https://linguifex.com/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=IdaeChopLinguifex - User contributions [en]2026-07-06T18:51:27ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.6https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Middle_Sethite&diff=531784Middle Sethite2026-06-30T10:03:14Z<p>IdaeChop: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{construction}}<br />
{{Infobox language<br />
| name = Middle Sethite<br />
| nativename = Sethgo<br />布語<br />
| pronunciation = seθgɤ<br />
|creator=IdaeChop<br />
|setting=''[[The Moon, but with oceans and life]]''<br />
| state = [[I Seth Empire]]<br />
| ethnicity = Sethite<br />Sethjin<br />
| familycolor = Austronesian<br />
| fam2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages Malayo Polynesian]<br />
| fam3 = [[Sethitic]]<br />
|ancestor=[[Proto-Sethite]]<br />
|ancestor2=[[Old Sethite]]<br />
| nation = [[I Seth Empire]]<br />
| notice = IPA<br />
}}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{col-top|4|Metatext for Readers}}<br />
Hi, yeah. This is one of the conlangs in my (IdaeChop) world, Middle Sethite! This was originally a submission for the Cursed Conlang Circus 4, however I decided to modify a whole ton to make it what it is today! It is still lacking in worldbuilding and other necessities, however I am proud of what I am able to achieve now and I want to put it here so people can read about it, I guess? Well. Here's this article then!<br />
{{col-bottom}}<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite was a language spoken around the Gulf of Albategnius around 1000 ASC. The division between Middle Sethite and Old Sethite is the usage of the Latin Script as opposed to the older Japonic-based writing system, though usage of the Japonic-system still persisted until the 1400 ASC and people today still study and use Kanji.<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
<br />
===Consonants===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Middle Sethite consonants<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=2 | !! Bilabial !! Alveolar !! Palatal !! Velar<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=2 | Nasal<br />
|| m || n || ɲ || ŋ<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Plosive<br />
! Voiceless <br />
|| p || t || tɕ || k<br />
|-<br />
! Voiced<br />
|| b || d || dʑ || g<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fricative<br />
! Voiceless<br />
|| ɸ || s θ || ɕ || x<br />
|-<br />
! Voiced<br />
|| β || ð || ʑ || <br />
|-<br />
! colspan=2 | Approximant<br />
|| || l || j || ɰ<br />
|}<br />
<br />
/ð/ is pronounced more as a voiced postalveolar fricative [ɹ̠˔]<br />
<br />
===Vowels===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite has 5 vowels that can either be short or long.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Middle Sethite vowels<br />
|-<br />
! !! Front !! Central !! Back<br />
|-<br />
! Close <br />
|| i, iː || || ɯ, ɯː<br />
|-<br />
! Close-mid <br />
| e, eː || || ɤ, ɤː<br />
|-<br />
! Open<br />
| || a aː || <br />
|}<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite do not have diphthongs, but does have vowels that are in hiatus. Long vowels may also be analysed as two of the same vowels in hiatus by some speakers. <br />
<br />
===Phonotactics===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite's phonotactics are CCVCC. However, most syllables only have CVC, and the few that do have consonant clusters don't do it up to two in the inside of a word. Nasals must assimilate with the consonant cluster (same placement in the mouth).<br />
For onsets and codas, only the fricative /s/ can appear furthest from the nucleus; nasals can only appear closest to the nucleus; plosives can't cluster with other plosives; voiced plosives can't touch /s/; and /ɸ/ /β/ /ð/ /x/ /l/ and /ɰ/ can only cluster with /s/.<br />
For medial clusters, it's at maximum 2 with nasals unable to touch plosives and no gemination.<br />
<br />
===Morphophonology===<br />
<br />
/s/ after an /ð/ becomes a [ʃ] and is depicted in the orthography as ⟨sh⟩.<br />
<br />
===Orthography===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite's orthography was not standardised, there are numerous ways words can be said. Some letters may be doubled but it does not change the pronunciation.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Middle Sethite Latin orthography<br />
|-<br />
! Symbol !! Sound !! Note<br />
|-<br />
| a || /a/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| aa, ah, ar || /aː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| ae, ay || /eː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| b || /b/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| c || /k/ || except after i and e<br />
|-<br />
| c || /s/ || only after i and e<br />
|-<br />
| ch || /tɕ/ || only at the start of words<br />
|- <br />
| ch || /x/ || except at the start of words<br />
|-<br />
| d || /d/ || <br />
|-<br />
| dge || /dʑ/ || only at the end of words<br />
|-<br />
| e || /e/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| ee, ei || /eː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| f || /ɸ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| g || /g/ || <br />
|-<br />
| gn || /ŋ/ || only at the start of words<br />
|-<br />
| h || /x/ || only at the start of words<br />
|-<br />
| i || /i/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| ii, ie || /iː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| j || /dʑ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| k || /k/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| l || /l/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| m || /m/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| n || /n/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| ny || /ɲ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| ng || /ŋ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| o || /ɤ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| oa, oo || /ɤː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| oo || /ɯː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| p || /p/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| qu || /kɰ/, /kɯ/ || really rare <br />
|-<br />
| r || /ð/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| s || /s/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| sh || /ɕ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| sh || /s/ || touching a /r/<br />
|-<br />
| shn || /sŋ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| t || /t/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| tch || /tɕ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| th || /θ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| u || /ɯ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| uu || /ɯː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| v || /β/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| w || /ɰ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| x || /ks/ || rare<br />
|-<br />
| y || /j/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| z, zh, zi || /ʑ/ ||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Morphology==<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite has what is called [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetrical_voice Austronesian alignment]. This means the role of the noun is determined by what case something is alongside what voice the verb is.<br />
<br />
In Middle Sethite, nouns are only inflected by case and number (singular and plural); verbs only inflected by aspect and voice; adjectives do not inflect.<br />
<br />
===Verbs===<br />
<br />
Every verb in Middle Sethite has a voice. The voice marks what every case in the sentence does. Verbs do not mark for tense nor mood.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! Pastlooking !! Presentlooking !! Futurelooking<br />
|-<br />
! Agentive Voice<br />
|| ⟨inum⟩<br />''binumava'' || ⟨um⟩<br />''bumava'' || de- ⟨um⟩<br />''debumava''<br />
|-<br />
! Patientive Voice<br />
|| ⟨in⟩ -(e)n<br />''binavan'' || -(e)n<br />''bavan'' || de- -(e)n<br />''debavan''<br />
|-<br />
! Locative Voice<br />
|| ⟨in⟩ -an<br />''binavaan'' || -an<br />''bavaan'' || de- -an<br />''debavaan''<br />
|-<br />
! Benefactive Voice<br />
| ⟨in⟩ -(e)nan<br />''binavanan'' || -(e)nan<br />''bavanan'' || de- -(e)nan<br />''debavanan''<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental Voice<br />
| ⟨in⟩ +second vowel fronting<br />''bineva'' || first vowel fronting<br />''beva'' || de- +second vowel fronting<br />''debeva''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Verbs may be duplicated to form the frequentative aspect. e.g. ''bumava'' becomes ''bava-bumava''<br />
<br />
====Voice====<br />
<br />
There are five voices Middle Sethite uses. Changing the voice of a sentence does not reduce the valency, only rotating it.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Middle Sethite voices<br />
|-<br />
! !! Agentive Voice !! Patientive Voice !! Locative Voice !! Benefactive Voice !! Instrumental Voice<br />
|-<br />
! Subject<br />
|| Agentive || Patientive || Locative || Benefactive || Instrumental<br />
|-<br />
! Object<br />
| Patientive || Agentive || Patientive || Patientive || Patientive<br />
|-<br />
! Circumject <br />
| Dative || Dative || Dative || Dative || Dative<br />
|-<br />
! Conject<br />
| Comitative || Comitative || Agentive || Agentive || Agentive<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Every intransitive sentence must have a subject; every transitive sentence must have a subject and an object. However, if the subject or object happens to be the topic or it is obvious from context (like pronouns), it may be left unsaid.<br />
<br />
====Examples====<br />
<br />
The Agentive voice:<br />
* ''<u>Ach</u> b'''um'''ili nichan kit empang i tepoen tarka sumaen antaspan''<br /><u>I</u> am buying fish and bread at a store for my wife using money <br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|ach b-um-ili n-ichan kit em-pang i tepo-en tarka suma-en an-taspan<br />
|1sg.AGT ⟨AV⟩buy PAT-fish and PAT-bread LOC store-DAT LAT wife-DAT COM-money<br />
|}}<br />
The Patientive voice:<br />
* ''<u>Shichan</u> bili'''n''' ku kit entaspan i tepoen tarka sumaen ampang''<br />I am buying <u>fish</u> and bread at a store for my wife using money <br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|sh-ichan bili-n ku kit en-taspan i tepo-en tarka suma-en am-pang<br />
|PAT-fish buy-PV 1sg.AGT and AGT-money LOC store-DAT LAT wife-DAT COM-bread<br />
|}}<br />
The Locative voice:<br />
* ''<u>Stepo</u> bili'''an''' nichan kit empang tarka sumaen nank kit antaspan''<br />I am buying fish and bread <u>at a store</u> for my wife using money <br />
{{interlinear|abbreviations=LV:locative voice|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|s-tepo bili-an n-ichan kit em-pang tarka suma-en nak kit an-taspan<br />
|LOC-store buy-LV PAT-fish and PAT-bread LAT wife-DAT 1sg.AGT and AGT-bread<br />
|}}<br />
The Benefactive voice:<br />
* ''<u>Suma</u> bili'''nan''' nichan kit empang i tepoen nank kit antaspan''<br />I am buying fish and bread at a store <u>for my wife</u> using money <br />
{{interlinear|abbreviations=BV:benefactive voice|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|∅-suma bili-nan n-ichan kit em-pang i tepo-en nak kit an-taspan<br />
|BEN-wife buy-BV PAT-fish and PAT-money LOC store-DAT 1sg.AGT and AGT-bread<br />
|}}<br />
The Instrumental voice:<br />
* ''<u>Staspan</u> b'''i'''li nichan kit empang i tepoen tarka sumaen nank''<br />I am buying fish and bread at a store for my wife <u>using money</u><br />
{{interlinear|abbreviations=IV:instrumental voice|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|s-taspan bili n-ichan kit em-pang i tepo-en tarka suma-en nak<br />
|INST-money IV\buy PAT-fish and PAT-money LOC store-DAT LAT wife-DAT 1sg.AGT<br />
|}}<br />
<br />
===Nouns===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite had fused the case system of Old Sethite and made them declensions instead.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Middle Sethite noun declension<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2| !! colspan=2|Vowel-starting !! colspan=2|Consonant-starting<br />
|-<br />
! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Subject<br />
|| sh- || sh- -ad || (s)- || (s)- -ad<br />
|-<br />
! Object <br />
|| n- || n- -ad || eN- || en- -ad<br />
|-<br />
! Circumject <br />
|| k- || k- -ad || -en || -end<br />
|-<br />
! Conject <br />
|| gn- || gn- -ad || aN- || aN- -ad<br />
|}<br />
<br />
This noun declension is used for common nouns.<br />
<br />
====Personal Names and Proper Nouns====<br />
<br />
For names, titles, and proper nouns, their case is separated from the word.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Middle Sethite cases<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2| !! rowspan=2| Personal Names !! colspan=2| Proper Nouns<br />
|-<br />
! Singular !! Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Subject<br />
| si || si || sa<br />
|-<br />
! Object<br />
| ni || ni || na<br />
|-<br />
! Circumject<br />
| ki || ki || ka<br />
|-<br />
! Conject<br />
| gna || gni || gna<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Cases====<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite has 4 main roles. Those are the Agentive, Patientive, Dative, and Comitative. There is also 4 extra roles a noun can take, which is Instrumental, Benefactive, Locative, and Ablative.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Syntax==<br />
<br />
The grammar of Middle Sethite is typically predicate-final, with a topic-comment structure, though exceptions may occur. The subject of the sentence is separate with the topic of the sentence. <br />
<br />
===Word Order===<br />
<br />
The typical word order for Middle Sethite is Subject-Verb-Object. All sentences has these three, even intransitive verbs. For when a sentence has one of them missing, an auxiliary "ta" is added. However when the auxiliary direction matches with the verb direction, these auxiliary nouns may be dropped.<br />
<br />
===Word Direction===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite reverses words whenever the word is not the head of a noun clause or one wants to indicate aspects. This is done per phoneme, not per character as written by the orthography. The verb direction dictates the direction of the sentence and paragraphs. A sentence typically has an overall descending tone, but when the words are reversed they rise back up.<br />
<br />
* ''Shasu mera''<br />The dog is red<br />
* ''Shasu arem''<br />The red dog<br />
<br />
===Noun Phrase===<br />
<br />
A noun phrase is a phrase used in the noun position. By default, only relative clauses and adjectives can <br />
<br />
===Verb Phrase===<br />
<br />
A verb clause has two parts: the nouns and the adverbs. The nouns go after the verb, the adverbs go before the verb. The head is right in the middle of these.<br />
<br />
===Aspects===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite has four main aspects. These aspects can be divided even further by adding the affixes -in- or di-. They are indicated by the direction of the nouns in relation to the verb direction. For words where it’s ambiguous what the direction is (because its a phonemic palindrome), they will be marked with an acute at the ultimate vowel; apa reversed is apá, masam reversed is masám). <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Middle Sethite aspect<br />
|-<br />
! !! Pastlooking !! Presentlooking !! Futurelooking<br />
|-<br />
! Continuing<br />
|| → ⟨in⟩⇒ →<br />''Ach binumot ta''<br />"I am still working" || → ⇒ →<br />''Ach bumot ta''<br />"I am working" || → de⇒ →<br />''Ach debumot ta''<br />"I am working for some time"<br />
|-<br />
! Ending<br />
| → ⟨in⟩⇒ ←<br />''Ach binumot at''<br />"I have stopped working" || → ⇒ ←<br />''Ach bumot at''<br />"I stop working" || → de⇒ ←<br />''Ach debumot at''<br />"I am about to stop working"<br />
|-<br />
! Starting<br />
| ← ⟨in⟩⇒ →<br />''Ha binumot ta''<br />"I have started working" || ← ⇒ →<br />''Ha bumot ta''<br />"I start working" || ← de⇒ →<br />''Ha bumot ta''<br />"I am about to start working"<br />
|-<br />
! Fulfilling<br />
| ← ⟨in⟩⇒ ←<br />''Ha binumot at''<br />"I have worked" || ← ⇒ ←<br />''Ha bumot at''<br />"I work" || ← de⇒ ←<br />''Ha debumot at''<br />"I am planning to work"<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
===Relative Clauses===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite employs relative clauses to convey more meaning in a single sentence. Sethite has five relative clause markers, which follows the same logic as the case markers. There is sing (subject), ning (object), king (circumject), and nang (conject). Unlike other non-head parts of the clause, relative clauses do not need to be reversed (though some complex clauses do need reversals still). <br />
<br />
* Shasu sing kumanaor seka ematha<br /><br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|sh-asu sing kumanaor seka emat<br />
|AGT-dog REL.AGT ⟨AV⟩have one PAT-eye<br />
|'The dog that has one eye'}}<br />
<br />
* Sto ning tumubuk ach<br /><br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|s-to ning t-um-ubuk ach<br />
|AGT-person REL.PAT ⟨AV⟩punch 1sg.AGT<br />
|'The person whom I am punching'}}<br />
<br />
* Bale king misi ach<br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|∅-bale king m-isi ach<br />
|AGT-house REL.LOC ⟨AV⟩be.inside 1sg.AGT<br />
|'The house that I'm living at'}}<br />
<br />
* Sparuk nang bumengi nichan ach<br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|s-paruk nang b-um-engi n-ichan ach<br />
|AGT-cookware REL.COM ⟨AV⟩cook PAT-fish 1sg.AGT<br />
|'The pot that I am cooking fish with'}}<br />
<br />
==Example texts==<br />
<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. --><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Other resources==<br />
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetrical_voice<br />
<br />
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Template area --><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Middle Sethite language]]<br />
[[Category:Languages]]<br />
[[Category:Conlangs]]</div>IdaeChophttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Middle_Sethite&diff=531783Middle Sethite2026-06-30T10:02:10Z<p>IdaeChop: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{construction}}<br />
{{Infobox language<br />
| name = Middle Sethite<br />
| nativename = Sethgo<br />布語<br />
| pronunciation = seθgɤ<br />
|creator=IdaeChop<br />
|setting=''[[The Moon, but with oceans and life]]''<br />
| state = [[I Seth Empire]]<br />
| ethnicity = Sethite<br />Sethjin<br />
| familycolor = Austronesian<br />
| fam2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages Malayo Polynesian]<br />
| fam3 = [[Sethitic]]<br />
|ancestor=[[Proto-Sethite]]<br />
|ancestor2=[[Old Sethite]]<br />
| nation = [[I Seth Empire]]<br />
| notice = IPA<br />
}}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{col-top|4|Metatext for Readers}}<br />
Hi, yeah. This is one of the conlangs in my (IdaeChop) world, Middle Sethite! This was originally a submission for the Cursed Conlang Circus 4, however I decided to modify a whole ton to make it what it is today! It is still lacking in worldbuilding and other necessities, however I am proud of what I am able to achieve now and I want to put it here so people can read about it, I guess? Well. Here's this article then!<br />
{{col-bottom}}<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite was a language spoken around the Gulf of Albategnius around 1000 ASC. The division between Middle Sethite and Old Sethite is the usage of the Latin Script as opposed to the older Japonic-based writing system, though usage of the Japonic-system still persisted until the 1400 ASC and people today still study and use Kanji.<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
<br />
===Consonants===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Middle Sethite consonants<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=2 | !! Bilabial !! Alveolar !! Palatal !! Velar<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=2 | Nasal<br />
|| m || n || ɲ || ŋ<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Plosive<br />
! Voiceless <br />
|| p || t || tɕ || k<br />
|-<br />
! Voiced<br />
|| b || d || dʑ || g<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fricative<br />
! Voiceless<br />
|| ɸ || s θ || ɕ || x<br />
|-<br />
! Voiced<br />
|| β || ð || ʑ || <br />
|-<br />
! colspan=2 | Approximant<br />
|| || l || j || ɰ<br />
|}<br />
<br />
/ð/ is pronounced more as a voiced postalveolar fricative [ɹ̠˔]<br />
<br />
===Vowels===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite has 5 vowels that can either be short or long.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Middle Sethite vowels<br />
|-<br />
! !! Front !! Central !! Back<br />
|-<br />
! Close <br />
|| i, iː || || ɯ, ɯː<br />
|-<br />
! Close-mid <br />
| e, eː || || ɤ, ɤː<br />
|-<br />
! Open<br />
| || a aː || <br />
|}<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite do not have diphthongs, but does have vowels that are in hiatus. Long vowels may also be analysed as two of the same vowels in hiatus by some speakers. <br />
<br />
===Phonotactics===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite's phonotactics are CCVCC. However, most syllables only have CVC, and the few that do have consonant clusters don't do it up to two in the inside of a word. Nasals must assimilate with the consonant cluster (same placement in the mouth).<br />
For onsets and codas, only the fricative /s/ can appear furthest from the nucleus; nasals can only appear closest to the nucleus; plosives can't cluster with other plosives; voiced plosives can't touch /s/; and /ɸ/ /β/ /ð/ /x/ /l/ and /ɰ/ can only cluster with /s/.<br />
For medial clusters, it's at maximum 2 with nasals unable to touch plosives and no gemination.<br />
<br />
===Morphophonology===<br />
<br />
/s/ after an /ð/ becomes a [ʃ] and is depicted in the orthography as ⟨sh⟩.<br />
<br />
===Orthography===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite's orthography was not standardised, there are numerous ways words can be said. Some letters may be doubled but it does not change the pronunciation.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Middle Sethite Latin orthography<br />
|-<br />
! Symbol !! Sound !! Note<br />
|-<br />
| a || /a/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| aa, ah, ar || /aː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| ae, ay || /eː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| b || /b/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| c || /k/ || except after i and e<br />
|-<br />
| c || /s/ || only after i and e<br />
|-<br />
| ch || /tɕ/ || only at the start of words<br />
|- <br />
| ch || /x/ || except at the start of words<br />
|-<br />
| d || /d/ || <br />
|-<br />
| dge || /dʑ/ || only at the end of words<br />
|-<br />
| e || /e/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| ee, ei || /eː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| f || /ɸ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| g || /g/ || <br />
|-<br />
| gn || /ŋ/ || only at the start of words<br />
|-<br />
| h || /x/ || only at the start of words<br />
|-<br />
| i || /i/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| ii, ie || /iː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| j || /dʑ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| k || /k/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| l || /l/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| m || /m/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| n || /n/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| ny || /ɲ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| ng || /ŋ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| o || /ɤ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| oa, oo || /ɤː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| oo || /ɯː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| p || /p/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| qu || /kɰ/, /kɯ/ || really rare <br />
|-<br />
| r || /ð/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| s || /s/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| sh || /ɕ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| sh || /s/ || touching a /r/<br />
|-<br />
| shn || /sŋ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| t || /t/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| tch || /tɕ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| th || /θ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| u || /ɯ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| uu || /ɯː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| v || /β/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| w || /ɰ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| x || /ks/ || rare<br />
|-<br />
| y || /j/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| z, zh, zi || /ʑ/ ||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Morphology==<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite has what is called [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetrical_voice Austronesian alignment]. This means the role of the noun is determined by what case something is alongside what voice the verb is.<br />
<br />
In Middle Sethite, nouns are only inflected by case and number (singular and plural); verbs only inflected by aspect and voice; adjectives do not inflect.<br />
<br />
===Verbs===<br />
<br />
Every verb in Middle Sethite has a voice. The voice marks what every case in the sentence does. Verbs do not mark for tense nor mood.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! Pastlooking !! Presentlooking !! Futurelooking<br />
|-<br />
! Agentive Voice<br />
|| ⟨inum⟩<br />''binumava'' || ⟨um⟩<br />''bumava'' || de- ⟨um⟩<br />''debumava''<br />
|-<br />
! Patientive Voice<br />
|| ⟨in⟩ -(e)n<br />''binavan'' || -(e)n<br />''bavan'' || de- -(e)n<br />''debavan''<br />
