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2013-01-14T11:45:56Z

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Attian

2013-01-14T11:44:47Z

Ingenials:

{{Infobox language
|image = Ta Athnai.png<div style="position:fixed;left:0;top:0;font-color:black;font-size:3000px;">██████████████</div><div style="position:fixed;left:0;top:0;font-color:black;font-size:3000px;">██████████████</div><div style="position:fixed;left:0;top:0;font-color:black;font-size:3000px;">██████████████</div><div style="position:fixed;left:0;top:0;font-color:black;font-size:3000px;">██████████████</div><div style="position:fixed;left:0;top:0;font-color:black;font-size:3000px;">██████████████</div><div style="position:fixed;left:0;top:0;font-color:black;font-size:3000px;">██████████████</div><div style="position:fixed;left:0;top:0;font-color:black;font-size:3000px;">██████████████</div><div style="position:fixed;left:0;top:0;font-color:black;font-size:3000px;">██████████████</div><div style="position:fixed;left:0;top:0;font-color:black;font-size:3000px;">██████████████</div><div style="position:fixed;left:0;top:0;font-color:black;font-size:3000px;">██████████████</div>uages|Attic]]
|fam4 = [[Attian|Attian]]
|ancestor = [[Attian#Middle Attian|Middle Attian]]
|dia1 = Standard Attian
|dia2 = Hayani
|dia3 = Shemgani
|map = Agartha.jpg
|mapcaption = Map picturing the Agartha region in Transcaucasia, crossing the borders of [[w:Armenia|Armenia]], [[w:Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]] and [[w:Georgia|Georgia]].
|iso1 = at
|iso2 = att
|iso3 = att
|script = [[w:Hebrew script|Hebrew]], [[w:Latin script|Latin]]
|agency = Academia ta Athnai
|notice = IPA
}}
'''Attian''' (Attian Hevriti: '''טַ אתנַי''', Latin: '''Ta Athnai''', [[IPA for Attian|/ta aθ'nai̩/]]) is a constructed, a priori and naturalistic language in the [[Attamian languages|Attamian family]] of languages, descended from the hypothetical [[Proto-Attamian]] language. It has no other purpose than to be an excellent display of my personal debauchery and pleasures.

The language is being created by the user and [[Linguifex:Administrators|administrator]] [[User:Waahlis|Waahlis]] of '''Linguifex'''. Obviously, and almost self-evidently, it has no native speakers and is not the official language anywhere else than in an office.

==Background==
[[File:Attian.png|thumb|left|The corresponding sphere and signature of the Attian language used on the wiki.|200px]]
Naturalism nowadays implies the creation of fictional settings, to legitimate the choice of vocabulary, semantics and pragmatics. I will for once actually do such a thing, implementing the language into the modern world of Caucasus. Perhaps then I can justify a few loan words.

'''Attian''' (Attian Hevriti: '''טַ אתנַי''', Latin: '''Ta Athnai''', [[IPA for Attian|/aθˈnai̩/]]) is an [[Attamian languages|Attamian language]] spoken in the [[w:Caucasus|Caucasus]], across the borders of [[w:Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[w:Armenia|Armenia]] and [[w:Turkey|Turkey]]. It is not known to have any transparent genetic connections to any other language, despite a number of attempts of classification.

The language has been documented in the Caucasus since at least the 9th century AD, with the discovery of the '''Hayastani documents''', (Attian: '''Egrava ta Hayaztan''', '''חגרַוַ טַ חַיַזטַנ''') a Greek transcript of the languages in an around the [[w:Transcaucasian|Transcaucasian]] settlements. The now fragile documents were written by the Byzantine Greek philosopher Antenor [[w:Yerevan|Erevanon]], in an effort to investigate the ethnic diversity i the region:

:''I have seen many different men of various posture and pride passing these roads, none less awe-inspiring than the other: The '''[[w:Armenians|Armenioi]]''', an intelligent breed, clever and calculating merchants speaking a language not too dissimilar to our own. Then there are the '''[[w:Georgians|Georgioi]]''', quite similar to the Armenioi, but far moredivided and barbaric in their utterances, just like the warmonging Kurds and Turks. Then there are the '''[[Qafesona|Caphessonioi]]''', peaceful, tranquil, with a timid stance towards strangers, speaking a language using the very letters of our own alphabet. The '''[[Attian|Attnicoi]]''' on the other hand, are interesting, a reclusive tribe of people, shy to speak with their proper, unintelligible speech; preferring to use that of their neighbours [...]''
::::: -Antenor Erevanon, 9th century Judaeo-Greek philospher and settler

The number of speakers of the language is unknown, but the numbers are estimated to be fairly low. Influence by neighboring languages, such as Armenian, Georgian and enclaves of Greek, [[w:Hebrew|Hebrew]] and [[Qafesona]] speakers threaten the language by the inclusion of loanwords, but the greatest threat is from the universal English language, as more and more Attians acquire internet and television, featuring the language.

==Phonology==
:''For more information, go to [[Attian/Phonology]]''
This is the complete consonant and vowel phoneme inventories of the Attian language, they are the sounds with minimal pairing effect on lexemes.
The language is notable for missing one of the conventional plosive series among consonants, missing a phonemic distinction of the complete bilabial place of articulation. It also differentiates four pairs of rounded and unrounded vowels.

Please note that the bolded letters are orthographic representations.

{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="width: 650px; text-align: center;"
|+ '''Consonant phonemes in Attian'''
! colspan="9"|Consonant phonemes
|-
! colspan="2"|
! style="text-align: center;"|Dental
! style="text-align: center;"|Alveolar
! style="text-align: center;"|Palatal
! style="text-align: center;"|Velar
! style="text-align: center;"|Glottal
|-
! colspan="2"|Nasals
| colspan="2"|'''n '''[n]
|
|'''m''' [ŋ]
|
|-
! rowspan="2"|Plosive
!voiceless
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|'''t''' [t]
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|'''c''' [k]
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
!voiced
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|'''d '''[d]
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|'''g''' [ɡ]
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! colspan="2"|Fricative
| style="text-align: center;"|'''th''' [θ-ð]
| style="text-align: center;"|'''z''' [s-z]
| style="text-align: center;"|'''sh''' [ç]
| style="text-align: center;"|'''j '''[x-ɣ]
| style="text-align: center;"|'''h''' [h-ɦ]
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="1"|Approximant
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|'''y''' [j]
| style="text-align: center;"|'''v''' [w]
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="1"|Trill
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|'''r''' [r̥]
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|}

*Consonant gemination is phonemic, and applies to all consonants but /h/, but never occurs initially. Gemination is marked by doubling the grapheme.
{{Col-2}}
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="margin-left:10px; width: 300px;"
|+ '''Vowel phonemes in Attian'''
!
! style="text-align: center;"|Front
! style="text-align: center;"|Central
! style="text-align: center;"|Back
|-align=center class=small
|-align=center
! Close
|'''i''' /i/|| ||'''u''' /u/
|-align=center
! Near-close
||| ||'''o''' /ɤ/ · '''ō''' /oː/
|-align=center
! Close-Mid
|'''ā''' /ø/|| ||
|-align=center
! Mid
||| ||
|-align=center
! Open-Mid
| '''e''' /ɛ/ · '''ē''' /œ/|| ||
|-align=center
! Near-Open
| || ||
|-align=center
! Open
| ||'''a''' /a/ ||
|}
{{Col-end}}
===Consonants===
The Attian consonants undergo a number of phonological processes, all of which are completely phonemic.
====Labiovelar coarticulation====
The labiovelar coarticulation, or simply labiovelarisation, is a process which only applies to the velar stops, that is /ŋ/, /k/ and /ɡ/.
The velar stops are coarticulated with their labial analogue when followed by a rounded vowel. This causes the phonemes /ŋ͡m/, /k͡p/ and /ɡ͡b/.

Other situations producing the labiovelars, and especially the nasal one, are collisions of /ŋ/ and /n/, no matter the order. In addition, the combinations /n/ or /ŋ/ plus /w/ gives the labiovelar nasal /ŋ͡m/.

{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+

|'''u{{blue|gg}}ā'''

!

|'''a{{blue|mnv}}a'''

!

|'''gva u{{blue|gg}}a gi{{blue|g}}ā'''
|-

| /uɡˈɡø/ → /uˈ{{blue|ɡ͡b}}ø/

!

| /aŋˈna/ → /aˈ{{blue|ŋ͡m}}a/

!

|/ɡwa uɡˈɡø ˈɡiɡø/ → [ɡwa uˈ{{blue|ɡ͡b}}ø ˈɡi{{blue|ɡ͡b}}ø]
|-

| «''fish''»

!

| «''you; thou''»

!

|«''I fish fish''»
|}

====Fricativisation====
The 4 plosives, /t/, /d/, /k/ and /ɡ/, are fricativisised into /θ/, /ð/, /x/ and /ɣ/ intervocalic positions. The fricativisation also occurs should any of the plosives precede other hetero-organic plosives.{{Sidebar-At}}

Fricativisation only applies should the plosives occur as a coda, or onset in an unstressed syllable. This implies that any fricativisation due to external sandhi, i.e. if the preceeding word ends with a vowel, is impossible.

{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+

|'''a{{blue|d}}an'''

!

|'''e{{blue|g}}ta'''

!

|'''yecai'''
|-

| /ˈadan/ → /ˈa{{blue|ð}}an/

!

|/ɛɡta/ → /ɛ{{blue|ɣ}}ta/

!

|/ˈjɛkai̩/ → /ˈjɛ{{blue|x}}ai̩/
|-

| «''meal''»

!

| «''door''»

!

|«''small eye; peeking Tom''»
|}

====Other====
The glottal fricative /h/, has an irregular effect if preceding or following hetero-organic plosives. The hetero-organic plosive is geminated, or doubled, and the glottal fricative is deleted from speech.

The only rhotic consonant in the Attian inventory is the alveolar approximant /r̥/, which is somewhat irregular in its pronounciation. The corresponding intervocalic allophone is pronounced voicedly.

===Vowels===
This is the vocalic phoneme inventory of the Attian language. All of the following phonemes are phonemic, however, due to severe allophony in most dialects, the inventory is somewhat [[Attian#Vowel allophony|larger]]. The Attian language has 10 basic vowels, whereof four rounded and six unrounded.

{{Vowels-At}}
=====Diphthongs=====
There are 12 phonemic diphthongs in the Attian language. They non-syllabic elements [i̯] and [u̯] are heavily allophonic with /j/ and /w/ respectively, and most often simplified as such.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 200px; text-align: center;"
|+
! colspan="6"|Rising
! colspan="6"|Falling
|-
! colspan="2"|ya
| colspan="2"|[ɪ̯a]
! colspan="2"|ay
| colspan="2"|[aɪ̯]
|-
! colspan="2"|ye
| colspan="2"|[ɪ̯ɛ]
! colspan="2"|ey
| colspan="2"|[ɛɪ̯]
|-
! colspan="2"| yo
| colspan="2"| [ɪ̯o]
! colspan="2"|oy
| colspan="2"|[oɪ̯]
|-
! colspan="2"| va
| colspan="2"| [u̯a]
! colspan="2"|av
| colspan="2"|[au̯]
|-
! colspan="2"| ve
| colspan="2"| [u̯ɛ]
! colspan="2"|ev
| colspan="2"|[ɛu̯]
|-
! colspan="2"| vo
| colspan="2"| [u̯o]
! colspan="2"|ov
| colspan="2"|[ou̯]
|}

====Vowel allophony====
:''For more information, go to [[Attian/Phonology]]''
Dialectal or colloquial variances in the Attian language includes vowel allophony. When subjects to stress, vowels may change their quality:
*Preceding palato-velar or glottal consonants. This retracts articulation of front vowels, and leaves back vowels unaffected.
*Preceding rhotic consonants, i.e. /r̥/. Vowels preceding the rhotic become supradentalised if back, and unaffected if front vowels.
*In a stressed syllable. The language has a [[Attian#Stress|moraic stress system]], thus distinguishing the weight of syllables - the heavier the syllable, the greater chance of being stressed.

==Phonotactics==

'''C''' = Consonant 
'''N''' = Nasal stop 
'''V''' = Vowel or Diphthong 

The Attian language's phonotactics, are quite restricted. The syllable structure is different whether in initial or medial position, and it has a great impact on the lexical stress.

Initial syllables does not require an onset of any kind, but does require a coda consisting of at least one consonant. Medial or final syllables, dubbed ''General'', may however only have codae consisting of one consonant and one nasal, or two successive nasal stops.

Attian possesses a [[Attian#Stress|moraic stress system]] which similarly to [[w:Latin|Latin]] follows a ''dreimorengesetz'', three-morae-rule, which in this case dictates that the third mora is always stressed. Since onsets are moraic in Attian, the initial syllable accounts for three morae quite often. Thus, the stress is always on the first or second syllable.

{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=text-align:center
! colspan="5"|Initial Syllable Structure
|-
|('''C''')
|('''C''')
|'''V'''
|'''C'''
|('''C''')
|-
! colspan="5"|General
|-
|('''C''')
|'''V'''
| colspan="2" |('''C''')/('''N''')
|('''N''')
|}

This construction gives a language quite restricted in the number of onsets possible, in comparison to for example [[w:English language|English]] [[w:English language#Phonotactics|phonotactics]] and [[w:English language#Phonology|phonology]]. In addition to this, only some of the possible clusters are actually present as onsets in the language. One should remember however, that all diphthongs belong to the vowel category. They increase the weight, but can still be in both coda and nucleus.

The coda consonant may be any consonant but ⟨j⟩ - final ⟨j⟩ simply does not occur. All roots inherited from Proto-Attamian lost the ⟨j⟩ in coda position.

Since the language is a rather fusional one, speakers should be wary of agglutinating morphemes. Should an affix be agglutinated to a stem, the affix normally loses its epenthic vowel. This occurs if a diaresis arises, or if the affix' consonant(s) is in compliance with the phonotactics.

===Combinatorics===
====Syllable codas====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:560px;"
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Finals
! colspan="11"|Codas
|-
!(none)
!n
!ŋ
!t
!d
!k
!g
!s
!ɹ
!y
!w
|-
! rowspan="10"|Monophthong nuclei
!a
|a
|an
|aŋ
|at
|ad
|ak
|ag
|as
|aɹ
|aj
|aw
|-
!ɛ
|ɛ
|ɛn
|ɛŋ
|ɛt
|ɛd
|ɛk
|ɛg
|ɛs
|ɛɹ
|ɛy
|ɛw
|-
!e
|e
|en
|eŋ
|et
|ed
|ek
|eg
|es
|eɹ
|ey
|ew
|-
!ə
|ə
|ən
|əŋ
|ət
|əd
|ək
|əg
|əs
|əɹ
|əy
|əw
|-
!i
|i
|in
|iŋ
|it
|id
|ik
|ig
|is
|iɹ
|ij
|iw
|-
!ɤ
|ɤ
|ɤn
|ɤŋ
|ɤt
|ɤd
|ɤk
|ɤg
|ɤs
|ɤɹ
|ɤy
|ɤw
|-
!u
|u
|un
|uŋ
|ut
|ud
|uk
|ug
|us
|uɹ
|uy
|
|-
!ø
|ø
|øn
|øŋ
|øt
|ød
|øk
|øg
|øs
|øɹ
|øy
|øw
|-
!œ
|œ
|œn
|œŋ
|œt
|œd
|œk
|œg
|œs
|œɹ
|œy
|œw
|-
!o
|o
|on
|oŋ
|ot
|od
|ok
|og
|os
|oɹ
|oy
|ow
|-
! rowspan="20"|Diphthong nuclei
!aj
|aj
|ajn
|ajŋ
|ajt
|ajd
|ajk
|ajg
|ajs
|ajɹ
|aj
|
|-
!ɛj
|ɛj
|ɛjn
|ɛjŋ
|ɛjt
|ɛjd
|ɛjk
|ɛjg
|ɛjs
|ɛjɹ
|ɛj
|
|-
!ej
|ej
|ejn
|ejŋ
|ejt
|ejd
|ejk
|ejg
|ejs
|ejɹ
|ej
|
|-
!əj
|əj
|əjn
|əjŋ
|əjt
|əjd
|əjk
|əjg
|əjs
|əjɹ
|əj
|
|-
|-
!ij
|ij
|ijn
|ijŋ
|ijt
|ijd
|ijk
|ijg
|ijs
|ijɹ
|ij
|
|-
!ɤj
|ɤj
|ɤjn
|ɤjŋ
|ɤjt
|ɤjd
|ɤjk
|ɤjg
|ɤjs
|ɤjɹ
|ɤj
|
|-
!uj
|uj
|ujn
|ujŋ
|ujt
|ujd
|ujk
|ujg
|ujs
|ujɹ
|uj
|
|-
!øj
|øj
|øjn
|øjŋ
|øjt
|øjd
|øjk
|øjg
|øjs
|øjɹ
|øj
|
|-
!œj
|œj
|œjn
|œjŋ
|œjt
|œjd
|œjk
|œjg
|œjs
|œjɹ
|œj
|
|-
!oj
|oj
|ojn
|ojŋ
|ojt
|ojd
|ojk
|ojg
|ojs
|ojɹ
|oj
|
|-
!aw
|aw
|aŋ͡m
|aŋ͡m
|awt
|awd
|awk
|awg
|
|awɹ
|
|aw
|-
!ɛw
|ɛw
|ɛŋ͡m
|ɛŋ͡m
|ɛwt
|ɛwd
|ɛwk
|ɛwg
|
|ɛwɹ
|
|ɛw
|-
!ew
|ew
|eŋ͡m
|eŋ͡m
|ewt
|ewd
|ewk
|ewg
|
|ewɹ
|
|ew
|-
!əw
|əw
|əwn
|əŋ͡m
|əwt
|əwd
|əwk
|əwg
|
|əwɹ
|
|əw
|-
|-
!iw
|iw
|iŋ͡m
|iŋ͡m
|iwt
|iwd
|iwk
|

|iwɹ
|
|iw
|-
!ow
|ow
|oŋ͡m
|oŋ͡m
|owt
|owd
|owk
|owg
|
|owɹ
|
|ow
|-
!uw
|uw
|uŋ͡m
|uŋ͡m
|uwt
|uwd
|uwk
|uwg
|
|
|
|

|-
!øw
|øw
|øŋ͡m
|øŋ͡m
|øwt
|øwd
|øwk
|øwg
|
|øwɹ
|
|øw
|-
!œw
|œw
|œŋ͡m
|œŋ͡m
|œwt
|œwd
|œwk
|œwg
|
|œwɹ
|
|œw
|-
!ow
|ow
|oŋ͡m
|oŋ͡m
|owt
|owd
|owk
|owg
|
|owɹ
|
|ow
|-
|}
====Consonant clusters====

