Linguifex - User contributions [en]

Tevrés

2020-08-20T10:01:51Z

Gaffney.flancer: /* Morphosyntactic alignment */

{{construction}}
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right;" width="35%"
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#E25822; font-size:2em;" | '''''Tevrés''''' '''''hilerán • lla iveta tevressa'''''
|-
| '''Spoken in:''' || [[History of Avrid#Tevrén|Tevrén]]
|-
| '''Conworld:''' || [[History of Avrid|Avrid]]
|-
| '''Total Speakers:''' || ~ 12,000,000 (83 CA)
|-
| '''Genealogical classification:'''
| [[Proto-Maro-Ephenian]]    - [[Aeranir]]       '''''- Tevrés'''''
|-
| '''Basic word order:''' || [[w:V2 word order|V2]]
|-
| '''Morphological Type:''' || Fusional
|-
| '''Morphosyntactic Alignment:''' || Southern Aeranid Alignment
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#E25822; font-size:18px;" | '''Created by:'''
|-
| Gaffney McCoy Flancer || Began: January 2020 Status: In Progress
|-
|}

'''Tevrés''' (/tevˈɾes̺/), also known as '''Hilerán''' (/ileˈɾãn/), or the '''Tevren Language''' (''lla iveta tevressa'') is an ''a priori'' artistic [[w:Constructed language|constructed language]] created for the home-brew [[w:Dungeons and Dragons|Dungeons and Dragons]] campaign setting [[History of Avrid|Avrid]]. It serves as a ''lingua franca'' throughout the Kingdom of Tevrén, and is a southern Aeranid language derived from the prestige dialect of Çien-a-Tevrén, a region in northwest Hileria. It is used by the self identified Aerans of Hileria and subjects of the Crown of Tevrén, and came into use after the Hilerian War of Reclamation against the [[History of Avrid#Fasser|Fasser Empire]]. It brings together several Hilero-Aeranid dialects, as well as some varieties considered languages in their own right, such as Ertrañán.

Tevrés is a member of the Hilero-Aeranid group of languages, which evolved from several dialects of Late Aeranir spoken in Hileria after the fall of the Aeranid Empire in the 12th century BCA. Tevrés began to blossom as a literary language in the 6th and 7th centuries BCA, mainly from southern port cities under Fasser control, such as Cotive and Ludd-as-Fasri'in. Modern Tevrés is most heavily influenced by these southern dialects and the dialects spoken around Çien-a-Tevrén to the north, especially after these two regions were united in 36 BCA into Tevrén Vuy.

The word ''tevrés'' descends from [[Coeñar_Aerānir|Aeranir]] ''tibōrissus'', referring to the ''Tibors'', an Anderian tribe which settled throughout Hileria in the wake of the Aeranid Empire, named after the river ''Tibus'', along which they settled. The Tibors also lent their name to Tevrén, from ''tibōrāniun''. All Hilero-Aeranid languages, including Ilesse, which is technically an Eastern-Aeranid language, are often colloquially referred to as ''tevrés''. The term ''hilerán'' is occasionally used for this purpose instead. The languages of Tevrén Vuy may be called ''lla iveta vuya'' (proper language), ''uy tevrés vuys'' (proper Tevrés), or ''vuyán'' in order to differentiate it from other ''hilerán'' languages.

==Phonology==

===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Consonant phonemes
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | Labial
! colspan="3" | Coronal
! rowspan="2" | Palatal or postalveolar
! rowspan="2" | Velar
|-
! Lamino- dental
! Apico- alveolar
! Lateral
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| m
|
| n
|
| ɲ
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" | Plosive
! voiceless
| p
| t̪
|
|
| tʃ
| k
|- style="text-align:center;"
! voiced
| b
| d̪
|
|
| ɟ
| g
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" | Fricative
! voiceless
| f
| s̻
| s̺
| ɬ
| colspan="2" | ʃ~x~h
|- style="text-align:center;"
! voiced
|
| z̻
| z̺
| ɮ
| colspan="2" | ʒ~ɣ~ɦ
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" | Rhotic
! trill
|
|
| r
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! tap
|
|
| ɾ
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Approximate
| (w)
|
|
| l
| ʎ
| (w)
|}

===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Vowel phonemes
|-
!
! Front
! Central
! Back
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Close
| i
|
| u
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Mid
| e
|
| o
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Open
|
| a
|
|}
=== Prosody ===
Tevrés is a [[w:Isochrony#Syllable timing|syllable-timed language]] with [[w:Stress (linguistics)#Phonemic stress|phonemic stress]]. This means that each syllable takes approximately the same amount of time, stressed or unstressed, vowels do not reduce in unstressed syllables, and that stress cannot be determined purely by phonological rules. However, stress does follow a few basic rules;
* If a polysyllabic word ends in a vowel or the consonants ''s'' or ''n'', the penultimate syllable is stressed; e.g. ''ve'''jar'''te'', ''morra'''jo'''ten''.
* If a polysyllabic word ends in any other consonants, the ultimate syllable is stressed; e.g. ''zi'''dej''''', ''sar'''cad'''''.
Stress in words that do not conform to these rules is indicated with an acute accent (e.g. ''ha'''rín'''''). Often these words descend from regular penultimately stressed words that lost a final ''e'' after a sonorant (e.g. ''ha'''rín''''' from old ''ha'''ri'''ne'', ''Tev'''rés''''' from old ''Tev'''re'''sse''), or from loanwords or learned Aeranisms (e.g. '''''Fá'''çar'' from ''Faṣr'', '''''á'''pico'' from ''apicor''). Sometimes, stress can have grammatical meaning, such as '''''lla'''vo'' ('I laugh') versus ''lla'''vó''''' ('I laughed').

=== Dialects ===

Due to centuries of separation, the culture of Tevrén between the north and the south form a stark contrast. This contrast is noticeable in many everyday aspects of life, including the way people speak. Southern dialects of Aeranir are considered to be 'softer' and 'more breathy' then harsher northern varieties. In addition, the language of the Court at Combrienes shows some novel innovation, merging [[w:Voice (phonetics)|voiced and voiceless]] [[w:Sibilant|sibilants]]. The following chart breaks down some of the key differences;

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Differences between northern and southern pronunciation
|-
! Letter
! Northern
! Southern
! Court
! Example
! rowspan="5" |
! Letter
! Northern
! Southern
! Court
! Example
|- style="text-align:center;"
! ç
| {{IPA-all|s̻|}}
| {{IPA-all|θ|}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA-all|z̻|}}
| ''çeña'' ('love')
! ł, łł*
| {{IPA-all|ɬ|}}
| {{IPA-all|ɕ|}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA-all|ɮ|}}
| ''łana'' ('flower')
|- style="text-align:center;"
! z
| {{IPA-all|z̻|}}
| {{IPA-all|ð|}}
| ''corezos'' ('counties')
! ł**
| {{IPA-all|ɮ|}}
| {{IPA-all|ʑ|}}
| ''veła'' ('life')
|- style="text-align:center;"
! s, ss*
| {{IPA-all|s̺|}}
| {{IPA-all|s|}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA-all|z̺|}}
| ''suel'' ('sky')
! x
| {{IPA-all|ʃ|}}
| {{IPA-all|h|}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA-all|ʒ|}}
| ''Moxa'' (a name)
|- style="text-align:center;"
! s**
| {{IPA-all|z̺|}}
| {{IPA-all|z|}}
| ''hormesos'' ('salves')
! j
| {{IPA-all|ʒ|}}
| {{IPA-all|ɦ|}}
| ''oveja'' ('talk')
|}
'''Notes:'''
* <nowiki>*</nowiki> the phonemes /s̺/ and /ɬ/ are written with doubled consonants ''ss'' and ''łł'' respectively between vowels.
* <nowiki>**</nowiki> the phonemes /z̺/ and /ɮ/ (written ''s'' and ''ł'') occur only between vowels, or next to a voiced consonant, and in some dialects word initially.

Speakers of northern Tevrés around the traditional homeland of the language, Çien-a-Tevrén, tend to realise all syllable final nasals as [ŋ], (e.g. ''Tevrén'' /tevˈɾen/: Northern {{IPA-all|tevˈɾẽŋ|}}, Southern {{IPA-all|tevˈɾẽn|}}; ''cantir'' /kanˈtiɾ/: Northern {{IPA-all|kãŋˈtiɾ|}}, Southern {{IPA-all|kãnˈtiɾ|}}). This trait is shared with the Hilero-Iscaric languages to the northwest of Çien-a-Tevrén, and may be an aerial feature.

==== Conflation of /l/ and /ɮ/ ====

Some speakers conflate /l/ and /ɮ/ into a single phoneme. The realisation of this phoneme varies, and different conditions provoking different allophones. In Velles this phoneme is realised as [l] word initially and before voiced obstruents, and [ɬ] word finally and before a voiceless obstruent, whilst in Hodén it is [l] word initially, [ɮ] between vowels and before voiced obstruents, and [ɬ] word finally and before a voiceless obstruent, and in Os Selum it is [ɬ] initially, finally, and before a voiceless obstruent, and [l] elsewhere.

==== Initial Sibilants ====

Voicing does not contrast amongst final and initial sibilant consonants in Tevrés. Final sibilants are almost always voiceless, although they are often voiced before other voiced consonants, and in some dialects they are voiced between vowels. Initial sibilants, however, are harder to generalise. There are two trends; either full voicing or full devoicing. This varies dialect to dialect, within dialects from village to village, and even from speaker to speaker. In dialects that have voiced initial sibilants and pronounce /z̻/ as [ð], such as the speech of Vazca, this phoneme is often completely conflated with /d/, appearing as [d] word initially and after nasals; e.g. ''della'' for ''çella'' ('cat').

==Nouns==
===Declension===
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+Class I noun endings
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | temporary
! colspan="2" | cyclical
|-
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | Direct-Genitive
| ''-e''
| ''-os''
| rowspan="3" | ''-a''
| ''-as''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | Accusative-Dative
| ''-o''
| ''-on''
| ''-an''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | Indirect-Ablative
| ''-a''
| ''-os''
| ''-as''
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+Class II noun endings
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | temporary
! colspan="2" | cyclical
|-
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | Direct-Genitive
| ''-Ø, -es, -s''
| ''-os''
| ''-Ø, -es, -s''
| ''-os''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | Accusative-Dative
| rowspan="2" | ''-e''
| ''-en''
| rowspan="2" | ''-e''
| ''-en''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | Indirect-Ablative
| ''-es''
| ''-es''
|}

===Case===

Case in Tevrés is a somewhat complex affair. There are three [[w:Grammatical case|noun cases]]; the direct-genitive, accusative-dative, and the indirect-ablative. These cases can occupy different [[w:Thematic relation|thematic relation]] based on the verb paradigm in use in a given clause, as well as whether or not the argument is a part of a verbs ''core valency''. Core valency is the minimum number of arguments a verb must take. Each case has a core use, defined by the first half of its name, and a non-core use, defined by the second. As stated, core uses deal with the noun's relation to the verb, whilst non-core uses tend to address a noun's relationship with other nouns.

==== Direct-genitive ====
The [[w:direct case|direct]]-[[w:genitive case|genitive]] case ({{interlinear|DIR}}) is used to mark the [[w:Subject (grammar)|subject]] of an [[w:Intransitive verb|intransitive verb]], the [[w:Agent (grammar)|agent]] of a [[w:Transitive verb|transitive verb]], or the donor of a [[w:Ditransitive verb|ditransitive verb]] for 3rd person arguments in the split verb paradigm, and 1st and 2nd person arguments in the nominative verb paradigm. That is, the person or thing that does the action of the verb.

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| uy cueres llavas
| DEF-T.DIR.SG count-DIR.SG laugh-IPFV.3SG.T
|'The count is laughing'}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| ul as pruviós llo gotejo
| DEF-T.DIR.SG wumbo-DIR.SG steal-PFV.3SG.T DEF-T.ACC.SG cap-ACC.SG
|'The wumbo stole the cap'}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| uy vuestre zón priezon llo riel
| DEF-T.DIR.SG elder-DIR.SG give-PFV.3PL pen-ACC.PL DEF-T.ACC.SG child-ACC.SG
|'The elder gave the child some pens'}}

It has another, albeit minor, role in the ergative verb paradigm, where it marks the patient of the verb. Because the ergative paradigm is triggered by a first or second person patient, this role is generally limited to the first and second persons pronouns. Furthermore, as Tevrés is heavily [[w:Pro-drop language|pro-drop]] these arguments are usually dropped. However, they can be reintroduced for emphasis, and when they are, they appear in the direct-genitive.

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| tego oyel lla harina
| 1SG-DIR.EMP see-ERG.1SG DEF-T.IND.SG priest-IND.SG
|'The priest sees me'}}

There are cases where this might be used by nouns other than the first and second person pronouns. The most common would be [[w:Apposition|appositive]] statements defining the first or second person.

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| tego uy res sevol nen ma
| 1SG-DIR DEF-T.DIR.SG king-DIR.SG kill-ERG.SUBJ.1SG 2SG-IND INTERR
| You would kill me, the king?}}

Some argue that this is not a true appositive, rather a genitive appositive as in Japanese or Ancient Greek. One piece of evidence that points to this theory is the fact that these require a personal pronoun, which is usually dropped. However, relative clauses modifying a first or second person patient can undeniably be said to have an patientive meaning, as they must agree with the head.

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| tego ne queñid sevol nen ma
| 1SG-DIR 2SG-ACC love-PFV.PTCP-T.DIR.SG kill-ERG.SUBJ.1SG 2SG-IND INTERR
| You would kill me, who loved you?}}

The direct-genitive may also be used to express relation, ownership, or other connection between two nouns. In these cases, the modified noun (the ''head'') come first, and the modifying noun (the ''dependant'') second; e.g. ''uy-gotejo-uy-vuestre'' (the elder's cap) not ''**uy-vuestre-uy-gotejo''. Often times these phrases are joined by dashes, as shown in the previous example.

Tevrés [[w:Genitive construction|genitive contstuctions]] may optionally distinguish relationships initiated with or without the dependants control over the head by using prepositions. The following table illustrates the ''a''-genitive and the ''eu''-genitive. In action nouns, the ''eu''-genitive dependant corresponds to the head action's subject, and the ''a''-genitive dependant to its object. Using ''eu'' implies that the dependant is active, influential, or formative towards the head, whilst the use of ''a'' implies that the head is active, influential, or formative towards the dependant.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Direct-genitive-modifying prepositions
|-
! Regular
! with ''a'' (to)
! with eu (from)
|-
| ''harena-uy-vuestre'' the elder's letter
| ''harena-'''al'''-vuestre'' a letter to the elder
| ''harena-'''el'''-vuestre'' a letter from the elder
|-
| ''uy-vies-uy-cueres'' the count's law
| ''uy-vies-'''al'''-cueres'' the law which governs the count
| ''uy-vies-'''el'''-cueres'' the law the count creates
|-
| ''lla-rentaga-uy-mader'' the council's ruler
| ''lla-rentaga-'''al'''-mader'' the ruler who controls the council
| ''lla-rentaga-'''el'''-mader'' the ruler the council controls
|-
| ''lla-toladre-uy-res'' the king's army
| ''lla-toladre-'''al'''-res'' the army belonging to the king
| ''lla-toladre-'''el'''-res'' the army sent after the king
|}

==== Accusative-dative ====

The [[w:Accusative case|accusative]]-[[w:Dative case|dative]] case ({{interlinear |ACC}}) has limited use in the nominative and ergative verb paradigms, and is used only to mark the theme, or direct object, of ditransitive verbs. However because of this, it is commonly seen in [[w:Applicative voice|applicative]] clauses. In the nominative paradigm, the old indirect argument is moved to the accusative case, with the new applicative argument taking the indirect case. In the ergative paradigm, the applicative argument is added directly into the accusative case.

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| llo soriejo a-hego zi garinos
| DEF-T.ACC.SG wardrobe-ACC.SG BEN<nowiki>=</nowiki>make-NOM.1SG REFL-DIR friend-IND.PL
|'I am making a wardrobe for my friends'
|c1 = (non applicative ''lla sorieja hego'')}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| tego en-oyel lla harina llo cuerço
| 1SG-DIR.EMP LOC<nowiki>=</nowiki>see-ERG.1SG DEF-T.IND.SG priest-IND.SG DEF-C.ACC.SG market-ACC.SG
|'The priest sees me in the market'
|c1 = (non applicative ''tego oyel lla harina'')}}

The accusative-dative is used much more in the split verb paradigm, where it marks the patient of a transitive verb and both the theme and recipient of ditransitive ones. On top of that, applicative arguments are also added in the accusative-dative case. This may lead to situations where there are as many as three accusative-dative arguments in a clause. In these cases, context is usually sufficient to tell which argument fulfils which role.

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| çi mientron a-jovan harenan
| REFL-DIR sibling-ACC.PL BEN<nowiki>=</nowiki>write-3PL letter-ACC.PL
|'They write letters for their siblings'}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| garinon co-teuden tin
| friend-ACC.SG COM<nowiki>=</nowiki>drink-PFV.3PL tea-ACC.SG
|'They drank tea with friends'}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| tan en-cares juina zi combre
| but LOC<nowiki>=</nowiki>dance-T.3SG Juina-DIR.SG REFL-DIR home-ACC.SG
|'Juina only dances in their own home'}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| avron en-canta llan zellan lla yumas
| fish-ACC.PL LOC<nowiki>=</nowiki>feed-C.3SG DEF-C.ACC.PL cat-ACC.PL DEF-C.ACC.SG garden-ACC.SG
|'They feed the cats fish in the garden'}}

==== Indirect-ablative ====

The [[w:Direct case|indirect]]-[[w:Ablative case|ablative]] case ({{interlinear |IND}}) is used to mark core arguments of a verb exclusively in the nominative and ergative paradigms. It is never used with intransitive verbs, because is appearance depends on the person of the direct-genitive argument. In the nominative paradigm, it marks the patient of a transitive verb and the recipient of a ditransitive verb. In the ergative paradigm, it marks the agent and the donor. Additionally the indirect-ablative case is used for applicative arguments in the nominative paradigm, with the old indirect-ablative argument moving into the accusative-dative case.

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| maeja caño
| breakfast-IND.SG eat-NOM.1SG
|'I will eat breakfast'
}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| lla cossa cañiólam tantos
| DEF-T.IND.SG bear-IND.SG eat-ERG.1PL all-T.DIR.PL
|'The bear ate all of us'
}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| ti muzrinon cantió cossa
| 1SG-DIR enemy-ACC.PL feed-NOM.PST.1SG bear-IND.SG
| 'I fed my enemies to a bear'
}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| cosso cantiólam muzrina
| bear-ACC.SG feed-ERG.PST.1PL enemy-IND.SG
| 'Our enemy fed us a bear'
}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| llon muzrinon a-cantió cosso ti ayestra
| DEF-T.ACC.PL enemy-ACC.PL BEN<nowiki>=</nowiki>feed-NOM.PST.1SG bear-ACC.SG 1SG-DIR master-IND.SG
| 'I fed the enemies to a bear for my master'
}}

===Articles===
==== Definite article ====
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+Definite article
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | temporary
! colspan="2" | cyclical
|-
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | Direct-Genitive
| ''ul/uy''
| ''llos''
| rowspan="3" | ''lla''
| ''llas''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | Dative-Accusative
| ''llo''
| ''llon''
| ''llan''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | Ergative-Ablative
| ''lla''
| ''llos''
| ''llas''
|}
==== Indefinite article ====
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+Indefinite article
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | temporary
! colspan="2" | cyclical
|-
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | Direct-Genitive
| ''as''
| ''aros''
| rowspan="3" | ''ara''
| ''aras''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | Dative-Accusative
| rowspan="2" | ''ar''
| ''aren''
| ''aran''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | Ergative-Ablative
| ''ares''
| ''aras''
|}
In addition to the definite article, Tevrés also boasts an indefinite article. The Tevrés indefinite article carries a stronger meaning that English ''a/an'', and may better be translated as 'some' or 'someones.' The Tevrés equivalent of ''a/an'' is usually simply the bare noun, e.g. '''''lla zella''''' ('the cat') vs. '''''zella''''' ('a cat') vs. '''''ara zella''''' ('some cat'). The indefinite article can also be used to convey the meaning 'someone's' or 'someone else's,' or to talk about things that are general, or public.
:{{interlinear|box=yes
| miré zi zierve ara zear en-hordir
| NEG<nowiki>=</nowiki>do-IMP REFL-DIR body-ACC.SG INDEF-C.IND.SG affairs-IND.SG LOC<nowiki>=</nowiki>put-INF
| 'Don't stick yourself in other peoples' affairs.'}}

:{{interlinear|box=yes
| res co-quera ze pariña en aran oejan
| king-DIR.SG COM<nowiki>=</nowiki>bear-C.3SG REFL-ACC properly in INDEF-C.ACC.PL eye-ACC.PL
| 'A king should bear themselves properly in the eyes of the people.'}}
In older texts, or texts stylistically drawing from an older register, the oblique stem ''art-'' may be found instead of ''ar-''. This is because the Tevrés indefinite article is derived from Aeranir ''ars, artis'' ('person'). However, its root was reformed by analogy to other words ending in ''-as'' in the direct-genitive case.

==Pronouns==
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+Tevrés Personal Pronouns
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | 1st person
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | 2nd person
! colspan="4" | 3nd person
|-
! colspan="2" | temporary
! colspan="2" | cyclical
|-
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" | Nominative- Genitive
! emphatic
| ''tego''
| ''yego''
| ''nego''
| ''rego''
| rowspan="2" | ''ul/uy''
| rowspan="2" | ''ulos''
| rowspan="4" | ''ula''
| rowspan="2" | ''ulas''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! plain
| ''ti''
| ''yos''
| ''ni''
| ''ros''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Dative-Accusative
| ''te''
| ''yon''
| ''ne''
| ''ruen''
| ''ulo''
| ''ulon''
| ''ulan''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Ergative-Ablative
| ''ten''
| ''yos''
| ''nen''
| ''ros''
| ''ula''
| ''ulos''
| ''ulas''
|}

==Verbs==
===Morphosyntactic alignment===

Tevrés uses a system of [[w:Morphological alignment|morphological alignment]] which is reminiscent of aspects of [[w:Split ergative|split ergativity]], [[w:Direct-inverse language|direct-inverse languages]], [[w:Austronesian alignment|austronesian alignment]], and [https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/aarsyy/the_total_cacophony_of_b%C3%A4ladiri_verb_agreement/ bäladiri alignment]. This system is common amongst southern Aeranid languages such as [[S'entigneis]], Morraolà, and to an extent Ilesse, and is thus referred to as ''Southern Aeranid Alignment'' (SAA). This is characterised by different verbal paradigms triggered by first and second person arguments which affect the way Tevrés cases align with thematic roles, and how the verb agrees with its arguments.

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+ Verb paradigms and alignment
|+ align="left" style="caption-side: bottom" | {{small|The chart below further details how arguments align in each paradigm. ''S'' represents the morphosyntactic [[w:Subject (grammar)|subject]], ''A'' the [[w:Agent (grammar)|agent]], ''P'' the [[w:Patient (grammar)|patient]], ''D'' the [[w:Thematic relation|donor]], ''T'' the [[w:Thematic relation|theme]], and ''R'' the [[w:Thematic relation|recipient]].}}
|-
! Verb paradigm:
! colspan="6" | 1 nominative
! colspan="6" | 2 ergative
! colspan="6" | 3 split
|-
! Valency:
! ''in.''
! colspan="2" | ''tr.''
! colspan="3" | ''di.''
! ''in.''
! colspan="2" | ''tr.''
! colspan="3" | ''di.''
! ''in.''
! colspan="2" | ''tr.''
! colspan="3" | ''di.''
|-
! Noun argument:
! S
! A
! P
! D
! T
! R
! S
! A
! P
! D
! T
! R
! S
! A
! P
! D
! T
! R
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Noun case:
| colspan="2" | <big>{{interlinear|DIR}}</big>
| <big>{{interlinear|IND}}</big>
| <big>{{interlinear|DIR}}</big>
| <big>{{interlinear|ACC}}</big>
| <big>{{interlinear|IND}}</big>
| N/A
| <big>{{interlinear|IND}}</big>
| <big>{{interlinear|DIR}}</big>
| <big>{{interlinear|IND}}</big>
| <big>{{interlinear|ACC}}</big>
| colspan="3" | <big>{{interlinear|DIR}}</big>
| <big>{{interlinear|ACC}}</big>
| <big>{{interlinear|DIR}}</big>
| colspan="2" | <big>{{interlinear|ACC}}</big>
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Verb agreement:
| ✔︎
| ✔︎
| ✖︎
| ✔︎
| ✖︎
| ✖︎
| N/A
| ✖︎
| ✔︎
| ✖︎
| ✖︎
| ✔︎
| ✔︎
| ✖︎
| ✔︎
| ✖︎
| ✖︎
| ✔︎
|}

Transitive verbs show three different modes of [[w:Morphosyntactic alignment|morphosyntactic alignment]], here called paradigms, depending on the arguments present. When the agent of a transitive verb or the donor of a ditransitive verb is the first or second person, the verb uses [[w:Nominative–accusative_language|nominative agreement]]. The verb agrees with the subject in person and number, the patient or recipient are in the indirect-ablative case, and the theme is in the accusative dative. Because the subject is marked on the verb and is always the first or second person, the pronoun itself is usually dropped. However, it can be added for emphasis.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| tevressa ovejo
| Tevrés-IND.SG speak-NOM.1SG
| 'I speak Tevrés'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| tego jovó lla salva
| 1SG-DIR.EMP write-PST.NOM.1SG DEF-C.IND.SG book-IND.SG
| <nowiki>'</nowiki>''I'' wrote the book!'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| łanan zaste llos rieles ma
| flower-ACC.PL give-NOM.2SG DEF-T.IND.PL child-IND.PL INTERR
| 'Will you give the children flowers?'}}

When the patient or recipient is the first or second person, the verb displays [[w:Ergative-absolutive language|ergative agreement]]. Here, the agent or donor is in the indirect-ablative case, and the verb agrees with the person and number of the patient or recipient. The theme is still accusative-dative, but the recipient (first or second person) is in the direct-genitive. Just as above, first and second person pronouns are unnecessary and are dropped.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| garina querel
| friend-IND.SG help-ERG.1SG
| 'A friend is helping me'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ijana hemiol gotejo suevo
| Ijan-IND.SG send-ERG.PST.1SG cap-ACC.SG new-T.ACC.SG
| 'Ijan sent me a new cap'}}

If neither argument for a verb is the second or first person, then Tevrés shows a type of [[w:Split ergativity|split-ergativity]], where the agent/donor of the verb is in the direct-genitive case and the patient/recipient in the dative-accusative, whilst the verb agrees with the most oblique argument (patient or recipient).