|-<br />
! Locative Voice<br />
|| ⟨in⟩ -an<br />''binavaan'' || -an<br />''bavaan'' || de- -an<br />''debavaan''<br />
|-<br />
! Benefactive Voice<br />
| ⟨in⟩ -(e)nan<br />''binavanan'' || -(e)nan<br />''bavanan'' || de- -(e)nan<br />''debavanan''<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental Voice<br />
| ⟨in⟩ +second vowel fronting<br />''bineva'' || first vowel fronting<br />''beva'' || de- +second vowel fronting<br />''debeva''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Verbs may be duplicated to form the frequentative aspect. e.g. ''bumava'' becomes ''bava-bumava''<br />
<br />
====Voice====<br />
<br />
There are five voices Middle Sethite uses. Changing the voice of a sentence does not reduce the valency, only rotating it.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Middle Sethite voices<br />
|-<br />
! !! Agentive Voice !! Patientive Voice !! Locative Voice !! Benefactive Voice !! Instrumental Voice<br />
|-<br />
! Subject<br />
|| Agentive || Patientive || Locative || Benefactive || Instrumental<br />
|-<br />
! Object<br />
| Patientive || Agentive || Patientive || Patientive || Patientive<br />
|-<br />
! Circumject <br />
| Dative || Dative || Dative || Dative || Dative<br />
|-<br />
! Conject<br />
| Comitative || Comitative || Agentive || Agentive || Agentive<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Every intransitive sentence must have a subject; every transitive sentence must have a subject and an object. However, if the subject or object happens to be the topic or it is obvious from context (like pronouns), it may be left unsaid.<br />
<br />
====Examples====<br />
<br />
The Agentive voice:<br />
* ''<u>Ach</u> b'''um'''ili nichan kit empang i tepoen tarka sumaen antaspan''<br /><u>I</u> am buying fish and bread at a store for my wife using money <br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|ach b-um-ili n-ichan kit em-pang i tepo-en tarka suma-en an-taspan<br />
|1sg.AGT ⟨AV⟩buy PAT-fish and PAT-bread LOC store-DAT LAT wife-DAT COM-money<br />
|}}<br />
The Patientive voice:<br />
* ''<u>Shichan</u> bili'''n''' ku kit entaspan i tepoen tarka sumaen ampang''<br />I am buying <u>fish</u> and bread at a store for my wife using money <br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|sh-ichan bili-n ku kit en-taspan i tepo-en tarka suma-en am-pang<br />
|PAT-fish buy-PV 1sg.AGT and AGT-money LOC store-DAT LAT wife-DAT COM-bread<br />
|}}<br />
The Locative voice:<br />
* ''<u>Stepo</u> bili'''an''' nichan kit empang tarka sumaen nank kit antaspan''<br />I am buying fish and bread <u>at a store</u> for my wife using money <br />
{{interlinear|abbreviations=LV:locative voice|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|s-tepo bili-an n-ichan kit em-pang tarka suma-en nak kit an-taspan<br />
|LOC-store buy-LV PAT-fish and PAT-bread LAT wife-DAT 1sg.AGT and AGT-bread<br />
|}}<br />
The Benefactive voice:<br />
* ''<u>Suma</u> bili'''nan''' nichan kit empang i tepoen nank kit antaspan''<br />I am buying fish and bread at a store <u>for my wife</u> using money <br />
{{interlinear|abbreviations=BV:benefactive voice|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|∅-suma bili-nan n-ichan kit em-pang i tepo-en nak kit an-taspan<br />
|BEN-wife buy-BV PAT-fish and PAT-money store-DAT 1sg.AGT and AGT-bread<br />
|}}<br />
The Instrumental voice:<br />
* ''<u>Staspan</u> b'''i'''li nichan kit empang i tepoen tarka sumaen nank''<br />I am buying fish and bread at a store for my wife <u>using money</u><br />
{{interlinear|abbreviations=IV:instrumental voice|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|s-taspan bili n-ichan kit em-pang i tepo-en tarka suma-en nak<br />
|INST-money IV\buy PAT-fish and PAT-money LOC store-DAT LAT wife-DAT 1sg.AGT<br />
|}}<br />
<br />
===Nouns===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite had fused the case system of Old Sethite and made them declensions instead.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Middle Sethite noun declension<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2| !! colspan=2|Vowel-starting !! colspan=2|Consonant-starting<br />
|-<br />
! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Subject<br />
|| sh- || sh- -ad || (s)- || (s)- -ad<br />
|-<br />
! Object <br />
|| n- || n- -ad || eN- || en- -ad<br />
|-<br />
! Circumject <br />
|| k- || k- -ad || -en || -end<br />
|-<br />
! Conject <br />
|| gn- || gn- -ad || aN- || aN- -ad<br />
|}<br />
<br />
This noun declension is used for common nouns.<br />
<br />
====Personal Names and Proper Nouns====<br />
<br />
For names, titles, and proper nouns, their case is separated from the word.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Middle Sethite cases<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2| !! rowspan=2| Personal Names !! colspan=2| Proper Nouns<br />
|-<br />
! Singular !! Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Subject<br />
| si || si || sa<br />
|-<br />
! Object<br />
| ni || ni || na<br />
|-<br />
! Circumject<br />
| ki || ki || ka<br />
|-<br />
! Conject<br />
| gna || gni || gna<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Cases====<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite has 4 main roles. Those are the Agentive, Patientive, Dative, and Comitative. There is also 4 extra roles a noun can take, which is Instrumental, Benefactive, Locative, and Ablative.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Syntax==<br />
<br />
The grammar of Middle Sethite is typically predicate-final, with a topic-comment structure, though exceptions may occur. The subject of the sentence is separate with the topic of the sentence. <br />
<br />
===Word Order===<br />
<br />
The typical word order for Middle Sethite is Subject-Verb-Object. All sentences has these three, even intransitive verbs. For when a sentence has one of them missing, an auxiliary "ta" is added. However when the auxiliary direction matches with the verb direction, these auxiliary nouns may be dropped.<br />
<br />
===Word Direction===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite reverses words whenever the word is not the head of a noun clause or one wants to indicate aspects. This is done per phoneme, not per character as written by the orthography. The verb direction dictates the direction of the sentence and paragraphs. A sentence typically has an overall descending tone, but when the words are reversed they rise back up.<br />
<br />
* ''Shasu mera''<br />The dog is red<br />
* ''Shasu arem''<br />The red dog<br />
<br />
===Noun Phrase===<br />
<br />
A noun phrase is a phrase used in the noun position. By default, only relative clauses and adjectives can <br />
<br />
===Verb Phrase===<br />
<br />
A verb clause has two parts: the nouns and the adverbs. The nouns go after the verb, the adverbs go before the verb. The head is right in the middle of these.<br />
<br />
===Aspects===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite has four main aspects. These aspects can be divided even further by adding the affixes -in- or di-. They are indicated by the direction of the nouns in relation to the verb direction. For words where it’s ambiguous what the direction is (because its a phonemic palindrome), they will be marked with an acute at the ultimate vowel; apa reversed is apá, masam reversed is masám). <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Middle Sethite aspect<br />
|-<br />
! !! Pastlooking !! Presentlooking !! Futurelooking<br />
|-<br />
! Continuing<br />
|| → ⟨in⟩⇒ →<br />''Ach binumot ta''<br />"I am still working" || → ⇒ →<br />''Ach bumot ta''<br />"I am working" || → de⇒ →<br />''Ach debumot ta''<br />"I am working for some time"<br />
|-<br />
! Ending<br />
| → ⟨in⟩⇒ ←<br />''Ach binumot at''<br />"I have stopped working" || → ⇒ ←<br />''Ach bumot at''<br />"I stop working" || → de⇒ ←<br />''Ach debumot at''<br />"I am about to stop working"<br />
|-<br />
! Starting<br />
| ← ⟨in⟩⇒ →<br />''Ha binumot ta''<br />"I have started working" || ← ⇒ →<br />''Ha bumot ta''<br />"I start working" || ← de⇒ →<br />''Ha bumot ta''<br />"I am about to start working"<br />
|-<br />
! Fulfilling<br />
| ← ⟨in⟩⇒ ←<br />''Ha binumot at''<br />"I have worked" || ← ⇒ ←<br />''Ha bumot at''<br />"I work" || ← de⇒ ←<br />''Ha debumot at''<br />"I am planning to work"<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
===Relative Clauses===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite employs relative clauses to convey more meaning in a single sentence. Sethite has five relative clause markers, which follows the same logic as the case markers. There is sing (subject), ning (object), king (circumject), and nang (conject). Unlike other non-head parts of the clause, relative clauses do not need to be reversed (though some complex clauses do need reversals still). <br />
<br />
* Shasu sing kumanaor seka ematha<br /><br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|sh-asu sing kumanaor seka emat<br />
|AGT-dog REL.AGT ⟨AV⟩have one PAT-eye<br />
|'The dog that has one eye'}}<br />
<br />
* Sto ning tumubuk ach<br /><br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|s-to ning t-um-ubuk ach<br />
|AGT-person REL.PAT ⟨AV⟩punch 1sg.AGT<br />
|'The person whom I am punching'}}<br />
<br />
* Bale king misi ach<br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|∅-bale king m-isi ach<br />
|AGT-house REL.LOC ⟨AV⟩be.inside 1sg.AGT<br />
|'The house that I'm living at'}}<br />
<br />
* Sparuk nang bumengi nichan ach<br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|s-paruk nang b-um-engi n-ichan ach<br />
|AGT-cookware REL.COM ⟨AV⟩cook PAT-fish 1sg.AGT<br />
|'The pot that I am cooking fish with'}}<br />
<br />
==Example texts==<br />
<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. --><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Other resources==<br />
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetrical_voice<br />
<br />
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Template area --><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Middle Sethite language]]<br />
[[Category:Languages]]<br />
[[Category:Conlangs]]</div>IdaeChophttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Middle_Sethite&diff=531539Middle Sethite2026-06-28T18:24:13Z<p>IdaeChop: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{construction}}<br />
{{Infobox language<br />
| name = Middle Sethite<br />
| nativename = Sethgo<br />布語<br />
| pronunciation = seθgɤ<br />
|creator=IdaeChop<br />
|setting=''[[The Moon, but with oceans and life]]''<br />
| state = [[I Seth Empire]]<br />
| ethnicity = Sethite<br />Sethjin<br />
| familycolor = Austronesian<br />
| fam2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages Malayo Polynesian]<br />
| fam3 = [[Sethitic]]<br />
|ancestor=[[Proto-Sethite]]<br />
|ancestor2=[[Old Sethite]]<br />
| nation = [[I Seth Empire]]<br />
| notice = IPA<br />
}}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{col-top|4|Metatext for Readers}}<br />
Hi, yeah. This is one of the conlangs in my (IdaeChop) world, Middle Sethite! This was originally a submission for the Cursed Conlang Circus 4, however I decided to modify a whole ton to make it what it is today! It is still lacking in worldbuilding and other necessities, however I am proud of what I am able to achieve now and I want to put it here so people can read about it, I guess? Well. Here's this article then!<br />
{{col-bottom}}<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite was a language spoken around the Gulf of Albategnius around 1000 ASC. The division between Middle Sethite and Old Sethite is the usage of the Latin Script as opposed to the older Japonic-based writing system, though usage of the Japonic-system still persisted until the 1400 ASC and people today still study and use Kanji.<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
<br />
===Consonants===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Middle Sethite consonants<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=2 | !! Bilabial !! Alveolar !! Palatal !! Velar<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=2 | Nasal<br />
|| m || n || ɲ || ŋ<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Plosive<br />
! Voiceless <br />
|| p || t || tɕ || k<br />
|-<br />
! Voiced<br />
|| b || d || dʑ || g<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fricative<br />
! Voiceless<br />
|| ɸ || s θ || ɕ || x<br />
|-<br />
! Voiced<br />
|| β || ð || ʑ || <br />
|-<br />
! colspan=2 | Approximant<br />
|| || l || j || ɰ<br />
|}<br />
<br />
/ð/ is pronounced more as a voiced postalveolar fricative [ɹ̠˔]<br />
<br />
===Vowels===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite has 5 vowels that can either be short or long.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Middle Sethite vowels<br />
|-<br />
! !! Front !! Central !! Back<br />
|-<br />
! Close <br />
|| i, iː || || ɯ, ɯː<br />
|-<br />
! Close-mid <br />
| e, eː || || ɤ, ɤː<br />
|-<br />
! Open<br />
| || a aː || <br />
|}<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite do not have diphthongs, but does have vowels that are in hiatus. Long vowels may also be analysed as two of the same vowels in hiatus by some speakers. <br />
<br />
===Phonotactics===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite's phonotactics are CCVCC. However, most syllables only have CVC, and the few that do have consonant clusters don't do it up to two in the inside of a word. Nasals must assimilate with the consonant cluster (same placement in the mouth).<br />
For onsets and codas, only the fricative /s/ can appear furthest from the nucleus; nasals can only appear closest to the nucleus; plosives can't cluster with other plosives; voiced plosives can't touch /s/; and /ɸ/ /β/ /ð/ /x/ /l/ and /ɰ/ can only cluster with /s/.<br />
For medial clusters, it's at maximum 2 with nasals unable to touch plosives and no gemination.<br />
<br />
===Morphophonology===<br />
<br />
/s/ after an /ð/ becomes a [ʃ] and is depicted in the orthography as ⟨sh⟩.<br />
<br />
===Orthography===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite's orthography was not standardised, there are numerous ways words can be said. Some letters may be doubled but it does not change the pronunciation.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Middle Sethite Latin orthography<br />
|-<br />
! Symbol !! Sound !! Note<br />
|-<br />
| a || /a/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| aa, ah, ar || /aː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| ae, ay || /eː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| b || /b/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| c || /k/ || except after i and e<br />
|-<br />
| c || /s/ || only after i and e<br />
|-<br />
| ch || /tɕ/ || only at the start of words<br />
|- <br />
| ch || /x/ || except at the start of words<br />
|-<br />
| d || /d/ || <br />
|-<br />
| dge || /dʑ/ || only at the end of words<br />
|-<br />
| e || /e/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| ee, ei || /eː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| f || /ɸ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| g || /g/ || <br />
|-<br />
| gn || /ŋ/ || only at the start of words<br />
|-<br />
| h || /x/ || only at the start of words<br />
|-<br />
| i || /i/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| ii, ie || /iː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| j || /dʑ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| k || /k/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| l || /l/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| m || /m/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| n || /n/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| ny || /ɲ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| ng || /ŋ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| o || /ɤ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| oa, oo || /ɤː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| oo || /ɯː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| p || /p/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| qu || /kɰ/, /kɯ/ || really rare <br />
|-<br />
| r || /ð/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| s || /s/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| sh || /ɕ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| sh || /s/ || touching a /r/<br />
|-<br />
| shn || /sŋ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| t || /t/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| tch || /tɕ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| th || /θ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| u || /ɯ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| uu || /ɯː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| v || /β/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| w || /ɰ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| x || /ks/ || rare<br />
|-<br />
| y || /j/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| z, zh, zi || /ʑ/ ||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Morphology==<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite has what is called [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetrical_voice Austronesian alignment]. This means the role of the noun is determined by what case something is alongside what voice the verb is.<br />
<br />
In Middle Sethite, nouns are only inflected by case and number (singular and plural); verbs only inflected by aspect and voice; adjectives do not inflect.<br />
<br />
===Verbs===<br />
<br />
Every verb in Middle Sethite has a voice. The voice marks what every case in the sentence does. Verbs do not mark for tense nor mood.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! Pastlooking !! Presentlooking !! Futurelooking<br />
|-<br />
! Agentive Voice<br />
|| ⟨inum⟩<br />''binumava'' || ⟨um⟩<br />''bumava'' || de- ⟨um⟩<br />''debumava''<br />
|-<br />
! Patientive Voice<br />
|| ⟨in⟩ -(e)n<br />''binavan'' || -(e)n<br />''bavan'' || de- -(e)n<br />''debavan''<br />
|-<br />
! Locative Voice<br />
|| ⟨in⟩ -an<br />''binavaan'' || -an<br />''bavaan'' || de- -an<br />''debavaan''<br />
|-<br />
! Benefactive Voice<br />
| ⟨in⟩ -(e)nan<br />''binavanan'' || -(e)nan<br />''bavanan'' || de- -(e)nan<br />''debavanan''<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental Voice<br />
| ⟨in⟩ +second vowel fronting<br />''bineva'' || first vowel fronting<br />''beva'' || de- +second vowel fronting<br />''debeva''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Verbs may be duplicated to form the frequentative aspect. e.g. ''bumava'' becomes ''bava-bumava''<br />
<br />
====Voice====<br />
<br />
There are five voices Middle Sethite uses. Changing the voice of a sentence does not reduce the valency, only rotating it.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Middle Sethite voices<br />
|-<br />
! !! Agentive Voice !! Patientive Voice !! Locative Voice !! Benefactive Voice !! Instrumental Voice<br />
|-<br />
! Subject<br />
|| Agentive<br />''"Nominative"'' || Patientive<br />''"Ergative"'' || Locative || Benefactive || Instrumental<br />
|-<br />
! Object<br />
| Patientive<br />''"Accusative"'' || Agentive<br />''"Absolutive"'' || Patientive || Patientive || Patientive<br />
|-<br />
! Circumject <br />
| Locative || Locative || Dative || Locative || Locative<br />
|-<br />
! Conject<br />
| Comitative || Comitative || Agentive || Agentive || Agentive<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Every intransitive sentence must have a subject; every transitive sentence must have a subject and an object. However, if the subject or object happens to be the topic or it is obvious from context (like pronouns), it may be left unsaid.<br />
<br />
====Examples====<br />
<br />
The Agentive voice:<br />
* ''<u>Ach</u> b'''um'''ili nichan kit empang tempen tarka sumaen antaspan''<br /><u>I</u> am buying fish and bread at a store for my wife using money <br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|ach b-um-ili n-ichan kit em-pang tepo-en tarka suma-en an-taspan<br />
|1sg.AGT ⟨AV⟩buy PAT-fish and PAT-bread store-LOC towards wife-LOC COM-money<br />
|}}<br />
The Patientive voice:<br />
* ''<u>Shichan</u> bili'''n''' ku kit entaspan tempen tarka sumaen ampang''<br />I am buying <u>fish</u> and bread at a store for my wife using money <br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|sh-ichan bili-n ku kit en-taspan tepo-en tarka suma-en am-pang<br />
|PAT-fish buy-PV 1sg.AGT and AGT-money store-LOC towards wife-LOC COM-bread<br />
|}}<br />
The Locative voice:<br />
* ''<u>Stemp</u> bili'''an''' nichan kit empang sumaen nank kit antaspan''<br />I am buying fish and bread <u>at a store</u> for my wife using money <br />
{{interlinear|abbreviations=LV:locative voice|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|s-tepo bili-an n-ichan kit em-pang suma-en nak kit an-taspan<br />
|LOC-store buy-LV PAT-fish and PAT-bread wife-DAT 1sg.AGT and AGT-bread<br />
|}}<br />
The Benefactive voice:<br />
* ''<u>Suma</u> bili'''nan''' nichan kit empang tempen nank kit antaspan''<br />I am buying fish and bread at a store <u>for my wife</u> using money <br />
{{interlinear|abbreviations=BV:benefactive voice|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|∅-suma bili-nan n-ichan kit em-pang tepo-en nak kit an-taspan<br />
|BEN-wife buy-BV PAT-fish and PAT-money store-LOC 1sg.AGT and AGT-bread<br />
|}}<br />
The Instrumental voice:<br />
* ''<u>Staspan</u> b'''i'''li nichan kit empang tempen tarka sumaen nank''<br />I am buying fish and bread at a store for my wife <u>using money</u><br />
{{interlinear|abbreviations=IV:instrumental voice|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|s-taspan bili n-ichan kit em-pang tepo-en tarka suma-en nak<br />
|INST-money IV\buy PAT-fish and PAT-money store-LOC towards wife-LOC 1sg.AGT<br />
|}}<br />
<br />
===Nouns===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite had fused the case system of Old Sethite and made them declensions instead.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Middle Sethite noun declension<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2| !! colspan=2|Vowel-starting !! colspan=2|Consonant-starting<br />
|-<br />
! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Subject<br />
|| sh- || sh- -ad || (s)- || (s)- -ad<br />
|-<br />
! Object <br />
|| n- || n- -ad || eN- || en- -ad<br />
|-<br />
! Circumject <br />
|| k- || k- -ad || -en || -enad<br />
|-<br />
! Conject <br />
|| gn- || gn- -ad || aN- || aN- -ad<br />
|}<br />
<br />
This noun declension is used for common nouns.<br />
<br />
====Personal Names and Proper Nouns====<br />
<br />
For names, titles, and proper nouns, their case is separated from the word.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Caption text<br />
|-<br />
! Header text !! Header text !! Header text<br />
|-<br />
| Example || Example || Example<br />
|-<br />
| Example || Example || Example<br />
|-<br />
| Example || Example || Example<br />
|-<br />
| Example || Example || Example<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Syntax==<br />
<br />
The grammar of Middle Sethite is typically predicate-final, with a topic-comment structure, though exceptions may occur. The subject of the sentence is separate with the topic of the sentence. <br />
<br />
===Word Order===<br />
<br />
The typical word order for Middle Sethite is Subject-Verb-Object. All sentences has these three, even intransitive verbs. For when a sentence has one of them missing, an auxiliary "ta" is added. However when the auxiliary direction matches with the verb direction, these auxiliary nouns may be dropped.<br />
<br />
===Word Direction===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite reverses words whenever the word is not the head of a noun clause or one wants to indicate aspects. This is done per phoneme, not per character as written by the orthography. The verb direction dictates the direction of the sentence and paragraphs. A sentence typically has an overall descending tone, but when the words are reversed they rise back up.<br />
<br />
* ''Shasu mera''<br />The dog is red<br />
* ''Shasu arem''<br />The red dog<br />
<br />
===Noun Phrase===<br />
<br />
A noun phrase is a phrase used in the noun position.<br />
<br />
===Verb Phrase===<br />
<br />
A verb clause has two parts: the nouns and the adverbs. The nouns go after the verb, the adverbs go before the verb. The head is right in the middle of these.<br />
<br />
===Aspects===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite has four main aspects. These aspects can be divided even further by adding the affixes -in- or di-. They are indicated by the direction of the nouns in relation to the verb direction. For words where it’s ambiguous what the direction is (because its a phonemic palindrome), they will be marked with an acute at the ultimate vowel; apa reversed is apá, masam reversed is masám). <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Middle Sethite aspect<br />
|-<br />
! !! Pastlooking !! Presentlooking !! Futurelooking<br />
|-<br />
! Continuing<br />
|| → ⟨in⟩⇒ →<br />''Ach binumot ta''<br />"I am still working" || → ⇒ →<br />''Ach bumot ta''<br />"I am working" || → de⇒ →<br />''Ach debumot ta''<br />"I am working for some time"<br />
|-<br />
! Ending<br />
| → ⟨in⟩⇒ ←<br />''Ach binumot at''<br />"I have stopped working" || → ⇒ ←<br />''Ach bumot at''<br />"I stop working" || → de⇒ ←<br />''Ach debumot at''<br />"I am about to stop working"<br />
|-<br />
! Starting<br />
| ← ⟨in⟩⇒ →<br />''Ha binumot ta''<br />"I have started working" || ← ⇒ →<br />''Ha bumot ta''<br />"I start working" || ← de⇒ →<br />''Ha bumot ta''<br />"I am about to start working"<br />
|-<br />
! Fulfilling<br />
| ← ⟨in⟩⇒ ←<br />''Ha binumot at''<br />"I have worked" || ← ⇒ ←<br />''Ha bumot at''<br />"I work" || ← de⇒ ←<br />''Ha debumot at''<br />"I am planning to work"<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
