmw-lgm",
"Latn",
ancestors = "nds",
ietf_subtag = "nds-NL", -- should we make this the actual code?
wikimedia_codes = "nds-nl",
}

m["ngf-pro"] = {
"Proto-Trans-New Guinea",
85794785,
"ngf",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nic-bco-pro"] = {
"Proto-Benue-Congo",
116773194,
"nic-bco",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nic-bod-pro"] = {
"Proto-Bantoid",
116773190,
"nic-bod",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nic-eov-pro"] = {
"Proto-Eastern Oti-Volta",
116773753,
"nic-eov",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nic-gns-pro"] = {
"Proto-Gurunsi",
116773759,
"nic-gns",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nic-grf-pro"] = {
"Proto-Grassfields",
116773755,
"nic-grf",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nic-gur-pro"] = {
"Proto-Gur",
116773758,
"nic-gur",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nic-jkn-pro"] = {
"Proto-Jukunoid",
116773769,
"nic-jkn",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nic-lcr-pro"] = {
"Proto-Lower Cross River",
116773782,
"nic-lcr",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nic-ogo-pro"] = {
"Proto-Ogoni",
116773799,
"nic-ogo",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nic-ovo-pro"] = {
"Proto-Oti-Volta",
116773802,
"nic-ovo",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nic-plt-pro"] = {
"Proto-Plateau",
116773805,
"nic-plt",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nic-pro"] = {
"Proto-Niger-Congo",
108000748,
"nic",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nic-ubg-pro"] = {
"Proto-Ubangian",
116773818,
"nic-ubg",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nic-ucr-pro"] = {
"Proto-Upper Cross River",
116773819,
"nic-ucr",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nic-vco-pro"] = {
"Proto-Volta-Congo",
116773293,
"nic-vco",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["nub-har"] = {
"Haraza",
19572059,
"nub",
"Arab, Latn",
}

m["nub-pro"] = {
"Proto-Nubian",
116773246,
"nub",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["omq-cha-pro"] = {
"Proto-Chatino",
116773202,
"omq-cha",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["omq-maz-pro"] = {
"Proto-Mazatec",
116773790,
"omq-maz",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["omq-mix-pro"] = {
"Proto-Mixtecan",
21573423,
"omq-mix",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["omq-mxt-pro"] = {
"Proto-Mixtec",
21573424,
"omq-mxt",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["omq-otp-pro"] = {
"Proto-Oto-Pamean",
116773251,
"omq-otp",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["omq-pro"] = {
"Proto-Oto-Manguean",
33669,
"omq",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["omq-sjq"] = {
"San Juan Quiahije Chatino",
17003130,
"omq-cha",
"Latn",
}

m["omq-tel"] = {
"Teposcolula Mixtec",
nil,
"omq-mxt",
"Latn",
}

m["omq-teo"] = {
"Teojomulco Chatino",
25340451,
"omq-cha",
"Latn",
}

m["omq-tri-pro"] = {
"Proto-Trique",
116773817,
"omq-tri",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["omq-zap-pro"] = {
"Proto-Zapotecan",
116773297,
"omq-zap",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["omq-zpc-pro"] = {
"Proto-Zapotec",
116773296,
"omq-zpc",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["omv-aro-pro"] = {
"Proto-Aroid",
116773721,
"omv-aro",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["omv-diz-pro"] = {
"Proto-Dizoid",
116773750,
"omv-diz",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["omv-pro"] = {
"Proto-Omotic",
116773800,
"omv",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["oto-otm-pro"] = {
"Proto-Otomi",
5908710,
"oto-otm",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["oto-pro"] = {
"Proto-Otomian",
116773252,
"oto",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["paa-kom"] = {
"Kómnzo",
18344310,
"paa-yam",
"Latn",
}

m["paa-kwn"] = {
"Kuwani",
6449056,
"paa",
"Latn",
}

m["paa-nha-pro"] = {
"Proto-North Halmahera",
116773241,
"paa-nha",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed"
}

m["paa-nun"] = {
"Nungon",
128807788,
"paa",
"Latn",
}

m["phi-din"] = {
"Dinapigue Agta",
16945774,
"phi",
"Latn",
}

m["phi-kal-pro"] = {
"Proto-Kalamian",
116773213,
"phi-kal",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["phi-nag"] = {
"Nagtipunan Agta",
16966111,
"phi",
"Latn",
}

m["phi-pro"] = {
"Proto-Philippine",
18204898,
"phi",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["poz-abi"] = {
"Abai",
19570729,
"poz-san",
"Latn",
}

m["poz-bal"] = {
"Baliledo",
4850912,
"poz",
"Latn",
}

m["poz-btk-pro"] = {
"Proto-Bungku-Tolaki",
116773724,
"poz-btk",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["poz-cet-pro"] = {
"Proto-Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian",
2269883,
"poz-cet",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["poz-hce-pro"] = {
"Proto-Halmahera-Cenderawasih",
116773209,
"poz-hce",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["poz-lgx-pro"] = {
"Proto-Lampungic",
116773222,
"poz-lgx",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["poz-mcm-pro"] = {
"Proto-Malayo-Chamic",
116773225,
"poz-mcm",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["poz-mic-pro"] = {
"Proto-Micronesian",
111939079,
"poz-mic",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["poz-mly-pro"] = {
"Proto-Malayic",
98057728,
"poz-mly",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["poz-msa-pro"] = {
"Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan",
116773226,
"poz-msa",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["poz-oce-pro"] = {
"Proto-Oceanic",
141741,
"poz-oce",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["poz-pep-pro"] = {
"Proto-Eastern Polynesian",
113988745,
"poz-pep",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["poz-pnp-pro"] = {
"Proto-Nuclear Polynesian",
113988746,
"poz-pnp",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["poz-pol-pro"] = {
"Proto-Polynesian",
1658709,
"poz-pol",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["poz-pro"] = {
"Proto-Malayo-Polynesian",
3832960,
"poz",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["poz-sml"] = {
"Sarawak Malay",
4251702,
"poz-mly",
"Latn, ms-Arab",
}

m["poz-ssw-pro"] = {
"Proto-South Sulawesi",
116773279,
"poz-ssw",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["poz-swa-pro"] = {
"Proto-North Sarawak",
116773243,
"poz-swa",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["poz-ter"] = {
"Terengganu Malay",
4207412,
"poz-mly",
"Latn, ms-Arab",
}

m["pqe-pro"] = {
"Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian",
2269883,
"pqe",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["pra-niy"] = {
"Niya Prakrit",
11991601,
"inc-mid",
"Khar",
ancestors = "inc-ash",
translit = "Khar-translit",
}

m["qfa-adm-pro"] = {
"Proto-Great Andamanese",
116773756,
"qfa-adm",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["qfa-bet-pro"] = {
"Proto-Be-Tai",
116773193,
"qfa-bet",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["qfa-cka-pro"] = {
"Proto-Chukotko-Kamchatkan",
7251837,
"qfa-cka",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["qfa-hur-pro"] = {
"Proto-Hurro-Urartian",
116773211,
"qfa-hur",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["qfa-kad-pro"] = {
"Proto-Kadu",
116773770,
"qfa-kad",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["qfa-kms-pro"] = {
"Proto-Kam-Sui",
55630682,
"qfa-kms",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["qfa-kor-pro"] = {
"Proto-Koreanic",
467883,
"qfa-kor",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["qfa-kra-pro"] = {
"Proto-Kra",
7251854,
"qfa-kra",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["qfa-lic-pro"] = {
"Proto-Hlai",
7251845,
"qfa-lic",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["qfa-onb-pro"] = {
"Proto-Be",
116773192,
"qfa-onb",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["qfa-ong-pro"] = {
"Proto-Ongan",
116773801,
"qfa-ong",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["qfa-tak-pro"] = {
"Proto-Kra-Dai",
104901616,
"qfa-tak",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["qfa-yen-pro"] = {
"Proto-Yeniseian",
27639,
"qfa-yen",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["qfa-yuk-pro"] = {
"Proto-Yukaghir",
116773294,
"qfa-yuk",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["qwe-kch"] = {
"Kichwa",
1740805,
"qwe",
"Latn",
ancestors = "qu",
}

m["qwe-pro"] = {
"Proto-Quechuan",
5575757,
"qwe",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["roa-ang"] = {
"Angevin",
56782,
"roa-oil",
"Latn",
sort_key = s["roa-oil-sortkey"],
}

m["roa-bbn"] = {
"Bourbonnais-Berrichon",
2899128,
"roa-oil",
"Latn",
sort_key = s["roa-oil-sortkey"],
}

m["roa-brg"] = {
"Bourguignon",
508332,
"roa-oil",
"Latn",
sort_key = s["roa-oil-sortkey"],
}

m["roa-can"] = {
"Cantabrian",
917021,
"roa-asl",
"Latn",
}

m["roa-cha"] = {
"Champenois",
430018,
"roa-oil",
"Latn",
sort_key = s["roa-oil-sortkey"],
}

m["roa-fcm"] = {
"Franc-Comtois",
510561,
"roa-oil",
"Latn",
sort_key = s["roa-oil-sortkey"],
}

m["roa-gal"] = {
"Gallo",
37300,
"roa-oil",
"Latn",
sort_key = s["roa-oil-sortkey"],
}

m["roa-gib"] = {
"Gallo-Italic of Basilicata",
3094838,
"roa-git",
"Latn",
}

m["roa-gis"] = {
"Gallo-Italic of Sicily",
2629019,
"roa-git",
"Latn",
}

m["roa-leo"] = {
"Leonese",
34108,
"roa-asl",
"Latn",
}

m["roa-lor"] = {
"Lorrain",
671198,
"roa-oil",
"Latn",
sort_key = s["roa-oil-sortkey"],
}

m["roa-oca"] = {
"Old Catalan",
15478520,
"roa-ocr",
"Latn",
sort_key = {remove_diacritics = c.grave .. c.acute .. c.diaer .. c.cedilla .. "·"},
}

m["roa-ole"] = {
"Old Leonese",
125977465,
"roa-asl",
"Latn",
}

m["roa-ona"] = {
"Old Navarro-Aragonese",
2736184,
"roa-nar",
"Latn",
}

m["roa-opt"] = {
"Old Galician-Portuguese",
1072111,
"roa-gap",
"Latn",
entry_name = {remove_diacritics = c.grave .. c.acute .. c.circ},
}

m["roa-orl"] = {
"Orléanais",
28497058,
"roa-oil",
"Latn",
sort_key = s["roa-oil-sortkey"],
}

m["roa-poi"] = {
"Poitevin-Saintongeais",
514123,
"roa-oil",
"Latn",
sort_key = s["roa-oil-sortkey"],
}

m["roa-tar"] = {
"Tarantino",
695526,
"roa-itr",
"Latn",
wikimedia_codes = "roa-tara",
}

m["sai-all"] = {
"Allentiac",
19570789,
"sai-hrp",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-and"] = { -- not to be confused with 'cbc' or 'ano'
"Andoquero",
16828359,
"sai-wit",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-ayo"] = {
"Ayomán",
16937754,
"sai-jir",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-bae"] = {
"Baenan",
3401998,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-bag"] = {
"Bagua",
5390321,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-bet"] = {
"Betoi",
926551,
"qfa-iso",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-bor-pro"] = {
"Proto-Boran",
nil,
"sai-bor",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-cac"] = {
"Cacán",
945482,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-caq"] = {
"Caranqui",
2937753,
"sai-bar",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-car-pro"] = {
"Proto-Cariban",
116773196,
"sai-car",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sai-cat"] = {
"Catacao",
5051136,
"sai-ctc",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-cer-pro"] = {
"Proto-Cerrado",
116773200,
"sai-cer",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sai-chi"] = {
"Chirino",
5390321,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-chn"] = {
"Chaná",
5072718,
"sai-crn",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-chp"] = {
"Chapacura",
5072884,
"sai-cpc",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-chr"] = {
"Charrua",
5086680,
"sai-crn",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-chu"] = {
"Churuya",
5118339,
"sai-guh",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-cje-pro"] = {
"Proto-Central Jê",
116773198,
"sai-cje",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sai-cmg"] = {
"Comechingon",
6644203,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-cno"] = {
"Chono",
5104704,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-cnr"] = {
"Cañari",
5055572,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-coe"] = {
"Coeruna",
6425639,
"sai-wit",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-col"] = {
"Colán",
5141893,
"sai-ctc",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-cop"] = {
"Copallén",
5390321,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-crd"] = {
"Coroado Puri",
24191321,
"sai-mje",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-ctq"] = {
"Catuquinaru",
16858455,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-cul"] = {
"Culli",
2879660,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-cva"] = {
"Cueva",
5192644,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-esm"] = {
"Esmeralda",
3058083,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-ewa"] = {
"Ewarhuyana",
16898104,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-gam"] = {
"Gamela",
5403661,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-gay"] = {
"Gayón",
5528902,
"sai-jir",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-gmo"] = {
"Guamo",
5613495,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-gua"] = {
"Guachí",
5613172,
"sai-guc",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-gue"] = {
"Güenoa",
5626799,
"sai-crn",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-hau"] = {
"Haush",
3128376,
"sai-cho",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-jee-pro"] = {
"Proto-Jê",
116773212,
"sai-jee",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sai-jko"] = {
"Jeikó",
6176527,
"sai-mje",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-jrj"] = {
"Jirajara",
6202966,
"sai-jir",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-kat"] = { -- contrast xoo, kzw, sai-xoc
"Katembri",
6375925,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-mal"] = {
"Malalí",
6741212,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-mar"] = {
"Maratino",
6755055,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-mat"] = {
"Matanawi",
6786047,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-mcn"] = {
"Mocana",
3402048,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-men"] = {
"Menien",
16890110,
"sai-mje",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-mil"] = {
"Millcayac",
19573012,
"sai-hrp",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-mlb"] = {
"Malibu",
3402048,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-msk"] = {
"Masakará",
6782426,
"sai-mje",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-muc"] = {
"Mucuchí",
6931290,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-mue"] = {
"Muellama",
16886936,
"sai-bar",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-muz"] = {
"Muzo",
6644203,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-mys"] = {
"Maynas",
16919393,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-nat"] = {
"Natú",
9006749,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-nje-pro"] = {
"Proto-Northern Jê",
116773245,
"sai-nje",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sai-opo"] = {
"Opón",
7099152,
"sai-car",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-oto"] = {
"Otomaco",
16879234,
"sai-otm",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-pal"] = {
"Palta",
3042978,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-pam"] = {
"Pamigua",
5908689,
"sai-otm",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-par"] = {
"Paratió",
16890038,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-pnz"] = {
"Panzaleo",
3123275,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-prh"] = {
"Puruhá",
3410994,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-ptg"] = {
"Patagón",
128807870,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-pur"] = {
"Purukotó",
7261622,
"sai-pem",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-pyg"] = {
"Payaguá",
7156643,
"sai-guc",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-pyk"] = {
"Pykobjê",
98113977,
"sai-nje",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-qmb"] = {
"Quimbaya",
7272043,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-qtm"] = {
"Quitemo",
7272651,
"sai-cpc",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-rab"] = {
"Rabona",
6644203,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-ram"] = {
"Ramanos",
16902824,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-sac"] = {
"Sácata",
5390321,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-san"] = {
"Sanaviron",
16895999,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-sap"] = {
"Sapará",
7420922,
"sai-car",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-sec"] = {
"Sechura",
7442912,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-sin"] = {
"Sinúfana",
7525275,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-sje-pro"] = {
"Proto-Southern Jê",
116773814,
"sai-sje",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sai-tab"] = {
"Tabancale",
5390321,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-tal"] = {
"Tallán",
16910468,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-tap"] = {
"Tapayuna",
30719984,
"sai-nje",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-tar-pro"] = {
"Proto-Taranoan",
116773816,
"sai-tar",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sai-teu"] = {
"Teushen",
3519243,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-tim"] = {
"Timote",
7806995,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-tpr"] = {
"Taparita",
7684460,
"sai-otm",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-trr"] = {
"Tarairiú",
7685313,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-wai"] = {
"Waitaká",
16918610,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-way"] = {
"Wayumara",
7960726,
"sai-car",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-wit-pro"] = {
"Proto-Witotoan",
116773823,
"sai-wit",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sai-wnm"] = {
"Wanham",
16879440,
"sai-cpc",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-xoc"] = { -- contrast xoo, kzw, sai-kat
"Xocó",
12953620,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sai-yao"] = {
"Yao (South America)",
16979655,
"sai-ven",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-yar"] = { -- not the same family as 'suy'
"Yarumá",
3505859,
"sai-pek",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-yri"] = {
"Yuri",
2669157,
"sai-tyu",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-yup"] = {
"Yupua",
8061430,
"sai-tuc",
"Latn",
}

m["sai-yur"] = {
"Yurumanguí",
1281291,
nil,
"Latn",
}

m["sal-pro"] = {
"Proto-Salish",
116773269,
"sal",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sdv-daj-pro"] = {
"Proto-Daju",
116773739,
"sdv-daj",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sdv-eje-pro"] = {
"Proto-Eastern Jebel",
116773751,
"sdv-eje",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sdv-nil-pro"] = {
"Proto-Nilotic",
116773794,
"sdv-nil",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sdv-nyi-pro"] = {
"Proto-Nyima",
116773796,
"sdv-nyi",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sdv-tmn-pro"] = {
"Proto-Taman",
116773815,
"sdv-tmn",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sel-nor"] = {
"Northern Selkup",
30304565,
"sel",
"Cyrl",
translit = "sel-nor-translit",
}

m["sel-pro"] = {
"Proto-Selkup",
128884235,
"sel",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sel-sou"] = {
"Southern Selkup",
30304639,
"sel",
"Cyrl",
translit = "sel-sou-translit",
}

m["sem-amm"] = {
"Ammonite",
279181,
"sem-can",
"Phnx",
translit = "Phnx-translit",
}

m["sem-amo"] = {
"Amorite",
35941,
"sem-nwe",
"Xsux, Latn",
}

m["sem-cha"] = {
"Chaha",
35543,
"sem-eth",
"Ethi",
translit = "Ethi-translit",
}

m["sem-dad"] = {
"Dadanitic",
21838040,
"sem-cen",
"Narb",
translit = "Narb-translit",
}

m["sem-dum"] = {
"Dumaitic",
128810397,
"sem-cen",
"Narb",
translit = "Narb-translit",
}

m["sem-has"] = {
"Hasaitic",
3541433,
"sem-cen",
"Narb",
translit = "Narb-translit",
}

m["sem-his"] = {
"Hismaic",
22948260,
"sem-cen",
"Narb",
translit = "Narb-translit",
}

m["sem-mhr"] = {
"Muher",
33743,
"sem-eth",
"Latn",
}

m["sem-pro"] = {
"Proto-Semitic",
1658554,
"sem",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sem-saf"] = {
"Safaitic",
472586,
"sem-cen",
"Narb",
translit = "Narb-translit",
}

m["sem-srb"] = {
"Old South Arabian",
35025,
"sem-osa",
"Sarb",
translit = "Sarb-translit",
}

m["sem-tay"] = {
"Taymanitic",
24912301,
"sem-cen",
"Narb",
translit = "Narb-translit",
}

m["sem-tha"] = {
"Thamudic",
843030,
"sem-cen",
"Narb",
translit = "Narb-translit",
}

m["sem-wes-pro"] = {
"Proto-West Semitic",
98021726,
"sem-wes",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sio-pro"] = { -- NB this is not Proto-Siouan-Catawban 'nai-sca-pro'
"Proto-Siouan",
34181,
"sio",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sit-aao-pro"] = {
"Proto-Central Naga",
nil,
"sit-aao",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sit-bai-pro"] = {
"Proto-Bai",
nil,
"sit-bai",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sit-ban"] = {
"Bangru",
56071779,
"sit-hrs",
"Latn",
}

m["sit-bdi-pro"] = {
"Proto-Bodish",
nil,
"sit-bdi",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sit-bok"] = {
"Bokar",
4938727,
"sit-tan",
"Latn, Tibt",
translit = {Tibt = "Tibt-translit"},
override_translit = true,
display_text = {Tibt = s["Tibt-displaytext"]},
entry_name = {Tibt = s["Tibt-entryname"]},
sort_key = {Tibt = "Tibt-sortkey"},
}

m["sit-cai"] = {
"Caijia",
5017528,
"sit-cln",
"Latn"
}

m["sit-cha"] = {
"Chairel",
5068066,
"sit-luu",
"Latn",
}

m["sit-ers-pro"] = {
"Proto-Ersuic",
nil,
"sit-ers",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sit-hrs-pro"] = {
"Proto-Hrusish",
116773762,
"sit-hrs",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sit-jap"] = {
"Japhug",
3162245,
"sit-egy",
"Latn",
}

m["sit-kha-pro"] = {
"Proto-Kham",
116773773,
"sit-kha",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sit-khb-pro"] = {
"Proto-Kho-Bwa",
nil,
"sit-khb",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sit-khp-pro"] = {
"Proto-Puroik",
nil,
"sit-khb",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sit-khw-pro"] = {
"Proto-Western Kho-Bwa",
nil,
"sit-khw",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sit-kon-pro"] = {
"Proto-Northern Naga",
nil,
"sit-kon",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sit-liz"] = {
"Lizu",
6660653,
"sit-ers",
"Latn", -- and Ersu Shaba
}