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| castil travas llo morrajote
| Castil-DIR.SG walk-3SG DEF-T.ACC.SG castle-ACC.SG
| 'Castil is walking (around) the castle'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ul as zava avro lla zella
| DEF-T.DIR.SG wumbo-DIR.SG give-PST.3SG.C fish-ACC.SG DEF-C.ACC.SG cat-ACC.SG
| 'The man gave the cat a fish'}}

It should be noted that the first person is higher in the hierarchy than the second person, so if the first person and second person are both present, the verb will agree with the first person.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| nen ziso
| 2SG.PRO-IND know-NOM.1SG
| 'I know you'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| nen oyólam ma
| 2SG.PRO-IND see-ERG.1SG INTERR
| 'Did you see us?'}}

Due to the fact that a first or second person argument must 1.) be in the direct-genitive case and 2.) take verbal agreement, these arguments cannot normally appear as the theme of a ditransitive verb, because this argument always appears in the accusative-dative case, and never takes verbal agreement. To remedy this, the original recipient of the verb is ejected from the verb's core valency by rephrasing it with an adjunct clause, and the first or second person argument is elevated to the direct-genitive argument.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| **pueva vadiós te llo-pristino-a-damata
| father-DIR.SG send-T.3SG 1SG.PRO-ACC DEF-T.ACC.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>prince-ACC.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>to<nowiki>=</nowiki>Damata-DIR.SG
| **'My father sent me to the prince of Damata'
| c1 = (''grammatically incorrect'')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| pueva vadiol a'lo pristino-a-damata
| father-IND.SG send-ERG.1SG to<nowiki>=</nowiki>DEF-T.ACC.SG prince-ACC.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>to<nowiki>=</nowiki>Damata-DIR.SG
| 'My father sent me to the prince of Damata'
| c1 = (''correct version'')}}

Due to the nature of this system, a small change to the verb (and by extension to the cases of certain arguments) can completely change the meaning of a sentence.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| vejarten serquió zi garina
| story-ACC.PL tell-NOM.1SG REFL-DIR friend-IND
| 'I told my friend stories'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| vejarten serquiol zi garina
| story-ACC.PL tell-ERG.1SG REFL-DIR friend-IND
| 'My friend told me stories'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| vejarten serquiós zi garino
| story-ACC.PL tell-T.3SG REFL-DIR friend-ACC
| 'They told their friend stories'}}

=== Conjugation ===

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+ Conjugation classes
|-
! Class
! Theme vowel
! Example
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3" | Strong
| style="text-align:center;" | ''a''
| '''''jovar''''' (to write)
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | ''i''
| '''''apiçir''''' (to appear)
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | ''e''
| '''''corer''''' (to annoy)
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Weak
| style="text-align:center;" | Ø
| '''''tiedre''''' (to drink)
|}

There are four conjugation classes in Tevrés, characterised by the vowel (or lack there of) used to form the infinitive. There are three strong conjugation classes, and one weak class. The weak class conjugates identically to the strong e-class in the non-past tense, and may either conjugate identically to the e-class in the past as well, or take irregular conjugation endings, in conjuncture with stem mutation.
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Transitive verb endings
|-
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="6" | Singular
! colspan="5" | Plural
|-
! colspan="2" | nominative
! colspan="2" | ergative
! colspan="2" | split
! colspan="2" | nominative
! colspan="2" | ergative
! colspan="1" | split
|-
! 1st
! 2nd
! 1st
! 2nd
! 3rd t.
! 3rd c.
! 1st
! 2nd
! 1st
! 2nd
! 3rd
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Non-past
| ''-o'' ''-o'' ''-o''
| ''-ás'' ''-ís'' ''-és''
| ''-al'' ''-el'' ''-el''
| ''-alas'' ''-elas'' ''-elas''
| ''-as'' ''-es'' ''-es''
| ''-a'' ''-a'' ''-a''
| ''-am'' ''-im'' ''-em''
| ''-ad'' ''-id'' ''-ed''
| ''-álam'' ''-élam'' ''-élam''
| ''-álad'' ''-élad'' ''-élad''
| ''-an'' ''-en'' ''-en''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Past regular
| ''-ó'' ''-ió'' ''-ió''
| ''-ós'' ''-iós'' ''-iós''
| ''-ol'' ''-iol'' ''-iol''
| ''-olas'' ''-iolas'' ''-iolas''
| ''-ós'' ''-iós'' ''-iós''
| ''-á'' ''-iá'' ''-iá''
| ''-om'' ''-iom'' ''-iom''
| ''-od'' ''-iod'' ''-iod''
| ''-ólam'' ''-iólam'' ''-iólam''
| ''-ólad'' ''-iólad'' ''-iólad''
| ''-ón'' ''-ión'' ''-ión''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Past irregular
| ''-o''
| ''-és''
| ''-el''
| ''-elas''
| ''-es''
| ''-a''
| ''-em''
| ''-ed''
| ''-élam''
| ''-élad''
| ''-en''
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Intransitive verb endings
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="5" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
|-
! 1st
! 2nd
! 3rd t.
! 3rd c.
! 1st
! 2nd
! 3rd
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Non-past
| ''-o'' ''-o'' ''-o''
| ''-ás'' ''-ís'' ''-és''
| ''-as'' ''-es'' ''-es''
| ''-a'' ''-a'' ''-a''
| ''-amos'' ''-imos'' ''-emos''
| ''-áis'' ''-ís'' ''-éis''
| ''-an'' ''-en'' ''-en''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Past regular
| ''-ó'' ''-ió'' ''-ió''
| ''-ós'' ''-iós'' ''-iós''
| ''-ós'' ''-iós'' ''-iós''
| ''-á'' ''-iá'' ''-iá''
| ''-om'' ''-iom'' ''-iom''
| ''-od'' ''-iod'' ''-iod''
| ''-ón'' ''-ión'' ''-ión''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Past irregular
| ''-o''
| ''-és''
| ''-es''
| ''-a''
| ''-em''
| ''-ed''
| ''-en''
|}

=== Applicative voices ===

Tevrés, like the other southern Aeranid languages, prefers to express its noun phrases as part of a verb's core arguments, rather than through [[w:Adjunct (grammar)|adjuncts]] or [[w:Adpositional phrase#Prepositional phrases|prepositional phrases]]. Tevrés is able to incorporate these phrases into a verb's core through [[w:Applicative voice|applicative voices]], which increases a verb's [[w:Valency (linguistics)|valency]] to include a new core [[w:Object (grammar)|object]] argument. There are five main applicative voices, each formed with a simple verbal prefix.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name !! Prefix !! Usage !! Example
|-
| [[w:Benefactive case|Benefactive]] ({{interlinear|BEN}})
| style="text-align:center;" | ''a-''
| Expresses that the referent of the noun receives the benefit of the situation expressed by the clause, used where [[w:English language|English]] would use 'for,' 'for the benefit of,' or 'intended for.'
| ''çi garinos a-llavó'' 'I laughed for the sake of my friends' (i.e. to reassure or comfort them)
|-
| [[w:Comitative case|Comitative]] ({{interlinear|COM}})
| style="text-align:center;" | ''co-''
| Denotes a relationship of 'accompanyment' between two participants in an event, expressed in English with the preposition 'with,' in the sense of 'in company with' (but not 'with' meaning 'using' or 'by means of').
| ''çi garinos co-llavó'' 'I laughed with my friends'
|-
| [[w:Locative case|Locative]] ({{interlinear|LOC}})
| style="text-align:center;" | ''en-''
| Indicates a location, corresponding vaguely to the English prepositions 'in', 'on', 'at', and 'by'.
| ''çi garinon en-ango lla sarvaja'' 'I'm meeting my friends at the library'
|-
| [[w:Instrumental case|Instrumental]] ({{interlinear|INSTR}})
| style="text-align:center;" | ''eu/el-''
| Used to indicate that a noun is the instrument or means by or with which the subject achieves or accomplishes an action. The noun may be either a physical object or an abstract concept.
| ''prieza eu-jovo'' 'I write (it) with a pen'
|-
| [[w:Malefactive case|Malefactive]] ({{interlinear|MAL}})
| style="text-align:center;" | ''y/e-''
| Pertaining to the linguistic form or case or the semantic role of the person who is harmed or who loses out by an action. The opposite of the benefactive applicative.
| ''çi garinos y-llavó'' 'I laughed at my friends' (i.e. ridiculed them)
|}

There is a sixth applicative voice, the ''os''-genitive ({{interlinear|GEN}}). However, this applicative is limited only to [[w:Relative clause|relative clauses]], to signify that head fulfils a [[w:Genitive case|gentive]] role within the subordinate clause. When the subordinate clause has more than one argument aside from the referent, the ''os''-prefix is applied to the noun the referent is dependant to.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ul as çella ti-os-cantid
| DEF-T.DIR.SG wumbo-DIR.SG cat-IND.SG 1SG-DIR<nowiki>=</nowiki>GEN<nowiki>=</nowiki>feed-PST.PTCP-T.DIR.SG
| 'the wumbo whose cat I fed'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| uy paño os-res llo cuerte seud
| DEF-T.DIR.SG guard-DIR.SG GEN<nowiki>=</nowiki>king-DIR.SG DEF-T.ACC.SG count-ACC.SG kill-PST.PTCP-T.DIR.SG
| 'the guard whose king killed the count'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| uy paño uy res os-cuerte seud
| DEF-T.DIR.SG guard-DIR.SG DEF-T.DIR.SG king-DIR.SG GEN<nowiki>=</nowiki>count-ACC.SG kill-PST.PTCP-T.DIR.SG
| 'the guard whose count the king killed'}}

Whilst applicatives are preferred to adjuncts, Tevrés explicitly disallows multiple applicatives, that is, multiple applicative prefixes attached to a single verb. Thus, **''çi garinon co-en-llavó lla sarvaja'' is ungrammatical. In cases where two or more object arguments must be added to a clause, one argument is expressed through a normal applicative voice, and the others will be introduced in adjuncts; usually prepositional phrases. Which argument takes the applicative voice is determined by a straightforward hierarchy chain. The highest argument on the chain takes the applicative, while the others adjuncts.

: benefactive > comitative > locative > instrumental > malefactive > genitive

Adjunct arguments are ignored as part of the nominal and verbal alignment paradigms. Therefor, verbs core arguments in these cases decline exactly as they would without the adjunct. The case that the adjunct is in is governed by the preposition introducing the phrase.

{{interlinear | box=yes
| çi garinos co-llavó en llo sarvajo
| REFL-GEN friend-IND.PL COM<nowiki>=</nowiki>laugh-PST.NOM.1SG LOC DEF-T.ACC.SG library-ACC.SG
| 'I laughed with my friends in the library' }}

{{interlinear | box=yes
| lla salva Moxa çi mientra y llo-sarvajo-el-cueres a-pruvida
| DEF-C.DIR.SG book-DIR.SG Moxa-DIR.SG REFL-DIR sibling-IND.SG MAL DEF-T.ACC.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>library-ACC.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>ABL-DEF.T.DIR.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>count-DIR.SG BEN<nowiki>=</nowiki>steal-PST.PTCP-C.DIR.SG
| 'The book Moxa stole from the count's library for his sibling' }}

== Numbers ==
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Aeranir numbers
|-
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
|-
! 1
| ''im''
| ''priste''
| ''tiempre''
! 11
| ''eñintos''
| ''eñís''
| ''eñinte''
! 21
| ''callos im''
| ''calde priste''
| ''cal tiempre''
! 120
| ''ñoçallos''
| ''ñoçalde''
| ''ñoçal''
|-
! 2
| ''ser''
| ''mezún''
| ''vires''
! 12
| ''verzintos''
| ''verzís''
| ''verzinte''
! 22
| ''callos ser''
| ''caldo mezún''
| ''cal vires''
! 140
| ''ñallos''
| ''ñalde''
| ''ñal''
|-
! 3
| ''moros''
| ''muerte''
| ''mores''
! 13
| ''preintos''
| ''proís''
| ''preinte''
! 30
| ''callos queinços''
| ''calde quies''
| ''cal quein''
! 160
| ''ñancullos''
| ''ñancuzde''
| ''ñancul''
|-
! 4
| ''cuałos''
| ''cual''
| ''cuaçes''
! 14
| ''cuałentos''
| ''cuałés''
| ''cuałente''
! 40
| ''vercullos''
| ''vercuzde''
| ''vercul''
! 180
| ''ñałcullos''
| ''ñałcuzde''
| ''ñałcul''
|-
! 5
| ''quicos''
| ''quite''
| ''quigue''
! 15
| ''queintos''
| ''queís''
| ''queinte''
! 50
| ''vercullos queinços''
| ''vercuzde quies''
| ''vercul quein''
! 200
| ''tamiłłos''
| ''tamite''
| ''tamiçes''
|-
! 6
| ''ñoços''
| ''ñoçum''
| ''ñoz''
! 16
| ''ñoçentos''
| ''ñoçés''
| ''ñoçente''
! 60
| ''prollos''
| ''prolde''
| ''prol''
! 220
| ''tamiłłos callos''
| ''tamite calde''
| ''tamiçes cal''
|-
! 7
| ''ñayos''
| ''ñante''
| ''ñain''
! 17
| ''ñentos''
| ''ñaís''
| ''ñente''
! 70
| ''prollos queinços''
| ''prolde quies''
| ''prol quein''
! 240
| ''tamiłłos vercullos''
| ''tamite vercuzde''
| ''tamiçes vercul''
|-
! 8
| ''ñangos''
| ''ñaguiem''
| ''ñangue''
! 18
| ''sescullos''
| ''sescuzde''
| ''sescul''
! 80
| ''cuałallos''
| ''cuałalde''
| ''cuałal''
! 260
| ''tamiłłos prollos''
| ''tamite prolde''
| ''tamiçes prol''
|-
! 9
| ''ñałiços''
| ''ñałizte''
| ''ñałiz''
! 19
| ''imallos''
| ''imalde''
| ''imal''
! 90
| ''cuałallos queinços''
| ''cuałalde quies''
| ''cuałal quein''
! 280
| ''tamiłłos cuałallos''
| ''tamite cuałalde''
| ''tamiçes cuałal''
|-
! 10
| ''queinços''
| ''quies''
| ''quein''
! 20
| ''callos''
| ''calde''
| ''cal''
! 100
| ''quecullos''
| ''quecuzde''
| ''quecul''
! 400
| ''miłłos''
| ''mite''
| ''miçes''
|}

==Writing System==
=== Romanisation ===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | [[w:Consonants|Consonants]]
|-
! Letter
! Context
! [[w:Help:IPA|IPA]]
! English approximation
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | '''b''' or '''v'''
| word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨m⟩ or ⟨n⟩
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| practically the same as the typical English ⟨b⟩, except that it is fully [[w:Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]; e.g. ''a'''b'''out''
|-
| elsewhere (i.e. after a vowel, even across a word boundary, or after any consonant other than ⟨m⟩ or ⟨n⟩)
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as the typical English ⟨v⟩; ''be'''v'''y''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | '''c'''
| before another consonant
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| a sound between a light English ⟨g⟩ and the typical English ⟨h⟩ (between '''''g'''old'' and ''a'''h'''old''), same as Dutch ⟨g⟩; '''''g'''abber''
|-
| elsewhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as certain instances of English ⟨k⟩ or ⟨c⟩; e.g. ''s'''k'''ull'', ''s'''c'''an'', or ''pi'''ck'''ing'' (unaspirated, i.e. without the puff of air that accompanies English /k/ at the beginning of a word, e.g. in '''''c'''an'')
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ç'''
| everywhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative#Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s̻]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (northern Tevrén) or <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless dental fricative|θ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (southern Tevrén)
| between ''me'''ss''''' and ''me'''th''''' (like the typical English ⟨s⟩, but with the blade of the tongue against the back of the teeth) in northern Tevrén, or same as the English [[w:Voice (phonetics)|voiceless]] ⟨th⟩ (as in '''''th'''ing'') in southern Tevrén
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ch'''
| everywhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|tʃ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as the typical English ⟨ch⟩; '''''ch'''ur'''ch'''''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | '''d'''
| word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨l⟩ or ⟨n⟩
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced dental stop|d]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| practically the same as the typical English ⟨d⟩, except that it is fully [[w:Voice (phonetics)|voiced]] and the tip of the tongue touches the [[w:Denti-alveolar consonant|upper teeth]]; e.g. ''a'''d'''ore''
|-
| elsewhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced dental fricative|ð]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as the typical English [[w:Voice (phonetics)|voiced]] ⟨th⟩; e.g. '''''th'''is''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''f'''
| everywhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless labiodental ficative|f]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as the typical English ⟨f⟩; e.g. '''''f'''ace''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3" | '''g'''
| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced postalveolar fricative|ʒ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (nothern Tevrén) or <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced glottal fricative|ɦ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (southern Tevrén)
| same as English ⟨s⟩ in words like ''mea'''s'''ure'' or ''fu'''s'''ion'', same as French ⟨j⟩ (e.g. '''''j'''oie'') in northern Tevrén, or like [[w:Received Pronunciation|Received Pronunciation]] ⟨h⟩ in words like ''be'''h'''ind'', same as Dutch ⟨h⟩ (e.g. '''''h'''agelslag'') in southern Tevrén
|-
| not before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced velar stop|g]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| practically the same as the typical English ⟨g⟩ sound, except that it is fully [[w:Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]; e.g. ''a'''g'''o''
|-
| not before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| a sound between a light English ⟨g⟩ and the typical English ⟨h⟩ (between '''''g'''old'' and ''a'''h'''old''), same as Dutch ⟨g⟩; '''''g'''abber''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="4" | '''gu'''
| before ⟨a⟩ or ⟨o⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>gw<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| a sound like the ⟨gu⟩ in English ''pen'''gu'''in''
|-
| before ⟨a⟩ or ⟨o⟩, and not in the above contexts
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>ɣw<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| similar to the typical English ⟨w⟩, but preceded by a soft guttural sound
|-
| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced velar stop|g]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| practically the same as the typical English ⟨g⟩ sound, except that it is fully [[w:Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]; e.g. ''a'''g'''o''
|-
| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| a sound between a light English ⟨g⟩ and the typical English ⟨h⟩ (between '''''g'''old'' and ''a'''h'''old''), same as Dutch ⟨g⟩; '''''g'''abber''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''h'''
| everywhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big>(''silent'')</big>
| silent (like the English ⟨h⟩ in English '''''h'''onor'' or '''''h'''our'')
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | '''j'''
| word final
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (nothern Tevrén) or <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (southern Tevrén)
| same as typical English ⟨sh⟩ (e.g. '''''sh'''u'''sh''''') in northern Tevrén, or like typical English ⟨h⟩ (e.g. '''''h'''appy'') in southern Tevrén
|-
| elsewhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced postalveolar fricative|ʒ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (nothern Tevrén) or <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced glottal fricative|ɦ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (southern Tevrén)
| same as English ⟨s⟩ in words like ''mea'''s'''ure'' or ''fu'''s'''ion'', same as French ⟨j⟩ (e.g. '''''j'''oie'') in northern Tevrén, or like [[w:Received Pronunciation|Received Pronunciation]] ⟨h⟩ in words like ''be'''h'''ind'', same as Dutch ⟨h⟩ (e.g. '''''h'''agelslag'') in southern Tevrén
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''l'''
| everywhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants|l]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as the typical English ⟨l⟩ (especially like the clear ⟨l⟩ of British English, rather than the dark ⟨l⟩ of American English);e.g. '''''l'''u'''ll'''''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ll'''
| everywhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w: Voiced palatal lateral approximant|ʎ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| similar to the ⟨lli⟩ in English ''mi'''lli'''on''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | '''ł'''
| before a voiced consonant or between vowels
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced dental and alveolar lateral fricatives|ɮ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (nothern Tevrén) or <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative|ʑ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (southern Tevrén)
| a sound between French ⟨j⟩ and the typical English ⟨l⟩ (between '''''j'''oue'' and '''''l'''ieu'') in northern Tevrén, or like [[w:Kagoshima dialect|Kagoshima]] Japanese ⟨じ⟩ in southern Tevrén
|-
| elsewhere
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless dental and alveolar lateral fricatives|ɬ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (nothern Tevrén) or <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative|ɕ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (southern Tevrén)
| rowspan="2" | a sound between English ⟨h⟩ and the typical English ⟨l⟩ (between '''''h'''appy'' and '''''l'''ieu''), same as Welsh ⟨ll⟩ (e.g. ''Ebri'''ll''''') in northern Tevrén, or like typical Japanese ⟨し⟩ in southern Tevrén
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''łł'''
| only occurs between vowels
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''m'''
| everywhere
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| rowspan="2" | same as the typical English ⟨m⟩; '''''m'''ada'''m'''''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="5" | '''n'''
| before ⟨v⟩
|-
| before ⟨f⟩
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced labiodental nasal|ɱ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> 
| same as the English ⟨m⟩ in ''sy'''m'''phony''
|-
| before ⟨y⟩
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced palatal nasal|ɲ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> 
| similar to the English ⟨ny⟩ in ''ca'''ny'''on'', same as Spanish ⟨ñ⟩; ''ni'''ñ'''o''
|-
| before ⟨c⟩ or ⟨g⟩
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> 
| same as the English ⟨ng⟩ in ''si'''ng'''''
|-
| elsewhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as the typical English ⟨n⟩; e.g. '''''n'''u'''n'''''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ñ'''
| everywhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced palatal nasal|ɲ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| similar to the English ⟨ny⟩ in ''ca'''ny'''on'', same as Spanish ⟨ñ⟩; ''ni'''ñ'''o''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | '''p'''
| in the consonant cluster ⟨pt⟩
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as the typical English ⟨v⟩; ''be'''v'''y''
|-
| elsewhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as certain instances of English ⟨p⟩; e.g. ''s'''p'''an'' or ''ty'''p'''ing'' (unaspirated, i.e. without the puff of air that accompanies English /p/ at the beginning of a word, e.g. in '''''p'''an'')
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''qu'''
| only occurs before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as certain instances of English ⟨k⟩ or ⟨c⟩; e.g. ''s'''k'''ull'', ''s'''c'''an'', or ''pi'''ck'''ing'' (unaspirated, i.e. without the puff of air that accompanies English /k/ at the beginning of a word, e.g. in '''''c'''an'')
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | '''r'''
| word-initial, morpheme-initial, or after ⟨l⟩, ⟨n⟩, or ⟨s⟩, or syllable-final (especially before ⟨l⟩, ⟨m⟩, ⟨n⟩, or ⟨s⟩) and word-final positions (before pause or consonant-initial words only)
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| trilled or rolled ⟨r⟩
|-
| elsewhere (sometimes word-initial (after a pause or consonant-ending words only), morpheme-initial (when preceded by prefixes ending in consonants), or after ⟨l⟩, ⟨n⟩, or ⟨s⟩, or syllable-final positions, and word-final positions before vowel-initial words only)
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced alveolar tap|ɾ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| flapped ⟨r⟩; e.g. the same sound as the ⟨dd⟩ of ''la'''dd'''er'' or ⟨tt⟩ of ''la'''tt'''er'' in [[w:American English|American English]], same as Spanish ⟨r⟩ between vowels, as in ''ca'''r'''o''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''rr'''
| only occurs between vowels
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| trilled or rolled ⟨r⟩
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | '''s'''
| before a voiced consonant or between vowels
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced alveolar fricative#Voiced apico-alveolar sibilant|z̺]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (nothern Tevrén) or <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced alveolar fricative|z]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (southern Tevrén)
| a sound between French ⟨j⟩ and the typical English ⟨z⟩ (between '''''j'''oue'' and '''''z'''oo'') in northern Tevrén, or the same as the typical English ⟨z⟩ (e.g. ''ja'''zz''''') in southern Tevrén
|-
| elsewhere
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative#Voiced apico-alveolar sibilant|s̺]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (nothern Tevrén) or <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (southern Tevrén)
| rowspan="2" | a sound between English ⟨sh⟩ and the typical English ⟨s⟩ (between '''''sh'''u'''sh''''' and '''''s'''a'''ss''''') in northern Tevrén, or the same as the typical English ⟨s⟩ (e.g. '''''s'''a'''ss''''') in southern Tevrén
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ss'''
| only occurs between vowels
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | '''t'''
| before voiced consonants
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced dental fricative|ð]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as the typical English [[w:Voice (phonetics)|voiced]] ⟨th⟩; e.g. '''''th'''is''
|-
| elsewhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless dental stop|t]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as certain instances of English ⟨t⟩; e.g. ''s'''t'''and'' (unaspirated, i.e. without the puff of air that accompanies English /t/ at the beginning of a word, e.g. in '''''t'''an''). Also, the tip of the tongue touches the upper teeth, rather than the alveolar ridge
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''x'''
| everywhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (nothern Tevrén) or <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (southern Tevrén)
| same as typical English ⟨sh⟩ (e.g. '''''sh'''u'''sh''''') in northern Tevrén, or like typical English ⟨h⟩ (e.g. '''''h'''appy'') in southern Tevrén
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3" | '''y'''
| word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨l⟩ or ⟨n⟩
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced palatal stop|ɟ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| Between English '''''d'''ew'' (RP) and ''ar'''g'''ue''
|-
| as a semivowel (almost always in a [[w:Diphthong|diphthong]])
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced palatal approximate|j]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as the typical English ⟨y⟩ (but joined in a single syllable with another vowel sound); ''a'''y'''e'', ''bo'''y'''''
|-
| elsewhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced palatal fricative|ʝ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| similar to the typical English ⟨y⟩, or ⟨j⟩ but softer; e.g. similar to '''''y'''es'' or '''''J'''ess''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | '''z'''
| word final
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative#Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s̻]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (northern Tevrén) or <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless dental fricative|θ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (southern Tevrén)
| between ''me'''ss''''' and ''me'''th''''' (like the typical English ⟨s⟩, but with the blade of the tongue against the back of the teeth) in northern Tevrén, or same as the English [[w:Voice (phonetics)|voiceless]] ⟨th⟩ (as in '''''th'''ing'') in southern Tevrén
|-
| elsewhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced alveolar fricative#Voiced alveolar sibilant|z̻]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (northern Tevrén) or <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced dental fricative|ð]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (southern Tevrén)
| between ''rai'''s'''e'' and ''ba'''th'''e'' (like the typical English ⟨z⟩, but with the blade of the tongue against the back of the teeth) in northern Tevrén, or same as the English [[w:Voice (phonetics)|voiced]] ⟨th⟩ (as in '''''th'''at'') in southern Tevrén
|}

==Lexicon==
''[[:Category:Tevrés words|Tevrés Lexicon]]''.

[[Category:Tevrés]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Tevrés

2020-08-20T10:00:24Z

Gaffney.flancer: /* Indefinite article */

{{construction}}
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right;" width="35%"
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#E25822; font-size:2em;" | '''''Tevrés''''' '''''hilerán • lla iveta tevressa'''''
|-
| '''Spoken in:''' || [[History of Avrid#Tevrén|Tevrén]]
|-
| '''Conworld:''' || [[History of Avrid|Avrid]]
|-
| '''Total Speakers:''' || ~ 12,000,000 (83 CA)
|-
| '''Genealogical classification:'''
| [[Proto-Maro-Ephenian]]    - [[Aeranir]]       '''''- Tevrés'''''
|-
| '''Basic word order:''' || [[w:V2 word order|V2]]
|-
| '''Morphological Type:''' || Fusional
|-
| '''Morphosyntactic Alignment:''' || Southern Aeranid Alignment
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#E25822; font-size:18px;" | '''Created by:'''
|-
| Gaffney McCoy Flancer || Began: January 2020 Status: In Progress
|-
|}

'''Tevrés''' (/tevˈɾes̺/), also known as '''Hilerán''' (/ileˈɾãn/), or the '''Tevren Language''' (''lla iveta tevressa'') is an ''a priori'' artistic [[w:Constructed language|constructed language]] created for the home-brew [[w:Dungeons and Dragons|Dungeons and Dragons]] campaign setting [[History of Avrid|Avrid]]. It serves as a ''lingua franca'' throughout the Kingdom of Tevrén, and is a southern Aeranid language derived from the prestige dialect of Çien-a-Tevrén, a region in northwest Hileria. It is used by the self identified Aerans of Hileria and subjects of the Crown of Tevrén, and came into use after the Hilerian War of Reclamation against the [[History of Avrid#Fasser|Fasser Empire]]. It brings together several Hilero-Aeranid dialects, as well as some varieties considered languages in their own right, such as Ertrañán.

Tevrés is a member of the Hilero-Aeranid group of languages, which evolved from several dialects of Late Aeranir spoken in Hileria after the fall of the Aeranid Empire in the 12th century BCA. Tevrés began to blossom as a literary language in the 6th and 7th centuries BCA, mainly from southern port cities under Fasser control, such as Cotive and Ludd-as-Fasri'in. Modern Tevrés is most heavily influenced by these southern dialects and the dialects spoken around Çien-a-Tevrén to the north, especially after these two regions were united in 36 BCA into Tevrén Vuy.

The word ''tevrés'' descends from [[Coeñar_Aerānir|Aeranir]] ''tibōrissus'', referring to the ''Tibors'', an Anderian tribe which settled throughout Hileria in the wake of the Aeranid Empire, named after the river ''Tibus'', along which they settled. The Tibors also lent their name to Tevrén, from ''tibōrāniun''. All Hilero-Aeranid languages, including Ilesse, which is technically an Eastern-Aeranid language, are often colloquially referred to as ''tevrés''. The term ''hilerán'' is occasionally used for this purpose instead. The languages of Tevrén Vuy may be called ''lla iveta vuya'' (proper language), ''uy tevrés vuys'' (proper Tevrés), or ''vuyán'' in order to differentiate it from other ''hilerán'' languages.

==Phonology==

===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Consonant phonemes
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | Labial
! colspan="3" | Coronal
! rowspan="2" | Palatal or postalveolar
! rowspan="2" | Velar
|-
! Lamino- dental
! Apico- alveolar
! Lateral
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| m
|
| n
|
| ɲ
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" | Plosive
! voiceless
| p
| t̪
|
|
| tʃ
| k
|- style="text-align:center;"
! voiced
| b
| d̪
|
|
| ɟ
| g
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" | Fricative
! voiceless
| f
| s̻
| s̺
| ɬ
| colspan="2" | ʃ~x~h
|- style="text-align:center;"
! voiced
|
| z̻
| z̺
| ɮ
| colspan="2" | ʒ~ɣ~ɦ
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" | Rhotic
! trill
|
|
| r
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! tap
|
|
| ɾ
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Approximate
| (w)
|
|
| l
| ʎ
| (w)
|}

===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Vowel phonemes
|-
!
! Front
! Central
! Back
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Close
| i
|
| u
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Mid
| e
|
| o
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Open
|
| a
|
|}
=== Prosody ===
Tevrés is a [[w:Isochrony#Syllable timing|syllable-timed language]] with [[w:Stress (linguistics)#Phonemic stress|phonemic stress]]. This means that each syllable takes approximately the same amount of time, stressed or unstressed, vowels do not reduce in unstressed syllables, and that stress cannot be determined purely by phonological rules. However, stress does follow a few basic rules;
* If a polysyllabic word ends in a vowel or the consonants ''s'' or ''n'', the penultimate syllable is stressed; e.g. ''ve'''jar'''te'', ''morra'''jo'''ten''.
* If a polysyllabic word ends in any other consonants, the ultimate syllable is stressed; e.g. ''zi'''dej''''', ''sar'''cad'''''.
Stress in words that do not conform to these rules is indicated with an acute accent (e.g. ''ha'''rín'''''). Often these words descend from regular penultimately stressed words that lost a final ''e'' after a sonorant (e.g. ''ha'''rín''''' from old ''ha'''ri'''ne'', ''Tev'''rés''''' from old ''Tev'''re'''sse''), or from loanwords or learned Aeranisms (e.g. '''''Fá'''çar'' from ''Faṣr'', '''''á'''pico'' from ''apicor''). Sometimes, stress can have grammatical meaning, such as '''''lla'''vo'' ('I laugh') versus ''lla'''vó''''' ('I laughed').