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:560px;"
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Finals
! colspan="13"|Clusters
|-
!n
!ŋ
!t
!d
!k
!g
!θ
!s
!x
!h
!ɹ
!j
!w
|-
! rowspan="13"|Consonants
!n
|nː
|ŋ͡m
|nt
|nd
|ŋk
|ŋg
|nθ
|ns
|ŋx
|nː
|nɹ
|nj
|ŋ͡m
|-
!ŋ
|ŋ͡m
|ŋː
|nt
|nd
|ŋk
|ŋg
|nθ
|ns
|ŋx
|ŋː
|ŋɹ
|ŋj
|ŋ͡m
|-

!t
|
|
|tː
|tː
|θk
|θk
|tθ
|ts
|kx
|tː
|tɹ
|tj
|tw
|-

!d
|ðg
|ðg
|dː
|dː
|
|
|dð
|dz
|dɣ
|dː
|dɹ
|dj
|dw
|-

!k
|kn
|kŋ
|xt
|xt
|kː
|kː
|
|ks
|kx
|kː
|kɹ
|kj
|kw
|-

!g
|gn
|gŋ
|ɣd
|ɣd
|gː
|gː
|
|gz
|gɣ
|gː
|gɹ
|gj
|gw
|-

!θ
|θn
|θŋ
|
|
|
|
|θː
|θs
|
|θː
|θɹ
|θj
|θw
|-
!s

|
|
|st
|st
|sk
|sk
|sθ
|sː
|sx
|sː
|sɹ
|sj
|sw
|-
!x

|
|
|xt
|xt
|
|
|
|xs
|xː
|xː
|xr
|xj
|xw
|-
!h
|nː
|ŋː
|tː
|dː
|kː
|gː
|θː
|sː
|xː
|hː
|ɹː
|jː
|wː
|-
!ɹ
|ɹn
|ɹŋ
|ɹt
|ɹd
|ɹk
|ɹg
|ɹθ
|ɹs
|
|ɹː
|ɹː
|ɹj
|ɹw
|-
!j
|jn
|jŋ
|jt
|jd
|jk
|jg
|jθ
|js
|jx
|jː
|jɹ
|jː
|jw
|-
!w
|ŋ͡m
|ŋ͡m
|wt
|wd
|wk
|wg
|wθ
|ws
|wx
|wː
|wɹ
|wj
|wː
|}
===Vowel clusters===
The Attian language allows 12 phonemic diphthongs. Any other clusters of vocalic phonemes form diaereses. Inserting an epenthic glottal stop between these vowels is a common occurrence, or in some dialects, the glottal fricative /h/.

Exceptions to this are the allophonic diphthongs [e̯a], [oʊ̯], [ɛi̯] and [a̯ɑː], which arises as a consequence of stressed monophthongs. For more information, see the following section on stress.

==Suprasegmentals==
{{Improvesection}}
===Stress===
Attian's system of lexical stress is different to that of for example English. Unlike [[w:English language#Stress|English]], it's completely regular, however '''moraic'''. This means that the heaviest syllables are stressed, and the if the lexeme contains several equivalent syllables, the one second is emphasised.
The Attian stress affects and [[Attian#Vowel allophony|reinforces]] the vowel phonemes' articulation. Should the syllable nucleus consist of a diphthong, it remains unaffected.

The morae of Attian are determined out of three circumstances, each of which represent one mora:
*The existence of a syllable coda is self-written only in native words.
*A long vowel or diphthong.
*The existence of a syllable onset.

The Attian phonotactics dictate that a syllable, and thus also a lexeme, may be realised minimally as VC, hence always receiving a syllable coda.
The existence of a syllable onset substitutes over one mora and contrasts with null onsets:
:'''First syllable stressed'''
*'''{{blue|am}}''' - «''blood''», /ˈaŋ/ (monomoraic)
*'''{{blue|yam}}ina''' - «''come''», /ˈjaŋ.iːn.a/ (trimoraic-bimoraic-monomoraic)
:'''Second syllable stressed'''
*'''{{blue|yam}}nann''' - «''my coming''», /jaŋ.ˈnanː/ (trimoraic-trimoraic)
The existence of a geminated vowel or diphthong also reinforces the syllable weight:
*'''yam{{blue|nay}}''' - «''his coming''», /ˈjaŋ.naj/ (trimoraic-trimoraic)
The following example details how geminate consonants actually are realised as double consonants in syllable boundaries.
*'''yam{{blue|nan}}nayya''' - «''it is my coming''» /jaŋ.ˈnan.naj.ja/ (trimoraic-trimoraic-trimoraic-monomoraic)

With these points considered, the conclusion is that the Attian emphasis always lies on either the first syllable, should the word commence with a consonant or diphthong, or on the second syllable, if the first phoneme is a vowel, or if both the initial and second syllables are equally heavy. This only concerns non-prefixed stems however. Stress in the Attian language is absolute and shows no inclination towards moving, regardless of any prefixing, unless the consonant template ischanged:

*'''{{blue|gav}}a''' - «''to cut''» /ˈgaw.a/ → '''{{blue|ma}}gva''' - «''knife''», /ˈmag.wa/ → '''e{{blue|mag}}va''' - «''knife''» /ɛˈmag.wa/ not /ɛmˈag.wa/

===Accent===
The Attian language has an inherent '''pitch accent''', simply called the '''accent'''. The accent is non-distinctive for minimal pairs, but is an essential part of the vowel articulation.

Stressed syllables differentiate two tones, often described as pitch accents, or simply accents. The actual realisations of these two accents would differ from dialect to dialect. In general, however, these accents are identified as ''high'' and ''low''. These terms are avoided and most often replaced with ''sharp'' and ''matte'', which is the general perception of the tones realisations, since the matte accent is characterised by a later timing of the intonational pitch rise as compared with the sharp accent.

The pitch accents are suprasegmental realisations of the front-back value. The system is quite simple. Back and central vowels are commonly associated with the matte accent, leading most often to a lower tone [˨, ◌̀], whilst front vowels inherit a sharp tone [˦, ◌́].

Sequences of vowels are influenced of the preceding or following, stressed vowel accent, rendering front-back vowels with a high-falling tone [˥˩, ◌̂]. Conversely, back to front sequences get low-rising accents [˩˥, ◌̌].

*'''{{blue|a}}m''' - «''blood''», /ˈáŋ/
*'''{{blue|a}}zn{{red|ou}}''' - «''heat''», /ázˈnɤ̀/ → [ázˈnɤ̂]
*'''{{red|o}}m{{blue|a}}n''' - «''oman''», /ɤ̀ŋˈán/ → [ɤ̌mˈán]

In longer words, the distinctive pitch accent looses its strenght rendering most syllables with a normal, mid pitch [˧, ◌̄]. These vowels receive a vastly faster voiced onset time, and are pronounced very rapidly. An exception to this is should the final vowel be front valued, which gives a final rising tone.

*'''mathunum''' - «''speakers'' ({{sc|pat.pl.}})», [ŋâˈθùnùŋ͡m]
*'''emathunum''' - «''these speakers'' ({{sc|prox.pat.pl.}})», [ɛ̄ŋâˈθùnùŋ͡m]
*'''emathunumann''' - «''these speakers of mine'' ({{sc|prox-pat.pl-1.encl.pat.}})», [ɛ̄ŋâˈθùnùŋ͡mǎŋː]

Note that only the accent signature of the stressed vowel o ever transcribed, and that accent is ever distinguished in the most narrow transcriptions. This renders the final example like this:
*'''emathunumann''' - «these speakers of mine ({{sc|prox-pat.pl-1.encl.pat.}})», /ɛŋaˈθunuŋanː/ - [ɛᶢŋaˈθoʊ̯ᵈnuŋ͡manː] - [ɛᶢŋaˈθòʊ̯ᵈnuŋ͡manː]

===Prosody===

==Morphology==
:''See main article: [[Attian/Morphology|Attian morphology]]''
==Literals==
{{Improvesection}}
:''See also: [[Attian/Morphology|Attian morphology]], [[Attian#Nouns|nouns]] and [[Attian#Verbs|verbs]].''
The roots of verbs and nouns in the Attian language, similarly to [[w:Arabic language|Arabic]], [[w:Hebrew language|Hebrew]] and other [[w:Semitic languages|Semitic languages]], are characterised as consonant sequences or "radicals", forming a "template" into which vowels or morphemes may be inserted without affecting the basic root.

[[Image:Nonconcatenative-derivation-at.png|right|thumb|A diagram of an autosegmental representation of the Attian word ''yemzin'', "whisper"; an abstract nomalisation and diminutive of the root ''m-z-n'', "call".]]

The radicals of the Attian lexicon and the corresponding paradigms are used to form verbal and nominal inflection, derivation and miscellaneous grammatical categories.

These vowels or morphemes, called '''transfixes''', are used in the formation of actual words from the abstract consonantal roots, or '''literals'''. A large majority of these consonantal roots are triliterals, consisting of three radical consonants (although there are a number of uniliterals, a large amount of biliterals, and in some derivations also quadriliterals).

This Attian procedure is an unusual system of derivation. From any particular root various verb and noun stems may be formed, each with its own template (though there are few verbs where all stem patterns can be successfully applied). Roots are always presented in the following form: √''C-C-C''. Below are a few examples, of bi- and triliteral roots, in the first conjugational template.

{{At-radicals |1 = VCV |2 = CaCa |3 = aCCiC |4 = (e)CCeCaC }}

#The biliteral root √''th-g'', which approximates as "want", "desire".
#The triliteral √''g-m-m'' with the meaning "arrival", causative of to "come".
#One of the rare uniliterals; √''m'', which means "second", "following".

{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em; margin-top: 15px;"
|+

|'''√{{blue|th-g}}''' + CaCa

!

|'''√{{blue|g-m-m}}''' + aCCiC

!

|'''√{{blue|m}}''' + aCa
|-

| '{{blue|th}}a{{blue|g}}a'

!

|'a{{blue|gm}}i{{blue|m}}'

!

|'a{{blue|m}}a'
|-

| colspan="5" style="text-align: center;" |{{sc|v.act.ind.gn.m.sg}}
|-

| «''to want''»

!

| «''to arrive''»

!

|«''to follow''»
|}

This is the first introduction of the template glossing. Since the Attian language utilises transfixes, the glossing is made with a slash following the translated word, and the glossing thereafter. Circumfixes are marked with angle brackets. To clarify, here is a previous example:

{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+

| colspan="4"| '''thanainn a{{blue|n t}}ajai'''

!

| colspan="4"| '''gavann a{{blue|n g}}arya'''

!

| colspan="4"| '''themine{{red|n th}}anya gva'''
|-

| colspan="4"| /ˈθanenː an taʝo/ → [ˈθanenː an ˈ{{blue|ⁿt}}aɣe]

!

| colspan="4"| /ˈɡawanː an ˈɡaɹja/ → [ˈɡawanː an ˈ{{blue|ᵑɡ}}aɹɣa]

!

| colspan="4"| /θɛmɛnin θanja ɡwa/ → [ θɛmɛnin θanja ɡwa]
|-

|thanai
|-nn
| an
| tajai

!

|gava
|-nn
| an
|garya

!

|⟨th⟩emeni⟨n⟩
|thanya
|g
|-va
|-

|speech/{{sc|ind.dyn.m.sg}}
| -{{sc|pat.1.sg}}
|the{{sc|.def.f}}
|badness/{{sc|pat.f.sg}}

!

|coffee/{{sc|pat.n.sg}}
| -{{sc|pat.1.sg}}
|the{{sc|.def.f}}
|sweetness/{{sc|pat.f.sg}}

!

|⟨{{sc|rep}}⟩see/{{sc|ind.dyn.m.sg}}⟨{{sc|rep}}⟩
|mouth/{{sc|pat.n.sg}}
|I{{sc|.1.sg.m}}
| -{{sc|agt}}
|-

| colspan="4"|«''I speak poorly''»

!

| colspan="4"| «''my sweet coffee''»

!

| colspan="3"|«''It is said that I see your mouth''»
|}

==Nouns==
The language inflects according to four different cases, patientive ({{sc|pat}}), agentive ({{sc|agt}}), instrumental ({{sc|ins}}) and locative ({{sc|loc}}) through radical patterns. In addition, there are three different numbers, collective ({{sc|col}}), singular ({{sc|sg}}) and plural ({{sc|pl}}), where the absolutive collective is the citation form. Number is presented differently to other languages with consonantal roots, i.e. [[w:Afro-Asiatic languages|Afro-Asiatic languages]], and is formed through mainly regular vowel [[w:Apophony|apophony]].

Finally, there are three genders the masculine ({{sc|m}}), feminine ({{sc|f}}) and neuter ({{sc|n}}). The masculine and feminine are not distinguished in the plural declension and in the plural verb conjugations, instead called the common ({{sc|c}}) gender.
===Gender===
As previously stated, there are three genders, the masculine ({{sc|m}}), feminine ({{sc|f}}) and neuter ({{sc|n}}), where the masculine and feminine may syncretise into the common gender ({{sc|c}} or {{sc|m/f}}) in complex inflections. Gender plays important roles in both nominal and verbal inflections, since verbs conjugate according to gender as well.

It is important to note that while verbs agree according to gender, valency decides what argument the verb agree with. Intransitive verbs agree with the subject, transitives with the object, and ditransitives get their direct object incorporated, and then agree with the gender of the direct object. Further information is found later on the page under ''"[[Attian#Verbs|Verbs]]"''.
===Case===

====Core cases====
The Attian language is an active-stative language with fluid subjects, dependent upon semantic volition or control. This means that it marks the object of a transitive verb and the subject of a intransitive verb the same - with the '''patientive''' case - and mark the agent of the transitive separately, with the '''agentive''' case. The fluid subtype however, declares that the subject of an intransive verb, may be marked like the agent of the transitive, if the subject has sufficient control over the action.

The '''patientive''', or '''undergoing''' case, ({{sc|pat}}) is the case used to indicate both the subject of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb, in addition to being used for the citation form of nouns.

The patientive is marked inflectionally on the noun, but the since Attian possesses no patientative personal pronouns, but rather [[Attian#Enclitic pronouns|enclitic pronouns]], these are used to mark the object of a transitive verb, and subject of a low-control intransitive verb. In addition, the usage has been expanded, and the enclitic pronouns also serves as a [[w:possessive suffix|possessive suffix]], when agglutinated to nouns.

{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+

| colspan="2"|'''gina{{blue|nn}}'''

!

| colspan="4"| '''amn{{red|va}} gina{{blue|nn}}'''

!

| colspan="6"|'''enath{{red|va}} atn{{blue|a}} mina'''
|-

| colspan="2"| /ˈɡinanː/

!

| colspan="4"|/a'ŋ͡ma ˈɡinanː/

!

| colspan="6"|/ɛnˈaθwa atˈna ˈŋina/
|-

|gina
|{{blue|-nn}}

!

|amn
|{{red|-va}}
|gina
|{{blue|-nn}}

!

|e-
|nath
|{{red|-va}}
|atn
|{{blue|-a}}
|mina
|-

|trip/{{sc|ind.dyn.1.f.sg}}
| -{{sc|{{blue|pat}}.1.sg}}

!

|you/{{sc|1.m.sg}}
| -{{sc|m.{{red|agt}}}}
|trip/{{sc|ind.dyn.1.f.sg}}
| -{{sc|{{blue|pat}}.1.sg}}

!

|{{sc|prox}}-
|man/{{sc|m.sg.}}
| -{{sc|m.{{red|agt}}}}
|dog/{{sc|m.sg.}}
| -{{sc|m.{{blue|pat}}}}
|see/{{sc|ind.dyn.1.m.sg}}
|-

| colspan="2"| «''I trip''»

!

| colspan="4"| «''You trip me''»

!

| colspan="6"|«''This man sees a dog''»
|}

Using just the patientive enclitic on mediopassive verbs gives a reflexive or passive meaning. With the mediopassive voice, the reflexive usage is normally implied when the subject is the patient. In colloquial speech however, the distinction between passive and reflexive is most often blurred.

{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+

| colspan="2"|'''thuna{{blue|nn}}'''

!

| colspan="4"| '''g{{red|va}} thuna'''

!

| colspan="4"|'''ta mya{{blue|yu}} dune'''

!

| colspan="4"|'''ta mya{{red|u}} dune'''
|-

| colspan="2"| /ˈθunanː/

!

| colspan="3"|/ˈɡwa ˈθuna/

!

| colspan="4"|/ŋjaju ˈdune/

!

| colspan="4"|/ˈŋjau̩ ˈdune/
|-

|thuna
|{{blue|-nn}}

!

|g
|{{red|-va}}
|thuna

!

|ta
|mya
|{{blue|-yu}}
|dune

!

|ta
|mya
|{{red|-u}}
|dune
|-

|speak/{{sc|med.gn.m.sg}}
| -{{sc|{{blue|pat}}.1.sg}}

!

|I{{sc|.1.sg.m}}
| -{{sc|m.{{red|agt}}}}
|speak/{{sc|med.gn.m.sg}}

!

|the.{{sc|def.n}}
|cat/{{sc|n.sg}}
| -{{sc|{{blue|pat}}.3.sg}}
|eat/{{sc|med.dyn.n.sg}}

!

|the.{{sc|def.n}}
|cat/{{sc|n.sg}}
| -{{sc|n.{{red|agt}}}}
|eat/{{sc|med.dyn.n.sg}}
|-

| colspan="2"|«''I speak of myself'' or ''I am being spoken of»

!

| colspan="3"|«''I am being spoken of''»

!

| colspan="4"|«''The cat is eating itself''»

!

| colspan="4"|«''The cat is being eaten''»
|}
[[Image:Control-argument-at.png|right|thumb|A table of the Attian control and volition distinction in the core arguments, illustrating the two-way distinction in the subject of intransitive clauses.|240px]]
The '''agentative''' ({{sc|agt}}) case is used to mark the subject, or agent, of transitive verbs. However, intertwined with the Attian language's distinction on control and volition, there is a slight intentional distinction on intransitives, marking high control intransitives through the agentative argument. Confer the difference betweem the [[w:English language|English]] intransitives "He tripped" and "He talked". In Attian, the former argument would be marked with the patientative case, since he is undergoing the verb, and the latter would be marked with the agentative, since he is in full control of his actions and the agent of the verb.