===Relative Clauses===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite employs relative clauses to convey more meaning in a single sentence. Sethite has five relative clause markers, which follows the same logic as the case markers. There is sing (subject), ning (object), king (circumject), and nang (conject). Unlike other non-head parts of the clause, relative clauses do not need to be reversed (though some complex clauses do need reversals still). <br />
<br />
* Shasu sing kumanaor seka ematha<br /><br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|sh-asu sing kumanaor seka emat<br />
|AGT-dog REL.AGT ⟨AV⟩have one PAT-eye<br />
|'The dog that has one eye'}}<br />
<br />
* Sto ning tumubuk ach<br /><br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|s-to ning t-um-ubuk ach<br />
|AGT-person REL.PAT ⟨AV⟩punch 1sg.AGT<br />
|'The person whom I am punching'}}<br />
<br />
* Bale king misi ach<br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|∅-bale king m-isi ach<br />
|AGT-house REL.LOC ⟨AV⟩be.inside 1sg.AGT<br />
|'The house that I'm living at'}}<br />
<br />
* Sparuk nang bumengi nichan ach<br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|s-paruk nang b-um-engi n-ichan ach<br />
|AGT-cookware REL.COM ⟨AV⟩cook PAT-fish 1sg.AGT<br />
|'The pot that I am cooking fish with'}}<br />
<br />
==Example texts==<br />
<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. --><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Other resources==<br />
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetrical_voice<br />
<br />
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Template area --><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Middle Sethite language]]<br />
[[Category:Languages]]<br />
[[Category:Conlangs]]</div>IdaeChophttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Middle_Sethite&diff=531372Middle Sethite2026-06-27T19:12:32Z<p>IdaeChop: /* Phonotactics */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{construction}}<br />
{{Infobox language<br />
| name = Middle Sethite<br />
| nativename = Sethgo<br />布語<br />
| pronunciation = seθgɤ<br />
|creator=IdaeChop<br />
|setting=''[[The Moon, but with oceans and life]]''<br />
| state = [[I Seth Empire]]<br />
| ethnicity = Sethite<br />Sethjin<br />
| familycolor = Austronesian<br />
| fam2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages Malayo Polynesian]<br />
| fam3 = [[Sethitic]]<br />
|ancestor=[[Proto-Sethite]]<br />
|ancestor2=[[Old Sethite]]<br />
| nation = [[I Seth Empire]]<br />
| notice = IPA<br />
}}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{col-top|4|Metatext for Readers}}<br />
Hi, yeah. This is one of the conlangs in my (IdaeChop) world, Middle Sethite! This was originally a submission for the Cursed Conlang Circus 4, however I decided to modify a whole ton to make it what it is today! It is still lacking in worldbuilding and other necessities, however I am proud of what I am able to achieve now and I want to put it here so people can read about it, I guess? Well. Here's this article then!<br />
{{col-bottom}}<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite was a language spoken around the Gulf of Albategnius around 1000 ASC. The division between Middle Sethite and Old Sethite is the usage of the Latin Script as opposed to the older Japonic-based writing system, though usage of the Japonic-system still persisted until the 1400 ASC and people today still study and use Kanji.<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
<br />
===Consonants===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Middle Sethite consonants<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=2 | !! Bilabial !! Alveolar !! Palatal !! Velar<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=2 | Nasal<br />
|| m || n || ɲ || ŋ<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Plosive<br />
! Voiceless <br />
|| p || t || tɕ || k<br />
|-<br />
! Voiced<br />
|| b || d || dʑ || g<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fricative<br />
! Voiceless<br />
|| ɸ || s θ || ɕ || x<br />
|-<br />
! Voiced<br />
|| β || ð || ʑ || <br />
|-<br />
! colspan=2 | Approximant<br />
|| || l || j || ɰ<br />
|}<br />
<br />
/ð/ is pronounced more as a voiced postalveolar fricative [ɹ̠˔]<br />
<br />
===Vowels===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite has 5 vowels that can either be short or long.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Middle Sethite vowels<br />
|-<br />
! !! Front !! Central !! Back<br />
|-<br />
! Close <br />
|| i, iː || || ɯ, ɯː<br />
|-<br />
! Close-mid <br />
| e, eː || || ɤ, ɤː<br />
|-<br />
! Open<br />
| || a aː || <br />
|}<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite do not have diphthongs, but does have vowels that are in hiatus. Long vowels may also be analysed as two of the same vowels in hiatus by some speakers. <br />
<br />
===Phonotactics===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite's phonotactics are CCVCC. However, most syllables only have CVC, and the few that do have consonant clusters don't do it up to two in the inside of a word. Nasals must assimilate with the consonant cluster (same placement in the mouth).<br />
For onsets and codas, only the fricative /s/ can appear furthest from the nucleus; nasals can only appear closest to the nucleus; plosives can't cluster with other plosives; voiced plosives can't touch /s/; and /ɸ/ /β/ /ð/ /x/ /l/ and /ɰ/ can only cluster with /s/.<br />
For medial clusters, it's at maximum 2 with nasals unable to touch plosives.<br />
<br />
===Morphophonology===<br />
<br />
/s/ after an /ð/ becomes a [ʃ] and is depicted in the orthography as ⟨sh⟩.<br />
<br />
===Orthography===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite's orthography was not standardised, there are numerous ways words can be said. Some letters may be doubled but it does not change the pronunciation.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Middle Sethite Latin orthography<br />
|-<br />
! Symbol !! Sound !! Note<br />
|-<br />
| a || /a/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| aa, ah, ar || /aː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| ae, ay || /eː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| b || /b/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| c || /k/ || except after i and e<br />
|-<br />
| c || /s/ || only after i and e<br />
|-<br />
| ch || /tɕ/ || only at the start of words<br />
|- <br />
| ch || /x/ || except at the start of words<br />
|-<br />
| d || /d/ || <br />
|-<br />
| dge || /dʑ/ || only at the end of words<br />
|-<br />
| e || /e/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| ee, ei || /eː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| f || /ɸ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| g || /g/ || <br />
|-<br />
| gn || /ŋ/ || only at the start of words<br />
|-<br />
| h || /x/ || only at the start of words<br />
|-<br />
| i || /i/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| ii, ie || /iː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| j || /dʑ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| k || /k/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| l || /l/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| m || /m/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| n || /n/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| ny || /ɲ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| ng || /ŋ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| o || /ɤ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| oa, oo || /ɤː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| oo || /ɯː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| p || /p/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| qu || /kɰ/, /kɯ/ || really rare <br />
|-<br />
| r || /ð/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| s || /s/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| sh || /ɕ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| sh || /s/ || touching a /r/<br />
|-<br />
| shn || /sŋ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| t || /t/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| tch || /tɕ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| th || /θ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| u || /ɯ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| uu || /ɯː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| v || /β/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| w || /ɰ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| x || /ks/ || rare<br />
|-<br />
| y || /j/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| z, zh, zi || /ʑ/ ||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Morphology==<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite has what is called [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetrical_voice Austronesian alignment]. This means the role of the noun is determined by what case something is alongside what voice the verb is.<br />
<br />
In Middle Sethite, nouns are only inflected by case and number (singular and plural); verbs only inflected by aspect and voice; adjectives do not inflect.<br />
<br />
===Verbs===<br />
<br />
Every verb in Middle Sethite has a voice. The voice marks what every case in the sentence does. Verbs do not mark for tense nor mood.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! Pastlooking !! Presentlooking !! Futurelooking<br />
|-<br />
! Agentive Voice<br />
|| ⟨inum⟩<br />''binumava'' || ⟨um⟩<br />''bumava'' || de- ⟨um⟩<br />''debumava''<br />
|-<br />
! Patientive Voice<br />
|| ⟨in⟩ -(e)n<br />''binavan'' || -(e)n<br />''bavan'' || de- -(e)n<br />''debavan''<br />
|-<br />
! Locative Voice<br />
|| ⟨in⟩ -an<br />''binavaan'' || -an<br />''bavaan'' || de- -an<br />''debavaan''<br />
|-<br />
! Benefactive Voice<br />
| ⟨in⟩ -(e)nan<br />''binavanan'' || -(e)nan<br />''bavanan'' || de- -(e)nan<br />''debavanan''<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental Voice<br />
| ⟨in⟩ +second vowel fronting<br />''bineva'' || first vowel fronting<br />''beva'' || de- +second vowel fronting<br />''debeva''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Verbs may be duplicated to form the frequentative aspect. e.g. ''bumava'' becomes ''bava-bumava''<br />
<br />
====Voice====<br />
<br />
There are five voices Middle Sethite uses. Changing the voice of a sentence does not reduce the valency, only rotating it.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Middle Sethite voices<br />
|-<br />
! !! Agentive Voice !! Patientive Voice !! Locative Voice !! Benefactive Voice !! Instrumental Voice<br />
|-<br />
! Subject<br />
|| Agentive<br />''"Nominative"'' || Patientive<br />''"Ergative"'' || Locative || Benefactive || Instrumental<br />
|-<br />
! Object<br />
| Patientive<br />''"Accusative"'' || Agentive<br />''"Absolutive"'' || Patientive || Patientive || Patientive<br />
|-<br />
! Circumject <br />
| Locative || Locative || Dative || Locative || Locative<br />
|-<br />
! Conject<br />
| Comitative || Comitative || Agentive || Agentive || Agentive<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Every intransitive sentence must have a subject; every transitive sentence must have a subject and an object. However, if the subject or object happens to be the topic or it is obvious from context (like pronouns), it may be left unsaid.<br />
<br />
====Examples====<br />
<br />
The Agentive voice:<br />
* ''<u>Ach</u> b'''um'''ili nichan kit empang tempen tarka sumaen antaspan''<br /><u>I</u> am buying fish and bread at a store for my wife using money <br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|ach b-um-ili n-ichan kit em-pang tepo-en tarka suma-en an-taspan<br />
|1sg.AGT ⟨AV⟩buy PAT-fish and PAT-bread store-LOC towards wife-LOC COM-money<br />
|}}<br />
The Patientive voice:<br />
* ''<u>Shichan</u> bili'''n''' ku kit entaspan tempen tarka sumaen ampang''<br />I am buying <u>fish</u> and bread at a store for my wife using money <br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|sh-ichan bili-n ku kit en-taspan tepo-en tarka suma-en am-pang<br />
|PAT-fish buy-PV 1sg.AGT and AGT-money store-LOC towards wife-LOC COM-bread<br />
|}}<br />
The Locative voice:<br />
* ''<u>Stemp</u> bili'''an''' nichan kit empang sumaen nank kit antaspan''<br />I am buying fish and bread <u>at a store</u> for my wife using money <br />
{{interlinear|abbreviations=LV:locative voice|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|s-tepo bili-an n-ichan kit em-pang suma-en nak kit an-taspan<br />
|LOC-store buy-LV PAT-fish and PAT-bread wife-DAT 1sg.AGT and AGT-bread<br />
|}}<br />
The Benefactive voice:<br />
* ''<u>Suma</u> bili'''nan''' nichan kit empang tempen nank kit antaspan''<br />I am buying fish and bread at a store <u>for my wife</u> using money <br />
{{interlinear|abbreviations=BV:benefactive voice|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|∅-suma bili-nan n-ichan kit em-pang tepo-en nak kit an-taspan<br />
|BEN-wife buy-BV PAT-fish and PAT-money store-LOC 1sg.AGT and AGT-bread<br />
|}}<br />
The Instrumental voice:<br />
* ''<u>Staspan</u> b'''i'''li nichan kit empang tempen tarka sumaen nank''<br />I am buying fish and bread at a store for my wife <u>using money</u><br />
{{interlinear|abbreviations=IV:instrumental voice|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|s-taspan bili n-ichan kit em-pang tepo-en tarka suma-en nak<br />
|INST-money IV\buy PAT-fish and PAT-money store-LOC towards wife-LOC 1sg.AGT<br />
|}}<br />
<br />
===Nouns===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite had fused the case system of Old Sethite and made them declensions instead.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Middle Sethite noun declension<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2| !! colspan=2|Vowel-starting !! colspan=2|Consonant-starting<br />
|-<br />
! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Subject<br />
|| sh- || sh- -ad || (s)- || (s)- -ad<br />
|-<br />
! Object <br />
|| n- || n- -ad || eN- || en- -ad<br />
|-<br />
! Circumject <br />
|| k- || k- -ad || -en || -enad<br />
|-<br />
! Conject <br />
|| gn- || gn- -ad || aN- || aN- -ad<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Syntax==<br />
<br />
The grammar of Middle Sethite is typically predicate-final, with a topic-comment structure, though exceptions may occur. The subject of the sentence is separate with the topic of the sentence. <br />
<br />
===Word Order===<br />
<br />
The typical word order for Middle Sethite is Subject-Verb-Object. All sentences has these three, even intransitive verbs. For when a sentence has one of them missing, an auxiliary "ta" is added. However when the auxiliary direction matches with the verb direction, these auxiliary nouns may be dropped.<br />
<br />
===Word Direction===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite reverses words whenever the word is not the head of a noun clause or one wants to indicate aspects. This is done per phoneme, not per character as written by the orthography. The verb direction dictates the direction of the sentence and paragraphs. <br />
<br />
* ''Shasu mera''<br />The dog is red<br />
* ''Shasu arem''<br />The red dog<br />
<br />
===Noun Clause===<br />
<br />
A noun clause is head-initial; an adjective goes after the noun.<br />
<br />
===Verb Clause===<br />
<br />
A verb clause has two parts: the nouns and the adverbs. The nouns go after the verb, the adverbs go before the verb. The head is right in the middle of these.<br />
<br />
===Aspects===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite has four main aspects. These aspects can be divided even further by adding the affixes -in- or di-. They are indicated by the direction of the nouns in relation to the verb direction. For words where it’s ambiguous what the direction is (because its a phonemic palindrome), they will be reduplicated (CV + word; e.g. apa → a’apa, masam → mamasam)<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Middle Sethite aspect<br />
|-<br />
! !! Pastlooking !! Presentlooking !! Futurelooking<br />
|-<br />
! Continuing<br />
|| → ⟨in⟩⇒ →<br />''Ach binumot ta''<br />"I am still working" || → ⇒ →<br />''Ach bumot ta''<br />"I am working" || → de⇒ →<br />''Ach debumot ta''<br />"I am working for some time"<br />
|-<br />
! Ending<br />
| → ⟨in⟩⇒ ←<br />''Ach binumot at''<br />"I have stopped working" || → ⇒ ←<br />''Ach bumot at''<br />"I stop working" || → de⇒ ←<br />''Ach debumot at''<br />"I am about to stop working"<br />
|-<br />
! Starting<br />
| ← ⟨in⟩⇒ →<br />''Ha binumot ta''<br />"I have started working" || ← ⇒ →<br />''Ha bumot ta''<br />"I start working" || ← de⇒ →<br />''Ha bumot ta''<br />"I am about to start working"<br />
|-<br />
! Fulfilling<br />
| ← ⟨in⟩⇒ ←<br />''Ha binumot at''<br />"I have worked" || ← ⇒ ←<br />''Ha bumot at''<br />"I work" || ← de⇒ ←<br />''Ha debumot at''<br />"I am planning to work"<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
===Relative Clauses===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite employs relative clauses to convey more meaning in a single sentence. Sethite has five relative clause markers, which follows the same logic as the case markers. There is sing, ning, king, and nang. Unlike other nonhead parts of the clause, relative clauses do not need to be reversed (though some complex clauses do need reversals still). <br />
<br />
* Shasu sing kumanaor seka emat<br /><br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|sh-asu sing kumanaor seka emat<br />
|AGT-dog REL.AGT ⟨AV⟩have one PAT-eye<br />
|'The dog that has one eye'}}<br />
<br />
* Sto ning tumubuk ach<br /><br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|s-to ning t-um-ubuk ach<br />
|AGT-person REL.PAT ⟨AV⟩punch 1sg.AGT<br />
|'The person whom I am punching'}}<br />
<br />
* Bale king misi ach<br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|∅-bale king m-isi ach<br />
|AGT-house REL.LOC ⟨AV⟩be.inside 1sg.AGT<br />
|'The house that I'm living at'}}<br />
<br />
* Sparuk nang bumengi nichan ach<br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|s-paruk nang b-um-engi n-ichan ach<br />
|AGT-cookware REL.COM ⟨AV⟩cook PAT-fish 1sg.AGT<br />
|'The pot that I am cooking fish with'}}<br />
<br />
==Example texts==<br />
<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. --><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Other resources==<br />
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetrical_voice<br />
<br />
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Template area --><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Middle Sethite language]]<br />
[[Category:Languages]]<br />
[[Category:Conlangs]]</div>IdaeChophttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Middle_Sethite&diff=531369Middle Sethite2026-06-27T18:45:26Z<p>IdaeChop: heh.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{construction}}<br />
{{Infobox language<br />
| name = Middle Sethite<br />
| nativename = Sethgo<br />布語<br />
| pronunciation = seθgɤ<br />
|creator=IdaeChop<br />
|setting=''[[The Moon, but with oceans and life]]''<br />
| state = [[I Seth Empire]]<br />
| ethnicity = Sethite<br />Sethjin<br />
| familycolor = Austronesian<br />
| fam2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages Malayo Polynesian]<br />
| fam3 = [[Sethitic]]<br />
|ancestor=[[Proto-Sethite]]<br />
|ancestor2=[[Old Sethite]]<br />
| nation = [[I Seth Empire]]<br />
| notice = IPA<br />
}}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{col-top|4|Metatext for Readers}}<br />
Hi, yeah. This is one of the conlangs in my (IdaeChop) world, Middle Sethite! This was originally a submission for the Cursed Conlang Circus 4, however I decided to modify a whole ton to make it what it is today! It is still lacking in worldbuilding and other necessities, however I am proud of what I am able to achieve now and I want to put it here so people can read about it, I guess? Well. Here's this article then!<br />
{{col-bottom}}<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite was a language spoken around the Gulf of Albategnius around 1000 ASC. The division between Middle Sethite and Old Sethite is the usage of the Latin Script as opposed to the older Japonic-based writing system, though usage of the Japonic-system still persisted until the 1400 ASC and people today still study and use Kanji.<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
<br />
===Consonants===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Middle Sethite consonants<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=2 | !! Bilabial !! Alveolar !! Palatal !! Velar<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=2 | Nasal<br />
|| m || n || ɲ || ŋ<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Plosive<br />
! Voiceless <br />
|| p || t || tɕ || k<br />
|-<br />
! Voiced<br />
|| b || d || dʑ || g<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fricative<br />
! Voiceless<br />
|| ɸ || s θ || ɕ || x<br />
|-<br />
! Voiced<br />
|| β || ð || ʑ || <br />
|-<br />
! colspan=2 | Approximant<br />
|| || l || j || ɰ<br />
|}<br />
<br />
/ð/ is pronounced more as a voiced postalveolar fricative [ɹ̠˔]<br />
<br />
===Vowels===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite has 5 vowels that can either be short or long.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Middle Sethite vowels<br />
|-<br />
! !! Front !! Central !! Back<br />
|-<br />
! Close <br />
|| i, iː || || ɯ, ɯː<br />
|-<br />
! Close-mid <br />
| e, eː || || ɤ, ɤː<br />
|-<br />
! Open<br />
| || a aː || <br />
|}<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite do not have diphthongs, but does have vowels that are in hiatus. Long vowels may also be analysed as two of the same vowels in hiatus by some speakers. <br />
<br />
===Phonotactics===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite's phonotactics are CCVCC. However, most syllables only have CVC, and the few that do have consonant clusters don't do it up to two in the inside of a word. Nasals must assimilate with the consonant cluster (same placement in the mouth). For onsets and codas, only the fricative /s/ can appear furthest from the nucleus; nasals can only appear closest to the nucleus; plosives can't cluster with other plosives; and /ɸ/ /β/ /ð/ /x/ /l/ and /ɰ/ can only cluster with /s/<br />
<br />
===Morphophonology===<br />
<br />
/s/ after an /ð/ becomes a [ʃ] and is depicted in the orthography as ⟨sh⟩.<br />
<br />
===Orthography===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite's orthography was not standardised, there are numerous ways words can be said. Some letters may be doubled but it does not change the pronunciation.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Middle Sethite Latin orthography<br />
|-<br />
! Symbol !! Sound !! Note<br />
|-<br />
| a || /a/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| aa, ah, ar || /aː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| ae, ay || /eː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| b || /b/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| c || /k/ || except after i and e<br />
|-<br />
| c || /s/ || only after i and e<br />
|-<br />
| ch || /tɕ/ || only at the start of words<br />
|- <br />
| ch || /x/ || except at the start of words<br />
|-<br />
| d || /d/ || <br />
|-<br />
| dge || /dʑ/ || only at the end of words<br />
|-<br />
| e || /e/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| ee, ei || /eː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| f || /ɸ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| g || /g/ || <br />
|-<br />
| gn || /ŋ/ || only at the start of words<br />
|-<br />
| h || /x/ || only at the start of words<br />
|-<br />
| i || /i/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| ii, ie || /iː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| j || /dʑ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| k || /k/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| l || /l/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| m || /m/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| n || /n/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| ny || /ɲ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| ng || /ŋ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| o || /ɤ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| oa, oo || /ɤː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| oo || /ɯː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| p || /p/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| qu || /kɰ/, /kɯ/ || really rare <br />
|-<br />
| r || /ð/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| s || /s/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| sh || /ɕ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| sh || /s/ || touching a /r/<br />
|-<br />
| shn || /sŋ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| t || /t/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| tch || /tɕ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| th || /θ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| u || /ɯ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| uu || /ɯː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| v || /β/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| w || /ɰ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| x || /ks/ || rare<br />
|-<br />
| y || /j/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| z, zh, zi || /ʑ/ ||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Morphology==<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite has what is called [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetrical_voice Austronesian alignment]. This means the role of the noun is determined by what case something is alongside what voice the verb is.<br />
<br />
In Middle Sethite, nouns are only inflected by case and number (singular and plural); verbs only inflected by aspect and voice; adjectives do not inflect.<br />
<br />
===Verbs===<br />
<br />
Every verb in Middle Sethite has a voice. The voice marks what every case in the sentence does. Verbs do not mark for tense nor mood.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! Pastlooking !! Presentlooking !! Futurelooking<br />
|-<br />