=== Dialects ===

Due to centuries of separation, the culture of Tevrén between the north and the south form a stark contrast. This contrast is noticeable in many everyday aspects of life, including the way people speak. Southern dialects of Aeranir are considered to be 'softer' and 'more breathy' then harsher northern varieties. In addition, the language of the Court at Combrienes shows some novel innovation, merging [[w:Voice (phonetics)|voiced and voiceless]] [[w:Sibilant|sibilants]]. The following chart breaks down some of the key differences;

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Differences between northern and southern pronunciation
|-
! Letter
! Northern
! Southern
! Court
! Example
! rowspan="5" |
! Letter
! Northern
! Southern
! Court
! Example
|- style="text-align:center;"
! ç
| {{IPA-all|s̻|}}
| {{IPA-all|θ|}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA-all|z̻|}}
| ''çeña'' ('love')
! ł, łł*
| {{IPA-all|ɬ|}}
| {{IPA-all|ɕ|}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA-all|ɮ|}}
| ''łana'' ('flower')
|- style="text-align:center;"
! z
| {{IPA-all|z̻|}}
| {{IPA-all|ð|}}
| ''corezos'' ('counties')
! ł**
| {{IPA-all|ɮ|}}
| {{IPA-all|ʑ|}}
| ''veła'' ('life')
|- style="text-align:center;"
! s, ss*
| {{IPA-all|s̺|}}
| {{IPA-all|s|}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA-all|z̺|}}
| ''suel'' ('sky')
! x
| {{IPA-all|ʃ|}}
| {{IPA-all|h|}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA-all|ʒ|}}
| ''Moxa'' (a name)
|- style="text-align:center;"
! s**
| {{IPA-all|z̺|}}
| {{IPA-all|z|}}
| ''hormesos'' ('salves')
! j
| {{IPA-all|ʒ|}}
| {{IPA-all|ɦ|}}
| ''oveja'' ('talk')
|}
'''Notes:'''
* <nowiki>*</nowiki> the phonemes /s̺/ and /ɬ/ are written with doubled consonants ''ss'' and ''łł'' respectively between vowels.
* <nowiki>**</nowiki> the phonemes /z̺/ and /ɮ/ (written ''s'' and ''ł'') occur only between vowels, or next to a voiced consonant, and in some dialects word initially.

Speakers of northern Tevrés around the traditional homeland of the language, Çien-a-Tevrén, tend to realise all syllable final nasals as [ŋ], (e.g. ''Tevrén'' /tevˈɾen/: Northern {{IPA-all|tevˈɾẽŋ|}}, Southern {{IPA-all|tevˈɾẽn|}}; ''cantir'' /kanˈtiɾ/: Northern {{IPA-all|kãŋˈtiɾ|}}, Southern {{IPA-all|kãnˈtiɾ|}}). This trait is shared with the Hilero-Iscaric languages to the northwest of Çien-a-Tevrén, and may be an aerial feature.

==== Conflation of /l/ and /ɮ/ ====

Some speakers conflate /l/ and /ɮ/ into a single phoneme. The realisation of this phoneme varies, and different conditions provoking different allophones. In Velles this phoneme is realised as [l] word initially and before voiced obstruents, and [ɬ] word finally and before a voiceless obstruent, whilst in Hodén it is [l] word initially, [ɮ] between vowels and before voiced obstruents, and [ɬ] word finally and before a voiceless obstruent, and in Os Selum it is [ɬ] initially, finally, and before a voiceless obstruent, and [l] elsewhere.

==== Initial Sibilants ====

Voicing does not contrast amongst final and initial sibilant consonants in Tevrés. Final sibilants are almost always voiceless, although they are often voiced before other voiced consonants, and in some dialects they are voiced between vowels. Initial sibilants, however, are harder to generalise. There are two trends; either full voicing or full devoicing. This varies dialect to dialect, within dialects from village to village, and even from speaker to speaker. In dialects that have voiced initial sibilants and pronounce /z̻/ as [ð], such as the speech of Vazca, this phoneme is often completely conflated with /d/, appearing as [d] word initially and after nasals; e.g. ''della'' for ''çella'' ('cat').

==Nouns==
===Declension===
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+Class I noun endings
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | temporary
! colspan="2" | cyclical
|-
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | Direct-Genitive
| ''-e''
| ''-os''
| rowspan="3" | ''-a''
| ''-as''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | Accusative-Dative
| ''-o''
| ''-on''
| ''-an''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | Indirect-Ablative
| ''-a''
| ''-os''
| ''-as''
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+Class II noun endings
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | temporary
! colspan="2" | cyclical
|-
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | Direct-Genitive
| ''-Ø, -es, -s''
| ''-os''
| ''-Ø, -es, -s''
| ''-os''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | Accusative-Dative
| rowspan="2" | ''-e''
| ''-en''
| rowspan="2" | ''-e''
| ''-en''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | Indirect-Ablative
| ''-es''
| ''-es''
|}

===Case===

Case in Tevrés is a somewhat complex affair. There are three [[w:Grammatical case|noun cases]]; the direct-genitive, accusative-dative, and the indirect-ablative. These cases can occupy different [[w:Thematic relation|thematic relation]] based on the verb paradigm in use in a given clause, as well as whether or not the argument is a part of a verbs ''core valency''. Core valency is the minimum number of arguments a verb must take. Each case has a core use, defined by the first half of its name, and a non-core use, defined by the second. As stated, core uses deal with the noun's relation to the verb, whilst non-core uses tend to address a noun's relationship with other nouns.

==== Direct-genitive ====
The [[w:direct case|direct]]-[[w:genitive case|genitive]] case ({{interlinear|DIR}}) is used to mark the [[w:Subject (grammar)|subject]] of an [[w:Intransitive verb|intransitive verb]], the [[w:Agent (grammar)|agent]] of a [[w:Transitive verb|transitive verb]], or the donor of a [[w:Ditransitive verb|ditransitive verb]] for 3rd person arguments in the split verb paradigm, and 1st and 2nd person arguments in the nominative verb paradigm. That is, the person or thing that does the action of the verb.

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| uy cueres llavas
| DEF-T.DIR.SG count-DIR.SG laugh-IPFV.3SG.T
|'The count is laughing'}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| ul as pruviós llo gotejo
| DEF-T.DIR.SG wumbo-DIR.SG steal-PFV.3SG.T DEF-T.ACC.SG cap-ACC.SG
|'The wumbo stole the cap'}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| uy vuestre zón priezon llo riel
| DEF-T.DIR.SG elder-DIR.SG give-PFV.3PL pen-ACC.PL DEF-T.ACC.SG child-ACC.SG
|'The elder gave the child some pens'}}

It has another, albeit minor, role in the ergative verb paradigm, where it marks the patient of the verb. Because the ergative paradigm is triggered by a first or second person patient, this role is generally limited to the first and second persons pronouns. Furthermore, as Tevrés is heavily [[w:Pro-drop language|pro-drop]] these arguments are usually dropped. However, they can be reintroduced for emphasis, and when they are, they appear in the direct-genitive.

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| tego oyel lla harina
| 1SG-DIR.EMP see-ERG.1SG DEF-T.IND.SG priest-IND.SG
|'The priest sees me'}}

There are cases where this might be used by nouns other than the first and second person pronouns. The most common would be [[w:Apposition|appositive]] statements defining the first or second person.

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| tego uy res sevol nen ma
| 1SG-DIR DEF-T.DIR.SG king-DIR.SG kill-ERG.SUBJ.1SG 2SG-IND INTERR
| You would kill me, the king?}}

Some argue that this is not a true appositive, rather a genitive appositive as in Japanese or Ancient Greek. One piece of evidence that points to this theory is the fact that these require a personal pronoun, which is usually dropped. However, relative clauses modifying a first or second person patient can undeniably be said to have an patientive meaning, as they must agree with the head.

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| tego ne queñid sevol nen ma
| 1SG-DIR 2SG-ACC love-PFV.PTCP-T.DIR.SG kill-ERG.SUBJ.1SG 2SG-IND INTERR
| You would kill me, who loved you?}}

The direct-genitive may also be used to express relation, ownership, or other connection between two nouns. In these cases, the modified noun (the ''head'') come first, and the modifying noun (the ''dependant'') second; e.g. ''uy-gotejo-uy-vuestre'' (the elder's cap) not ''**uy-vuestre-uy-gotejo''. Often times these phrases are joined by dashes, as shown in the previous example.

Tevrés [[w:Genitive construction|genitive contstuctions]] may optionally distinguish relationships initiated with or without the dependants control over the head by using prepositions. The following table illustrates the ''a''-genitive and the ''eu''-genitive. In action nouns, the ''eu''-genitive dependant corresponds to the head action's subject, and the ''a''-genitive dependant to its object. Using ''eu'' implies that the dependant is active, influential, or formative towards the head, whilst the use of ''a'' implies that the head is active, influential, or formative towards the dependant.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Direct-genitive-modifying prepositions
|-
! Regular
! with ''a'' (to)
! with eu (from)
|-
| ''harena-uy-vuestre'' the elder's letter
| ''harena-'''al'''-vuestre'' a letter to the elder
| ''harena-'''el'''-vuestre'' a letter from the elder
|-
| ''uy-vies-uy-cueres'' the count's law
| ''uy-vies-'''al'''-cueres'' the law which governs the count
| ''uy-vies-'''el'''-cueres'' the law the count creates
|-
| ''lla-rentaga-uy-mader'' the council's ruler
| ''lla-rentaga-'''al'''-mader'' the ruler who controls the council
| ''lla-rentaga-'''el'''-mader'' the ruler the council controls
|-
| ''lla-toladre-uy-res'' the king's army
| ''lla-toladre-'''al'''-res'' the army belonging to the king
| ''lla-toladre-'''el'''-res'' the army sent after the king
|}

==== Accusative-dative ====

The [[w:Accusative case|accusative]]-[[w:Dative case|dative]] case ({{interlinear |ACC}}) has limited use in the nominative and ergative verb paradigms, and is used only to mark the theme, or direct object, of ditransitive verbs. However because of this, it is commonly seen in [[w:Applicative voice|applicative]] clauses. In the nominative paradigm, the old indirect argument is moved to the accusative case, with the new applicative argument taking the indirect case. In the ergative paradigm, the applicative argument is added directly into the accusative case.

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| llo soriejo a-hego zi garinos
| DEF-T.ACC.SG wardrobe-ACC.SG BEN<nowiki>=</nowiki>make-NOM.1SG REFL-DIR friend-IND.PL
|'I am making a wardrobe for my friends'
|c1 = (non applicative ''lla sorieja hego'')}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| tego en-oyel lla harina llo cuerço
| 1SG-DIR.EMP LOC<nowiki>=</nowiki>see-ERG.1SG DEF-T.IND.SG priest-IND.SG DEF-C.ACC.SG market-ACC.SG
|'The priest sees me in the market'
|c1 = (non applicative ''tego oyel lla harina'')}}

The accusative-dative is used much more in the split verb paradigm, where it marks the patient of a transitive verb and both the theme and recipient of ditransitive ones. On top of that, applicative arguments are also added in the accusative-dative case. This may lead to situations where there are as many as three accusative-dative arguments in a clause. In these cases, context is usually sufficient to tell which argument fulfils which role.

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| çi mientron a-jovan harenan
| REFL-DIR sibling-ACC.PL BEN<nowiki>=</nowiki>write-3PL letter-ACC.PL
|'They write letters for their siblings'}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| garinon co-teuden tin
| friend-ACC.SG COM<nowiki>=</nowiki>drink-PFV.3PL tea-ACC.SG
|'They drank tea with friends'}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| tan en-cares juina zi combre
| but LOC<nowiki>=</nowiki>dance-T.3SG Juina-DIR.SG REFL-DIR home-ACC.SG
|'Juina only dances in their own home'}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| avron en-canta llan zellan lla yumas
| fish-ACC.PL LOC<nowiki>=</nowiki>feed-C.3SG DEF-C.ACC.PL cat-ACC.PL DEF-C.ACC.SG garden-ACC.SG
|'They feed the cats fish in the garden'}}

==== Indirect-ablative ====

The [[w:Direct case|indirect]]-[[w:Ablative case|ablative]] case ({{interlinear |IND}}) is used to mark core arguments of a verb exclusively in the nominative and ergative paradigms. It is never used with intransitive verbs, because is appearance depends on the person of the direct-genitive argument. In the nominative paradigm, it marks the patient of a transitive verb and the recipient of a ditransitive verb. In the ergative paradigm, it marks the agent and the donor. Additionally the indirect-ablative case is used for applicative arguments in the nominative paradigm, with the old indirect-ablative argument moving into the accusative-dative case.

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| maeja caño
| breakfast-IND.SG eat-NOM.1SG
|'I will eat breakfast'
}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| lla cossa cañiólam tantos
| DEF-T.IND.SG bear-IND.SG eat-ERG.1PL all-T.DIR.PL
|'The bear ate all of us'
}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| ti muzrinon cantió cossa
| 1SG-DIR enemy-ACC.PL feed-NOM.PST.1SG bear-IND.SG
| 'I fed my enemies to a bear'
}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| cosso cantiólam muzrina
| bear-ACC.SG feed-ERG.PST.1PL enemy-IND.SG
| 'Our enemy fed us a bear'
}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| llon muzrinon a-cantió cosso ti ayestra
| DEF-T.ACC.PL enemy-ACC.PL BEN<nowiki>=</nowiki>feed-NOM.PST.1SG bear-ACC.SG 1SG-DIR master-IND.SG
| 'I fed the enemies to a bear for my master'
}}

===Articles===
==== Definite article ====
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+Definite article
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | temporary
! colspan="2" | cyclical
|-
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | Direct-Genitive
| ''ul/uy''
| ''llos''
| rowspan="3" | ''lla''
| ''llas''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | Dative-Accusative
| ''llo''
| ''llon''
| ''llan''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | Ergative-Ablative
| ''lla''
| ''llos''
| ''llas''
|}
==== Indefinite article ====
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+Indefinite article
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | temporary
! colspan="2" | cyclical
|-
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | Direct-Genitive
| ''as''
| ''aros''
| rowspan="3" | ''ara''
| ''aras''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | Dative-Accusative
| rowspan="2" | ''ar''
| ''aren''
| ''aran''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | Ergative-Ablative
| ''ares''
| ''aras''
|}
In addition to the definite article, Tevrés also boasts an indefinite article. The Tevrés indefinite article carries a stronger meaning that English ''a/an'', and may better be translated as 'some' or 'someones.' The Tevrés equivalent of ''a/an'' is usually simply the bare noun, e.g. '''''lla zella''''' ('the cat') vs. '''''zella''''' ('a cat') vs. '''''ara zella''''' ('some cat'). The indefinite article can also be used to convey the meaning 'someone's' or 'someone else's,' or to talk about things that are general, or public.
:{{interlinear|box=yes
| miré zi zierve ara zear en-hordir
| NEG<nowiki>=</nowiki>do-IMP REFL-DIR body-ACC.SG INDEF-C.IND.SG affairs-IND.SG LOC<nowiki>=</nowiki>put-INF
| 'Don't stick yourself in other peoples' affairs.'}}

:{{interlinear|box=yes
| res co-quera ze pariña en aran oejan
| king-DIR.SG COM<nowiki>=</nowiki>bear-C.3SG REFL-ACC properly in INDEF-C.ACC.PL eye-ACC.PL
| 'A king should bear themselves properly in the eyes of the people.'}}
In older texts, or texts stylistically drawing from an older register, the oblique stem ''art-'' may be found instead of ''ar-''. This is because the Tevrés indefinite article is derived from Aeranir ''ars, artis'' ('person'). However, its root was reformed by analogy to other words ending in ''-as'' in the direct-genitive case.

==Pronouns==
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+Tevrés Personal Pronouns
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | 1st person
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | 2nd person
! colspan="4" | 3nd person
|-
! colspan="2" | temporary
! colspan="2" | cyclical
|-
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" | Nominative- Genitive
! emphatic
| ''tego''
| ''yego''
| ''nego''
| ''rego''
| rowspan="2" | ''ul/uy''
| rowspan="2" | ''ulos''
| rowspan="4" | ''ula''
| rowspan="2" | ''ulas''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! plain
| ''ti''
| ''yos''
| ''ni''
| ''ros''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Dative-Accusative
| ''te''
| ''yon''
| ''ne''
| ''ruen''
| ''ulo''
| ''ulon''
| ''ulan''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Ergative-Ablative
| ''ten''
| ''yos''
| ''nen''
| ''ros''
| ''ula''
| ''ulos''
| ''ulas''
|}

==Verbs==
===Morphosyntactic alignment===

Tevrés uses a system of [[w:Morphological alignment|morphological alignment]] which is reminiscent of aspects of [[w:Split ergative|split ergativity]], [[w:Direct-inverse language|direct-inverse languages]], [[w:Austronesian alignment|austronesian alignment]], and [https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/aarsyy/the_total_cacophony_of_b%C3%A4ladiri_verb_agreement/ bäladiri alignment]. This system is common amongst southern Aeranid languages such as [[S'entigneis]], Morraolà, and to an extent Ilesse, and is thus referred to as ''Southern Aeranid Alignment'' (SAA). This is characterised by different verbal paradigms triggered by first and second person arguments which affect the way Tevrés cases align with thematic roles, and how the verb agrees with its arguments.

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+ Verb paradigms and alignment
|+ align="left" style="caption-side: bottom" | {{small|The chart below further details how arguments align in each paradigm. ''S'' represents the morphosyntactic [[w:Subject (grammar)|subject]], ''A'' the [[w:Agent (grammar)|agent]], ''P'' the [[w:Patient (grammar)|patient]], ''D'' the [[w:Thematic relation|donor]], ''T'' the [[w:Thematic relation|theme]], and ''R'' the [[w:Thematic relation|recipient]].}}
|-
! Verb paradigm:
! colspan="6" | 1 nominative
! colspan="6" | 2 ergative
! colspan="6" | 3 split
|-
! Valency:
! ''in.''
! colspan="2" | ''tr.''
! colspan="3" | ''di.''
! ''in.''
! colspan="2" | ''tr.''
! colspan="3" | ''di.''
! ''in.''
! colspan="2" | ''tr.''
! colspan="3" | ''di.''
|-
! Noun argument:
! S
! A
! P
! D
! T
! R
! S
! A
! P
! D
! T
! R
! S
! A
! P
! D
! T
! R
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Noun case:
| colspan="2" | <big>{{interlinear|DIR}}</big>
| <big>{{interlinear|IND}}</big>
| <big>{{interlinear|DIR}}</big>
| <big>{{interlinear|ACC}}</big>
| <big>{{interlinear|IND}}</big>
| N/A
| <big>{{interlinear|IND}}</big>
| <big>{{interlinear|DIR}}</big>
| <big>{{interlinear|IND}}</big>
| <big>{{interlinear|ACC}}</big>
| colspan="3" | <big>{{interlinear|DIR}}</big>
| <big>{{interlinear|ACC}}</big>
| <big>{{interlinear|DIR}}</big>
| colspan="2" | <big>{{interlinear|ACC}}</big>
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Verb agreement:
| ✔︎
| ✔︎
| ✖︎
| ✔︎
| ✖︎
| ✖︎
| N/A
| ✖︎
| ✔︎
| ✖︎
| ✖︎
| ✔︎
| ✔︎
| ✖︎
| ✔︎
| ✖︎
| ✖︎
| ✔︎
|}

Transitive verbs show three different modes of [[w:Morphosyntactic alignment|morphosyntactic alignment]], here called paradigms, depending on the arguments present. When the agent of a transitive verb or the donor of a ditransitive verb is the first or second person, the verb uses [[w:Nominative–accusative_language|nominative agreement]]. The verb agrees with the subject in person and number, the patient or recipient are in the indirect-ablative case, and the theme is in the accusative dative. Because the subject is marked on the verb and is always the first or second person, the pronoun itself is usually dropped. However, it can be added for emphasis.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| tevressa ovejo
| Tevrés-IND.SG speak-NOM.1SG
| 'I speak Tevrés'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| tego jovó lla salva
| 1SG-DIR.EMP write-PST.NOM.1SG DEF-C.IND.SG book-IND.SG
| <nowiki>'</nowiki>''I'' wrote the book!'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| łanan çaste llos rieles ma
| flower-ACC.PL give-NOM.2SG DEF-T.IND.PL child-IND.PL INTERR
| 'Will you give the children flowers?'}}

When the patient or recipient is the first or second person, the verb displays [[w:Ergative-absolutive language|ergative agreement]]. Here, the agent or donor is in the indirect-ablative case, and the verb agrees with the person and number of the patient or recipient. The theme is still accusative-dative, but the recipient (first or second person) is in the direct-genitive. Just as above, first and second person pronouns are unnecessary and are dropped.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| garina querel
| friend-IND.SG help-ERG.1SG
| 'A friend is helping me'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ijana hemiol gotejo suevo
| Ijan-IND.SG send-ERG.PST.1SG cap-ACC.SG new-T.ACC.SG
| 'Ijan sent me a new cap'}}

If neither argument for a verb is the second or first person, then Tevrés shows a type of [[w:Split ergativity|split-ergativity]], where the agent/donor of the verb is in the direct-genitive case and the patient/recipient in the dative-accusative, whilst the verb agrees with the most oblique argument (patient or recipient).

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| castil travas llo morrajote
| Castil-DIR.SG walk-3SG DEF-T.ACC.SG castle-ACC.SG
| 'Castil is walking (around) the castle'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ul as çava avro lla çella
| DEF-T.DIR.SG wumbo-DIR.SG give-PST.3SG.C fish-ACC.SG DEF-C.ACC.SG cat-ACC.SG
| 'The man gave the cat a fish'}}

It should be noted that the first person is higher in the hierarchy than the second person, so if the first person and second person are both present, the verb will agree with the first person.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| nen çiso
| 2SG.PRO-IND know-NOM.1SG
| 'I know you'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| nen oyólam ma
| 2SG.PRO-IND see-ERG.1SG INTERR
| 'Did you see us?'}}

Due to the fact that a first or second person argument must 1.) be in the direct-genitive case and 2.) take verbal agreement, these arguments cannot normally appear as the theme of a ditransitive verb, because this argument always appears in the accusative-dative case, and never takes verbal agreement. To remedy this, the original recipient of the verb is ejected from the verb's core valency by rephrasing it with an adjunct clause, and the first or second person argument is elevated to the direct-genitive argument.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| **pueva vadiós te llo-pristino-a-damata
| father-DIR.SG send-T.3SG 1SG.PRO-ACC DEF-T.ACC.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>prince-ACC.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>to<nowiki>=</nowiki>Damata-DIR.SG
| **'My father sent me to the prince of Damata'
| c1 = (''grammatically incorrect'')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| pueva vadiol a'lo pristino-a-damata
| father-IND.SG send-ERG.1SG to<nowiki>=</nowiki>DEF-T.ACC.SG prince-ACC.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>to<nowiki>=</nowiki>Damata-DIR.SG
| 'My father sent me to the prince of Damata'
| c1 = (''correct version'')}}

Due to the nature of this system, a small change to the verb (and by extension to the cases of certain arguments) can completely change the meaning of a sentence.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| vejarten serquió çi garina
| story-ACC.PL tell-NOM.1SG REFL-DIR friend-IND
| 'I told my friend stories'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| vejarten serquiol çi garina
| story-ACC.PL tell-ERG.1SG REFL-DIR friend-IND
| 'My friend told me stories'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| vejarten serquiós çi garino
| story-ACC.PL tell-T.3SG REFL-DIR friend-ACC
| 'They told their friend stories'}}

=== Conjugation ===

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+ Conjugation classes
|-
! Class
! Theme vowel
! Example
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3" | Strong
| style="text-align:center;" | ''a''
| '''''jovar''''' (to write)
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | ''i''
| '''''apiçir''''' (to appear)
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | ''e''
| '''''corer''''' (to annoy)
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Weak
| style="text-align:center;" | Ø
| '''''tiedre''''' (to drink)
|}

There are four conjugation classes in Tevrés, characterised by the vowel (or lack there of) used to form the infinitive. There are three strong conjugation classes, and one weak class. The weak class conjugates identically to the strong e-class in the non-past tense, and may either conjugate identically to the e-class in the past as well, or take irregular conjugation endings, in conjuncture with stem mutation.
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Transitive verb endings
|-
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="6" | Singular
! colspan="5" | Plural
|-
! colspan="2" | nominative
! colspan="2" | ergative
! colspan="2" | split
! colspan="2" | nominative
! colspan="2" | ergative
! colspan="1" | split
|-
! 1st
! 2nd
! 1st
! 2nd
! 3rd t.
! 3rd c.
! 1st
! 2nd
! 1st
! 2nd
! 3rd
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Non-past
| ''-o'' ''-o'' ''-o''
| ''-ás'' ''-ís'' ''-és''
| ''-al'' ''-el'' ''-el''
| ''-alas'' ''-elas'' ''-elas''
| ''-as'' ''-es'' ''-es''
| ''-a'' ''-a'' ''-a''
| ''-am'' ''-im'' ''-em''
| ''-ad'' ''-id'' ''-ed''
| ''-álam'' ''-élam'' ''-élam''
| ''-álad'' ''-élad'' ''-élad''
| ''-an'' ''-en'' ''-en''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Past regular
| ''-ó'' ''-ió'' ''-ió''
| ''-ós'' ''-iós'' ''-iós''
| ''-ol'' ''-iol'' ''-iol''
| ''-olas'' ''-iolas'' ''-iolas''
| ''-ós'' ''-iós'' ''-iós''
| ''-á'' ''-iá'' ''-iá''
| ''-om'' ''-iom'' ''-iom''
| ''-od'' ''-iod'' ''-iod''
| ''-ólam'' ''-iólam'' ''-iólam''
| ''-ólad'' ''-iólad'' ''-iólad''
| ''-ón'' ''-ión'' ''-ión''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Past irregular
| ''-o''
| ''-és''
| ''-el''
| ''-elas''
| ''-es''
| ''-a''
| ''-em''
| ''-ed''
| ''-élam''
| ''-élad''
| ''-en''
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Intransitive verb endings
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="5" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
|-
! 1st
! 2nd
! 3rd t.
! 3rd c.
! 1st
! 2nd
! 3rd
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Non-past
| ''-o'' ''-o'' ''-o''
| ''-ás'' ''-ís'' ''-és''
| ''-as'' ''-es'' ''-es''
| ''-a'' ''-a'' ''-a''
| ''-amos'' ''-imos'' ''-emos''
| ''-áis'' ''-ís'' ''-éis''
| ''-an'' ''-en'' ''-en''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Past regular
| ''-ó'' ''-ió'' ''-ió''
| ''-ós'' ''-iós'' ''-iós''
| ''-ós'' ''-iós'' ''-iós''
| ''-á'' ''-iá'' ''-iá''
| ''-om'' ''-iom'' ''-iom''
| ''-od'' ''-iod'' ''-iod''
| ''-ón'' ''-ión'' ''-ión''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Past irregular
| ''-o''
| ''-és''
| ''-es''
| ''-a''
| ''-em''
| ''-ed''
| ''-en''
|}

=== Applicative voices ===

Tevrés, like the other southern Aeranid languages, prefers to express its noun phrases as part of a verb's core arguments, rather than through [[w:Adjunct (grammar)|adjuncts]] or [[w:Adpositional phrase#Prepositional phrases|prepositional phrases]]. Tevrés is able to incorporate these phrases into a verb's core through [[w:Applicative voice|applicative voices]], which increases a verb's [[w:Valency (linguistics)|valency]] to include a new core [[w:Object (grammar)|object]] argument. There are five main applicative voices, each formed with a simple verbal prefix.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name !! Prefix !! Usage !! Example
|-
| [[w:Benefactive case|Benefactive]] ({{interlinear|BEN}})
| style="text-align:center;" | ''a-''
| Expresses that the referent of the noun receives the benefit of the situation expressed by the clause, used where [[w:English language|English]] would use 'for,' 'for the benefit of,' or 'intended for.'
| ''çi garinos a-llavó'' 'I laughed for the sake of my friends' (i.e. to reassure or comfort them)
|-
| [[w:Comitative case|Comitative]] ({{interlinear|COM}})
| style="text-align:center;" | ''co-''
| Denotes a relationship of 'accompanyment' between two participants in an event, expressed in English with the preposition 'with,' in the sense of 'in company with' (but not 'with' meaning 'using' or 'by means of').
| ''çi garinos co-llavó'' 'I laughed with my friends'
|-
| [[w:Locative case|Locative]] ({{interlinear|LOC}})
| style="text-align:center;" | ''en-''
| Indicates a location, corresponding vaguely to the English prepositions 'in', 'on', 'at', and 'by'.
| ''çi garinon en-ango lla sarvaja'' 'I'm meeting my friends at the library'
|-
| [[w:Instrumental case|Instrumental]] ({{interlinear|INSTR}})
| style="text-align:center;" | ''eu/el-''
| Used to indicate that a noun is the instrument or means by or with which the subject achieves or accomplishes an action. The noun may be either a physical object or an abstract concept.
| ''prieza eu-jovo'' 'I write (it) with a pen'
|-
| [[w:Malefactive case|Malefactive]] ({{interlinear|MAL}})
| style="text-align:center;" | ''y/e-''
| Pertaining to the linguistic form or case or the semantic role of the person who is harmed or who loses out by an action. The opposite of the benefactive applicative.
| ''çi garinos y-llavó'' 'I laughed at my friends' (i.e. ridiculed them)
|}

There is a sixth applicative voice, the ''os''-genitive ({{interlinear|GEN}}). However, this applicative is limited only to [[w:Relative clause|relative clauses]], to signify that head fulfils a [[w:Genitive case|gentive]] role within the subordinate clause. When the subordinate clause has more than one argument aside from the referent, the ''os''-prefix is applied to the noun the referent is dependant to.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ul as çella ti-os-cantid
| DEF-T.DIR.SG wumbo-DIR.SG cat-IND.SG 1SG-DIR<nowiki>=</nowiki>GEN<nowiki>=</nowiki>feed-PST.PTCP-T.DIR.SG
| 'the wumbo whose cat I fed'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| uy paño os-res llo cuerte seud
| DEF-T.DIR.SG guard-DIR.SG GEN<nowiki>=</nowiki>king-DIR.SG DEF-T.ACC.SG count-ACC.SG kill-PST.PTCP-T.DIR.SG
| 'the guard whose king killed the count'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| uy paño uy res os-cuerte seud
| DEF-T.DIR.SG guard-DIR.SG DEF-T.DIR.SG king-DIR.SG GEN<nowiki>=</nowiki>count-ACC.SG kill-PST.PTCP-T.DIR.SG
| 'the guard whose count the king killed'}}

Whilst applicatives are preferred to adjuncts, Tevrés explicitly disallows multiple applicatives, that is, multiple applicative prefixes attached to a single verb. Thus, **''çi garinon co-en-llavó lla sarvaja'' is ungrammatical. In cases where two or more object arguments must be added to a clause, one argument is expressed through a normal applicative voice, and the others will be introduced in adjuncts; usually prepositional phrases. Which argument takes the applicative voice is determined by a straightforward hierarchy chain. The highest argument on the chain takes the applicative, while the others adjuncts.