m["sit-lnj"] = {
"Longjia",
17096251,
"sit-cln",
"Latn"
}

m["sit-lrn"] = {
"Luren",
16946370,
"sit-cln",
"Latn"
}

m["sit-luu-pro"] = {
"Proto-Luish",
116773783,
"sit-luu",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sit-nas-pro"] = {
"Proto-Naish",
nil,
"sit-nas",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sit-prn"] = {
"Puiron",
7259048,
"sit-zem",
}

m["sit-pro"] = {
"Proto-Sino-Tibetan",
24839178,
"sit",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sit-sit"] = {
"Situ",
19840830,
"sit-egy",
"Latn",
}

m["sit-tam-pro"] = {
"Proto-Tamangic",
117469295,
"sit-tam",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sit-tan-pro"] = {
"Proto-Tani",
116773284,
"sit-tan",
"Latn", -- needs verification
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sit-tgm"] = {
"Tangam",
17041370,
"sit-tan",
"Latn",
}

m["sit-tng-pro"] = {
"Proto-Tangkhulic",
nil,
"sit-tng",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed"
}

m["sit-tos"] = {
"Tosu",
7827899,
"sit-ers",
"Latn", -- also Ersu Shaba
}

m["sit-tsh"] = {
"Tshobdun",
19840950,
"sit-egy",
"Latn",
}

m["sit-zbu"] = {
"Zbu",
19841106,
"sit-egy",
"Latn",
}

m["sla-pro"] = {
"Proto-Slavic",
747537,
"sla",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
entry_name = {
remove_diacritics = c.grave .. c.acute .. c.tilde .. c.macron .. c.dgrave .. c.invbreve,
remove_exceptions = {'ś'},
},
sort_key = {
from = {"č", "ď", "ě", "ę", "ь", "ľ", "ň", "ǫ", "ř", "š", "ś", "ť", "ъ", "ž"},
to = {"c²", "d²", "e²", "e³", "i²", "l²", "nj", "o²", "r²", "s²", "s³", "t²", "u²", "z²"},
}
}

m["smi-pro"] = {
"Proto-Samic",
7251862,
"smi",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
sort_key = {
from = {"ā", "č", "δ", "[ëē]", "ŋ", "ń", "ō", "š", "θ", "%([^()]+%)"},
to = {"a", "c²", "d", "e", "n²", "n³", "o", "s²", "t²"}
},
}

m["son-pro"] = {
"Proto-Songhay",
116773277,
"son",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["sqj-pro"] = {
"Proto-Albanian",
18210846,
"sqj",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["ssa-klk-pro"] = {
"Proto-Kuliak",
116773779,
"ssa-klk",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["ssa-kom-pro"] = {
"Proto-Koman",
116773775,
"ssa-kom",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["ssa-pro"] = {
"Proto-Nilo-Saharan",
116773236,
"ssa",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["syd-fne"] = {
"Forest Nenets",
1295107,
"syd",
"Cyrl",
translit = "syd-fne-translit",
entry_name = {remove_diacritics = c.grave .. c.acute .. c.macron .. c.breve .. c.dotabove},
}

m["syd-pro"] = {
"Proto-Samoyedic",
7251863,
"syd",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["tai-pro"] = {
"Proto-Tai",
6583709,
"tai",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["tai-swe-pro"] = {
"Proto-Southwestern Tai",
116773280,
"tai-swe",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["tbq-bdg-pro"] = {
"Proto-Bodo-Garo",
116773195,
"tbq-bdg",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["tbq-blg"] = {
"Bailang",
2879843,
"tbq-lob",
"Hani",
sort_key = "Hani-sortkey",
}

m["tbq-brm-pro"] = {
"Proto-Burmish",
nil,
"tbq-brm",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["tbq-gkh"] = {
"Gokhy",
5578069,
"tbq-sil",
"Latn",
}

m["tbq-kuk-pro"] = {
"Proto-Kuki-Chin",
116773220,
"tbq-kuk",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["tbq-lal-pro"] = {
"Proto-Lalo",
116773781,
"tbq-lal",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["tbq-laz"] = {
"Laze",
17007626,
"sit-nas",
"Latn",
}

m["tbq-lob-pro"] = {
"Proto-Lolo-Burmese",
116773224,
"tbq-lob",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["tbq-lol-pro"] = {
"Proto-Loloish",
7251855,
"tbq-lol",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["tbq-mil"] = {
"Milang",
6850761,
"sit-gsi",
"Deva, Latn",
}

m["tbq-mor"] = {
"Moran",
6909216,
"tbq-bdg",
"Latn",
}

m["tbq-ngo"] = {
"Ngochang",
56582,
"tbq-brm",
"Latn",
}

-- tbq-pro is now etymology-only

m["trk-dkh"] = {
"Dukhan",
12809273,
"trk-ssb",
"Latn, Cyrl, Mong",
translit = {Mong = "Mong-translit"},
display_text = {Mong = s["Mong-displaytext"]},
entry_name = {Mong = s["Mong-entryname"]},
}

-- As described in Mahmud al-Kashgari's 11th century ''Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk''.
m["trk-eog"] = {
"Early Old Oghuz",
nil,
"trk-ogz",
"ota-Arab",
entry_name = {["ota-Arab"] = "ar-entryname"},
}

m["trk-oat"] = {
"Old Anatolian Turkish",
7083390,
"trk-ogz",
"ota-Arab",
entry_name = {["ota-Arab"] = "ar-entryname"},
ancestors = "trk-eog",
}

m["trk-pro"] = {
"Proto-Turkic",
3657773,
"trk",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
standardChars = {
Latn = " ()-abdegiklmnoprstuxyzïöüāčēīĺŋōŕšūǖȫẹ" .. c.macron,
}
}

m["tup-gua-pro"] = {
"Proto-Tupi-Guarani",
116773288,
"tup-gua",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["tup-kab"] = {
"Kabishiana",
15302988,
"tup",
"Latn",
}

m["tup-pro"] = {
"Proto-Tupian",
10354700,
"tup",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["tut-pro"] = {
"Proto-Altaic",
20476501,
"tut",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["tuw-alk"] = {
"Alchuka",
113553616,
"tuw-jrc",
"Latn, Hans",
sort_key = {Hans = "Hani-sortkey"},
}

m["tuw-bal"] = {
"Bala",
86730632,
"tuw-jrc",
"Latn, Hans",
sort_key = {Hans = "Hani-sortkey"},
}

m["tuw-kkl"] = {
"Kyakala",
118875708,
"tuw-jrc",
"Latn, Hans",
sort_key = {Hans = "Hani-sortkey"},
}

m["tuw-kli"] = {
"Kili",
6406892,
"tuw-ewe",
"Cyrl",
}

m["tuw-pro"] = {
"Proto-Tungusic",
85872335,
"tuw",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["tuw-sol"] = {
"Solon",
30004,
"tuw-ewe",
}

m["urj-fin-pro"] = {
"Proto-Finnic",
11883720,
"urj-fin",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["urj-koo"] = {
"Old Komi",
86679962,
"urj-prm",
"Perm, Cyrs",
translit = "urj-koo-translit",
sort_key = {Cyrs = s["Cyrs-sortkey"]},
}

m["urj-kuk"] = {
"Kukkuzi",
107410460,
"urj-fin",
"Latn",
ancestors = "vot",
}

m["urj-kya"] = {
"Komi-Yazva",
2365210,
"urj-prm",
"Cyrl",
translit = "kv-translit",
override_translit = true,
entry_name = {remove_diacritics = c.acute},
}

m["urj-mdv-pro"] = {
"Proto-Mordvinic",
116773232,
"urj-mdv",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["urj-prm-pro"] = {
"Proto-Permic",
116773257,
"urj-prm",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["urj-pro"] = {
"Proto-Uralic",
288765,
"urj",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["urj-ugr-pro"] = {
"Proto-Ugric",
156631,
"urj-ugr",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["xnd-pro"] = {
"Proto-Na-Dene",
116773233,
"xnd",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["xgn-pro"] = {
"Proto-Mongolic",
2493677,
"xgn",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
sort_key = {
from = {"č", "i", "ï", "ǰ", "ŋ", "ö", "š", "ü"},
to = {"c", "i" .. p[1], "i", "j", "n" .. p[1], "o" .. p[1], "s" .. p[1], "u" .. p[1]},
},
}

m["yok-bvy"] = {
"Buena Vista Yokuts",
4985474,
"yok",
"Latn",
}

m["yok-dly"] = {
"Delta Yokuts",
70923266,
"yok",
"Latn",
}

m["yok-gsy"] = {
"Gashowu",
3098708,
"yok",
"Latn",
}

m["yok-kry"] = {
"Kings River Yokuts",
6413014,
"yok",
"Latn",
}

m["yok-nvy"] = {
"Northern Valley Yokuts",
85789777,
"yok",
"Latn",
}

m["yok-ply"] = {
"Palewyami",
2387391,
"yok",
"Latn",
}

m["yok-svy"] = {
"Southern Valley Yokuts",
12642473,
"yok",
"Latn",
}

m["yok-tky"] = {
"Tule-Kaweah Yokuts",
7851988,
"yok",
"Latn",
}

m["ypk-pro"] = {
"Proto-Yupik",
116773295,
"ypk",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["zhx-min-pro"] = {
"Proto-Min",
19646347,
"zhx-min",
"Latn",
type = "reconstructed",
}

m["zhx-sht"] = {
"Shaozhou Tuhua",
1920769,
"zhx",
"Nshu, Hants",
generate_forms = "zh-generateforms",
sort_key = {Hani = "Hani-sortkey"},
}

m["zhx-sic"] = {
"Sichuanese",
2278732,
"zhx-man",
"Hants",
generate_forms = "zh-generateforms",
translit = "zh-translit",
sort_key = "Hani-sortkey",
}

m["zhx-tai"] = {
"Taishanese",
2208940,
"zhx-yue",
"Hants",
generate_forms = "zh-generateforms",
translit = "zh-translit",
sort_key = "Hani-sortkey",
}

m["zle-ono"] = {
"Old Novgorodian",
162013,
"zle",
"Cyrs, Glag",
translit = {Cyrs = "Cyrs-translit", Glag = "Glag-translit"},
entry_name = {Cyrs = s["Cyrs-entryname"]},
sort_key = {Cyrs = s["Cyrs-sortkey"]},
}

m["zle-ort"] = {
"Old Ruthenian",
13211,
"zle",
"Arab, Cyrs, Latn",
ancestors = "orv",
translit = {
Cyrs = "zle-ort-translit",
Arab = "zle-ort-Arab-translit",
},
entry_name = {
remove_diacritics = s["Cyrs-entryname"].remove_diacritics,
remove_exceptions = {"Ї", "ї"},
Arab = "ar-entryname",
},
sort_key = s["Cyrs-sortkey"],
}

m["zls-chs"] = {
"Church Slavonic",
33251,
"zls",
"Cyrs, Glag, Latn",
ancestors = "cu",
translit = {
Cyrs = "Cyrs-translit",
Glag = "Glag-translit"
},
entry_name = {
Cyrs = s["Cyrs-entryname"]
},
sort_key = {
Cyrs = s["Cyrs-sortkey"]
},
}

m["zlw-ocs"] = {
"Old Czech",
593096,
"zlw",
"Latn",
}

m["zlw-opl"] = {
"Old Polish",
149838,
"zlw-lch",
"Latn",
entry_name = {remove_diacritics = c.ringabove},
}

m["zlw-osk"] = {
"Old Slovak",
12776676,
"zlw",
"Latn",
}

m["zlw-slv"] = {
"Slovincian",
36822,
"zlw-pom",
"Latn",
entry_name = {remove_diacritics = c.macron .. c.breve},
}

m["carn"] = {
"Carnian",
nil,
"sla",
"Latn",
sort_key = {
remove_diacritics = c.grave .. c.circ,
from = {"ċ","ġ","œ","ṡ"},
to = {
"c"..p[1],
"g"..p[1],
"o"..p[1],
"s"..p[1]
},
},
ancestors = "sla-pro, carn-old",
type = "conlang",
}

m["indv"] = {
"Indevroplu",
nil,
"ine",
"Cyrs, Latn",
ancestors = "ine-pro",
type = "conlang",
main_category = "word",
}

m["phus"] = {
"Pre-Húsnorsk",
nil,
"gem",
"Latn",
ancestors = "non, gem-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["vhus"] = {
"Varhúsnorsk",
nil,
"gem",
"Runr, Latn",
ancestors = "phus, non, gem-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["jugs"] = {
"Jugsnorsk",
nil,
"gem",
"Runr, Latn",
ancestors = "vhus, phus, non, gem-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

m["snon"] = {
"Scots Norse",
nil,
"gem",
"Runr, Latn",
ancestors = "non, gem-pro",
type = "conlang",
}

return require("Module:languages").finalizeData(m, "language")

Levarian

2026-04-04T17:25:29Z

Jukethatbox: Redirected page to Elvarri

#REDIRECT [[Elvarri]]

User:Jukethatbox

2026-04-04T17:25:13Z

Jukethatbox:

{{/userboxes}}
{{list subpages}}
Hello. I'm JTB. I go by he/him.
==Best languages==
* [[Moshurian]]
* [[Kaikiwan]]
* [[Sinatolean]]
* [[Nawuhu]]
* [[Izhkut]]
* [[Bemé]]

==Currently working on==
* [[Nawuhu]]
* [[Elvarri]]

Elvarri

2026-04-04T17:24:54Z

Jukethatbox: Created page with "{{construction}} {{infobox language | name = Elvarri | nativename = elvariu / elvarriu | pronunciation = elˈvarju | creator = User:Jukethatbox | created = 2026 | fam1 = Luxelvic | fam2 = North Luxelvic | ancestor1 = Proto-Luxelvic | ancestor2 = Proto-North Luxelvic | setting = Hamanna | notice = ipa | ethnicity = Elvars | scripts = Nagri | state = Elvod }} '''Elvarri''' (''elvariu'' or ''elvarriu'' [elˈvarju]), also called '''Levarian''', is a w:Classica..."

{{construction}}
{{infobox language
| name = Elvarri
| nativename = elvariu / elvarriu
| pronunciation = elˈvarju
| creator = User:Jukethatbox
| created = 2026
| fam1 = Luxelvic
| fam2 = North Luxelvic
| ancestor1 = Proto-Luxelvic
| ancestor2 = Proto-North Luxelvic
| setting = Hamanna
| notice = ipa
| ethnicity = Elvars
| scripts = Nagri
| state = Elvod
}}
'''Elvarri''' (''elvariu'' or ''elvarriu'' [[Help:IPA|[elˈvarju]]]), also called '''Levarian''', is a [[w:Classical language|classical language]] of the Luxelvic family. Elvarri was orignally spoken by the Elvars, a tribe of Fairelves native to Elvod, a region at the mouth of the Separ river on the island of Haparod. It then became a dominant language of Haparod through the short-lived empire of Nagripon, who also oversaw the invention of Nagri script. After the death of Nagripon, his empire fractured into the Nagripu city-states, which then spread Elvarri as a dominant [[w:Trade language|trade language]] across the Inner Waters as these city-states developed into seafaring trade empires. It was the most spoken language in Hamanna in the Age of Stone, and has a large influence on most modern languages, especially the various elf languages. It also still has considerable use as a [[w:Sacred language|liturgical language]] of the Sun Temple (''Vasnadom'') and the Great Bay Nation (''Duvargamiod'').

Elvarri is a mostly agglutinative, strictly VSO, adjective-noun and informally [[w:Pro-drop language|pro-drop]] language with a complex system of [[w:Grammatical|case inflections]], verb inflections, and a twoway [[w:Animacy|animacy]] distinction of animate and inanimate.
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
! !! colspan=2 | Bilabial !! colspan=2 | Labiodental !! colspan=2 | Alveolar !! Retroflex !! colspan=2 | Palatal !! colspan=2 | Velar !! Glottal
|-
! Nasal
| colspan=2 | m || colspan=2 | || colspan=2 | n || ɳ || colspan=2 | ɲ || colspan=2 | ŋ ||
|-
! Stop
| p || b || colspan=2 | || t || d || || colspan=2 | || k || g || ʔ
|-
! Fricative
| colspan=2 | || f || v || s || z || ʂ || colspan=2 | || x || (ɣ) || h
|-
! Rhotic
| colspan=2 | || colspan=2 | || colspan=2 | r || ɽ || colspan=2 | || colspan=2 | ||
|-
! Liquid
| colspan=2 | || colspan=2 | || colspan=2 | l || ɭ || colspan=2 | || colspan=2 | ||
|-
! Semivowel
| colspan=2 | || colspan=2 | || colspan=2 | || || colspan=2 | j || colspan=2 | w ||
|}
The retroflex consonants ({{ipa|/ɳ ʂ ɽ ɭ/}}) were originally marked with an [[w:Dot (diacritic)|underdot]] as ⟨ṇ ṣ ṛ ḷ⟩. However, these were rarely used, and by the Age of Stone most inscriptions did not mark the retroflexes at all, save for {{ipa|/ɽ/}}, which was often written ⟨r⟩ while [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|trill]] {{ipa|/r/}} was written ⟨rr⟩.

Various consonants were also prone to mutation after {{ipa|/r/}}, a process called ''hurdaski'' ([[Help:IPA|[xr̩ˈðaski]]] "r-changing") or ''hurhassi'' ([[Help:IPA|[xr̩ˈxaʂi]]] "r-morphing"):
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
! Process !! Resultantphoneme !! Examples
|-
| {{ipa|/r/}} + {{ipa|/g/}} || {{ipa|/ɣ/}} || ''ar'''g'''a'' "also"''meiur'''g'''e'' "garbage, trash"
|-
| {{ipa|/r/}} + {{ipa|/k/}} || {{ipa|/x/}} || ''ur'''k'''amo'' "to split, to cut"''mur'''k'''ambet'' "aqueduct"
|-
| rowspan=2 | {{ipa|/r/}} + {{ipa|/t/}} || {{ipa|/ʔ/}} > {{ipa|/∅/}} || ''gor'''t''''' "container"''ennar'''t''''' "inserting"
|-
| {{ipa|/θ/}} or {{ipa|/ts/}} || ''ennar'''t'''o'' "to insert"''ver'''t'''uc'' "healer"
|-
| {{ipa|/r/}} + {{ipa|/d/}} || {{ipa|/ð/}} or {{ipa|/dz/}} || ''tor'''d'''aski'' "helm-changing;(figuratively) a boring but necessary task"''mur'''d'''o'' "to water"
|-
| {{ipa|/r/}} + {{ipa|/f/}} || {{ipa|/h/}} || ''far'''f'''a'' "flatbread"''oller'''f'''a'' "onlooker"
|-
| {{ipa|/r/}} + {{ipa|/z/}} || {{ipa|/s/}} > {{ipa|/ʂ/}} || ''ir'''z'''evet'' "period between winter and spring"''asmur'''z'''u'' "religious offering"
|}
===Vowels===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
! !! Front !! Central !! Back
|-
! Close
| i || || u
|-
! Mid
| ɛ || || ɔ
|-
! Open
| || a ||
|}
[[Category:Elvarri]] [[Category:Hamanna]] [[Category:Languages]] [[Category:Conlangs]]

Nawuhu

2026-04-03T22:39:05Z

Jukethatbox: /* Swadesh list */

''This page is for the conlang. For the list of all the translated placenames in ''Wii Sports Resort'', see [[Nawuhu/Translated Wuhu Island placenames|Translated Wuhu Island placenames]].'' 
{{Infobox language
| name = {{PAGENAME}}
| altname = Wuhu / Nauhu / Naufu
| image = WuhuIslandFlag.png
| imagecaption = Flag of the Wuhu Autonomous Zone
| nativename = na’a wúhu
| pronunciation = na.a ˈwu.ɦu
| pronunciation_key = IPA for Nawuhu
| creator = User:Jukethatbox
| created = 2024
| state = Wuhu Island
| ethnicity = Native Wuhu people
| familycolor = language isolate
| ancestor = [[Classical Nâuxu]]
| setting = ''[[w:Wii Sports Resort|Wii Sports Resort]]''
| speakers = 90
| date = 2024
| script1 = Latn
| stand1 = Standard Nawuhu
| dia1 = Pemaka dialect †
| dia2 = Nisulu dialect †
| development_body = [https://discord.gg/Wzd9gWFu97 Wuhu Island Community Discord]
| agency = [https://wuhugov.neocities.org/ Wuhu Autonomous Zone]
| map = DefinitelyEndangered.png
| mapcaption = Nawuhu is classified as Definitely Endangered by the [[w:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[w:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]].<ref>Yes, this is still a conlang. I'm only adding the endangerment statistic for worldbuilding purposes.</ref>
| notice = ipa
}}
'''Nawuhu''' (''na’a wúhu'', [[IPA for Nawuhu|[na.a ˈwu.ɦu]]]), also called '''Wuhu''', '''Nauhu''' or '''Naufu''' is a language isolate that was once predominantly spoken by the inhabitants of Wuhu Island (''akka wúhu'' or ''Akka’a'' [[IPA for Nawuhu|[ak.ka.a]]]). It was spoken primarily by the civilisation that probably encompassed the entire island, the ruins of which can be seen on the southern half of the island.<ref>See [https://wuhugov.neocities.org/html/history].</ref> Today, it is only spoken by around 90 native speakers, and ''Ethnologue'' marks Nawuhu as a definitely endangered language.