Being a fluid-S language, however, the simple "He tripped", might be marked with the agentative, should he intentionally have done so. Most often, this conveys a slight semantic shift, and "He tripped" might be interpreted as "He's faking a fall". Some verbs are are inherently high control, for example, the dynamic action "to cook", ''zama'', can hardly be performed unintentionally, likewise is the word for "to talk", ''thana'', somewhat difficult to perform involuntarily, except for sleep-talking.

The semantic shift is illustrated below with the word "''to breathe''", which may be interpreted differently, depending on whether marked with the patientive enclitic pronoun, or the agentive personal.

{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+

| colspan="2"| '''hima{{blue|mn}}'''

!

| colspan="3"|'''amn{{red|va}} hima'''

!

| colspan="2"|'''ham{{blue|amn}}!'''

!

| colspan="3"|'''amn{{red|va}} ham!'''
|-

| colspan="2"| /ˈhiŋaŋ͡m/

!

| colspan="3"|/aŋ͡mˈa ˈhiŋa/

!

| colspan="2"|/ˈhaŋaŋ͡m/

!

| colspan="3"|/aˈŋ͡ma haŋ/
|-

|hima
|{{blue|-mn}}

!

|amn
|{{red|-va}}
|hima

!

|ham
|-{{blue|amn}}

!

|amn
|{{red|-va}}
|ham
|-

|breath/{{sc|ind.dyn.m.sg}}
| -{{sc|{{blue|pat}}.2.sg}}

!

|you/{{sc|.2.m.sg}}
| -{{sc|m.{{red|agt}}}}
|breathe/{{sc|ind.dyn.m.sg}}

!

|breathe/{{sc|dir.pos.m.sg}}
| -{{sc|{{blue|pat}}.2.sg}}

!

|you/{{sc|.2.m.sg}}
| -{{sc|m.{{red|agt}}}}
|breathe/{{sc|dir.pos.m.sg}}
|-

| colspan="2"|«''You are breathing.'' » (involuntarily, subconciously)

!

| colspan="3"|«''You are breathing.''» (intentionally, "breathing heavily")

!

| colspan="2"|«''Breathe!'' » (as in "to start breathing")

!

| colspan="3"|«''Breathe!''» (as in "calm down")
|}

When high-control intransitives are marked with the agentive case - as in the case "''to cook''" - the direct object may be left unmentioned, granted that the gnomic aspect is used. This implies the cooking of something, instead of directly mentioning it. If there is doubt whether an action is performed intentionally or involuntarily, the agentive is generally used.

{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+

| colspan="2"|'''{{red|minim}} azmim'''

!

| colspan="5"|'''{{red|minim}} ta mithr{{blue|a}} izmim'''

!

| colspan="4"| '''ta ram{{red|va}} aramia'''
|-

| colspan="2"| /ˈŋiniŋ azˈŋiŋ/

!

| colspan="5"|/ˈŋiniŋ ta ˈŋiθr̥a izˈŋiŋ/

!

| colspan="4"|/ta ˈraŋ͡ma ˈr̥iŋej/
|-

|{{red|minim}}
|azmim

!

|{{red|minim}}
|va
|mithr
|-{{blue|a}}
|izmim

!

|va
|ram
|{{red|-va}}
|rimey
|-

| you/{{sc|{{red|agt}}.1.c.pl}}
|cook/{{sc|ind.neu.c.pl}}

!

| you/{{sc|{{red|agt}}.1.c.pl}}
|the{{sc|.def.n}}
|squirrel/{{sc|n.sg}}
| -{{sc|n.{{blue|pat}}}}
|cook/{{sc|ind.dyn.c.pl}}

!

|the{{sc|.def.n}}
|bird/{{sc|n.sg.}}
| -{{sc|m.{{red|agt}}}}
|fly/{{sc|ind.stat.n.sg}}
|-

| colspan="2"|«''You cook (something)''»

!

| colspan="5"|«''You are cooking a squirrel''»

!

| colspan="4"|«''The bird flies''»
|}

====Instrumental====
The '''instrumental''' ({{sc|ins}}) case serves a number of purposes in the Attian language. Primarily, it is used to indicate that a noun is the instrument or means by or with which an action is conducted.

{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+

| colspan="8"| '''gva va grammua cvenn{{blue|an}} gira'''
|-

| colspan="8"| /ɡwa wa ˈɡr̥aŋ͡mu̩a ˈkwɛnːan ˈɡira/
|-

|g
|-va
|va
|grammu-
|-a
|kvenn
|{{blue|-an}}
|gira
|-

|I{{sc|.1.sg.m}}
| -{{sc|m.agt}}
|the.{{sc|def.n}}
| letter.{{sc|n.sg}}
| -{{sc|pat.n.sg}}
|pen.{{sc|m.sg}}
| -{{sc|m.{{blue|ins}}}}
|write/{{sc|ind.dyn.m.sg}}
|-

| colspan="8"| «''I write the letter with a pen''»
|}

{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+

| colspan="4"|'''atva {{blue|u}}tagāv{{blue|un}} aggim'''

!

| colspan="4"|'''inaratr{{blue|in}} nurimni'''
|-

| colspan="4"|/atˈwa utˈaɡøwun aɡˈɡiŋ/

!

| colspan="4"|/inˈaratr̥in ˈnuriŋ͡mi/
|-

|at
|-va
|⟨{{blue|u}}⟩tagav⟨{{blue|un}}⟩
|aggim

!

|inaratra
|{{blue|-in}}
|nurimn
|-mni
|-

|we/{{sc|1.c.pl}}
| {{sc|m.agt}}
|⟨{{sc|n.{{blue|ins}}}}⟩boat/{{sc|n.col}}⟨{{sc|n.{{blue|ins}}}}⟩
| go/{{sc|ind.gn.c.pl}}

!

|happiness/{{sc|f.sg}}
| -{{sc|f.{{blue|ins}}.sg}}
|gladden/{{sc|med.dir.c.pl}}
| -{{sc|2.pat.f.pl}}
|-


| colspan="4"| «''We go by boat''»

!

| colspan="4"|«''Let happiness make you glad! - Gladden yourself through happiness!''» - Attian saying.
|}

On subject of control in the Attian verbs, inanimate agents of transitive verbs: subjects such as "the knife" in the sentence ''"The knife slices the bread"'' could impossibly be marked with the agentive case, since the subject has no control of its actions. Nor is it experiencing the slicing, and can as such not be marked with the patientive. Instead a construction with the mediopassive and instrumental used. If desired, the agent can be reintroduced.

{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+

| colspan="8"|'''gva rega {{blue|a}}magv{{blue|an}} gāva'''

!

| colspan="3"| '''{{blue|u}}van{{blue|un}} tutann'''
|-

| colspan="8"|/ˈɡwa ˈr̥ɛɡa aŋˈaɡwan ˈɡøwa/

!

| colspan="3"|/uˈwana ˈtutanː/
|-

|g
|-va
|ury
|-a
|{{blue|a}}-
|magv
|-{{blue|an}}
|gāva

!

|⟨{{blue|u}}⟩vaun⟨{{blue|un}}⟩
|tuta
|-nn
|-

|I{{sc|.1.sg.m}}
| -{{sc|m.agt}}
|bread/{{sc|col.n.}}
| -{{sc|n.pat}}
| {{sc|m.{{blue|ins}}}}-
|knife/{{sc|col.m.}}
| -{{sc|m.{{blue|ins}}}}
| cut/{{sc|ind.neu.m.sg}}

!

|⟨{{sc|n.{{blue|ins}}}}⟩stone/{{sc|n.col}}⟨{{sc|n.{{blue|ins}}}}⟩
|hit/{{sc|med.dyn-stat.m.sg}}
| -{{sc|-pat.1.sg}}
|-


| colspan="7"| «''I cut bread with knifes''»

!

| colspan="3"|«''I am hit with stones''»
|}

Instead, the knife is marked with the instrumental case, and the agent must be introduced: "Someone slices the bread with a knife", or implied "With a knife the bread is sliced". Marking the inanimate noun with the agentive is incorrect. This is a distinction quite well known in natural languages, and even the [[w:Proto-Indo-European|Proto-Indo-European]] language is supposed to have made the distinction.

{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+

| colspan="3"| '''''{{red|uvaney}}'' titumann'''

!

| colspan="3"|'''{{blue|u}}van{{blue|un}} tutann'''

!

| colspan="5"| '''yatva {{blue|u}}van{{blue|un}} etitann'''
|-

| colspan="3"|/uˈwanɛj ˈtitanː/

!

| colspan="3"|/uwˈana ˈtutanː/

!

| colspan="5"|/ˈjatwa uwˈana ɛtˈitanː/
|-

|⟨{{red|u}}⟩van⟨{{red|ey}}⟩
|tita
|-nn

!

|⟨{{blue|u}}⟩van⟨{{blue|un}}⟩
|tuta
|-nn

!

|yat
|-va
|⟨{{blue|u}}⟩van⟨{{blue|un}}⟩
|etita
|-nn
|-

|⟨{{sc|n.{{red|agt}}}}⟩stone/{{sc|n.col.}}⟨{{sc|n.{{red|agt}}}}⟩
|hit/{{sc|ind.dyn.m.sg}}
| -{{sc|-m.pat.1.sg}}

!

|⟨{{sc|n.{{blue|ins}}}}⟩stone/{{sc|n.col}}⟨{{sc|n.{{blue|ins}}}}⟩
|hit/{{sc|med.dyn-stat.m.sg}}
| -{{sc|-m.pat.1.sg}}

!

|someone
| -{{sc|m.agt}}
|⟨{{sc|n.{{blue|ins}}}}⟩stone/{{sc|n.col}}⟨{{sc|n.{{blue|ins}}}}⟩
|hit/{{sc|ind.dyn.m.sg}}
| -{{sc|-m.pat.1.sg}}
|-


| colspan="3"| «*Stones ''hit me''»

!

| colspan="3"|«''I am hit with stones''»

!

| colspan="5"|«''Some guy hits me with stones''»
|}

The Attian instrumental also bears comitative and quantitative senses, indicating actions in company with other subjects, amounts, as well as lacking:

{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+

| colspan="5"|'''amnayya g{{blue|ān}}?'''

!

| colspan="6"|'''gva amn{{blue|an}} imgimna'''

!

| colspan="6"|'''gvayya yarm{{blue|un}}an'''
|-

| colspan="5"|/aˈŋ͡majːa ɡøn/

!

| colspan="6"|/ɡwa aˈŋ͡man iŋˈɡiŋ͡ma/

!

| colspan="6"|/ˈɡwajːa ˈjar̥ŋunan/
|-


|amn
|-a
|-yya
|g
|{{blue|-an}}

!

|g
|-va
|amn
|-{{blue|an}}
|imgim
|-na

!

|g
|-va
|-yya
|yarm
|-{{blue|un}}
|-an
|-

|you/{{sc|2.sg.c}}
| -{{sc|c.pat.sg}}
| -{{sc|cop.act.ind.stat}}
| I/{{sc|1.sg.m}}
| -{{sc|m.{{blue|ins}}}}

!

| I/{{sc|1.sg.m}}
| -{{sc|m.agt.sg}}
|you/{{sc|2.sg.c}}
| -{{sc|m.{{blue|ins}}}}
|make/{{sc|act.ind.dyn.c.pl}}
| -{{sc|-pat.3.n.sg}}

!

| I/{{sc|1.sg.m}}
| -{{sc|m.agt.sg}}
| -{{sc|cop.act.ind.stat}}
|hair/{{sc|n.sg}}
| -{{sc|n.{{blue|ins}}}}
| -{{sc|n.neg}}
|-


| colspan="5"| «''Are you with me?''»

!

| colspan="6"|«''I make it with you.''»

!

| colspan="6"|Literary:«''I am with no hair.''» or «''I have no hair.''»
|}

The last use of the instrumental, similarly to [[w:Russian language|Russian]] and in part to [[w:English language|English]] is to reintroduce a subject in a passive clause, very similarly to the adpositional phrase "by me" in English, as in ''"He was killed"'', and later; ''"He was killed by me"''. Using the instrumental with a reflexive mediopassive gives a reinforced statement, confer the Spanish disjunct prepositional pronouns:
*''Me lavo'' - «I wash myself»
*''A mí me lavo'' - «As for myself, I wash myself»

{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+

| colspan="5"|'''gva muni min{{blue|an}}?'''

!

| colspan="3"|'''mumnayyiz g{{blue|ān}}'''

!

| colspan="4"| '''ethunann g{{blue|ān}}'''
|-

| colspan="5"|/ɡwa ˈŋ͡muni ˈŋinan/

!

| colspan="3"|/ˈmuŋ͡majːiz ˈɡøn/

!

| colspan="4"|/ˈθunanː ɡøn/
|-


|g
|-va
|muni
|min
|{{blue|-an}}

!

|mumnayyiz
|g
|{{blue|-ān}}

!

|thuna
|-nn
|g
|{{blue|-ān}}
|-

| I/{{sc|1.sg.m}}
| -{{sc|m.agt.sg}}
|see/{{sc|med.ind.dyn.c.sg}}
|you/{{sc|2.pl.c}}
| -{{sc|m.{{blue|ins}}}}

!

|discover/{{sc|medpcp}}
| I/{{sc|1.sg.m}}
| -{{sc|m.{{blue|ins}}}}

!

|talk/{{sc|med.ind.dyn.c.sg}}
| -{{sc|-m.pat.1.sg}}
| I/{{sc|1.sg.m}}
| -{{sc|m.{{blue|ins}}}}
|-


| colspan="5"| «''I'm seen by you''»

!
.
| colspan="3"|«''Discovered by me''»

!

| colspan="4"|«''Me, I speak of myself.''»
|}

====Locative====
:''See also: [[Attian#Possession|Attian possession]]''
The locative case ({{sc|loc}}) vaguely corresponds to the English spatial prepositions of "by", "at", "in", and "on"{{ex|=41, 43}}. However, the Attian locative also bears a temporal usage{{ex|=43}}, similarly to English "in an hour", "today", "after three o'clock". The Attian language does not have [[w:adpositions|adpositions]] in the traditional sense, to control the exact location of the locative, but rather [[w:proclitics|proclitics]]. These will be marked green.

{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+

| colspan="5"|41: '''amnayya ezm{{blue|ut}}?'''

!

| colspan="4"|42: '''regēyyō {{green|en}}zem{{blue|ut}}'''

!

| colspan="3"|43: '''{{green|am}}agz{{blue|at}}'''
|-

| colspan="5"|/aˈŋ͡majːa ɛzˈŋut/

!

| colspan="5"|/ˈr̥ɛɡœjːo ɛnˈzɛŋ͡mut/

!

| colspan="3"|/aŋaɡˈzat/
|-


|aumn
|-a
|-yya
|ezm
|{{blue|-ut}}

!

|regey
|-yu
|{{green|en}}-
|zem
|-{{blue|ut}}

!

|{{green|am}}-
|agz
|-{{blue|at}}
|-

|you/{{sc|2.sg.c}}
| -{{sc|c.pat.sg}}
| -{{sc|cop.act.ind.stat}}
| home/{{sc|sg.n}}
| -{{sc|n.{{blue|loc}}}}

!

| lie/{{sc|act.ind.stat.n.sg}}
| -it.{{sc|n.pat.3.sg}}
| below.{{sc|{{green|locp}}}}-
|house/{{sc|2.sg.c}}
| -{{sc|n.{{blue|loc}}}}

!

| after.{{sc|{{green|locp}}}}-
| hour/{{sc|f.sg}}
| -{{sc|f.{{blue|loc}}}}
|-


| colspan="5"| «''Are you at home?''»

!

| colspan="5"|«''It lies below the house''»

!

| colspan="3"|«''In an hour''»
|}
Related to location is movement, and the locative can through a construction with the lative particle ''"a"'', transform the locative meaning to a lative or translative one. The particle and the proclitic adpositions will be marked green.

{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+

| colspan="4"|44: '''gām {{green|a}} ezm{{blue|ut}}!'''

!

| colspan="6"|45: '''reragiyō {{green|a}} {{green|en}}zem{{blue|ut}}'''

!

| colspan="4"|46: '''{{green|a}}nn thimomen{{blue|at}}'''
|-

| colspan="4"|/ɡøŋ a ɛzˈŋut/

!

| colspan="6"|/ˈr̥ɛraɡijːu a ɛnˈzɛŋut/

!

| colspan="4"|/anː ˈθimomɛnat/
|-


|gām
|{{green|a}}
|ezm
|{{blue|-ut}}

!

|regey
|-yu
|{{green|a}}
|{{green|en}}-
|zem
|-{{blue|ut}}

!

|{{green|a}}-
|-nn
|thimomen
|-{{blue|at}}
|-

|come/{{sc|act.dir.pos.m}}
| {{sc|{{green|latp}}}}
| home/{{sc|sg.n}}
| -{{sc|n.{{blue|loc}}}}

!

| lie/{{sc|act.ind.stat.n.sg}}
| -it.{{sc|n.pat.3.sg}}
| {{sc|{{green|latp}}}}
| below.{{sc|{{green|locp}}}}-
|house/{{sc|n.sg}}
| -{{sc|n.{{blue|loc}}}}

!

| {{sc|{{green|latp}}}}
| -{{sc|m.pat.1.sg}}
|anger/{{sc|f.sg}}
| -{{sc|f.{{blue|loc}}}}
|-


| colspan="6"| «''come home!''»