! Agentive Voice<br />
|| ⟨inum⟩<br />''binumava'' || ⟨um⟩<br />''bumava'' || de- ⟨um⟩<br />''debumava''<br />
|-<br />
! Patientive Voice<br />
|| ⟨in⟩ -(e)n<br />''binavan'' || -(e)n<br />''bavan'' || de- -(e)n<br />''debavan''<br />
|-<br />
! Locative Voice<br />
|| ⟨in⟩ -an<br />''binavaan'' || -an<br />''bavaan'' || de- -an<br />''debavaan''<br />
|-<br />
! Benefactive Voice<br />
| ⟨in⟩ -(e)nan<br />''binavanan'' || -(e)nan<br />''bavanan'' || de- -(e)nan<br />''debavanan''<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental Voice<br />
| ⟨in⟩ +second vowel fronting<br />''bineva'' || first vowel fronting<br />''beva'' || de- +second vowel fronting<br />''debeva''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Verbs may be duplicated to form the frequentative aspect. e.g. ''bumava'' becomes ''bava-bumava''<br />
<br />
====Voice====<br />
<br />
There are five voices Middle Sethite uses. Changing the voice of a sentence does not reduce the valency, only rotating it.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Middle Sethite voices<br />
|-<br />
! !! Agentive Voice !! Patientive Voice !! Locative Voice !! Benefactive Voice !! Instrumental Voice<br />
|-<br />
! Subject<br />
|| Agentive<br />''"Nominative"'' || Patientive<br />''"Ergative"'' || Locative || Benefactive || Instrumental<br />
|-<br />
! Object<br />
| Patientive<br />''"Accusative"'' || Agentive<br />''"Absolutive"'' || Patientive || Patientive || Patientive<br />
|-<br />
! Circumject <br />
| Locative || Locative || Dative || Locative || Locative<br />
|-<br />
! Conject<br />
| Comitative || Comitative || Agentive || Agentive || Agentive<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Every intransitive sentence must have a subject; every transitive sentence must have a subject and an object. However, if the subject or object happens to be the topic or it is obvious from context (like pronouns), it may be left unsaid.<br />
<br />
====Examples====<br />
<br />
The Agentive voice:<br />
* ''<u>Ach</u> b'''um'''ili nichan kit empang tempen tarka sumaen antaspan''<br /><u>I</u> am buying fish and bread at a store for my wife using money <br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|ach b-um-ili n-ichan kit em-pang tepo-en tarka suma-en an-taspan<br />
|1sg.AGT ⟨AV⟩buy PAT-fish and PAT-bread store-LOC towards wife-LOC COM-money<br />
|}}<br />
The Patientive voice:<br />
* ''<u>Shichan</u> bili'''n''' ku kit entaspan tempen tarka sumaen ampang''<br />I am buying <u>fish</u> and bread at a store for my wife using money <br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|sh-ichan bili-n ku kit en-taspan tepo-en tarka suma-en am-pang<br />
|PAT-fish buy-PV 1sg.AGT and AGT-money store-LOC towards wife-LOC COM-bread<br />
|}}<br />
The Locative voice:<br />
* ''<u>Stemp</u> bili'''an''' nichan kit empang sumaen nank kit antaspan''<br />I am buying fish and bread <u>at a store</u> for my wife using money <br />
{{interlinear|abbreviations=LV:locative voice|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|s-tepo bili-an n-ichan kit em-pang suma-en nak kit an-taspan<br />
|LOC-store buy-LV PAT-fish and PAT-bread wife-DAT 1sg.AGT and AGT-bread<br />
|}}<br />
The Benefactive voice:<br />
* ''<u>Suma</u> bili'''nan''' nichan kit empang tempen nank kit antaspan''<br />I am buying fish and bread at a store <u>for my wife</u> using money <br />
{{interlinear|abbreviations=BV:benefactive voice|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|∅-suma bili-nan n-ichan kit em-pang tepo-en nak kit an-taspan<br />
|BEN-wife buy-BV PAT-fish and PAT-money store-LOC 1sg.AGT and AGT-bread<br />
|}}<br />
The Instrumental voice:<br />
* ''<u>Staspan</u> b'''i'''li nichan kit empang tempen tarka sumaen nank''<br />I am buying fish and bread at a store for my wife <u>using money</u><br />
{{interlinear|abbreviations=IV:instrumental voice|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|s-taspan bili n-ichan kit em-pang tepo-en tarka suma-en nak<br />
|INST-money IV\buy PAT-fish and PAT-money store-LOC towards wife-LOC 1sg.AGT<br />
|}}<br />
<br />
===Nouns===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite had fused the case system of Old Sethite and made them declensions instead.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Middle Sethite noun declension<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2| !! colspan=2|Vowel-starting !! colspan=2|Consonant-starting<br />
|-<br />
! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Subject<br />
|| sh- || sh- -ad || (s)- || (s)- -ad<br />
|-<br />
! Object <br />
|| n- || n- -ad || eN- || en- -ad<br />
|-<br />
! Circumject <br />
|| k- || k- -ad || -en || -enad<br />
|-<br />
! Conject <br />
|| gn- || gn- -ad || aN- || aN- -ad<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Syntax==<br />
<br />
The grammar of Middle Sethite is typically predicate-final, with a topic-comment structure, though exceptions may occur. The subject of the sentence is separate with the topic of the sentence. <br />
<br />
===Word Order===<br />
<br />
The typical word order for Middle Sethite is Subject-Verb-Object. All sentences has these three, even intransitive verbs. For when a sentence has one of them missing, an auxiliary "ta" is added. However when the auxiliary direction matches with the verb direction, these auxiliary nouns may be dropped.<br />
<br />
===Word Direction===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite reverses words whenever the word is not the head of a noun clause or one wants to indicate aspects. This is done per phoneme, not per character as written by the orthography. The verb direction dictates the direction of the sentence and paragraphs. <br />
<br />
* ''Shasu mera''<br />The dog is red<br />
* ''Shasu arem''<br />The red dog<br />
<br />
===Noun Clause===<br />
<br />
A noun clause is head-initial; an adjective goes after the noun.<br />
<br />
===Verb Clause===<br />
<br />
A verb clause has two parts: the nouns and the adverbs. The nouns go after the verb, the adverbs go before the verb. The head is right in the middle of these.<br />
<br />
===Aspects===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite has four main aspects. These aspects can be divided even further by adding the affixes -in- or di-. They are indicated by the direction of the nouns in relation to the verb direction. For words where it’s ambiguous what the direction is (because its a phonemic palindrome), they will be reduplicated (CV + word; e.g. apa → a’apa, masam → mamasam)<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Middle Sethite aspect<br />
|-<br />
! !! Pastlooking !! Presentlooking !! Futurelooking<br />
|-<br />
! Continuing<br />
|| → ⟨in⟩⇒ →<br />''Ach binumot ta''<br />"I am still working" || → ⇒ →<br />''Ach bumot ta''<br />"I am working" || → de⇒ →<br />''Ach debumot ta''<br />"I am working for some time"<br />
|-<br />
! Ending<br />
| → ⟨in⟩⇒ ←<br />''Ach binumot at''<br />"I have stopped working" || → ⇒ ←<br />''Ach bumot at''<br />"I stop working" || → de⇒ ←<br />''Ach debumot at''<br />"I am about to stop working"<br />
|-<br />
! Starting<br />
| ← ⟨in⟩⇒ →<br />''Ha binumot ta''<br />"I have started working" || ← ⇒ →<br />''Ha bumot ta''<br />"I start working" || ← de⇒ →<br />''Ha bumot ta''<br />"I am about to start working"<br />
|-<br />
! Fulfilling<br />
| ← ⟨in⟩⇒ ←<br />''Ha binumot at''<br />"I have worked" || ← ⇒ ←<br />''Ha bumot at''<br />"I work" || ← de⇒ ←<br />''Ha debumot at''<br />"I am planning to work"<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
===Relative Clauses===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite employs relative clauses to convey more meaning in a single sentence. Sethite has five relative clause markers, which follows the same logic as the case markers. There is sing, ning, king, and nang. Unlike other nonhead parts of the clause, relative clauses do not need to be reversed (though some complex clauses do need reversals still). <br />
<br />
* Shasu sing kumanaor seka emat<br /><br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|sh-asu sing kumanaor seka emat<br />
|AGT-dog REL.AGT ⟨AV⟩have one PAT-eye<br />
|'The dog that has one eye'}}<br />
<br />
* Sto ning tumubuk ach<br /><br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|s-to ning t-um-ubuk ach<br />
|AGT-person REL.PAT ⟨AV⟩punch 1sg.AGT<br />
|'The person whom I am punching'}}<br />
<br />
* Bale king misi ach<br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|∅-bale king m-isi ach<br />
|AGT-house REL.LOC ⟨AV⟩be.inside 1sg.AGT<br />
|'The house that I'm living at'}}<br />
<br />
* Sparuk nang bumengi nichan ach<br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|s-paruk nang b-um-engi n-ichan ach<br />
|AGT-cookware REL.COM ⟨AV⟩cook PAT-fish 1sg.AGT<br />
|'The pot that I am cooking fish with'}}<br />
<br />
==Example texts==<br />
<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. --><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Other resources==<br />
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetrical_voice<br />
<br />
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Template area --><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Middle Sethite language]]<br />
[[Category:Languages]]<br />
[[Category:Conlangs]]</div>IdaeChophttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Middle_Sethite&diff=531358Middle Sethite2026-06-27T16:06:42Z<p>IdaeChop: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{construction}}<br />
{{Infobox language<br />
| name = Middle Sethite<br />
| nativename = Sethgo<br />布語<br />
| pronunciation = seθgɤ<br />
|creator=IdaeChop<br />
|setting=''[[The Moon, but with oceans and life]]''<br />
| state = [[I Seth Empire]]<br />
| ethnicity = Sethite<br />Sethjin<br />
| familycolor = Austronesian<br />
| fam2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages Malayo Polynesian]<br />
| fam3 = [[Sethitic]]<br />
|ancestor=[[Proto-Sethite]]<br />
|ancestor2=[[Old Sethite]]<br />
| nation = [[I Seth Empire]]<br />
| notice = IPA<br />
}}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{col-top|4|Metatext for Readers}}<br />
Hi, yeah. This is one of the conlangs in my (IdaeChop) world, Middle Sethite! This was originally a submission for the Cursed Conlang Circus 4, however I decided to modify a whole ton to make it what it is today! It is still lacking in worldbuilding and other necessities, however I am proud of what I am able to achieve now and I want to put it here so people can read about it, I guess? Well. Here's this article then!<br />
{{col-bottom}}<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite was a language spoken around the Gulf of Albategnius around 1000 ASC. The division between Middle Sethite and Old Sethite is the usage of the Latin Script as opposed to the older Japonic-based writing system, though usage of the Japonic-system still persisted until the 1400 ASC and people today still study and use Kanji.<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
<br />
===Consonants===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Middle Sethite consonants<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=2 | !! Bilabial !! Alveolar !! Palatal !! Velar<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=2 | Nasal<br />
|| m || n || ɲ || ŋ<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Plosive<br />
! Voiceless <br />
|| p || t || tɕ || k<br />
|-<br />
! Voiced<br />
|| b || d || dʑ || g<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fricative<br />
! Voiceless<br />
|| ɸ || s θ || ɕ || x<br />
|-<br />
! Voiced<br />
|| β || ð || ʑ || <br />
|-<br />
! colspan=2 | Approximant<br />
|| || l || j || ɰ<br />
|}<br />
<br />
/ð/ is pronounced more as a voiced postalveolar fricative [ɹ̠˔]<br />
<br />
===Vowels===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite has 5 vowels that can either be short or long.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Middle Sethite vowels<br />
|-<br />
! !! Front !! Central !! Back<br />
|-<br />
! Close <br />
|| i, iː || || ɯ, ɯː<br />
|-<br />
! Close-mid <br />
| e, eː || || ɤ, ɤː<br />
|-<br />
! Open<br />
| || a aː || <br />
|}<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite do not have diphthongs, but does have vowels that are in hiatus. Long vowels may also be analysed as two of the same vowels in hiatus by some speakers. <br />
<br />
===Phonotactics===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite's phonotactics are CCVCC. However, most syllables only have CVC, and the few that do have consonant clusters don't do it up to two in the inside of a word. Nasals must assimilate with the consonant cluster (same placement in the mouth). For onsets and codas, only the fricative /s/ can appear furthest from the nucleus; nasals can only appear closest to the nucleus; plosives can't cluster with other plosives; and /ɸ/ /β/ /ð/ /x/ /l/ and /ɰ/ can only cluster with /s/<br />
<br />
===Morphophonology===<br />
<br />
/s/ after an /ð/ becomes a [ʃ] and is depicted in the orthography as ⟨sh⟩.<br />
<br />
===Orthography===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite's orthography was not standardised, there are numerous ways words can be said. Some letters may be doubled but it does not change the pronunciation.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Middle Sethite Latin orthography<br />
|-<br />
! Symbol !! Sound !! Note<br />
|-<br />
| a || /a/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| aa, ah, ar || /aː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| ae, ay || /eː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| b || /b/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| c || /k/ || except after i and e<br />
|-<br />
| c || /s/ || only after i and e<br />
|-<br />
| ch || /tɕ/ || only at the start of words<br />
|- <br />
| ch || /x/ || except at the start of words<br />
|-<br />
| d || /d/ || <br />
|-<br />
| dge || /dʑ/ || only at the end of words<br />
|-<br />
| e || /e/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| ee, ei || /eː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| f || /ɸ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| g || /g/ || <br />
|-<br />
| gn || /ŋ/ || only at the start of words<br />
|-<br />
| h || /x/ || only at the start of words<br />
|-<br />
| i || /i/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| ii, ie || /iː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| j || /dʑ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| k || /k/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| l || /l/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| m || /m/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| n || /n/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| ny || /ɲ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| ng || /ŋ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| o || /ɤ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| oa, oo || /ɤː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| oo || /ɯː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| p || /p/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| qu || /kɰ/, /kɯ/ || really rare <br />
|-<br />
| r || /ð/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| s || /s/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| sh || /ɕ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| sh || /s/ || touching a /r/<br />
|-<br />
| shn || /sŋ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| t || /t/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| tch || /tɕ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| th || /θ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| u || /ɯ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| uu || /ɯː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| v || /β/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| w || /ɰ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| x || /ks/ || rare<br />
|-<br />
| y || /j/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| z, zh, zi || /ʑ/ ||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Morphology==<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite has what is called [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetrical_voice Austronesian alignment]. This means the role of the noun is determined by what case something is alongside what voice the verb is.<br />
<br />
In Middle Sethite, nouns are only inflected by case and number (singular and plural); verbs only inflected by aspect and voice; adjectives do not inflect.<br />
<br />
===Verbs===<br />
<br />
Every verb in Middle Sethite has a voice. The voice marks what every case in the sentence does. Verbs do not mark for tense nor mood.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! Pastlooking !! Presentlooking !! Futurelooking<br />
|-<br />
! Agentive Voice<br />
|| ⟨inum⟩<br />''binumava'' || ⟨um⟩<br />''bumava'' || de- ⟨um⟩<br />''debumava''<br />
|-<br />
! Patientive Voice<br />
|| ⟨in⟩ -(e)n<br />''binavan'' || -(e)n<br />''bavan'' || de- -(e)n<br />''debavan''<br />
|-<br />
! Locative Voice<br />
|| ⟨in⟩ -an<br />''binavaan'' || -an<br />''bavaan'' || de- -an<br />''debavaan''<br />
|-<br />
! Benefactive Voice<br />
| ⟨in⟩ -(e)nan<br />''binavanan'' || -(e)nan<br />''bavanan'' || de- -(e)nan<br />''debavanan''<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental Voice<br />
| ⟨in⟩ +second vowel fronting<br />''bineva'' || first vowel fronting<br />''beva'' || de- +second vowel fronting<br />''debeva''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Verbs may be duplicated to form the frequentative aspect. e.g. ''bumava'' becomes ''bava-bumava''<br />
<br />
====Voice====<br />
<br />
There are five voices Middle Sethite uses. Changing the voice of a sentence does not reduce the valency, only rotating it.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Middle Sethite voices<br />
|-<br />
! !! Agentive Voice !! Patientive Voice !! Locative Voice !! Benefactive Voice !! Instrumental Voice<br />
|-<br />
! Subject<br />
|| Agentive<br />''"Nominative"'' || Patientive<br />''"Ergative"'' || Locative || Benefactive || Instrumental<br />
|-<br />
! Object<br />
| Patientive<br />''"Accusative"'' || Agentive<br />''"Absolutive"'' || Patientive || Patientive || Patientive<br />
|-<br />
! Circumject <br />
| Locative || Locative || Dative || Locative || Locative<br />
|-<br />
! Conject<br />
| Comitative || Comitative || Agentive || Agentive || Agentive<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Every intransitive sentence must have a subject; every transitive sentence must have a subject and an object. However, if the subject or object happens to be the topic or it is obvious from context (like pronouns), it may be left unsaid.<br />
<br />
====Examples====<br />
<br />
The Agentive voice:<br />
* ''<u>Ach</u> b'''um'''ili nichan kit empang tempen tarka sumaen antaspan''<br /><u>I</u> am buying fish and bread at a store for my wife using money <br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|ach b-um-ili n-ichan kit em-pang tepo-en tarka suma-en an-taspan<br />
|1sg.AGT ⟨AV⟩buy PAT-fish and PAT-bread store-LOC towards wife-LOC COM-money<br />
|}}<br />
The Patientive voice:<br />
* ''<u>Shichan</u> bili'''n''' ku kit entaspan tempen tarka sumaen ampang''<br />I am buying <u>fish</u> and bread at a store for my wife using money <br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|sh-ichan bili-n ku kit en-taspan tepo-en tarka suma-en am-pang<br />
|PAT-fish buy-PV 1sg.AGT and AGT-money store-LOC towards wife-LOC COM-bread<br />
|}}<br />
The Locative voice:<br />
* ''<u>Stemp</u> bili'''an''' nichan kit empang sumaen nank kit antaspan''<br />I am buying fish and bread <u>at a store</u> for my wife using money <br />
{{interlinear|abbreviations=LV:locative voice|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|s-tepo bili-an n-ichan kit em-pang suma-en nak kit an-taspan<br />
|LOC-store buy-LV PAT-fish and PAT-bread wife-DAT 1sg.AGT and AGT-bread<br />
|}}<br />
The Benefactive voice:<br />
* ''<u>Suma</u> bili'''nan''' nichan kit empang tempen nank kit antaspan''<br />I am buying fish and bread at a store <u>for my wife</u> using money <br />
{{interlinear|abbreviations=BV:benefactive voice|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|∅-suma bili-nan n-ichan kit em-pang tepo-en nak kit an-taspan<br />
|BEN-wife buy-BV PAT-fish and PAT-money store-LOC 1sg.AGT and AGT-bread<br />
|}}<br />
The Instrumental voice:<br />
* ''<u>Staspan</u> b'''i'''li nichan kit empang tempen tarka sumaen nank''<br />I am buying fish and bread at a store for my wife <u>using money</u><br />
{{interlinear|abbreviations=IV:instrumental voice|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|s-taspan bili n-ichan kit em-pang tepo-en tarka suma-en nak<br />
|INST-money IV\buy PAT-fish and PAT-money store-LOC towards wife-LOC 1sg.AGT<br />
|}}<br />
<br />
===Nouns===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite had fused the case system of Old Sethite and made them declensions instead.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Middle Sethite noun declension<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2| !! colspan=2|Vowel-starting !! colspan=2|Consonant-starting<br />
|-<br />
! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Subject<br />
|| sh- || sh- -ad || (s)- || (s)- -ad<br />
|-<br />
! Object <br />
|| n- || n- -ad || eN- || en- -ad<br />
|-<br />
! Circumject <br />
|| k- || k- -ad || -en || -enad<br />
|-<br />
! Conject <br />
|| gn- || gn- -ad || aN- || aN- -ad<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Syntax==<br />
<br />
The grammar of Middle Sethite is typically predicate-final, with a topic-comment structure, though exceptions may occur. The subject of the sentence is separate with the topic of the sentence. <br />
<br />
===Word Order===<br />
<br />
The typical word order for Middle Sethite is Subject-Verb-Object, though in some cases it is Verb-Object-Subject instead. <br />
<br />
===Word Direction===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite reverses words whenever the word is not the head of the clause (i.e. adjectives or adverbs) or one wants to indicate aspects. This is done per phoneme, not per character as written by the orthography. The verb direction dictates the direction of the sentence and paragraphs. <br />
<br />
* ''Shasu mera''<br />The dog is red<br />
* ''Shasu arem''<br />The red dog<br />
<br />
===Noun Phrase===<br />
<br />
===Verb Phrase===<br />
<br />
===Aspects===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite has four main aspects. These aspects can be divided even further by adding the affixes -in- or di-. They are indicated by the direction of the nouns in relation to the verb direction. For words where it’s ambiguous what the direction is (because its a phonemic palindrome), they will be reduplicated (CV + word; e.g. apa → a’apa, masam → mamasam)<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Middle Sethite aspect<br />
|-<br />
! !! Pastlooking !! Presentlooking !! Futurelooking<br />
|-<br />
! Continuing<br />
|| → ⟨in⟩⇒ →<br />''Ach binumot ta''<br />"I am still working" || → ⇒ →<br />''Ach bumot ta''<br />"I am working" || → de⇒ →<br />''Ach debumot ta''<br />"I am working for some time"<br />
|-<br />
! Ending<br />
| → ⟨in⟩⇒ ←<br />''Ach binumot at''<br />"I have stopped working" || → ⇒ ←<br />''Ach bumot at''<br />"I stop working" || → de⇒ ←<br />''Ach debumot at''<br />"I am about to stop working"<br />
|-<br />
! Starting<br />
| ← ⟨in⟩⇒ →<br />''Ha binumot ta''<br />"I have started working" || ← ⇒ →<br />''Ha bumot ta''<br />"I start working" || ← de⇒ →<br />''Ha bumot ta''<br />"I am about to start working"<br />
|-<br />
! Fulfilling<br />
| ← ⟨in⟩⇒ ←<br />''Ha binumot at''<br />"I have worked" || ← ⇒ ←<br />''Ha bumot at''<br />"I work" || ← de⇒ ←<br />''Ha debumot at''<br />"I am planning to work"<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
===Relative Clauses===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite employs relative clauses to convey more meaning in a single sentence. Sethite has five relative clause markers, which follows the same logic as the case markers. There is sing, ning, king, and nang. Unlike other nonhead parts of the clause, relative clauses do not need to be reversed (though some complex clauses do need reversals still). <br />
<br />
* Shasu sing kumanaor seka emat<br /><br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|sh-asu sing kumanaor seka emat<br />
|AGT-dog REL.AGT ⟨AV⟩have one PAT-eye<br />
|'The dog that has one eye'}}<br />
<br />
* Sto ning tumubuk ach<br /><br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|s-to ning t-um-ubuk ach<br />
|AGT-person REL.PAT ⟨AV⟩punch 1sg.AGT<br />
|'The person whom I am punching'}}<br />
<br />
* Bale king misi ach<br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|∅-bale king m-isi ach<br />
|AGT-house REL.LOC ⟨AV⟩be.inside 1sg.AGT<br />
|'The house that I'm living at'}}<br />
<br />
* Sparuk nang bumengi nichan ach<br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|s-paruk nang b-um-engi n-ichan ach<br />
|AGT-cookware REL.COM ⟨AV⟩cook PAT-fish 1sg.AGT<br />
|'The pot that I am cooking fish with'}}<br />
<br />
==Example texts==<br />
<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. --><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Other resources==<br />
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetrical_voice<br />
<br />
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Template area --><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Middle Sethite language]]<br />
[[Category:Languages]]<br />
[[Category:Conlangs]]</div>IdaeChophttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Middle_Sethite&diff=531317Middle Sethite2026-06-27T03:38:49Z<p>IdaeChop: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{construction}}<br />
{{Infobox language<br />
| name = Middle Sethite<br />
| nativename = Sethgo<br />布語<br />
| pronunciation = seθgɤ<br />
|creator=IdaeChop<br />
|setting=''[[The Moon, but with oceans and life]]''<br />
| state = [[I Seth Empire]]<br />