: benefactive > comitative > locative > instrumental > malefactive > genitive

Adjunct arguments are ignored as part of the nominal and verbal alignment paradigms. Therefor, verbs core arguments in these cases decline exactly as they would without the adjunct. The case that the adjunct is in is governed by the preposition introducing the phrase.

{{interlinear | box=yes
| çi garinos co-llavó en llo sarvajo
| REFL-GEN friend-IND.PL COM<nowiki>=</nowiki>laugh-PST.NOM.1SG LOC DEF-T.ACC.SG library-ACC.SG
| 'I laughed with my friends in the library' }}

{{interlinear | box=yes
| lla salva Moxa çi mientra y llo-sarvajo-el-cueres a-pruvida
| DEF-C.DIR.SG book-DIR.SG Moxa-DIR.SG REFL-DIR sibling-IND.SG MAL DEF-T.ACC.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>library-ACC.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>ABL-DEF.T.DIR.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>count-DIR.SG BEN<nowiki>=</nowiki>steal-PST.PTCP-C.DIR.SG
| 'The book Moxa stole from the count's library for his sibling' }}

== Numbers ==
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Aeranir numbers
|-
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
|-
! 1
| ''im''
| ''priste''
| ''tiempre''
! 11
| ''eñintos''
| ''eñís''
| ''eñinte''
! 21
| ''callos im''
| ''calde priste''
| ''cal tiempre''
! 120
| ''ñoçallos''
| ''ñoçalde''
| ''ñoçal''
|-
! 2
| ''ser''
| ''mezún''
| ''vires''
! 12
| ''verzintos''
| ''verzís''
| ''verzinte''
! 22
| ''callos ser''
| ''caldo mezún''
| ''cal vires''
! 140
| ''ñallos''
| ''ñalde''
| ''ñal''
|-
! 3
| ''moros''
| ''muerte''
| ''mores''
! 13
| ''preintos''
| ''proís''
| ''preinte''
! 30
| ''callos queinços''
| ''calde quies''
| ''cal quein''
! 160
| ''ñancullos''
| ''ñancuzde''
| ''ñancul''
|-
! 4
| ''cuałos''
| ''cual''
| ''cuaçes''
! 14
| ''cuałentos''
| ''cuałés''
| ''cuałente''
! 40
| ''vercullos''
| ''vercuzde''
| ''vercul''
! 180
| ''ñałcullos''
| ''ñałcuzde''
| ''ñałcul''
|-
! 5
| ''quicos''
| ''quite''
| ''quigue''
! 15
| ''queintos''
| ''queís''
| ''queinte''
! 50
| ''vercullos queinços''
| ''vercuzde quies''
| ''vercul quein''
! 200
| ''tamiłłos''
| ''tamite''
| ''tamiçes''
|-
! 6
| ''ñoços''
| ''ñoçum''
| ''ñoz''
! 16
| ''ñoçentos''
| ''ñoçés''
| ''ñoçente''
! 60
| ''prollos''
| ''prolde''
| ''prol''
! 220
| ''tamiłłos callos''
| ''tamite calde''
| ''tamiçes cal''
|-
! 7
| ''ñayos''
| ''ñante''
| ''ñain''
! 17
| ''ñentos''
| ''ñaís''
| ''ñente''
! 70
| ''prollos queinços''
| ''prolde quies''
| ''prol quein''
! 240
| ''tamiłłos vercullos''
| ''tamite vercuzde''
| ''tamiçes vercul''
|-
! 8
| ''ñangos''
| ''ñaguiem''
| ''ñangue''
! 18
| ''sescullos''
| ''sescuzde''
| ''sescul''
! 80
| ''cuałallos''
| ''cuałalde''
| ''cuałal''
! 260
| ''tamiłłos prollos''
| ''tamite prolde''
| ''tamiçes prol''
|-
! 9
| ''ñałiços''
| ''ñałizte''
| ''ñałiz''
! 19
| ''imallos''
| ''imalde''
| ''imal''
! 90
| ''cuałallos queinços''
| ''cuałalde quies''
| ''cuałal quein''
! 280
| ''tamiłłos cuałallos''
| ''tamite cuałalde''
| ''tamiçes cuałal''
|-
! 10
| ''queinços''
| ''quies''
| ''quein''
! 20
| ''callos''
| ''calde''
| ''cal''
! 100
| ''quecullos''
| ''quecuzde''
| ''quecul''
! 400
| ''miłłos''
| ''mite''
| ''miçes''
|}

==Writing System==
=== Romanisation ===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | [[w:Consonants|Consonants]]
|-
! Letter
! Context
! [[w:Help:IPA|IPA]]
! English approximation
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | '''b''' or '''v'''
| word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨m⟩ or ⟨n⟩
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| practically the same as the typical English ⟨b⟩, except that it is fully [[w:Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]; e.g. ''a'''b'''out''
|-
| elsewhere (i.e. after a vowel, even across a word boundary, or after any consonant other than ⟨m⟩ or ⟨n⟩)
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as the typical English ⟨v⟩; ''be'''v'''y''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | '''c'''
| before another consonant
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| a sound between a light English ⟨g⟩ and the typical English ⟨h⟩ (between '''''g'''old'' and ''a'''h'''old''), same as Dutch ⟨g⟩; '''''g'''abber''
|-
| elsewhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as certain instances of English ⟨k⟩ or ⟨c⟩; e.g. ''s'''k'''ull'', ''s'''c'''an'', or ''pi'''ck'''ing'' (unaspirated, i.e. without the puff of air that accompanies English /k/ at the beginning of a word, e.g. in '''''c'''an'')
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ç'''
| everywhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative#Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s̻]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (northern Tevrén) or <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless dental fricative|θ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (southern Tevrén)
| between ''me'''ss''''' and ''me'''th''''' (like the typical English ⟨s⟩, but with the blade of the tongue against the back of the teeth) in northern Tevrén, or same as the English [[w:Voice (phonetics)|voiceless]] ⟨th⟩ (as in '''''th'''ing'') in southern Tevrén
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ch'''
| everywhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|tʃ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as the typical English ⟨ch⟩; '''''ch'''ur'''ch'''''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | '''d'''
| word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨l⟩ or ⟨n⟩
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced dental stop|d]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| practically the same as the typical English ⟨d⟩, except that it is fully [[w:Voice (phonetics)|voiced]] and the tip of the tongue touches the [[w:Denti-alveolar consonant|upper teeth]]; e.g. ''a'''d'''ore''
|-
| elsewhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced dental fricative|ð]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as the typical English [[w:Voice (phonetics)|voiced]] ⟨th⟩; e.g. '''''th'''is''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''f'''
| everywhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless labiodental ficative|f]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as the typical English ⟨f⟩; e.g. '''''f'''ace''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3" | '''g'''
| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced postalveolar fricative|ʒ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (nothern Tevrén) or <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced glottal fricative|ɦ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (southern Tevrén)
| same as English ⟨s⟩ in words like ''mea'''s'''ure'' or ''fu'''s'''ion'', same as French ⟨j⟩ (e.g. '''''j'''oie'') in northern Tevrén, or like [[w:Received Pronunciation|Received Pronunciation]] ⟨h⟩ in words like ''be'''h'''ind'', same as Dutch ⟨h⟩ (e.g. '''''h'''agelslag'') in southern Tevrén
|-
| not before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced velar stop|g]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| practically the same as the typical English ⟨g⟩ sound, except that it is fully [[w:Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]; e.g. ''a'''g'''o''
|-
| not before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| a sound between a light English ⟨g⟩ and the typical English ⟨h⟩ (between '''''g'''old'' and ''a'''h'''old''), same as Dutch ⟨g⟩; '''''g'''abber''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="4" | '''gu'''
| before ⟨a⟩ or ⟨o⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>gw<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| a sound like the ⟨gu⟩ in English ''pen'''gu'''in''
|-
| before ⟨a⟩ or ⟨o⟩, and not in the above contexts
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>ɣw<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| similar to the typical English ⟨w⟩, but preceded by a soft guttural sound
|-
| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced velar stop|g]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| practically the same as the typical English ⟨g⟩ sound, except that it is fully [[w:Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]; e.g. ''a'''g'''o''
|-
| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| a sound between a light English ⟨g⟩ and the typical English ⟨h⟩ (between '''''g'''old'' and ''a'''h'''old''), same as Dutch ⟨g⟩; '''''g'''abber''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''h'''
| everywhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big>(''silent'')</big>
| silent (like the English ⟨h⟩ in English '''''h'''onor'' or '''''h'''our'')
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | '''j'''
| word final
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (nothern Tevrén) or <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (southern Tevrén)
| same as typical English ⟨sh⟩ (e.g. '''''sh'''u'''sh''''') in northern Tevrén, or like typical English ⟨h⟩ (e.g. '''''h'''appy'') in southern Tevrén
|-
| elsewhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced postalveolar fricative|ʒ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (nothern Tevrén) or <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced glottal fricative|ɦ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (southern Tevrén)
| same as English ⟨s⟩ in words like ''mea'''s'''ure'' or ''fu'''s'''ion'', same as French ⟨j⟩ (e.g. '''''j'''oie'') in northern Tevrén, or like [[w:Received Pronunciation|Received Pronunciation]] ⟨h⟩ in words like ''be'''h'''ind'', same as Dutch ⟨h⟩ (e.g. '''''h'''agelslag'') in southern Tevrén
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''l'''
| everywhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants|l]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as the typical English ⟨l⟩ (especially like the clear ⟨l⟩ of British English, rather than the dark ⟨l⟩ of American English);e.g. '''''l'''u'''ll'''''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ll'''
| everywhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w: Voiced palatal lateral approximant|ʎ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| similar to the ⟨lli⟩ in English ''mi'''lli'''on''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | '''ł'''
| before a voiced consonant or between vowels
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced dental and alveolar lateral fricatives|ɮ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (nothern Tevrén) or <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative|ʑ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (southern Tevrén)
| a sound between French ⟨j⟩ and the typical English ⟨l⟩ (between '''''j'''oue'' and '''''l'''ieu'') in northern Tevrén, or like [[w:Kagoshima dialect|Kagoshima]] Japanese ⟨じ⟩ in southern Tevrén
|-
| elsewhere
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless dental and alveolar lateral fricatives|ɬ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (nothern Tevrén) or <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative|ɕ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (southern Tevrén)
| rowspan="2" | a sound between English ⟨h⟩ and the typical English ⟨l⟩ (between '''''h'''appy'' and '''''l'''ieu''), same as Welsh ⟨ll⟩ (e.g. ''Ebri'''ll''''') in northern Tevrén, or like typical Japanese ⟨し⟩ in southern Tevrén
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''łł'''
| only occurs between vowels
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''m'''
| everywhere
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| rowspan="2" | same as the typical English ⟨m⟩; '''''m'''ada'''m'''''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="5" | '''n'''
| before ⟨v⟩
|-
| before ⟨f⟩
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced labiodental nasal|ɱ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> 
| same as the English ⟨m⟩ in ''sy'''m'''phony''
|-
| before ⟨y⟩
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced palatal nasal|ɲ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> 
| similar to the English ⟨ny⟩ in ''ca'''ny'''on'', same as Spanish ⟨ñ⟩; ''ni'''ñ'''o''
|-
| before ⟨c⟩ or ⟨g⟩
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> 
| same as the English ⟨ng⟩ in ''si'''ng'''''
|-
| elsewhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as the typical English ⟨n⟩; e.g. '''''n'''u'''n'''''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ñ'''
| everywhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced palatal nasal|ɲ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| similar to the English ⟨ny⟩ in ''ca'''ny'''on'', same as Spanish ⟨ñ⟩; ''ni'''ñ'''o''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | '''p'''
| in the consonant cluster ⟨pt⟩
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as the typical English ⟨v⟩; ''be'''v'''y''
|-
| elsewhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as certain instances of English ⟨p⟩; e.g. ''s'''p'''an'' or ''ty'''p'''ing'' (unaspirated, i.e. without the puff of air that accompanies English /p/ at the beginning of a word, e.g. in '''''p'''an'')
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''qu'''
| only occurs before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as certain instances of English ⟨k⟩ or ⟨c⟩; e.g. ''s'''k'''ull'', ''s'''c'''an'', or ''pi'''ck'''ing'' (unaspirated, i.e. without the puff of air that accompanies English /k/ at the beginning of a word, e.g. in '''''c'''an'')
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | '''r'''
| word-initial, morpheme-initial, or after ⟨l⟩, ⟨n⟩, or ⟨s⟩, or syllable-final (especially before ⟨l⟩, ⟨m⟩, ⟨n⟩, or ⟨s⟩) and word-final positions (before pause or consonant-initial words only)
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| trilled or rolled ⟨r⟩
|-
| elsewhere (sometimes word-initial (after a pause or consonant-ending words only), morpheme-initial (when preceded by prefixes ending in consonants), or after ⟨l⟩, ⟨n⟩, or ⟨s⟩, or syllable-final positions, and word-final positions before vowel-initial words only)
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced alveolar tap|ɾ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| flapped ⟨r⟩; e.g. the same sound as the ⟨dd⟩ of ''la'''dd'''er'' or ⟨tt⟩ of ''la'''tt'''er'' in [[w:American English|American English]], same as Spanish ⟨r⟩ between vowels, as in ''ca'''r'''o''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''rr'''
| only occurs between vowels
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| trilled or rolled ⟨r⟩
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | '''s'''
| before a voiced consonant or between vowels
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced alveolar fricative#Voiced apico-alveolar sibilant|z̺]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (nothern Tevrén) or <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced alveolar fricative|z]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (southern Tevrén)
| a sound between French ⟨j⟩ and the typical English ⟨z⟩ (between '''''j'''oue'' and '''''z'''oo'') in northern Tevrén, or the same as the typical English ⟨z⟩ (e.g. ''ja'''zz''''') in southern Tevrén
|-
| elsewhere
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative#Voiced apico-alveolar sibilant|s̺]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (nothern Tevrén) or <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (southern Tevrén)
| rowspan="2" | a sound between English ⟨sh⟩ and the typical English ⟨s⟩ (between '''''sh'''u'''sh''''' and '''''s'''a'''ss''''') in northern Tevrén, or the same as the typical English ⟨s⟩ (e.g. '''''s'''a'''ss''''') in southern Tevrén
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ss'''
| only occurs between vowels
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | '''t'''
| before voiced consonants
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced dental fricative|ð]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as the typical English [[w:Voice (phonetics)|voiced]] ⟨th⟩; e.g. '''''th'''is''
|-
| elsewhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless dental stop|t]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as certain instances of English ⟨t⟩; e.g. ''s'''t'''and'' (unaspirated, i.e. without the puff of air that accompanies English /t/ at the beginning of a word, e.g. in '''''t'''an''). Also, the tip of the tongue touches the upper teeth, rather than the alveolar ridge
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''x'''
| everywhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (nothern Tevrén) or <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (southern Tevrén)
| same as typical English ⟨sh⟩ (e.g. '''''sh'''u'''sh''''') in northern Tevrén, or like typical English ⟨h⟩ (e.g. '''''h'''appy'') in southern Tevrén
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3" | '''y'''
| word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨l⟩ or ⟨n⟩
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced palatal stop|ɟ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| Between English '''''d'''ew'' (RP) and ''ar'''g'''ue''
|-
| as a semivowel (almost always in a [[w:Diphthong|diphthong]])
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced palatal approximate|j]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as the typical English ⟨y⟩ (but joined in a single syllable with another vowel sound); ''a'''y'''e'', ''bo'''y'''''
|-
| elsewhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced palatal fricative|ʝ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| similar to the typical English ⟨y⟩, or ⟨j⟩ but softer; e.g. similar to '''''y'''es'' or '''''J'''ess''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | '''z'''
| word final
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative#Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s̻]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (northern Tevrén) or <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless dental fricative|θ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (southern Tevrén)
| between ''me'''ss''''' and ''me'''th''''' (like the typical English ⟨s⟩, but with the blade of the tongue against the back of the teeth) in northern Tevrén, or same as the English [[w:Voice (phonetics)|voiceless]] ⟨th⟩ (as in '''''th'''ing'') in southern Tevrén
|-
| elsewhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced alveolar fricative#Voiced alveolar sibilant|z̻]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (northern Tevrén) or <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced dental fricative|ð]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (southern Tevrén)
| between ''rai'''s'''e'' and ''ba'''th'''e'' (like the typical English ⟨z⟩, but with the blade of the tongue against the back of the teeth) in northern Tevrén, or same as the English [[w:Voice (phonetics)|voiced]] ⟨th⟩ (as in '''''th'''at'') in southern Tevrén
|}

==Lexicon==
''[[:Category:Tevrés words|Tevrés Lexicon]]''.

[[Category:Tevrés]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Tevrés

2020-08-20T09:59:18Z

Gaffney.flancer: /* Accusative-dative */

{{construction}}
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right;" width="35%"
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#E25822; font-size:2em;" | '''''Tevrés''''' '''''hilerán • lla iveta tevressa'''''
|-
| '''Spoken in:''' || [[History of Avrid#Tevrén|Tevrén]]
|-
| '''Conworld:''' || [[History of Avrid|Avrid]]
|-
| '''Total Speakers:''' || ~ 12,000,000 (83 CA)
|-
| '''Genealogical classification:'''
| [[Proto-Maro-Ephenian]]    - [[Aeranir]]       '''''- Tevrés'''''
|-
| '''Basic word order:''' || [[w:V2 word order|V2]]
|-
| '''Morphological Type:''' || Fusional
|-
| '''Morphosyntactic Alignment:''' || Southern Aeranid Alignment
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#E25822; font-size:18px;" | '''Created by:'''
|-
| Gaffney McCoy Flancer || Began: January 2020 Status: In Progress
|-
|}

'''Tevrés''' (/tevˈɾes̺/), also known as '''Hilerán''' (/ileˈɾãn/), or the '''Tevren Language''' (''lla iveta tevressa'') is an ''a priori'' artistic [[w:Constructed language|constructed language]] created for the home-brew [[w:Dungeons and Dragons|Dungeons and Dragons]] campaign setting [[History of Avrid|Avrid]]. It serves as a ''lingua franca'' throughout the Kingdom of Tevrén, and is a southern Aeranid language derived from the prestige dialect of Çien-a-Tevrén, a region in northwest Hileria. It is used by the self identified Aerans of Hileria and subjects of the Crown of Tevrén, and came into use after the Hilerian War of Reclamation against the [[History of Avrid#Fasser|Fasser Empire]]. It brings together several Hilero-Aeranid dialects, as well as some varieties considered languages in their own right, such as Ertrañán.

Tevrés is a member of the Hilero-Aeranid group of languages, which evolved from several dialects of Late Aeranir spoken in Hileria after the fall of the Aeranid Empire in the 12th century BCA. Tevrés began to blossom as a literary language in the 6th and 7th centuries BCA, mainly from southern port cities under Fasser control, such as Cotive and Ludd-as-Fasri'in. Modern Tevrés is most heavily influenced by these southern dialects and the dialects spoken around Çien-a-Tevrén to the north, especially after these two regions were united in 36 BCA into Tevrén Vuy.

The word ''tevrés'' descends from [[Coeñar_Aerānir|Aeranir]] ''tibōrissus'', referring to the ''Tibors'', an Anderian tribe which settled throughout Hileria in the wake of the Aeranid Empire, named after the river ''Tibus'', along which they settled. The Tibors also lent their name to Tevrén, from ''tibōrāniun''. All Hilero-Aeranid languages, including Ilesse, which is technically an Eastern-Aeranid language, are often colloquially referred to as ''tevrés''. The term ''hilerán'' is occasionally used for this purpose instead. The languages of Tevrén Vuy may be called ''lla iveta vuya'' (proper language), ''uy tevrés vuys'' (proper Tevrés), or ''vuyán'' in order to differentiate it from other ''hilerán'' languages.

==Phonology==

===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Consonant phonemes
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | Labial
! colspan="3" | Coronal
! rowspan="2" | Palatal or postalveolar
! rowspan="2" | Velar
|-
! Lamino- dental
! Apico- alveolar
! Lateral
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| m
|
| n
|
| ɲ
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" | Plosive
! voiceless
| p
| t̪
|
|
| tʃ
| k
|- style="text-align:center;"
! voiced
| b
| d̪
|
|
| ɟ
| g
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" | Fricative
! voiceless
| f
| s̻
| s̺
| ɬ
| colspan="2" | ʃ~x~h
|- style="text-align:center;"
! voiced
|
| z̻
| z̺
| ɮ
| colspan="2" | ʒ~ɣ~ɦ
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" | Rhotic
! trill
|
|
| r
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! tap
|
|
| ɾ
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Approximate
| (w)
|
|
| l
| ʎ
| (w)
|}

===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Vowel phonemes
|-
!
! Front
! Central
! Back
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Close
| i
|
| u
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Mid
| e
|
| o
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Open
|
| a
|
|}
=== Prosody ===
Tevrés is a [[w:Isochrony#Syllable timing|syllable-timed language]] with [[w:Stress (linguistics)#Phonemic stress|phonemic stress]]. This means that each syllable takes approximately the same amount of time, stressed or unstressed, vowels do not reduce in unstressed syllables, and that stress cannot be determined purely by phonological rules. However, stress does follow a few basic rules;
* If a polysyllabic word ends in a vowel or the consonants ''s'' or ''n'', the penultimate syllable is stressed; e.g. ''ve'''jar'''te'', ''morra'''jo'''ten''.
* If a polysyllabic word ends in any other consonants, the ultimate syllable is stressed; e.g. ''zi'''dej''''', ''sar'''cad'''''.
Stress in words that do not conform to these rules is indicated with an acute accent (e.g. ''ha'''rín'''''). Often these words descend from regular penultimately stressed words that lost a final ''e'' after a sonorant (e.g. ''ha'''rín''''' from old ''ha'''ri'''ne'', ''Tev'''rés''''' from old ''Tev'''re'''sse''), or from loanwords or learned Aeranisms (e.g. '''''Fá'''çar'' from ''Faṣr'', '''''á'''pico'' from ''apicor''). Sometimes, stress can have grammatical meaning, such as '''''lla'''vo'' ('I laugh') versus ''lla'''vó''''' ('I laughed').

=== Dialects ===

Due to centuries of separation, the culture of Tevrén between the north and the south form a stark contrast. This contrast is noticeable in many everyday aspects of life, including the way people speak. Southern dialects of Aeranir are considered to be 'softer' and 'more breathy' then harsher northern varieties. In addition, the language of the Court at Combrienes shows some novel innovation, merging [[w:Voice (phonetics)|voiced and voiceless]] [[w:Sibilant|sibilants]]. The following chart breaks down some of the key differences;

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Differences between northern and southern pronunciation
|-
! Letter
! Northern
! Southern
! Court
! Example
! rowspan="5" |
! Letter
! Northern
! Southern
! Court
! Example
|- style="text-align:center;"
! ç
| {{IPA-all|s̻|}}
| {{IPA-all|θ|}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA-all|z̻|}}
| ''çeña'' ('love')
! ł, łł*
| {{IPA-all|ɬ|}}
| {{IPA-all|ɕ|}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA-all|ɮ|}}
| ''łana'' ('flower')
|- style="text-align:center;"
! z
| {{IPA-all|z̻|}}
| {{IPA-all|ð|}}
| ''corezos'' ('counties')
! ł**
| {{IPA-all|ɮ|}}
| {{IPA-all|ʑ|}}
| ''veła'' ('life')
|- style="text-align:center;"
! s, ss*
| {{IPA-all|s̺|}}
| {{IPA-all|s|}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA-all|z̺|}}
| ''suel'' ('sky')
! x
| {{IPA-all|ʃ|}}
| {{IPA-all|h|}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA-all|ʒ|}}
| ''Moxa'' (a name)
|- style="text-align:center;"
! s**
| {{IPA-all|z̺|}}
| {{IPA-all|z|}}
| ''hormesos'' ('salves')
! j
| {{IPA-all|ʒ|}}
| {{IPA-all|ɦ|}}
| ''oveja'' ('talk')
|}
'''Notes:'''
* <nowiki>*</nowiki> the phonemes /s̺/ and /ɬ/ are written with doubled consonants ''ss'' and ''łł'' respectively between vowels.
* <nowiki>**</nowiki> the phonemes /z̺/ and /ɮ/ (written ''s'' and ''ł'') occur only between vowels, or next to a voiced consonant, and in some dialects word initially.

Speakers of northern Tevrés around the traditional homeland of the language, Çien-a-Tevrén, tend to realise all syllable final nasals as [ŋ], (e.g. ''Tevrén'' /tevˈɾen/: Northern {{IPA-all|tevˈɾẽŋ|}}, Southern {{IPA-all|tevˈɾẽn|}}; ''cantir'' /kanˈtiɾ/: Northern {{IPA-all|kãŋˈtiɾ|}}, Southern {{IPA-all|kãnˈtiɾ|}}). This trait is shared with the Hilero-Iscaric languages to the northwest of Çien-a-Tevrén, and may be an aerial feature.

==== Conflation of /l/ and /ɮ/ ====

Some speakers conflate /l/ and /ɮ/ into a single phoneme. The realisation of this phoneme varies, and different conditions provoking different allophones. In Velles this phoneme is realised as [l] word initially and before voiced obstruents, and [ɬ] word finally and before a voiceless obstruent, whilst in Hodén it is [l] word initially, [ɮ] between vowels and before voiced obstruents, and [ɬ] word finally and before a voiceless obstruent, and in Os Selum it is [ɬ] initially, finally, and before a voiceless obstruent, and [l] elsewhere.

==== Initial Sibilants ====

Voicing does not contrast amongst final and initial sibilant consonants in Tevrés. Final sibilants are almost always voiceless, although they are often voiced before other voiced consonants, and in some dialects they are voiced between vowels. Initial sibilants, however, are harder to generalise. There are two trends; either full voicing or full devoicing. This varies dialect to dialect, within dialects from village to village, and even from speaker to speaker. In dialects that have voiced initial sibilants and pronounce /z̻/ as [ð], such as the speech of Vazca, this phoneme is often completely conflated with /d/, appearing as [d] word initially and after nasals; e.g. ''della'' for ''çella'' ('cat').

==Nouns==
===Declension===
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+Class I noun endings
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | temporary
! colspan="2" | cyclical
|-
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | Direct-Genitive
| ''-e''
| ''-os''
| rowspan="3" | ''-a''
| ''-as''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | Accusative-Dative
| ''-o''
| ''-on''
| ''-an''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | Indirect-Ablative
| ''-a''
| ''-os''
| ''-as''
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+Class II noun endings
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | temporary
! colspan="2" | cyclical
|-
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | Direct-Genitive
| ''-Ø, -es, -s''
| ''-os''
| ''-Ø, -es, -s''
| ''-os''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | Accusative-Dative
| rowspan="2" | ''-e''
| ''-en''
| rowspan="2" | ''-e''
| ''-en''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | Indirect-Ablative
| ''-es''
| ''-es''
|}

===Case===

Case in Tevrés is a somewhat complex affair. There are three [[w:Grammatical case|noun cases]]; the direct-genitive, accusative-dative, and the indirect-ablative. These cases can occupy different [[w:Thematic relation|thematic relation]] based on the verb paradigm in use in a given clause, as well as whether or not the argument is a part of a verbs ''core valency''. Core valency is the minimum number of arguments a verb must take. Each case has a core use, defined by the first half of its name, and a non-core use, defined by the second. As stated, core uses deal with the noun's relation to the verb, whilst non-core uses tend to address a noun's relationship with other nouns.