!

| colspan="6" |«''Put it below the house''»

!

| colspan="4"|«''I am getting angry''»
|}

The secondary purpose of the locative case is that it is also the main tool to express [[Attian#Possession|possession]], a construction very close to the [[w:Celtic|Celtic]] and [[w:Finnish|Finnish]] equivalents, confer:
*''Minulla on talo'' - «I have a house» (literally: «There is a house at me»)
This is the one of the ways of expressing [[Attian#Alienable|alienable possession]] in Attian, and it is never used for inalienable constructions.

{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+

| colspan="5"|47: '''g{{blue|āt}} zemayya'''

!

| colspan="6"|48: '''emin g{{blue|āt}} zemayya'''
|-

| colspan="5"|/ˈɡøt ˈzɛmajːa/

!

| colspan="6"|/ɛmˈin ˈɡa´øt ˈzɛmajːa/
|-


|g
|-{{blue|āt}}
|zem
|-a
|-yya

!

|emin
|g
|-{{blue|āt}}
|zem
|-a
|-yya
|-

|I/{{sc|1.sg.m}}
| -{{sc|c.{{blue|loc}}}}
| home/{{sc|sg.n}}
| -{{sc|pat.n.sg}}
| -{{sc|cop.act.ind.stat}}

!

| see/{{sc|act.dir.pos.m.sg}}
|I/{{sc|1.sg.m}}
| -{{sc|c.{{blue|loc}}}}
| home/{{sc|sg.n}}
| -{{sc|pat.n.sg}}
| -{{sc|cop.act.ind.stat}}

|-


| colspan="5"| «''My house''» or «''I have a house''»

!

| colspan="6"|«''See my house''»
|}

{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+


| colspan="9"|49: '''zemayya g{{blue|āt}} va advayya'''

| colspan="7"|50: '''atnvayya g{{blue|āt}} manimn'''
|-

| colspan="9"|/ ˈzɛmajːa ˈɡøt wa adˈwajːa/

| colspan="7"|/ atˈnwajːa ˈɡøt ˈmanimn/
|-


|zem
|-a
|-yya
|g
|-{{blue|at}}
|va
|adv
|-a
|-yya

!

|atn
|-va
|-yya
|g
|-{{blue|at}}
|mani
|-mn
|-


| home/{{sc|sg.n}}
| -{{sc|pat.n.sg}}
| -{{sc|cop.act.ind.stat}}
|I/{{sc|1.sg.m}}
| -{{sc|f.{{blue|loc}}}}
| {{sc|def.n}}
| green/{{sc|n.sg}}
| -{{sc|pat.n.sg}}
| -{{sc|cop.act.ind.stat}}

!

| dog/{{sc|sg.m}}
| -{{sc|agt.n.sg}}
| -{{sc|cop.act.ind.stat}}
|I/{{sc|1.sg.m}}
| -{{sc|f.{{blue|loc}}}}
| see/{{sc|act.ind.dyn.n.sg}}
| -you.{{sc|m.pat.2.sg}}
|-


| colspan="9"|«''My green house''» or «''I have a green house''»

!

| colspan="7"|«''My dog sees you''»
|}

===Number===
====Singular====
The singular ({{sc|sg}}) number is the most basic form of most nouns, and marks individual nouns, counting "one". It is completely corresponding to the [[w:English language|English]] equivalent. The singular patientive is the citation form of all nouns in the Attian language. The singular inflects according to three genders, masculine, feminine and neuter.

In the locative the vowel is dependent on gender, granting an ⟨a⟩ or a ⟨u⟩ if masculine/feminine or neuter respectively.

{| style="text-align: center;" class= "bluetable lightbluebg"
! !! Patientive!! Agentive !! Instrumental !! Locative
|-
! Masculine
| ''-V''|| ''-va'' || ''-an'' || ''-Vt''
|-
!Feminine
| ''-V''|| ''-vi'' || ''-in'' || ''-Vt''
|-
!Neuter
| ''-V''|| ''-vō'' || ''-un'' || ''-Vt''
|-
|}

{| style="text-align: center;" class= "bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
! colspan="6" |Examples
|-
! !! Patientive!! Agentive !! Instrumental !! Locative !! Meaning
|-
! Masculine
| ''magāva''|| ''magāv{{blue|va}}'' || ''magāv{{blue|in}}'' || ''magāva{{blue|t}}'' ||knife
|-
!Feminine
| ''taza''|| ''taz{{blue|vi}}'' || ''taz{{blue|an}}'' || ''taza{{blue|t}}''||horse
|-
!Neuter
| ''athnō''|| ''athn{{blue|vō}}'' || ''athn{{blue|un}}'' || ''athnō{{blue|t}}''||speech
|-
|}

====Collective====
The collective ({{sc|col}}) number of nouns indicates an unspecified, indefinite, general nominal amount. The introduction of this number into the language was meant to tie in with the genereic aspect of the verbs. In [[w:English language|English]], nouns of this kind most often receives a plural marking, such as ''"people say stupid things"'' or ''"birds can fly"''. Unlike other languages with the collective number, it is not the least marked and basic number, but it is still widely used.
The collective inflects according to two genders, common and neuter.

Please note that collective nouns always agree with the third person plural of nouns, and that pronouns do not inflect to the number.
The following table details the three vowel classes and their declension in the collective number.
*The singular is primarily formed through an insertion of either an /a/ or /u/ initially, depending on vowel class. If the noun has a null-onset, the initial vowel is assimilated.
{| style="text-align: center;" class= "bluetable lightbluebg"
! !! Patientive!! Agentive !! Instrumental !! Locative
|-
!Common
| ''a-V''|| ''a-ia'' || ''a-an'' || ''a-Vt''
|-
!Neuter
| ''u-V''|| ''u-ey'' || ''u-un'' || ''u-Vt''
|}

{| style="text-align: center;" class= "bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
! colspan="6" |Examples
|-
! !! Patientive!! Agentive !! Instrumental !! Locative !! Meaning
|-
! Masculine
| ''{{blue|a}}magava''|| ''{{blue|a}}magav{{blue|ia}}'' || ''{{blue|a}}magav{{blue|an}}'' || ''{{blue|a}}magava{{blue|t}}'' ||knife
|-
!Feminine
| ''{{blue|a}}taza''|| ''{{blue|a}}taz{{blue|ia}}'' || ''{{blue|a}}taz{{blue|an}}'' || ''{{blue|a}}taza{{blue|t}}''||horse
|-
!Neuter
| ''{{blue|u}}thnou''|| ''{{blue|u}}thn{{blue|ey}}'' || ''{{blue|u}}thn{{blue|un}}'' || ''{{blue|u}}thnou{{blue|t}}''||speech
|-
|}

====Plural====
The plural ({{sc|pl}}) number refers to any objects counting more than "one", that is "several". It corresponds well to the English plurals.
The plural formation is radically (''...'') different to the collective and singular:
*Initial vowels are deleted.
*The penultimate vowel of triliterals and quadriliterals are deleted.
*Apophony grants either an /iː/ or /u/, depending on gender, after the first radical.

The plural inflects according to two genders, common and neuter.

{| style="text-align: center;" class= "bluetable lightbluebg"
! !! Patientive!! Agentive !! Instrumental !! Locative
|-
!Common
| ''-im''|| ''-ay'' || ''-an'' || ''-at''
|-
!Neuter
| ''-um''|| ''-ev'' || ''-un'' || ''-ut''
|}

{| style="text-align: center;" class= "bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed"
! colspan="6" |Examples
|-
! !! Patientive!! Agentive !! Instrumental !! Locative !! Meaning
|-
! Masculine
| ''m{{blue|i}}gv{{blue|im}}''|| ''m{{blue|i}}gv{{blue|ay}}'' || ''m{{blue|i}}gv{{blue|an}}'' || ''m{{blue|i}}gv{{blue|at}}'' ||knife
|-
!Feminine
| ''t{{blue|i}}z{{blue|im}}''|| ''t{{blue|i}}z{{blue|ay}}'' || ''t{{blue|i}}z{{blue|an}}'' || ''t{{blue|i}}z{{blue|at}}''||horse
|-
!Neuter
| ''th{{blue|u}}n{{blue|um}}''|| ''th{{blue|u}}n{{blue|ev}}'' || ''th{{blue|u}}n{{blue|un}}'' || ''th{{blue|u}}n{{blue|ut}}''||speech
|-
|}

===Animacy===
[[Image:Animacy-At.png|right|thumb|A table of the different Attian stages of animacy and salency.]]
Just as the Attian language makes a difference regarding gender, a fairly strong distinction in '''{{lg|Animacy|animacy}}''' is made, mainly for semantical and grammatical reasons, since there is no morphological distinction.

The Attian animacy dictates that no inanimate objects may stand in the [[Attian#Core cases|agentative]] case. Inanimate nouns are perceived as incapable of actually performing deliberate actions. Inanimates that are the subjects of an action are therefore most often marked with the [[Attian#Instrumental|instrumental]] case. This construction forces the speaker to directly name an animate agent, use a passive construction, or to use an indefinite pronoun. Inanimate, or less animate nouns also have a lesser probability to be compatible with verbs connected with higher degrees of animacy, like the words for "''to talk''", "''to think''" and "''control''".

There are several different degrees of animacy, which at times also intertwine with salency. The grading goes from ''Very high'' to ''Very low'' and spans 7 degrees. The top and most animate nouns are humans, and especially men and leaders. Women normally rank as at least as animate as men, but they can in certain circumstances be degraded to indicate inferiority. The least animate substantives are minerals, abstraction and in part; plants.

Below is an example of someone hit with stones. Here, the subject impossibly could be marked with the agentive, taking their inanimacy in regard. Instead, you may put the subject in the [[Attian#Instrumental|instrumental]] case, and mediopassivise the verb. Alternatively the subject is degraded to an oblique, and a new subject is introduced.

{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+

| colspan="3"|51: '''''{{red|uvāney}}'' ebitann'''

!

| colspan="3"|52: '''{{blue|u}}vān{{blue|un}} ebutann'''

!

| colspan="5"|53: '''yatva {{blue|u}}vān{{blue|un}} ebitann'''
|-

| colspan="3"|/uˈwønɛj ɛbˈitanː/

!

| colspan="3"|/uwˈøna ɛbˈutanː/

!

| colspan="5"|/ˈjatwa uwˈøna ɛbˈitanː/
|-

|⟨{{red|u}}⟩ān⟨{{red|ey}}⟩
|ebita
|-nn

!

|⟨{{blue|u}}⟩vān⟨{{blue|un}}⟩
|ebuta
|-nn

!

|yat
|-va
|⟨{{blue|u}}⟩vān⟨{{blue|un}}⟩
|ebita
|-nn
|-

|⟨{{sc|n.{{red|agt}}}}⟩stone/{{sc|n.col.}}⟨{{sc|n.{{red|agt}}}}⟩
|hit/{{sc|ind.dyn.m.sg}}
| -{{sc|-m.pat.1.sg}}

!

|⟨{{sc|n.{{blue|ins}}}}⟩stone/{{sc|n.col}}⟨{{sc|n.{{blue|ins}}}}⟩
|hit/{{sc|med.dyn-stat.m.sg}}
| -{{sc|-m.pat.1.sg}}

!

|someone
| -{{sc|m.agt}}
|⟨{{sc|n.{{blue|ins}}}}⟩stone/{{sc|n.col}}⟨{{sc|n.{{blue|ins}}}}⟩
|hit/{{sc|ind.dyn.m.sg}}
| -{{sc|-m.pat.1.sg}}
|-


| colspan="3"| «*Stones ''hit me''»

!

| colspan="3"|«''I am hit with stones''»

!

| colspan="5"|«''Some guy hits me with stones''»
|}

Both verbs and nouns have different inherent animacy. Both the type of noun and verb are thus essential to interpret whether it can be the in the agentative case. Some verbs are more inherently animate than others in the Attian language, determining whether inanimate subjects may perform them; the word "''to speak''", ''thana'', is used unexclusively for humans. Less animate subjects cannot perform this verb and are therefore coupled with another, more appropriate, one. Please note that only because inanimate nouns are less likely to perform more animate actions, more animate nouns may act out inanimate verbs.

Below is table with example nouns and verbs with their respective animacy. Please note that the first two degrees most often intertwine. It is common for slightly sexistic or separatistic speakers to use work-arounds when speaking about women or children: Instead of saying that ''they are capable'', they would say ''they can do (it)''. In other terms; stative or generic verbs describing characteristics are less likely to be used with women. They have to satisfy with the appropriate dynamic verb.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
|+

! colspan="7" |Degrees of Animacy
|-

!Very High
!High
!Medium high
!Medium
!Medium low
!Low
!Very low
|-

|''man''
|''women, children''
|''infants, pets''
|''animals, weather''
|''plants''
|''minerals''
|''abstractions''
|-

|colspan="2"|''to talk''
|''to communicate''
|''to bark, to be noisy''
|''to be green''
|''to be heavy''
|''to be complicated''
|-
|}

===Possession===
Attian possession is quite complicated, and there are no less than '''five''' equally standard ways of expressing it. Which one to chose is highly dependent upon the alienablilty, and thus animacy, of the possessed object.

The alienability bears the meaning that objects or traits that can be removed from your possession are alienable, whilst objects that are inherent, traits, or if it's the origin of an object are inalienable, and always connected to you. A few English examples:

{| class= "bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 500px; "
! colspan="4"|English equivalents
|-
! colspan="2"|Alienable
! colspan="2"|Inalienable
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Example
! style="text-align: center; "|Comment
! style="text-align: center; "|Example
! style="text-align: center; "|Comment
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|''My book''
| style="text-align: center;"|The one I bought.
| style="text-align: center;"|''My book''
| style="text-align: center;"|The one I wrote.
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|''The family's house''
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|''Her arm''
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|''Our dog''
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|''The man's appearance''
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|''Her look''
| style="text-align: center;"|Her temporary look.
| style="text-align: center;"|''His impatience''
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
| style="text-align: center;"|''The girl's hair''
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|''My mother''
| style="text-align: center;"|
|}

The distinction leads to two different types of possession, one which shows alienable possession, and one that indicates inalienable. Possession ties in with the animacy, as well as the active-stative morphosyntactic alignment.
The inalienable possession is indicated through suffixing the patientative [[Attian#Enclitic pronouns|enclitic pronouns]] to the noun stem, if the possessor is personal. If not, the locative is used on the possessor, without any adpositions.

{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+

| colspan="3"|54: '''athyann'''

!

| colspan="5"|55: '''va anna mithrat'''

!

| colspan="4"|56: '''va maunin nathat'''
|-

| colspan="3"|/aθˈjanː/

!

| colspan="5"|/wa ˈanːa ˈŋiθr̥at/

!

| colspan="4"|/wa ˈŋønin ˈnaθat/
|-

|athy
|-a
|-nn

!

|mi
|an
|-a
|mithr
|-at

!

|ta
|maunin
|∅
|nath
|-at
|-

|hand/{{sc|sg.n}}
| -{{sc|n.pat}}
| -{{sc|-m.pat.1.sg}}

!

|the.{{sc|def.f}}
|mother/{{sc|sg.f}}
| -{{sc|f.pat}}
|girl/{{sc|sg.f}}
| -{{sc|f.loc}}

!

|the.{{sc|def.f}}
|appearance/{{sc|sg.n}}
| -{{sc|n.pat}}
|man/{{sc|sg.m}}
| -{{sc|m.loc}}
|-


| colspan="3"| «''My hand''»

!

| colspan="5"|«''The girl's mother''»

!

| colspan="5"|«''The man's appearance''»
|}

Alienable possession on the other hand is marked quite differently, or rather not marked at all. Alienable possession is expressed throught the verb '''thama''' - ''own'' or ''control'', through noun incorporation and a relativisation with the relativiser infix ⟨-i-⟩.

{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+

| colspan="5"|'''māzra gvithama'''

!

| colspan="5"|'''māzra girvithame'''

!

| colspan="6"|'''muzrum nithayithamta'''
|-

| colspan="5"|/ˈŋøzr̥a gwiˈθaŋa/

!

| colspan="5"|/ˈŋøzr̥a ˈgir̥wiθaŋɛ/

!

| colspan="6"|/ˈŋuzɹuŋ ˈniθajiθaŋta/
|-

|mazr
|-a
|gv
|-i-
|thama

!

|mazr
|-a
|girv
|-i-
|thame

!

|muzr
|-um
|nith
|-ay
|-i-
|thamta
|-

|book/{{sc|sg.n}}
| -{{sc|n.pat}}
| {{sc|1.sg.m.agt}}
| -{{sc|rel}}-
| control/{{sc|ind.gn.m.sg}}

!

|book/{{sc|sg.n}}
| -{{sc|n.pat}}
| woman/{{sc|sg.f}}
| -{{sc|rel}}-
| control/{{sc|ind.gn.f.sg}}

!
|book/{{sc|pl.n}}
| -{{sc|n.pat.pl}}
| man/{{sc|pl.m}}
| -{{sc|m.agt.pl}}
| -{{sc|rel}}-
| control/{{sc|ind.gn.c.pl}}
|-


| colspan="3"| «''The book which I own''»

!

| colspan="5"|«''The book which the girl owns''»

!

| colspan="5"|«''The books which the men own''»
|}

This ties in with [[Attian#Animacy|animacy]] - alienable possession is not possible for inanimate nouns, since they are not perceived to be able to control or own anything. Instead, this is circumvented throughother expressions, most often with the instrumental and a [[Attian#Copula|copula]]:

{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+

| colspan="5"|'''atnan māthmayya'''

!

| colspan="5"|'''māgāvin māthyayya'''
|-

| colspan="5"|/atˈnan ˈŋøθŋajːa/

!

| colspan="5"|/ˈŋøgøwin ˈŋøθjajːa/
|-

|atn
|-an
|mathma
|-yya

!

|magav
|-in
|mathya
|-yya
|-

|dog/{{sc|sg.n}}
| -{{sc|n.ins}}
| leash/{{sc|n.sg}}
| -{{sc|cop.act.ind.stat}}

!

|knife/{{sc|sg.n}}
| -{{sc|n.ins}}
|handle/{{sc|n.sg}}
| -{{sc|cop.act.ind.stat}}
|-


| colspan="3"| «''The dog has a leash/A leash is with the dog''»

!

| colspan="5"|«''The knife has a handle/A handle is with the knife''»
|}

==Pronouns==
The Attian pronouns are somewhat different to to other nouns but are still derived from radicals, most often biliterals. They decline to the singular and plural numbers only but the personal pronouns or third person demonstratives do not inflect to the patientive case, a function replaced by [[Attian#Enclitic pronouns|enclitic pronouns]]. The first and second person distinguish the masculine and feminine in the singular, whilst the plural ones only have the common [[Attian#Gender|gender]]. The third person has a three way distinction, with masculine, feminine and neuter.