==Phonology==
===Orthography===
Nawuhu is written in a form of the Latin script. There is one diacritic: the acute accent, ⟨◌́⟩, which signifies where stress is placed in a word.
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
! Majuscule
| A || B || C || K || D || E || G || H || I || J || L || M || N || Ñ || O || P || S || T || U || V || W || Y || Z
|-
! Minuscule
| a || b || c || k || d || e || g || h || i || j || l || m || n || ñ ||o || p || s || t || u || v || w || y || z
|-
! IPA
| a || b || ɕ || k || d || e || g || h || i || ʑ || l || m || n || ɲ || o || p || s || t || u || ʉ || w || j || z
|}
Note that ⟨Vv⟩ is a vowel, representing the sound /ʉ/.

The digraph ⟨LHlh⟩ represents the phoneme /ʎ/.

An apostrophe marks syllable separation between ''identical'' vowels. Thus, /ae/ would be written ⟨ae⟩, but /a.a/ would be written ⟨a’a⟩. The apostrophe is written in a specific form: ⟨’⟩, instead of the more common ⟨'⟩, though in the original specifications of the Mark Mii system, the more common form of the apostrophe was described as being interchangeable with ⟨’⟩.
====Variations====
The romanisation shown above is the Mark Mii romanisation system, which was developed following the Second World War by Mark Mii, who later became president of Wuhu Island, famously meeting with Richard Nixon at the 1972 Delfino Conference. Although this has remained the standard romanisation system of the language since Mark Mii's tenure, some have called for orthographic reform and in some radical cases a completely new system. For example, one topic of controversy is the use of the letter ⟨v⟩ to indicate a vowel (taken from its original pronunciation in [[w:Classical Latin|Classical Latin]]) which many learners, as well as some professional linguists, have expressed disdain towards. The admittedly rather archaic use of ⟨v⟩ to represent a vowel has led many to claim that this contributes to a wider problem with the structure of the romanisation system.

Indeed, the system itself was built quickly out of necessity by Mark Mii as a way to transliterate ancient Nawuhu writing, and he himself admitted he did not take verbal transcription into account when making the system. Nevertheless, it was the first serious attempt of its time, and thus it was rapidly adopted by most of the Wuhu Island archaeologist community, many members of which were personal friends or acquaintances of Mark Mii himself.

Since its establishment as the official romanisation of Nawuhu, some other systems have tried to replace the Mark Mii system. One strong competitor is the ''Apakeaka'' system. This system, created by an actual native Nawuhu speaker, is quite different from the Mark Mii system; for example, /ɕ ʑ/ are written ⟨sh zh⟩, /ʉ/ and /ʉ.ʉ/ are written ⟨ụ⟩ and ⟨ṳ⟩ and the identical vocalic syllable separation is marked with a [[w:Diaeresis|diaeresis]] on the second vowel with stress generally not being marked unless contrastive , so ''na'a wúhu'' becomes ''naä wuhu''. This system is mostly used by Nawuhu native political exiles, with its creator also being a political exile currently residing in Hawaii due to his opposition towards the Almondrian regime. Thus, this romanisation system is not used officially on the island, though it still appears overseas in research papers of the island.

===Consonants===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
! !! Bilabial !! Alveolar !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal
|-
! Plosive
| p b || t d || || k g ||
|-
! Nasal
| m || n || ɲ || ŋ ||
|-
! Fricative
| || s z || ɕ ʑ || || h (ɦ)
|-
! Semivowel
| (ẅ) || || j || w ||
|-
! Lateral
| || l || ʎ || ||
|}
/ɦ/ is an allophone of /h/ pronounced in intervocalic positions (between vowels), hence the /ɦ/ in ''[[Contionary:wúhu|wú'''h'''u]]''. However, when a /h/ is stressed, even in intervocalic positions, it is always pronounced /h/, hence the /h/ in ''[[Contionary:puhúno|pu'''h'''úno]]''.

===Vowels===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
! !! Front !! Central !! Back
|-
! Close
| i || ʉ || u
|-
! Close-mid
| e || || o
|-
! Front
| || a ||
|}

===Stress and pitch===
Stressed syllables have their vowels marked with an acute accent to denote its stress.

==Grammar==
===Word order===
Nawuhu is primarily an SOV (subject-object-verb) language. In a phrase where there is no object, the word order is verb-initial. However, if the object is omitted but still implied, the word order remains as the standard SV. Thus, "I am", would be ''í ja'', lit. "am I", while "I am a person" would be ''ja pida’a í'', lit. "I person-a am".

When forming a question (or a proposition, which uses roughly the same structure), the word order becomes VSO (verb-subject-object). Thus, though "I have a cat" would be ''ja éppia gvé'', the question "Do you have a cat?" would be ''lhún ádo éppia?''.

===Null-subject===
Though formally not a [[w:Null-subject language|null-subject language]], in colloquial speech many speakers often omit the subject, particularly if it is obvious (though this is not a prerequisite). It is also typically used, even in formal speech, for expressing a phrase in the imperative mood, such as ''Pyátta’a!'', "Move!", instead of ''Ádo pyátta’a!'', "You, move!". However, in both formal and informal speech, a phrase in the jussive mood never has its subject omitted, i.e. ''Jiyacitási avni'', "Let some of them go."

===Negation===
The word for "no" in Nawuhu is ''nvki'' formally or ''ago'' informally. When negating a verb, ''-ago'' is added at the end of the word. Thus, "I don't do that" would be ''ja nis kubuago'', or simply ''nis kubuago''. The negative copula is also simply ''ago''.

===Nouns===
====Number====
Nawuhu has four categories of grammatical number: '''singular''', '''dual''', '''paucal''' and '''plural'''. If there is not sufficient context, all nouns in a phrase have to be marked with suffixes denoting their number, including if the noun is singular. If a word ending in ''-a'' must be denoted as singular, the suffix ''-’a'' is placed instead.

Adjectives do not have to agree with nouns, though verbs do. Agreeing verbs have their own suffixes to indicate number, please see the [[Nawuhu#Verbs|Verbs]] section for more information.
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
|+ Base suffixes for nouns
|-
! Singular !! Dual !! Paucal !! Plural
|-
| ''-a'' || ''-an'' || ''-avn'' || ''-ai''
|}

====Genidative====
The '''genidative case''' (Latin: ''casus genidativus'') is a popular term used by Nawuhu linguists to refer to the merged genitive and dative case in Nawuhu, marked by an ''-u''. Originally two separate cases in Classical Nâuxu (''-eu'' and ''-u'' for the genitive and dative cases respectively), the two cases began to merge sometime around the arrival of initial colonisers, although some linguists argue that the Japanese possessive article の (''no''), which has similar properties as the Nawuhu ''-u'' suffix, could have accelerated the merging of the two cases, though this is still up to debate.
===Pronouns===
====Personal====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan=2 | !! Singular !! Dual !! Paucal !! Plural
|-
! rowspan=2 | Firstperson
! personal
| {{term|ja}} || {{term|jan}} || {{term|jvn}} || {{term|jon}}
|-
! possessive
| {{term|jo}} || {{term|janu}} || {{term|jun}} || {{term|jonu}}
|-
! rowspan=2 | Secondperson
! personal
| {{term|ádo}} || {{term|ádon}} || {{term|wín}} || {{term|né}}
|-
! possessive
| {{term|ádu}} || {{term|ádun}} || {{term|ínu}} || {{term|néyu}}
|-
! rowspan=2 | Thirdperson
! personal
| {{term|ain}} || {{term|aina}} || {{term|avni}} || {{term|enawe}}
|-
! possessive
| {{term|añu}} || {{term|año}} || {{term|avñu}} || {{term|enau}}
|}
There are no gendered third person pronouns in Nawuhu, though some older translations of excavated texts translated the third person pronoun as "he". Today, most translators translate the ''ain'' pronoun as "they".

Like adjectives, possessive pronouns are placed after the possessee, so "my car" is ''jido jo'' lit. "car my".

====Demonstrative====
Demonstrative pronouns are placed after the noun, and have to agree with the grammatical number of the noun.
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
! !! Singular !! Dual !! Paucal !! Plural
|-
! Proximal
| ''pa'' || ''pi’i'' || ''pwa'' || ''nimu''
|-
! Medial
| ''co'' || ''coi'' || ''nva'' || ''aca''
|-
! Distal
| ''nis'' || ''eni'' || ''hua'' || ''mya''
|}
'''Proximal''' refers to things near the speaker ("this thing"), '''medial''' refers to things near the addressee ("that thing near you"), and '''distal''' refers to things "over there", as in not near the speaker or the addressee.

====Interrogative====
Interrogative pronouns in Nawuhu are quite distinct from demonstrative and personal pronouns. They do not agree with grammatical number, and instead mostly follow the English pattern of "what, why, who, when and how", although "when" has variations based on tense.
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
! rowspan=2 | What !! rowspan=2 | Where !! rowspan=2 | Why !! rowspan=2 | Who !! colspan=4 | When !! rowspan=2 | How
|-
! Far Past !! Near Past !! Near Future !! General Future
|-
| ''lim'' || ''lio'' || ''ley'' || ''lou'' || ''i’ilam'' || ''ilam'' || ''ewil'' || ''ewe’el'' || ''li’i''
|}
Here are some examples on how to use the variations of 'when':
* "When did this battle take place?"
** '''''I’ilam''' kubkubwálo te’esek nis?''
* "When did you go there?"
** '''''Ilam''' kolauálo ádo egnis?''
* "When will you be eating lunch?"
** '''''Ewil''' gopak baniksanián ádo?''
* "When will the project be completed?"
** '''''Ewe’el''' pulojek bakampián?''

===Verbs===
Nawuhu verbs are inflected on mood, aspect and tense. Weak verbs have specific suffixes to indicate mood, tense and aspect. Strong verbs, like ''oí'', "to be", or ''gvé'', "to have", have their own specific mood, tense and aspect conjugations.
====Mood====
Weak verbs are inflected with mood suffixes.
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
! Indicative !! Conditional !! Optative !! Imperative !! Jussive
|-
| - || ''-neá'' || ''-ci'' || ''-ta’a'' || ''-tási''
|}
In Nawuhu, '''imperative''' indicates commands or demands towards the addressee, while '''jussive''' indicates commands or demands to a person aside from the speaker or addressee.

====Aspect====
There are two aspects in Nawuhu: '''perfect''' and '''imperfect''', sometimes called '''simple''' and '''progressive'''. They are, again, marked with suffixes on weak verbs. To mark perfect/simple verbs, the suffix ''-sen'' is used, while imperfect/progressive verbs are marked with the suffix ''-san''.

====Tense====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
! Past !! Present !! Future
|-
| ''-álo'' || - || ''-ián''
|}
To form perfective and imperfective tenses for past, present and future, the aforementioned the suffixes ''-sen'' and ''-san'' are placed before the tense suffix. Thus, something like "I do" would be ''ja kubu'' (or simply ''kubu'' if one chooses to [[Nawuhu#Null-subject|omit the subject]]), or for emphasis ''ja kubusen'', while "I was doing" would be ''ja kubusanálo'' (or ''kubusanálo'').
====To be, ''oí''====
''Oí'' is the only strong verb in Nawuhu. It has unique declensions based on person and tense.
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"
! !! First !! Second !! Third
|-
! Past
| ''ya'' || ''iyu'' || ''ewo''
|-
! Present
| ''í'' || ''ey'' || ''oí''
|-
! Future
| ''iló'' || ''we’é'' || ''inó''
|}
==Vocabulary==
===Swadesh list===
{{Swadesh
|language=Nawuhu
|nativename=na’a wúhu
|I=ja
|you (singular)=ádo
|he=ain
|we=jon
|you (plural)=né
|they=enawe
|this=pa
|that=nis
|here=papa
|there=nini
|who=lou
|what=lim
|where=lio
|when=ilam
|how=li’i
|not=ago
|all=ana
|many=ñeñe
|some=ñe
|few=ñago
|other=aya
|one=a
|two=an
|three=míneng
|four=ipo
|five=gámi
|big=di’i
|long=nabuta
|wide=teo
|thick=teote
|heavy=duku
|small=lhí
|short=lhí
|narrow=sisi
|thin=ehe
|woman=boi
|man (adult male)=bowa
|man (human being)=bo
|child=ota
|wife=jeki
|husband=jeki
|mother=mau
|father=hau
|animal=ñv
|fish=sempe
|bird=pina
|dog=bau
|louse=ñe’e
|snake=cangú
|worm=pimká
|tree=cvpa
|forest=cvpao
|stick=buta
|fruit=cvpong
|seed=ken
|leaf=gamá
|root=ñidoa
|bark=petin
|flower=hana
|grass=teca
|rope=iton
|skin=ma’a
|meat=cang
|blood=úsiko
|bone=nubun
|fat=ziza
|egg=zuna
|horn=tukó
|tail=pomo
|feather=sápina
|hair=teca
|head=gebu
|ear=ujebo
|eye=oanga
|nose=baho
|mouth=e’ehi
|tooth=kam
|tongue=nagu
|fingernail=dabáku
|foot=ape
|leg=ape
|knee=apéku
|hand=baga
|wing=pimbaga
|belly=deng
|guts=dengdeng
|neck=kuñu
|back=mihomá
|breast=nene
|heart=sulgi
|liver=omna
|drink=patik
|eat=patik
|bite=kam
|suck=ehi
|spit=kuci
|vomit=gogo
|blow=kvhv
|breathe=kvhv
|laugh=wala
|see=oanga
|hear=ujebo
|know=teke
|think=seke
|smell=bahu
|fear=megu
|sleep=azv
|live=janá
|die=tejá
|kill=tejáku
|fight=kudu
|hunt=maba
|hit=kudu
|cut=sekya
|split=sekya
|stab=ñopa
|scratch=kizi
|dig=bóku
|swim=wahe
|fly=pine
|walk=apá
|come=apá
|lie=azv
|sit=isú
|stand=na
|turn=kené
|fall=hoba
|give=du
|hold=de
|squeeze=dede
|rub=zitu
|wash=basvk
|wipe=vdu
|pull=tohok
|push=hok
|throw=hok
|tie=dede
|sew=zunki
|count=esakv
|say=nana
|sing=nañv
|play=tuku
|float=ogoh
|flow=pukdu
|freeze=lukut
|swell=dibo
|sun=tupi
|moon=píwu
|star=i’iki
|water=wahi
|rain=ihé
|river=waha
|lake=ewa
|sea=yalma
|salt=dozin
|stone=mon
|sand=samak
|dust=samak
|earth=tote
|cloud=nui
|fog=nuñui
|sky=paha
|wind=hez
|snow=lukuhéka
|ice=luku
|smoke=wumu
|fire=wuno
|ash=ho’ó
|burn=wuno
|road=dolo
|mountain=maka
|red=homi
|green=cvpa
|yellow=tupi
|white=haga
|black=kela
|night=kela
|day=tupi
|year=toci
|warm=ono
|cold=luku
|full=tengen
|new=pai
|old=alhá
|good=eme
|bad=doyo
|rotten=ubete
|dirty=beto
|straight=hepí
|round=zoko
|sharp=ceci
|dull=cecago
|smooth=melhao
|wet=wahia
|dry=siuk
|correct=kenelé
|near=papao
|far=nipao
|right=svnga
|left=hvmpopo
|at=o
|in=ya
|with=nuku
|and=te
|if=neá
|because=wa
|name=suhu
}}

===Conversation===
{| class=wikitable
! English (''na’a ingélu'') !! Nawuhu (''na’a wúhu'') !! Pronunciation
|-
| Yes || ''Pi'' || [pi]
|-
| No || ''Nvki'', ''Ago'' || [ˈnʉki], [ago]
|-
| Of course! || ''Tiéma!'' || [tiˈema]
|-
| Hello! || rowspan=2 | ''Peku!'' (informal) / ''Pekutéleki!'' (formal) || rowspan=2 | [peku]; [pekuˈteleki]
|-
| Goodbye!
|-
| Cheers! || ''Kal!'' || [kal]
|-
| How are you? || ''Li’i?'' (informal) / ''Li’i ey?'' (formal) || [li.i]; [li.i ej]
|-
| Good day! || ''Pi tupi!'' || [pi tupi]
|-
| Good morning! || ''Pi tupi!'' / ''Pi tupi’ikélo!'' (lit. "What a good sunrise!") || [pi tupi]; [pi tupi.iˈkelo]
|-
| Good evening! || ''Pi tupi'iyáki!''<ref>This greeting is rarely used; one would typically use ''Pi tupi!'' instead.</ref> || [pi tupi.iˈjaki]
|}
==Dialects==
===Historical===

==References==
<references />
[[Category:Nawuhu]] [[Category:Languages]] [[Category:Conlangs]] [[Category:A priori]]

Izhkut

2026-03-31T08:39:39Z

Jukethatbox: /* Pitch-accent */

{{Infobox language
| name = Izhkut
| altname = Ishcot
| nativename = jënn izhkut
| pronunciation = ˈɟɛ̂n̪ iʒkut] [ˈd͡ʒeːn iʒkut
| pronunciation_key = IPA for Izhkut
| created = 2022
| creator = User:Jukethatbox
| setting = Radael
| speakers = {{formatnum:126000000}}
| speakers2 = {{formatnum:234000}} (L2)
| ethnicity = Izhkut people
| date = 400 BH
| familycolor = Sino-Tibetan
| fam1 = [[Taskaric languages|Taskaric]]
| fam2 = Iskeric
| fam3 = Ilyic
| fam4 = [[Pokht-Izhkut]]
| ancestor1 = [[Proto-Taskaric]]
| ancestor2 = Proto-Iskeric
| ancestor3 = Proto-Ilyic
| ancestor4 = [[Old Izhkut]]
| stand1 = Standard Izhkut
| stand2 = [[Colonial Izhkut|General Colonial]]
| dia1 = [[#Mainland|Mainland]] dialects 
** North (Ilyod) dialects
** Ubëes dialect
** South (Pokht) dialects
** Izhkrilin dialects
| dia2 = [[Colonial Izhkut|Colonial]] dialects 
** Bay Area dialects
*** Usergonefa dialect
*** → [[Bay Islands Creole]]
** Strait dialects
*** Shepsë dialect
*** Ebënzinu dialect
** Mosëoch dialect
| state = Izhkutrëa
| agency = Institute of the Izhkut Language (''Sraunyu Jënn Izhkut'')
| nation = Izhkutrëa, Minūrun, Ingdikh
| notice = ipa
}}
'''Izhkut''' (''jënn izhkut'', Standard Izhkut: [[IPA for Izhkut|[ˈɟɛ̂n̪ iʒkut]]]; [[Colonial Izhkut|General Colonial]]: [[IPA for Izhkut|[ˈd͡ʒeːn iʒkut]]]), also known as '''Ishcot''' is the most spoken [[Taskaric languages|Taskaric]] language and second most spoken language (after [[Moshurian]]) in Radael, with a native speaker population of {{formatnum:126000000}} people, and it is spoken by another {{formatnum:234000}} as an L2 language. The language as a whole also operates as a ''lingua franca'' in the scientific community in Birnu, as well as in diplomacy on the continent. It is also one of the 8 official languages in the West Birnu Economic Union (WBEU).

Modern Izhkut is divided into two main dialect groups: '''[[#Mainland|Mainland]]''' and [[Colonial Izhkut|Colonial]]. Mainland dialects are spoken in Izhkutrëa proper, and historically were the basis of '''Standard Izhkut''', though modern Mainland dialects have mostly diverged from the Standard to varying degrees (even the least divergent dialects, such as those of Ubëes, have incorporated many slang words that are not recognised in Standard Izhkut). Colonial dialects are a diverse dialect continuum primarily spoken in the Izhkut Colonies (Standard Izhkut: ''Misogra''; Colonial Izhkut: ''Uesi''), characterised by a phonology and grammar distinct from Standard or Mainland Izhkut, as well as a vocabulary heavily influenced by languages indigenous to the Colonies and also great internal diversity; Colonial dialects themselves are generally divided into Bay Area (in and around the Gibios Bay) and Strait (around the Chepsëh strait) dialect continua that have their own distinct vocabulary and slang, if similar phonology and grammar.

Izhkut has a historical tendency of absorbing and often eventually replacing geographically nearby languages, a process called [[Izhkutifisation]] (Izhkut: ''Izhkutyomin''), due to its importance Birnu-wide. Historically, the victims of this process have often been closely philologically related to Izhkut itself; notable victims that are now extinct include the [[Ilyod]] language, the [[Izhkrilin]] language (of which little is attested), and the Yingid languages. Notable languages that are currently in the process of being Izhkutifised, but are still (however barely) extant, include [[Pokht]], [[Iskvish]] and to an extent [[Bay Islands Creole]]. Other languages have been described as entering the Izhkutifisation process at some point, but have since left it; most notably [[Ingdikh]], a language wholly unrelated from Izhkut spoken in the republic of the same name, was at one point almost entirely relegated to vernacular use in Izhkut-dominated Ingdikh society before rebounding after the Hlisgit Revolution and its official endorsement as the sole official language of the revolutionary Republic of Ingdikh.