==== Direct-genitive ====
The [[w:direct case|direct]]-[[w:genitive case|genitive]] case ({{interlinear|DIR}}) is used to mark the [[w:Subject (grammar)|subject]] of an [[w:Intransitive verb|intransitive verb]], the [[w:Agent (grammar)|agent]] of a [[w:Transitive verb|transitive verb]], or the donor of a [[w:Ditransitive verb|ditransitive verb]] for 3rd person arguments in the split verb paradigm, and 1st and 2nd person arguments in the nominative verb paradigm. That is, the person or thing that does the action of the verb.

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| uy cueres llavas
| DEF-T.DIR.SG count-DIR.SG laugh-IPFV.3SG.T
|'The count is laughing'}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| ul as pruviós llo gotejo
| DEF-T.DIR.SG wumbo-DIR.SG steal-PFV.3SG.T DEF-T.ACC.SG cap-ACC.SG
|'The wumbo stole the cap'}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| uy vuestre zón priezon llo riel
| DEF-T.DIR.SG elder-DIR.SG give-PFV.3PL pen-ACC.PL DEF-T.ACC.SG child-ACC.SG
|'The elder gave the child some pens'}}

It has another, albeit minor, role in the ergative verb paradigm, where it marks the patient of the verb. Because the ergative paradigm is triggered by a first or second person patient, this role is generally limited to the first and second persons pronouns. Furthermore, as Tevrés is heavily [[w:Pro-drop language|pro-drop]] these arguments are usually dropped. However, they can be reintroduced for emphasis, and when they are, they appear in the direct-genitive.

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| tego oyel lla harina
| 1SG-DIR.EMP see-ERG.1SG DEF-T.IND.SG priest-IND.SG
|'The priest sees me'}}

There are cases where this might be used by nouns other than the first and second person pronouns. The most common would be [[w:Apposition|appositive]] statements defining the first or second person.

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| tego uy res sevol nen ma
| 1SG-DIR DEF-T.DIR.SG king-DIR.SG kill-ERG.SUBJ.1SG 2SG-IND INTERR
| You would kill me, the king?}}

Some argue that this is not a true appositive, rather a genitive appositive as in Japanese or Ancient Greek. One piece of evidence that points to this theory is the fact that these require a personal pronoun, which is usually dropped. However, relative clauses modifying a first or second person patient can undeniably be said to have an patientive meaning, as they must agree with the head.

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| tego ne queñid sevol nen ma
| 1SG-DIR 2SG-ACC love-PFV.PTCP-T.DIR.SG kill-ERG.SUBJ.1SG 2SG-IND INTERR
| You would kill me, who loved you?}}

The direct-genitive may also be used to express relation, ownership, or other connection between two nouns. In these cases, the modified noun (the ''head'') come first, and the modifying noun (the ''dependant'') second; e.g. ''uy-gotejo-uy-vuestre'' (the elder's cap) not ''**uy-vuestre-uy-gotejo''. Often times these phrases are joined by dashes, as shown in the previous example.

Tevrés [[w:Genitive construction|genitive contstuctions]] may optionally distinguish relationships initiated with or without the dependants control over the head by using prepositions. The following table illustrates the ''a''-genitive and the ''eu''-genitive. In action nouns, the ''eu''-genitive dependant corresponds to the head action's subject, and the ''a''-genitive dependant to its object. Using ''eu'' implies that the dependant is active, influential, or formative towards the head, whilst the use of ''a'' implies that the head is active, influential, or formative towards the dependant.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Direct-genitive-modifying prepositions
|-
! Regular
! with ''a'' (to)
! with eu (from)
|-
| ''harena-uy-vuestre'' the elder's letter
| ''harena-'''al'''-vuestre'' a letter to the elder
| ''harena-'''el'''-vuestre'' a letter from the elder
|-
| ''uy-vies-uy-cueres'' the count's law
| ''uy-vies-'''al'''-cueres'' the law which governs the count
| ''uy-vies-'''el'''-cueres'' the law the count creates
|-
| ''lla-rentaga-uy-mader'' the council's ruler
| ''lla-rentaga-'''al'''-mader'' the ruler who controls the council
| ''lla-rentaga-'''el'''-mader'' the ruler the council controls
|-
| ''lla-toladre-uy-res'' the king's army
| ''lla-toladre-'''al'''-res'' the army belonging to the king
| ''lla-toladre-'''el'''-res'' the army sent after the king
|}

==== Accusative-dative ====

The [[w:Accusative case|accusative]]-[[w:Dative case|dative]] case ({{interlinear |ACC}}) has limited use in the nominative and ergative verb paradigms, and is used only to mark the theme, or direct object, of ditransitive verbs. However because of this, it is commonly seen in [[w:Applicative voice|applicative]] clauses. In the nominative paradigm, the old indirect argument is moved to the accusative case, with the new applicative argument taking the indirect case. In the ergative paradigm, the applicative argument is added directly into the accusative case.

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| llo soriejo a-hego zi garinos
| DEF-T.ACC.SG wardrobe-ACC.SG BEN<nowiki>=</nowiki>make-NOM.1SG REFL-DIR friend-IND.PL
|'I am making a wardrobe for my friends'
|c1 = (non applicative ''lla sorieja hego'')}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| tego en-oyel lla harina llo cuerço
| 1SG-DIR.EMP LOC<nowiki>=</nowiki>see-ERG.1SG DEF-T.IND.SG priest-IND.SG DEF-C.ACC.SG market-ACC.SG
|'The priest sees me in the market'
|c1 = (non applicative ''tego oyel lla harina'')}}

The accusative-dative is used much more in the split verb paradigm, where it marks the patient of a transitive verb and both the theme and recipient of ditransitive ones. On top of that, applicative arguments are also added in the accusative-dative case. This may lead to situations where there are as many as three accusative-dative arguments in a clause. In these cases, context is usually sufficient to tell which argument fulfils which role.

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| çi mientron a-jovan harenan
| REFL-DIR sibling-ACC.PL BEN<nowiki>=</nowiki>write-3PL letter-ACC.PL
|'They write letters for their siblings'}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| garinon co-teuden tin
| friend-ACC.SG COM<nowiki>=</nowiki>drink-PFV.3PL tea-ACC.SG
|'They drank tea with friends'}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| tan en-cares juina zi combre
| but LOC<nowiki>=</nowiki>dance-T.3SG Juina-DIR.SG REFL-DIR home-ACC.SG
|'Juina only dances in their own home'}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| avron en-canta llan zellan lla yumas
| fish-ACC.PL LOC<nowiki>=</nowiki>feed-C.3SG DEF-C.ACC.PL cat-ACC.PL DEF-C.ACC.SG garden-ACC.SG
|'They feed the cats fish in the garden'}}

==== Indirect-ablative ====

The [[w:Direct case|indirect]]-[[w:Ablative case|ablative]] case ({{interlinear |IND}}) is used to mark core arguments of a verb exclusively in the nominative and ergative paradigms. It is never used with intransitive verbs, because is appearance depends on the person of the direct-genitive argument. In the nominative paradigm, it marks the patient of a transitive verb and the recipient of a ditransitive verb. In the ergative paradigm, it marks the agent and the donor. Additionally the indirect-ablative case is used for applicative arguments in the nominative paradigm, with the old indirect-ablative argument moving into the accusative-dative case.

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| maeja caño
| breakfast-IND.SG eat-NOM.1SG
|'I will eat breakfast'
}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| lla cossa cañiólam tantos
| DEF-T.IND.SG bear-IND.SG eat-ERG.1PL all-T.DIR.PL
|'The bear ate all of us'
}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| ti muzrinon cantió cossa
| 1SG-DIR enemy-ACC.PL feed-NOM.PST.1SG bear-IND.SG
| 'I fed my enemies to a bear'
}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| cosso cantiólam muzrina
| bear-ACC.SG feed-ERG.PST.1PL enemy-IND.SG
| 'Our enemy fed us a bear'
}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| llon muzrinon a-cantió cosso ti ayestra
| DEF-T.ACC.PL enemy-ACC.PL BEN<nowiki>=</nowiki>feed-NOM.PST.1SG bear-ACC.SG 1SG-DIR master-IND.SG
| 'I fed the enemies to a bear for my master'
}}

===Articles===
==== Definite article ====
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+Definite article
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | temporary
! colspan="2" | cyclical
|-
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | Direct-Genitive
| ''ul/uy''
| ''llos''
| rowspan="3" | ''lla''
| ''llas''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | Dative-Accusative
| ''llo''
| ''llon''
| ''llan''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | Ergative-Ablative
| ''lla''
| ''llos''
| ''llas''
|}
==== Indefinite article ====
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+Indefinite article
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | temporary
! colspan="2" | cyclical
|-
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | Direct-Genitive
| ''as''
| ''aros''
| rowspan="3" | ''ara''
| ''aras''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | Dative-Accusative
| rowspan="2" | ''ar''
| ''aren''
| ''aran''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | Ergative-Ablative
| ''ares''
| ''aras''
|}
In addition to the definite article, Tevrés also boasts an indefinite article. The Tevrés indefinite article carries a stronger meaning that English ''a/an'', and may better be translated as 'some' or 'someones.' The Tevrés equivalent of ''a/an'' is usually simply the bare noun, e.g. '''''lla çella''''' ('the cat') vs. '''''çella''''' ('a cat') vs. '''''ara çella''''' ('some cat'). The indefinite article can also be used to convey the meaning 'someone's' or 'someone else's,' or to talk about things that are general, or public.
:{{interlinear|box=yes
| miré çi çierve ara çear en-hordir
| NEG<nowiki>=</nowiki>do-IMP REFL-DIR body-ACC.SG INDEF-C.IND.SG affairs-IND.SG LOC<nowiki>=</nowiki>put-INF
| 'Don't stick yourself in other peoples' affairs.'}}

:{{interlinear|box=yes
| res co-quera çe pariña en aran oejan
| king-DIR.SG COM<nowiki>=</nowiki>bear-C.3SG REFL-ACC properly in INDEF-C.ACC.PL eye-ACC.PL
| 'A king should bear themselves properly in the eyes of the people.'}}
In older texts, or texts stylistically drawing from an older register, the oblique stem ''art-'' may be found instead of ''ar-''. This is because the Tevrés indefinite article is derived from Aeranir ''ars, artis'' ('person'). However, its root was reformed by analogy to other words ending in ''-as'' in the direct-genitive case.

==Pronouns==
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+Tevrés Personal Pronouns
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | 1st person
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | 2nd person
! colspan="4" | 3nd person
|-
! colspan="2" | temporary
! colspan="2" | cyclical
|-
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" | Nominative- Genitive
! emphatic
| ''tego''
| ''yego''
| ''nego''
| ''rego''
| rowspan="2" | ''ul/uy''
| rowspan="2" | ''ulos''
| rowspan="4" | ''ula''
| rowspan="2" | ''ulas''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! plain
| ''ti''
| ''yos''
| ''ni''
| ''ros''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Dative-Accusative
| ''te''
| ''yon''
| ''ne''
| ''ruen''
| ''ulo''
| ''ulon''
| ''ulan''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Ergative-Ablative
| ''ten''
| ''yos''
| ''nen''
| ''ros''
| ''ula''
| ''ulos''
| ''ulas''
|}

==Verbs==
===Morphosyntactic alignment===

Tevrés uses a system of [[w:Morphological alignment|morphological alignment]] which is reminiscent of aspects of [[w:Split ergative|split ergativity]], [[w:Direct-inverse language|direct-inverse languages]], [[w:Austronesian alignment|austronesian alignment]], and [https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/aarsyy/the_total_cacophony_of_b%C3%A4ladiri_verb_agreement/ bäladiri alignment]. This system is common amongst southern Aeranid languages such as [[S'entigneis]], Morraolà, and to an extent Ilesse, and is thus referred to as ''Southern Aeranid Alignment'' (SAA). This is characterised by different verbal paradigms triggered by first and second person arguments which affect the way Tevrés cases align with thematic roles, and how the verb agrees with its arguments.

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+ Verb paradigms and alignment
|+ align="left" style="caption-side: bottom" | {{small|The chart below further details how arguments align in each paradigm. ''S'' represents the morphosyntactic [[w:Subject (grammar)|subject]], ''A'' the [[w:Agent (grammar)|agent]], ''P'' the [[w:Patient (grammar)|patient]], ''D'' the [[w:Thematic relation|donor]], ''T'' the [[w:Thematic relation|theme]], and ''R'' the [[w:Thematic relation|recipient]].}}
|-
! Verb paradigm:
! colspan="6" | 1 nominative
! colspan="6" | 2 ergative
! colspan="6" | 3 split
|-
! Valency:
! ''in.''
! colspan="2" | ''tr.''
! colspan="3" | ''di.''
! ''in.''
! colspan="2" | ''tr.''
! colspan="3" | ''di.''
! ''in.''
! colspan="2" | ''tr.''
! colspan="3" | ''di.''
|-
! Noun argument:
! S
! A
! P
! D
! T
! R
! S
! A
! P
! D
! T
! R
! S
! A
! P
! D
! T
! R
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Noun case:
| colspan="2" | <big>{{interlinear|DIR}}</big>
| <big>{{interlinear|IND}}</big>
| <big>{{interlinear|DIR}}</big>
| <big>{{interlinear|ACC}}</big>
| <big>{{interlinear|IND}}</big>
| N/A
| <big>{{interlinear|IND}}</big>
| <big>{{interlinear|DIR}}</big>
| <big>{{interlinear|IND}}</big>
| <big>{{interlinear|ACC}}</big>
| colspan="3" | <big>{{interlinear|DIR}}</big>
| <big>{{interlinear|ACC}}</big>
| <big>{{interlinear|DIR}}</big>
| colspan="2" | <big>{{interlinear|ACC}}</big>
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Verb agreement:
| ✔︎
| ✔︎
| ✖︎
| ✔︎
| ✖︎
| ✖︎
| N/A
| ✖︎
| ✔︎
| ✖︎
| ✖︎
| ✔︎
| ✔︎
| ✖︎
| ✔︎
| ✖︎
| ✖︎
| ✔︎
|}

Transitive verbs show three different modes of [[w:Morphosyntactic alignment|morphosyntactic alignment]], here called paradigms, depending on the arguments present. When the agent of a transitive verb or the donor of a ditransitive verb is the first or second person, the verb uses [[w:Nominative–accusative_language|nominative agreement]]. The verb agrees with the subject in person and number, the patient or recipient are in the indirect-ablative case, and the theme is in the accusative dative. Because the subject is marked on the verb and is always the first or second person, the pronoun itself is usually dropped. However, it can be added for emphasis.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| tevressa ovejo
| Tevrés-IND.SG speak-NOM.1SG
| 'I speak Tevrés'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| tego jovó lla salva
| 1SG-DIR.EMP write-PST.NOM.1SG DEF-C.IND.SG book-IND.SG
| <nowiki>'</nowiki>''I'' wrote the book!'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| łanan çaste llos rieles ma
| flower-ACC.PL give-NOM.2SG DEF-T.IND.PL child-IND.PL INTERR
| 'Will you give the children flowers?'}}

When the patient or recipient is the first or second person, the verb displays [[w:Ergative-absolutive language|ergative agreement]]. Here, the agent or donor is in the indirect-ablative case, and the verb agrees with the person and number of the patient or recipient. The theme is still accusative-dative, but the recipient (first or second person) is in the direct-genitive. Just as above, first and second person pronouns are unnecessary and are dropped.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| garina querel
| friend-IND.SG help-ERG.1SG
| 'A friend is helping me'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ijana hemiol gotejo suevo
| Ijan-IND.SG send-ERG.PST.1SG cap-ACC.SG new-T.ACC.SG
| 'Ijan sent me a new cap'}}

If neither argument for a verb is the second or first person, then Tevrés shows a type of [[w:Split ergativity|split-ergativity]], where the agent/donor of the verb is in the direct-genitive case and the patient/recipient in the dative-accusative, whilst the verb agrees with the most oblique argument (patient or recipient).

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| castil travas llo morrajote
| Castil-DIR.SG walk-3SG DEF-T.ACC.SG castle-ACC.SG
| 'Castil is walking (around) the castle'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ul as çava avro lla çella
| DEF-T.DIR.SG wumbo-DIR.SG give-PST.3SG.C fish-ACC.SG DEF-C.ACC.SG cat-ACC.SG
| 'The man gave the cat a fish'}}

It should be noted that the first person is higher in the hierarchy than the second person, so if the first person and second person are both present, the verb will agree with the first person.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| nen çiso
| 2SG.PRO-IND know-NOM.1SG
| 'I know you'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| nen oyólam ma
| 2SG.PRO-IND see-ERG.1SG INTERR
| 'Did you see us?'}}

Due to the fact that a first or second person argument must 1.) be in the direct-genitive case and 2.) take verbal agreement, these arguments cannot normally appear as the theme of a ditransitive verb, because this argument always appears in the accusative-dative case, and never takes verbal agreement. To remedy this, the original recipient of the verb is ejected from the verb's core valency by rephrasing it with an adjunct clause, and the first or second person argument is elevated to the direct-genitive argument.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| **pueva vadiós te llo-pristino-a-damata
| father-DIR.SG send-T.3SG 1SG.PRO-ACC DEF-T.ACC.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>prince-ACC.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>to<nowiki>=</nowiki>Damata-DIR.SG
| **'My father sent me to the prince of Damata'
| c1 = (''grammatically incorrect'')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| pueva vadiol a'lo pristino-a-damata
| father-IND.SG send-ERG.1SG to<nowiki>=</nowiki>DEF-T.ACC.SG prince-ACC.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>to<nowiki>=</nowiki>Damata-DIR.SG
| 'My father sent me to the prince of Damata'
| c1 = (''correct version'')}}

Due to the nature of this system, a small change to the verb (and by extension to the cases of certain arguments) can completely change the meaning of a sentence.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| vejarten serquió çi garina
| story-ACC.PL tell-NOM.1SG REFL-DIR friend-IND
| 'I told my friend stories'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| vejarten serquiol çi garina
| story-ACC.PL tell-ERG.1SG REFL-DIR friend-IND
| 'My friend told me stories'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| vejarten serquiós çi garino
| story-ACC.PL tell-T.3SG REFL-DIR friend-ACC
| 'They told their friend stories'}}

=== Conjugation ===

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+ Conjugation classes
|-
! Class
! Theme vowel
! Example
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3" | Strong
| style="text-align:center;" | ''a''
| '''''jovar''''' (to write)
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | ''i''
| '''''apiçir''''' (to appear)
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | ''e''
| '''''corer''''' (to annoy)
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Weak
| style="text-align:center;" | Ø
| '''''tiedre''''' (to drink)
|}

There are four conjugation classes in Tevrés, characterised by the vowel (or lack there of) used to form the infinitive. There are three strong conjugation classes, and one weak class. The weak class conjugates identically to the strong e-class in the non-past tense, and may either conjugate identically to the e-class in the past as well, or take irregular conjugation endings, in conjuncture with stem mutation.
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Transitive verb endings
|-
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="6" | Singular
! colspan="5" | Plural
|-
! colspan="2" | nominative
! colspan="2" | ergative
! colspan="2" | split
! colspan="2" | nominative
! colspan="2" | ergative
! colspan="1" | split
|-
! 1st
! 2nd
! 1st
! 2nd
! 3rd t.
! 3rd c.
! 1st
! 2nd
! 1st
! 2nd
! 3rd
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Non-past
| ''-o'' ''-o'' ''-o''
| ''-ás'' ''-ís'' ''-és''
| ''-al'' ''-el'' ''-el''
| ''-alas'' ''-elas'' ''-elas''
| ''-as'' ''-es'' ''-es''
| ''-a'' ''-a'' ''-a''
| ''-am'' ''-im'' ''-em''
| ''-ad'' ''-id'' ''-ed''
| ''-álam'' ''-élam'' ''-élam''
| ''-álad'' ''-élad'' ''-élad''
| ''-an'' ''-en'' ''-en''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Past regular
| ''-ó'' ''-ió'' ''-ió''
| ''-ós'' ''-iós'' ''-iós''
| ''-ol'' ''-iol'' ''-iol''
| ''-olas'' ''-iolas'' ''-iolas''
| ''-ós'' ''-iós'' ''-iós''
| ''-á'' ''-iá'' ''-iá''
| ''-om'' ''-iom'' ''-iom''
| ''-od'' ''-iod'' ''-iod''
| ''-ólam'' ''-iólam'' ''-iólam''
| ''-ólad'' ''-iólad'' ''-iólad''
| ''-ón'' ''-ión'' ''-ión''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Past irregular
| ''-o''
| ''-és''
| ''-el''
| ''-elas''
| ''-es''
| ''-a''
| ''-em''
| ''-ed''
| ''-élam''
| ''-élad''
| ''-en''
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Intransitive verb endings
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="5" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
|-
! 1st
! 2nd
! 3rd t.
! 3rd c.
! 1st
! 2nd
! 3rd
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Non-past
| ''-o'' ''-o'' ''-o''
| ''-ás'' ''-ís'' ''-és''
| ''-as'' ''-es'' ''-es''
| ''-a'' ''-a'' ''-a''
| ''-amos'' ''-imos'' ''-emos''
| ''-áis'' ''-ís'' ''-éis''
| ''-an'' ''-en'' ''-en''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Past regular
| ''-ó'' ''-ió'' ''-ió''
| ''-ós'' ''-iós'' ''-iós''
| ''-ós'' ''-iós'' ''-iós''
| ''-á'' ''-iá'' ''-iá''
| ''-om'' ''-iom'' ''-iom''
| ''-od'' ''-iod'' ''-iod''
| ''-ón'' ''-ión'' ''-ión''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Past irregular
| ''-o''
| ''-és''
| ''-es''
| ''-a''
| ''-em''
| ''-ed''
| ''-en''
|}

=== Applicative voices ===

Tevrés, like the other southern Aeranid languages, prefers to express its noun phrases as part of a verb's core arguments, rather than through [[w:Adjunct (grammar)|adjuncts]] or [[w:Adpositional phrase#Prepositional phrases|prepositional phrases]]. Tevrés is able to incorporate these phrases into a verb's core through [[w:Applicative voice|applicative voices]], which increases a verb's [[w:Valency (linguistics)|valency]] to include a new core [[w:Object (grammar)|object]] argument. There are five main applicative voices, each formed with a simple verbal prefix.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name !! Prefix !! Usage !! Example
|-
| [[w:Benefactive case|Benefactive]] ({{interlinear|BEN}})
| style="text-align:center;" | ''a-''
| Expresses that the referent of the noun receives the benefit of the situation expressed by the clause, used where [[w:English language|English]] would use 'for,' 'for the benefit of,' or 'intended for.'
| ''çi garinos a-llavó'' 'I laughed for the sake of my friends' (i.e. to reassure or comfort them)
|-
| [[w:Comitative case|Comitative]] ({{interlinear|COM}})
| style="text-align:center;" | ''co-''
| Denotes a relationship of 'accompanyment' between two participants in an event, expressed in English with the preposition 'with,' in the sense of 'in company with' (but not 'with' meaning 'using' or 'by means of').
| ''çi garinos co-llavó'' 'I laughed with my friends'
|-
| [[w:Locative case|Locative]] ({{interlinear|LOC}})
| style="text-align:center;" | ''en-''
| Indicates a location, corresponding vaguely to the English prepositions 'in', 'on', 'at', and 'by'.
| ''çi garinon en-ango lla sarvaja'' 'I'm meeting my friends at the library'
|-
| [[w:Instrumental case|Instrumental]] ({{interlinear|INSTR}})
| style="text-align:center;" | ''eu/el-''
| Used to indicate that a noun is the instrument or means by or with which the subject achieves or accomplishes an action. The noun may be either a physical object or an abstract concept.
| ''prieza eu-jovo'' 'I write (it) with a pen'
|-
| [[w:Malefactive case|Malefactive]] ({{interlinear|MAL}})
| style="text-align:center;" | ''y/e-''
| Pertaining to the linguistic form or case or the semantic role of the person who is harmed or who loses out by an action. The opposite of the benefactive applicative.
| ''çi garinos y-llavó'' 'I laughed at my friends' (i.e. ridiculed them)
|}

There is a sixth applicative voice, the ''os''-genitive ({{interlinear|GEN}}). However, this applicative is limited only to [[w:Relative clause|relative clauses]], to signify that head fulfils a [[w:Genitive case|gentive]] role within the subordinate clause. When the subordinate clause has more than one argument aside from the referent, the ''os''-prefix is applied to the noun the referent is dependant to.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ul as çella ti-os-cantid
| DEF-T.DIR.SG wumbo-DIR.SG cat-IND.SG 1SG-DIR<nowiki>=</nowiki>GEN<nowiki>=</nowiki>feed-PST.PTCP-T.DIR.SG
| 'the wumbo whose cat I fed'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| uy paño os-res llo cuerte seud
| DEF-T.DIR.SG guard-DIR.SG GEN<nowiki>=</nowiki>king-DIR.SG DEF-T.ACC.SG count-ACC.SG kill-PST.PTCP-T.DIR.SG
| 'the guard whose king killed the count'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| uy paño uy res os-cuerte seud
| DEF-T.DIR.SG guard-DIR.SG DEF-T.DIR.SG king-DIR.SG GEN<nowiki>=</nowiki>count-ACC.SG kill-PST.PTCP-T.DIR.SG
| 'the guard whose count the king killed'}}

Whilst applicatives are preferred to adjuncts, Tevrés explicitly disallows multiple applicatives, that is, multiple applicative prefixes attached to a single verb. Thus, **''çi garinon co-en-llavó lla sarvaja'' is ungrammatical. In cases where two or more object arguments must be added to a clause, one argument is expressed through a normal applicative voice, and the others will be introduced in adjuncts; usually prepositional phrases. Which argument takes the applicative voice is determined by a straightforward hierarchy chain. The highest argument on the chain takes the applicative, while the others adjuncts.

: benefactive > comitative > locative > instrumental > malefactive > genitive

Adjunct arguments are ignored as part of the nominal and verbal alignment paradigms. Therefor, verbs core arguments in these cases decline exactly as they would without the adjunct. The case that the adjunct is in is governed by the preposition introducing the phrase.