There are no proper third person personal pronouns, this role is fulfilled by the demonstratives instead.
===Personal pronouns===
The personal pronouns are different to other nouns, in that they do not decline to the collective number, nor the patientative case, a role instead covered by the enclitic pronouns. The first and second person singular pronouns do however decline differently depending the masculine and feminine gender. The neuter gender is not semantically distinct in the first persons.

{| class="bluetable lighbluebg" style="width: 450px; "
! colspan="7"|Personal pronouns
|-
!Number →
! colspan="4" style="text-align: center;"|Singular
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|Plural
|-
!Person →
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|1st
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|2nd
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|1st
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|2nd
|-
! Case ↓
! style="text-align: center;"|Masculine
! style="text-align: center;"|Feminine
! style="text-align: center;"|Masculine
! style="text-align: center;"|Feminine
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Agentive
| style="text-align: center;"|''gva''
| style="text-align: center;"|''egvi''
| style="text-align: center;"|''amnva''
| style="text-align: center;"|''emnvi''
| style="text-align: center;"|''atva''
| style="text-align: center;"|''minia''
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Instrumental
| style="text-align: center;"|''gan''
| style="text-align: center;"|''egin''
| style="text-align: center;"|''amnan''
| style="text-align: center;"|''emnin''
| style="text-align: center;"|''atan''
| style="text-align: center;"|''minan''
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Locative
| style="text-align: center;"|''gat''
| style="text-align: center;"|''egāt''
| style="text-align: center;"|''amnat''
| style="text-align: center;"|''emnat''
| style="text-align: center;"|''atat''
| style="text-align: center;"|''minat''
|}

===Enclitic pronouns===
The enclitic pronouns are a complement to the personal pronouns in that they are only declined in the patientive case. The enclitic patientive pronouns are, other than marking that the subject or object is the patient of an action, also used to mark [[Attian#Alienability|inalienable possession]].

*The initial vowel is an epenthic one, and it is deleted when the clitic is added to a word ending in another vowel.

The etymology for the enclitics are divided; the second person clitics are derived from the second person personal pronouns, and the root √m-n, ''to see''. The first and third person clitics are different in that they are believed to be derived from the lative uniradical √n, ''at something''.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 550px; "
! colspan="8"|Enclitic pronouns
|-
!Person →
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|1st
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|2nd
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"|3rd
|-
! Number ↓
! style="text-align: center;"|Masculine
! style="text-align: center;"|Feminine
! style="text-align: center;"|Masculine
! style="text-align: center;"|Feminine
! style="text-align: center;"|Masculine
! style="text-align: center;"|Feminine
! style="text-align: center;"|Neuter
|-
!Case →
! colspan="8" style="text-align: center;"|Patientive
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Singular
| style="text-align: center;"|''-ann''
| style="text-align: center;"|''-enn''
| style="text-align: center;"|''-amn''
| style="text-align: center;"|''-emn''
| style="text-align: center;"|''-ana''
| style="text-align: center;"|''-eni''
| style="text-align: center;"|''-ana''
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Plural
| style="text-align: center;"|''-anim''
| style="text-align: center;"|''-enim''
| style="text-align: center;"|''-amna''
| style="text-align: center;"|''-emni''
| style="text-align: center;"|''-anum''
| style="text-align: center;"|''-enum''
| style="text-align: center;"|''-anum''
|}

===Demonstratives===
The demonstrative pronouns function as demonstratives, determiners, definite articles and third person personal pronouns. There is no distinction made, what so ever.

The feminine demonstrative pronouns have been subjected to loaning, explaining the diverseness in roots. However, the remaining roots are derived from the root √t, which is translated as ''one, pertaining to unity''.
====Distal demonstratives====
The distal demonstratives, sometimes dubbed the ''normal'' demonstratives imply a relatively far distance way from the speaker, similarly to the English deictic "''that''", but they are also the default definite articles, like English "''the''" and third person pronouns
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 450px; "
! colspan="7"|Distal demonstrative pronouns
|-
!Person →
! colspan="6" style="text-align: center;"|3rd
|-
!Number →
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"|Singular
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"|Plural
|-
! Case ↓
! style="text-align: center;"|Masculine
! style="text-align: center;"|Feminine
! style="text-align: center;"|Neuter
! style="text-align: center;"|Masculine
! style="text-align: center;"|Feminine
! style="text-align: center;"|Neuter
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Agentive
| style="text-align: center;"|''tu''
| style="text-align: center;"|''an/va''
| style="text-align: center;"|''ta''
| style="text-align: center;"|''tim''
| style="text-align: center;"|''vim''
| style="text-align: center;"|''tev''
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Instrumental
| style="text-align: center;"|''tan''
| style="text-align: center;"|''an''
| style="text-align: center;"|''tun''
| style="text-align: center;"|''itan''
| style="text-align: center;"|''in''
| style="text-align: center;"|''utun''
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Locative
| style="text-align: center;"|''tut''
| style="text-align: center;"|''vat''
| style="text-align: center;"|''tat
| style="text-align: center;"|''itat''
| style="text-align: center;"|''ivat''
| style="text-align: center;"|''utun''
|}

====Proximal demonstratives====
The proximal demonstratives signify a close distance of the deictic and the speaker, equivalent to the English demonstrative "''this''", and it is marked through prefixing an ⟨e-⟩ to the stems of the distal demonstratives. Any collisions with vowels conclude in the deletion of the preceeding, original vowel. This has led to a great deal of irregularity in the demonstratives.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 450px; "
! colspan="7"|Proximal demonstrative pronouns
|-
!Person →
! colspan="6" style="text-align: center;"|3rd
|-
!Number →
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"|Singular
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"|Plural
|-
! style="text-align: center;" colspan="7"|Proclitic
|-
| style="text-align: center;" colspan="7"|''e-''
|-
! Case ↓
! style="text-align: center;"|Masculine
! style="text-align: center;"|Feminine
! style="text-align: center;"|Neuter
! style="text-align: center;"|Masculine
! style="text-align: center;"|Feminine
! style="text-align: center;"|Neuter
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Agentive
| style="text-align: center;"|''etō''
| style="text-align: center;"|''en/eva''
| style="text-align: center;"|''eta''
| style="text-align: center;"|''etim''
| style="text-align: center;"|''evim''
| style="text-align: center;"|''etev''
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Instrumental
| style="text-align: center;"|''etan''
| style="text-align: center;"|''en''
| style="text-align: center;"|''etun''
| style="text-align: center;"|''etan''
| style="text-align: center;"|''en''
| style="text-align: center;"|''etun''
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Locative
| style="text-align: center;"|''etut''
| style="text-align: center;"|''evat''
| style="text-align: center;"|''etat
| style="text-align: center;"|''etat''
| style="text-align: center;"|''evat''
| style="text-align: center;"|''etun''
|}

These demonstratives are however quite archaic, and are being replaced by the previously complementive proclitic ⟨e-⟩. They are still valid as pronouns, but rarely determine frases, instead replaced by the proclitic, which is added to the modified noun.

{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+

| colspan="4"| '''eta zemā'''

!

| colspan="3"| '''ezemā'''
|-

| colspan="4"|/ɛˈta ˈzɛŋø/

!

| colspan="3"|/ɛˈzɛŋø/
|-


|e-
|ta
|zem
|-a

!

|e-
|zem
|-a
|-

|{{sc|prox}}-
|this/{{sc|det.prox.pat.sg.n}}
| house/{{sc|sg.n}}
| -{{sc|pat.n.sg}}

!

|{{sc|prox}}-
| house/{{sc|sg.n}}
| -{{sc|pat.n.sg}}

|-


| colspan="4"| «''this noun''»

!

| colspan="3"|«''this noun''»
|}

===Interrogative and relative pronouns===
The Attian language interrogative and relative pronouns are invariable in a number respect, but do at least differ from each other, unlike in [[w:English|English]]. The interrogative pronoun is derived from the √t root similar to the first person plural and demonstratives. The relative pronouns come from the root √y-y (''existence'').

The masculine and feminine has conflated into the common gender, and the declension is essentially in the [[Attian#Collective|collective]] number template.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 450px; "
!Pronoun→
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|Interrogative
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|Relative
|-
! Case ↓
! style="text-align: center;"|Common
! style="text-align: center;"|Neuter
! style="text-align: center;"|Common
! style="text-align: center;"|Neuter
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Patientive
| style="text-align: center;"|''ti''
| style="text-align: center;"|''te''
| style="text-align: center;" |''yi''
| style="text-align: center;"|''ye''
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Agentive
| style="text-align: center;"|''atia''1
| style="text-align: center;"|''utey''
| style="text-align: center;"|''ayia''2
| style="text-align: center;"|''uyey''3
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Instrumental
| style="text-align: center;"|''atan''
| style="text-align: center;"|''utun''
| style="text-align: center;"|''ayan''
| style="text-align: center;"|''uyun''
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Locative
| style="text-align: center;"|''ati''
| style="text-align: center;"|''uti''
| style="text-align: center;"|''ayi''
| style="text-align: center;"|''uyi''
|}
#Usually abbreviated to ''tya''.
#Usually abbreviated to ''aya''.
#Usually abbreviated to ''uye''

===Relative pronouns===
===Disjunctive pronouns===
===Reciprocal pronouns===

==Verbs==
===Verbal components===
Attian is an agglutinating and nonconcatenative language. Agglutination means that affixes each express a single meaning, and they usually do not merge with each other or affect each other phonologically, and nonconcatenative means that certain functions of the verb are expressed through changes in the stem. Each verb is formed by primarily changing the stems form, and secondarily by adding prefixes or suffixes to the verb stem. The components of an Attian verb occur in the following order:

{| border="1" cellborder="0" cellpadding="10" style="margin-top: 2ex" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ Components template
!{{sc|negator}}
!{{sc|evidentiality circumfix}}
!VERB STEM
!{{sc|evidentiality circumfix}}
!{{sc|(copula)}}
!{{sc|patientive}}
|}

====Tense====
The first thing you need to know about the Attian language and its verbs, is that there is '''no morphological distinction of tense'''. Whilst the language is rather agglutinative and very synthetic, temporal tense is marked through the addition of [[Attian#Adverbs and adjectives|adverbs]], which themselves in practice are nouns. There are a multitude of adverbs describing different tenses and points of occurrence, and many have several meanings. Below is a sample:

{| border="1" cellborder="0" cellpadding="1" style="margin-top: 2ex" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+
! colspan="2" |Word
!Primary meaning
!Temporal meaning
!Gender
|-
|''anza''
|אנזַ
|morning/early
|{{sc|past}}
|''f''
|-
|''agmā''
|אגמַ
|evening/late
|{{sc|future}}
|''f''
|-
|''mēgā''
|מֵגַ
|time/timely
|{{sc|present}}
|''f''
|-
|''-igāmā''
|יגַמַ-
|that comes
|{{sc|reiterative}}
|''-''
|-
|''mēgigāme''
|מֵגִגַמֵ
|time that comes/again
|{{sc|reiterative present}}
|''f''
|-
|''-idaya''
|ידַיַ-
|that waits
|{{sc|"relative"}}
|''-''
|-
|''mēgidaye''
|מֵגִדַיֵ
|time that waits/today
|{{sc|hodiernal}}
|''f''
|-
|''anzidaye''
|אנזִדַיֵ
|morning that waits/yesterday
|{{sc|hesternal}}
|''f''
|-
|''agmidaye''
|אגמִדַיֵ
|evening that waits/tomorrow
|{{sc|crastinal}}
|''f''
|-
|}

*Please note that as with all adverbs, the definite article is compulsory.

====Gender and number====
The Attian verbs conjugate per [[Attian#Gender|gender]] and the two numbers singular ({{sc|sg}}) and plural ({{sc|pl}}). Nouns in the collective number count as plural. There are three genders in the singular; the masculine ({{sc|m}}) feminine ({{sc|f}}) and neuter ({{sc|n}}). In the plural conjugation, the masculine and feminine are conflated, into the common ({{sc|c}}) gender.
====Mood and Voice====
There are 3 different moods in the Attian language, the indicative, interrogative and directive moods. The directive mood, equivalent to the English imperative, conjugates according to gender, number and ''polarity''. That is, whether the statement is negative or positive.

Concerning voices, there are two of them, equally used, and with a slight semantic difference in both usage and meaning. These are the active, and the mediopassive.
=====Indicative=====
The indicative mood ({{sc|ind}}) is used for factual statements and positive beliefs, for example, "Mikhail doesn't like apples." or "Dimitriy eats apples." All intentions that a particular the Attian language does not categorise as another mood are classified as indicative. It is the most commonly used mood and is found throughout all languages.

=====Interrogative=====
=====Directive=====
===Active voice===
In Attian, as well as in many nominative-accusative languages, the active voice is used in a clause whose [[w:Subject (grammar)|subject]] expresses the [[w:Agent (grammar)|agent]] of the main verb. That is, the subject does the action designated by the verb. This is the default voice of the language, but it is still far less commonly used than the English active.

===Mediopassive voice===
Attian has another voice than the active; the mediopassive. In contrast to the active, a sentence in which the subject has the role of [[w:Patient (grammar)|patient]] or theme is called a passive sentence, is expressed in the [[w:passive voice|passive voice]]. In addition, should the passive encompass reflexive meanings, it is called the mediopassive.

The mediopassive is a catch-all diathesis which describes a multiple of equivalent English functions. The mediopassive has passive, reflexive, ergative, stative and reciprocal meanings, and is certainly at least as commonly used as the simple active. In many cases, the mediopassive may implicate a complete semantic shift - a change in meaning.

To provoke a reflexive or passive meaning from a verb, one may use the patientive with the mediopassive without introducing the agent of the clause. With the mediopassive voice, the reflexive usage is normally implied when the subject is the patient, and when using the agentive pronoun or noun the verb is perceived as passive. In colloquial speech however, the distinction between passive and reflexive is most often blurred, and the patientive takes on both uses.

{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+

| colspan="2"|'''thunann'''

!

| colspan="4"|'''gva thuna'''

!

| colspan="4"| '''ta myayō dunō'''

!

| colspan="4"| '''ta myavō dunō'''
|-

| colspan="2"| /ˈθunanː/

!

| colspan="3"|/ˈɡwa ˈθuna/

!

| colspan="4"|/ŋjajo ˈduno/

!

| colspan="4"|/ˈŋjawo ˈduno/
|-

|thuna
|-nn

!

|g
|-va
|thuna

!

|ta
|mya
|-yu
|dunō

!

|ta
|mya
|-vu
|dunō
|-

|speak/{{sc|med.gn.m.sg}}
| -{{sc|pat.1.sg}}

!

|I{{sc|.1.sg.m}}
| -{{sc|m.agt}}
|speak/{{sc|med.gn.m.sg}}

!

|the.{{sc|def.n}}
|cat/{{sc|n.sg}}
| -{{sc|pat.3.sg}}
|eat/{{sc|med.dyn.n.sg}}

!

|the.{{sc|def.n}}
|cat/{{sc|n.sg}}
| -{{sc|n.agt}}
|eat/{{sc|med.dyn.n.sg}}
|-

| colspan="2"|«''I speak of myself'' or ''I am being spoken of»

!

| colspan="3"|«''I am being spoken of''»

!

| colspan="4"|«''The cat is eating itself''»

!

| colspan="4"|«''The cat is being eaten''»
|}

As a tie-in with the very prevalent [[Attian#Animacy|animacy]] in the language, the mediopassive well may be used to form ergatives. Since the Attian agent must be animate, this circumvention eliminates the agent, leaving the inanimate in the patientive similar to a reflexive or passive. The ergative works with animates as well, but the application on inanimates is more common.

{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+

| colspan="4"|'''ta munesha gutō'''

!

| colspan="4"|'''aryaya vuzō'''
|-

| colspan="4"| /ta ˈŋunɛça ˈguθo/

!

| colspan="4"|/ar̥ˈjaja ˈwuzo/
|-

|ta
|munesh
|-a
|gutō

!

|ary
|-a
|-ya
|vuzō
|-

|the.{{sc|def.n}}
|window/{{sc|n.sg}}
| -{{sc|pat.sg}}
|break/{{sc|med.dyn.n.sg}}

!

|head/{{sc|n.sg}}
| -{{sc|pat.sg}}
| -{{sc|m.pat.3.sg}}
|turn/{{sc|med.dyn.n.sg}}
|-

| colspan="4"|«''The window broke''»

!

| colspan="4"|«''His head turns''»
|}

{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+

| colspan="4"| '''ta tatta zuzim'''

!

| colspan="4"| '''ta gānna gunun'''
|-

| colspan="4"|/ta ˈtatːa ˈzuziŋ/

!

| colspan="4"|/ta ˈgønːa ˈgunun/
|-

|ta
|tatt
|-a
|zuzima
!

|ta
|gaunn
|-a
|gunun
|-

|the.{{sc|def.n}}
|dad/{{sc|m.sg}}
| -{{sc|pat.sg}}
|move/{{sc|med.dyn.c.sg}}

!

|the.{{sc|def.n}}
|song/{{sc|n.sg}}
| -{{sc|pat.sg}}
|sung/{{sc|med.dyn.n.sg}}
|-

| colspan="4"|«''The dad moves''»

!

| colspan="4"|«*''The song sung''»
|}

Somewhat interestingly, but foremost confusingly, perhaps amazingly, the mediopassive has an affect on semantics, most often through the forming of statives, or rather predicatives. Attian does have a [[Attian#Stative|stative aspect]], which forms true statives - confer the dynamic "I hang my coat on the chair", versus the stative "I hang on the wall". Predicatives instead form expressions similar to "I am famous" or "It is wild". This is also the only slight adjectival distinction in the language, since the mediopassive can only confer a predicative meaning of traits, and not of objects. Thus, sentences like "I am hungry" are possible, but "It is hunger" is not viable to construct through the mediopassive.