More recently, concerns have been raised over the possible Izhkutifisation of the many languages spoken in Minūrun; this has been mostly attributed to Izhkut neo-colonialism and Izhkutrëa's almost total control over Minūrese trade, as well as more generally increasing globalisation in Birnu leading to Izhkut's wider use as a [[w:Lingua franca|lingua franca]].
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
This table only shows the consonants in Mainland Izhkut.
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
! !! Bilabial !! Labiodental !! Dental !! Alveolar !! Post-alveolar !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal
|-
! Plosive
| p b || || colspan=2 | t d || || ɟ || k g ||
|-
! Nasal
| m || colspan=2 | (n̪) || n || || ɲ || (ŋ) ||
|-
! Fricative
| || f v || (ð) || s z || ʃ ʒ || || x || (h)
|-
! Tap or Flap
| (ɾʷ) || || || ɾ || || (ɾʲ) || ||
|-
! Semivowel
| || || || || || j || ||
|-
! Laterals
| || || || l || || || ||
|}
[n̪] is an allophone of /n/, usually pronounced at the end of a word, such as in ''jën'' [ˈɟɛ̂n̪] "language, speech". [ð] is a lenited allophone of /d/, though where this lenition actually occurs depends on dialect. The general rule is that /d/ is lenited before or after an /e/ or diphthong ending in -/ɪ̯/, e.g. ''yeid'' [jeɪ̯ð] "legend (person)".

Though in Old Izhkut /h/ was its own phoneme, /h/ merged into /x/ some time during the transition to modern Izhkut.{{efn|[[Pokht]] preserved the /x/-/h/ distinction well into the BH, though by circa 200 BH the influence of Izhkut colonialism had forced the merge into most Pokht dialects still spoken in Pokht.}} However, by the time of the development of Colonial dialects, /h/ reappeared as an allophone of /x/ after /ɛ/, /e/ and /i/ (and later replaced /x/ as a whole). This allophonic use of /h/ seeped into Mainland dialects and eventually Standard Izhkut by 256 BH, and has remained a sanctioned part of Izhkut phonological rules to this day.

===Vowels===
Izhkut has a lot of vowels and diphthongs, most of which preserved from Old Izhkut.
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
|+ Izhkut phonemic vowels
|-
! !! Front !! Central !! Back
|-
! Close
| i || || u
|-
! Close-mid
| e || || o
|-
! Open-mid
| ɛ || ||
|-
! Open
| || a ||
|}
Additionally, four of the six phonemic vowels have non-syllabic allophones that appear in diphthongs.
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
|+ Non-syllabic allophones of Izhkut phonemic vowels
|-
! !! Phoneme !! Allophone
|-
! rowspan=2 | Close
| i || '''ɪ'''
|-
| u || '''ʊ'''
|-
! rowspan=2 | Close-mid
| e || '''ɨ'''
|-
| o || '''ɔ'''
|}
All six phonemic vowels can form valid diphthongs with their non-syllabic counterparts. Two identical vowels next to each other in a diphthong don't occur either, nor does /eɛ̯/ or /ɛɨ̯/.
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
! !! a !! i !! u !! o !! e !! ɛ
|-
! a
| - || aɪ̯ || aʊ̯ || aɔ̯ || aɨ̯ || aɛ̯
|-
! i
| ia̯ || - || iʊ̯ || iɔ̯ || iɨ̯ || iɛ̯
|-
! u
| ua̯ || uɪ̯ || - || uɔ̯ || uɨ̯ || uɛ̯
|-
! o
| oa̯ || oɪ̯ || oʊ̯ || - || oɨ̯ || oɛ̯
|-
! e
| rowspan=2 | ea̯ || rowspan=2 | eɪ̯ || rowspan=2 | eʊ̯ || rowspan=2 | eɔ̯ || colspan=2 rowspan=2 | -
|-
! ɛ
|}
Though /eɛ̯/ and /ɛɨ̯/ don't occur in any dialect, some older, primarily Pokht-derived placenames still orthographically retain these diphthongs, e.g. the city of ''Kohfëef''.{{efn|Old Izhkut pronunciation: [[IPA for Izhkut|[ˈko̞hfɛe̯f]]]; Pokht: ''Kohfeif'' [[IPA for Izhkut|[ˈkɔʊ̯.feɪ̯f]]]}} However, these diphthongs are replaced with i-initial or i-final dipthongs, so ''Kohfëef'' is pronounced [[IPA for Izhkut|[ˈkoxfeɪ̯f]]] and ''Ubëes'' is pronounced [[IPA for Izhkut|[ˈubeɪ̯s]]]. /ɛ-/ diphthongs also do not occur and have merged with /e-/ diphthongs.

===Prosody===
====Stress====
Stress in Izhkut is generally prototonic.
====Pitch-accent====
Izhkut incorporates a two-tone pitch-accent system very similar to [[w:Swedish phonology#Pitch accents|Swedish]]. The two tones, often called contour I (falling tone) and II (mid/no tone), vary between dialects, though their placements are the same.
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
! rowspan=2 | Meaning (I) !! colspan=2 | Contour !! rowspan=2 | Meaning (II)
|-
! I !! II
|-
| whistle || ''sillu'' || ''silu'' || trash
|-
| wail (n.) || ''ouggu'' || ''ougu'' || wheat
|-
| place || ''dost'' || ''dost'' || youth
|}
Contour I is usually orthographically indicated by the doubling of the proceeding letter, with contour II left unindicated.

===Phonotactics===
Izhkut syllables follow the rule of ''' (C) (r)V₁ (V₂) (C)''', where '''C''' represents any consonant apart from the flap, '''r''' represents the flap, '''V₁''' represents any vowel, and '''V₂''' represents any vowel that isn't identical to V₁.
==Morphology==
===Articles===
Izhkut has no indefinite articles. Definite articles are inflected on number and proceeding sound.
{| class=wikitable
! !! Consonant !! Vowel
|-
! Sing.
| ''ge'' || ''g'''
|-
! Pl.
| ''lege'' || ''leg'''
|}
===Personal pronouns===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
! rowspan=3 colspan=3 | !! colspan=5 | Case
|-
! rowspan=2 | Nominative !! colspan=2 | Genitive !! rowspan=2 | Accusative !! rowspan=2 | Dative
|-
! Singular !! Plural
|-
! rowspan=3 | Singular
! colspan=2 | 1st
| ''na'' || ''nai'' || ''naid'' || ''nade'' || ''nadea''
|-
! rowspan=2 | 2nd
! informal
| colspan=5 | ''See [[#T-V distinction|§ T-V distinction]].''
|-
! formal
| ''la'' || ''lai'' || ''laid'' || ''lade'' || ''ladea''
|-
! colspan=3 | 3rd
| ''sa'' || ''si'' || ''seid'' || ''sid'' || ''siud''
|-
! rowspan=4 | Plural
! rowspan=2 | 1st
! incl.
| ''ena'' || ''enai'' || rowspan=2 | ''enaid'' || ''enna'' || ''enae''
|-
! excl.
| ''ouna'' || ''ounai'' || ''ounna'' || ''ounnai''
|-
! colspan=2 | 2nd
| ''ela'' || ''elai'' || ''elaid'' || ''elade'' || ''eladde''
|-
! colspan=2 | 3rd
| ''mena'' || ''menai'' || ''menaid'' || ''menna'' || ''mensi''
|}
Izhkut personal pronouns are inflected on case almost identically to Old Izhkut, though number inflection is dropped for all cases except the genitive.

However, modern Izhkut also departs from Old Izhkut grammar through various forms, such as T-V distinction in plural second-person as well as the use of [[#Pitch-accent|pitch-accent]] to differentiate nominative and accusative.
====Vocative====
In Mainland dialects, a vocative particle, ''i'', is always placed before formal singular second and third person pronouns. For example:
: ''Luën '''i''' la sëm?''
: "What would you like?" (''lit.'' "Want o thou what?")
: ''Luën '''i''' sa ge luhus reosh.''
: "He would like the chicken soup." (''lit.'' "Want o he the soup chicken.")
Traditionally, Izhkut royalty also used the particle before the singular first-person pronouns, the Izhkut equivalent to the [[w:Royal we|royal ''we'']] in English. For example, Margaret Thatcher's famous [[w:We have become a grandmother|"We have become a grandmother"]] phrase would be:
: ''Zre delun a '''i na''' mizhmalla.''
====T-V distinction====
Standard Izhkut employs a T-V distinction for singular second-person pronouns. Though the V is regular across most dialects and has highly regular inflection (''la'', ''lai'', ''laid'', etc.), the T is much more variable among dialects and its inflection is highly irregular. However, some common dialectal examples include:
* Mainland dialects: usually ''lu'', ''lun'', ''lai'' or no distinction{{efn|name=!distinction|"no distinction" here means that there is no T-V distinction occurring, and the V, ''la'', is used in all cases.}}
** Northern dialects: ''ru'', ''lu''
*** Rëshpi dialects: ''in''{{efn|From Wisachee ''‘ĩ'', the 3rd person singular and plural pronoun.}}
** Southern dialects: ''a'', ''ai'' or no distinction{{efn|name=!distinction}}{{efn|From [[Pokht]], where the two singular second-person pronouns, ''a'' and ''ai'', are interchangeable and no T-V distinction occurs.}}
* Colonial dialects: various
** Bay Area dialects: uses singular third-person pronoun ''sa''
*** Usergonefa: ''sa'', ''muos'' (pejorative)
** Strait dialects: ''uol'', ''ol''
*** Shepsë: ''ra''
*** Ebënzinu: ''uol'', ''sa'', ''ha'' (''h'' not pronounced)
* Mosëoch: no distinction{{efn|name=!distinction}}
===Demonstrative pronouns===
Izhkut demonstrative pronouns are inflected on distance (proximal, distal), grammatical number (singular/plural) and case (nominative/accusative). The nominative forms also act as demonstrative determiners.
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
! rowspan=2 | !! colspan=2 | Proximal !! colspan=2 | Distal
|-
! nom. !! acc. !! nom. !! acc.
|-
! Singular
| ''ni'' || ''nir'' || ''nea'' || ''neid''
|-
! Plural
| ''ri'' || ''rin'' || ''dri'' || ''drid''
|}

==Syntax==
Like most Taskaric languages, Izhkut syntax is mostly isolating, with grammatical mood and tense shown by preceding and proceeding particles.
===Constituent order===
Izhkut, like most Taskaric languages, uses a VSO (verb-subject-object) and noun-adjective constituent order.
===Verbs===
====Mood====
=====Infinitive=====
Infinite verbs are marked by the proceeding particle ''ana''.
=====Imperative=====
The imperative mood in Izhkut is highly regular: the particle ''ma'' is placed before the verb, as so:
: '''''Ma''' yush leg'abarm.''
: "Shut the windows."
While ''m'u'' [mu] is used with the copula, as in:
: '''''M'u''' lan!''
: "Be good!"
The negative imperative mood is, in contrast, heavily irregular and dependent on dialect; see [[#Negative imperative|§ Negative imperative]].

====Passive/active voice====
In Izhkut, the active voice is uninflected whereas the passive voice is indicated by a proceeding ''zre'' particle. For example:
: ''Drapuk g'ivi.''
: "The man '''eats'''."
"The man ''is being eaten''" would be:
: '''''Zre''' drapuk g'ivi.''
====Aspect====
Dichotomic aspect (perfective/imperfective) is optional, but can be shown (and is commonly done so in Colonial dialects) by one of two particles:
* ''lae'' verb - perfective (''le'' verb in Colonial dialects.)
* ''lun'' verb - imperfective
====Tense====
Present tense is left unmarked. Tenses apart from present tense are shown by proceeding particles:
* verb ''ya'' - far past
* verb ''a'' - past
* verb ''oë'' - future
* verb ''oëhe'' - far future (rarely used)
===Negation===
The Izhkut equivalent of "no" is ''mera'' in Mainland dialects. In Colonial dialects, the negative pronoun/determiner ''hem'' is used in place of ''mera''.
====''Hem''====
The Izhkut negator, ''hem'', has many uses. When placed before the copula, it means "There is no (more)".
: '''''Hem''' u griu.'' - "There is no (more) juice."
It is also composes part of many other negative pronouns:
* ''hemiu'' - nobody, no one
* ''hemdë'' - nothing
* ''hemloa'' - nowhere
* ''hemzin'' (Colonial eye dialect ''hemzhin'') - never
''Hem'' also acts as a negator:
: ''Yutleg'iu– '''hem''' la, mizan...''
: "Some people– not you, of course..."
And also as the negative interjection in Colonial dialects:
: '''''Hem''', jalak m'ra drid.''
: "No, don't touch that."
Finally, ''hem'' acts as a negative determiner, as in:
: ''Lam na '''hem''' zaj.''
: "I have '''no''' money."
====Negative imperative====
In Mainland dialects, the imperative is marked by the preceding particle ''ma'', while the negative imperative is usually marked by the particle ''h'ma'' (''hem'' + ''ma'', pronounced [[IPA for Izhkut|[xˈma]]]). In Southern Mainland dialects, double negatives are also used in negative imperative phrases, a feature borrowed from [[Pokht]]:
: '''''H'ma''' drapuk '''hem''' yosh.''
: "Don't eat pork." (''lit.'' "Don't eat no pork.")
Negative imperatives are, however, very differently expressed in Colonial dialects. First, in Colonial dialects, imperatives are generally unmarked; ''Ma yush'' "Shut up" in Mainland dialects would simply be ''Yush'' in Colonial dialects.

Though the negative imperative is marked, how exactly this is marked depends on dialect. In Bay Area dialects, the negative imperative is marked by ''mera'' (the negative interjection in Mainland dialects) or alternatively eye dialect ''m'ra'', and is placed after the verb, in contrast to the precedent placement of Mainland ''h'ma'', e.g.:
: ''Drapuk '''mera''' yosh.'' / ''Drapuk '''m'ra''' yosh.''
: "Don't eat pork." (''lit.'' "Eat not pork.")
In Strait dialects, the particle ''hea'' is used in the same way as ''h'ma''.{{efn|It has been theorised that ''hea'' is derived in the same way as ''h'ma''; via a conjunction of ''hem'' and ''ma''. The difference being, of course, that Mainland dialects preserved the nasal and deleted the vowel, whereas the opposite happened in Strait dialects, leading to the dichotomy.}}
===Word derivation===
====Adjective form====
Nouns can be converted to adjectives by adding the suffix ''-re'' (''-ar'' in Colonial dialects), as in ''gilab'' "sand" > ''gilabre''/''gilabar'' "sandy". However, this process cannot be applied on placenames in Mainland dialects.
==Dialects==
===Mainland===
The '''Mainland dialects''' (Izhkut: ''yojjun Brigashed'' [[IPA for Izhkut|[ˈjôɟun̪ bɾʲiˈgaʃeð]]]) refer to the dialects of Izhkut that are spoken in Izhkutrëa proper. It is generally split into three sub-dialect groups: the North dialects, South dialects and Izhkrilin dialects.
====North dialects====
The '''North dialects''' or '''Northern dialects''' (Izhkut: ''yojjun oshulre''), also called the '''Ilyod dialects''' (''yojjun Ilyod'') are dialects spoken in the north of the Mainland. Their alternate name of the "Ilyod dialects" refer to the influence that the now extinct [[Ilyod|Ilyod language]] (historically widely spoken in the areas where the North dialects are now prevalent) had on the phonology of the North dialects; most notably, the merging of /o/ into /u/, the lenition of /t d/ to /θ ð/ in all places (called "T-D lenition", this lenition also occurs in other dialects of Izhkut, though only allophonically of /t d/) and the lenition of the /lj/ cluster to just /j/. More recently, some features of [[Colonial Izhkut]] have seeped into the North dialects, more specifically the affricatisation of /ɟ/ to /d͡ʑ~d͡ʒ/.
====South dialects====
The '''South dialects''' or '''Southern dialects''' (Izhkut: ''yojjun meshelre''), also called the '''Pokht dialects''' (''yojjun Pokht'') are dialects spoken in the south of the Mainland. Their alternate name of the "Pokht dialects" refer to the influence of the [[Pokht|Pokht language]], which was historically, and to a much lesser extent still is, spoken natively in the Pokht region and the wider southern Mainland. Typical features of the South dialects include a lack of T-D lenition altogether, the use of ''a'' or ''ai'' as informal singular second person pronouns, and very occasionally, the lowering of /o/ to /ɔ/, though this is most common in bilingual speakers of Pokht and Izhkut.

The South dialects, and by proxy the Pokht language as well, are notable in that they are generally considered the basis of early forms of the Colonial dialects; including O-lowering and lack of T-D lenition; the lack of T-D lenition also influenced [[Bay Islands Creole#Phonology|Bay Islands Creole phonology]].

===Colonial===
{{main|Colonial Izhkut}}
==Example texts==
===UDHR Article 1===
In Izhkut:
: "''Yalos udleg'iu taplia io hegrij uos khrugid io pliedu. Zre goshmis menna uë diusra io vobbis io blaid ana narro mensi uos proinid teyea.''"
: Standard Izhkut: [[IPA for Izhkut|[ˈjalos udleg͜ iʊ̯ taplia̯ iɔ̯ ˈhegɾʲiɟ ˈuɔ̯s xˈɾʷugið iɔ̯ ˈpliɨ̯ðu ‖ zɾe ˈgoʃmis mêna uɛ̯ ðiʊ̯sɾa iɔ̯ vôbis iɔ̯ blaɪ̯ð ana nâɾo menˈsi uɔ̯s ˈpɾoɪ̯nið teˈjea̯ ‖]]]
: General Colonial: [[IPA for Izhkut|[ˈjalɔs udleg͜ iw taplja iw ˈhegɹid͡ʒ ˈɔws hˈɹʷugid iw ˈpljedu ‖ zɹe ˈgɔʃmis meːna wɛ diwsɹa iw vɔːbis iw blajd ana naːɹɔ ˈmensi ɔws ˈpɹɔjnid teˈja ‖]]]
In English:
: "''All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.''"

==Other resources==
<references group="lower-alpha"/>

[[Category:Izhkut]]
[[Category:Taskaric languages]]
[[Category:Isolating languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Radael]]

Wuhu Japanese

2026-03-30T14:54:01Z

Jukethatbox:

{{construction}}
{{infobox language
| name = Wuhu Japanese
|altname = Wuhu Island Japanese, Wuhuan Japanese
| familycolor = Altaic
| creator = User:Jukethatbox
| image=Flag of Japan (1870–1999).svg
| imagecaption=Flag of the Japanese territory of Ufūjima (??-1945)
| created = 2026
| era = ??-1950
| state = Japanese-occupied Wuhu Island
| fam1 = [[w:Japonic languages|Japonic]]
| fam2 = [[w:Japanese language|Japanese]]
| nativename = 烏風島日本語 / 烏風嶋日本語, 烏風日本語 ''Uhûzima Nihongo'', ''Uhûnihongo''
}}
'''Wuhu Japanese''' (烏風島日本語 / 烏風嶋日本語, 烏風日本語; ''Uhûzima Nihongo'', ''Uhûnihongo''; [[Nawuhu]]: ''na'a nipóngu'', ''na'a japánu'') refers to both administrative and unique colloquial varieties of the [[w:Japanese language|Japanese language]] used during the Japanese occupation of Wuhu Island that ended in 1945.

The Japanese colonial administration and its associated settlers first brought Japanese to the island following Japan's annexation of the island in ??. Japanese was quickly established as an administrative language, with various famous landmarks, most notably the Broken Clock Tower, being built in this time, as well as various Shinto shrines and Buddhist temples that still stand today. The Japanese also established the first modern education system on the island, leading to Japanese also becoming the primary language of instruction on the island, which expanded Japanese influence on the indigenous languages spoken there.

The Japanese originally transliterated the island's name as 烏風島 ''Ufūjima''; Wedge Island was called 介里島 ''Kairishima'', a transliteration of [[Wedge]] ''Kairi''.<ref>Today, the islands' names are instead written as ウーフー ''Ūfū'' and ウェッジ島 ''Uejjishima'' in Japanese, derived from their later American English names.</ref> Wuhu Japanese was particularly influential on the vocabulary of the indigenous languages [[Nawuhu]] and [[Wedge]]; various commonly used words in Nawuhu especially are originally derived from Japanese, including {{l|wuhu|guntai}} "soldier, army" from {{mn|ja|軍隊}} ''guntai'' "armed forces", {{l|wuhu|bunka}} "culture" from {{l|ja|文化}} and {{l|wuhu|toké’e}} "wristwatch, watch" from {{l|ja|時計}} ''tokei'' "clock".

Wuhu Japanese quickly waned in use following the defeat of Japan in the Second World War, as the United States occupied the island and replaced Japanese with English as the official language and language of instruction of the island. The decline in the use of Japanese was further exacerbated by a mass exodus of Japanese nationals back to Japan throughout 1945 and 1946; those who remained gradually switched to English and linguists considered the distinct variety virtually extinct by 1950.

==Modern usage==
Wuhu Japanese is no longer spoken on Wuhu Island, though it is still used by various extant [[w:Buddhism in Japan|Japanese Buddhist]] temples across the island. These temples typically still have signs showing their original Japanese names, and sutras are still chanted in Japanese. However, other functions are generally only done in English, and monks will often only know Japanese to the extent of a Buddhist context, and thus would be unable to communicate with monolingual Japanese people. In this way, Wuhu Japanese can be seen as taking on a role similarly to [[w:Latin|Latin]] among Catholic priests, where it is still a common [[w:Sacred language|liturgical language]] but generally unused outside of religious contexts.