{{interlinear | box=yes
| çi garinos co-llavó en llo sarvajo
| REFL-GEN friend-IND.PL COM<nowiki>=</nowiki>laugh-PST.NOM.1SG LOC DEF-T.ACC.SG library-ACC.SG
| 'I laughed with my friends in the library' }}

{{interlinear | box=yes
| lla salva Moxa çi mientra y llo-sarvajo-el-cueres a-pruvida
| DEF-C.DIR.SG book-DIR.SG Moxa-DIR.SG REFL-DIR sibling-IND.SG MAL DEF-T.ACC.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>library-ACC.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>ABL-DEF.T.DIR.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>count-DIR.SG BEN<nowiki>=</nowiki>steal-PST.PTCP-C.DIR.SG
| 'The book Moxa stole from the count's library for his sibling' }}

== Numbers ==
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Aeranir numbers
|-
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
|-
! 1
| ''im''
| ''priste''
| ''tiempre''
! 11
| ''eñintos''
| ''eñís''
| ''eñinte''
! 21
| ''callos im''
| ''calde priste''
| ''cal tiempre''
! 120
| ''ñoçallos''
| ''ñoçalde''
| ''ñoçal''
|-
! 2
| ''ser''
| ''mezún''
| ''vires''
! 12
| ''verzintos''
| ''verzís''
| ''verzinte''
! 22
| ''callos ser''
| ''caldo mezún''
| ''cal vires''
! 140
| ''ñallos''
| ''ñalde''
| ''ñal''
|-
! 3
| ''moros''
| ''muerte''
| ''mores''
! 13
| ''preintos''
| ''proís''
| ''preinte''
! 30
| ''callos queinços''
| ''calde quies''
| ''cal quein''
! 160
| ''ñancullos''
| ''ñancuzde''
| ''ñancul''
|-
! 4
| ''cuałos''
| ''cual''
| ''cuaçes''
! 14
| ''cuałentos''
| ''cuałés''
| ''cuałente''
! 40
| ''vercullos''
| ''vercuzde''
| ''vercul''
! 180
| ''ñałcullos''
| ''ñałcuzde''
| ''ñałcul''
|-
! 5
| ''quicos''
| ''quite''
| ''quigue''
! 15
| ''queintos''
| ''queís''
| ''queinte''
! 50
| ''vercullos queinços''
| ''vercuzde quies''
| ''vercul quein''
! 200
| ''tamiłłos''
| ''tamite''
| ''tamiçes''
|-
! 6
| ''ñoços''
| ''ñoçum''
| ''ñoz''
! 16
| ''ñoçentos''
| ''ñoçés''
| ''ñoçente''
! 60
| ''prollos''
| ''prolde''
| ''prol''
! 220
| ''tamiłłos callos''
| ''tamite calde''
| ''tamiçes cal''
|-
! 7
| ''ñayos''
| ''ñante''
| ''ñain''
! 17
| ''ñentos''
| ''ñaís''
| ''ñente''
! 70
| ''prollos queinços''
| ''prolde quies''
| ''prol quein''
! 240
| ''tamiłłos vercullos''
| ''tamite vercuzde''
| ''tamiçes vercul''
|-
! 8
| ''ñangos''
| ''ñaguiem''
| ''ñangue''
! 18
| ''sescullos''
| ''sescuzde''
| ''sescul''
! 80
| ''cuałallos''
| ''cuałalde''
| ''cuałal''
! 260
| ''tamiłłos prollos''
| ''tamite prolde''
| ''tamiçes prol''
|-
! 9
| ''ñałiços''
| ''ñałizte''
| ''ñałiz''
! 19
| ''imallos''
| ''imalde''
| ''imal''
! 90
| ''cuałallos queinços''
| ''cuałalde quies''
| ''cuałal quein''
! 280
| ''tamiłłos cuałallos''
| ''tamite cuałalde''
| ''tamiçes cuałal''
|-
! 10
| ''queinços''
| ''quies''
| ''quein''
! 20
| ''callos''
| ''calde''
| ''cal''
! 100
| ''quecullos''
| ''quecuzde''
| ''quecul''
! 400
| ''miłłos''
| ''mite''
| ''miçes''
|}

==Writing System==
=== Romanisation ===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | [[w:Consonants|Consonants]]
|-
! Letter
! Context
! [[w:Help:IPA|IPA]]
! English approximation
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | '''b''' or '''v'''
| word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨m⟩ or ⟨n⟩
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| practically the same as the typical English ⟨b⟩, except that it is fully [[w:Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]; e.g. ''a'''b'''out''
|-
| elsewhere (i.e. after a vowel, even across a word boundary, or after any consonant other than ⟨m⟩ or ⟨n⟩)
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as the typical English ⟨v⟩; ''be'''v'''y''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | '''c'''
| before another consonant
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| a sound between a light English ⟨g⟩ and the typical English ⟨h⟩ (between '''''g'''old'' and ''a'''h'''old''), same as Dutch ⟨g⟩; '''''g'''abber''
|-
| elsewhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as certain instances of English ⟨k⟩ or ⟨c⟩; e.g. ''s'''k'''ull'', ''s'''c'''an'', or ''pi'''ck'''ing'' (unaspirated, i.e. without the puff of air that accompanies English /k/ at the beginning of a word, e.g. in '''''c'''an'')
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ç'''
| everywhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative#Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s̻]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (northern Tevrén) or <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless dental fricative|θ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (southern Tevrén)
| between ''me'''ss''''' and ''me'''th''''' (like the typical English ⟨s⟩, but with the blade of the tongue against the back of the teeth) in northern Tevrén, or same as the English [[w:Voice (phonetics)|voiceless]] ⟨th⟩ (as in '''''th'''ing'') in southern Tevrén
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ch'''
| everywhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|tʃ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as the typical English ⟨ch⟩; '''''ch'''ur'''ch'''''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | '''d'''
| word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨l⟩ or ⟨n⟩
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced dental stop|d]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| practically the same as the typical English ⟨d⟩, except that it is fully [[w:Voice (phonetics)|voiced]] and the tip of the tongue touches the [[w:Denti-alveolar consonant|upper teeth]]; e.g. ''a'''d'''ore''
|-
| elsewhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced dental fricative|ð]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as the typical English [[w:Voice (phonetics)|voiced]] ⟨th⟩; e.g. '''''th'''is''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''f'''
| everywhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless labiodental ficative|f]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as the typical English ⟨f⟩; e.g. '''''f'''ace''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3" | '''g'''
| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced postalveolar fricative|ʒ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (nothern Tevrén) or <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced glottal fricative|ɦ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (southern Tevrén)
| same as English ⟨s⟩ in words like ''mea'''s'''ure'' or ''fu'''s'''ion'', same as French ⟨j⟩ (e.g. '''''j'''oie'') in northern Tevrén, or like [[w:Received Pronunciation|Received Pronunciation]] ⟨h⟩ in words like ''be'''h'''ind'', same as Dutch ⟨h⟩ (e.g. '''''h'''agelslag'') in southern Tevrén
|-
| not before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced velar stop|g]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| practically the same as the typical English ⟨g⟩ sound, except that it is fully [[w:Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]; e.g. ''a'''g'''o''
|-
| not before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| a sound between a light English ⟨g⟩ and the typical English ⟨h⟩ (between '''''g'''old'' and ''a'''h'''old''), same as Dutch ⟨g⟩; '''''g'''abber''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="4" | '''gu'''
| before ⟨a⟩ or ⟨o⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>gw<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| a sound like the ⟨gu⟩ in English ''pen'''gu'''in''
|-
| before ⟨a⟩ or ⟨o⟩, and not in the above contexts
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>ɣw<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| similar to the typical English ⟨w⟩, but preceded by a soft guttural sound
|-
| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced velar stop|g]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| practically the same as the typical English ⟨g⟩ sound, except that it is fully [[w:Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]; e.g. ''a'''g'''o''
|-
| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| a sound between a light English ⟨g⟩ and the typical English ⟨h⟩ (between '''''g'''old'' and ''a'''h'''old''), same as Dutch ⟨g⟩; '''''g'''abber''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''h'''
| everywhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big>(''silent'')</big>
| silent (like the English ⟨h⟩ in English '''''h'''onor'' or '''''h'''our'')
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | '''j'''
| word final
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (nothern Tevrén) or <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (southern Tevrén)
| same as typical English ⟨sh⟩ (e.g. '''''sh'''u'''sh''''') in northern Tevrén, or like typical English ⟨h⟩ (e.g. '''''h'''appy'') in southern Tevrén
|-
| elsewhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced postalveolar fricative|ʒ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (nothern Tevrén) or <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced glottal fricative|ɦ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (southern Tevrén)
| same as English ⟨s⟩ in words like ''mea'''s'''ure'' or ''fu'''s'''ion'', same as French ⟨j⟩ (e.g. '''''j'''oie'') in northern Tevrén, or like [[w:Received Pronunciation|Received Pronunciation]] ⟨h⟩ in words like ''be'''h'''ind'', same as Dutch ⟨h⟩ (e.g. '''''h'''agelslag'') in southern Tevrén
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''l'''
| everywhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants|l]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as the typical English ⟨l⟩ (especially like the clear ⟨l⟩ of British English, rather than the dark ⟨l⟩ of American English);e.g. '''''l'''u'''ll'''''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ll'''
| everywhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w: Voiced palatal lateral approximant|ʎ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| similar to the ⟨lli⟩ in English ''mi'''lli'''on''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | '''ł'''
| before a voiced consonant or between vowels
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced dental and alveolar lateral fricatives|ɮ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (nothern Tevrén) or <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative|ʑ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (southern Tevrén)
| a sound between French ⟨j⟩ and the typical English ⟨l⟩ (between '''''j'''oue'' and '''''l'''ieu'') in northern Tevrén, or like [[w:Kagoshima dialect|Kagoshima]] Japanese ⟨じ⟩ in southern Tevrén
|-
| elsewhere
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless dental and alveolar lateral fricatives|ɬ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (nothern Tevrén) or <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative|ɕ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (southern Tevrén)
| rowspan="2" | a sound between English ⟨h⟩ and the typical English ⟨l⟩ (between '''''h'''appy'' and '''''l'''ieu''), same as Welsh ⟨ll⟩ (e.g. ''Ebri'''ll''''') in northern Tevrén, or like typical Japanese ⟨し⟩ in southern Tevrén
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''łł'''
| only occurs between vowels
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''m'''
| everywhere
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| rowspan="2" | same as the typical English ⟨m⟩; '''''m'''ada'''m'''''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="5" | '''n'''
| before ⟨v⟩
|-
| before ⟨f⟩
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced labiodental nasal|ɱ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> 
| same as the English ⟨m⟩ in ''sy'''m'''phony''
|-
| before ⟨y⟩
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced palatal nasal|ɲ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> 
| similar to the English ⟨ny⟩ in ''ca'''ny'''on'', same as Spanish ⟨ñ⟩; ''ni'''ñ'''o''
|-
| before ⟨c⟩ or ⟨g⟩
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> 
| same as the English ⟨ng⟩ in ''si'''ng'''''
|-
| elsewhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as the typical English ⟨n⟩; e.g. '''''n'''u'''n'''''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ñ'''
| everywhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced palatal nasal|ɲ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| similar to the English ⟨ny⟩ in ''ca'''ny'''on'', same as Spanish ⟨ñ⟩; ''ni'''ñ'''o''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | '''p'''
| in the consonant cluster ⟨pt⟩
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as the typical English ⟨v⟩; ''be'''v'''y''
|-
| elsewhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as certain instances of English ⟨p⟩; e.g. ''s'''p'''an'' or ''ty'''p'''ing'' (unaspirated, i.e. without the puff of air that accompanies English /p/ at the beginning of a word, e.g. in '''''p'''an'')
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''qu'''
| only occurs before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as certain instances of English ⟨k⟩ or ⟨c⟩; e.g. ''s'''k'''ull'', ''s'''c'''an'', or ''pi'''ck'''ing'' (unaspirated, i.e. without the puff of air that accompanies English /k/ at the beginning of a word, e.g. in '''''c'''an'')
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | '''r'''
| word-initial, morpheme-initial, or after ⟨l⟩, ⟨n⟩, or ⟨s⟩, or syllable-final (especially before ⟨l⟩, ⟨m⟩, ⟨n⟩, or ⟨s⟩) and word-final positions (before pause or consonant-initial words only)
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| trilled or rolled ⟨r⟩
|-
| elsewhere (sometimes word-initial (after a pause or consonant-ending words only), morpheme-initial (when preceded by prefixes ending in consonants), or after ⟨l⟩, ⟨n⟩, or ⟨s⟩, or syllable-final positions, and word-final positions before vowel-initial words only)
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced alveolar tap|ɾ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| flapped ⟨r⟩; e.g. the same sound as the ⟨dd⟩ of ''la'''dd'''er'' or ⟨tt⟩ of ''la'''tt'''er'' in [[w:American English|American English]], same as Spanish ⟨r⟩ between vowels, as in ''ca'''r'''o''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''rr'''
| only occurs between vowels
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| trilled or rolled ⟨r⟩
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | '''s'''
| before a voiced consonant or between vowels
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced alveolar fricative#Voiced apico-alveolar sibilant|z̺]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (nothern Tevrén) or <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced alveolar fricative|z]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (southern Tevrén)
| a sound between French ⟨j⟩ and the typical English ⟨z⟩ (between '''''j'''oue'' and '''''z'''oo'') in northern Tevrén, or the same as the typical English ⟨z⟩ (e.g. ''ja'''zz''''') in southern Tevrén
|-
| elsewhere
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative#Voiced apico-alveolar sibilant|s̺]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (nothern Tevrén) or <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (southern Tevrén)
| rowspan="2" | a sound between English ⟨sh⟩ and the typical English ⟨s⟩ (between '''''sh'''u'''sh''''' and '''''s'''a'''ss''''') in northern Tevrén, or the same as the typical English ⟨s⟩ (e.g. '''''s'''a'''ss''''') in southern Tevrén
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ss'''
| only occurs between vowels
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | '''t'''
| before voiced consonants
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced dental fricative|ð]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as the typical English [[w:Voice (phonetics)|voiced]] ⟨th⟩; e.g. '''''th'''is''
|-
| elsewhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless dental stop|t]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as certain instances of English ⟨t⟩; e.g. ''s'''t'''and'' (unaspirated, i.e. without the puff of air that accompanies English /t/ at the beginning of a word, e.g. in '''''t'''an''). Also, the tip of the tongue touches the upper teeth, rather than the alveolar ridge
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''x'''
| everywhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (nothern Tevrén) or <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (southern Tevrén)
| same as typical English ⟨sh⟩ (e.g. '''''sh'''u'''sh''''') in northern Tevrén, or like typical English ⟨h⟩ (e.g. '''''h'''appy'') in southern Tevrén
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3" | '''y'''
| word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨l⟩ or ⟨n⟩
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced palatal stop|ɟ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| Between English '''''d'''ew'' (RP) and ''ar'''g'''ue''
|-
| as a semivowel (almost always in a [[w:Diphthong|diphthong]])
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced palatal approximate|j]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as the typical English ⟨y⟩ (but joined in a single syllable with another vowel sound); ''a'''y'''e'', ''bo'''y'''''
|-
| elsewhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced palatal fricative|ʝ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| similar to the typical English ⟨y⟩, or ⟨j⟩ but softer; e.g. similar to '''''y'''es'' or '''''J'''ess''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | '''z'''
| word final
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative#Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s̻]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (northern Tevrén) or <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless dental fricative|θ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (southern Tevrén)
| between ''me'''ss''''' and ''me'''th''''' (like the typical English ⟨s⟩, but with the blade of the tongue against the back of the teeth) in northern Tevrén, or same as the English [[w:Voice (phonetics)|voiceless]] ⟨th⟩ (as in '''''th'''ing'') in southern Tevrén
|-
| elsewhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced alveolar fricative#Voiced alveolar sibilant|z̻]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (northern Tevrén) or <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced dental fricative|ð]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (southern Tevrén)
| between ''rai'''s'''e'' and ''ba'''th'''e'' (like the typical English ⟨z⟩, but with the blade of the tongue against the back of the teeth) in northern Tevrén, or same as the English [[w:Voice (phonetics)|voiced]] ⟨th⟩ (as in '''''th'''at'') in southern Tevrén
|}

==Lexicon==
''[[:Category:Tevrés words|Tevrés Lexicon]]''.

[[Category:Tevrés]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Tevrés

2020-08-20T09:58:39Z

Gaffney.flancer: /* Direct-genitive */

{{construction}}
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right;" width="35%"
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#E25822; font-size:2em;" | '''''Tevrés''''' '''''hilerán • lla iveta tevressa'''''
|-
| '''Spoken in:''' || [[History of Avrid#Tevrén|Tevrén]]
|-
| '''Conworld:''' || [[History of Avrid|Avrid]]
|-
| '''Total Speakers:''' || ~ 12,000,000 (83 CA)
|-
| '''Genealogical classification:'''
| [[Proto-Maro-Ephenian]]    - [[Aeranir]]       '''''- Tevrés'''''
|-
| '''Basic word order:''' || [[w:V2 word order|V2]]
|-
| '''Morphological Type:''' || Fusional
|-
| '''Morphosyntactic Alignment:''' || Southern Aeranid Alignment
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#E25822; font-size:18px;" | '''Created by:'''
|-
| Gaffney McCoy Flancer || Began: January 2020 Status: In Progress
|-
|}

'''Tevrés''' (/tevˈɾes̺/), also known as '''Hilerán''' (/ileˈɾãn/), or the '''Tevren Language''' (''lla iveta tevressa'') is an ''a priori'' artistic [[w:Constructed language|constructed language]] created for the home-brew [[w:Dungeons and Dragons|Dungeons and Dragons]] campaign setting [[History of Avrid|Avrid]]. It serves as a ''lingua franca'' throughout the Kingdom of Tevrén, and is a southern Aeranid language derived from the prestige dialect of Çien-a-Tevrén, a region in northwest Hileria. It is used by the self identified Aerans of Hileria and subjects of the Crown of Tevrén, and came into use after the Hilerian War of Reclamation against the [[History of Avrid#Fasser|Fasser Empire]]. It brings together several Hilero-Aeranid dialects, as well as some varieties considered languages in their own right, such as Ertrañán.

Tevrés is a member of the Hilero-Aeranid group of languages, which evolved from several dialects of Late Aeranir spoken in Hileria after the fall of the Aeranid Empire in the 12th century BCA. Tevrés began to blossom as a literary language in the 6th and 7th centuries BCA, mainly from southern port cities under Fasser control, such as Cotive and Ludd-as-Fasri'in. Modern Tevrés is most heavily influenced by these southern dialects and the dialects spoken around Çien-a-Tevrén to the north, especially after these two regions were united in 36 BCA into Tevrén Vuy.

The word ''tevrés'' descends from [[Coeñar_Aerānir|Aeranir]] ''tibōrissus'', referring to the ''Tibors'', an Anderian tribe which settled throughout Hileria in the wake of the Aeranid Empire, named after the river ''Tibus'', along which they settled. The Tibors also lent their name to Tevrén, from ''tibōrāniun''. All Hilero-Aeranid languages, including Ilesse, which is technically an Eastern-Aeranid language, are often colloquially referred to as ''tevrés''. The term ''hilerán'' is occasionally used for this purpose instead. The languages of Tevrén Vuy may be called ''lla iveta vuya'' (proper language), ''uy tevrés vuys'' (proper Tevrés), or ''vuyán'' in order to differentiate it from other ''hilerán'' languages.

==Phonology==

===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Consonant phonemes
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | Labial
! colspan="3" | Coronal
! rowspan="2" | Palatal or postalveolar
! rowspan="2" | Velar
|-
! Lamino- dental
! Apico- alveolar
! Lateral
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| m
|
| n
|
| ɲ
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" | Plosive
! voiceless
| p
| t̪
|
|
| tʃ
| k
|- style="text-align:center;"
! voiced
| b
| d̪
|
|
| ɟ
| g
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" | Fricative
! voiceless
| f
| s̻
| s̺
| ɬ
| colspan="2" | ʃ~x~h
|- style="text-align:center;"
! voiced
|
| z̻
| z̺
| ɮ
| colspan="2" | ʒ~ɣ~ɦ
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" | Rhotic
! trill
|
|
| r
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! tap
|
|
| ɾ
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Approximate
| (w)
|
|
| l
| ʎ
| (w)
|}

===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Vowel phonemes
|-
!
! Front
! Central
! Back
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Close
| i
|
| u
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Mid
| e
|
| o
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Open
|
| a
|
|}
=== Prosody ===
Tevrés is a [[w:Isochrony#Syllable timing|syllable-timed language]] with [[w:Stress (linguistics)#Phonemic stress|phonemic stress]]. This means that each syllable takes approximately the same amount of time, stressed or unstressed, vowels do not reduce in unstressed syllables, and that stress cannot be determined purely by phonological rules. However, stress does follow a few basic rules;
* If a polysyllabic word ends in a vowel or the consonants ''s'' or ''n'', the penultimate syllable is stressed; e.g. ''ve'''jar'''te'', ''morra'''jo'''ten''.
* If a polysyllabic word ends in any other consonants, the ultimate syllable is stressed; e.g. ''zi'''dej''''', ''sar'''cad'''''.
Stress in words that do not conform to these rules is indicated with an acute accent (e.g. ''ha'''rín'''''). Often these words descend from regular penultimately stressed words that lost a final ''e'' after a sonorant (e.g. ''ha'''rín''''' from old ''ha'''ri'''ne'', ''Tev'''rés''''' from old ''Tev'''re'''sse''), or from loanwords or learned Aeranisms (e.g. '''''Fá'''çar'' from ''Faṣr'', '''''á'''pico'' from ''apicor''). Sometimes, stress can have grammatical meaning, such as '''''lla'''vo'' ('I laugh') versus ''lla'''vó''''' ('I laughed').

=== Dialects ===

Due to centuries of separation, the culture of Tevrén between the north and the south form a stark contrast. This contrast is noticeable in many everyday aspects of life, including the way people speak. Southern dialects of Aeranir are considered to be 'softer' and 'more breathy' then harsher northern varieties. In addition, the language of the Court at Combrienes shows some novel innovation, merging [[w:Voice (phonetics)|voiced and voiceless]] [[w:Sibilant|sibilants]]. The following chart breaks down some of the key differences;

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Differences between northern and southern pronunciation
|-
! Letter
! Northern
! Southern
! Court
! Example
! rowspan="5" |
! Letter
! Northern
! Southern
! Court
! Example
|- style="text-align:center;"
! ç
| {{IPA-all|s̻|}}
| {{IPA-all|θ|}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA-all|z̻|}}
| ''çeña'' ('love')
! ł, łł*
| {{IPA-all|ɬ|}}
| {{IPA-all|ɕ|}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA-all|ɮ|}}
| ''łana'' ('flower')
|- style="text-align:center;"
! z
| {{IPA-all|z̻|}}
| {{IPA-all|ð|}}
| ''corezos'' ('counties')
! ł**
| {{IPA-all|ɮ|}}
| {{IPA-all|ʑ|}}
| ''veła'' ('life')
|- style="text-align:center;"
! s, ss*
| {{IPA-all|s̺|}}
| {{IPA-all|s|}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA-all|z̺|}}
| ''suel'' ('sky')
! x
| {{IPA-all|ʃ|}}
| {{IPA-all|h|}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA-all|ʒ|}}
| ''Moxa'' (a name)
|- style="text-align:center;"
! s**
| {{IPA-all|z̺|}}
| {{IPA-all|z|}}
| ''hormesos'' ('salves')
! j
| {{IPA-all|ʒ|}}
| {{IPA-all|ɦ|}}
| ''oveja'' ('talk')
|}
'''Notes:'''
* <nowiki>*</nowiki> the phonemes /s̺/ and /ɬ/ are written with doubled consonants ''ss'' and ''łł'' respectively between vowels.
* <nowiki>**</nowiki> the phonemes /z̺/ and /ɮ/ (written ''s'' and ''ł'') occur only between vowels, or next to a voiced consonant, and in some dialects word initially.

Speakers of northern Tevrés around the traditional homeland of the language, Çien-a-Tevrén, tend to realise all syllable final nasals as [ŋ], (e.g. ''Tevrén'' /tevˈɾen/: Northern {{IPA-all|tevˈɾẽŋ|}}, Southern {{IPA-all|tevˈɾẽn|}}; ''cantir'' /kanˈtiɾ/: Northern {{IPA-all|kãŋˈtiɾ|}}, Southern {{IPA-all|kãnˈtiɾ|}}). This trait is shared with the Hilero-Iscaric languages to the northwest of Çien-a-Tevrén, and may be an aerial feature.

==== Conflation of /l/ and /ɮ/ ====

Some speakers conflate /l/ and /ɮ/ into a single phoneme. The realisation of this phoneme varies, and different conditions provoking different allophones. In Velles this phoneme is realised as [l] word initially and before voiced obstruents, and [ɬ] word finally and before a voiceless obstruent, whilst in Hodén it is [l] word initially, [ɮ] between vowels and before voiced obstruents, and [ɬ] word finally and before a voiceless obstruent, and in Os Selum it is [ɬ] initially, finally, and before a voiceless obstruent, and [l] elsewhere.

==== Initial Sibilants ====

Voicing does not contrast amongst final and initial sibilant consonants in Tevrés. Final sibilants are almost always voiceless, although they are often voiced before other voiced consonants, and in some dialects they are voiced between vowels. Initial sibilants, however, are harder to generalise. There are two trends; either full voicing or full devoicing. This varies dialect to dialect, within dialects from village to village, and even from speaker to speaker. In dialects that have voiced initial sibilants and pronounce /z̻/ as [ð], such as the speech of Vazca, this phoneme is often completely conflated with /d/, appearing as [d] word initially and after nasals; e.g. ''della'' for ''çella'' ('cat').

==Nouns==
===Declension===
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+Class I noun endings
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | temporary
! colspan="2" | cyclical
|-
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | Direct-Genitive
| ''-e''
| ''-os''
| rowspan="3" | ''-a''
| ''-as''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | Accusative-Dative
| ''-o''
| ''-on''
| ''-an''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | Indirect-Ablative
| ''-a''
| ''-os''
| ''-as''
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+Class II noun endings
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | temporary
! colspan="2" | cyclical
|-
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | Direct-Genitive
| ''-Ø, -es, -s''
| ''-os''
| ''-Ø, -es, -s''
| ''-os''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | Accusative-Dative
| rowspan="2" | ''-e''
| ''-en''
| rowspan="2" | ''-e''
| ''-en''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | Indirect-Ablative
| ''-es''
| ''-es''
|}

===Case===

Case in Tevrés is a somewhat complex affair. There are three [[w:Grammatical case|noun cases]]; the direct-genitive, accusative-dative, and the indirect-ablative. These cases can occupy different [[w:Thematic relation|thematic relation]] based on the verb paradigm in use in a given clause, as well as whether or not the argument is a part of a verbs ''core valency''. Core valency is the minimum number of arguments a verb must take. Each case has a core use, defined by the first half of its name, and a non-core use, defined by the second. As stated, core uses deal with the noun's relation to the verb, whilst non-core uses tend to address a noun's relationship with other nouns.

==== Direct-genitive ====
The [[w:direct case|direct]]-[[w:genitive case|genitive]] case ({{interlinear|DIR}}) is used to mark the [[w:Subject (grammar)|subject]] of an [[w:Intransitive verb|intransitive verb]], the [[w:Agent (grammar)|agent]] of a [[w:Transitive verb|transitive verb]], or the donor of a [[w:Ditransitive verb|ditransitive verb]] for 3rd person arguments in the split verb paradigm, and 1st and 2nd person arguments in the nominative verb paradigm. That is, the person or thing that does the action of the verb.

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| uy cueres llavas
| DEF-T.DIR.SG count-DIR.SG laugh-IPFV.3SG.T
|'The count is laughing'}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| ul as pruviós llo gotejo
| DEF-T.DIR.SG wumbo-DIR.SG steal-PFV.3SG.T DEF-T.ACC.SG cap-ACC.SG
|'The wumbo stole the cap'}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| uy vuestre zón priezon llo riel
| DEF-T.DIR.SG elder-DIR.SG give-PFV.3PL pen-ACC.PL DEF-T.ACC.SG child-ACC.SG
|'The elder gave the child some pens'}}

It has another, albeit minor, role in the ergative verb paradigm, where it marks the patient of the verb. Because the ergative paradigm is triggered by a first or second person patient, this role is generally limited to the first and second persons pronouns. Furthermore, as Tevrés is heavily [[w:Pro-drop language|pro-drop]] these arguments are usually dropped. However, they can be reintroduced for emphasis, and when they are, they appear in the direct-genitive.

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| tego oyel lla harina
| 1SG-DIR.EMP see-ERG.1SG DEF-T.IND.SG priest-IND.SG
|'The priest sees me'}}

There are cases where this might be used by nouns other than the first and second person pronouns. The most common would be [[w:Apposition|appositive]] statements defining the first or second person.

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| tego uy res sevol nen ma
| 1SG-DIR DEF-T.DIR.SG king-DIR.SG kill-ERG.SUBJ.1SG 2SG-IND INTERR
| You would kill me, the king?}}

Some argue that this is not a true appositive, rather a genitive appositive as in Japanese or Ancient Greek. One piece of evidence that points to this theory is the fact that these require a personal pronoun, which is usually dropped. However, relative clauses modifying a first or second person patient can undeniably be said to have an patientive meaning, as they must agree with the head.

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| tego ne queñid sevol nen ma
| 1SG-DIR 2SG-ACC love-PFV.PTCP-T.DIR.SG kill-ERG.SUBJ.1SG 2SG-IND INTERR
| You would kill me, who loved you?}}

The direct-genitive may also be used to express relation, ownership, or other connection between two nouns. In these cases, the modified noun (the ''head'') come first, and the modifying noun (the ''dependant'') second; e.g. ''uy-gotejo-uy-vuestre'' (the elder's cap) not ''**uy-vuestre-uy-gotejo''. Often times these phrases are joined by dashes, as shown in the previous example.

Tevrés [[w:Genitive construction|genitive contstuctions]] may optionally distinguish relationships initiated with or without the dependants control over the head by using prepositions. The following table illustrates the ''a''-genitive and the ''eu''-genitive. In action nouns, the ''eu''-genitive dependant corresponds to the head action's subject, and the ''a''-genitive dependant to its object. Using ''eu'' implies that the dependant is active, influential, or formative towards the head, whilst the use of ''a'' implies that the head is active, influential, or formative towards the dependant.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Direct-genitive-modifying prepositions
|-
! Regular
! with ''a'' (to)
! with eu (from)
|-
| ''harena-uy-vuestre'' the elder's letter
| ''harena-'''al'''-vuestre'' a letter to the elder
| ''harena-'''el'''-vuestre'' a letter from the elder
|-
| ''uy-vies-uy-cueres'' the count's law
| ''uy-vies-'''al'''-cueres'' the law which governs the count
| ''uy-vies-'''el'''-cueres'' the law the count creates
|-
| ''lla-rentaga-uy-mader'' the council's ruler
| ''lla-rentaga-'''al'''-mader'' the ruler who controls the council
| ''lla-rentaga-'''el'''-mader'' the ruler the council controls
|-
| ''lla-toladre-uy-res'' the king's army
| ''lla-toladre-'''al'''-res'' the army belonging to the king
| ''lla-toladre-'''el'''-res'' the army sent after the king
|}

==== Accusative-dative ====

The [[w:Accusative case|accusative]]-[[w:Dative case|dative]] case ({{interlinear |ACC}}) has limited use in the nominative and ergative verb paradigms, and is used only to mark the theme, or direct object, of ditransitive verbs. However because of this, it is commonly seen in [[w:Applicative voice|applicative]] clauses. In the nominative paradigm, the old indirect argument is moved to the accusative case, with the new applicative argument taking the indirect case. In the ergative paradigm, the applicative argument is added directly into the accusative case.

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| llo soriejo a-hego çi garinos
| DEF-T.ACC.SG wardrobe-ACC.SG BEN<nowiki>=</nowiki>make-NOM.1SG REFL-DIR friend-IND.PL
|'I am making a wardrobe for my friends'
|c1 = (non applicative ''lla sorieja hego'')}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| tego en-oyel lla harina llo cuerço
| 1SG-DIR.EMP LOC<nowiki>=</nowiki>see-ERG.1SG DEF-T.IND.SG priest-IND.SG DEF-C.ACC.SG market-ACC.SG
|'The priest sees me in the market'
|c1 = (non applicative ''tego oyel lla harina'')}}

The accusative-dative is used much more in the split verb paradigm, where it marks the patient of a transitive verb and both the theme and recipient of ditransitive ones. On top of that, applicative arguments are also added in the accusative-dative case. This may lead to situations where there are as many as three accusative-dative arguments in a clause. In these cases, context is usually sufficient to tell which argument fulfils which role.