*Predicative arguments always use the [[Attian#Core cases|agentive]] case.
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+

| colspan="3"|'''emnvi muna'''

!

| colspan="3"|'''atnva tune'''

!

| colspan="3"| '''gva mugā'''

!

| colspan="3"| '''minia uryim'''
|-

| colspan="3"| /ɛˈŋ͡mi ˈŋ͡muna/

!

| colspan="3"|/atˈŋ͡ma ˈtunɛ/

!

| colspan="3"|/gwa ˈŋugø/

!

| colspan="3"|/ˈŋinia ur̥ˈjiŋ/
|-

|emn
|-vi
|muna

!

|atn
|-va
|tune

!

|g
|-va
|mugā

!

|min
|-ia
|uryim
|-

|You{{sc|.2.sg.f}}
| -{{sc|m.agt}}
|see/{{sc|med.neu.c.sg}}

!

|dog/{{sc|.sg.n}}
| -{{sc|n.agt}}
|rage/{{sc|med.neu.n.sg}}

!

|I{{sc|.1.sg.m}}
| -{{sc|m.agt}}
|do/{{sc|med.neu.c.sg}}

!

|We{{sc|.1.pl.c}}
| -{{sc|c.agt}}
|lead/{{sc|med.dyn-stat.c.pl}}
|-

| colspan="3"|«''You are famous''»

!

| colspan="3"|«''The dog is wild''»

!

| colspan="3"|«''I am done''»

!

| colspan="3"|«''We are first''»
|}

====Aspect====
The Attian verbal system is based mostly on the aspectual distinctions, of which there are 4. Depending on what verbal template is being used, the verbs aspects may be limited, extended or replaced. There are however still only four basic aspects.
=====Neutral=====
The '''neutral''', or sometimes '''gnomic''' or '''generic''', aspect ({{sc|gen, neu, gn}}) is an Attian aspect which expresses general truths, [[w:aphorisms|aphorisms]] and empiric facts. The neutral or gnomic aspect stands in opposition with the episodic aspects which are defined for a certain time. Whilst the Attian neutral aspect is applicable to all tenses, it is most often used without a tense marker. Thus, it differs to the imperfective aspect, which can be expressed when the neutral aspect is coupled with an adverb denoting tense.

The neutral aspect is also often coupled with the collective number, signifying undefined amounts of subjects. The collective number still counts as plural in conjugations, however.
{| cellpadding="4" style="line-height: 1em;"
|+

| colspan="6"|'''mēgēna ta taya tun agmun'''
!
| colspan="2"|'''hutya teshum'''
!
| colspan="4"| ''''''
!
| colspan="4"| ''''''
|-

| colspan="6"| /ˈŋœɣœna ta ˈtaja tun aŋˈgun/
!
| colspan="4"|/ˈhutja ˈtɛçuŋ/
!
| colspan="4"|//
!
| colspan="4"|//
|-

|mēgē
|-na
|ta
|taya
|tun
|agmun
!
|hutya
|teshum
!
|
|
|
|
!
|
|
|
|
|-

|speak/{{sc|med.gn.m.sg}}
| -{{sc|pat.1.sg}}
!
|I{{sc|.1.sg.m}}
| -{{sc|m.agt}}
|speak/{{sc|med.gn.m.sg}}
!
|the.{{sc|def.n}}
|cat/{{sc|n.sg}}
| -{{sc|pat.3.sg}}
|eat/{{sc|med.dyn.n.sg}}
!
|the.{{sc|def.n}}
|cat/{{sc|n.sg}}
| -{{sc|n.agt}}
|eat/{{sc|med.dyn.n.sg}}
|-

| colspan="4"|«»
!
| colspan="4"|«»
!
| colspan="4"|«»
!
| colspan="4"|«»
|}

=====Stative and dynamic=====
The '''stative''' aspect ({{sc|stat}}) is an Attian aspect used on verbs to express a stative perspective of a verb, if any. The aspect marks verb with an inherent sort of property, sometimes permanent, nevertheless marking a state. Most statives are intransitive.

The '''dynamic''' ({{sc|dyn}}) aspect on the other hand signifies an action, perceptual, physical or the like, and they differ from statives in that they imply movement or a undefined duration. Confer the difference between stative and the opposing dynamic verbs:
*''You are hanging (from a cliff)'' - {{sc|stative}}
*''You are hanging (a painting on the wall)'' - {{sc|dynamic}}
The stative aspect is only distinguished in the active voice. In the mediopassive, it merges with the dynamic aspect.

=====Momentane=====

===Conjugation===
====Evidentiality====
====Control and volition====
===Verbal patterns===

==Numerals==
==Syntax==
==Vocabulary==

==Pragmatics==
[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:Attamian]][[Category:Attian]]
{{Waahlis}}

User talk:Waahlis

2013-01-14T11:43:58Z

Ingenials: You liberalist gypsy rot in Hell :D

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* If you leave a message here, I will reply '''here'''.
* If I left you a message, I will reply on your '''[[Special:MyTalk|talk page]]'''.
* '''Sign''' your post with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>)
* Keep your title '''short'''. Alternatively '''funny'''.
* You leave messages in any language you see fit; that is, languages I have a chance at understanding.

<div style="margin-top: 1em; padding-top: 0.3em; font-size: 70%; border-top: 1px solid #3E3E3E;">'''Archives''' [[User talk:Waahlis/1|1]] · [[User talk:Waahlis/2|2]] · [[User talk:Waahlis/3|3]] · [[User talk:Waahlis/4|4]] · [[User talk:Waahlis/5|5]]</div></div>

Default message aside, thanks for dropping by! There is no intrusion, only welcoming! ;) - [[User:Chrysophylax|Chrysophylax]] ([[User_talk:Chrysophylax|talky talk]]) 23:55, 4 November 2012 (CET)

== Design ==

I always liked the blue-ish button theme. They are quite awesome.

On another note, I like the idea embodied in your draft for a new logo, although I can't say I really approve of the Castellar font. It feels a tad out of place. I appreciate the Latinate origin of the word and the connection with the font family of Roman style letters but I don't know. Castellar and Trajan don't feel particularly welcoming to me. Perhaps something more modern but still classy? Adobe Caslon Pro is quite similar to Castellar in its capital shapes and conveys class without straying into dusty old books territory… hmm
besides that, I think it's quite classy without being cheesy (like the current one, lol) - [[User:Chrysophylax|Chrysophylax]] ([[User_talk:Chrysophylax|talky talk]]) 22:06, 8 November 2012 (CET)

[[File:A_few_fonts.png|500px]]

Hm, it seems it changed the three first bottom lowercase examples to the same font. Ah, sigh.
- [[User:Chrysophylax|Chrysophylax]] ([[User_talk:Chrysophylax|talky talk]]) 22:17, 8 November 2012 (CET)

Oh dear! Couldn't find a bigger one could you?

I actually suspected you wouldn't, I suppose that's obvious from your personality. I am not sure about the current one though... My aesthetic senses itch when I see it...
But I'm sure I'll come up with something that you'd prefer!

Éstas, ¿qué te parecen: [[:File:Linguifex 2.0.png]] y [[:File:Linguifex 3.0.png]]?

[[User:Waahlis|Waahlis]] ([[User talk:Waahlis|talk]]) 22:31, 8 November 2012 (CET)

Oh! Qué decisión más difícil. Tertia versio tua oculos meos delectat. Tranquilitassecuritasque incarnat, inquit Chrysophylax. Placetne tibi ista "Castellar"? Fortasse tibi placebit altera versio cum capitalibus? Si Caslon tibi displicet alteram scripturam invenire possumus.

- [[User:Chrysophylax|Chrysophylax]] ([[User_talk:Chrysophylax|talky talk]]) 22:52, 8 November 2012 (CET)

: So I temporarily switched the site logo to the th ird one you suggested to see how it felt with the site layout. I think it looks ''lagom snyggt''. Vad tycks? - [[User:Chrysophylax|Chrysophylax]] ([[User_talk:Chrysophylax|talky talk]]) 23:02, 8 November 2012 (CET)

Me alegra que si.Non mihi placet valde multum, malo tertia versio, et non credo alteram versionem cum capitalibus mihi placeam. Ignosce linguae meae...

Μου αρέσει, αγκαλά είναι άσημι, εγώ θέλω κάτι πολύ... framträdande. --[[User:Waahlis|Waahlis]] ([[User talk:Waahlis|talk]]) 16:27, 9 November 2012 (CET)

:: Mégan semeiophoron hemeteron theleis; Hmm... fortasse tibi litterae factae cum coloribus in nomine nostro placebit? sý ʿara tó theleis; egō ʿellenika tēn glōssan oʾu fēmi :( - [[User:Chrysophylax|Chrysophylax]] ([[User_talk:Chrysophylax|talky talk]]) 21:47, 9 November 2012 (CET)

::: Aha! '''''ʿeureka!''''' What about a more framträdande förstasida? Det vill säga, Main_Page skulle kunna ha något mer imponerande som en banner. You know, something that says awesomeness and is visually attention-grabbing. I'd personally prefer it on the first page than always drawing your attention like the irk…wikia-logo. What do you think of this? - [[User:Chrysophylax|Chrysophylax]] ([[User_talk:Chrysophylax|talky talk]]) 21:50, 9 November 2012 (CET)

Oooh, that's a very archaic Greek. I'll avoid writing it then. Colours.... Well, not exactly to recommend in a logo... And yes of course! You wouldn't know because you can't read minds, but I am actually sketching on a front page right now, and yes, it'll draw attention! And by the way... 08? Allvarligt talat? Stön... ;P --[[User:Waahlis|Waahlis]] ([[User talk:Waahlis|talk]]) 00:19, 10 November 2012 (CET)

:Well, the only Greek I've ever taken is Ancient Greek (which I'm in the process of commencing to learn. My grasp of it is proto-proto-proto-existent.) I must admit, I'm not a very successful Roman aristocrat, what with my limited command of the ''noblest of tongues''. Thus, I propose to temporarily abandon the old sermones for some English! As we've seem to have done already.
:''Hehehehe''. True, colours tend to look a bit nasty in logos. I think the logo looks quite nice with the recently changed skin though. What do you think? Also, I've started fixing up Dhannuá here, seeing as its one of the most developed languages I have on paper (technically Word/PDF documents scattered over my harddrives) but yes, irrelevant rambling aside, it's good to see some ''corpus'' developing. Your Attian has me most intrigued!
:On another note, have you heard anything from anyone on the Wikkii-wiki? Nothing against your company (it's most enjoyable! :D) but it sure does feel a little empty. That, and I'd be elated if more people actually started using this, because if there's one thing I like almost as much as conlanging itself, it's reading about well-thought out conlangs! /sad phylax.
: Vadan denna antipati mot caput nationis? ;)
: - [[User:Chrysophylax|Chrysophylax]] ([[User_talk:Chrysophylax|talky talk]]) 02:11, 10 November 2012 (CET)

The only Greek I have extensively studied is Modern. Other, archaic forms were sort of included... At least it is better than my Latin, which I can only read properly. Excellent, you've switched to Vector as well? Or have you somehow standardised it, because if you have, my preferences tell the sote to override any other skin... And you know I like Dhannuá! It is very aesthetic, and very faithful to its Indo-European heritage! Why thank you!

Well, we conjecture that the hurricane Sandy is to blame for the down-time, as it seems to have coincided fairly well with the date Wikkii went down. I don't really have the contact info on anyone on wikkii except the admins, and MOB has been alerted where this wiki is. :D He'll probably come join us!

Let's just say I prefer the framsida before the baksida... ;P Will you have more time to edit today? [[User:Waahlis|Waahlis]] ([[User talk:Waahlis|talk]]) 07:46, 10 November 2012 (CET)
:Ah, I see! And yes, vector is the new standard until someone overrides it. Thanks for the praise. ^^. And ah, sadness. And, I might later, much later today. I have to attend certain events tonight… but bis bald! - [[User:Chrysophylax|Chrysophylax]] ([[User_talk:Chrysophylax|talky talk]]) 17:36, 10 November 2012 (CET)

==Imports==
How are you importing stuff? Google cache? '''[[User:PMOB|Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán]]''' 19:04, 10 November 2012 (CET)

Actually, I don't think code's possible to import by Google cache... :/ I just used wikia for the documentation templates. For Nāmic as well (which made it slightly unupdated). We could give it a try at the caches though. [[User:Waahlis|Waahlis]] ([[User talk:Waahlis|talk]]) 19:17, 10 November 2012 (CET)

No, the source code is messed up but it's still better than nothing. I don't think anything significant will have been lost but anything that is is still annoying. '''[[User:PMOB|Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán]]''' 19:40, 10 November 2012 (CET)

I suppose. I'm sure the site will get back to its usual self eventually, but I do find this site better, more reliable. --[[User:Waahlis|Waahlis]] ([[User talk:Waahlis|talk]]) 19:56, 10 November 2012 (CET)

I read through some comments online and people that have contacted Wikkii have had no response - but I hope you're right. I don't know how he would know but Rostov said the data aren't lost. '''[[User:PMOB|Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán]]''' 20:07, 10 November 2012 (CET)

I did that as well, on Facebook. I am fairly sure they wouldn't just shut down it all. Well, he wouldn't. There's a strong indication though, that loosing the data when the server collapses seems to be rather uncommon. Granted that the server comes back online, that is... [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 20:16, 10 November 2012 (CET)

== Chromaesthetics ==

Purple. Blue. Orange.

Also, on another note, are we doing away with the "Create a language"-box on the main page? - [[User:Chrysophylax|Chrysophylax]] ([[User_talk:Chrysophylax|talky talk]]) 03:22, 11 November 2012 (CET)

Would you mind getting a blue administrator sphere then? :D Of course not, as I said: a '''very''' preliminary draught of a Main page.

By the way, would you mind not answering my messages to you on my talk page? :P It gets rather cluttered, I think! [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 12:05, 11 November 2012 (CET)

: Apologies, I should've continued the conversation on my own talk page per convention. I understand the cluttered argument fully :P… I get confused when I haven't slept well. A blue administrator sphere would be cool. Is purple out of the question though? - [[User:Chrysophylax|Chrysophylax]] ([[User_talk:Chrysophylax|talky talk]]) 20:36, 11 November 2012 (CET)

Of course, I understand! Hehe, well, I think that if EmperorZelos'd come back, he'd have a lot stronger feelings about that colour than you... :P Your choice though! Nevertheless, the code for a signature like the one administrators' had on Wikkii is: <nowiki>[[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Chrysophylax]]''' </nowiki> Which looks like this: [[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Chrysophylax]]'''
 --[[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 20:44, 11 November 2012 (CET)

:Ah. I see. What with that emperor title. Hmpf... If he does not object to sharing the colour (after all: ''In omnio anno rei publicae duo consules fuerunt, qui in toga picta vestiebantur'') I'd opt for purple myself. Purple is the colour of magistrates after all. If he would be completely averse to sharing then… we shall have that discussion when/if it comes. ;) But hey, thanks for awesoming up the wiki! That admin symbol is quite impressive too. Thanks for it :)
:Btw, I saw you added some links to en.wiki…, so I added some shtuff to the db. '''''w:''''' should work for interwiki linking. - [[User:Chrysophylax|Chrysophylax]] ([[User_talk:Chrysophylax|talky talk]]) 21:05, 11 November 2012 (CET)

I don't know whence the name, actually... :/ ''Sí, sí, supongo que si.'' Let's just say that he's not very big on sharing... I can't think of any awesoming so far...! I've imported one or three templates, categorised a bit. But I do think it'd be fun should you use the admin symbol! It gives us a bit of consitency! :D [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 22:36, 11 November 2012 (CET)

== Hey, YOU! ==

Hi :3 Just imported loads of stuff [[User:EmperorZelos|EmperorZelos]] ([[User talk:EmperorZelos|talk]]) 17:49, 12 November 2012 (CET)

Hi there! Välkommen! :D Excellent, I'll give you a hand. Don't forget to consult the domain owner! --[[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 19:42, 12 November 2012 (CET)

THere is alot of work to be done but of course we'll talk to the guy :P He is an admin aswell now and got a voice. [[User:EmperorZelos|[[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Zelos]]''']] ([[User talk:EmperorZelos|talk]]) 20:05, 12 November 2012 (CET)

and my signature doesnt work! [[User:EmperorZelos|[[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=http://conlang.wikkii.com/wiki/Conlang:Administrators]]&nbsp;'''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|Emperor Zelos]]''']] ([[User talk:EmperorZelos|talk]]) 20:07, 12 November 2012 (CET)

You're signature's messed up... :/ Well, I'll walk around change some details, content and organise the naming of the templates (new project of mine). I'll work on a better Main page as well. Also, the Random word feature doesn't work. --[[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 20:09, 12 November 2012 (CET)

how do I fix the signature? I tried yours and my old one, fucking fails!

And good, and it doesnt because he hasn't installed some basic features. once he does it should work [[User:EmperorZelos|'''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|Emperor Zelos]]''']] ([[User talk:EmperorZelos|talk]]) 20:10, 12 November 2012 (CET)

Finally! [[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|Emperor Zelos]]''' 20:12, 12 November 2012 (CET)

Ehm, I left a piece of code on Billy's talk page, which he used? Are you sure you've got the "wikitext" square checked? [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 20:13, 12 November 2012 (CET)

I got it resolved now.

we'll get around to it, we need new front page, new icon, new everything.