Other historically Japanese areas may still retain signs in Japanese, though the distinction between signs that originate in the Wuhu variety of Japanese from the occupation and more recent signs in Japanese by Japanese nationals who moved to Wuhu Island after the war has become increasingly unclear. Typically however, these older Wuhu Japanese signs have various distinguishing features, such as horizontal right-to-left reading (common in Japanese before WW2), as well as the use of obsolete letters such as ゐ / ヰ ''wi'' and ゑ / ヱ ''we'' and less common kanji like 嶋 instead of 島 for ''shima'' "island". Additionally, some archaeological discoveries have unearthed signs written in the now mostly obsolete [[w:Kunrei-shiki|Kunrei-shiki]] romanisation system, a system that was official during the Japanese occupation; this would point to the idea that the use of Kunrei-shiki is another distinguishing feature of historical Wuhu Japanese compared to contemporary modern Japanese used on Wuhu Island.
==Phonology==
Wuhu Japanese was also known to be itself a distinct dialect of Japanese, and was thus often referred to colloquially as 烏風弁 ''Uhûben'' "Wuhu dialect".
===Vowels===
Kanemoto (1987) reconstructed 5 vowel phonemes:
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
! !! Front !! Central !! Back
|-
! Close
| i || || u
|-
! Mid
| e || || o
|-
! Open
| || a ||
|}
{{ipa|/u/}} is a back rounded vowel; this is quite different from the modern standard Japanese {{ipa|/u/}}, which is considerably more protruded, compressed and unrounded. This rounded {{ipa|/u/}} probably originated in the [[w:Kansai dialects|Kansai dialects]] that many Japanese settlers spoke before the emergence of a distinct Wuhu dialect. Vowels were probably almost always voiced, again similarly to Kansai dialects, though /u/ may have been devoiced after voiceless consonants in word-final syllables specifically, as it had a tendency to be dropped in loanwords to Nawuhu, such as in {{l|wuhu|sotok}}/{{l|wuhu|tok}} from {{l|ja|総督}} ''souto'''ku'''''. However, Tawara (2001) contests this, and instead gives an alternative explanation of simply a tendency to drop the vowel entirely; Tawara argues that there is not enough evidence to conclude that the vowels were specifically devoiced in these positions, despite still recognising the existence of this phenomenon.
===Consonants===
Kanemoto generally reconstructed the Wuhu Japanese consonant inventory as virtually identical to that of the standard Japanese consonant inventory:
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
! !! Bilabial !! Alveolar !! Alveolo-palatal !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal
|-
! Nasal
| m || n || (ɲ) || || (ŋ) ||
|-
! Plosive
| p b || t d || || || k g || (ʔ)
|-
! Affricate?
| || (ts) (dz) || (tɕ) (dʑ) || || ||
|-
! Fricative
| (ɸ) (β) || s z || (ɕ) (ʑ) || || || h
|-
! Liquid
| || r || || || ||
|-
! Semivowel
| || || || j || w ||
|}
However, even here there are various distinguishing features; one of the boldest claims made by Kanemoto was that the [[w:Affricate|affricate]] allophones {{ipa|/tɕ dʑ/}} merged entirely with the sibilant allophones {{ipa|/ɕ ʑ/}}. Sanders (1995) further claimed that {{ipa|/ts dz/}} also merged with {{ipa|/s z/}}, though Tawara again denied this and maintained that the affricate series remained phonetically distinct from the sibilant series in Wuhu Japanese in 2001, citing Kanemoto's own assertion that he was merely speculating on the reasoning behind seemingly regular misspellings in certain excavated shop signs.
==References==
<references />
==See also==
* [[:Category:Nawuhu Japanese loanwords]]
[[Category:Dialects]] [[Category:Nawuhu]]

Wuhu Japanese

2026-03-30T13:48:45Z

Jukethatbox: Created page with "{{construction}} {{infobox language | name = Wuhu Japanese |altname = Wuhu Island Japanese, Wuhuan Japanese | familycolor = Altaic | creator = User:Jukethatbox | image=Flag of Japan (1870–1999).svg | imagecaption=Flag of the Japanese territory of Ufūjima (??-1945) | created = 2026 | era = ??-1950 | state = Japanese-occupied Wuhu Island | fam1 = Japonic | fam2 = Japanese | nativename = 烏風島日本語 / 烏風嶋日本..."

Contionary:toké’e

2026-03-30T11:53:42Z

Jukethatbox:

{{nwh-ety
| meaning=watch, wristwatch
| class=Noun
| ipa=toˈke.e
| lang=ja
| source=時計
}}
[[Category:Nawuhu Japanese loanwords]]

Nawuhu

2026-03-29T17:54:41Z

Jukethatbox: /* Variations */

''This page is for the conlang. For the list of all the translated placenames in ''Wii Sports Resort'', see [[Nawuhu/Translated Wuhu Island placenames|Translated Wuhu Island placenames]].'' 
{{Infobox language
| name = {{PAGENAME}}
| altname = Wuhu / Nauhu / Naufu
| image = WuhuIslandFlag.png
| imagecaption = Flag of the Wuhu Autonomous Zone
| nativename = na’a wúhu
| pronunciation = na.a ˈwu.ɦu
| pronunciation_key = IPA for Nawuhu
| creator = User:Jukethatbox
| created = 2024
| state = Wuhu Island
| ethnicity = Native Wuhu people
| familycolor = language isolate
| ancestor = [[Classical Nâuxu]]
| setting = ''[[w:Wii Sports Resort|Wii Sports Resort]]''
| speakers = 90
| date = 2024
| script1 = Latn
| stand1 = Standard Nawuhu
| dia1 = Pemaka dialect †
| dia2 = Nisulu dialect †
| development_body = [https://discord.gg/Wzd9gWFu97 Wuhu Island Community Discord]
| agency = [https://wuhugov.neocities.org/ Wuhu Autonomous Zone]
| map = DefinitelyEndangered.png
| mapcaption = Nawuhu is classified as Definitely Endangered by the [[w:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[w:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]].<ref>Yes, this is still a conlang. I'm only adding the endangerment statistic for worldbuilding purposes.</ref>
| notice = ipa
}}
'''Nawuhu''' (''na’a wúhu'', [[IPA for Nawuhu|[na.a ˈwu.ɦu]]]), also called '''Wuhu''', '''Nauhu''' or '''Naufu''' is a language isolate that was once predominantly spoken by the inhabitants of Wuhu Island (''akka wúhu'' or ''Akka’a'' [[IPA for Nawuhu|[ak.ka.a]]]). It was spoken primarily by the civilisation that probably encompassed the entire island, the ruins of which can be seen on the southern half of the island.<ref>See [https://wuhugov.neocities.org/html/history].</ref> Today, it is only spoken by around 90 native speakers, and ''Ethnologue'' marks Nawuhu as a definitely endangered language.

==Phonology==
===Orthography===
Nawuhu is written in a form of the Latin script. There is one diacritic: the acute accent, ⟨◌́⟩, which signifies where stress is placed in a word.
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
! Majuscule
| A || B || C || K || D || E || G || H || I || J || L || M || N || Ñ || O || P || S || T || U || V || W || Y || Z
|-
! Minuscule
| a || b || c || k || d || e || g || h || i || j || l || m || n || ñ ||o || p || s || t || u || v || w || y || z
|-
! IPA
| a || b || ɕ || k || d || e || g || h || i || ʑ || l || m || n || ɲ || o || p || s || t || u || ʉ || w || j || z
|}
Note that ⟨Vv⟩ is a vowel, representing the sound /ʉ/.

The digraph ⟨LHlh⟩ represents the phoneme /ʎ/.

An apostrophe marks syllable separation between ''identical'' vowels. Thus, /ae/ would be written ⟨ae⟩, but /a.a/ would be written ⟨a’a⟩. The apostrophe is written in a specific form: ⟨’⟩, instead of the more common ⟨'⟩, though in the original specifications of the Mark Mii system, the more common form of the apostrophe was described as being interchangeable with ⟨’⟩.
====Variations====
The romanisation shown above is the Mark Mii romanisation system, which was developed following the Second World War by Mark Mii, who later became president of Wuhu Island, famously meeting with Richard Nixon at the 1972 Delfino Conference. Although this has remained the standard romanisation system of the language since Mark Mii's tenure, some have called for orthographic reform and in some radical cases a completely new system. For example, one topic of controversy is the use of the letter ⟨v⟩ to indicate a vowel (taken from its original pronunciation in [[w:Classical Latin|Classical Latin]]) which many learners, as well as some professional linguists, have expressed disdain towards. The admittedly rather archaic use of ⟨v⟩ to represent a vowel has led many to claim that this contributes to a wider problem with the structure of the romanisation system.

Indeed, the system itself was built quickly out of necessity by Mark Mii as a way to transliterate ancient Nawuhu writing, and he himself admitted he did not take verbal transcription into account when making the system. Nevertheless, it was the first serious attempt of its time, and thus it was rapidly adopted by most of the Wuhu Island archaeologist community, many members of which were personal friends or acquaintances of Mark Mii himself.

Since its establishment as the official romanisation of Nawuhu, some other systems have tried to replace the Mark Mii system. One strong competitor is the ''Apakeaka'' system. This system, created by an actual native Nawuhu speaker, is quite different from the Mark Mii system; for example, /ɕ ʑ/ are written ⟨sh zh⟩, /ʉ/ and /ʉ.ʉ/ are written ⟨ụ⟩ and ⟨ṳ⟩ and the identical vocalic syllable separation is marked with a [[w:Diaeresis|diaeresis]] on the second vowel with stress generally not being marked unless contrastive , so ''na'a wúhu'' becomes ''naä wuhu''. This system is mostly used by Nawuhu native political exiles, with its creator also being a political exile currently residing in Hawaii due to his opposition towards the Almondrian regime. Thus, this romanisation system is not used officially on the island, though it still appears overseas in research papers of the island.

===Consonants===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
! !! Bilabial !! Alveolar !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal
|-
! Plosive
| p b || t d || || k g ||
|-
! Nasal
| m || n || ɲ || ŋ ||
|-
! Fricative
| || s z || ɕ ʑ || || h (ɦ)
|-
! Semivowel
| (ẅ) || || j || w ||
|-
! Lateral
| || l || ʎ || ||
|}
/ɦ/ is an allophone of /h/ pronounced in intervocalic positions (between vowels), hence the /ɦ/ in ''[[Contionary:wúhu|wú'''h'''u]]''. However, when a /h/ is stressed, even in intervocalic positions, it is always pronounced /h/, hence the /h/ in ''[[Contionary:puhúno|pu'''h'''úno]]''.

===Vowels===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
! !! Front !! Central !! Back
|-
! Close
| i || ʉ || u
|-
! Close-mid
| e || || o
|-
! Front
| || a ||
|}

===Stress and pitch===
Stressed syllables have their vowels marked with an acute accent to denote its stress.

==Grammar==
===Word order===
Nawuhu is primarily an SOV (subject-object-verb) language. In a phrase where there is no object, the word order is verb-initial. However, if the object is omitted but still implied, the word order remains as the standard SV. Thus, "I am", would be ''í ja'', lit. "am I", while "I am a person" would be ''ja pida’a í'', lit. "I person-a am".

When forming a question (or a proposition, which uses roughly the same structure), the word order becomes VSO (verb-subject-object). Thus, though "I have a cat" would be ''ja éppia gvé'', the question "Do you have a cat?" would be ''lhún ádo éppia?''.

===Null-subject===
Though formally not a [[w:Null-subject language|null-subject language]], in colloquial speech many speakers often omit the subject, particularly if it is obvious (though this is not a prerequisite). It is also typically used, even in formal speech, for expressing a phrase in the imperative mood, such as ''Pyátta’a!'', "Move!", instead of ''Ádo pyátta’a!'', "You, move!". However, in both formal and informal speech, a phrase in the jussive mood never has its subject omitted, i.e. ''Jiyacitási avni'', "Let some of them go."

===Negation===
The word for "no" in Nawuhu is ''nvki'' formally or ''ago'' informally. When negating a verb, ''-ago'' is added at the end of the word. Thus, "I don't do that" would be ''ja nis kubuago'', or simply ''nis kubuago''. The negative copula is also simply ''ago''.

===Nouns===
====Number====
Nawuhu has four categories of grammatical number: '''singular''', '''dual''', '''paucal''' and '''plural'''. If there is not sufficient context, all nouns in a phrase have to be marked with suffixes denoting their number, including if the noun is singular. If a word ending in ''-a'' must be denoted as singular, the suffix ''-’a'' is placed instead.

Adjectives do not have to agree with nouns, though verbs do. Agreeing verbs have their own suffixes to indicate number, please see the [[Nawuhu#Verbs|Verbs]] section for more information.
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
|+ Base suffixes for nouns
|-
! Singular !! Dual !! Paucal !! Plural
|-
| ''-a'' || ''-an'' || ''-avn'' || ''-ai''
|}

====Genidative====
The '''genidative case''' (Latin: ''casus genidativus'') is a popular term used by Nawuhu linguists to refer to the merged genitive and dative case in Nawuhu, marked by an ''-u''. Originally two separate cases in Classical Nâuxu (''-eu'' and ''-u'' for the genitive and dative cases respectively), the two cases began to merge sometime around the arrival of initial colonisers, although some linguists argue that the Japanese possessive article の (''no''), which has similar properties as the Nawuhu ''-u'' suffix, could have accelerated the merging of the two cases, though this is still up to debate.
===Pronouns===
====Personal====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan=2 | !! Singular !! Dual !! Paucal !! Plural
|-
! rowspan=2 | Firstperson
! personal
| {{term|ja}} || {{term|jan}} || {{term|jvn}} || {{term|jon}}
|-
! possessive
| {{term|jo}} || {{term|janu}} || {{term|jun}} || {{term|jonu}}
|-
! rowspan=2 | Secondperson
! personal
| {{term|ádo}} || {{term|ádon}} || {{term|wín}} || {{term|né}}
|-
! possessive
| {{term|ádu}} || {{term|ádun}} || {{term|ínu}} || {{term|néyu}}
|-
! rowspan=2 | Thirdperson
! personal
| {{term|ain}} || {{term|aina}} || {{term|avni}} || {{term|enawe}}
|-
! possessive
| {{term|añu}} || {{term|año}} || {{term|avñu}} || {{term|enau}}
|}
There are no gendered third person pronouns in Nawuhu, though some older translations of excavated texts translated the third person pronoun as "he". Today, most translators translate the ''ain'' pronoun as "they".

Like adjectives, possessive pronouns are placed after the possessee, so "my car" is ''jido jo'' lit. "car my".

====Demonstrative====
Demonstrative pronouns are placed after the noun, and have to agree with the grammatical number of the noun.
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
! !! Singular !! Dual !! Paucal !! Plural
|-
! Proximal
| ''pa'' || ''pi’i'' || ''pwa'' || ''nimu''
|-
! Medial
| ''co'' || ''coi'' || ''nva'' || ''aca''
|-
! Distal
| ''nis'' || ''eni'' || ''hua'' || ''mya''
|}
'''Proximal''' refers to things near the speaker ("this thing"), '''medial''' refers to things near the addressee ("that thing near you"), and '''distal''' refers to things "over there", as in not near the speaker or the addressee.

====Interrogative====
Interrogative pronouns in Nawuhu are quite distinct from demonstrative and personal pronouns. They do not agree with grammatical number, and instead mostly follow the English pattern of "what, why, who, when and how", although "when" has variations based on tense.
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
! rowspan=2 | What !! rowspan=2 | Where !! rowspan=2 | Why !! rowspan=2 | Who !! colspan=4 | When !! rowspan=2 | How
|-
! Far Past !! Near Past !! Near Future !! General Future
|-
| ''lim'' || ''lio'' || ''ley'' || ''lou'' || ''i’ilam'' || ''ilam'' || ''ewil'' || ''ewe’el'' || ''li’i''
|}
Here are some examples on how to use the variations of 'when':
* "When did this battle take place?"
** '''''I’ilam''' kubkubwálo te’esek nis?''
* "When did you go there?"
** '''''Ilam''' kolauálo ádo egnis?''
* "When will you be eating lunch?"
** '''''Ewil''' gopak baniksanián ádo?''
* "When will the project be completed?"
** '''''Ewe’el''' pulojek bakampián?''

===Verbs===
Nawuhu verbs are inflected on mood, aspect and tense. Weak verbs have specific suffixes to indicate mood, tense and aspect. Strong verbs, like ''oí'', "to be", or ''gvé'', "to have", have their own specific mood, tense and aspect conjugations.
====Mood====
Weak verbs are inflected with mood suffixes.
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
! Indicative !! Conditional !! Optative !! Imperative !! Jussive
|-
| - || ''-neá'' || ''-ci'' || ''-ta’a'' || ''-tási''
|}
In Nawuhu, '''imperative''' indicates commands or demands towards the addressee, while '''jussive''' indicates commands or demands to a person aside from the speaker or addressee.

====Aspect====
There are two aspects in Nawuhu: '''perfect''' and '''imperfect''', sometimes called '''simple''' and '''progressive'''. They are, again, marked with suffixes on weak verbs. To mark perfect/simple verbs, the suffix ''-sen'' is used, while imperfect/progressive verbs are marked with the suffix ''-san''.

====Tense====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
! Past !! Present !! Future
|-
| ''-álo'' || - || ''-ián''
|}
To form perfective and imperfective tenses for past, present and future, the aforementioned the suffixes ''-sen'' and ''-san'' are placed before the tense suffix. Thus, something like "I do" would be ''ja kubu'' (or simply ''kubu'' if one chooses to [[Nawuhu#Null-subject|omit the subject]]), or for emphasis ''ja kubusen'', while "I was doing" would be ''ja kubusanálo'' (or ''kubusanálo'').
====To be, ''oí''====
''Oí'' is the only strong verb in Nawuhu. It has unique declensions based on person and tense.
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"
! !! First !! Second !! Third
|-
! Past
| ''ya'' || ''iyu'' || ''ewo''
|-
! Present
| ''í'' || ''ey'' || ''oí''
|-
! Future
| ''iló'' || ''we’é'' || ''inó''
|}
==Vocabulary==
===Swadesh list===
{{Swadesh
|language=Nawuhu
|nativename=na’a wúhu
|I=ja
|you (singular)=ádo
|he=ain
|we=jon
|you (plural)=né
|they=enawe
|this=pa
|that=nis
|here=papa
|there=nini
|who=lou
|what=lim
|where=lio
|when=ilam
|how=li’i
|not=ago
|all=ana
|many=ñeñe
|some=ñe
|few=ñago
|other=aya
|one=a
|two=an
|three=míneng
|four=ipo
|five=gámi
|big=di’i
|long=nabuta
|wide=teo
|thick=teote
|heavy=duku
|small=lhí
|short=buta
|narrow=sisi
|thin=ehe
|woman=boi
|man (adult male)=bowa
|man (human being)=bo
|child=ota
|wife=jeki
|husband=jeki
|mother=mau
|father=hau
|animal=ñv
|fish=sempe
|bird=pina
|dog=báubau
|louse=ñe’e
|snake=cangú
|worm=pimká
|tree=cvpa
|forest=cvpao
|stick=buta
|fruit=cvpong
|seed=ken
|leaf=gamá
|root=ñidoa
|bark=petin
|flower=hana
|grass=teca
|rope=iton
|skin=ma’a
|meat=cang
|blood=úsiko
|bone=nubun
|fat=ziza
|egg=zuna
|horn=tukó
|tail=pomo
|feather=sápina
|hair=teca
|head=gebu
|ear=ujebo
|eye=oanga
|nose=baho
|mouth=e’ehi
|tooth=kam
|tongue=nagu
|fingernail=dabáku
|foot=ape
|leg=ape
|knee=apéku
|hand=baga
|wing=pimbaga
|belly=deng
|guts=dengdeng
|neck=kuñu
|back=mihomá
|breast=nene
|heart=sulgi
|liver=omna
|drink=patik
|eat=patik
|bite=kam
|suck=ehi
|spit=kuci
|vomit=gogo
|blow=kvhv
|breathe=kvhv
|laugh=wala
|see=oanga
|hear=ujebo
|know=teke
|think=seke
|smell=bahu
|fear=megu
|sleep=azv
|live=janá
|die=tejá
|kill=tejáku
|fight=kudu
|hunt=maba
|hit=kudu
|cut=sekya
|split=sekya
|stab=ñopa
|scratch=kizi
|dig=bóku
|swim=wahe
|fly=pine
|walk=apá
|come=apá
|lie=azv
|sit=isú
|stand=na
|turn=kené
|fall=hoba
|give=du
|hold=de
|squeeze=dede
|rub=zitu
|wash=basvk
|wipe=vdu
|pull=tohok
|push=hok
|throw=hok
|tie=dede
|sew=zunki
|count=esakv
|say=nana
|sing=nañv
|play=tuku
|float=ogoh
|flow=pukdu
|freeze=lukut
|swell=dibo
|sun=tupi
|moon=píwu
|star=i’iki
|water=wahi
|rain=ihé
|river=waha
|lake=ewa
|sea=yalma
|salt=dozin
|stone=mon
|sand=samak
|dust=samak
|earth=tote
|cloud=nui
|fog=nuñui
|sky=paha
|wind=hez
|snow=
|ice=lukutu
|smoke=wumu
|fire=wuno
|ash=ho’ó
|burn=wuno
|road=dolo
|mountain=maka
|red=homi
|green=cvpa
|yellow=tupi
|white=haga
|black=kela
|night=kela
|day=tupi
|year=toci
|warm=ono
|cold=luku
|full=tengen
|new=pai
|old=alhá
|good=eme
|bad=doyo
|rotten=ubete
|dirty=beto
|straight=hepí
|round=zoko
|sharp=ceci
|dull=cecago
|smooth=melhao
|wet=wahia
|dry=siuk
|correct=kenelé
|near=papao
|far=nipao
|right=svnga
|left=hvmpopo
|at=o
|in=ya
|with=nuku
|and=te
|if=neá
|because=wa
|name=suhu
}}