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| çi mientron a-jovan harenan
| REFL-DIR sibling-ACC.PL BEN<nowiki>=</nowiki>write-3PL letter-ACC.PL
|'They write letters for their siblings'}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| garinon co-teuden tin
| friend-ACC.SG COM<nowiki>=</nowiki>drink-PFV.3PL tea-ACC.SG
|'They drank tea with friends'}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| tan en-cares juina çi combre
| but LOC<nowiki>=</nowiki>dance-T.3SG Juina-DIR.SG REFL-DIR home-ACC.SG
|'Juina only dances in their own home'}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| avron en-canta llan çellan lla yumas
| fish-ACC.PL LOC<nowiki>=</nowiki>feed-C.3SG DEF-C.ACC.PL cat-ACC.PL DEF-C.ACC.SG garden-ACC.SG
|'They feed the cats fish in the garden'}}

==== Indirect-ablative ====

The [[w:Direct case|indirect]]-[[w:Ablative case|ablative]] case ({{interlinear |IND}}) is used to mark core arguments of a verb exclusively in the nominative and ergative paradigms. It is never used with intransitive verbs, because is appearance depends on the person of the direct-genitive argument. In the nominative paradigm, it marks the patient of a transitive verb and the recipient of a ditransitive verb. In the ergative paradigm, it marks the agent and the donor. Additionally the indirect-ablative case is used for applicative arguments in the nominative paradigm, with the old indirect-ablative argument moving into the accusative-dative case.

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| maeja caño
| breakfast-IND.SG eat-NOM.1SG
|'I will eat breakfast'
}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| lla cossa cañiólam tantos
| DEF-T.IND.SG bear-IND.SG eat-ERG.1PL all-T.DIR.PL
|'The bear ate all of us'
}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| ti muzrinon cantió cossa
| 1SG-DIR enemy-ACC.PL feed-NOM.PST.1SG bear-IND.SG
| 'I fed my enemies to a bear'
}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| cosso cantiólam muzrina
| bear-ACC.SG feed-ERG.PST.1PL enemy-IND.SG
| 'Our enemy fed us a bear'
}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| llon muzrinon a-cantió cosso ti ayestra
| DEF-T.ACC.PL enemy-ACC.PL BEN<nowiki>=</nowiki>feed-NOM.PST.1SG bear-ACC.SG 1SG-DIR master-IND.SG
| 'I fed the enemies to a bear for my master'
}}

===Articles===
==== Definite article ====
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+Definite article
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | temporary
! colspan="2" | cyclical
|-
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | Direct-Genitive
| ''ul/uy''
| ''llos''
| rowspan="3" | ''lla''
| ''llas''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | Dative-Accusative
| ''llo''
| ''llon''
| ''llan''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | Ergative-Ablative
| ''lla''
| ''llos''
| ''llas''
|}
==== Indefinite article ====
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+Indefinite article
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | temporary
! colspan="2" | cyclical
|-
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | Direct-Genitive
| ''as''
| ''aros''
| rowspan="3" | ''ara''
| ''aras''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | Dative-Accusative
| rowspan="2" | ''ar''
| ''aren''
| ''aran''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | Ergative-Ablative
| ''ares''
| ''aras''
|}
In addition to the definite article, Tevrés also boasts an indefinite article. The Tevrés indefinite article carries a stronger meaning that English ''a/an'', and may better be translated as 'some' or 'someones.' The Tevrés equivalent of ''a/an'' is usually simply the bare noun, e.g. '''''lla çella''''' ('the cat') vs. '''''çella''''' ('a cat') vs. '''''ara çella''''' ('some cat'). The indefinite article can also be used to convey the meaning 'someone's' or 'someone else's,' or to talk about things that are general, or public.
:{{interlinear|box=yes
| miré çi çierve ara çear en-hordir
| NEG<nowiki>=</nowiki>do-IMP REFL-DIR body-ACC.SG INDEF-C.IND.SG affairs-IND.SG LOC<nowiki>=</nowiki>put-INF
| 'Don't stick yourself in other peoples' affairs.'}}

:{{interlinear|box=yes
| res co-quera çe pariña en aran oejan
| king-DIR.SG COM<nowiki>=</nowiki>bear-C.3SG REFL-ACC properly in INDEF-C.ACC.PL eye-ACC.PL
| 'A king should bear themselves properly in the eyes of the people.'}}
In older texts, or texts stylistically drawing from an older register, the oblique stem ''art-'' may be found instead of ''ar-''. This is because the Tevrés indefinite article is derived from Aeranir ''ars, artis'' ('person'). However, its root was reformed by analogy to other words ending in ''-as'' in the direct-genitive case.

==Pronouns==
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+Tevrés Personal Pronouns
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | 1st person
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | 2nd person
! colspan="4" | 3nd person
|-
! colspan="2" | temporary
! colspan="2" | cyclical
|-
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" | Nominative- Genitive
! emphatic
| ''tego''
| ''yego''
| ''nego''
| ''rego''
| rowspan="2" | ''ul/uy''
| rowspan="2" | ''ulos''
| rowspan="4" | ''ula''
| rowspan="2" | ''ulas''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! plain
| ''ti''
| ''yos''
| ''ni''
| ''ros''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Dative-Accusative
| ''te''
| ''yon''
| ''ne''
| ''ruen''
| ''ulo''
| ''ulon''
| ''ulan''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Ergative-Ablative
| ''ten''
| ''yos''
| ''nen''
| ''ros''
| ''ula''
| ''ulos''
| ''ulas''
|}

==Verbs==
===Morphosyntactic alignment===

Tevrés uses a system of [[w:Morphological alignment|morphological alignment]] which is reminiscent of aspects of [[w:Split ergative|split ergativity]], [[w:Direct-inverse language|direct-inverse languages]], [[w:Austronesian alignment|austronesian alignment]], and [https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/aarsyy/the_total_cacophony_of_b%C3%A4ladiri_verb_agreement/ bäladiri alignment]. This system is common amongst southern Aeranid languages such as [[S'entigneis]], Morraolà, and to an extent Ilesse, and is thus referred to as ''Southern Aeranid Alignment'' (SAA). This is characterised by different verbal paradigms triggered by first and second person arguments which affect the way Tevrés cases align with thematic roles, and how the verb agrees with its arguments.

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+ Verb paradigms and alignment
|+ align="left" style="caption-side: bottom" | {{small|The chart below further details how arguments align in each paradigm. ''S'' represents the morphosyntactic [[w:Subject (grammar)|subject]], ''A'' the [[w:Agent (grammar)|agent]], ''P'' the [[w:Patient (grammar)|patient]], ''D'' the [[w:Thematic relation|donor]], ''T'' the [[w:Thematic relation|theme]], and ''R'' the [[w:Thematic relation|recipient]].}}
|-
! Verb paradigm:
! colspan="6" | 1 nominative
! colspan="6" | 2 ergative
! colspan="6" | 3 split
|-
! Valency:
! ''in.''
! colspan="2" | ''tr.''
! colspan="3" | ''di.''
! ''in.''
! colspan="2" | ''tr.''
! colspan="3" | ''di.''
! ''in.''
! colspan="2" | ''tr.''
! colspan="3" | ''di.''
|-
! Noun argument:
! S
! A
! P
! D
! T
! R
! S
! A
! P
! D
! T
! R
! S
! A
! P
! D
! T
! R
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Noun case:
| colspan="2" | <big>{{interlinear|DIR}}</big>
| <big>{{interlinear|IND}}</big>
| <big>{{interlinear|DIR}}</big>
| <big>{{interlinear|ACC}}</big>
| <big>{{interlinear|IND}}</big>
| N/A
| <big>{{interlinear|IND}}</big>
| <big>{{interlinear|DIR}}</big>
| <big>{{interlinear|IND}}</big>
| <big>{{interlinear|ACC}}</big>
| colspan="3" | <big>{{interlinear|DIR}}</big>
| <big>{{interlinear|ACC}}</big>
| <big>{{interlinear|DIR}}</big>
| colspan="2" | <big>{{interlinear|ACC}}</big>
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Verb agreement:
| ✔︎
| ✔︎
| ✖︎
| ✔︎
| ✖︎
| ✖︎
| N/A
| ✖︎
| ✔︎
| ✖︎
| ✖︎
| ✔︎
| ✔︎
| ✖︎
| ✔︎
| ✖︎
| ✖︎
| ✔︎
|}

Transitive verbs show three different modes of [[w:Morphosyntactic alignment|morphosyntactic alignment]], here called paradigms, depending on the arguments present. When the agent of a transitive verb or the donor of a ditransitive verb is the first or second person, the verb uses [[w:Nominative–accusative_language|nominative agreement]]. The verb agrees with the subject in person and number, the patient or recipient are in the indirect-ablative case, and the theme is in the accusative dative. Because the subject is marked on the verb and is always the first or second person, the pronoun itself is usually dropped. However, it can be added for emphasis.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| tevressa ovejo
| Tevrés-IND.SG speak-NOM.1SG
| 'I speak Tevrés'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| tego jovó lla salva
| 1SG-DIR.EMP write-PST.NOM.1SG DEF-C.IND.SG book-IND.SG
| <nowiki>'</nowiki>''I'' wrote the book!'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| łanan çaste llos rieles ma
| flower-ACC.PL give-NOM.2SG DEF-T.IND.PL child-IND.PL INTERR
| 'Will you give the children flowers?'}}

When the patient or recipient is the first or second person, the verb displays [[w:Ergative-absolutive language|ergative agreement]]. Here, the agent or donor is in the indirect-ablative case, and the verb agrees with the person and number of the patient or recipient. The theme is still accusative-dative, but the recipient (first or second person) is in the direct-genitive. Just as above, first and second person pronouns are unnecessary and are dropped.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| garina querel
| friend-IND.SG help-ERG.1SG
| 'A friend is helping me'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ijana hemiol gotejo suevo
| Ijan-IND.SG send-ERG.PST.1SG cap-ACC.SG new-T.ACC.SG
| 'Ijan sent me a new cap'}}

If neither argument for a verb is the second or first person, then Tevrés shows a type of [[w:Split ergativity|split-ergativity]], where the agent/donor of the verb is in the direct-genitive case and the patient/recipient in the dative-accusative, whilst the verb agrees with the most oblique argument (patient or recipient).

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| castil travas llo morrajote
| Castil-DIR.SG walk-3SG DEF-T.ACC.SG castle-ACC.SG
| 'Castil is walking (around) the castle'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ul as çava avro lla çella
| DEF-T.DIR.SG wumbo-DIR.SG give-PST.3SG.C fish-ACC.SG DEF-C.ACC.SG cat-ACC.SG
| 'The man gave the cat a fish'}}

It should be noted that the first person is higher in the hierarchy than the second person, so if the first person and second person are both present, the verb will agree with the first person.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| nen çiso
| 2SG.PRO-IND know-NOM.1SG
| 'I know you'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| nen oyólam ma
| 2SG.PRO-IND see-ERG.1SG INTERR
| 'Did you see us?'}}

Due to the fact that a first or second person argument must 1.) be in the direct-genitive case and 2.) take verbal agreement, these arguments cannot normally appear as the theme of a ditransitive verb, because this argument always appears in the accusative-dative case, and never takes verbal agreement. To remedy this, the original recipient of the verb is ejected from the verb's core valency by rephrasing it with an adjunct clause, and the first or second person argument is elevated to the direct-genitive argument.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| **pueva vadiós te llo-pristino-a-damata
| father-DIR.SG send-T.3SG 1SG.PRO-ACC DEF-T.ACC.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>prince-ACC.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>to<nowiki>=</nowiki>Damata-DIR.SG
| **'My father sent me to the prince of Damata'
| c1 = (''grammatically incorrect'')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| pueva vadiol a'lo pristino-a-damata
| father-IND.SG send-ERG.1SG to<nowiki>=</nowiki>DEF-T.ACC.SG prince-ACC.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>to<nowiki>=</nowiki>Damata-DIR.SG
| 'My father sent me to the prince of Damata'
| c1 = (''correct version'')}}

Due to the nature of this system, a small change to the verb (and by extension to the cases of certain arguments) can completely change the meaning of a sentence.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| vejarten serquió çi garina
| story-ACC.PL tell-NOM.1SG REFL-DIR friend-IND
| 'I told my friend stories'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| vejarten serquiol çi garina
| story-ACC.PL tell-ERG.1SG REFL-DIR friend-IND
| 'My friend told me stories'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| vejarten serquiós çi garino
| story-ACC.PL tell-T.3SG REFL-DIR friend-ACC
| 'They told their friend stories'}}

=== Conjugation ===

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+ Conjugation classes
|-
! Class
! Theme vowel
! Example
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3" | Strong
| style="text-align:center;" | ''a''
| '''''jovar''''' (to write)
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | ''i''
| '''''apiçir''''' (to appear)
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | ''e''
| '''''corer''''' (to annoy)
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Weak
| style="text-align:center;" | Ø
| '''''tiedre''''' (to drink)
|}

There are four conjugation classes in Tevrés, characterised by the vowel (or lack there of) used to form the infinitive. There are three strong conjugation classes, and one weak class. The weak class conjugates identically to the strong e-class in the non-past tense, and may either conjugate identically to the e-class in the past as well, or take irregular conjugation endings, in conjuncture with stem mutation.
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Transitive verb endings
|-
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="6" | Singular
! colspan="5" | Plural
|-
! colspan="2" | nominative
! colspan="2" | ergative
! colspan="2" | split
! colspan="2" | nominative
! colspan="2" | ergative
! colspan="1" | split
|-
! 1st
! 2nd
! 1st
! 2nd
! 3rd t.
! 3rd c.
! 1st
! 2nd
! 1st
! 2nd
! 3rd
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Non-past
| ''-o'' ''-o'' ''-o''
| ''-ás'' ''-ís'' ''-és''
| ''-al'' ''-el'' ''-el''
| ''-alas'' ''-elas'' ''-elas''
| ''-as'' ''-es'' ''-es''
| ''-a'' ''-a'' ''-a''
| ''-am'' ''-im'' ''-em''
| ''-ad'' ''-id'' ''-ed''
| ''-álam'' ''-élam'' ''-élam''
| ''-álad'' ''-élad'' ''-élad''
| ''-an'' ''-en'' ''-en''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Past regular
| ''-ó'' ''-ió'' ''-ió''
| ''-ós'' ''-iós'' ''-iós''
| ''-ol'' ''-iol'' ''-iol''
| ''-olas'' ''-iolas'' ''-iolas''
| ''-ós'' ''-iós'' ''-iós''
| ''-á'' ''-iá'' ''-iá''
| ''-om'' ''-iom'' ''-iom''
| ''-od'' ''-iod'' ''-iod''
| ''-ólam'' ''-iólam'' ''-iólam''
| ''-ólad'' ''-iólad'' ''-iólad''
| ''-ón'' ''-ión'' ''-ión''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Past irregular
| ''-o''
| ''-és''
| ''-el''
| ''-elas''
| ''-es''
| ''-a''
| ''-em''
| ''-ed''
| ''-élam''
| ''-élad''
| ''-en''
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Intransitive verb endings
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="5" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
|-
! 1st
! 2nd
! 3rd t.
! 3rd c.
! 1st
! 2nd
! 3rd
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Non-past
| ''-o'' ''-o'' ''-o''
| ''-ás'' ''-ís'' ''-és''
| ''-as'' ''-es'' ''-es''
| ''-a'' ''-a'' ''-a''
| ''-amos'' ''-imos'' ''-emos''
| ''-áis'' ''-ís'' ''-éis''
| ''-an'' ''-en'' ''-en''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Past regular
| ''-ó'' ''-ió'' ''-ió''
| ''-ós'' ''-iós'' ''-iós''
| ''-ós'' ''-iós'' ''-iós''
| ''-á'' ''-iá'' ''-iá''
| ''-om'' ''-iom'' ''-iom''
| ''-od'' ''-iod'' ''-iod''
| ''-ón'' ''-ión'' ''-ión''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Past irregular
| ''-o''
| ''-és''
| ''-es''
| ''-a''
| ''-em''
| ''-ed''
| ''-en''
|}

=== Applicative voices ===

Tevrés, like the other southern Aeranid languages, prefers to express its noun phrases as part of a verb's core arguments, rather than through [[w:Adjunct (grammar)|adjuncts]] or [[w:Adpositional phrase#Prepositional phrases|prepositional phrases]]. Tevrés is able to incorporate these phrases into a verb's core through [[w:Applicative voice|applicative voices]], which increases a verb's [[w:Valency (linguistics)|valency]] to include a new core [[w:Object (grammar)|object]] argument. There are five main applicative voices, each formed with a simple verbal prefix.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name !! Prefix !! Usage !! Example
|-
| [[w:Benefactive case|Benefactive]] ({{interlinear|BEN}})
| style="text-align:center;" | ''a-''
| Expresses that the referent of the noun receives the benefit of the situation expressed by the clause, used where [[w:English language|English]] would use 'for,' 'for the benefit of,' or 'intended for.'
| ''çi garinos a-llavó'' 'I laughed for the sake of my friends' (i.e. to reassure or comfort them)
|-
| [[w:Comitative case|Comitative]] ({{interlinear|COM}})
| style="text-align:center;" | ''co-''
| Denotes a relationship of 'accompanyment' between two participants in an event, expressed in English with the preposition 'with,' in the sense of 'in company with' (but not 'with' meaning 'using' or 'by means of').
| ''çi garinos co-llavó'' 'I laughed with my friends'
|-
| [[w:Locative case|Locative]] ({{interlinear|LOC}})
| style="text-align:center;" | ''en-''
| Indicates a location, corresponding vaguely to the English prepositions 'in', 'on', 'at', and 'by'.
| ''çi garinon en-ango lla sarvaja'' 'I'm meeting my friends at the library'
|-
| [[w:Instrumental case|Instrumental]] ({{interlinear|INSTR}})
| style="text-align:center;" | ''eu/el-''
| Used to indicate that a noun is the instrument or means by or with which the subject achieves or accomplishes an action. The noun may be either a physical object or an abstract concept.
| ''prieza eu-jovo'' 'I write (it) with a pen'
|-
| [[w:Malefactive case|Malefactive]] ({{interlinear|MAL}})
| style="text-align:center;" | ''y/e-''
| Pertaining to the linguistic form or case or the semantic role of the person who is harmed or who loses out by an action. The opposite of the benefactive applicative.
| ''çi garinos y-llavó'' 'I laughed at my friends' (i.e. ridiculed them)
|}

There is a sixth applicative voice, the ''os''-genitive ({{interlinear|GEN}}). However, this applicative is limited only to [[w:Relative clause|relative clauses]], to signify that head fulfils a [[w:Genitive case|gentive]] role within the subordinate clause. When the subordinate clause has more than one argument aside from the referent, the ''os''-prefix is applied to the noun the referent is dependant to.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ul as çella ti-os-cantid
| DEF-T.DIR.SG wumbo-DIR.SG cat-IND.SG 1SG-DIR<nowiki>=</nowiki>GEN<nowiki>=</nowiki>feed-PST.PTCP-T.DIR.SG
| 'the wumbo whose cat I fed'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| uy paño os-res llo cuerte seud
| DEF-T.DIR.SG guard-DIR.SG GEN<nowiki>=</nowiki>king-DIR.SG DEF-T.ACC.SG count-ACC.SG kill-PST.PTCP-T.DIR.SG
| 'the guard whose king killed the count'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| uy paño uy res os-cuerte seud
| DEF-T.DIR.SG guard-DIR.SG DEF-T.DIR.SG king-DIR.SG GEN<nowiki>=</nowiki>count-ACC.SG kill-PST.PTCP-T.DIR.SG
| 'the guard whose count the king killed'}}

Whilst applicatives are preferred to adjuncts, Tevrés explicitly disallows multiple applicatives, that is, multiple applicative prefixes attached to a single verb. Thus, **''çi garinon co-en-llavó lla sarvaja'' is ungrammatical. In cases where two or more object arguments must be added to a clause, one argument is expressed through a normal applicative voice, and the others will be introduced in adjuncts; usually prepositional phrases. Which argument takes the applicative voice is determined by a straightforward hierarchy chain. The highest argument on the chain takes the applicative, while the others adjuncts.

: benefactive > comitative > locative > instrumental > malefactive > genitive

Adjunct arguments are ignored as part of the nominal and verbal alignment paradigms. Therefor, verbs core arguments in these cases decline exactly as they would without the adjunct. The case that the adjunct is in is governed by the preposition introducing the phrase.

{{interlinear | box=yes
| çi garinos co-llavó en llo sarvajo
| REFL-GEN friend-IND.PL COM<nowiki>=</nowiki>laugh-PST.NOM.1SG LOC DEF-T.ACC.SG library-ACC.SG
| 'I laughed with my friends in the library' }}

{{interlinear | box=yes
| lla salva Moxa çi mientra y llo-sarvajo-el-cueres a-pruvida
| DEF-C.DIR.SG book-DIR.SG Moxa-DIR.SG REFL-DIR sibling-IND.SG MAL DEF-T.ACC.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>library-ACC.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>ABL-DEF.T.DIR.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>count-DIR.SG BEN<nowiki>=</nowiki>steal-PST.PTCP-C.DIR.SG
| 'The book Moxa stole from the count's library for his sibling' }}

== Numbers ==
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Aeranir numbers
|-
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
|-
! 1
| ''im''
| ''priste''
| ''tiempre''
! 11
| ''eñintos''
| ''eñís''
| ''eñinte''
! 21
| ''callos im''
| ''calde priste''
| ''cal tiempre''
! 120
| ''ñoçallos''
| ''ñoçalde''
| ''ñoçal''
|-
! 2
| ''ser''
| ''mezún''
| ''vires''
! 12
| ''verzintos''
| ''verzís''
| ''verzinte''
! 22
| ''callos ser''
| ''caldo mezún''
| ''cal vires''
! 140
| ''ñallos''
| ''ñalde''
| ''ñal''
|-
! 3
| ''moros''
| ''muerte''
| ''mores''
! 13
| ''preintos''
| ''proís''
| ''preinte''
! 30
| ''callos queinços''
| ''calde quies''
| ''cal quein''
! 160
| ''ñancullos''
| ''ñancuzde''
| ''ñancul''
|-
! 4
| ''cuałos''
| ''cual''
| ''cuaçes''
! 14
| ''cuałentos''
| ''cuałés''
| ''cuałente''
! 40
| ''vercullos''
| ''vercuzde''
| ''vercul''
! 180
| ''ñałcullos''
| ''ñałcuzde''
| ''ñałcul''
|-
! 5
| ''quicos''
| ''quite''
| ''quigue''
! 15
| ''queintos''
| ''queís''
| ''queinte''
! 50
| ''vercullos queinços''
| ''vercuzde quies''
| ''vercul quein''
! 200
| ''tamiłłos''
| ''tamite''
| ''tamiçes''
|-
! 6
| ''ñoços''
| ''ñoçum''
| ''ñoz''
! 16
| ''ñoçentos''
| ''ñoçés''
| ''ñoçente''
! 60
| ''prollos''
| ''prolde''
| ''prol''
! 220
| ''tamiłłos callos''
| ''tamite calde''
| ''tamiçes cal''
|-
! 7
| ''ñayos''
| ''ñante''
| ''ñain''
! 17
| ''ñentos''
| ''ñaís''
| ''ñente''
! 70
| ''prollos queinços''
| ''prolde quies''
| ''prol quein''
! 240
| ''tamiłłos vercullos''
| ''tamite vercuzde''
| ''tamiçes vercul''
|-
! 8
| ''ñangos''
| ''ñaguiem''
| ''ñangue''
! 18
| ''sescullos''
| ''sescuzde''
| ''sescul''
! 80
| ''cuałallos''
| ''cuałalde''
| ''cuałal''
! 260
| ''tamiłłos prollos''
| ''tamite prolde''
| ''tamiçes prol''
|-
! 9
| ''ñałiços''
| ''ñałizte''
| ''ñałiz''
! 19
| ''imallos''
| ''imalde''
| ''imal''
! 90
| ''cuałallos queinços''
| ''cuałalde quies''
| ''cuałal quein''
! 280
| ''tamiłłos cuałallos''
| ''tamite cuałalde''
| ''tamiçes cuałal''
|-
! 10
| ''queinços''
| ''quies''
| ''quein''
! 20
| ''callos''
| ''calde''
| ''cal''
! 100
| ''quecullos''
| ''quecuzde''
| ''quecul''
! 400
| ''miłłos''
| ''mite''
| ''miçes''
|}