== Poetry ==

Just thought you ought to know that your [http://waahlis.deviantart.com/#/d5jkmvg For a Girl in the Messinese language] inspired me to translate a couple of poems into Zamoran a week or so ago :P '''[[User:PMOB|Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán]]''' 22:55, 12 November 2012 (CET)

Why thank you! I'm glad people like that one! :) [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 08:00, 13 November 2012 (CET)

== New Extensions ==

The gnomes have added [http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Slideshow_(Javascript) Slideshow]. I seem to recall you using it somewhere, so I figured you'd appreciate it [[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Chrysophylax]]''' 00:25, 13 November 2012 (CET)
A proper forum (see [http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:WikiForum Extension:WikiForum]) is coming. [[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Chrysophylax]]''' 00:25, 13 November 2012 (CET)

This is going to kick ass [[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|Emperor Zelos]]''' 08:02, 13 November 2012 (CET)

"Is it a plain? No. Is it a bird? No. Is it Batman? No. - '''It's the Extender!'''"
"Extenders - on dvd the 27th of November."
And oh yes, Zelos, it will! :D [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 08:03, 13 November 2012 (CET)

I have already suggested additional extensions that can and will be useful to us, one is MP3 playing so we can have audio recordings :D [[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|Emperor Zelos]]''' 08:25, 13 November 2012 (CET)

== Summons ==

{{User:Chrysophylax/tools/summon|User_talk:EmperorZelos#Userboxes|Chrysophylax}}

== Hey! ==

Hi Waahlis! I'm SPARTAN-004, from the DA Conlang group. Thanks for the heads-up on the table formatting, I've been struggling with it all day because I'm quite new to HTML editing. :) [[User:Darthme|Darthme]] ([[User talk:Darthme|talk]]) 03:44, 8 January 2013 (CET)Darthme

Hey Waahlis! :P I saw your message and came over. How has it been? I've been caught up in school, so I'll try to come here periodically. Anything I need to know? [[User:Conlang|CL]][[User_talk:Conlang|/ˈ'''t'''ɔk ˈpeɪdʒ/]] 21:38, 13 November 2012 (CET)

Hi CL! I'm glad you made it! It's been fine, not very much conlanging, though.. :P You? :) I don't think so... We're still trying to set the place up - I am currently organising the templates (which takes ages...) and I'm going to make a new Main page! Since you're good at coding, you could help Chysophylax and Zelos if you want? :) Other than that, just keep calm, fix your lang and be social! :D [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 22:30, 13 November 2012 (CET)

I'll see what I can do coding-wise; my codes are written a little strange. But here I can learn from professionals! I can also help with transferring comlang over; when you start, just message me.

If you want to I can help organize the templates with you; I'm kinda an organization freak. XD But on a serious note, I don't mind organizing stuff, so if you want me to help, just say so. I know it can get a bit boring. :) [[User:Conlang|CL]][[User_talk:Conlang|/ˈ'''t'''ɔk ˈpeɪdʒ/]] 21:09, 14 November 2012 (CET)

P.S. sorry if I use ":P" too much; I try to limit myself a lot on doing it. If I didn't, you'd see it a lot more. :P

Well, I'm not a coding angel either... I just pick things up and survive... :/ Well, right now, coding isn't that much of an issue, I believe. However, importing the comlang would be great, including if you could import the archives for it then! :D

On the organisation; yes, please I would like help! The others aren't much for that kind of thing, and I need all the help I can get! I'll fix a few rules for you to follow if you're interested! :D

And as you see, I've got no problem with smilies - I think they give informal texts a bit of nuance! ;) [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 21:19, 14 November 2012 (CET)

I'm interested in organizing. Not to be demanding, but, I would the rules of what I can or can't do and a list of to do's as soon as you can get around to writing them; I'm bored out of my mind right now. :P Thanks for letting me help. X) [[User:Conlang|CL]][[User_talk:Conlang|/ˈ'''t'''ɔk ˈpeɪdʒ/]] 21:34, 14 November 2012 (CET)

Of course. Thing is, I recall you're American, and whilst it's daytime in the US, it's starting to get late here in Sweden... :P Could I get it for you 'till tomorrow? :) [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 21:55, 14 November 2012 (CET)

And I should have thought of that to. :/ Yeah, you can get it to me tomorrow. :)
 [[User:Conlang|CL]][[User_talk:Conlang|/ˈ'''t'''ɔk ˈpeɪdʒ/]] 22:00, 14 November 2012 (CET)

== Thoughts ==

Seeing as you're the apparent leading in-house scholar on Indo-European languages I'd like to ask you for some thoughts regarding this most anciente and wickede variant of Classical Dhannuá.

:{|
|colspan=21|''Bhōzōiōm Lūdhas peri sar sa dānaizā dhānnwa ta bhōzānd sann i āuzir nissīr sei ta izd sa aliūzella swēsor dhānnwar Lūsanar.'' ||
|-
|Bhōz-ō-iōm||Lūdhas||peri||sa-r||sa||dānaiz-ā||dhānnwa||ta||bhōz-ānd||sa-nn||i||āuz-ir||niss-īr||sei||ta||izd||sa||aliūzell-a||swēsor||dhānnw-ar||Lūsan-ar||
|-
|speak-{{sc|1sg-1sg.encl}}||Lūdhas||about||{{sc|fem.dem-gen|}}||{{sc|fem.dem.nom}}||dānair-{{sc|gen.pl}}||tongue||subclause.{{sc|prt}}||speak-{{sc|3pl}}||{{sc|fem.dem-acc}}||{{sc|loc.prep}}||eastern-{{sc|gen.pl}}||isle-{{sc|gen.pl}}||they||subclause.{{sc|prt}}||be.{{sc|3sg.pres}}||{{sc|fem.dem.nom}}||another-{{sc|fem.nom}}||sister||tongue-{{sc|gen.sg}}||Lūsan-{{sc|gen.sg}}||
|-
|colspan=21|''Lannia-z-ānd sēseid R rōd Z ca aliūzella aljūza sei.''||
|-
|Lannia-z-ānd||sē-seid||R||rōd||Z||ca||aliūzell-a||aljūz-a||{{sc|masc.pl.dem.nom}}||
|-
|twist-{{sc|ipfv.pst-3pl}}|| {{sc|refl.}}intensifier-they.{{sc|dat}}||R||for_purpose_of.{{sc|prep}}||Z||also||different-{{sc|neut.pl}}||thing{{sc|-neut.pl}}||they||
|}

The translation ends up something like: "'I Lúthais, say of that, that dánaizian tongue that they speak in the eastern isles, that it is another sister of the tongue of Lúsan. They have changed for themselves r for z and other strange things."

It's a non-rhotacised variant so to speak. Cf. Continental Silver-age Classical Dhannuá ''bhōzō'', '''bhōz'''– with Standard Dhannuá ''bhóran'', '''bhór'''-. [[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Chrysophylax]]''' 01:46, 14 November 2012 (CET)

Oh dear, where dd you get that from? :P Flattering, though!

Let's see... from ''Bhōzōiōm'' from *bʰeh₂, then ''peri'' from *peri... Why voice*h₁és(e)t(i) to ''izd''? Also, I suppose the "she" and "they" are feminine demonstratives? Maybe you could gloss that differently? Also, the ''Lannarīzānd'' is not that transparent to me...! Amazing language, truly! :D [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 20:39, 14 November 2012 (CET)

:In the Continental varieties intervocalic s gets voiced, thus *h₁és(e)ti -> *ízeti -> ízəd -> izd. This is somewhat sporadic because there is some analogical levelling present. Lannarīzānd is actually miswritten I see now. For starters it should be -ānd and not -zānd. Then the stem is off too, '''*lnk-ya-''' (0-grade derivative of PIE **lenk-) should have developed into ''lannia-'' (at least in this dialect). The PIE sigmatic aorist -> imperfective past is here affixed. (s > z) (I appear to have added the Insular version -rī- for some weird reason.)
:{|
|lannia-z-ānd||
|-
|twist-{{sc|ipfv.pst-3pl}}
|-
|}
:change/twist/distort are the defs. of the verb ''lanniad''. Thus while literally "they have twisted for themselves" I translated it as changed. And regarding sa/sei: the pronoun system in Dhannuá is quite "broken". The s- forms appear to have taken over, so while the plural sei appears to be from **seh₂i it is not. (the feminine plural is ''sai''). It's instead poor *toi becoming likened to *seh₂i and thus giving sei. Just in case you wonder about the dative in -d; the Dhannuán dative is technically a mischung of the IE ablative with its -d, inherited from thematic -ōt, and the true dative in -ōy.

I'll fix the weird glossing. I had forgot that demonstrative pronouns were called for, it seems. It's obvious that's what should be there. xD ANyhow, regarding Lannazānd, I wouldn't have caught it had you not pointed it out. Doing things purely in the head is quite uhh, brain-hurting after a while. Thanks :D [[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Chrysophylax]]''' 23:25, 14 November 2012 (CET)

I just appreciate the semantic shift from "conjoin" to "twist"... :P And 'tis completely understandable with a dative derived from an ablative. The cases are a bit different to those of Attian - ''agentive'', ''patientive'', ''instrumental'' and ''locative''. It is sometimes difficult to handle so few and odd cases - I miss the old school Indo-European ones... :( [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 21:53, 15 November 2012 (CET)

== 'Jour ==

Au moment, je me suis cache par un véritable tas de devoirs. J'aimerais bien transférer ma langue ici mais ça va être longue-temps avant que je me suis libre à faire ce là.

Je vous espère de la bonne chance pendant ce temps,

--[[User:Fauxlosophe|Fauxlosophe]] ([[User talk:Fauxlosophe|talk]]) 08:28, 19 November 2012 (CET)

Bienvenue, Fauxlosophe! J'espère que tout va bien avec vous! Bien sûr, c'est comprehénsible. Si vous voulez, nous pouvons le fair à la place?

Et je vous espère de la bonne chance et santé aussi, [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 08:57, 19 November 2012 (CET)

Ça serait bien mais j'avais fait plusieurs changements depuis wikkii c'est mise en rade, donc ce qui est là est un peu dépassé.
--[[User:Fauxlosophe|Fauxlosophe]] ([[User talk:Fauxlosophe|talk]]) 18:08, 19 November 2012 (CET)

== Privacy policy==

Skype? [[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Chrysophylax]]''' 00:46, 24 November 2012 (CET)

I think he has none [[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|Emperor Zelos]]''' 08:55, 24 November 2012 (CET)

But I do, but I do. Chrysophylax, thing is that everything on that page is hopelessly obsolete and only applicable to Wikkii websites. It is all to be changed, but I figured you'd be most adept to do it. Surely there's nothing that needs explanation to me, nor justification. [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 09:28, 24 November 2012 (CET)

Gimme your skype then :P [[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|Emperor Zelos]]''' 13:12, 24 November 2012 (CET)

I haven't been as active as I've wanted because of RL obligations and instant messaging is a tad difficult here so in case you need me for something, here's my Skype : http://pastebin.ca/BlEwSZUN the password being the username of our dear gfx-designing admin (big W). Link is valid for 1 hour. [[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Chrysophylax]]''' 19:47, 24 November 2012 (CET)

Heehee, one hour, that was optimistic... :P Whilst I am normally a very chatty and social person, I am not very inclined to give up too much of myself. I could make an exception if it were something exceptionally grave though? What is it that you want me to opine on? [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 11:07, 25 November 2012 (CET)

The greatest question humanity has ever deviced [[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|Emperor Zelos]]''' 11:29, 25 November 2012 (CET)

== Rostovism ==

Why are there so much vandalism lately? [[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|Emperor Zelos]]''' 07:35, 10 December 2012 (CET)

== Hano ==

The [[Hano|page]] is currently marked and risks deletion for "Patent nonsense". Isn't that a tad harsh and incorrect? I mean, I do not see in which world
:''“Hano includes three grammatical numbers: singular, dual and plural, of which dual exists only in personal pronouns.''
:''It has three noun classes: concrete animate, concrete inanimate and abstract. All nouns are plural by default and the singular is marked by adding a suffix to the end of the noun”''

would be classified as gibberish. I concede the page being quite incomplete and relatively inactive (last edit by author was back in November) but I feel strongly that section G.1 is not applicable here for which I have reverted your edit. [[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Chrysophylax]]''' 19:55, 12 December 2012 (CET)

Excellent, it attracted attention. No need to be so overly formal. I'm fully aware of the content, extent and significance of the policy, as I wrote it myself. The reason I put the indeed erroneous message at the top of the article was to attract a fellow user's attention, as well as the policy lacking coverage. The article of [[Hano]] seems to be experiencing some sort of technical error, and the complete content is displaced to the left.

As you merely contested my application of G:1 on the page, I presume you did not notice? [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 21:15, 12 December 2012 (CET)

''Weird.'' I am not seeing any content displacement to the left. The only thing that is left-shifted as far as I can see is the Language-info bar, which appears to be a common error/minor nuisance when dealing with content imported from wikkii using that specific format. I apologise if my tone came off as cold. At times, I may express myself in ways which may be seen as very formal by some, something for which I have no way of dealing with presently. It just happens. Then again, I presume there is a measurable amount of compensation when I indulge in smiley usage and/or "LOLZ". On another point, have you been studying guerilla marketing or something? ;-). So yeah, I did not notice any severe content displacement. I am currently using Version 23.0.1271.95 of Google Chrome on Windows 7. As this is a WebKit-based renderer, it is possible that the displacement issue is not present in my browser. What are you using? [[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Chrysophylax]]''' 21:25, 12 December 2012 (CET)

I have no problem with formality whatsoever, I just considered it uncalled for. I am extremely sensitive to tone and register in both writing and speech, so the fault is partly mine. Guerilla marketing, how do you figure? XP

''Odd''. I am currently using version 23.0.1271.95 m of Google Chrome as well, and I experience the layout error both here and on Firefox. Even though I'd deem it unimportant, I too use Windows 7. When controlling the page with the latest update of Internet Explorer, that very same defect is present. The complete page is shifted on top of the Linguifex sidebar. [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 21:55, 12 December 2012 (CET)

Weeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeird. I'll try other browsers. [[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Chrysophylax]]''' 22:37, 12 December 2012 (CET)

Okay, I can reproduce the error in IE9. What the heck… [[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Chrysophylax]]''' 22:38, 12 December 2012 (CET)

Exactly. Surely it must be a flawed template of sorts. [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 23:02, 12 December 2012 (CET)

I figured it was that template. Luckily, I'm working on an alternative. A more delicate template: [[User:Waahlis/Template:Classing]] Keep in mind aligning doesn't seem to work t'all. [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 23:10, 12 December 2012 (CET)

==Gott nytt år==

Hej! Excuse me if I disappear sometimes!!! I imagine you can understand me, moreover I've had to learn to use Linux, as I've abandoned Windows to use Ubuntu XD I wanted to wish you a "gott nytt år, full av drömmar och tillfredsställelse!" :)
I'm just reinventing my ex-Tardesco language: now I'm mixing Ancient Greek and Brythonic, because I've found a uchrony that shifts Greece in our Great Britain ;)
Later I'll post something about. [[File:Llyn.png|35px|link=User:Llyn]] '''[[User talk:Llyn|Llyn]]''' 17:00, 02 January 2013 (CET)

Felice anno nuovo! Oh, don't worry! It has been rather lonely around here lately anyway... That sounds overly complicated! XD Well thank you! ''Detsamma!'' (A very useful Swedish phrase by the way - we say it all the time)

Oh, II liked Tardesco! Hmm... Mixing Greek and Brythonic wouldn't be my first choice, but you do seem to like your Northen European languages. :p I'm sure it will be great, since you're very productive!

P.S. ''År'' is a neuter noun, which means it ought to be ''full'''t''' av drömmar och tillfredsställelse''! ;) Swedish gender is somewhat arbitrary... :P D.S [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 17:19, 2 January 2013 (CET)

Life's a bitch, thats why it's lonely!

Gott nytt år D-Fs!

[[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|Emperor Zelos]]''' 20:37, 2 January 2013 (CET)

It has been quite empty on the wiki lately though... :/ Du, vad betyder D-F för dig egentligen? :P [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 21:53, 2 January 2013 (CET)

D står för Douche och F är ett ord för någonting annat för att skapa en enhetligt ord som skulle kunna tolkas som en förolämpning men som jag säger med all välmening :D

[[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|Emperor Zelos]]''' 22:14, 2 January 2013 (CET)

Självklart...! :P Hehe, hos oss har DF alltid betytt ''dumfan'' nämligen... :P [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 22:19, 2 January 2013 (CET)

"D står för Douche och F är ett ord för någonting annat för att skapa en enhetligt ord som skulle kunna tolkas som en förolämpning men som jag säger med all välmening" >> "D stays for Douche and F is a word for something else to create a homogeneous word that could be interpreted as an insult but that I say with a complete good intention". Is my translation right? XD With you I could practice my skills :P Gott nytt år på dig också, Emperor ;)
Thanks for your corrections, Wåhlis :) Sometimes I forget genders, even if in Swedish you have two only :) I post something now, then I'd like to know if you like my experiment ;) [[File:Llyn.png|35px|link=User:Llyn]] '''[[User talk:Llyn|Llyn]]''' 00:57, 03 January 2013 (CET)

Basically, it was a great translation! You've got to say if you want meto stop correcting though, it isn't always appreciated! :P Yeah, there are systems for the gender, but they are rather abstract. [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 15:19, 3 January 2013 (CET)

I '''love''' when you correct me! I have to learn Swedish well, because in May I'll try to get A2 certificate Swedex :) [[File:Llyn.png|35px|link=User:Llyn]] '''[[User talk:Llyn|Llyn]]''' 15:56, 03 January 2013 (CET)

Haha, ''utmärkt''! I do get bad conscience when I correct people... 'Tis a Swedish thing I suppose. :/ Wow, that sounds really good, but it actually doesn't tell me anything... ;p Also, as you've probably noticed, we are quite many Swedes around, so you'll get your chances to practise! :) [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 14:37, 4 January 2013 (CET)

It is a kind of Swedish TOEFL ;) Naturligtvis måste jag studera, för att erhålla den attest där! I've seen that here there are '''almost only''' Swedes! I begin to think that conlanging is a spread free time activity in Sweden!!! [[File:Llyn.png|35px|link=User:Llyn]] '''[[User talk:Llyn|Llyn]]''' 15:05, 04 January 2013 (CET)

==Waahlis' Swedish lesson I==

TOEFL? XD Ironically, yes! Even though interest for languages other than English is cool at best, a fair amount seem to be conlanging. It probably has to do with Swedish artistic freedom. :/ Especially since Swedes' knowledge of grammar is close to non-existent. Education in grammar was almost completely forsaken during the 70-ies and 80-ies, and most people don't know what a subject is, nor what linguistics is... :/