===Conversation===
{| class=wikitable
! English (''na’a ingélu'') !! Nawuhu (''na’a wúhu'') !! Pronunciation
|-
| Yes || ''Pi'' || [pi]
|-
| No || ''Nvki'', ''Ago'' || [ˈnʉki], [ago]
|-
| Of course! || ''Tiéma!'' || [tiˈema]
|-
| Hello! || rowspan=2 | ''Peku!'' (informal) / ''Pekutéleki!'' (formal) || rowspan=2 | [peku]; [pekuˈteleki]
|-
| Goodbye!
|-
| Cheers! || ''Kal!'' || [kal]
|-
| How are you? || ''Li’i?'' (informal) / ''Li’i ey?'' (formal) || [li.i]; [li.i ej]
|-
| Good day! || ''Pi tupi!'' || [pi tupi]
|-
| Good morning! || ''Pi tupi!'' / ''Pi tupi’ikélo!'' (lit. "What a good sunrise!") || [pi tupi]; [pi tupi.iˈkelo]
|-
| Good evening! || ''Pi tupi'iyáki!''<ref>This greeting is rarely used; one would typically use ''Pi tupi!'' instead.</ref> || [pi tupi.iˈjaki]
|}
==Dialects==
===Historical===

==References==
<references />
[[Category:Nawuhu]] [[Category:Languages]] [[Category:Conlangs]] [[Category:A priori]]

Contionary:ngal

2026-03-29T00:53:32Z

Jukethatbox:

==Nawuhu==

===Pronunciation===
(''Nawuhu'') [[IPA for Nawuhu|IPA]]: {{ipa|[ŋal]}}
===Noun===
'''{{PAGENAME}}'''

# spider

[[Category:Contionary]] [[Category:Nawuhu words]] [[Category:Nawuhu {{lc: Noun}}s]]

Category:Nawuhu slang

2026-03-29T00:52:39Z

Jukethatbox: Created page with "Category:Nawuhu words"

[[Category:Nawuhu words]]

Nawuhu

2026-03-29T00:47:10Z

Jukethatbox:

''This page is for the conlang. For the list of all the translated placenames in ''Wii Sports Resort'', see [[Nawuhu/Translated Wuhu Island placenames|Translated Wuhu Island placenames]].'' 
{{Infobox language
| name = {{PAGENAME}}
| altname = Wuhu / Nauhu / Naufu
| image = WuhuIslandFlag.png
| imagecaption = Flag of the Wuhu Autonomous Zone
| nativename = na’a wúhu
| pronunciation = na.a ˈwu.ɦu
| pronunciation_key = IPA for Nawuhu
| creator = User:Jukethatbox
| created = 2024
| state = Wuhu Island
| ethnicity = Native Wuhu people
| familycolor = language isolate
| ancestor = [[Classical Nâuxu]]
| setting = ''[[w:Wii Sports Resort|Wii Sports Resort]]''
| speakers = 90
| date = 2024
| script1 = Latn
| stand1 = Standard Nawuhu
| dia1 = Pemaka dialect †
| dia2 = Nisulu dialect †
| development_body = [https://discord.gg/Wzd9gWFu97 Wuhu Island Community Discord]
| agency = [https://wuhugov.neocities.org/ Wuhu Autonomous Zone]
| map = DefinitelyEndangered.png
| mapcaption = Nawuhu is classified as Definitely Endangered by the [[w:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[w:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]].<ref>Yes, this is still a conlang. I'm only adding the endangerment statistic for worldbuilding purposes.</ref>
| notice = ipa
}}
'''Nawuhu''' (''na’a wúhu'', [[IPA for Nawuhu|[na.a ˈwu.ɦu]]]), also called '''Wuhu''', '''Nauhu''' or '''Naufu''' is a language isolate that was once predominantly spoken by the inhabitants of Wuhu Island (''akka wúhu'' or ''Akka’a'' [[IPA for Nawuhu|[ak.ka.a]]]). It was spoken primarily by the civilisation that probably encompassed the entire island, the ruins of which can be seen on the southern half of the island.<ref>See [https://wuhugov.neocities.org/html/history].</ref> Today, it is only spoken by around 90 native speakers, and ''Ethnologue'' marks Nawuhu as a definitely endangered language.

==Phonology==
===Orthography===
Nawuhu is written in a form of the Latin script. There is one diacritic: the acute accent, ⟨◌́⟩, which signifies where stress is placed in a word.
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
! Majuscule
| A || B || C || K || D || E || G || H || I || J || L || M || N || Ñ || O || P || S || T || U || V || W || Y || Z
|-
! Minuscule
| a || b || c || k || d || e || g || h || i || j || l || m || n || ñ ||o || p || s || t || u || v || w || y || z
|-
! IPA
| a || b || ɕ || k || d || e || g || h || i || ʑ || l || m || n || ɲ || o || p || s || t || u || ʉ || w || j || z
|}
Note that ⟨Vv⟩ is a vowel, representing the sound /ʉ/.

The digraph ⟨LHlh⟩ represents the phoneme /ʎ/.

An apostrophe marks syllable separation between ''identical'' vowels. Thus, /ae/ would be written ⟨ae⟩, but /a.a/ would be written ⟨a’a⟩. The apostrophe is written in a specific form: ⟨’⟩, instead of the more common ⟨'⟩, though in the original specifications of the Mark Mii system, the more common form of the apostrophe was described as being interchangeable with ⟨’⟩.
====Variations====
The romanisation shown above is the Mark Mii romanisation system, which was developed following the Second World War by Mark Mii, who later became president of Wuhu Island, famously meeting with Richard Nixon at the 1972 Delfino Conference. Although this has remained the standard romanisation system of the language since Mark Mii's tenure, some have called for orthographic reform and in some radical cases a completely new system. For example, one topic of controversy is the use of the letter ⟨v⟩ to indicate a vowel (taken from its original pronunciation in [[w:Classical Latin|Classical Latin]]) which many learners, as well as some professional linguists, have expressed disdain towards. The admittedly rather archaic use of ⟨v⟩ to represent a vowel has led many to claim that this contributes to a wider problem with the structure of the romanisation system.

Indeed, the system itself was built quickly out of necessity by Mark Mii as a way to transliterate ancient Nawuhu writing, and he himself admitted he did not take verbal transcription into account when making the system. Nevertheless, it was the first serious attempt of its time, and thus it was rapidly adopted by most of the Wuhu Island archaeologist community, many members of which were personal friends or acquaintances of Mark Mii himself.

Since its establishment as the official romanisation of Nawuhu, some other systems have tried to replace the Mark Mii system. One strong competitor is the ''Apakeaka'' system. This system, created by an actual native Nawuhu speaker, is quite different from the Mark Mii system; for example, /ɕ ʑ/ are written ⟨sh zh⟩, /ʉ/ is written ⟨ü⟩ and the identical vocalic syllable separation is marked with a [[w:Diaeresis|diaeresis]] on the second vowel with stress generally not being marked unless contrastive , so ''na'a wúhu'' becomes ''naä wuhu''. This system is mostly used by Nawuhu native political exiles, with its creator also being a political exile currently residing in Hawaii due to his opposition towards the Almondrian regime. Thus, this romanisation system is not used officially on the island, though it still appears overseas in research papers of the island.

===Consonants===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
! !! Bilabial !! Alveolar !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal
|-
! Plosive
| p b || t d || || k g ||
|-
! Nasal
| m || n || ɲ || ŋ ||
|-
! Fricative
| || s z || ɕ ʑ || || h (ɦ)
|-
! Semivowel
| (ẅ) || || j || w ||
|-
! Lateral
| || l || ʎ || ||
|}
/ɦ/ is an allophone of /h/ pronounced in intervocalic positions (between vowels), hence the /ɦ/ in ''[[Contionary:wúhu|wú'''h'''u]]''. However, when a /h/ is stressed, even in intervocalic positions, it is always pronounced /h/, hence the /h/ in ''[[Contionary:puhúno|pu'''h'''úno]]''.

===Vowels===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
! !! Front !! Central !! Back
|-
! Close
| i || ʉ || u
|-
! Close-mid
| e || || o
|-
! Front
| || a ||
|}

===Stress and pitch===
Stressed syllables have their vowels marked with an acute accent to denote its stress.

==Grammar==
===Word order===
Nawuhu is primarily an SOV (subject-object-verb) language. In a phrase where there is no object, the word order is verb-initial. However, if the object is omitted but still implied, the word order remains as the standard SV. Thus, "I am", would be ''í ja'', lit. "am I", while "I am a person" would be ''ja pida’a í'', lit. "I person-a am".

When forming a question (or a proposition, which uses roughly the same structure), the word order becomes VSO (verb-subject-object). Thus, though "I have a cat" would be ''ja éppia gvé'', the question "Do you have a cat?" would be ''lhún ádo éppia?''.

===Null-subject===
Though formally not a [[w:Null-subject language|null-subject language]], in colloquial speech many speakers often omit the subject, particularly if it is obvious (though this is not a prerequisite). It is also typically used, even in formal speech, for expressing a phrase in the imperative mood, such as ''Pyátta’a!'', "Move!", instead of ''Ádo pyátta’a!'', "You, move!". However, in both formal and informal speech, a phrase in the jussive mood never has its subject omitted, i.e. ''Jiyacitási avni'', "Let some of them go."

===Negation===
The word for "no" in Nawuhu is ''nvki'' formally or ''ago'' informally. When negating a verb, ''-ago'' is added at the end of the word. Thus, "I don't do that" would be ''ja nis kubuago'', or simply ''nis kubuago''. The negative copula is also simply ''ago''.

===Nouns===
====Number====
Nawuhu has four categories of grammatical number: '''singular''', '''dual''', '''paucal''' and '''plural'''. If there is not sufficient context, all nouns in a phrase have to be marked with suffixes denoting their number, including if the noun is singular. If a word ending in ''-a'' must be denoted as singular, the suffix ''-’a'' is placed instead.

Adjectives do not have to agree with nouns, though verbs do. Agreeing verbs have their own suffixes to indicate number, please see the [[Nawuhu#Verbs|Verbs]] section for more information.
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
|+ Base suffixes for nouns
|-
! Singular !! Dual !! Paucal !! Plural
|-
| ''-a'' || ''-an'' || ''-avn'' || ''-ai''
|}

====Genidative====
The '''genidative case''' (Latin: ''casus genidativus'') is a popular term used by Nawuhu linguists to refer to the merged genitive and dative case in Nawuhu, marked by an ''-u''. Originally two separate cases in Classical Nâuxu (''-eu'' and ''-u'' for the genitive and dative cases respectively), the two cases began to merge sometime around the arrival of initial colonisers, although some linguists argue that the Japanese possessive article の (''no''), which has similar properties as the Nawuhu ''-u'' suffix, could have accelerated the merging of the two cases, though this is still up to debate.
===Pronouns===
====Personal====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan=2 | !! Singular !! Dual !! Paucal !! Plural
|-
! rowspan=2 | Firstperson
! personal
| {{term|ja}} || {{term|jan}} || {{term|jvn}} || {{term|jon}}
|-
! possessive
| {{term|jo}} || {{term|janu}} || {{term|jun}} || {{term|jonu}}
|-
! rowspan=2 | Secondperson
! personal
| {{term|ádo}} || {{term|ádon}} || {{term|wín}} || {{term|né}}
|-
! possessive
| {{term|ádu}} || {{term|ádun}} || {{term|ínu}} || {{term|néyu}}
|-
! rowspan=2 | Thirdperson
! personal
| {{term|ain}} || {{term|aina}} || {{term|avni}} || {{term|enawe}}
|-
! possessive
| {{term|añu}} || {{term|año}} || {{term|avñu}} || {{term|enau}}
|}
There are no gendered third person pronouns in Nawuhu, though some older translations of excavated texts translated the third person pronoun as "he". Today, most translators translate the ''ain'' pronoun as "they".

Like adjectives, possessive pronouns are placed after the possessee, so "my car" is ''jido jo'' lit. "car my".

====Demonstrative====
Demonstrative pronouns are placed after the noun, and have to agree with the grammatical number of the noun.
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
! !! Singular !! Dual !! Paucal !! Plural
|-
! Proximal
| ''pa'' || ''pi’i'' || ''pwa'' || ''nimu''
|-
! Medial
| ''co'' || ''coi'' || ''nva'' || ''aca''
|-
! Distal
| ''nis'' || ''eni'' || ''hua'' || ''mya''
|}
'''Proximal''' refers to things near the speaker ("this thing"), '''medial''' refers to things near the addressee ("that thing near you"), and '''distal''' refers to things "over there", as in not near the speaker or the addressee.

====Interrogative====
Interrogative pronouns in Nawuhu are quite distinct from demonstrative and personal pronouns. They do not agree with grammatical number, and instead mostly follow the English pattern of "what, why, who, when and how", although "when" has variations based on tense.
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
! rowspan=2 | What !! rowspan=2 | Where !! rowspan=2 | Why !! rowspan=2 | Who !! colspan=4 | When !! rowspan=2 | How
|-
! Far Past !! Near Past !! Near Future !! General Future
|-
| ''lim'' || ''lio'' || ''ley'' || ''lou'' || ''i’ilam'' || ''ilam'' || ''ewil'' || ''ewe’el'' || ''li’i''
|}
Here are some examples on how to use the variations of 'when':
* "When did this battle take place?"
** '''''I’ilam''' kubkubwálo te’esek nis?''
* "When did you go there?"
** '''''Ilam''' kolauálo ádo egnis?''
* "When will you be eating lunch?"
** '''''Ewil''' gopak baniksanián ádo?''
* "When will the project be completed?"
** '''''Ewe’el''' pulojek bakampián?''

===Verbs===
Nawuhu verbs are inflected on mood, aspect and tense. Weak verbs have specific suffixes to indicate mood, tense and aspect. Strong verbs, like ''oí'', "to be", or ''gvé'', "to have", have their own specific mood, tense and aspect conjugations.
====Mood====
Weak verbs are inflected with mood suffixes.
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
! Indicative !! Conditional !! Optative !! Imperative !! Jussive
|-
| - || ''-neá'' || ''-ci'' || ''-ta’a'' || ''-tási''
|}
In Nawuhu, '''imperative''' indicates commands or demands towards the addressee, while '''jussive''' indicates commands or demands to a person aside from the speaker or addressee.

====Aspect====
There are two aspects in Nawuhu: '''perfect''' and '''imperfect''', sometimes called '''simple''' and '''progressive'''. They are, again, marked with suffixes on weak verbs. To mark perfect/simple verbs, the suffix ''-sen'' is used, while imperfect/progressive verbs are marked with the suffix ''-san''.

====Tense====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
! Past !! Present !! Future
|-
| ''-álo'' || - || ''-ián''
|}
To form perfective and imperfective tenses for past, present and future, the aforementioned the suffixes ''-sen'' and ''-san'' are placed before the tense suffix. Thus, something like "I do" would be ''ja kubu'' (or simply ''kubu'' if one chooses to [[Nawuhu#Null-subject|omit the subject]]), or for emphasis ''ja kubusen'', while "I was doing" would be ''ja kubusanálo'' (or ''kubusanálo'').
====To be, ''oí''====
''Oí'' is the only strong verb in Nawuhu. It has unique declensions based on person and tense.
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"
! !! First !! Second !! Third
|-
! Past
| ''ya'' || ''iyu'' || ''ewo''
|-
! Present
| ''í'' || ''ey'' || ''oí''
|-
! Future
| ''iló'' || ''we’é'' || ''inó''
|}
==Vocabulary==
===Swadesh list===
{{Swadesh
|language=Nawuhu
|nativename=na’a wúhu
|I=ja
|you (singular)=ádo
|he=ain
|we=jon
|you (plural)=né
|they=enawe
|this=pa
|that=nis
|here=papa
|there=nini
|who=lou
|what=lim
|where=lio
|when=ilam
|how=li’i
|not=ago
|all=ana
|many=ñeñe
|some=ñe
|few=ñago
|other=aya
|one=a
|two=an
|three=míneng
|four=ipo
|five=gámi
|big=di’i
|long=nabuta
|wide=teo
|thick=teote
|heavy=duku
|small=lhí
|short=buta
|narrow=sisi
|thin=ehe
|woman=boi
|man (adult male)=bowa
|man (human being)=bo
|child=ota
|wife=jeki
|husband=jeki
|mother=mau
|father=hau
|animal=ñv
|fish=sempe
|bird=pina
|dog=báubau
|louse=ñe’e
|snake=cangú
|worm=pimká
|tree=cvpa
|forest=cvpao
|stick=buta
|fruit=cvpong
|seed=ken
|leaf=gamá
|root=ñidoa
|bark=petin
|flower=hana
|grass=teca
|rope=iton
|skin=ma’a
|meat=cang
|blood=úsiko
|bone=nubun
|fat=ziza
|egg=zuna
|horn=tukó
|tail=pomo
|feather=sápina
|hair=teca
|head=gebu
|ear=ujebo
|eye=oanga
|nose=baho
|mouth=e’ehi
|tooth=kam
|tongue=nagu
|fingernail=dabáku
|foot=ape
|leg=ape
|knee=apéku
|hand=baga
|wing=pimbaga
|belly=deng
|guts=dengdeng
|neck=kuñu
|back=mihomá
|breast=nene
|heart=sulgi
|liver=omna
|drink=patik
|eat=patik
|bite=kam
|suck=ehi
|spit=kuci
|vomit=gogo
|blow=kvhv
|breathe=kvhv
|laugh=wala
|see=oanga
|hear=ujebo
|know=teke
|think=seke
|smell=bahu
|fear=megu
|sleep=azv
|live=janá
|die=tejá
|kill=tejáku
|fight=kudu
|hunt=maba
|hit=kudu
|cut=sekya
|split=sekya
|stab=ñopa
|scratch=kizi
|dig=bóku
|swim=wahe
|fly=pine
|walk=apá
|come=apá
|lie=azv
|sit=isú
|stand=na
|turn=kené
|fall=hoba
|give=du
|hold=de
|squeeze=dede
|rub=zitu
|wash=basvk
|wipe=vdu
|pull=tohok
|push=hok
|throw=hok
|tie=dede
|sew=zunki
|count=esakv
|say=nana
|sing=nañv
|play=tuku
|float=ogoh
|flow=pukdu
|freeze=lukut
|swell=dibo
|sun=tupi
|moon=píwu
|star=i’iki
|water=wahi
|rain=ihé
|river=waha
|lake=ewa
|sea=yalma
|salt=dozin
|stone=mon
|sand=samak
|dust=samak
|earth=tote
|cloud=nui
|fog=nuñui
|sky=paha
|wind=hez
|snow=
|ice=lukutu
|smoke=wumu
|fire=wuno
|ash=ho’ó
|burn=wuno
|road=dolo
|mountain=maka
|red=homi
|green=cvpa
|yellow=tupi
|white=haga
|black=kela
|night=kela
|day=tupi
|year=toci
|warm=ono
|cold=luku
|full=tengen
|new=pai
|old=alhá
|good=eme
|bad=doyo
|rotten=ubete
|dirty=beto
|straight=hepí
|round=zoko
|sharp=ceci
|dull=cecago
|smooth=melhao
|wet=wahia
|dry=siuk
|correct=kenelé
|near=papao
|far=nipao
|right=svnga
|left=hvmpopo
|at=o
|in=ya
|with=nuku
|and=te
|if=neá
|because=wa
|name=suhu
}}

===Conversation===
{| class=wikitable
! English (''na’a ingélu'') !! Nawuhu (''na’a wúhu'') !! Pronunciation
|-
| Yes || ''Pi'' || [pi]
|-
| No || ''Nvki'', ''Ago'' || [ˈnʉki], [ago]
|-
| Of course! || ''Tiéma!'' || [tiˈema]
|-
| Hello! || rowspan=2 | ''Peku!'' (informal) / ''Pekutéleki!'' (formal) || rowspan=2 | [peku]; [pekuˈteleki]
|-
| Goodbye!
|-
| Cheers! || ''Kal!'' || [kal]
|-
| How are you? || ''Li’i?'' (informal) / ''Li’i ey?'' (formal) || [li.i]; [li.i ej]
|-
| Good day! || ''Pi tupi!'' || [pi tupi]
|-
| Good morning! || ''Pi tupi!'' / ''Pi tupi’ikélo!'' (lit. "What a good sunrise!") || [pi tupi]; [pi tupi.iˈkelo]
|-
| Good evening! || ''Pi tupi'iyáki!''<ref>This greeting is rarely used; one would typically use ''Pi tupi!'' instead.</ref> || [pi tupi.iˈjaki]
|}
==Dialects==
===Historical===

==References==
<references />
[[Category:Nawuhu]] [[Category:Languages]] [[Category:Conlangs]] [[Category:A priori]]

Nawuhu

2026-03-29T00:46:51Z

Jukethatbox:

''This page is for the conlang. For the list of all the translated placenames in ''Wii Sports Resort'', see [[Nawuhu/Translated Wuhu Island placenames|Translated Wuhu Island placenames]].'' 
{{Infobox language
| name = {{PAGENAME}}
| altname = Wuhu / Nauhu / Naufu
| image = WuhuIslandFlag.png
| imagecaption = Flag of the Wuhu Autonomous Zone
| nativename = na’a wúhu
| pronunciation = na.a ˈwu.ɦu
| pronunciation_key = IPA for Nawuhu
| creator = User:Jukethatbox
| created = 2024
| state = Wuhu Island
| ethnicity = Native Wuhu people
| familycolor = language isolate
| ancestor = [[Classical Nâuxu]]
| setting = ''[[w:Wii Sports Resort|Wii Sports Resort]]''
| speakers = 90
| date = 2024
| script1 = Latn
| stand1 = Standard Nawuhu
| dia1 = Pemaka dialect †
| dia2 = Nisulu dialect †
| development_body = [https://discord.gg/Wzd9gWFu97 Wuhu Island Community Discord]
| agency = [https://wuhugov.neocities.org/ Wuhu Autonomous Zone]
| map = DefinitelyEndangered.png
| mapcaption = Nawuhu is classified as Definitely Endangered by the [[w:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[w:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]].<ref>Yes, this is still a conlang. I'm only adding the endangerment statistic for worldbuilding purposes.</ref>
| notice = ipa
}}
'''Nawuhu''' (''na’a wúhu'', [[IPA for Nawuhu|[na.a ˈwu.ɦu]]]), also called '''Wuhu''', '''Nauhu''' or '''Naufu''' is a language isolate that was once predominantly spoken by the inhabitants of Wuhu Island (''akka wúhu'' or ''Akka’a'' [[IPA for Nawuhu|[ak.ka.a]]]). It was spoken primarily by the civilisation that probably encompassed the entire island, the ruins of which can be seen on the southern half of the island.<ref>See [https://wuhugov.neocities.org/html/history].</ref> Today, it is only spoken by around 90 native speakers, and ''Ethnologue'' marks Nawuhu as a definitely endangered language.