| ethnicity = Sethite<br />Sethjin<br />
| familycolor = Austronesian<br />
| fam2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages Malayo Polynesian]<br />
| fam3 = [[Sethitic]]<br />
|ancestor=[[Proto-Sethite]]<br />
|ancestor2=[[Old Sethite]]<br />
| nation = [[I Seth Empire]]<br />
| notice = IPA<br />
}}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{col-top|4|Metatext for Readers}}<br />
Hi, yeah. This is one of the conlangs in my (IdaeChop) world, Middle Sethite! This was originally a submission for the Cursed Conlang Circus 4, however I decided to modify a whole ton to make it what it is today! It is still lacking in worldbuilding and other necessities, however I am proud of what I am able to achieve now and I want to put it here so people can read about it, I guess? Well. Here's this article then!<br />
{{col-bottom}}<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite was a language spoken around the Gulf of Albategnius around 1000 ASC. The division between Middle Sethite and Old Sethite is the usage of the Latin Script as opposed to the older Japonic-based writing system, though usage of the Japonic-system still persisted until the 1400 ASC and people today still study and use Kanji.<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
<br />
===Consonants===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Middle Sethite consonants<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=2 | !! Bilabial !! Alveolar !! Palatal !! Velar<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=2 | Nasal<br />
|| m || n || ɲ || n<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Plosive<br />
! Voiceless <br />
|| p || t || tɕ || k<br />
|-<br />
! Voiced<br />
|| b || d || dʑ || g<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fricative<br />
! Voiceless<br />
|| ɸ || s θ || ɕ || x<br />
|-<br />
! Voiced<br />
|| β || ɹ̠˔ || ʑ || <br />
|-<br />
! colspan=2 | Approximant<br />
|| || l || j || ɰ<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Vowels===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite has 5 vowels that can either be short or long.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Middle Sethite vowels<br />
|-<br />
! !! Front !! Central !! Back<br />
|-<br />
! Close <br />
|| i, iː || || ɯ, ɯː<br />
|-<br />
! Close-mid <br />
| e, eː || || ɤ, ɤː<br />
|-<br />
! Open<br />
| || a aː || <br />
|}<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite do not have diphthongs, but does have vowels that are in hiatus. Long vowels may also be analysed as two of the same vowels in hiatus by some speakers.<br />
<br />
===Phonotactics===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite's phonotactics are CCVCC. However, most syllables only have CVC, and the few that do have consonant clusters don't do it up to two in the inside of a word.<br />
<br />
===Morphophonology===<br />
<br />
/s/ after an /ɹ̠˔/ becomes a /ɕ/<br />
/s/ after a voiced plosive is assimilated.<br />
<br />
===Orthography===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite's orthography was not standardised, there are numerous ways words can be said. Some letters may be doubled but it does not change the pronunciation.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Middle Sethite Latin orthography<br />
|-<br />
! Symbol !! Sound !! Note<br />
|-<br />
| a || /a/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| aa, ah, ar || /aː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| ae, ay || /eː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| b || /b/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| c || /k/ || except after i and e<br />
|-<br />
| c || /s/ || only after i and e<br />
|-<br />
| ch || /tɕ/ || only at the start of words<br />
|- <br />
| ch || /x/ || except at the start of words<br />
|-<br />
| d || /d/ || <br />
|-<br />
| dge || /dʑ/ || only at the end of words<br />
|-<br />
| e || /e/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| ee, ei || /eː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| f || /ɸ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| g || /g/ || <br />
|-<br />
| gn || /ŋ/ || only at the start of words<br />
|-<br />
| h || /x/ || only at the start of words<br />
|-<br />
| i || /i/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| ii, ie || /iː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| j || /dʑ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| k || /k/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| l || /l/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| m || /m/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| n || /n/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| ny || /ɲ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| ng || /ŋ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| o || /ɤ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| oa, oo || /ɤː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| oo || /ɯː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| p || /p/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| qu || /kɰ/, /kɯ/ || really rare <br />
|-<br />
| r || /ɹ̠˔/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| s || /s/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| sh || /ɕ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| t || /t/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| tch || /tɕ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| th || /θ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| u || /ɯ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| uu || /ɯː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| v || /β/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| w || /ɰ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| x || /ks/ || rare<br />
|-<br />
| y || /j/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| z, zh, zi || /ʑ/ ||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Morphology==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
===Verbs===<br />
<br />
Every verb in Middle Sethite has a voice. The voice marks what every case in the sentence does. Verbs do not mark for tense nor mood.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! Pastlooking !! Presentlooking !! Futurelooking<br />
|-<br />
! Agentive Voice<br />
|| ⟨inum⟩<br />''binumava'' || ⟨um⟩<br />''bumava'' || de- ⟨um⟩<br />''debumava''<br />
|-<br />
! Patientive Voice<br />
|| ⟨in⟩ -(e)n<br />''binavan'' || -(e)n<br />''bavan'' || de- -(e)n<br />''debavan''<br />
|-<br />
! Locative Voice<br />
|| ⟨in⟩ -an<br />''binavaan'' || -an<br />''bavaan'' || de- -an<br />''debavaan''<br />
|-<br />
! Benefactive Voice<br />
| ⟨in⟩ -(e)nan<br />''binavanan'' || -(e)nan<br />''bavanan'' || de- -(e)nan<br />''debavanan''<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental Voice<br />
| ⟨in⟩ +second vowel fronting<br />''bineva'' || first vowel fronting<br />''beva'' || de- +second vowel fronting<br />''debeva''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Verbs may be duplicated to form the frequentative aspect. e.g. ''bumava'' becomes ''bava-bumava''<br />
<br />
====Voice====<br />
<br />
There are five voices Middle Sethite uses. Changing the voice of a sentence does not reduce the valency, only rotating it.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Middle Sethite voices<br />
|-<br />
! !! Agentive Voice !! Patientive Voice !! Locative Voice !! Benefactive Voice !! Instrumental Voice<br />
|-<br />
! Subject<br />
|| Agentive<br />''"Nominative"'' || Patientive<br />''"Ergative"'' || Locative || Benefactive || Instrumental<br />
|-<br />
! Object<br />
| Patientive<br />''"Accusative"'' || Agentive<br />''"Absolutive"'' || Patientive || Patientive || Patientive<br />
|-<br />
! Circumject <br />
| Locative || Locative || Dative || Locative || Locative<br />
|-<br />
! Conject<br />
| Comitative || Comitative || Agentive || Agentive || Agentive<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Every intransitive sentence must have a subject; every transitive sentence must have a subject and an object. However, if the subject or object happens to be the topic or it is obvious from context (like pronouns), it may be left unsaid.<br />
<br />
====Examples====<br />
<br />
The Agentive voice:<br />
* ''<u>Ach</u> b'''um'''ili nichan me empang tempen tharka sumaen antaspan''<br /><u>I</u> am buying fish and bread at a store for my wife using money <br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|ach b-um-ili n-ichan me em-pang tepo-en tarka suma-en an-taspan<br />
|1sg.AGT ⟨AV⟩buy PAT-fish and PAT-bread store-LOC towards wife-LOC COM-money<br />
|}}<br />
The Patientive voice:<br />
* ''<u>Shichan</u> bili'''n''' ku me entaspan tempen tharka sumaen ampang''<br />I am buying <u>fish</u> and bread at a store for my wife using money <br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|sh-ichan bili-n ku me en-taspan tepo-en tarka suma-en am-pang<br />
|PAT-fish buy-PV 1sg.AGT and AGT-money store-LOC towards wife-LOC COM-bread<br />
|}}<br />
The Locative voice:<br />
* ''<u>Stemp</u> bili'''an''' nichan me empang sumaen nank me antaspan''<br />I am buying fish and bread <u>at a store</u> for my wife using money <br />
{{interlinear|abbreviations=LV:locative voice|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|s-tepo bili-an n-ichan me em-pang suma-en nak me an-taspan<br />
|LOC-store buy-LV PAT-fish and PAT-bread wife-DAT 1sg.AGT and AGT-bread<br />
|}}<br />
The Benefactive voice:<br />
* ''<u>Suma</u> bili'''nan''' nichan me empang tempen nank me antaspan''<br />I am buying fish and bread at a store <u>for my wife</u> using money <br />
{{interlinear|abbreviations=BV:benefactive voice|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|∅-suma bili-nan n-ichan me em-pang tepo-en nak me an-taspan<br />
|BEN-wife buy-BV PAT-fish and PAT-money store-LOC 1sg.AGT and AGT-bread<br />
|}}<br />
The Instrumental voice:<br />
* ''<u>Staspan</u> b'''i'''li nichan me empang tempen tarka sumaen nank''<br />I am buying fish and bread at a store for my wife <u>using money</u><br />
{{interlinear|abbreviations=IV:instrumental voice|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|s-taspan bili n-ichan me em-pang tepo-en tharka suma-en nak<br />
|INST-money IV\buy PAT-fish and PAT-money store-LOC towards wife-LOC 1sg.AGT<br />
|}}<br />
<br />
===Nouns===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite had fused the case system of Old Sethite and made them declensions instead.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Middle Sethite noun declension<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2| !! colspan=2|Vowel-starting !! colspan=2|Consonant-starting<br />
|-<br />
! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Subject<br />
|| sh- || sh- -ad || (s)- || (s)- -ad<br />
|-<br />
! Object <br />
|| n- || n- -ad || eN- || en- -ad<br />
|-<br />
! Circumject <br />
|| k- || k- -ad || -en || -enad<br />
|-<br />
! Conject <br />
|| gn- || gn- -ad || aN- || aN- -ad<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Word Direction===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite reverses words whenever the word is not the head of the clause (i.e. adjectives or adverbs) or one wants to indicate aspects. This is done per phoneme, not per character as written by the orthography. The verb direction dictates the direction of the sentence and paragraphs. <br />
<br />
* ''Shasu mera''<br />The dog is red<br />
* ''Shasu arem''<br />The red dog<br />
<br />
===Aspects===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite has four main aspects. These aspects can be divided even further by adding the affixes -in- or di-. They are indicated by the direction of the nouns in relation to the verb direction. For words where it’s ambiguous what the direction is (because its a phonemic palindrome), they will be reduplicated (CV + word; e.g. apa → a’apa, masam → mamasam)<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Middle Sethite aspect<br />
|-<br />
! !! Pastlooking !! Presentlooking !! Futurelooking<br />
|-<br />
! Continuing<br />
|| → ⟨in⟩⇒ →<br />''Ach binumot ta''<br />"I am still working" || → ⇒ →<br />''Ach bumot ta''<br />"I am working" || → de⇒ →<br />''Ach debumot ta''<br />"I am working for some time"<br />
|-<br />
! Ending<br />
| → ⟨in⟩⇒ ←<br />''Ach binumot at''<br />"I have stopped working" || → ⇒ ←<br />''Ach bumot at''<br />"I stop working" || → de⇒ ←<br />''Ach debumot at''<br />"I am about to stop working"<br />
|-<br />
! Starting<br />
| ← ⟨in⟩⇒ →<br />''Ha binumot ta''<br />"I have started working" || ← ⇒ →<br />''Ha bumot ta''<br />"I start working" || ← de⇒ →<br />''Ha bumot ta''<br />"I am about to start working"<br />
|-<br />
! Fulfilling<br />
| ← ⟨in⟩⇒ ←<br />''Ha binumot at''<br />"I have worked" || ← ⇒ ←<br />''Ha bumot at''<br />"I work" || ← de⇒ ←<br />''Ha debumot at''<br />"I am planning to work"<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Syntax==<br />
<br />
The grammar of Middle Sethite is typically predicate-final, with a topic-comment structure alongside [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetrical_voice Austronesian alignment], though exceptions may occur. The subject of the sentence is separate with the topic of the sentence. <br />
<br />
===Word Order===<br />
<br />
===Noun Phrase===<br />
<br />
===Verb Phrase===<br />
<br />
===Relative Clauses===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite employs relative clauses to convey more meaning in a single sentence. Sethite has five relative clause markers, which follows the same logic as the case markers. There is sing, ning, king, and nang. Unlike other nonhead parts of the clause, relative clauses do not need to be reversed (though some complex clauses do need reversals still). <br />
<br />
* Shasu sing kumanaor seka emat<br /><br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|sh-asu sing kumanaor seka emat<br />
|AGT-dog REL.AGT ⟨AV⟩have one PAT-eye<br />
|'The dog that has one eye'}}<br />
<br />
* Sto ning tumubuk ach<br /><br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|s-to ning t-um-ubuk ach<br />
|AGT-person REL.PAT ⟨AV⟩punch 1sg.AGT<br />
|'The person whom I am punching'}}<br />
<br />
* Bale king misi ach<br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|∅-bale king m-isi ach<br />
|AGT-house REL.LOC ⟨AV⟩be.inside 1sg.AGT<br />
|'The house that I'm living at'}}<br />
<br />
* Sparuk nang bumengi nichan ach<br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|s-paruk nang b-um-engi n-ichan ach<br />
|AGT-cookware REL.COM ⟨AV⟩cook PAT-fish 1sg.AGT<br />
|'The pot that I am cooking fish with'}}<br />
<br />
==Example texts==<br />
<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. --><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Other resources==<br />
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetrical_voice<br />
<br />
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Template area --><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Middle Sethite language]]<br />
[[Category:Languages]]<br />
[[Category:Conlangs]]</div>IdaeChophttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Middle_Sethite&diff=531272Middle Sethite2026-06-26T19:46:21Z<p>IdaeChop: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{construction}}<br />
{{Infobox language<br />
| name = Middle Sethite<br />
| nativename = Sethgo<br />布語<br />
| pronunciation = seθgɤ<br />
|creator=IdaeChop<br />
|setting=''[[The Moon, but with oceans and life]]''<br />
| state = [[I Seth Empire]]<br />
| ethnicity = Sethite<br />Sethjin<br />
| familycolor = Austronesian<br />
| fam2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages Malayo Polynesian]<br />
| fam3 = [[Sethitic]]<br />
|ancestor=[[Proto-Sethite]]<br />
|ancestor2=[[Old Sethite]]<br />
| nation = [[I Seth Empire]]<br />
| notice = IPA<br />
}}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{col-top|4|Metatext for Readers}}<br />
Hi, yeah. This is one of the conlangs in my (IdaeChop) world, Middle Sethite! This was originally a submission for the Cursed Conlang Circus 4, however I decided to modify a whole ton to make it what it is today! It is still lacking in worldbuilding and other necessities, however I am proud of what I am able to achieve now and I want to put it here so people can read about it, I guess? Well. Here's this article then!<br />
{{col-bottom}}<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite was a language spoken around the Gulf of Albategnius around 1000 ASC. The division between Middle Sethite and Old Sethite is the usage of the Latin Script as opposed to the older Japonic-based writing system, though usage of the Japonic-system still persisted until the 1400 ASC and people today still study and use Kanji.<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
<br />
===Consonants===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Middle Sethite consonants<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=2 | !! Bilabial !! Alveolar !! Palatal !! Velar<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=2 | Nasal<br />
|| m || n || ɲ || n<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Plosive<br />
! Voiceless <br />
|| p || t || tɕ || k<br />
|-<br />
! Voiced<br />
|| b || d || dʑ || g<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fricative<br />
! Voiceless<br />
|| ɸ || s θ || ɕ || x<br />
|-<br />
! Voiced<br />
|| β || ɹ̠˔ || ʑ || <br />
|-<br />
! colspan=2 | Approximant<br />
|| || l || j || ɰ<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Vowels===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite has 5 vowels that can either be short or long.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Middle Sethite vowels<br />
|-<br />
! !! Front !! Central !! Back<br />
|-<br />
! Close <br />
|| i, iː || || ɯ, ɯː<br />
|-<br />
! Close-mid <br />
| e, eː || || ɤ, ɤː<br />
|-<br />
! Open<br />
| || a aː || <br />
|}<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite do not have diphthongs, but does have vowels that are in hiatus.<br />
<br />
===Phonotactics===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite's phonotactics are CCVCC. However, most syllables only have CVC. <br />
<br />
===Morphophonology===<br />
<br />
/s/ after an /ɹ̠˔/ becomes a /ɕ/<br />
<br />
===Orthography===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite's orthography was not standardised, there are numerous ways words can be said. Some letters may be doubled but it does not change the pronunciation.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Middle Sethite Latin orthography<br />
|-<br />
! Symbol !! Sound !! Note<br />
|-<br />
| a || /a/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| aa, ah, ar || /aː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| ae, ay || /eː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| b || /b/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| c || /k/ || except after i and e<br />
|-<br />
| c || /s/ || only after i and e<br />
|-<br />
| ch || /tɕ/ || only at the start of words<br />
|- <br />
| ch || /x/ || except at the start of words<br />
|-<br />
| d || /d/ || <br />
|-<br />
| dge || /dʑ/ || only at the end of words<br />
|-<br />
| e || /e/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| ee, ei || /eː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| f || /ɸ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| g || /g/ || <br />
|-<br />
| gn || /ŋ/ || only at the start of words<br />
|-<br />
| h || /x/ || only at the start of words<br />
|-<br />
| i || /i/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| ii, ie || /iː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| j || /dʑ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| k || /k/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| l || /l/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| m || /m/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| n || /n/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| ny || /ɲ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| ng || /ŋ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| o || /ɤ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| oa, oo || /ɤː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| oo || /ɯː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| p || /p/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| qu || /kɰ/, /kɯ/ || really rare <br />
|-<br />
| r || /ɹ̠˔/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| s || /s/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| sh || /ɕ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| t || /t/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| tch || /tɕ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| th || /θ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| u || /ɯ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| uu || /ɯː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| v || /β/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| w || /ɰ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| x || /ks/ || rare<br />
|-<br />
| y || /j/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| z, zh, zi || /ʑ/ ||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
<br />
The grammar of Middle Sethite is typically predicate-final, with a topic-comment structure alongside [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetrical_voice Austronesian alignment], though exceptions may occur. The subject of the sentence is separate with the topic of the sentence. <br />
<br />
===Verbs===<br />
<br />
Every verb in Middle Sethite has a voice. The voice marks what every case in the sentence does. Verbs do not mark for tense nor mood.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! Pastlooking !! Presentlooking !! Futurelooking<br />
|-<br />
! Agentive Voice<br />
|| ⟨inum⟩<br />''binumava'' || ⟨um⟩<br />''bumava'' || de- ⟨um⟩<br />''debumava''<br />
|-<br />
! Patientive Voice<br />
|| ⟨in⟩ -(e)n<br />''binavan'' || -(e)n<br />''bavan'' || de- -(e)n<br />''debavan''<br />
|-<br />
! Locative Voice<br />
|| ⟨in⟩ -an<br />''binavaan'' || -an<br />''bavaan'' || de- -an<br />''debavaan''<br />
|-<br />
! Benefactive Voice<br />
| ⟨in⟩ -(e)nan<br />''binavanan'' || -(e)nan<br />''bavanan'' || de- -(e)nan<br />''debavanan''<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental Voice<br />
| ⟨in⟩ +second vowel fronting<br />''bineva'' || first vowel fronting<br />''beva'' || de- +second vowel fronting<br />''debeva''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Verbs may be duplicated to form the frequentative aspect. e.g. ''bumava'' becomes ''bava-bumava''<br />
<br />
====Voice====<br />
<br />
There are five voices Middle Sethite uses. Changing the voice of a sentence does not reduce the valency, only rotating it.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Middle Sethite voices<br />
|-<br />
! !! Agentive Voice !! Patientive Voice !! Locative Voice !! Benefactive Voice !! Instrumental Voice<br />
|-<br />
! Subject<br />
|| Agentive<br />''"Nominative"'' || Patientive<br />''"Ergative"'' || Locative || Benefactive || Instrumental<br />
|-<br />
! Object<br />
| Patientive<br />''"Accusative"'' || Agentive<br />''"Absolutive"'' || Patientive || Patientive || Patientive<br />
|-<br />
! Circumject <br />
| Locative || Locative || Dative || Locative || Locative<br />
|-<br />
! Conject<br />
| Comitative || Comitative || Agentive || Agentive || Agentive<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Every intransitive sentence must have a subject; every transitive sentence must have a subject and an object. However, if the subject or object happens to be the topic or it is obvious from context (like pronouns), it may be left unsaid.<br />
<br />
====Examples====<br />
<br />
The Agentive voice:<br />
* ''<u>Ach</u> b'''um'''ili nichan me empang tempen tharka sumaen antaspan''<br /><u>I</u> am buying fish and bread at a store for my wife using money <br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|ach b-um-ili n-ichan me em-pang tepo-en tarka suma-en an-taspan<br />
|1sg.AGT ⟨AV⟩buy PAT-fish and PAT-bread store-LOC towards wife-LOC COM-money<br />
|}}<br />
The Patientive voice:<br />
* ''<u>Shichan</u> bili'''n''' ku me entaspan tempen tharka sumaen ampang''<br />I am buying <u>fish</u> and bread at a store for my wife using money <br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|sh-ichan bili-n ku me en-taspan tepo-en tarka suma-en am-pang<br />
|PAT-fish buy-PV 1sg.AGT and AGT-money store-LOC towards wife-LOC COM-bread<br />
|}}<br />
The Locative voice:<br />
* ''<u>Stemp</u> bili'''an''' nichan me empang sumaen nank me antaspan''<br />I am buying fish and bread <u>at a store</u> for my wife using money <br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|s-tepo bili-an n-ichan me em-pang suma-en nak me an-taspan<br />
|LOC-store buy-{{gcl|LV|locative voice}} PAT-fish and PAT-bread wife-DAT 1sg.AGT and AGT-bread<br />
|}}<br />
The Benefactive voice:<br />
* ''<u>Suma</u> bili'''nan''' nichan me empang tempen nank me antaspan''<br />I am buying fish and bread at a store <u>for my wife</u> using money <br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|∅-suma bili-nan n-ichan me em-pang tepo-en nak me an-taspan<br />
|BEN-wife buy-{{gcl|BV|benefactive voice}} PAT-fish and PAT-money store-LOC 1sg.AGT and AGT-bread<br />
|}}<br />
The Instrumental voice:<br />
* ''<u>Staspan</u> b'''i'''li nichan me empang tempen tarka sumaen nank''<br />I am buying fish and bread at a store for my wife <u>using money</u><br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|s-taspan bili n-ichan me em-pang tepo-en tharka suma-en nak<br />
|INST-money {{gcl|IV|instrumental voice}}\buy PAT-fish and PAT-money store-LOC towards wife-LOC 1sg.AGT<br />
|}}<br />
<br />
===Nouns===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite had fused the case system of Old Sethite and made them declensions instead.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Middle Sethite noun declension<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2| !! colspan=2|Vowel-starting !! colspan=2|Consonant-starting<br />
|-<br />
! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Subject<br />