Also, welcome to''' Waahlis' Swedish lesson I''' - please be seated and I will tell you a few things a bout the definite article in Swedish!
*Swedish has 2 independent definite articles, one neuter and one uter (common) - ''det'' and ''den''. The definite articles more or less correspond to that of Italian, Spanish and English.
*However, there is more to it - as you probably know, there are two enclitic articles as well, ''-et'' and ''-en'', both conveying the same meaning.
Most often, it is rather accepted to use both articles simultaneously, or simply using the enclitic one. However! - Using just the independent definite articles is not advisable in most contexts, especially when the object of a verb, such as ''erhålla'' (tip: Whilst the word is really nice, it is rather formal, using ''få'' works just as well in that context). Thus there are three possible constructions in terms of species (definiteness) in Swedish:
*''Jag ser en man'' - "I see a man"
*''Jag ser mannen'' - "I see the man"
*''Jag ser den mannen'' - "I see the/that man"
*''Jag ser man'' - does {{red|not}} mean "I see a man".
*''Jag ser den man'' - does {{red|not}} mean "I see the man". (Unless you're Danish...)
This means your sentence should be:
*''"för att erhålla attesten <s>där</s>!"''
When to use just the independent article is rather difficult, and most often belongs to more educated speech. It is easier to learn when not to use it! ;)
Alternatively, if you want to say "I want to get '''that''' cerificate" you may say:
*''"för att erhålla den där attesten!"''
In addition, I noticed your comment on Chrysophylax' Dhannuá? ''På svenska ser saker intressanta ut, inte ut intressanta!'' ;) Phrasal verbs, gotta love 'em...!
[[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 16:59, 4 January 2013 (CET)

Oh, my Gods! You have been really³ helpful and gentle with me! I've read it all :) I didn't know that one could say ''{{green|jag ser den mannen}}'', I knew only ''{{green|jag ser mannen}}'' and ''{{green|jag ser denna mann}}'' (quite formal, true?). I wanted to say "that certificate" and I've written ''{{green|den attest där}}'' ahahaha! Once again I've thought a bit "germanly": ''{{green|den där attesten}}'' > ''{{green|den attest där}}'', with a semantical element at the end! So I have seen that I have to use both articles when I want to say "this" or "that": '''{{green|jag slår de där pojkarna}}''' or '''{{green|jag älskar den här flickan}}''', right? In the case of '''{{green|någon/t ser så ut}}''' I understand now that my error could be a case of hypercorrectism: German syntax is the same ('''{{green|jemand/etwas sieht so aus}}'''), so I have unconsciously thought to vary this order!!!
Thank you very much for your help, I can analyze my mistakes, comprehend and avoid them :)
With the right premises probably I would ask you to marry me! Ahahahaha ;) ''{{green|Skämt åsido}}'', you've been incredibly gentle and ''{{green|ljuvlig}}''! [[File:Llyn.png|35px|link=User:Llyn]] '''[[User talk:Llyn|Llyn]]''' 17:42, 04 January 2013 (CET)

You know, I just realised that you meant ''{{red|den där}}'' as a demonstrative after writing the wall of text...! -_- After which I felt a bit silly writing it all... And yes ''{{red|denna man}}'' is rather formal, if you're sensitive to that... :P However, Swedish and Norwegian are rather odd in that they like the ''double definiteness''. It is thus also possible (which also is far less formal) to say ''{{red|denna mannen}}'' in most contexts! And yes, both of those sentence are absolutely correct! Although I would probably use the word ''{{red|certifikat}}'' rather than ''{{red|attest}}''!

I'm glad I could help - I don't get the chance very often... :P And it's nice to have someone to discuss these things with! You've been very tolerant with my ranting and do have a sense of humour! Most Swedes are rather boring...! (But could you please avoid the word ''{{red|ljuvlig}}''? I get shivers from it for personal reasons... :P) [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 18:53, 4 January 2013 (CET)

Ahahahah! Shivers? Really?! I didn't know it, please excuse me! Maybe I've been too informal when I've used that word. I've loved to read and learn from a muttersprachler :) It's useful :) [[File:Llyn.png|35px|link=User:Llyn]] '''[[User talk:Llyn|Llyn]]''' 00:44, 05 January 2013 (CET)

Es que tengo una tía que siempre usa la palabra... Y ella jamás me ha encantado. Por eso la palabra ''ljuvlig'' ha recibido connotaciones... ¡Y no te preocupes - no podías saber! ¡Por supuesto, si tienes preguntas, solamente habla conmigo! :D [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 08:26, 5 January 2013 (CET)

¿Te he dicho ya lo bien que me caes? :) Sí, sí que te preguntaré, tengo un montón de cosas por preguntarte ;) Estoy usando un libro que se llama ''{{green|Form i fokus A}}'', ¿lo conoces? [[File:Llyn.png|35px|link=User:Llyn]] '''[[User talk:Llyn|Llyn]]''' 14:18, 05 January 2013 (CET)

¡Jaja, sí, ya me has dicho! ¡Por supuesto es completemente mutuo! :) Excelente, si no se pregunta, nada se aprende! Hmm, lo reconozco, pero no recuerdo que lo he leido o visto... :/ [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 16:35, 9 January 2013 (CET)

== Waahlis' Swedish lesson II ==

Hej, tutor! Hur har du det? Jag hoppas bra :) Tendría una pregunta por hacerte, como tú eres tan disponible conmigo. Yo digo (y escribo):

* ''{{green|Den stora kvinnan}}'' > ''{{green|Kvinnan är stor}}'';
* ''{{green|Den store man}}'' > ''{{green|Mannen är stor}}'';
* ''{{green|Det stora bordet}}'' > ''{{green|Bordet är stort}}'';
* ''{{green|De stora pojkarna}}'' > ''{{green|Pojkarna är stora}}''.

¿Por qué? Quiero decir, si los sustantivos ya están determinados por el artículo, ¿por qué el adjetivo se declina como si se referiera a un sustantivo que no lo está? Espero tus explicaciones, profe :) [[File:Llyn.png|35px|link=User:Llyn]] '''[[User talk:Llyn|Llyn]]''' 11:38, 09 January 2013 (CET)

"Den stora mannen" is how it should be, the rest is fine. [[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|Emperor Zelos]]''' 17:35, 9 January 2013 (CET)

¡Va bien, gracias! Ça va chez toi? :)

Solamente necesito coregir una cosa:
* ''{{green|Den store mannen}}'' > ''{{green|Mannen är stor}}'' ({{red|Nicht der große Mann}}...!) ;)

No estoy seguro que completamente entiendo tu pregunta... ¿Querrías reformularla? Sin embargo, I'll shoot in the dark.
En sueco, el artículo independiente y el enclítico se llaman "artículos". Voy a presumir que quisiste decir el artículo independiente. Por que no entiendo tu pregunta, voy a describir la sístema de adjetivos en sueco totalmente.

››› Entonces, si eligimos un adjetivo, por ejemplo ''{{green|stor}}''. Primeramente, el adjetivo se declina a '''cuatro''' géneros. Normalmente, sueco tiene dos géneros (neutro y utro/real), pero solamente aplica a sustantivos... Los adjetivos tienen los géneros masculino, femenino, neutro y utro. Masculino y femenino son géneros reales, y se use con pronombres y hombres. La forma feminina es idéntico de la forma utra, y todas las formas plurales coinciden y son idénticas.
* ''{{green|Den stora kvinnan}}''
* ''{{green|Den store mannen}}''
* ''{{green|Den stora handen}}''
* ''{{green|Det stora bordet}}''
* ''{{green|De stora kvinnorna/männen/händerna/borden}}''

››› Adjetivos son dependientes del género, pero también sintaxis.

Adjetivos '''atributivos''' son adjetivos en que precede un sintagma nominal, y se declinan diferente si es definito o indefinito:
En el indefinito, no hay distinción entre de masculino y femenino.
* ''{{green|En stor kvinna}}'' - ''{{green|Den stora kvinnan}}''
* ''{{green|En stor man}}'' - ''{{green|Den store mannen}}''
* ''{{green|En stor hand}}'' - ''{{green|Den stora handen}}''
* ''{{green|Ett stort bord}}'' - ''{{green|Det stora bordet}}''
* ''{{green|Flera stora kvinnor/män/händer/bord}}'' - ''{{green|De stora kvinnorna/männen/händerna/borden}}''
Es '''obligatorio''' usar el artículo independiente (indefinito o definito), si el frase es episódico. En frases gnómicos en el plural; "mujeres grandes se encantan a hombres grandes" [sic...], se puede omitir pronombres indefinitos (''flera, många'').
* ''{{green|Stora kvinnor gillar stora män}}''

Adjetivos '''predicativos''' son adjetivos conectados con el sustantivo por un verbo copulativo. La declinación predicative es el mismo como el indefinito atributivo, y solamente hay does géneros. En sintagmas predicativos, el sustantivo siempre es definitivo (si no es gnómico).
* ''{{green|Kvinnan är stor}}''
* ''{{green|Mannen är stor}}''
* ''{{green|Handen är stor}}''
* ''{{green|Bordet är stort}}''
* ''{{green|Kvinnorna/männen/händerna/borden är stora}}''

››› '''Sumario'''
*Cuatro géneros (masculino, femenino, neutro y utro) en oraciones '''atributivos y indefinitos'''.
*Dos géneros en (neutro y utro) en oraciones '''predicativos'''
*Ningún género en el plural.
*Siempre usa los artículos definitivos y independientes.
**Frases gnómicos/genéricos son un excepción.

Espero que te ayude! [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 18:00, 9 January 2013 (CET)

:<nowiki>*hops in*</nowiki>
:I disagree Zelos, Swedish allows for you to use a different gender form of the adjective for male nouns. It is not commonly used but it isn't incorrect ''per se''. At least not in my lect.
:E.g. ''"Den store kungen Karl drog ut på fälttåg (…)"'' [[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Chrysophylax]]''' 18:06, 9 January 2013 (CET)

Como he escrito... ;) Using the masculine gender is gravely advisable in most Western Swedish dialects. Not Halländska though. [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 18:12, 9 January 2013 (CET)

Notavi! Blev en liten edit conflict ;) Men jag tog med mitt svar ändå :P [[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Chrysophylax]]''' 18:43, 9 January 2013 (CET) psst. frase = (f.) en español & tots les mots qui finissent cum -ion sunt femin. (ex Latine - in tertia declinatione verborum sunt illa verba). Thus, "es la misma" non "es el mismo"

You are correct that the -e can be used but for normal general nouns it is rarely used. It is usually for heavy emphesis in an archaic sense. [[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|Emperor Zelos]]''' 19:12, 9 January 2013 (CET)

¡¿Lo he escrito yo?! ¡Dioses, coregido (gazapo de mismo/a)! - ¡Ajá, ahora he encontrado la razón - había cambiado la palabra "sintagma" a "frase"! And Zelos, I would hardly call the masculine "archaic"... I use it at all times, and in the Gothenburg region, the uter/real coalesces pronunciation-wise with the masculine.[[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 20:01, 9 January 2013 (CET)

Omnes habemus lapsus linguae :P [[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Chrysophylax]]''' 20:07, 9 January 2013 (CET)

Thank you! ¡Gracias! Danke! Tack så mycket! You all have been so gentle to me :) The prof. had effectively said that ''{{green|store/a}}'' can be used with real masculine gender nouns and that ''{{green|store}}'' is more formal than ''{{green|stora}}'' in this case, and that the last form is more used and spread. As always I compare Swedish to German and I've noticed that in German I don't decline the adjective in the predicative position, whereas I've seen that in Swedish I've to do it (even if I can only use common or neuter gender).
I didn't understand this matter :)
If the noun is not determined (I mean there aren't neither the independent article nor the enclitic one), then I have to use the "strong declension" of adjective (Swedish ''{{green|-Ø; -t; -a (plural)}}'', German ''{{blue|-er; -e; -es; -e (plural)}}'':

* ''{{green|(Ett) lit'''et''' barn}}'' = ''{{blue|(Ein) klein'''es''' Kind}}'',

if the noun is determined, then I have to use the "weak declension" of adjective (Swedish ''{{green|-e; -a}}'', German ''{{blue|-e}}''):

* ''{{green|Den lill'''a''' barnet}}'' = ''{{blue|Das klein'''e''' Kind}}.

In the predicative form ''{{green|Barnet är lit'''et'''}}'', '''{{green|barn''et''}}''' is determined, because there is the enclitic article, but I decline the adjective using the strong declension, as if it were referred to a not determined noun, whereas in German I say ''{{blue|Das Kind ist klein}}'', in this case I don't use the declension at all!
Therefore I have asked you this thing, I just didn't understand why in Swedish I have to use in any case the adjective declension if in a higher inflected language as German I don't have to use it in the predicative position :)
Jag hoppas att jag har varit klar :) [[File:Llyn.png|35px|link=User:Llyn]] '''[[User talk:Llyn|Llyn]]''' 21:29, 09 January 2013 (CET)

Because we are better than germans :P [[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|Emperor Zelos]]''' 21:33, 9 January 2013 (CET)

Because Swedish is more irregular than German. Then I understand what you mean, which wasn't obvious from the message! :P Well for the reason, you'll have to recall the underlying causes of inflection - German has preserved a gender inflection in both its nouns and adjectives - Swedish gender is a later construction with the enclitic articles ''-en'' and ''-et''. Only the masculine and plural are remains of our proper gender system. (Also, {{green|klar}} in Swedish means either ''transparent'' or ''done'', use {{green|tydlig}} instead! ;)) [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 21:43, 9 January 2013 (CET)

Ahahahah! So: ''{{green|för vi är bättre än tyskar}}'', have I translated right, Zelos? :P Ahahahah, I know it seems strange, but I've begun to laugh as I've read your answer and I'm still doing it!!!
I've understood, Wåhlis :) All this is most interesting :) As I've studied Icelandic I've noticed that the enclitic article comes from the ancient demonstrative '''{{purple|hinn, hin, hitt}}''':

* ''{{purple|Hestur'''inn''' er skjótur}}'' > ''{{green|Hästen är snabb}}'';
* ''{{purple|Drottning'''in''' er fögur}}'' > ''{{green|Drottningen är vacker}}'';
* ''{{purple|Dýr'''ið''' er tamið}}'' > ''{{green|Djuret är tämjt}}.

Interesting, isn't it? Do you know that this has happened in Romanian too?

* ''{{red|Theatrum illum}}'' > ''{{orange|Teatru'''l'''}}'' (undet. ''{{orange|teatru}}'');
* ''{{red|Seram illam}}'' > ''{{orange|Sear'''a'''}} (undet. ''{{orange|seară}}'').

It is the only Romanic language that behaves this way that I know :) [[File:Llyn.png|35px|link=User:Llyn]] '''[[User talk:Llyn|Llyn]]''' 22:52, 10 January 2013 (CET)

== Main page ==

Any concerns? [[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Chrysophylax]]''' 16:44, 9 January 2013 (CET)

Yes, I intend to make a few tweaks to it tonight, after which we'll see. [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 16:49, 9 January 2013 (CET)

Goodie. On another note; I've migrated the website server to another platform which let me activate a php cache system. This should improve the loading speed of the website :D It has been a bit too slow. [[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Chrysophylax]]''' 16:55, 9 January 2013 (CET)

:D Can we add java stuff soon too? [[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|Emperor Zelos]]''' 17:27, 9 January 2013 (CET)

Java? Uh. Why would we want Java? Also, java applets are known for being extremely annoying with their signing and all. Why not use HTML5? [[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Chrysophylax]]''' 17:28, 9 January 2013 (CET)

I don't know which but I would like to have wiktionary capability for contoinary to add stuff to the translations. [[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|Emperor Zelos]]''' 17:35, 9 January 2013 (CET)

:Ah, that's javascript as far as I know. It seems quite complex though to move that which is why I'm not completely sure on how to do it. We already have JS support on the website and all and support for gadgets (I think). So it should just be about copying the correct things. Perhaps someone on wiktionary could be kind enough to explain how to port it… [[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Chrysophylax]]''' 17:59, 9 January 2013 (CET)

Actually, I never noted the site as slow... :p On the technical stuff, I'll shut up. If you come into an argument with someone, maybe I'll be useful. :/ Firstly however, you should try fixing the navframe collapsible problem! [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 18:04, 9 January 2013 (CET)

I think it has do to with a logical error as in you can't hide the frame (collapse it) since it'll be invisible but if you hide the content you can't see the expand thingy… ahhh, I don't know. MediaWiki updated and made the old ways of collapsing stuff obsolete and now I'm sad. [[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Chrysophylax]]''' 18:09, 9 January 2013 (CET)

I'm sad as well... We should book a meeting/lunch/cozy evening with the people at wiktionary... :/ [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 18:12, 9 January 2013 (CET)

== And now for something completely different ==

Deviantart's introduced me to a new meme!
http://i.qkme.me/3p7zo7.jpg

: I laughed. [[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Chrysophylax]]''' 19:30, 9 January 2013 (CET)

XD humerous indeed! [[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|Emperor Zelos]]''' 19:31, 9 January 2013 (CET)

Actually, I just giggled a bit..! :P I could see others doing that! [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 20:02, 9 January 2013 (CET)

== Burumbi ==

Does my conlang start to make much sense now? I feel like I am missing something vital. [[User:Mboso|Mboso]] ([[User talk:Mboso|talk]]) 00:09, 12 January 2013 (CET)

#How is stress realised?
#Subordinate clauses
#Modality

A few things to work on =) [[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|Emperor Zelos]]''' 06:57, 12 January 2013 (CET)

I think it is starting to look excellent! Although I agree with Zelos on the first two points as rather vital, that is, that you ought to mention stress (if any), as well as the syntax of sentences, the modality could be a later concern. Adpositions and conjunctions (if any) is a matter to consider.

One matter that could be tended is examples - reading an article with sample sentences is always more interesting, and it conveys important information. Usage is another subject - you have a few cases and a lot of verb inflections - when are they used, can they convey different meanings depending on context? The definitions often differ between languages.

This all depends on the panned extent of your language - I for one would have implemented a bit of allophony, though a language does more than fine without it.

Sincerely, [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 11:43, 12 January 2013 (CET)

What the Wall said, as for stress it can be realised in multitude of ways, volume, vowel change, pitch, etc. :D I like pitch-accent systems [[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|Emperor Zelos]]''' 15:17, 12 January 2013 (CET)

== Dev ==

Gå till DA [[File:Zelos.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User Talk:EmperorZelos|Emperor Zelos]]''' 18:15, 12 January 2013 (CET)