==Phonology==
===Orthography===
Nawuhu is written in a form of the Latin script. There is one diacritic: the acute accent, ⟨◌́⟩, which signifies where stress is placed in a word.
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
! Majuscule
| A || B || C || K || D || E || G || H || I || J || L || M || N || Ñ || O || P || S || T || U || V || W || Y || Z
|-
! Minuscule
| a || b || c || k || d || e || g || h || i || j || l || m || n || ñ ||o || p || s || t || u || v || w || y || z
|-
! IPA
| a || b || ɕ || k || d || e || g || h || i || ʑ || l || m || n || ɲ || o || p || s || t || u || ʉ || w || j || z
|}
Note that ⟨Vv⟩ is a vowel, representing the sound /ʉ/.

The digraph ⟨LHlh⟩ represents the phoneme /ʎ/.

An apostrophe marks syllable separation between ''identical'' vowels. Thus, /ae/ would be written ⟨ae⟩, but /a.a/ would be written ⟨a’a⟩. The apostrophe is written in a specific form: ⟨’⟩, instead of the more common ⟨'⟩, though in the original specifications of the Mark Mii system, the more common form of the apostrophe was described as being interchangeable with ⟨’⟩.
====Variations====
The romanisation shown above is the Mark Mii romanisation system, which was developed following the Second World War by Mark Mii, who later became president of Wuhu Island, famously meeting with Richard Nixon at the 1972 Delfino Conference. Although this has remained the standard romanisation system of the language since Mark Mii's tenure, some have called for orthographic reform and in some radical cases a completely new system. For example, one topic of controversy is the use of the letter ⟨v⟩ to indicate a vowel (taken from its original pronunciation in [[w:Classical Latin|Classical Latin]]) which many learners, as well as some professional linguists, have expressed disdain towards. The admittedly rather archaic use of ⟨v⟩ to represent a vowel has led many to claim that this contributes to a wider problem with the structure of the romanisation system.

Indeed, the system itself was built quickly out of necessity by Mark Mii as a way to transliterate ancient Nawuhu writing, and he himself admitted he did not take verbal transcription into account when making the system. Nevertheless, it was the first serious attempt of its time, and thus it was rapidly adopted by most of the Wuhu Island archaeologist community, many members of which were personal friends or acquaintances of Mark Mii himself.

Since its establishment as the official romanisation of Nawuhu, some other systems have tried to replace the Mark Mii system. One strong competitor is the ''Apakeaka'' system. This system, created by an actual native Nawuhu speaker, is quite different from the Mark Mii system; for example, /ɕ ʑ/ are written ⟨sh zh⟩, /ʉ/ is written ⟨ü⟩ and the identical vocalic syllable separation is marked with a [[w:Diaeresis|diaeresis]] on the second vowel with stress generally not being marked unless contrastive , so ''na'a wúhu'' becomes ''naä wuhu''. This system is mostly used by Nawuhu native political exiles, with its creator also being a political exile currently residing in Hawaii due to his opposition towards the Almondrian regime. Thus, this romanisation system is not used officially on the island, though it still appears overseas in research papers of the island.

===Consonants===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
! !! Bilabial !! Alveolar !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal
|-
! Plosive
| p b || t d || || k g ||
|-
! Nasal
| m || n || ɲ || ŋ ||
|-
! Fricative
| || s z || ɕ ʑ || || h (ɦ)
|-
! Semivowel
| (ẅ) || || j || w ||
|-
! Lateral
| || l || ʎ || ||
|}
/ɦ/ is an allophone of /h/ pronounced in intervocalic positions (between vowels), hence the /ɦ/ in ''[[Contionary:wúhu|wú'''h'''u]]''. However, when a /h/ is stressed, even in intervocalic positions, it is always pronounced /h/, hence the /h/ in ''[[Contionary:puhúno|pu'''h'''úno]]''.

===Vowels===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
! !! Front !! Central !! Back
|-
! Close
| i || ʉ || u
|-
! Close-mid
| e || || o
|-
! Front
| || a ||
|}

===Stress and pitch===
Stressed syllables have their vowels marked with an acute accent to denote its stress.

==Grammar==
===Word order===
Nawuhu is primarily an SOV (subject-object-verb) language. In a phrase where there is no object, the word order is verb-initial. However, if the object is omitted but still implied, the word order remains as the standard SV. Thus, "I am", would be ''í ja'', lit. "am I", while "I am a person" would be ''ja pida’a í'', lit. "I person-a am".

When forming a question (or a proposition, which uses roughly the same structure), the word order becomes VSO (verb-subject-object). Thus, though "I have a cat" would be ''ja éppia gvé'', the question "Do you have a cat?" would be ''lhún ádo éppia?''.

===Null-subject===
Though formally not a [[w:Null-subject language|null-subject language]], in colloquial speech many speakers often omit the subject, particularly if it is obvious (though this is not a prerequisite). It is also typically used, even in formal speech, for expressing a phrase in the imperative mood, such as ''Pyátta’a!'', "Move!", instead of ''Ádo pyátta’a!'', "You, move!". However, in both formal and informal speech, a phrase in the jussive mood never has its subject omitted, i.e. ''Jiyacitási avni'', "Let some of them go."

===Negation===
The word for "no" in Nawuhu is ''nvki'' formally or ''ago'' informally. When negating a verb, ''-ago'' is added at the end of the word. Thus, "I don't do that" would be ''ja nis kubuago'', or simply ''nis kubuago''. The negative copula is also simply ''ago''.

===Nouns===
====Number====
Nawuhu has four categories of grammatical number: '''singular''', '''dual''', '''paucal''' and '''plural'''. If there is not sufficient context, all nouns in a phrase have to be marked with suffixes denoting their number, including if the noun is singular. If a word ending in ''-a'' must be denoted as singular, the suffix ''-’a'' is placed instead.

Adjectives do not have to agree with nouns, though verbs do. Agreeing verbs have their own suffixes to indicate number, please see the [[Nawuhu#Verbs|Verbs]] section for more information.
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
|+ Base suffixes for nouns
|-
! Singular !! Dual !! Paucal !! Plural
|-
| ''-a'' || ''-an'' || ''-avn'' || ''-ai''
|}

====Genidative====
The '''genidative case''' (Latin: ''casus genidativus'') is a popular term used by Nawuhu linguists to refer to the merged genitive and dative case in Nawuhu, marked by an ''-u''. Originally two separate cases in Classical Nâuxu (''-eu'' and ''-u'' for the genitive and dative cases respectively), the two cases began to merge sometime around the arrival of initial colonisers, although some linguists argue that the Japanese possessive article の (''no''), which has similar properties as the Nawuhu ''-u'' suffix, could have accelerated the merging of the two cases, though this is still up to debate.
===Pronouns===
====Personal====
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan=6 | Nawuhu personal pronouns
|-
! colspan=2 | !! Singular !! Dual !! Paucal !! Plural
|-
! rowspan=2 | Firstperson
! personal
| {{term|ja}} || {{term|jan}} || {{term|jvn}} || {{term|jon}}
|-
! possessive
| {{term|jo}} || {{term|janu}} || {{term|jun}} || {{term|jonu}}
|-
! rowspan=2 | Secondperson
! personal
| {{term|ádo}} || {{term|ádon}} || {{term|wín}} || {{term|né}}
|-
! possessive
| {{term|ádu}} || {{term|ádun}} || {{term|ínu}} || {{term|néyu}}
|-
! rowspan=2 | Thirdperson
! personal
| {{term|ain}} || {{term|aina}} || {{term|avni}} || {{term|enawe}}
|-
! possessive
| {{term|añu}} || {{term|año}} || {{term|avñu}} || {{term|enau}}
|}
There are no gendered third person pronouns in Nawuhu, though some older translations of excavated texts translated the third person pronoun as "he". Today, most translators translate the ''ain'' pronoun as "they".

Like adjectives, possessive pronouns are placed after the possessee, so "my car" is ''jido jo'' lit. "car my".

====Demonstrative====
Demonstrative pronouns are placed after the noun, and have to agree with the grammatical number of the noun.
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
! !! Singular !! Dual !! Paucal !! Plural
|-
! Proximal
| ''pa'' || ''pi’i'' || ''pwa'' || ''nimu''
|-
! Medial
| ''co'' || ''coi'' || ''nva'' || ''aca''
|-
! Distal
| ''nis'' || ''eni'' || ''hua'' || ''mya''
|}
'''Proximal''' refers to things near the speaker ("this thing"), '''medial''' refers to things near the addressee ("that thing near you"), and '''distal''' refers to things "over there", as in not near the speaker or the addressee.

====Interrogative====
Interrogative pronouns in Nawuhu are quite distinct from demonstrative and personal pronouns. They do not agree with grammatical number, and instead mostly follow the English pattern of "what, why, who, when and how", although "when" has variations based on tense.
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
! rowspan=2 | What !! rowspan=2 | Where !! rowspan=2 | Why !! rowspan=2 | Who !! colspan=4 | When !! rowspan=2 | How
|-
! Far Past !! Near Past !! Near Future !! General Future
|-
| ''lim'' || ''lio'' || ''ley'' || ''lou'' || ''i’ilam'' || ''ilam'' || ''ewil'' || ''ewe’el'' || ''li’i''
|}
Here are some examples on how to use the variations of 'when':
* "When did this battle take place?"
** '''''I’ilam''' kubkubwálo te’esek nis?''
* "When did you go there?"
** '''''Ilam''' kolauálo ádo egnis?''
* "When will you be eating lunch?"
** '''''Ewil''' gopak baniksanián ádo?''
* "When will the project be completed?"
** '''''Ewe’el''' pulojek bakampián?''

===Verbs===
Nawuhu verbs are inflected on mood, aspect and tense. Weak verbs have specific suffixes to indicate mood, tense and aspect. Strong verbs, like ''oí'', "to be", or ''gvé'', "to have", have their own specific mood, tense and aspect conjugations.
====Mood====
Weak verbs are inflected with mood suffixes.
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
! Indicative !! Conditional !! Optative !! Imperative !! Jussive
|-
| - || ''-neá'' || ''-ci'' || ''-ta’a'' || ''-tási''
|}
In Nawuhu, '''imperative''' indicates commands or demands towards the addressee, while '''jussive''' indicates commands or demands to a person aside from the speaker or addressee.

====Aspect====
There are two aspects in Nawuhu: '''perfect''' and '''imperfect''', sometimes called '''simple''' and '''progressive'''. They are, again, marked with suffixes on weak verbs. To mark perfect/simple verbs, the suffix ''-sen'' is used, while imperfect/progressive verbs are marked with the suffix ''-san''.

====Tense====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
! Past !! Present !! Future
|-
| ''-álo'' || - || ''-ián''
|}
To form perfective and imperfective tenses for past, present and future, the aforementioned the suffixes ''-sen'' and ''-san'' are placed before the tense suffix. Thus, something like "I do" would be ''ja kubu'' (or simply ''kubu'' if one chooses to [[Nawuhu#Null-subject|omit the subject]]), or for emphasis ''ja kubusen'', while "I was doing" would be ''ja kubusanálo'' (or ''kubusanálo'').
====To be, ''oí''====
''Oí'' is the only strong verb in Nawuhu. It has unique declensions based on person and tense.
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"
! !! First !! Second !! Third
|-
! Past
| ''ya'' || ''iyu'' || ''ewo''
|-
! Present
| ''í'' || ''ey'' || ''oí''
|-
! Future
| ''iló'' || ''we’é'' || ''inó''
|}
==Vocabulary==
===Swadesh list===
{{Swadesh
|language=Nawuhu
|nativename=na’a wúhu
|I=ja
|you (singular)=ádo
|he=ain
|we=jon
|you (plural)=né
|they=enawe
|this=pa
|that=nis
|here=papa
|there=nini
|who=lou
|what=lim
|where=lio
|when=ilam
|how=li’i
|not=ago
|all=ana
|many=ñeñe
|some=ñe
|few=ñago
|other=aya
|one=a
|two=an
|three=míneng
|four=ipo
|five=gámi
|big=di’i
|long=nabuta
|wide=teo
|thick=teote
|heavy=duku
|small=lhí
|short=buta
|narrow=sisi
|thin=ehe
|woman=boi
|man (adult male)=bowa
|man (human being)=bo
|child=ota
|wife=jeki
|husband=jeki
|mother=mau
|father=hau
|animal=ñv
|fish=sempe
|bird=pina
|dog=báubau
|louse=ñe’e
|snake=cangú
|worm=pimká
|tree=cvpa
|forest=cvpao
|stick=buta
|fruit=cvpong
|seed=ken
|leaf=gamá
|root=ñidoa
|bark=petin
|flower=hana
|grass=teca
|rope=iton
|skin=ma’a
|meat=cang
|blood=úsiko
|bone=nubun
|fat=ziza
|egg=zuna
|horn=tukó
|tail=pomo
|feather=sápina
|hair=teca
|head=gebu
|ear=ujebo
|eye=oanga
|nose=baho
|mouth=e’ehi
|tooth=kam
|tongue=nagu
|fingernail=dabáku
|foot=ape
|leg=ape
|knee=apéku
|hand=baga
|wing=pimbaga
|belly=deng
|guts=dengdeng
|neck=kuñu
|back=mihomá
|breast=nene
|heart=sulgi
|liver=omna
|drink=patik
|eat=patik
|bite=kam
|suck=ehi
|spit=kuci
|vomit=gogo
|blow=kvhv
|breathe=kvhv
|laugh=wala
|see=oanga
|hear=ujebo
|know=teke
|think=seke
|smell=bahu
|fear=megu
|sleep=azv
|live=janá
|die=tejá
|kill=tejáku
|fight=kudu
|hunt=maba
|hit=kudu
|cut=sekya
|split=sekya
|stab=ñopa
|scratch=kizi
|dig=bóku
|swim=wahe
|fly=pine
|walk=apá
|come=apá
|lie=azv
|sit=isú
|stand=na
|turn=kené
|fall=hoba
|give=du
|hold=de
|squeeze=dede
|rub=zitu
|wash=basvk
|wipe=vdu
|pull=tohok
|push=hok
|throw=hok
|tie=dede
|sew=zunki
|count=esakv
|say=nana
|sing=nañv
|play=tuku
|float=ogoh
|flow=pukdu
|freeze=lukut
|swell=dibo
|sun=tupi
|moon=píwu
|star=i’iki
|water=wahi
|rain=ihé
|river=waha
|lake=ewa
|sea=yalma
|salt=dozin
|stone=mon
|sand=samak
|dust=samak
|earth=tote
|cloud=nui
|fog=nuñui
|sky=paha
|wind=hez
|snow=
|ice=lukutu
|smoke=wumu
|fire=wuno
|ash=ho’ó
|burn=wuno
|road=dolo
|mountain=maka
|red=homi
|green=cvpa
|yellow=tupi
|white=haga
|black=kela
|night=kela
|day=tupi
|year=toci
|warm=ono
|cold=luku
|full=tengen
|new=pai
|old=alhá
|good=eme
|bad=doyo
|rotten=ubete
|dirty=beto
|straight=hepí
|round=zoko
|sharp=ceci
|dull=cecago
|smooth=melhao
|wet=wahia
|dry=siuk
|correct=kenelé
|near=papao
|far=nipao
|right=svnga
|left=hvmpopo
|at=o
|in=ya
|with=nuku
|and=te
|if=neá
|because=wa
|name=suhu
}}

===Conversation===
{| class=wikitable
! English (''na’a ingélu'') !! Nawuhu (''na’a wúhu'') !! Pronunciation
|-
| Yes || ''Pi'' || [pi]
|-
| No || ''Nvki'', ''Ago'' || [ˈnʉki], [ago]
|-
| Of course! || ''Tiéma!'' || [tiˈema]
|-
| Hello! || rowspan=2 | ''Peku!'' (informal) / ''Pekutéleki!'' (formal) || rowspan=2 | [peku]; [pekuˈteleki]
|-
| Goodbye!
|-
| Cheers! || ''Kal!'' || [kal]
|-
| How are you? || ''Li’i?'' (informal) / ''Li’i ey?'' (formal) || [li.i]; [li.i ej]
|-
| Good day! || ''Pi tupi!'' || [pi tupi]
|-
| Good morning! || ''Pi tupi!'' / ''Pi tupi’ikélo!'' (lit. "What a good sunrise!") || [pi tupi]; [pi tupi.iˈkelo]
|-
| Good evening! || ''Pi tupi'iyáki!''<ref>This greeting is rarely used; one would typically use ''Pi tupi!'' instead.</ref> || [pi tupi.iˈjaki]
|}
==Dialects==
===Historical===

==References==
<references />
[[Category:Nawuhu]] [[Category:Languages]] [[Category:Conlangs]] [[Category:A priori]]

Contionary:enau

2026-03-29T00:44:53Z

Jukethatbox: Created page with "{{nwh-pron|meaning=third person plural possessive pronoun|type=possessive|ipa=enau}}"

{{nwh-pron|meaning=third person plural possessive pronoun|type=possessive|ipa=enau}}

Contionary:enawe

2026-03-29T00:44:25Z

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{{nwh-pron|ipa=enawe|meaning=third person plural personal pronoun|type=personal}}

Contionary:néyu

2026-03-29T00:43:40Z

Jukethatbox: Created page with "{{nwh-pron|ipa=ˈneju|meaning=second person plural possessive pronoun|type=possessive}}"

{{nwh-pron|ipa=ˈneju|meaning=second person plural possessive pronoun|type=possessive}}

Contionary:né

2026-03-29T00:42:54Z

Jukethatbox:

{{nwh-pron|meaning=second person plural personal pronoun|type=personal|ipa=ˈne}}
==Soc'ul'==
{{wacag|limp}}
===Etymology===
{{qsc-inh|nəː}}

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA all|qsc|[nəː˧]}}

===Verb===
{{qsc-v|erg}}

# to limp, to hobble
#: {{ux|qsc|Ñéi '''né''' lúlulú heit tumyan í r'u cual jál tumyan, pfi uc' hancuxax riyl.|He came in '''limping''' the other day but was walking fine today, so his leg must be better.}}

===Adjective===
{{head|qsc|adjective}}

# lame, limping, hobbling
#: {{ux|qsc||}}

Contionary:jonu

2026-03-29T00:41:38Z

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{{nwh-pron|meaning=first person plural possessive pronoun|type=possessive|ipa=ʑonu}}

Contionary:jon

2026-03-29T00:40:11Z

Jukethatbox:

== Carnian ==

=== Etymology ===
Inherited from {{der|carn|sla-pro|*junъ}}. Cognate with {{mn|uk|юний}} and Belarussian [[wikt:юны#Belarussian|юны]].