|| sh- || sh- -ad || (s)- || (s)- -ad<br />
|-<br />
! Object <br />
|| n- || n- -ad || eN- || en- -ad<br />
|-<br />
! Circumject <br />
|| k- || k- -ad || -en || -enad<br />
|-<br />
! Conject <br />
|| gn- || gn- -ad || aN- || aN- -ad<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Word Direction===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite reverses words whenever the word is not the head of the clause (i.e. adjectives or adverbs) or one wants to indicate aspects. This is done per phoneme, not per character as written by the orthography. The verb direction dictates the direction of the sentence and paragraphs. <br />
<br />
* ''Shasu mera''<br />The dog is red<br />
* ''Shasu arem''<br />The red dog<br />
<br />
===Aspects===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite has four main aspects. These aspects can be divided even further by adding the affixes -in- or di-. They are indicated by the direction of the nouns in relation to the verb direction. For words where it’s ambiguous what the direction is (because its a phonemic palindrome), they will be reduplicated (CV + word; e.g. apa → a’apa, masam → mamasam)<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Middle Sethite aspect<br />
|-<br />
! !! Pastlooking !! Presentlooking !! Futurelooking<br />
|-<br />
! Continuing<br />
|| → ⟨in⟩⇒ →<br />''Ach binumot ta''<br />"I am still working" || → ⇒ →<br />''Ach bumot ta''<br />"I am working" || → de⇒ →<br />''Ach debumot ta''<br />"I am working for some time"<br />
|-<br />
! Ending<br />
| → ⟨in⟩⇒ ←<br />''Ach binumot at''<br />"I have stopped working" || → ⇒ ←<br />''Ach bumot at''<br />"I stop working" || → de⇒ ←<br />''Ach debumot at''<br />"I am about to stop working"<br />
|-<br />
! Starting<br />
| ← ⟨in⟩⇒ →<br />''Ha binumot ta''<br />"I have started working" || ← ⇒ →<br />''Ha bumot ta''<br />"I start working" || ← de⇒ →<br />''Ha bumot ta''<br />"I am about to start working"<br />
|-<br />
! Fulfilling<br />
| ← ⟨in⟩⇒ ←<br />''Ha binumot at''<br />"I have worked" || ← ⇒ ←<br />''Ha bumot at''<br />"I work" || ← de⇒ ←<br />''Ha debumot at''<br />"I am planning to work"<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Relative Clauses===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite employs relative clauses to convey more meaning in a single sentence. Sethite has five relative clause markers, which follows the same logic as the case markers. There is sing, ning, king, and nang. Unlike other nonhead parts of the clause, relative clauses do not need to be reversed (though some complex clauses do need reversals still). <br />
<br />
* Shasu sing kumanaor seka emat<br /><br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|sh-asu sing kumanaor seka emat<br />
|AGT-dog REL.AGT ⟨AV⟩have one PAT-eye<br />
|'The dog that has one eye'}}<br />
<br />
* Sto ning tumubuk ach<br /><br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|s-to ning t-um-ubuk ach<br />
|AGT-person REL.PAT ⟨AV⟩punch 1sg.AGT<br />
|'The person whom I am punching'}}<br />
<br />
* Bale king misi ach<br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|∅-bale king m-isi ach<br />
|AGT-house REL.LOC ⟨AV⟩be.inside 1sg.AGT<br />
|'The house that I'm living at'}}<br />
<br />
* Sparuk nang bumengi nichan ach<br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|s-paruk nang b-um-engi n-ichan ach<br />
|AGT-cookware REL.COM ⟨AV⟩cook PAT-fish 1sg.AGT<br />
|'The pot that I am cooking fish with'}}<br />
<br />
==Example texts==<br />
<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. --><br />
==Other resources==<br />
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetrical_voice<br />
<br />
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Template area --><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Middle Sethite language]]<br />
[[Category:Languages]]<br />
[[Category:Conlangs]]</div>IdaeChophttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Middle_Sethite&diff=531268Middle Sethite2026-06-26T19:44:32Z<p>IdaeChop: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{construction}}<br />
{{Infobox language<br />
| name = Middle Sethite<br />
| nativename = Sethgo<br />布語<br />
| pronunciation = seθgɤ<br />
|creator=IdaeChop<br />
|setting=''[[The Moon, but with oceans and life]]''<br />
| state = [[I Seth Empire]]<br />
| ethnicity = Sethite<br />Sethjin<br />
| familycolor = Austronesian<br />
| fam2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages Malayo Polynesian]<br />
| fam3 = [[Sethitic]]<br />
|ancestor=[[Proto-Sethite]]<br />
|ancestor2=[[Old Sethite]]<br />
| nation = [[I Seth Empire]]<br />
| notice = IPA<br />
}}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{col-top|4|Metatext for Readers}}<br />
Hi, yeah. This is one of the conlangs in my (IdaeChop) world, Middle Sethite! This was originally a submission for the Cursed Conlang Circus 4, however I decided to modify a whole ton to make it what it is today! It is still lacking in worldbuilding and other necessities, however I am proud of what I am able to achieve now and I want to put it here so people can read about it, I guess? Well. Here's this article then!<br />
{{col-bottom}}<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite was a language spoken around the Gulf of Albategnius around 1000 ASC. The division between Middle Sethite and Old Sethite is the usage of the Latin Script as opposed to the older Japonic-based writing system, though usage of the Japonic-system still persisted until the 1400 ASC and people today still study and use Kanji.<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
<br />
===Consonants===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Middle Sethite consonants<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=2 | !! Bilabial !! Alveolar !! Palatal !! Velar<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=2 | Nasal<br />
|| m || n || ɲ || n<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Plosive<br />
! Voiceless <br />
|| p || t || tɕ || k<br />
|-<br />
! Voiced<br />
|| b || d || dʑ || g<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fricative<br />
! Voiceless<br />
|| ɸ || s θ || ɕ || x<br />
|-<br />
! Voiced<br />
|| β || ɹ̠˔ || ʑ || <br />
|-<br />
! colspan=2 | Approximant<br />
|| || l || j || ɰ<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Vowels===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite has 5 vowels that can either be short or long.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Middle Sethite vowels<br />
|-<br />
! !! Front !! Central !! Back<br />
|-<br />
! Close <br />
|| i, iː || || ɯ, ɯː<br />
|-<br />
! Close-mid <br />
| e, eː || || ɤ, ɤː<br />
|-<br />
! Open<br />
| || a aː || <br />
|}<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite do not have diphthongs, but does have vowels that are in hiatus.<br />
<br />
===Phonotactics===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite's phonotactics are CCVCC. However, most syllables only have CVC. <br />
<br />
===Morphophonology===<br />
<br />
/s/ after an /ɹ̠˔/ becomes a /ɕ/<br />
<br />
===Orthography===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite's orthography was not standardised, there are numerous ways words can be said. Some letters may be doubled but it does not change the pronunciation.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Middle Sethite Latin orthography<br />
|-<br />
! Symbol !! Sound !! Note<br />
|-<br />
| a || /a/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| aa, ah, ar || /aː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| ae, ay || /eː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| b || /b/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| c || /k/ || except after i and e<br />
|-<br />
| c || /s/ || only after i and e<br />
|-<br />
| ch || /tɕ/ || only at the start of words<br />
|- <br />
| ch || /x/ || except at the start of words<br />
|-<br />
| d || /d/ || <br />
|-<br />
| dge || /dʑ/ || only at the end of words<br />
|-<br />
| e || /e/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| ee, ei || /eː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| f || /ɸ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| g || /g/ || <br />
|-<br />
| gn || /ŋ/ || only at the start of words<br />
|-<br />
| h || /x/ || only at the start of words<br />
|-<br />
| i || /i/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| ii, ie || /iː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| j || /dʑ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| k || /k/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| l || /l/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| m || /m/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| n || /n/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| ny || /ɲ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| ng || /ŋ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| o || /ɤ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| oa, oo || /ɤː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| oo || /ɯː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| p || /p/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| qu || /kɰ/, /kɯ/ || really rare <br />
|-<br />
| r || /ɹ̠˔/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| s || /s/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| sh || /ɕ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| t || /t/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| tch || /tɕ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| th || /θ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| u || /ɯ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| uu || /ɯː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| v || /β/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| w || /ɰ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| x || /ks/ || rare<br />
|-<br />
| y || /j/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| z, zh, zi || /ʑ/ ||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
<br />
The grammar of Middle Sethite is typically predicate-final, with a topic-comment structure alongside [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetrical_voice Austronesian alignment], though exceptions may occur. The subject of the sentence is separate with the topic of the sentence. <br />
<br />
===Verbs===<br />
<br />
Every verb in Middle Sethite has a voice. The voice marks what every case in the sentence does. Verbs do not mark for tense nor mood.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! Pastlooking !! Presentlooking !! Futurelooking<br />
|-<br />
! Agentive Voice<br />
|| ⟨inum⟩<br />''binumava'' || ⟨um⟩<br />''bumava'' || de- ⟨um⟩<br />''debumava''<br />
|-<br />
! Patientive Voice<br />
|| ⟨in⟩ -(e)n<br />''binavan'' || -(e)n<br />''bavan'' || de- -(e)n<br />''debavan''<br />
|-<br />
! Locative Voice<br />
|| ⟨in⟩ -an<br />''binavaan'' || -an<br />''bavaan'' || de- -an<br />''debavaan''<br />
|-<br />
! Benefactive Voice<br />
| ⟨in⟩ -(e)nan<br />''binavanan'' || -(e)nan<br />''bavanan'' || de- -(e)nan<br />''debavanan''<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental Voice<br />
| ⟨in⟩ +second vowel fronting<br />''bineva'' || first vowel fronting<br />''beva'' || de- +second vowel fronting<br />''debeva''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Verbs may be duplicated to form the frequentative aspect. e.g. ''bumava'' becomes ''bava-bumava''<br />
<br />
====Voice====<br />
<br />
There are five voices Middle Sethite uses. Changing the voice of a sentence does not reduce the valency, only rotating it.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Middle Sethite voices<br />
|-<br />
! !! Agentive Voice !! Patientive Voice !! Locative Voice !! Benefactive Voice !! Instrumental Voice<br />
|-<br />
! Subject<br />
|| Agentive<br />''"Nominative"'' || Patientive<br />''"Ergative"'' || Locative || Benefactive || Instrumental<br />
|-<br />
! Object<br />
| Patientive<br />''"Accusative"'' || Agentive<br />''"Absolutive"'' || Patientive || Patientive || Patientive<br />
|-<br />
! Circumject <br />
| Locative || Locative || Dative || Locative || Locative<br />
|-<br />
! Conject<br />
| Comitative || Comitative || Agentive || Agentive || Agentive<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Every intransitive sentence must have a subject; every transitive sentence must have a subject and an object. However, if the subject or object happens to be the topic or it is obvious from context (like pronouns), it may be left unsaid.<br />
<br />
====Examples====<br />
<br />
The Agentive voice:<br />
* ''<u>Ach</u> b'''um'''ili nichan me empang tempen tharka sumaen antaspan''<br /><u>I</u> am buying fish and bread at a store for my wife using money <br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|ach b-um-ili n-ichan me em-pang tepo-en tharka suma-en an-taspan<br />
|1sg.AGT ⟨AV⟩buy PAT-fish and PAT-bread store-LOC towards wife-LOC COM-money<br />
|}}<br />
The Patientive voice:<br />
* ''<u>Shichan</u> bili'''n''' ku me entaspan tempen tharka sumaen ampang''<br />I am buying <u>fish</u> and bread at a store for my wife using money <br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|sh-ichan bili-n ku me en-taspan tepo-en tharka suma-en am-pang<br />
|PAT-fish buy-PV 1sg.AGT and AGT-money store-LOC towards wife-LOC COM-bread<br />
|}}<br />
The Locative voice:<br />
* ''<u>Stemp</u> bili'''an''' nichan me empang sumaen nank me antaspan''<br />I am buying fish and bread <u>at a store</u> for my wife using money <br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|s-tepo bili-an n-ichan me em-pang suma-en nak me an-taspan<br />
|LOC-store buy-{{gcl|LV|locative voice}} PAT-fish and PAT-bread wife-DAT 1sg.AGT and AGT-bread<br />
|}}<br />
The Benefactive voice:<br />
* ''<u>Suma</u> bili'''nan''' nichan me empang tempen nank me antaspan''<br />I am buying fish and bread at a store <u>for my wife</u> using money <br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|∅-suma bili-nan n-ichan me em-pang tepo-en nak me an-taspan<br />
|BEN-wife buy-{{gcl|BV|benefactive voice}} PAT-fish and PAT-money store-LOC 1sg.AGT and AGT-bread<br />
|}}<br />
The Instrumental voice:<br />
* ''<u>Staspan</u> b'''i'''li nichan me empang tempen tharka sumaen nank''<br />I am buying fish and bread at a store for my wife <u>using money</u><br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|s-taspan bili n-ichan me em-pang tepo-en tharka suma-en nak<br />
|INST-money {{gcl|IV|instrumental voice}}\buy PAT-fish and PAT-money store-LOC towards wife-LOC 1sg.AGT<br />
|}}<br />
<br />
===Nouns===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite had fused the case system of Old Sethite and made them declensions instead.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Middle Sethite noun declension<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2| !! colspan=2|Vowel-starting !! colspan=2|Consonant-starting<br />
|-<br />
! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Subject<br />
|| sh- || sh- -ad || (s)- || (s)- -ad<br />
|-<br />
! Object <br />
|| n- || n- -ad || eN- || en- -ad<br />
|-<br />
! Circumject <br />
|| k- || k- -ad || -en || -enad<br />
|-<br />
! Conject <br />
|| gn- || gn- -ad || aN- || aN- -ad<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Word Direction===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite reverses words whenever the word is not the head of the clause (i.e. adjectives or adverbs) or one wants to indicate aspects. This is done per phoneme, not per character as written by the orthography. The verb direction dictates the direction of the sentence and paragraphs. <br />
<br />
* ''Shasu mera''<br />The dog is red<br />
* ''Shasu arem''<br />The red dog<br />
<br />
===Aspects===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite has four main aspects. These aspects can be divided even further by adding the affixes -in- or di-. They are indicated by the direction of the nouns in relation to the verb direction. For words where it’s ambiguous what the direction is (because its a phonemic palindrome), they will be reduplicated (CV + word; e.g. apa → a’apa, masam → mamasam)<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Middle Sethite aspect<br />
|-<br />
! !! Pastlooking !! Presentlooking !! Futurelooking<br />
|-<br />
! Continuing<br />
|| → ⟨in⟩⇒ →<br />''Ach binumot ta''<br />"I am still working" || → ⇒ →<br />''Ach bumot ta''<br />"I am working" || → de⇒ →<br />''Ach debumot ta''<br />"I am working for some time"<br />
|-<br />
! Ending<br />
| → ⟨in⟩⇒ ←<br />''Ach binumot at''<br />"I have stopped working" || → ⇒ ←<br />''Ach bumot at''<br />"I stop working" || → de⇒ ←<br />''Ach debumot at''<br />"I am about to stop working"<br />
|-<br />
! Starting<br />
| ← ⟨in⟩⇒ →<br />''Ha binumot ta''<br />"I have started working" || ← ⇒ →<br />''Ha bumot ta''<br />"I start working" || ← de⇒ →<br />''Ha bumot ta''<br />"I am about to start working"<br />
|-<br />
! Fulfilling<br />
| ← ⟨in⟩⇒ ←<br />''Ha binumot at''<br />"I have worked" || ← ⇒ ←<br />''Ha bumot at''<br />"I work" || ← de⇒ ←<br />''Ha debumot at''<br />"I am planning to work"<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Relative Clauses===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite employs relative clauses to convey more meaning in a single sentence. Sethite has five relative clause markers, which follows the same logic as the case markers. There is sing, ning, king, and nang. Unlike other nonhead parts of the clause, relative clauses do not need to be reversed (though some complex clauses do need reversals still). <br />
<br />
* Shasu sing kumanaor seka emat<br /><br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|sh-asu sing kumanaor seka emat<br />
|AGT-dog REL.AGT ⟨AV⟩have one PAT-eye<br />
|'The dog that has one eye'}}<br />
<br />
* Sto ning tumubuk ach<br /><br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|s-to ning t-um-ubuk ach<br />
|AGT-person REL.PAT ⟨AV⟩punch 1sg.AGT<br />
|'The person whom I am punching'}}<br />
<br />
* Bale king misi ach<br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|∅-bale king m-isi ach<br />
|AGT-house REL.LOC ⟨AV⟩be.inside 1sg.AGT<br />
|'The house that I'm living at'}}<br />
<br />
* Sparuk nang bumengi nichan ach<br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|s-paruk nang b-um-engi n-ichan ach<br />
|AGT-cookware REL.COM ⟨AV⟩cook PAT-fish 1sg.AGT<br />
|'The pot that I am cooking fish with'}}<br />
<br />
==Example texts==<br />
<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. --><br />
==Other resources==<br />
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetrical_voice<br />
<br />
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Template area --><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Middle Sethite language]]<br />
[[Category:Languages]]<br />
[[Category:Conlangs]]</div>IdaeChophttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Middle_Sethite&diff=531254Middle Sethite2026-06-26T18:05:25Z<p>IdaeChop: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{construction}}<br />
{{Infobox language<br />
| name = Middle Sethite<br />
| nativename = Sethgo<br />布語<br />
| pronunciation = seθgɤ<br />
|creator=IdaeChop<br />
|setting=''[[The Moon, but with oceans and life]]''<br />
| state = [[I Seth Empire]]<br />
| ethnicity = Sethite<br />Sethjin<br />
| familycolor = Austronesian<br />
| fam2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages Malayo Polynesian]<br />
| fam3 = [[Sethitic]]<br />
|ancestor=[[Proto-Sethite]]<br />
|ancestor2=[[Old Sethite]]<br />
| nation = [[I Seth Empire]]<br />
| notice = IPA<br />
}}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{col-top|4|Metatext for Readers}}<br />
Hi, yeah. This is one of the conlangs in my (IdaeChop) world, Middle Sethite! This was originally a submission for the Cursed Conlang Circus 4, however I decided to modify a whole ton to make it what it is today! It is still lacking in worldbuilding and other necessities, however I am proud of what I am able to achieve now and I want to put it here so people can read about it, I guess? Well. Here's this article then!<br />
{{col-bottom}}<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite was a language spoken around the Gulf of Albategnius around 1000 ASC. The division between Middle Sethite and Old Sethite is the usage of the Latin Script as opposed to the older Japonic-based writing system, though usage of the Japonic-system still persisted until the 1400 ASC and people today still study and use Kanji.<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
<br />
===Consonants===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Middle Sethite consonants<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=2 | !! Bilabial !! Alveolar !! Palatal !! Velar<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=2 | Nasal<br />
|| m || n || ɲ || n<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Plosive<br />
! Voiceless <br />
|| p || t || tɕ || k<br />
|-<br />
! Voiced<br />
|| b || d || dʑ || g<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fricative<br />
! Voiceless<br />
|| ɸ || s θ || ɕ || x<br />
|-<br />
! Voiced<br />
|| β || ɹ̠˔ || ʑ || <br />
|-<br />
! colspan=2 | Approximant<br />
|| || l || j || ɰ<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Vowels===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite has 5 vowels that can either be short or long.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Middle Sethite vowels<br />
|-<br />
! !! Front !! Central !! Back<br />
|-<br />
! Close <br />
|| i, iː || || ɯ, ɯː<br />
|-<br />
! Close-mid <br />
| e, eː || || ɤ, ɤː<br />
|-<br />
! Open<br />
| || a aː || <br />
|}<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite do not have diphthongs, but does have vowels that are in hiatus.<br />
<br />
===Phonotactics===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite's phonotactics are CCVCC. However, most syllables only have CVC. <br />
<br />
===Morphophonology===<br />
<br />
/s/ after an /ɹ̠˔/ becomes a /ɕ/<br />
<br />
===Orthography===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite's orthography was not standardised, there are numerous ways words can be said. Some letters may be doubled but it does not change the pronunciation.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Middle Sethite Latin orthography<br />
|-<br />
! Symbol !! Sound !! Note<br />
|-<br />
| a || /a/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| aa, ah, ar || /aː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| ae, ay || /eː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| b || /b/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| c || /k/ || except after i and e<br />
|-<br />
| c || /s/ || only after i and e<br />
|-<br />
| ch || /tɕ/ || only at the start of words<br />
|- <br />
| ch || /x/ || except at the start of words<br />
|-<br />
| d || /d/ || <br />
|-<br />
| dge || /dʑ/ || only at the end of words<br />
|-<br />
| e || /e/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| ee, ei || /eː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| f || /ɸ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| g || /g/ || <br />
|-<br />
| gn || /ŋ/ || only at the start of words<br />
|-<br />
| h || /x/ || only at the start of words<br />
|-<br />
| i || /i/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| ii, ie || /iː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| j || /dʑ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| k || /k/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| l || /l/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| m || /m/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| n || /n/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| ny || /ɲ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| ng || /ŋ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| o || /ɤ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| oa, oo || /ɤː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| oo || /ɯː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| p || /p/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| qu || /kɰ/, /kɯ/ || really rare <br />
|-<br />
| r || /ɹ̠˔/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| s || /s/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| sh || /ɕ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| t || /t/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| tch || /tɕ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| th || /θ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| u || /ɯ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| uu || /ɯː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| v || /β/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| w || /ɰ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| x || /ks/ || rare<br />
|-<br />
| y || /j/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| z, zh, zi || /ʑ/ ||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
<br />
The grammar of Middle Sethite is typically predicate-final, with a topic-comment structure alongside [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetrical_voice Austronesian alignment], though exceptions may occur. The subject of the sentence is separate with the topic of the sentence. <br />
<br />
===Verbs===<br />
<br />
Every verb in Middle Sethite has a voice. The voice marks what every case in the sentence does. Verbs do not mark for tense nor mood.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! Pastlooking !! Presentlooking !! Futurelooking<br />
|-<br />
! Agentive Voice<br />
|| ⟨inum⟩<br />''binumava'' || ⟨um⟩<br />''bumava'' || de- ⟨um⟩<br />''debumava''<br />
|-<br />
! Patientive Voice<br />
|| ⟨in⟩ -(e)n<br />''binavan'' || -(e)n<br />''bavan'' || de- -(e)n<br />''debavan''<br />
|-<br />
! Locative Voice<br />
|| ⟨in⟩ -an<br />''binavaan'' || -an<br />''bavaan'' || de- -an<br />''debavaan''<br />
|-<br />
! Benefactive Voice<br />
| ⟨in⟩ -(e)nan<br />''binavanan'' || -(e)nan<br />''bavanan'' || de- -(e)nan<br />''debavanan''<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental Voice<br />