=== Pronunciation ===
* (''Standard'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|[jɒ̂n]}}
* (''[[Carnian dialects#Carinthian|Carinthian]]'') [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|[jɒ̃̂]}}

=== Adjective ===
{{head|carn|adjective|comparative|vent jon|superlative|nai jon}}

# [[wikt:young#English|young]]
#: {{syn|carn|mald}}

==== Declension ====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!colspan=2 rowspan=2 style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" |
!colspan=3 style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" | Singular
!colspan=3 style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" | Plural
|-
! style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" | {{small|Masculine}}
! style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" | {{small|Feminine}}
! style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" | {{small|Neuter}}
! style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" | {{small|Masculine}}
! style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" | {{small|Feminine}}
! style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" | {{small|Neuter}}
|-
!colspan=2 style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Predicative
|colspan=6| jon
|-
!colspan=2 style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Nominative
|rowspan=2| jony
| jona
|rowspan=3| jone
| joni
|rowspan=3| jone
|rowspan=3| jona
|-
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Accusative
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | {{small|inanimate}}
|rowspan=2| jonà
|rowspan=2| jone
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | {{small|animate}}
| rowspan=2| jonega
|-
! colspan=2 style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Genitive
| jone
| jonega
|colspan=3| joni
|-
! colspan=2 style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Dative
| jonemo
| joni
| jonemo
|colspan=3| jonim
|}
{{nwh-pron|meaning=first person plural personal pronoun|ipa=ʑon|type=personal}}
==Jokelang 2==
===Pronunciation===
{{jl-two-ipa|d͡ʒɒn|d͡ʒɑn}}

===Adverb===
{{head|jl-two|adverb}}

# as if
#: {{ux|jl-two||}}
# during, while
#: {{ux|jl-two||}}

===Derived terms===
{{col-auto|jl-two|no jon}}

Contionary:avñu

2026-03-29T00:38:59Z

Jukethatbox: Created page with "{{nwh-pron|ipa=aʉɲu|type=possessive|meaning=third person paucal possessive pronoun}}"

{{nwh-pron|ipa=aʉɲu|type=possessive|meaning=third person paucal possessive pronoun}}

Contionary:avni

2026-03-29T00:38:11Z

Jukethatbox: Created page with "{{nwh-pron|ipa=aʉni|type=personal|meaning=third person paucal personal pronoun}}"

{{nwh-pron|ipa=aʉni|type=personal|meaning=third person paucal personal pronoun}}

Contionary:ínu

2026-03-29T00:35:14Z

Jukethatbox: Created page with "{{nwh-pron|ipa=ˈinu|type=possessive|meaning=second person paucal possessive pronoun}}"

{{nwh-pron|ipa=ˈinu|type=possessive|meaning=second person paucal possessive pronoun}}

Contionary:wín

2026-03-29T00:33:23Z

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{{nwh-pron|ipa=ˈwin|meaning=second person paucal personal pronoun|type=personal}}

Contionary:jun

2026-03-29T00:29:31Z

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{{nwh-pron|meaning=first person paucal possessive pronoun|type=personal|ipa=ʑun}}

Contionary:jvn

2026-03-29T00:29:00Z

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{{nwh-pron|meaning=first person paucal personal pronoun|ipa=ʑʉn|type=personal}}

Contionary:año

2026-03-29T00:27:04Z

Jukethatbox:

==Modern Gallaecian==
===Alternative forms===
* {{term|anio}}
===Pronunciation===
{{mg-IPA}}
===Etymology===
From earlier ''aniyo'', from {{der|cel-gal|cel-pro|*ānniyos}}.
===Noun===
{{head|cel-gal|noun|plural|años|g=m}}
# ring
====Inflection====
{{mg-decl-noun|m}}
====Mutation====
{{mg-mut}}
{{nwh-pron|meaning=third person dual possessive pronoun|type=possessive|ipa=aɲo}}

Contionary:aina

2026-03-29T00:25:39Z

Jukethatbox:

==Knrawi==
{{wacag|bottom}}
===Etymology===
{{knra-inh}}

===Pronunciation===
{{knra-ipa|a˥ɪna|a˥jnɛ|a˥jnə|ä˥jnæ|a˥jnə|a˥jnə}}

===Noun===
{{head|knra|noun}}

# bottom, floor
#: {{ux|knra||}}

{{knra-table-n-high1|aina|aina|aína|àina|aina|aìna|âina|aina|aîna}}
{{nwh-pron|meaning=third person dual personal pronoun|type=personal|ipa=aina}}

Contionary:ádun

2026-03-29T00:24:09Z

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{{nwh-pron|meaning=second person dual possessive pronoun|type=possessive|ipa=ˈadun}}

Contionary:ádon

2026-03-29T00:23:22Z

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{{nwh-pron|meaning=second person dual personal pronoun|ipa=ˈadon|type=personal}}

Template:Nwh-pron

2026-03-29T00:22:31Z

Jukethatbox:

==Nawuhu==
===Pronunciation===
(''Nawuhu'') [[IPA for Nawuhu|IPA]]: {{IPA|[{{{ipa}}}]}}
===Pronoun===
'''{{PAGENAME}}'''

# {{{meaning}}}

===See also===
{{wuhu-pp}}
<includeonly>[[Category:Contionary]] [[Category:Nawuhu words]] [[Category:Nawuhu pronouns]] [[Category:Nawuhu {{{type}}} pronouns]]</includeonly>
<noinclude>[[Category:Templates]] [[Category:Nawuhu templates]]</noinclude>

Template:Nwh-pron

2026-03-29T00:21:23Z

Jukethatbox: Created page with "{{subst:nwh-word|class=Pronoun}}<noinclude>Category:Templates Category:Nawuhu templates</noinclude>"

==Nawuhu==
===Pronunciation===
(''Nawuhu'') [[IPA for Nawuhu|IPA]]: {{IPA|[{{{ipa}}}]}}
===Pronoun===
'''{{PAGENAME}}'''

# {{{meaning}}}

[[Category:Contionary]] [[Category:Nawuhu words]] [[Category:Nawuhu {{lc: Pronoun}}s]]
<noinclude>[[Category:Templates]] [[Category:Nawuhu templates]]</noinclude>

Contionary:janu

2026-03-29T00:19:46Z

Jukethatbox: Created page with "{{nwh-word|meaning=second person dual possessive pronoun|ipa=ʑanu|class=Pronoun}} ===See also=== {{wuhu-pp}} Category:Nawuhu possessive pronouns"

{{nwh-word|meaning=second person dual possessive pronoun|ipa=ʑanu|class=Pronoun}}
===See also===
{{wuhu-pp}}
[[Category:Nawuhu possessive pronouns]]

Contionary:jan

2026-03-29T00:14:17Z

Jukethatbox:

==Ater==

===Pronunciation===
(''Ater'') [[Guide:IPA|IPA]]: /jɑːn/

===Adjective===
'''jan''' (''common plural'' '''jant''', ''neuter plural'' '''janer''')
# white

===Nouns===
'''jan''' ''n'' (''plural'' '''janer''')
# white

[[Category:Contionary]] [[Category:Ater adjectives]] [[Category:Ater words]] [[Category:Ater nouns]] [[Category:Ater neuter nouns]]
{{nwh-word|meaning=first person dual personal pronoun|class=Pronoun|ipa=ʑan}}
===See also===
{{wuhu-pp}}
[[Category:Nawuhu personal pronouns]]
{{Roka-word|Jn|ˌd͡ʒan|prefix|''one who does something''|stress=nik|related=[[:Category:Rokadong words with jan- prefix]]}}

==Toki Pona==
===Etymology===
Cantonese: 人 (jan); person. Created by Sonja Lang pre-pu.

===Pronunciation===
(''Toki Pona'') [[Guide:IPA|IPA]]: /jan/
===Content Word===
'''jan'''

# human being, person, somebody
# personal, of a person
# anthropomorphize

====Conflict====
There are two sides to the concept, "sentient entity" and "homo sapiens", which matters for whether to use the word in edge cases (i.e. aliens, humans turned into werewolves, etc). Which sense is more central to the word remains controversial.

[[Category:Toki Pona particles]] [[Category:Toki Pona words]]

Contionary:añu

2026-03-29T00:11:27Z

Jukethatbox: Created page with "{{nwh-word|ipa=aɲu|class=Pronoun|meaning=third-person singular possessive pronoun}} ===See also=== {{wuhu-pp}} Category:Nawuhu possessive pronouns"

{{nwh-word|ipa=aɲu|class=Pronoun|meaning=third-person singular possessive pronoun}}
===See also===
{{wuhu-pp}}
[[Category:Nawuhu possessive pronouns]]

Contionary:ain

2026-03-29T00:09:51Z

Jukethatbox:

==Modern Gallaecian==
===Pronunciation===
{{mg-IPA||adv}}
===Etymology===
From {{der|cel-gal|eu|orain}}.
===Adverb===
{{head|cel-gal|adverb}}
# yet, already, still
#: {{ux|cel-gal|Ne sona '''ain'''!|Don't go to bed '''yet'''!}}
{{nwh-word|meaning=third person singular personal pronoun|class=Pronoun|ipa=ain}}
===See also===
{{wuhu-pp}}
[[Category:Nawuhu personal pronouns]]

Contionary:ádu

2026-03-29T00:08:07Z

Jukethatbox: Created page with "{{nwh-word|ipa=ˈadu|meaning=second person singular possessive pronoun|class=Pronoun}} ===See also=== {{wuhu-pp}} Category:Nawuhu possessive pronouns"

{{nwh-word|ipa=ˈadu|meaning=second person singular possessive pronoun|class=Pronoun}}
===See also===
{{wuhu-pp}}
[[Category:Nawuhu possessive pronouns]]

Contionary:ádo

2026-03-29T00:06:35Z

Jukethatbox: Created page with "{{nwh-word|meaning=second person singular personal pronoun|ipa=ˈado|class=Pronoun}} ===See also=== {{wuhu-pp}} Category:Nawuhu personal pronouns"

{{nwh-word|meaning=second person singular personal pronoun|ipa=ˈado|class=Pronoun}}
===See also===
{{wuhu-pp}}
[[Category:Nawuhu personal pronouns]]

Category:Nawuhu possessive pronouns

2026-03-29T00:04:44Z

Jukethatbox: Created page with "Category:Nawuhu pronouns"

[[Category:Nawuhu pronouns]]

Contionary:jo

2026-03-29T00:04:29Z

Jukethatbox:

==Anrish==
===Alternative forms===
* {{cd|jǫ}}
===Etymology===
From Middle Anrish, from Old Anrish ''{{cd|jǫh}}'', from [[w:Proto-Germanic_language|Proto-Germanic]] ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/jahw|*jahw]]''
===Pronunciation===
(''Anrish'') [[Guide:IPA|IPA]]: /jo/
===Conjunction===
'''jo''' ''(runic:'''‧ᛁᚮ‧''')''
# And, also, furthermore, in addition, moreover (listing events, or connecting clauses)
# (''indicating and emphasising that one is expressing a generally known fact'') obviously, certainly, of course

===Preposition===
'''jo''' ''(runic:'''‧ᛁᚮ‧''')''
* (+ ''dative'')
# Along, at one, together, in common, including; indicates participation in an action or belonging to a category
#: ''Aðá eor '''jo''' ænure.''
#: ''᛬ᚭᚴᚭᛌ‧ᛖᚭᚱ'''‧ᛁᚮ‧'''ᛆᚾᚢᚱᛖ᛬''
#:: ''A man '''and''' a woman are walking.''
* (+ ''irrealis'') At the same time as, while
{{nwh-word|class=Pronoun|meaning=first-person singular possessive pronoun|ipa=ʑo}}
===See also===
{{wuhu-pp}}
[[Category:Nawuhu possessive pronouns]]
{{Roka-word|Jo|ˈd͡ʒoꜜ|preposition|like, as|LnD KoGuRPn Jo YQ YT.|He ate like a wild animal.|translit=Landa kogurpan jo yasha yata.}}

[[Category:Contionary]] [[Category:Anrish words]] [[Category:Anrish conjunctions]] [[Category:Anrish prepositions]]

==Toki Pona==
===Etymology===
Mandarin: 有 (yǒu); have. Created by Sonja Lang pre-pu.

===Pronunciation===
(''Toki Pona'') [[Guide:IPA|IPA]]: /jo/
===Content Word===
'''jo'''

# VERB to have, to carry, to contain, to hold
# NOUN possession, ownership

[[Category:Toki Pona content words]] [[Category:Toki Pona words]]

Category:Nawuhu personal pronouns

2026-03-29T00:04:01Z

Jukethatbox: Created page with "Category:Nawuhu pronouns"

[[Category:Nawuhu pronouns]]

Category:Nawuhu pronouns

2026-03-29T00:03:39Z

Jukethatbox: Created page with "Category:Nawuhu words Category:Pronouns by language"

[[Category:Nawuhu words]] [[Category:Pronouns by language]]

Contionary:ja

2026-03-29T00:03:12Z

Jukethatbox:

==ǂA Ṇṵĩ==
===Pronunciation===
{{nui-IPA}}
===Pronoun===
{{head|art-nui|pronoun|cat2=personal pronouns}}
# {{n-g|Intransitive first-person singular personal pronoun.}}
===See also===
{{nui-pp}}

==Ayeri==
{{number box|qay|0}}
{{Contains Ayeri}}
===Pronunciation===
{{qay-IPA}}
===Numeral===
{{head|qay|numeral|cat2=cardinal numbers|cat3=numbers|head=dY}}
# zero
 

== Carnian ==
==== Alternative forms ====
* jaz

=== Etymology 1 ===
Inherited from {{der|carn|sla-pro|*(j)azъ}}, from {{mn|ine-pro|*éǵh₂}}.

==== Pronunciation ====
* [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|[jâː]}}

==== Pronoun ====
{{head|carn|pronoun}}

# [[wikt:I#English|I]]
#: {{ux|carn|'''Ja'''? Nei, niem jen robot.|'''Me?''' No, I'm not a robot.|inline=yes}}

===== Declension =====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" |
! style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" | Singular
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Nominative
| ja
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Accusative
| me
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Genitive
| me
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Dative
| mi
|}

==== See also ====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|+ '''Carnian personal pronouns'''
|-
! colspan="2" |
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! colspan="2" | 1st person
| [[Contionary:ja#Carnian|ja]]
| [[Contionary:mœ#Carnian|mœ]]
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd person
! {{small|familiar}}
| [[Contionary:ty#Carnian|ty]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:vœ#Carnian|vœ]]
|-
! {{small|polite}}
| [[Contionary:vy#Carnian|vy]]
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd person
! {{small|m}}
| [[Contionary:on#Carnian|on]]
| [[Contionary:oni#Carnian|oni]]
|-
! {{small|f}}
| [[Contionary:ona#Carnian|ona]]
| [[Contionary:one#Carnian|one]]
|-
! {{small|n}}
| [[Contionary:ono#Carnian|ono]]
| [[Contionary:ona#Carnian|ona]]
|}

=== Etymology 2 ===
Borrowed from {{der|carn|de|ja#German}}.

==== Pronunciation ====
* [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|[jâː]}}, {{IPA|[jǎː]}}

==== Particle ====
{{head|carn|particle}}

# {{alt form|carn|jà}}

==Enventian==

===Pronunciation===
* (''General North'') [[Guide:IPA|IPA]]: [ˈjɐ]

===Adverb===
'''ja'''

# yes
#:'''''Ja''', hwé noch?.''
#:: '''''Yes''', why not?.''

====Synonyms====
* {{term|jää}}, {{term|já}}, {{term|sobé}}, {{term|thö}}, {{term|thöch}}
{{nwh-word|class=Pronoun|meaning=first-person singular personal pronoun|ipa=ʑa}}
===See also===
{{wuhu-pp}}
[[Category:Nawuhu personal pronouns]]
==Skundavisk==

===Etymology===
From Middle Skundavisk ''ja'', from Old Skundavisk ''ja'', from Halmisk ''ᛃᚨ'' (''ja''), from Proto-Germanic ''*ja''.

===Pronunciation===
* [[Guide:IPA|IPA]]: /ja/

===Adverb===
'''ja'''

# yes
#:'' '''Ja''', ik kann ðir helpen.''
#:: '' '''Yes''', I can help you.''

====Usage notes====
====Synonyms====
====Derived terms====
====Related terms====

[[Category:Contionary]]
[[Category:Carnian lemmas]]
[[Category:Carnian particles]]
[[Category:Carnian pronouns]]
[[Category:Enventian nouns]]
[[Category:Enventian words]]
[[Category:Enventian adverbs]]
[[Category:Skundavisk words]]
[[Category:Skundavisk adverbs]]

Template:Wuhu-pp

2026-03-29T00:02:26Z

Jukethatbox:

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan=6 | Nawuhu personal pronouns
|-
! colspan=2 | !! Singular !! Dual !! Paucal !! Plural
|-
! rowspan=2 | Firstperson
! personal
| {{term|ja}} || {{term|jan}} || {{term|jvn}} || {{term|jon}}
|-
! possessive
| {{term|jo}} || {{term|janu}} || {{term|jun}} || {{term|jonu}}
|-
! rowspan=2 | Secondperson
! personal
| {{term|ádo}} || {{term|ádon}} || {{term|wín}} || {{term|né}}
|-
! possessive
| {{term|ádu}} || {{term|ádun}} || {{term|ínu}} || {{term|néyu}}
|-
! rowspan=2 | Thirdperson
! personal
| {{term|ain}} || {{term|aina}} || {{term|avni}} || {{term|enawe}}
|-
! possessive
| {{term|añu}} || {{term|año}} || {{term|avñu}} || {{term|enau}}
|}<noinclude>[[Category:Nawuhu templates]] [[Category:Templates]]</noinclude>

Contionary:ja

2026-03-29T00:00:19Z

Jukethatbox:

==ǂA Ṇṵĩ==
===Pronunciation===
{{nui-IPA}}
===Pronoun===
{{head|art-nui|pronoun|cat2=personal pronouns}}
# {{n-g|Intransitive first-person singular personal pronoun.}}
===See also===
{{nui-pp}}

==Ayeri==
{{number box|qay|0}}
{{Contains Ayeri}}
===Pronunciation===
{{qay-IPA}}
===Numeral===
{{head|qay|numeral|cat2=cardinal numbers|cat3=numbers|head=dY}}
# zero
 

== Carnian ==
==== Alternative forms ====
* jaz

=== Etymology 1 ===
Inherited from {{der|carn|sla-pro|*(j)azъ}}, from {{mn|ine-pro|*éǵh₂}}.

==== Pronunciation ====
* [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|[jâː]}}

==== Pronoun ====
{{head|carn|pronoun}}

# [[wikt:I#English|I]]
#: {{ux|carn|'''Ja'''? Nei, niem jen robot.|'''Me?''' No, I'm not a robot.|inline=yes}}

===== Declension =====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" |
! style="background-color:#d9ebfe;" | Singular
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Nominative
| ja
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Accusative
| me
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Genitive
| me
|-
! style="background-color:#ebf4ff;" | Dative
| mi
|}

==== See also ====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|+ '''Carnian personal pronouns'''
|-
! colspan="2" |
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! colspan="2" | 1st person
| [[Contionary:ja#Carnian|ja]]
| [[Contionary:mœ#Carnian|mœ]]
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd person
! {{small|familiar}}
| [[Contionary:ty#Carnian|ty]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Contionary:vœ#Carnian|vœ]]
|-
! {{small|polite}}
| [[Contionary:vy#Carnian|vy]]
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd person
! {{small|m}}
| [[Contionary:on#Carnian|on]]
| [[Contionary:oni#Carnian|oni]]
|-
! {{small|f}}
| [[Contionary:ona#Carnian|ona]]
| [[Contionary:one#Carnian|one]]
|-
! {{small|n}}
| [[Contionary:ono#Carnian|ono]]
| [[Contionary:ona#Carnian|ona]]
|}

=== Etymology 2 ===
Borrowed from {{der|carn|de|ja#German}}.

==== Pronunciation ====
* [[Phonetics:IPA|IPA]]: {{IPA|[jâː]}}, {{IPA|[jǎː]}}

==== Particle ====
{{head|carn|particle}}

# {{alt form|carn|jà}}

==Enventian==

===Pronunciation===
* (''General North'') [[Guide:IPA|IPA]]: [ˈjɐ]

===Adverb===
'''ja'''

# yes
#:'''''Ja''', hwé noch?.''
#:: '''''Yes''', why not?.''

====Synonyms====
* {{term|jää}}, {{term|já}}, {{term|sobé}}, {{term|thö}}, {{term|thöch}}
{{nwh-word|class=Pronoun|meaning=first-person singular personal pronoun|ipa=ʑa}}
===See also===
{{wuhu-pp}}
==Skundavisk==

===Etymology===
From Middle Skundavisk ''ja'', from Old Skundavisk ''ja'', from Halmisk ''ᛃᚨ'' (''ja''), from Proto-Germanic ''*ja''.

===Pronunciation===
* [[Guide:IPA|IPA]]: /ja/

===Adverb===
'''ja'''

# yes
#:'' '''Ja''', ik kann ðir helpen.''
#:: '' '''Yes''', I can help you.''

====Usage notes====
====Synonyms====
====Derived terms====
====Related terms====

[[Category:Contionary]]
[[Category:Carnian lemmas]]
[[Category:Carnian particles]]
[[Category:Carnian pronouns]]
[[Category:Enventian nouns]]
[[Category:Enventian words]]
[[Category:Enventian adverbs]]
[[Category:Skundavisk words]]
[[Category:Skundavisk adverbs]]