| ⟨in⟩ +second vowel fronting<br />''bineva'' || first vowel fronting<br />''beva'' || de- +second vowel fronting<br />''debeva''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Verbs may be duplicated to form the frequentative aspect. e.g. ''bumava'' becomes ''bava-bumava''<br />
<br />
====Voice====<br />
<br />
There are five voices Middle Sethite uses. Changing the voice of a sentence does not reduce the valency, only rotating it.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Middle Sethite voices<br />
|-<br />
! !! Agentive Voice !! Patientive Voice !! Locative Voice !! Benefactive Voice !! Instrumental Voice<br />
|-<br />
! Subject<br />
|| Agentive<br />''"Nominative"'' || Patientive<br />''"Ergative"'' || Locative || Benefactive || Instrumental<br />
|-<br />
! Object<br />
| Patientive<br />''"Accusative"'' || Agentive<br />''"Absolutive"'' || Patientive || Patientive || Patientive<br />
|-<br />
! Circumject <br />
| Locative || Locative || Dative || Locative || Locative<br />
|-<br />
! Conject<br />
| Comitative || Comitative || Agentive || Agentive || Agentive<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Every intransitive sentence must have a subject; every transitive sentence must have a subject and an object. However, if the subject or object happens to be the topic or it is obvious from context (like pronouns), it may be left unsaid.<br />
<br />
====Examples====<br />
<br />
The Agentive voice:<br />
* '''''Ach''' b'''um'''ili nichan me empang tepoen tharka sumaen antaspan''<br /><u>I</u> am buying fish and bread at a store for my wife using money <br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|ach b-um-ili n-ichan me em-pang tepo-en tharka suma-en an-taspan<br />
|1sg.AGT ⟨AV⟩buy PAT-fish and PAT-bread store-LOC towards wife-LOC COM-money<br />
|}}<br />
The Patientive voice:<br />
* ''<u>Shichan</u> bili'''n''' ku me entaspan tepoen tharka sumaen ampang''<br />I am buying <u>fish</u> and bread at a store for my wife using money <br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|sh-ichan bili-n ku me en-taspan tepo-en tharka suma-en am-pang<br />
|PAT-fish buy-PV 1sg.AGT and AGT-money store-LOC towards wife-LOC COM-bread<br />
|}}<br />
The Locative voice:<br />
* ''<u>Stepo</u> bili'''an''' nichan me empang sumaen nank me antaspan''<br />I am buying fish and bread <u>at a store</u> for my wife using money <br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|s-tepo bili-an n-ichan me em-pang suma-en nak me an-taspan<br />
|LOC-store buy-{{gcl|LV|locative voice}} PAT-fish and PAT-bread wife-DAT 1sg.AGT and AGT-bread<br />
|}}<br />
The Benefactive voice:<br />
* ''<u>Suma</u> bili'''nan''' nichan me empang tepoen nank me antaspan''<br />I am buying fish and bread at a store <u>for my wife</u> using money <br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|∅-suma bili-nan n-ichan me em-pang tepo-en nak me an-taspan<br />
|BEN-wife buy-{{gcl|BV|benefactive voice}} PAT-fish and PAT-money store-LOC 1sg.AGT and AGT-bread<br />
|}}<br />
The Instrumental voice:<br />
* ''<u>Staspan</u> b'''i'''li nichan me empang tepoen tharka sumaen nank''<br />I am buying fish and bread at a store for my wife <u>using money</u><br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|s-taspan bili n-ichan me em-pang tepo-en tharka suma-en nak<br />
|INST-money {{gcl|IV|instrumental voice}}\buy PAT-fish and PAT-money store-LOC towards wife-LOC 1sg.AGT<br />
|}}<br />
<br />
===Nouns===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite had fused the case system of Old Sethite and made them declensions instead.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Middle Sethite noun declension<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2| !! colspan=2|Vowel-starting !! colspan=2|Consonant-starting<br />
|-<br />
! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Subject<br />
|| sh- || sh- -ad || (s)- || (s)- -ad<br />
|-<br />
! Object <br />
|| n- || n- -ad || eN- || en- -ad<br />
|-<br />
! Circumject <br />
|| k- || k- -ad || -en || -enad<br />
|-<br />
! Conject <br />
|| gn- || gn- -ad || aN- || aN- -ad<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Word Direction===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite reverses words whenever the word is not the head of the clause (i.e. adjectives or adverbs) or one wants to indicate aspects. This is done per phoneme, not per character as written by the orthography. The verb direction dictates the direction of the sentence and paragraphs. <br />
<br />
* ''Shasu mera''<br />The dog is red<br />
* ''Shasu arem''<br />The red dog<br />
<br />
===Aspects===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite has four main aspects. These aspects can be divided even further by adding the affixes -in- or di-. They are indicated by the direction of the nouns in relation to the verb direction. For words where it’s ambiguous what the direction is (because its a phonemic palindrome), they will be reduplicated (CV + word; e.g. apa → a’apa, masam → mamasam)<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Middle Sethite aspect<br />
|-<br />
! !! Pastlooking !! Presentlooking !! Futurelooking<br />
|-<br />
! Continuing<br />
|| → ⟨in⟩⇒ →<br />''Ach binumot ta''<br />"I am still working" || → ⇒ →<br />''Ach bumot ta''<br />"I am working" || → de⇒ →<br />''Ach debumot ta''<br />"I am working for some time"<br />
|-<br />
! Ending<br />
| → ⟨in⟩⇒ ←<br />''Ach binumot at''<br />"I have stopped working" || → ⇒ ←<br />''Ach bumot at''<br />"I stop working" || → de⇒ ←<br />''Ach debumot at''<br />"I am about to stop working"<br />
|-<br />
! Starting<br />
| ← ⟨in⟩⇒ →<br />''Ha binumot ta''<br />"I have started working" || ← ⇒ →<br />''Ha bumot ta''<br />"I start working" || ← de⇒ →<br />''Ha bumot ta''<br />"I am about to start working"<br />
|-<br />
! Fulfilling<br />
| ← ⟨in⟩⇒ ←<br />''Ha binumot at''<br />"I have worked" || ← ⇒ ←<br />''Ha bumot at''<br />"I work" || ← de⇒ ←<br />''Ha debumot at''<br />"I am planning to work"<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Relative Clauses===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite employs relative clauses to convey more meaning in a single sentence. Sethite has five relative clause markers, which follows the same logic as the case markers. There is sing, ning, king, and nang. Unlike other nonhead parts of the clause, relative clauses do not need to be reversed (though some complex clauses do need reversals still). <br />
<br />
* Shasu sing kumanaor seka emat<br /><br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|sh-asu sing kumanaor seka emat<br />
|AGT-dog REL.AGT ⟨AV⟩have one PAT-eye<br />
|'The dog that has one eye'}}<br />
<br />
* Sto ning tumubuk ach<br /><br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|s-to ning t-um-ubuk ach<br />
|AGT-person REL.PAT ⟨AV⟩punch 1sg.AGT<br />
|'The person whom I am punching'}}<br />
<br />
* Bale king misi ach<br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|∅-bale king m-isi ach<br />
|AGT-house REL.LOC ⟨AV⟩be.inside 1sg.AGT<br />
|'The house that I'm living at'}}<br />
<br />
* Sparuk nang bumengi nichan ach<br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|s-paruk nang b-um-engi n-ichan ach<br />
|AGT-cookware REL.COM ⟨AV⟩cook PAT-fish 1sg.AGT<br />
|'The pot that I am cooking fish with'}}<br />
<br />
==Example texts==<br />
<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. --><br />
==Other resources==<br />
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetrical_voice<br />
<br />
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Template area --><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Middle Sethite language]]<br />
[[Category:Languages]]<br />
[[Category:Conlangs]]</div>IdaeChophttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Middle_Sethite&diff=531242Middle Sethite2026-06-26T15:07:59Z<p>IdaeChop: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{construction}}<br />
{{Infobox language<br />
| name = Middle Sethite<br />
| nativename = Sethgo<br />布語<br />
| pronunciation = seθgɤ<br />
|creator=IdaeChop<br />
|setting=''[[The Moon, but with oceans and life]]''<br />
| state = [[I Seth Empire]]<br />
| ethnicity = Sethite<br />Sethjin<br />
| familycolor = Austronesian<br />
| fam2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages Malayo Polynesian]<br />
| fam3 = [[Sethitic]]<br />
|ancestor=[[Proto-Sethite]]<br />
|ancestor2=[[Old Sethite]]<br />
| nation = [[I Seth Empire]]<br />
| notice = IPA<br />
}}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{col-top|4|Metatext for Readers}}<br />
Hi, yeah. This is one of the conlangs in my (IdaeChop) world, Middle Sethite! This was originally a submission for the Cursed Conlang Circus 4, however I decided to modify a whole ton to make it what it is today! It is still lacking in worldbuilding and other necessities, however I am proud of what I am able to achieve now and I want to put it here so people can read about it, I guess? Well. Here's this article then!<br />
{{col-bottom}}<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite was a language spoken around the Gulf of Albategnius around 1000 ASC. The division between Middle Sethite and Old Sethite is the usage of the Latin Script as opposed to the older Japonic-based writing system, though usage of the Japonic-system still persisted until the 1400 ASC and people today still study and use Kanji.<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
<br />
===Consonants===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Middle Sethite consonants<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=2 | !! Bilabial !! Alveolar !! Palatal !! Velar<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=2 | Nasal<br />
|| m || n || ɲ || n<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Plosive<br />
! Voiceless <br />
|| p || t || tɕ || k<br />
|-<br />
! Voiced<br />
|| b || d || dʑ || g<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fricative<br />
! Voiceless<br />
|| ɸ || s θ || ɕ || x<br />
|-<br />
! Voiced<br />
|| β || ɹ̠˔ || ʑ || <br />
|-<br />
! colspan=2 | Approximant<br />
|| || l || j || ɰ<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Vowels===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite has 5 vowels that can either be short or long.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Middle Sethite vowels<br />
|-<br />
! !! Front !! Central !! Back<br />
|-<br />
! Close <br />
|| i, iː || || ɯ, ɯː<br />
|-<br />
! Close-mid <br />
| e, eː || || ɤ, ɤː<br />
|-<br />
! Open<br />
| || a aː || <br />
|}<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite do not have diphthongs, but does have vowels that are in hiatus.<br />
<br />
===Phonotactics===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite's phonotactics are CCVCC.<br />
<br />
===Orthography===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite's orthography was not standardised, there are numerous ways words can be said. Some letters may be doubled but it does not change the pronunciation.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Middle Sethite Latin orthography<br />
|-<br />
! Symbol !! Sound !! Note<br />
|-<br />
| a || /a/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| aa, ah, ar || /aː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| ae, ay || /eː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| b || /b/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| c || /k/ || except after i and e<br />
|-<br />
| c || /s/ || only after i and e<br />
|-<br />
| ch || /tɕ/ || only at the start of words<br />
|- <br />
| ch || /x/ || except at the start of words<br />
|-<br />
| d || /d/ || <br />
|-<br />
| dge || /dʑ/ || only at the end of words<br />
|-<br />
| e || /e/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| ee, ei || /eː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| f || /ɸ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| g || /g/ || <br />
|-<br />
| gn || /ŋ/ || only at the start of words<br />
|-<br />
| h || /x/ || only at the start of words<br />
|-<br />
| i || /i/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| ii, ie || /iː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| j || /dʑ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| k || /k/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| l || /l/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| m || /m/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| n || /n/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| ny || /ɲ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| ng || /ŋ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| o || /ɤ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| oa, oo || /ɤː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| oo || /ɯː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| p || /p/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| qu || /kɰ/, /kɯ/ || really rare <br />
|-<br />
| r || /ɹ̠˔/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| s || /s/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| sh || /ɕ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| t || /t/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| tch || /tɕ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| th || /θ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| u || /ɯ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| uu || /ɯː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| v || /β/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| w || /ɰ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| x || /ks/ || rare<br />
|-<br />
| y || /j/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| z, zh, zi || /ʑ/ ||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
<br />
The grammar of Middle Sethite is typically predicate-final, with a topic-comment structure alongside Austronesian alignment, though exceptions may occur. The subject of the sentence is separate with the topic of the sentence. <br />
<br />
===Verbs===<br />
<br />
Every verb in Middle Sethite has a voice. The voice marks what every case in the sentence does. Verbs do not mark for tense nor mood.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! Pastlooking !! Presentlooking !! Futurelooking<br />
|-<br />
! Agentive Voice<br />
|| ⟨inum⟩<br />''binumava'' || ⟨um⟩<br />''bumava'' || de- ⟨um⟩<br />''debumava''<br />
|-<br />
! Patientive Voice<br />
|| ⟨in⟩ -(e)n<br />''binavan'' || -n<br />''bavan'' || de- -n<br />''debavan''<br />
|-<br />
! Locative Voice<br />
|| ⟨in⟩ -an<br />''binavaan'' || -an<br />''bavaan'' || de- -an<br />''debavaan''<br />
|-<br />
! Benefactive Voice<br />
| ⟨in⟩ -nan<br />''binavanan'' || -nan<br />''bavanan'' || de- -nan<br />''debavanan''<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental Voice<br />
| ⟨in⟩ +second vowel fronting<br />''bineva'' || first vowel fronting<br />''beva'' || de- +second vowel fronting<br />''debeva''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Verbs may be duplicated to form the frequentative aspect. e.g. ''bumava'' becomes ''bava-bumava''<br />
<br />
====Voice====<br />
<br />
There are five voices Middle Sethite uses. Changing the voice of a sentence does not reduce the valency, only rotating it.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Middle Sethite voices<br />
|-<br />
! !! Agentive Voice !! Patientive Voice !! Locative Voice !! Benefactive Voice !! Instrumental Voice<br />
|-<br />
! Subject<br />
|| Agentive<br />''"Nominative"'' || Patientive<br />''"Ergative"'' || Locative || Benefactive || Instrumental<br />
|-<br />
! Object<br />
| Patientive<br />''"Accusative"'' || Agentive<br />''"Absolutive"'' || Patientive || Patientive || Patientive<br />
|-<br />
! Circumject <br />
| Locative || Locative || Dative || Locative || Locative<br />
|-<br />
! Conject<br />
| Comitative || Comitative || Agentive || Agentive || Agentive<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Every intransitive sentence must have a subject; every transitive sentence must have a subject and an object. However, if the subject or object happens to be the topic or it is obvious from context (like pronouns), it may be left unsaid.<br />
<br />
====Examples====<br />
<br />
The Agentive voice:<br />
* ''Ach b'''um'''ili nichan me empang tepoen tharka sumaen antaspan''<br />'''I''' am buying fish and bread at a store for my wife using money <br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|ach b-um-ili n-ichan me em-pang tepo-en tharka suma-en an-taspan<br />
|1sg.AGT ⟨AV⟩buy PAT-fish and PAT-bread store-LOC towards wife-LOC COM-money<br />
|}}<br />
The Patientive voice:<br />
* ''Shichan bili'''n''' ku me entaspan tepoen tharka sumaen ampang''<br />I am buying '''fish''' and bread at a store for my wife using money <br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|sh-ichan bili-n ku me en-taspan tepo-en tharka suma-en am-pang<br />
|PAT-fish buy-PV 1sg.AGT and AGT-money store-LOC towards wife-LOC COM-bread<br />
|}}<br />
The Locative voice:<br />
* ''Stepo bili'''an''' nichan me empang sumaen nak me antaspan''<br />I am buying fish and bread '''at a store''' for my wife using money <br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|s-tepo bili-an n-ichan me em-pang suma-en nak me an-taspan<br />
|LOC-store buy-{{gcl|LV|locative voice}} PAT-fish and PAT-bread wife-DAT 1sg.AGT and AGT-bread<br />
|}}<br />
The Benefactive voice:<br />
* ''Suma bili'''nan''' nichan me empang tepoen nak me antaspan''<br />I am buying fish and bread at a store '''for my wife''' using money <br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|∅-suma bili-nan n-ichan me em-pang tepo-en nak me an-taspan<br />
|BEN-wife buy-{{gcl|BV|benefactive voice}} PAT-fish and PAT-money store-LOC 1sg.AGT and AGT-bread<br />
|}}<br />
The Instrumental voice:<br />
* ''Staspan b'''i'''li nichan me empang tepoen tharka sumaen nak''<br />I am buying fish and bread at a store for my wife '''using money''' <br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|s-taspan bili n-ichan me em-pang tepo-en tharka suma-en nak<br />
|INST-money {{gcl|IV|instrumental voice}}\buy PAT-fish and PAT-money store-LOC towards wife-LOC 1sg.AGT<br />
|}}<br />
<br />
===Nouns===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite had fused the case system of Old Sethite and made them declensions instead.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Middle Sethite noun declension<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2| !! colspan=2|Vowel-starting !! colspan=2|Consonant-starting<br />
|-<br />
! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Subject<br />
|| sh- || sh- -ad || (s)- || (s)- -ad<br />
|-<br />
! Object <br />
|| n- || n- -ad || eN- || en- -ad<br />
|-<br />
! Circumject <br />
|| k- || k- -ad || -en || -enad<br />
|-<br />
! Conject <br />
|| gn- || gn- -ad || aN- || aN- -ad<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Word Direction===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite reverses words whenever the word is not the head of the clause (i.e. adjectives or adverbs) or one wants to indicate aspects. This is done per phoneme, not per character as written by the orthography. The verb direction dictates the direction of the sentence and paragraphs. <br />
<br />
* ''Shasu mera''<br />The dog is red<br />
* ''Shasu arem''<br />The red dog<br />
<br />
===Aspects===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite has four main aspects. These aspects can be divided even further by adding the affixes -in- or di-. They are indicated by the direction of the nouns in relation to the verb direction. For words where it’s ambiguous what the direction is (because its a phonemic palindrome), they will be reduplicated (CV + word; e.g. apa → a’apa, masam → mamasam)<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Middle Sethite aspect<br />
|-<br />
! !! Pastlooking !! Presentlooking !! Futurelooking<br />
|-<br />
! Continuing<br />
|| → ⟨in⟩⇒ →<br />''Ach binumot ta''<br />"I am still working" || → ⇒ →<br />''Ach bumot ta''<br />"I am working" || → de⇒ →<br />''Ach debumot ta''<br />"I am working for some time"<br />
|-<br />
! Ending<br />
| → ⟨in⟩⇒ ←<br />''Ach binumot at''<br />"I have stopped working" || → ⇒ ←<br />''Ach bumot at''<br />"I stop working" || → de⇒ ←<br />''Ach debumot at''<br />"I am about to stop working"<br />
|-<br />
! Starting<br />
| ← ⟨in⟩⇒ →<br />''Ha binumot ta''<br />"I have started working" || ← ⇒ →<br />''Ha bumot ta''<br />"I start working" || ← de⇒ →<br />''Ha bumot ta''<br />"I am about to start working"<br />
|-<br />
! Fulfilling<br />
| ← ⟨in⟩⇒ ←<br />''Ha binumot at''<br />"I have worked" || ← ⇒ ←<br />''Ha bumot at''<br />"I work" || ← de⇒ ←<br />''Ha debumot at''<br />"I am planning to work"<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Relative Clauses===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite employs relative clauses to convey more meaning in a single sentence. Sethite has five relative clause markers, which follows the same logic as the case markers. There is sing, ning, king, and nang. Unlike other nonhead parts of the clause, relative clauses do not need to be reversed (though some complex clauses do need reversals still). <br />
<br />
* Shasu sing kumanaor seka emat<br /><br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|sh-asu sing kumanaor seka emat<br />
|AGT-dog REL.AGT ⟨AV⟩have one PAT-eye<br />
|'The dog that has one eye'}}<br />
<br />
* Sto ning tumubuk ach<br /><br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|s-to ning t-um-ubuk ach<br />
|AGT-person REL.PAT ⟨AV⟩punch 1sg.AGT<br />
|'The person whom I am punching'}}<br />
<br />
* Bale king misi ach<br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|∅-bale king m-isi ach<br />
|AGT-house REL.LOC ⟨AV⟩be.inside 1sg.AGT<br />
|'The house that I'm living at'}}<br />
<br />
* Sparuk nang bumengi nichan ach<br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|s-paruk nang b-um-engi n-ichan ach<br />
|AGT-cookware REL.COM ⟨AV⟩cook PAT-fish 1sg.AGT<br />
|'The pot that I am cooking fish with'}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Example texts==<br />
<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. --><br />
==Other resources==<br />
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetrical_voice<br />
<br />
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Template area --><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Middle Sethite language]]<br />
[[Category:Languages]]<br />
[[Category:Conlangs]]</div>IdaeChophttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Middle_Sethite&diff=531241Middle Sethite2026-06-26T15:01:53Z<p>IdaeChop: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{construction}}<br />
{{Infobox language<br />
| name = Middle Sethite<br />
| nativename = Sethgo<br />布語<br />
| pronunciation = seθgɤ<br />
|creator=IdaeChop<br />
|setting=''[[The Moon, but with oceans and life]]''<br />
| state = [[I Seth Empire]]<br />
| ethnicity = Sethite<br />Sethjin<br />
| familycolor = Austronesian<br />
| fam2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages Malayo Polynesian]<br />
| fam3 = [[Sethitic]]<br />
|ancestor=[[Proto-Sethite]]<br />
|ancestor2=[[Old Sethite]]<br />
| nation = [[I Seth Empire]]<br />
| notice = IPA<br />
}}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{col-top|4|Metatext for Readers}}<br />
Hi, yeah. This is one of the conlangs in my (IdaeChop) world, Middle Sethite! This was originally a submission for the Cursed Conlang Circus 4, however I decided to modify a whole ton to make it what it is today! It is still lacking in worldbuilding and other necessities, however I am proud of what I am able to achieve now and I want to put it here so people can read about it, I guess? Well. Here's this article then!<br />
{{col-bottom}}<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite was a language spoken around the Gulf of Albategnius around 1000 ASC. The division between Middle Sethite and Old Sethite is the usage of the Latin Script as opposed to the older Japonic-based writing system, though usage of the Japonic-system still persisted until the 1400 ASC and people today still study and use Kanji.<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
<br />
===Consonants===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Middle Sethite consonants<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=2 | !! Bilabial !! Alveolar !! Palatal !! Velar<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=2 | Nasal<br />
|| m || n || ɲ || n<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Plosive<br />
! Voiceless <br />
|| p || t || tɕ || k<br />
|-<br />
! Voiced<br />
|| b || d || dʑ || g<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fricative<br />
! Voiceless<br />
|| ɸ || s θ || ɕ || x<br />
|-<br />
! Voiced<br />
|| β || ɹ̠˔ || ʑ || <br />
|-<br />
! colspan=2 | Approximant<br />
|| || l || j || ɰ<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Vowels===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite has 5 vowels that can either be short or long.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Middle Sethite vowels<br />
|-<br />
! !! Front !! Central !! Back<br />
|-<br />
! Close <br />
|| i, iː || || ɯ, ɯː<br />
|-<br />
! Close-mid <br />
| e, eː || || ɤ, ɤː<br />
|-<br />
! Open<br />
| || a aː || <br />
|}<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite do not have diphthongs, but does have vowels that are in hiatus.<br />
<br />
===Phonotactics===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite's phonotactics are CCVCC.<br />
<br />
===Orthography===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite's orthography was not standardised, there are numerous ways words can be said. Some letters may be doubled but it does not change the pronunciation.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Middle Sethite Latin orthography<br />
|-<br />
! Symbol !! Sound !! Note<br />
|-<br />
| a || /a/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| aa, ah, ar || /aː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| ae, ay || /eː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| b || /b/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| c || /k/ || except after i and e<br />
|-<br />
| c || /s/ || only after i and e<br />
|-<br />
| ch || /tɕ/ || only at the start of words<br />
|- <br />
| ch || /x/ || except at the start of words<br />
|-<br />
| d || /d/ || <br />
|-<br />
| dge || /dʑ/ || only at the end of words<br />
|-<br />
| e || /e/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| ee, ei || /eː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| f || /ɸ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| g || /g/ || <br />
|-<br />
| gn || /ŋ/ || only at the start of words<br />
|-<br />
| h || /x/ || only at the start of words<br />
|-<br />
| i || /i/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| ii, ie || /iː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| j || /dʑ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| k || /k/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| l || /l/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| m || /m/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| n || /n/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| ny || /ɲ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| ng || /ŋ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| o || /ɤ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| oa, oo || /ɤː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| oo || /ɯː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| p || /p/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| qu || /kɰ/, /kɯ/ || really rare <br />
|-<br />
| r || /ɹ̠˔/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| s || /s/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| sh || /ɕ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| t || /t/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| tch || /tɕ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| th || /θ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| u || /ɯ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| uu || /ɯː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| v || /β/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| w || /ɰ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| x || /ks/ || rare<br />
|-<br />
| y || /j/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| z, zh, zi || /ʑ/ ||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
<br />
The grammar of Middle Sethite is typically predicate-final, with a topic-comment structure alongside Austronesian alignment, though exceptions may occur. The subject of the sentence is separate with the topic of the sentence. <br />
<br />
===Verbs===<br />
<br />
Every verb in Middle Sethite has a voice. The voice marks what every case in the sentence does. Verbs do not mark for tense nor mood.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! Pastlooking !! Presentlooking !! Futurelooking<br />
|-<br />
! Agentive Voice<br />
|| ⟨inum⟩<br />''binumava'' || ⟨um⟩<br />''bumava'' || de- ⟨um⟩<br />''debumava''<br />
|-<br />
! Patientive Voice<br />
|| ⟨in⟩ -(e)n<br />''binavan'' || -n<br />''bavan'' || de- -n<br />''debavan''<br />
|-<br />
! Locative Voice<br />
|| ⟨in⟩ -an<br />''binavaan'' || -an<br />''bavaan'' || de- -an<br />''debavaan''<br />
|-<br />
! Benefactive Voice<br />
| ⟨in⟩ -nan<br />''binavanan'' || -nan<br />''bavanan'' || de- -nan<br />''debavanan''<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental Voice<br />
| ⟨in⟩ +second vowel fronting<br />''bineva'' || first vowel fronting<br />''beva'' || de- +second vowel fronting<br />''debeva''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Verbs may be duplicated to form the frequentative aspect. e.g. ''bumava'' becomes ''bava-bumava''<br />
<br />
====Voice====<br />
<br />
There are five voices Middle Sethite uses. Changing the voice of a sentence does not reduce the valency, only rotating it.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Middle Sethite voices<br />
|-<br />
! !! Agentive Voice !! Patientive Voice !! Locative Voice !! Benefactive Voice !! Instrumental Voice<br />
|-<br />
! Subject<br />
|| Agentive<br />''"Nominative"'' || Patientive<br />''"Ergative"'' || Locative || Benefactive || Instrumental<br />
|-<br />
! Object<br />
| Patientive<br />''"Accusative"'' || Agentive<br />''"Absolutive"'' || Patientive || Patientive || Patientive<br />
|-<br />
! Circumject <br />
| Locative || Locative || Dative || Locative || Locative<br />
|-<br />
! Conject<br />
| Comitative || Comitative || Agentive || Agentive || Agentive<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Every intransitive sentence must have a subject; every transitive sentence must have a subject and an object. However, if the subject or object happens to be the topic or it is obvious from context (like pronouns), it may be left unsaid.<br />
<br />
====Examples====<br />
<br />
The Agentive voice:<br />
* ''Ach b'''um'''ili nichan me empang tepoen tharka sumaen antaspan''<br />'''I''' am buying fish and bread at a store for my wife using money <br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|ach b-um-ili n-ichan me em-pang tepo-en tharka suma-en an-taspan<br />
|1sg.AGT ⟨AV⟩buy PAT-fish and PAT-bread store-LOC towards wife-LOC COM-money<br />
|}}<br />
The Patientive voice:<br />
* ''Shichan bili'''n''' ku me entaspan tepoen tharka sumaen ampang''<br />I am buying '''fish''' and bread at a store for my wife using money <br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|sh-ichan bili-n ku me en-taspan tepo-en tharka suma-en am-pang<br />
|PAT-fish buy-PV 1sg.AGT and AGT-money store-LOC towards wife-LOC COM-bread<br />
|}}<br />
The Locative voice:<br />
* ''Stepo bili'''an''' nichan me empang onaen nak me antaspan''<br />I am buying fish and bread '''at a store''' for my wife using money <br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|s-tepo bili-an n-ichan me em-pang suma-en nak me an-taspan<br />
|LOC-store buy-{{gcl|LV|locative voice}} PAT-fish and PAT-bread wife-DAT 1sg.AGT and AGT-bread<br />
|}}<br />
The Benefactive voice:<br />
* ''Suma bili'''nan''' nichan me empang tepoen nak me antaspan''<br />I am buying fish and bread at a store '''for my wife''' using money <br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|∅-suma bili-nan n-ichan me em-pang tepo-en nak me an-taspan<br />
|BEN-wife buy-{{gcl|BV|benefactive voice}} PAT-fish and PAT-money store-LOC 1sg.AGT and AGT-bread<br />
|}}<br />
The Instrumental voice:<br />
* ''Staspan b'''i'''li nichan me empang tepoen tharka sumaen nak''<br />I am buying fish and bread at a store for my wife '''using money''' <br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|s-taspan bili n-ichan me em-pang tepo-en tharka suma-en nak<br />
|INST-money {{gcl|IV|instrumental voice}}\buy PAT-fish and PAT-money store-LOC towards wife-LOC 1sg.AGT<br />
|}}<br />
<br />
===Nouns===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite had fused the case system of Old Sethite and made them declensions instead.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Middle Sethite noun declension<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2| !! colspan=2|Vowel-starting !! colspan=2|Consonant-starting<br />
|-<br />
! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Subject<br />
|| sh- || sh- -ad || (s)- || (s)- -ad<br />
|-<br />
! Object <br />
|| n- || n- -ad || eN- || en- -ad<br />
|-<br />
! Circumject <br />
|| k- || k- -ad || -en || -enad<br />
|-<br />
! Conject <br />
|| gn- || gn- -ad || aN- || aN- -ad<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Word Direction===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite reverses words whenever the word is not the head of the clause (i.e. adjectives or adverbs) or one wants to indicate aspects. This is done per phoneme, not per character as written by the orthography. The verb direction dictates the direction of the sentence and paragraphs. <br />
<br />
* ''Shasu mera''<br />The dog is red<br />
* ''Shasu arem''<br />The red dog<br />
<br />
===Aspects===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite has four main aspects. These aspects can be divided even further by adding the affixes -in- or di-. They are indicated by the direction of the nouns in relation to the verb direction. For words where it’s ambiguous what the direction is (because its a phonemic palindrome), they will be reduplicated (CV + word; e.g. apa → a’apa, masam → mamasam)<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Middle Sethite aspect<br />
|-<br />
! !! Pastlooking !! Presentlooking !! Futurelooking<br />
|-<br />
! Continuing<br />
|| → ⟨in⟩⇒ →<br />''Ach binumot ta''<br />"I am still working" || → ⇒ →<br />''Ach bumot ta''<br />"I am working" || → de⇒ →<br />''Ach debumot ta''<br />"I am working for some time"<br />
|-<br />
! Ending<br />
| → ⟨in⟩⇒ ←<br />''Ach binumot at''<br />"I have stopped working" || → ⇒ ←<br />''Ach bumot at''<br />"I stop working" || → de⇒ ←<br />''Ach debumot at''<br />"I am about to stop working"<br />
|-<br />
! Starting<br />
| ← ⟨in⟩⇒ →<br />''Ha binumot ta''<br />"I have started working" || ← ⇒ →<br />''Ha bumot ta''<br />"I start working" || ← de⇒ →<br />''Ha bumot ta''<br />"I am about to start working"<br />
|-<br />
! Fulfilling<br />
| ← ⟨in⟩⇒ ←<br />''Ha binumot at''<br />"I have worked" || ← ⇒ ←<br />''Ha bumot at''<br />"I work" || ← de⇒ ←<br />''Ha debumot at''<br />"I am planning to work"<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Relative Clauses===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite employs relative clauses to convey more meaning in a single sentence. Sethite has five relative clause markers, which follows the same logic as the case markers. There is sing, ning, king, and nang. Unlike other nonhead parts of the clause, relative clauses do not need to be reversed (though some complex clauses do need reversals still). <br />
<br />
* Shasu sing kumanaor seka emat<br /><br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|sh-asu sing kumanaor seka emat<br />
|AGT-dog REL.AGT ⟨AV⟩have one PAT-eye<br />
|'The dog that has one eye'}}<br />
<br />
* Sto ning tumubuk ach<br /><br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|s-to ning t-um-ubuk ach<br />
|AGT-person REL.PAT ⟨AV⟩punch 1sg.AGT<br />
|'The person whom I am punching'}}<br />
<br />
* Bale king misi ach<br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|∅-bale king m-isi ach<br />
|AGT-house REL.LOC ⟨AV⟩be.inside 1sg.AGT<br />
|'The house that I'm living at'}}<br />
<br />
* Sparuk nang bumengi nichan ach<br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|s-paruk nang b-um-engi n-ichan ach<br />
|AGT-cookware REL.COM ⟨AV⟩cook PAT-fish 1sg.AGT<br />
|'The pot that I am cooking fish with'}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Example texts==<br />
<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. --><br />
==Other resources==<br />
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetrical_voice<br />
<br />
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Template area --><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Middle Sethite language]]<br />
[[Category:Languages]]<br />
[[Category:Conlangs]]</div>IdaeChophttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Middle_Sethite&diff=531240Middle Sethite2026-06-26T14:55:12Z<p>IdaeChop: started teh conlang</p>
<hr />
<div>{{construction}}<br />
{{Infobox language<br />
| name = Middle Sethite<br />
| nativename = Sethgo<br />布語<br />
| pronunciation = seθgɤ<br />
|creator=IdaeChop<br />
|setting=''[[The Moon, but with oceans and life]]''<br />
| state = [[I Seth Empire]]<br />
| ethnicity = Sethite<br />Sethjin<br />
| familycolor = Austronesian<br />
| fam2 = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages Malayo Polynesian]<br />
| fam3 = [[Sethitic]]<br />
|ancestor=[[Proto-Sethite]]<br />
|ancestor2=[[Old Sethite]]<br />
| nation = [[I Seth Empire]]<br />
| notice = IPA<br />
}}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{col-top|4|Metatext for Readers}}<br />
Hi, yeah. This is one of the conlangs in my (IdaeChop) world, Middle Sethite! This was originally a submission for the Cursed Conlang Circus 4, however I decided to modify a whole ton to make it what it is today! It is still lacking in worldbuilding and other necessities, however I am proud of what I am able to achieve now and I want to put it here so people can read about it, I guess? Well. Here's this article then!<br />
{{col-bottom}}<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite was a language spoken around the Gulf of Albategnius around 1000 ASC. The division between Middle Sethite and Old Sethite is the usage of the Latin Script as opposed to the older Japonic-based writing system, though usage of the Japonic-system still persisted until the 1400 ASC and people today still study and use Kanji.<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
<br />
===Consonants===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Middle Sethite consonants<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=2 | !! Bilabial !! Alveolar !! Palatal !! Velar<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=2 | Nasal<br />
|| m || n || ɲ || n<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Plosive<br />
! Voiceless <br />
|| p || t || tɕ || k<br />
|-<br />
! Voiced<br />
|| b || d || dʑ || g<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 | Fricative<br />
! Voiceless<br />
|| ɸ || s θ || ɕ || x<br />
|-<br />
! Voiced<br />
|| β || ɹ̠˔ || ʑ || <br />
|-<br />
! colspan=2 | Approximant<br />
|| || l || j || ɰ<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Vowels===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite has 5 vowels that can either be short or long.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Middle Sethite vowels<br />
|-<br />
! !! Front !! Central !! Back<br />
|-<br />
! Close <br />
|| i, iː || || ɯ, ɯː<br />
|-<br />
! Close-mid <br />
| e, eː || || ɤ, ɤː<br />
|-<br />
! Open<br />
| || a aː || <br />
|}<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite do not have diphthongs, but does have vowels that are in hiatus.<br />
<br />
===Phonotactics===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite's phonotactics are CCVCC.<br />
<br />
===Orthography===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite's orthography was not standardised, there are numerous ways words can be said. Some letters may be doubled but it does not change the pronunciation.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Middle Sethite Latin orthography<br />
|-<br />
! Symbol !! Sound !! Note<br />
|-<br />
| a || /a/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| aa, ah, ar || /aː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| ae, ay || /eː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| b || /b/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| c || /k/ || except after i and e<br />
|-<br />
| c || /s/ || only after i and e<br />
|-<br />
| ch || /tɕ/ || only at the start of words<br />
|- <br />
| ch || /x/ || except at the start of words<br />
|-<br />
| d || /d/ || <br />
|-<br />
| dge || /dʑ/ || only at the end of words<br />
|-<br />
| e || /e/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| ee, ei || /eː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| f || /ɸ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| g || /g/ || <br />
|-<br />
| gn || /ŋ/ || only at the start of words<br />
|-<br />
| h || /x/ || only at the start of words<br />
|-<br />
| i || /i/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| ii, ie || /iː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| j || /dʑ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| k || /k/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| l || /l/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| m || /m/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| n || /n/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| ny || /ɲ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| ng || /ŋ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| o || /ɤ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| oa, oo || /ɤː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| oo || /ɯː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| p || /p/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| qu || /kɰ/, /kɯ/ || really rare <br />
|-<br />
| r || /ɹ̠˔/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| s || /s/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| sh || /ɕ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| t || /t/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| tch || /tɕ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| th || /θ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| u || /ɯ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| uu || /ɯː/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| v || /β/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| w || /ɰ/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| x || /ks/ || rare<br />
|-<br />
| y || /j/ ||<br />
|-<br />
| z, zh, zi || /ʑ/ ||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
<br />
The grammar of Middle Sethite is typically predicate-final, with a topic-comment structure alongside Austronesian alignment, though exceptions may occur. The subject of the sentence is separate with the topic of the sentence. <br />
<br />
===Verbs===<br />
<br />
Every verb in Middle Sethite has a voice. The voice marks what every case in the sentence does. Verbs do not mark for tense nor mood.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! !! Pastlooking !! Presentlooking !! Futurelooking<br />
|-<br />
! Agentive Voice<br />
|| ⟨inum⟩<br />''binumava'' || ⟨um⟩<br />''bumava'' || de- ⟨um⟩<br />''debumava''<br />
|-<br />
! Patientive Voice<br />
|| ⟨in⟩ -(e)n<br />''binavan'' || -n<br />''bavan'' || de- -n<br />''debavan''<br />
|-<br />
! Locative Voice<br />
|| ⟨in⟩ -an<br />''binavaan'' || -an<br />''bavaan'' || de- -an<br />''debavaan''<br />
|-<br />
! Benefactive Voice<br />
| ⟨in⟩ -nan<br />''binavanan'' || -nan<br />''bavanan'' || de- -nan<br />''debavanan''<br />
|-<br />
! Instrumental Voice<br />
| ⟨in⟩ +second vowel fronting<br />''bineva'' || first vowel fronting<br />''beva'' || de- +second vowel fronting<br />''debeva''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Verbs may be duplicated to form the frequentative aspect. e.g. ''bumava'' becomes ''bava-bumava''<br />
<br />
====Voice====<br />
<br />
There are five voices Middle Sethite uses. Changing the voice of a sentence does not reduce the valency, only rotating it.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Middle Sethite voices<br />
|-<br />
! !! Agentive Voice !! Patientive Voice !! Locative Voice !! Benefactive Voice !! Instrumental Voice<br />
|-<br />
! Subject<br />
|| Agentive<br />''"Nominative"'' || Patientive<br />''"Ergative"'' || Locative || Benefactive || Instrumental<br />
|-<br />
! Object<br />
| Patientive<br />''"Accusative"'' || Agentive<br />''"Absolutive"'' || Patientive || Patientive || Patientive<br />
|-<br />
! Circumject <br />
| Locative || Locative || Dative || Locative || Locative<br />
|-<br />
! Conject<br />
| Comitative || Comitative || Agentive || Agentive || Agentive<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Every intransitive sentence must have a subject; every transitive sentence must have a subject and an object. However, if the subject or object happens to be the topic or it is obvious from context (like pronouns), it may be left unsaid.<br />
<br />
====Examples====<br />
<br />
The Agentive voice:<br />
* ''Ach b'''um'''ili nichan me empang tepoen tharka sumaen antaspan''<br />'''I''' am buying fish and bread at a store for my wife using money <br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|ach b-um-ili n-ichan me em-pang tepo-en tharka suma-en an-taspan<br />
|1sg.AGT ⟨AV⟩buy PAT-fish and PAT-bread store-LOC towards wife-LOC COM-money<br />
|}}<br />
The Patientive voice:<br />
* ''Shichan bili'''n''' ku me entaspan tepoen tharka sumaen ampang''<br />I am buying '''fish''' and bread at a store for my wife using money <br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|sh-ichan bili-n ku me en-taspan tepo-en tharka suma-en am-pang<br />
|PAT-fish buy-PV 1sg.AGT and AGT-money store-LOC towards wife-LOC COM-bread<br />
|}}<br />
The Locative voice:<br />
* ''Stepo bili'''an''' nichan me empang onaen nak me antaspan''<br />I am buying fish and bread '''at a store''' for my wife using money <br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|s-tepo bili-an n-ichan me em-pang suma-en nak me an-taspan<br />
|LOC-store buy-{{gcl|LV|locative voice}} PAT-fish and PAT-bread wife-DAT 1sg.AGT and AGT-bread<br />
|}}<br />
The Benefactive voice:<br />
* ''Suma bili'''nan''' nichan me empang tepoen nak me antaspan''<br />I am buying fish and bread at a store '''for my wife''' using money <br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|∅-suma bili-nan n-ichan me em-pang tepo-en nak me an-taspan<br />
|BEN-wife buy-{{gcl|BV|benefactive voice}} PAT-fish and PAT-money store-LOC 1sg.AGT and AGT-bread<br />
|}}<br />
The Instrumental voice:<br />
* ''Staspan b'''i'''li nichan me empang tepoen tharka sumaen nak''<br />I am buying fish and bread at a store for my wife '''using money''' <br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|s-taspan bili n-ichan me em-pang tepo-en tharka suma-en nak<br />
|INST-money {{gcl|IV|instrumental voice}}\buy PAT-fish and PAT-money store-LOC towards wife-LOC 1sg.AGT<br />
|}}<br />
<br />
===Nouns===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite had fused the case system of Old Sethite and made them declensions instead.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Middle Sethite noun declension<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2| !! colspan=2|Vowel-starting !! colspan=2|Consonant-starting<br />
|-<br />
! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural<br />
|-<br />
! Subject<br />
|| sh- || sh- -ad || (s)- || (s)- -ad<br />
|-<br />
! Object <br />
|| n- || n- -ad || eN- || en- -ad<br />
|-<br />
! Circumject <br />
|| k- || k- -ad || -en || -enad<br />
|-<br />
! Conject <br />
|| gn- || gn- -ad || aN- || aN- -ad<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Word Direction===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite reverses words whenever the word is not the head of the clause (i.e. adjectives or adverbs) or one wants to indicate aspects. This is done per phoneme, not per character as written by the orthography. The verb direction dictates the direction of the sentence and paragraphs. <br />
<br />
* ''Shasu mera''<br />The dog is red<br />
* ''Shasu arem''<br />The red dog<br />
<br />
===Aspects===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite has four main aspects. These aspects can be divided even further by adding the affixes -in- or di-. They are indicated by the direction of the nouns in relation to the verb direction. For words where it’s ambiguous what the direction is (because its a phonemic palindrome), they will be reduplicated (CV + word; e.g. apa → a’apa, masam → mamasam)<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Middle Sethite aspect<br />
|-<br />
! !! Pastlooking !! Presentlooking !! Futurelooking<br />
|-<br />
! Continuing<br />
|| → ⟨in⟩⇒ →<br />''Ach binumot ta''<br />"I am still working" || → ⇒ →<br />''Ach bumot ta''<br />"I am working" || → de⇒ →<br />''Ach debumot ta''<br />"I am working for some time"<br />
|-<br />
! Ending<br />
| → ⟨in⟩⇒ ←<br />''Ach binumot at''<br />"I have stopped working" || → ⇒ ←<br />''Ach bumot at''<br />"I stop working" || → de⇒ ←<br />''Ach debumot at''<br />"I am about to stop working"<br />
|-<br />
! Starting<br />
| ← ⟨in⟩⇒ →<br />''Ha binumot ta''<br />"I have started working" || ← ⇒ →<br />''Ha bumot ta''<br />"I start working" || ← de⇒ →<br />''Ha bumot ta''<br />"I am about to start working"<br />
|-<br />
! Fulfilling<br />
| ← ⟨in⟩⇒ ←<br />''Ha binumot at''<br />"I have worked" || ← ⇒ ←<br />''Ha bumot at''<br />"I work" || ← de⇒ ←<br />''Ha debumot at''<br />"I am planning to work"<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Relative Clauses===<br />
<br />
Middle Sethite employs relative clauses to convey more meaning in a single sentence. Sethite has five relative clause markers, which follows the same logic as the case markers. There is sing, ning, king, and nang. Unlike other nonhead parts of the clause, relative clauses do not need to be reversed (though some complex clauses do need reversals still). <br />
<br />
* Shasu sing kumanaor seka emat<br /><br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|sh-asu sing kumanaor seka emat<br />
|AGT-dog REL.AGT ⟨AV⟩have one PAT-eye<br />
|'The dog that has one eye'}}<br />
<br />
* Sto ning tumubuk ach<br /><br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|s-to ning t-um-ubuk ach<br />
|AGT-person REL.PAT ⟨AV⟩punch 1sg.AGT<br />
|'The person whom I am punching'}}<br />
<br />
* Bale king misi ach<br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|∅-bale king m-isi ach<br />
|AGT-house REL.LOC ⟨AV⟩be.inside 1sg.AGT<br />
|'The house that I'm living at'}}<br />
<br />
* Sparuk nang bumengi nichan ach<br />
{{interlinear|indent=2|glossing = link|<br />
|s-paruk nang bumengi n-ichan ach<br />
|AGT-cookware REL.COM ⟨AV⟩cook PAT-fish 1sg.AGT<br />
|'The pot that I am cooking fish with'}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Example texts==<br />
<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. --><br />
==Other resources==<br />
<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetrical_voice<br />
<br />
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Template area --><br />
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<br />
[[Category:Middle Sethite language]]<br />
[[Category:Languages]]<br />
[[Category:Conlangs]]</div>IdaeChophttps://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=User:IdaeChop&diff=531116User:IdaeChop2026-06-25T03:22:15Z<p>IdaeChop: lol. lmao.</p>
<hr />
<div>Hello! I am IdaeChop! I am an amateur conlanger!<br />
<br />
I'll use this as a dumping ground of my Conlangs.</div>IdaeChop