==Writing System==
=== Romanisation ===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | [[w:Consonants|Consonants]]
|-
! Letter
! Context
! [[w:Help:IPA|IPA]]
! English approximation
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | '''b''' or '''v'''
| word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨m⟩ or ⟨n⟩
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| practically the same as the typical English ⟨b⟩, except that it is fully [[w:Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]; e.g. ''a'''b'''out''
|-
| elsewhere (i.e. after a vowel, even across a word boundary, or after any consonant other than ⟨m⟩ or ⟨n⟩)
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as the typical English ⟨v⟩; ''be'''v'''y''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | '''c'''
| before another consonant
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| a sound between a light English ⟨g⟩ and the typical English ⟨h⟩ (between '''''g'''old'' and ''a'''h'''old''), same as Dutch ⟨g⟩; '''''g'''abber''
|-
| elsewhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as certain instances of English ⟨k⟩ or ⟨c⟩; e.g. ''s'''k'''ull'', ''s'''c'''an'', or ''pi'''ck'''ing'' (unaspirated, i.e. without the puff of air that accompanies English /k/ at the beginning of a word, e.g. in '''''c'''an'')
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ç'''
| everywhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative#Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s̻]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (northern Tevrén) or <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless dental fricative|θ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (southern Tevrén)
| between ''me'''ss''''' and ''me'''th''''' (like the typical English ⟨s⟩, but with the blade of the tongue against the back of the teeth) in northern Tevrén, or same as the English [[w:Voice (phonetics)|voiceless]] ⟨th⟩ (as in '''''th'''ing'') in southern Tevrén
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ch'''
| everywhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|tʃ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as the typical English ⟨ch⟩; '''''ch'''ur'''ch'''''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | '''d'''
| word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨l⟩ or ⟨n⟩
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced dental stop|d]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| practically the same as the typical English ⟨d⟩, except that it is fully [[w:Voice (phonetics)|voiced]] and the tip of the tongue touches the [[w:Denti-alveolar consonant|upper teeth]]; e.g. ''a'''d'''ore''
|-
| elsewhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced dental fricative|ð]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as the typical English [[w:Voice (phonetics)|voiced]] ⟨th⟩; e.g. '''''th'''is''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''f'''
| everywhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless labiodental ficative|f]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as the typical English ⟨f⟩; e.g. '''''f'''ace''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3" | '''g'''
| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced postalveolar fricative|ʒ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (nothern Tevrén) or <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced glottal fricative|ɦ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (southern Tevrén)
| same as English ⟨s⟩ in words like ''mea'''s'''ure'' or ''fu'''s'''ion'', same as French ⟨j⟩ (e.g. '''''j'''oie'') in northern Tevrén, or like [[w:Received Pronunciation|Received Pronunciation]] ⟨h⟩ in words like ''be'''h'''ind'', same as Dutch ⟨h⟩ (e.g. '''''h'''agelslag'') in southern Tevrén
|-
| not before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced velar stop|g]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| practically the same as the typical English ⟨g⟩ sound, except that it is fully [[w:Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]; e.g. ''a'''g'''o''
|-
| not before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| a sound between a light English ⟨g⟩ and the typical English ⟨h⟩ (between '''''g'''old'' and ''a'''h'''old''), same as Dutch ⟨g⟩; '''''g'''abber''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="4" | '''gu'''
| before ⟨a⟩ or ⟨o⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>gw<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| a sound like the ⟨gu⟩ in English ''pen'''gu'''in''
|-
| before ⟨a⟩ or ⟨o⟩, and not in the above contexts
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>ɣw<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| similar to the typical English ⟨w⟩, but preceded by a soft guttural sound
|-
| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced velar stop|g]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| practically the same as the typical English ⟨g⟩ sound, except that it is fully [[w:Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]; e.g. ''a'''g'''o''
|-
| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| a sound between a light English ⟨g⟩ and the typical English ⟨h⟩ (between '''''g'''old'' and ''a'''h'''old''), same as Dutch ⟨g⟩; '''''g'''abber''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''h'''
| everywhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big>(''silent'')</big>
| silent (like the English ⟨h⟩ in English '''''h'''onor'' or '''''h'''our'')
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | '''j'''
| word final
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (nothern Tevrén) or <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (southern Tevrén)
| same as typical English ⟨sh⟩ (e.g. '''''sh'''u'''sh''''') in northern Tevrén, or like typical English ⟨h⟩ (e.g. '''''h'''appy'') in southern Tevrén
|-
| elsewhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced postalveolar fricative|ʒ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (nothern Tevrén) or <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced glottal fricative|ɦ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (southern Tevrén)
| same as English ⟨s⟩ in words like ''mea'''s'''ure'' or ''fu'''s'''ion'', same as French ⟨j⟩ (e.g. '''''j'''oie'') in northern Tevrén, or like [[w:Received Pronunciation|Received Pronunciation]] ⟨h⟩ in words like ''be'''h'''ind'', same as Dutch ⟨h⟩ (e.g. '''''h'''agelslag'') in southern Tevrén
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''l'''
| everywhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants|l]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as the typical English ⟨l⟩ (especially like the clear ⟨l⟩ of British English, rather than the dark ⟨l⟩ of American English);e.g. '''''l'''u'''ll'''''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ll'''
| everywhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w: Voiced palatal lateral approximant|ʎ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| similar to the ⟨lli⟩ in English ''mi'''lli'''on''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | '''ł'''
| before a voiced consonant or between vowels
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced dental and alveolar lateral fricatives|ɮ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (nothern Tevrén) or <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative|ʑ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (southern Tevrén)
| a sound between French ⟨j⟩ and the typical English ⟨l⟩ (between '''''j'''oue'' and '''''l'''ieu'') in northern Tevrén, or like [[w:Kagoshima dialect|Kagoshima]] Japanese ⟨じ⟩ in southern Tevrén
|-
| elsewhere
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless dental and alveolar lateral fricatives|ɬ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (nothern Tevrén) or <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative|ɕ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (southern Tevrén)
| rowspan="2" | a sound between English ⟨h⟩ and the typical English ⟨l⟩ (between '''''h'''appy'' and '''''l'''ieu''), same as Welsh ⟨ll⟩ (e.g. ''Ebri'''ll''''') in northern Tevrén, or like typical Japanese ⟨し⟩ in southern Tevrén
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''łł'''
| only occurs between vowels
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''m'''
| everywhere
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| rowspan="2" | same as the typical English ⟨m⟩; '''''m'''ada'''m'''''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="5" | '''n'''
| before ⟨v⟩
|-
| before ⟨f⟩
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced labiodental nasal|ɱ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> 
| same as the English ⟨m⟩ in ''sy'''m'''phony''
|-
| before ⟨y⟩
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced palatal nasal|ɲ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> 
| similar to the English ⟨ny⟩ in ''ca'''ny'''on'', same as Spanish ⟨ñ⟩; ''ni'''ñ'''o''
|-
| before ⟨c⟩ or ⟨g⟩
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> 
| same as the English ⟨ng⟩ in ''si'''ng'''''
|-
| elsewhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as the typical English ⟨n⟩; e.g. '''''n'''u'''n'''''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ñ'''
| everywhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced palatal nasal|ɲ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| similar to the English ⟨ny⟩ in ''ca'''ny'''on'', same as Spanish ⟨ñ⟩; ''ni'''ñ'''o''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | '''p'''
| in the consonant cluster ⟨pt⟩
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as the typical English ⟨v⟩; ''be'''v'''y''
|-
| elsewhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as certain instances of English ⟨p⟩; e.g. ''s'''p'''an'' or ''ty'''p'''ing'' (unaspirated, i.e. without the puff of air that accompanies English /p/ at the beginning of a word, e.g. in '''''p'''an'')
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''qu'''
| only occurs before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as certain instances of English ⟨k⟩ or ⟨c⟩; e.g. ''s'''k'''ull'', ''s'''c'''an'', or ''pi'''ck'''ing'' (unaspirated, i.e. without the puff of air that accompanies English /k/ at the beginning of a word, e.g. in '''''c'''an'')
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | '''r'''
| word-initial, morpheme-initial, or after ⟨l⟩, ⟨n⟩, or ⟨s⟩, or syllable-final (especially before ⟨l⟩, ⟨m⟩, ⟨n⟩, or ⟨s⟩) and word-final positions (before pause or consonant-initial words only)
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| trilled or rolled ⟨r⟩
|-
| elsewhere (sometimes word-initial (after a pause or consonant-ending words only), morpheme-initial (when preceded by prefixes ending in consonants), or after ⟨l⟩, ⟨n⟩, or ⟨s⟩, or syllable-final positions, and word-final positions before vowel-initial words only)
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced alveolar tap|ɾ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| flapped ⟨r⟩; e.g. the same sound as the ⟨dd⟩ of ''la'''dd'''er'' or ⟨tt⟩ of ''la'''tt'''er'' in [[w:American English|American English]], same as Spanish ⟨r⟩ between vowels, as in ''ca'''r'''o''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''rr'''
| only occurs between vowels
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| trilled or rolled ⟨r⟩
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | '''s'''
| before a voiced consonant or between vowels
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced alveolar fricative#Voiced apico-alveolar sibilant|z̺]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (nothern Tevrén) or <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced alveolar fricative|z]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (southern Tevrén)
| a sound between French ⟨j⟩ and the typical English ⟨z⟩ (between '''''j'''oue'' and '''''z'''oo'') in northern Tevrén, or the same as the typical English ⟨z⟩ (e.g. ''ja'''zz''''') in southern Tevrén
|-
| elsewhere
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative#Voiced apico-alveolar sibilant|s̺]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (nothern Tevrén) or <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (southern Tevrén)
| rowspan="2" | a sound between English ⟨sh⟩ and the typical English ⟨s⟩ (between '''''sh'''u'''sh''''' and '''''s'''a'''ss''''') in northern Tevrén, or the same as the typical English ⟨s⟩ (e.g. '''''s'''a'''ss''''') in southern Tevrén
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ss'''
| only occurs between vowels
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | '''t'''
| before voiced consonants
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced dental fricative|ð]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as the typical English [[w:Voice (phonetics)|voiced]] ⟨th⟩; e.g. '''''th'''is''
|-
| elsewhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless dental stop|t]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as certain instances of English ⟨t⟩; e.g. ''s'''t'''and'' (unaspirated, i.e. without the puff of air that accompanies English /t/ at the beginning of a word, e.g. in '''''t'''an''). Also, the tip of the tongue touches the upper teeth, rather than the alveolar ridge
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''x'''
| everywhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (nothern Tevrén) or <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (southern Tevrén)
| same as typical English ⟨sh⟩ (e.g. '''''sh'''u'''sh''''') in northern Tevrén, or like typical English ⟨h⟩ (e.g. '''''h'''appy'') in southern Tevrén
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3" | '''y'''
| word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨l⟩ or ⟨n⟩
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced palatal stop|ɟ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| Between English '''''d'''ew'' (RP) and ''ar'''g'''ue''
|-
| as a semivowel (almost always in a [[w:Diphthong|diphthong]])
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced palatal approximate|j]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as the typical English ⟨y⟩ (but joined in a single syllable with another vowel sound); ''a'''y'''e'', ''bo'''y'''''
|-
| elsewhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced palatal fricative|ʝ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| similar to the typical English ⟨y⟩, or ⟨j⟩ but softer; e.g. similar to '''''y'''es'' or '''''J'''ess''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | '''z'''
| word final
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative#Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s̻]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (northern Tevrén) or <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless dental fricative|θ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (southern Tevrén)
| between ''me'''ss''''' and ''me'''th''''' (like the typical English ⟨s⟩, but with the blade of the tongue against the back of the teeth) in northern Tevrén, or same as the English [[w:Voice (phonetics)|voiceless]] ⟨th⟩ (as in '''''th'''ing'') in southern Tevrén
|-
| elsewhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced alveolar fricative#Voiced alveolar sibilant|z̻]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (northern Tevrén) or <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced dental fricative|ð]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (southern Tevrén)
| between ''rai'''s'''e'' and ''ba'''th'''e'' (like the typical English ⟨z⟩, but with the blade of the tongue against the back of the teeth) in northern Tevrén, or same as the English [[w:Voice (phonetics)|voiced]] ⟨th⟩ (as in '''''th'''at'') in southern Tevrén
|}

==Lexicon==
''[[:Category:Tevrés words|Tevrés Lexicon]]''.

[[Category:Tevrés]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Tevrés

2020-08-20T09:57:38Z

Gaffney.flancer: /* Prosody */

{{construction}}
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right;" width="35%"
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#E25822; font-size:2em;" | '''''Tevrés''''' '''''hilerán • lla iveta tevressa'''''
|-
| '''Spoken in:''' || [[History of Avrid#Tevrén|Tevrén]]
|-
| '''Conworld:''' || [[History of Avrid|Avrid]]
|-
| '''Total Speakers:''' || ~ 12,000,000 (83 CA)
|-
| '''Genealogical classification:'''
| [[Proto-Maro-Ephenian]]    - [[Aeranir]]       '''''- Tevrés'''''
|-
| '''Basic word order:''' || [[w:V2 word order|V2]]
|-
| '''Morphological Type:''' || Fusional
|-
| '''Morphosyntactic Alignment:''' || Southern Aeranid Alignment
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#E25822; font-size:18px;" | '''Created by:'''
|-
| Gaffney McCoy Flancer || Began: January 2020 Status: In Progress
|-
|}

'''Tevrés''' (/tevˈɾes̺/), also known as '''Hilerán''' (/ileˈɾãn/), or the '''Tevren Language''' (''lla iveta tevressa'') is an ''a priori'' artistic [[w:Constructed language|constructed language]] created for the home-brew [[w:Dungeons and Dragons|Dungeons and Dragons]] campaign setting [[History of Avrid|Avrid]]. It serves as a ''lingua franca'' throughout the Kingdom of Tevrén, and is a southern Aeranid language derived from the prestige dialect of Çien-a-Tevrén, a region in northwest Hileria. It is used by the self identified Aerans of Hileria and subjects of the Crown of Tevrén, and came into use after the Hilerian War of Reclamation against the [[History of Avrid#Fasser|Fasser Empire]]. It brings together several Hilero-Aeranid dialects, as well as some varieties considered languages in their own right, such as Ertrañán.

Tevrés is a member of the Hilero-Aeranid group of languages, which evolved from several dialects of Late Aeranir spoken in Hileria after the fall of the Aeranid Empire in the 12th century BCA. Tevrés began to blossom as a literary language in the 6th and 7th centuries BCA, mainly from southern port cities under Fasser control, such as Cotive and Ludd-as-Fasri'in. Modern Tevrés is most heavily influenced by these southern dialects and the dialects spoken around Çien-a-Tevrén to the north, especially after these two regions were united in 36 BCA into Tevrén Vuy.

The word ''tevrés'' descends from [[Coeñar_Aerānir|Aeranir]] ''tibōrissus'', referring to the ''Tibors'', an Anderian tribe which settled throughout Hileria in the wake of the Aeranid Empire, named after the river ''Tibus'', along which they settled. The Tibors also lent their name to Tevrén, from ''tibōrāniun''. All Hilero-Aeranid languages, including Ilesse, which is technically an Eastern-Aeranid language, are often colloquially referred to as ''tevrés''. The term ''hilerán'' is occasionally used for this purpose instead. The languages of Tevrén Vuy may be called ''lla iveta vuya'' (proper language), ''uy tevrés vuys'' (proper Tevrés), or ''vuyán'' in order to differentiate it from other ''hilerán'' languages.

==Phonology==

===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Consonant phonemes
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | Labial
! colspan="3" | Coronal
! rowspan="2" | Palatal or postalveolar
! rowspan="2" | Velar
|-
! Lamino- dental
! Apico- alveolar
! Lateral
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| m
|
| n
|
| ɲ
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" | Plosive
! voiceless
| p
| t̪
|
|
| tʃ
| k
|- style="text-align:center;"
! voiced
| b
| d̪
|
|
| ɟ
| g
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" | Fricative
! voiceless
| f
| s̻
| s̺
| ɬ
| colspan="2" | ʃ~x~h
|- style="text-align:center;"
! voiced
|
| z̻
| z̺
| ɮ
| colspan="2" | ʒ~ɣ~ɦ
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" | Rhotic
! trill
|
|
| r
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! tap
|
|
| ɾ
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Approximate
| (w)
|
|
| l
| ʎ
| (w)
|}

===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Vowel phonemes
|-
!
! Front
! Central
! Back
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Close
| i
|
| u
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Mid
| e
|
| o
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Open
|
| a
|
|}
=== Prosody ===
Tevrés is a [[w:Isochrony#Syllable timing|syllable-timed language]] with [[w:Stress (linguistics)#Phonemic stress|phonemic stress]]. This means that each syllable takes approximately the same amount of time, stressed or unstressed, vowels do not reduce in unstressed syllables, and that stress cannot be determined purely by phonological rules. However, stress does follow a few basic rules;
* If a polysyllabic word ends in a vowel or the consonants ''s'' or ''n'', the penultimate syllable is stressed; e.g. ''ve'''jar'''te'', ''morra'''jo'''ten''.
* If a polysyllabic word ends in any other consonants, the ultimate syllable is stressed; e.g. ''zi'''dej''''', ''sar'''cad'''''.
Stress in words that do not conform to these rules is indicated with an acute accent (e.g. ''ha'''rín'''''). Often these words descend from regular penultimately stressed words that lost a final ''e'' after a sonorant (e.g. ''ha'''rín''''' from old ''ha'''ri'''ne'', ''Tev'''rés''''' from old ''Tev'''re'''sse''), or from loanwords or learned Aeranisms (e.g. '''''Fá'''çar'' from ''Faṣr'', '''''á'''pico'' from ''apicor''). Sometimes, stress can have grammatical meaning, such as '''''lla'''vo'' ('I laugh') versus ''lla'''vó''''' ('I laughed').

=== Dialects ===

Due to centuries of separation, the culture of Tevrén between the north and the south form a stark contrast. This contrast is noticeable in many everyday aspects of life, including the way people speak. Southern dialects of Aeranir are considered to be 'softer' and 'more breathy' then harsher northern varieties. In addition, the language of the Court at Combrienes shows some novel innovation, merging [[w:Voice (phonetics)|voiced and voiceless]] [[w:Sibilant|sibilants]]. The following chart breaks down some of the key differences;

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Differences between northern and southern pronunciation
|-
! Letter
! Northern
! Southern
! Court
! Example
! rowspan="5" |
! Letter
! Northern
! Southern
! Court
! Example
|- style="text-align:center;"
! ç
| {{IPA-all|s̻|}}
| {{IPA-all|θ|}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA-all|z̻|}}
| ''çeña'' ('love')
! ł, łł*
| {{IPA-all|ɬ|}}
| {{IPA-all|ɕ|}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA-all|ɮ|}}
| ''łana'' ('flower')
|- style="text-align:center;"
! z
| {{IPA-all|z̻|}}
| {{IPA-all|ð|}}
| ''corezos'' ('counties')
! ł**
| {{IPA-all|ɮ|}}
| {{IPA-all|ʑ|}}
| ''veła'' ('life')
|- style="text-align:center;"
! s, ss*
| {{IPA-all|s̺|}}
| {{IPA-all|s|}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA-all|z̺|}}
| ''suel'' ('sky')
! x
| {{IPA-all|ʃ|}}
| {{IPA-all|h|}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA-all|ʒ|}}
| ''Moxa'' (a name)
|- style="text-align:center;"
! s**
| {{IPA-all|z̺|}}
| {{IPA-all|z|}}
| ''hormesos'' ('salves')
! j
| {{IPA-all|ʒ|}}
| {{IPA-all|ɦ|}}
| ''oveja'' ('talk')
|}
'''Notes:'''
* <nowiki>*</nowiki> the phonemes /s̺/ and /ɬ/ are written with doubled consonants ''ss'' and ''łł'' respectively between vowels.
* <nowiki>**</nowiki> the phonemes /z̺/ and /ɮ/ (written ''s'' and ''ł'') occur only between vowels, or next to a voiced consonant, and in some dialects word initially.

Speakers of northern Tevrés around the traditional homeland of the language, Çien-a-Tevrén, tend to realise all syllable final nasals as [ŋ], (e.g. ''Tevrén'' /tevˈɾen/: Northern {{IPA-all|tevˈɾẽŋ|}}, Southern {{IPA-all|tevˈɾẽn|}}; ''cantir'' /kanˈtiɾ/: Northern {{IPA-all|kãŋˈtiɾ|}}, Southern {{IPA-all|kãnˈtiɾ|}}). This trait is shared with the Hilero-Iscaric languages to the northwest of Çien-a-Tevrén, and may be an aerial feature.

==== Conflation of /l/ and /ɮ/ ====

Some speakers conflate /l/ and /ɮ/ into a single phoneme. The realisation of this phoneme varies, and different conditions provoking different allophones. In Velles this phoneme is realised as [l] word initially and before voiced obstruents, and [ɬ] word finally and before a voiceless obstruent, whilst in Hodén it is [l] word initially, [ɮ] between vowels and before voiced obstruents, and [ɬ] word finally and before a voiceless obstruent, and in Os Selum it is [ɬ] initially, finally, and before a voiceless obstruent, and [l] elsewhere.

==== Initial Sibilants ====

Voicing does not contrast amongst final and initial sibilant consonants in Tevrés. Final sibilants are almost always voiceless, although they are often voiced before other voiced consonants, and in some dialects they are voiced between vowels. Initial sibilants, however, are harder to generalise. There are two trends; either full voicing or full devoicing. This varies dialect to dialect, within dialects from village to village, and even from speaker to speaker. In dialects that have voiced initial sibilants and pronounce /z̻/ as [ð], such as the speech of Vazca, this phoneme is often completely conflated with /d/, appearing as [d] word initially and after nasals; e.g. ''della'' for ''çella'' ('cat').

==Nouns==
===Declension===
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+Class I noun endings
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | temporary
! colspan="2" | cyclical
|-
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | Direct-Genitive
| ''-e''
| ''-os''
| rowspan="3" | ''-a''
| ''-as''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | Accusative-Dative
| ''-o''
| ''-on''
| ''-an''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | Indirect-Ablative
| ''-a''
| ''-os''
| ''-as''
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+Class II noun endings
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | temporary
! colspan="2" | cyclical
|-
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | Direct-Genitive
| ''-Ø, -es, -s''
| ''-os''
| ''-Ø, -es, -s''
| ''-os''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | Accusative-Dative
| rowspan="2" | ''-e''
| ''-en''
| rowspan="2" | ''-e''
| ''-en''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | Indirect-Ablative
| ''-es''
| ''-es''
|}

===Case===

Case in Tevrés is a somewhat complex affair. There are three [[w:Grammatical case|noun cases]]; the direct-genitive, accusative-dative, and the indirect-ablative. These cases can occupy different [[w:Thematic relation|thematic relation]] based on the verb paradigm in use in a given clause, as well as whether or not the argument is a part of a verbs ''core valency''. Core valency is the minimum number of arguments a verb must take. Each case has a core use, defined by the first half of its name, and a non-core use, defined by the second. As stated, core uses deal with the noun's relation to the verb, whilst non-core uses tend to address a noun's relationship with other nouns.

==== Direct-genitive ====
The [[w:direct case|direct]]-[[w:genitive case|genitive]] case ({{interlinear|DIR}}) is used to mark the [[w:Subject (grammar)|subject]] of an [[w:Intransitive verb|intransitive verb]], the [[w:Agent (grammar)|agent]] of a [[w:Transitive verb|transitive verb]], or the donor of a [[w:Ditransitive verb|ditransitive verb]] for 3rd person arguments in the split verb paradigm, and 1st and 2nd person arguments in the nominative verb paradigm. That is, the person or thing that does the action of the verb.

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| uy cueres llavas
| DEF-T.DIR.SG count-DIR.SG laugh-IPFV.3SG.T
|'The count is laughing'}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| ul as pruviós llo gotejo
| DEF-T.DIR.SG wumbo-DIR.SG steal-PFV.3SG.T DEF-T.ACC.SG cap-ACC.SG
|'The wumbo stole the cap'}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| uy vuestre çón priezon llo riel
| DEF-T.DIR.SG elder-DIR.SG give-PFV.3PL pen-ACC.PL DEF-T.ACC.SG child-ACC.SG
|'The elder gave the child some pens'}}

It has another, albeit minor, role in the ergative verb paradigm, where it marks the patient of the verb. Because the ergative paradigm is triggered by a first or second person patient, this role is generally limited to the first and second persons pronouns. Furthermore, as Tevrés is heavily [[w:Pro-drop language|pro-drop]] these arguments are usually dropped. However, they can be reintroduced for emphasis, and when they are, they appear in the direct-genitive.

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| tego oyel lla harina
| 1SG-DIR.EMP see-ERG.1SG DEF-T.IND.SG priest-IND.SG
|'The priest sees me'}}

There are cases where this might be used by nouns other than the first and second person pronouns. The most common would be [[w:Apposition|appositive]] statements defining the first or second person.

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| tego uy res sevol nen ma
| 1SG-DIR DEF-T.DIR.SG king-DIR.SG kill-ERG.SUBJ.1SG 2SG-IND INTERR
| You would kill me, the king?}}

Some argue that this is not a true appositive, rather a genitive appositive as in Japanese or Ancient Greek. One piece of evidence that points to this theory is the fact that these require a personal pronoun, which is usually dropped. However, relative clauses modifying a first or second person patient can undeniably be said to have an patientive meaning, as they must agree with the head.

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| tego ne queñid sevol nen ma
| 1SG-DIR 2SG-ACC love-PFV.PTCP-T.DIR.SG kill-ERG.SUBJ.1SG 2SG-IND INTERR
| You would kill me, who loved you?}}

The direct-genitive may also be used to express relation, ownership, or other connection between two nouns. In these cases, the modified noun (the ''head'') come first, and the modifying noun (the ''dependant'') second; e.g. ''uy-gotejo-uy-vuestre'' (the elder's cap) not ''**uy-vuestre-uy-gotejo''. Often times these phrases are joined by dashes, as shown in the previous example.

Tevrés [[w:Genitive construction|genitive contstuctions]] may optionally distinguish relationships initiated with or without the dependants control over the head by using prepositions. The following table illustrates the ''a''-genitive and the ''eu''-genitive. In action nouns, the ''eu''-genitive dependant corresponds to the head action's subject, and the ''a''-genitive dependant to its object. Using ''eu'' implies that the dependant is active, influential, or formative towards the head, whilst the use of ''a'' implies that the head is active, influential, or formative towards the dependant.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Direct-genitive-modifying prepositions
|-
! Regular
! with ''a'' (to)
! with eu (from)
|-
| ''harena-uy-vuestre'' the elder's letter
| ''harena-'''al'''-vuestre'' a letter to the elder
| ''harena-'''el'''-vuestre'' a letter from the elder
|-
| ''uy-vies-uy-cueres'' the count's law
| ''uy-vies-'''al'''-cueres'' the law which governs the count
| ''uy-vies-'''el'''-cueres'' the law the count creates
|-
| ''lla-rentaga-uy-mader'' the council's ruler
| ''lla-rentaga-'''al'''-mader'' the ruler who controls the council
| ''lla-rentaga-'''el'''-mader'' the ruler the council controls
|-
| ''lla-toladre-uy-res'' the king's army
| ''lla-toladre-'''al'''-res'' the army belonging to the king
| ''lla-toladre-'''el'''-res'' the army sent after the king
|}

==== Accusative-dative ====

The [[w:Accusative case|accusative]]-[[w:Dative case|dative]] case ({{interlinear |ACC}}) has limited use in the nominative and ergative verb paradigms, and is used only to mark the theme, or direct object, of ditransitive verbs. However because of this, it is commonly seen in [[w:Applicative voice|applicative]] clauses. In the nominative paradigm, the old indirect argument is moved to the accusative case, with the new applicative argument taking the indirect case. In the ergative paradigm, the applicative argument is added directly into the accusative case.

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| llo soriejo a-hego çi garinos
| DEF-T.ACC.SG wardrobe-ACC.SG BEN<nowiki>=</nowiki>make-NOM.1SG REFL-DIR friend-IND.PL
|'I am making a wardrobe for my friends'
|c1 = (non applicative ''lla sorieja hego'')}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| tego en-oyel lla harina llo cuerço
| 1SG-DIR.EMP LOC<nowiki>=</nowiki>see-ERG.1SG DEF-T.IND.SG priest-IND.SG DEF-C.ACC.SG market-ACC.SG
|'The priest sees me in the market'
|c1 = (non applicative ''tego oyel lla harina'')}}

The accusative-dative is used much more in the split verb paradigm, where it marks the patient of a transitive verb and both the theme and recipient of ditransitive ones. On top of that, applicative arguments are also added in the accusative-dative case. This may lead to situations where there are as many as three accusative-dative arguments in a clause. In these cases, context is usually sufficient to tell which argument fulfils which role.

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| çi mientron a-jovan harenan
| REFL-DIR sibling-ACC.PL BEN<nowiki>=</nowiki>write-3PL letter-ACC.PL
|'They write letters for their siblings'}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| garinon co-teuden tin
| friend-ACC.SG COM<nowiki>=</nowiki>drink-PFV.3PL tea-ACC.SG
|'They drank tea with friends'}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| tan en-cares juina çi combre
| but LOC<nowiki>=</nowiki>dance-T.3SG Juina-DIR.SG REFL-DIR home-ACC.SG
|'Juina only dances in their own home'}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| avron en-canta llan çellan lla yumas
| fish-ACC.PL LOC<nowiki>=</nowiki>feed-C.3SG DEF-C.ACC.PL cat-ACC.PL DEF-C.ACC.SG garden-ACC.SG
|'They feed the cats fish in the garden'}}

==== Indirect-ablative ====

The [[w:Direct case|indirect]]-[[w:Ablative case|ablative]] case ({{interlinear |IND}}) is used to mark core arguments of a verb exclusively in the nominative and ergative paradigms. It is never used with intransitive verbs, because is appearance depends on the person of the direct-genitive argument. In the nominative paradigm, it marks the patient of a transitive verb and the recipient of a ditransitive verb. In the ergative paradigm, it marks the agent and the donor. Additionally the indirect-ablative case is used for applicative arguments in the nominative paradigm, with the old indirect-ablative argument moving into the accusative-dative case.

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| maeja caño
| breakfast-IND.SG eat-NOM.1SG
|'I will eat breakfast'
}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| lla cossa cañiólam tantos
| DEF-T.IND.SG bear-IND.SG eat-ERG.1PL all-T.DIR.PL
|'The bear ate all of us'
}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| ti muzrinon cantió cossa
| 1SG-DIR enemy-ACC.PL feed-NOM.PST.1SG bear-IND.SG
| 'I fed my enemies to a bear'
}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| cosso cantiólam muzrina
| bear-ACC.SG feed-ERG.PST.1PL enemy-IND.SG
| 'Our enemy fed us a bear'
}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| llon muzrinon a-cantió cosso ti ayestra
| DEF-T.ACC.PL enemy-ACC.PL BEN<nowiki>=</nowiki>feed-NOM.PST.1SG bear-ACC.SG 1SG-DIR master-IND.SG
| 'I fed the enemies to a bear for my master'
}}

===Articles===
==== Definite article ====
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+Definite article
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | temporary
! colspan="2" | cyclical
|-
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | Direct-Genitive
| ''ul/uy''
| ''llos''
| rowspan="3" | ''lla''
| ''llas''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | Dative-Accusative
| ''llo''
| ''llon''
| ''llan''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | Ergative-Ablative
| ''lla''
| ''llos''
| ''llas''
|}
==== Indefinite article ====
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+Indefinite article
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | temporary
! colspan="2" | cyclical
|-
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | Direct-Genitive
| ''as''
| ''aros''
| rowspan="3" | ''ara''
| ''aras''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | Dative-Accusative
| rowspan="2" | ''ar''
| ''aren''
| ''aran''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | Ergative-Ablative
| ''ares''
| ''aras''
|}
In addition to the definite article, Tevrés also boasts an indefinite article. The Tevrés indefinite article carries a stronger meaning that English ''a/an'', and may better be translated as 'some' or 'someones.' The Tevrés equivalent of ''a/an'' is usually simply the bare noun, e.g. '''''lla çella''''' ('the cat') vs. '''''çella''''' ('a cat') vs. '''''ara çella''''' ('some cat'). The indefinite article can also be used to convey the meaning 'someone's' or 'someone else's,' or to talk about things that are general, or public.
:{{interlinear|box=yes
| miré çi çierve ara çear en-hordir
| NEG<nowiki>=</nowiki>do-IMP REFL-DIR body-ACC.SG INDEF-C.IND.SG affairs-IND.SG LOC<nowiki>=</nowiki>put-INF
| 'Don't stick yourself in other peoples' affairs.'}}

:{{interlinear|box=yes
| res co-quera çe pariña en aran oejan
| king-DIR.SG COM<nowiki>=</nowiki>bear-C.3SG REFL-ACC properly in INDEF-C.ACC.PL eye-ACC.PL
| 'A king should bear themselves properly in the eyes of the people.'}}
In older texts, or texts stylistically drawing from an older register, the oblique stem ''art-'' may be found instead of ''ar-''. This is because the Tevrés indefinite article is derived from Aeranir ''ars, artis'' ('person'). However, its root was reformed by analogy to other words ending in ''-as'' in the direct-genitive case.

==Pronouns==
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+Tevrés Personal Pronouns
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | 1st person
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | 2nd person
! colspan="4" | 3nd person
|-
! colspan="2" | temporary
! colspan="2" | cyclical
|-
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" | Nominative- Genitive
! emphatic
| ''tego''
| ''yego''
| ''nego''
| ''rego''
| rowspan="2" | ''ul/uy''
| rowspan="2" | ''ulos''
| rowspan="4" | ''ula''
| rowspan="2" | ''ulas''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! plain
| ''ti''
| ''yos''
| ''ni''
| ''ros''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Dative-Accusative
| ''te''
| ''yon''
| ''ne''
| ''ruen''
| ''ulo''
| ''ulon''
| ''ulan''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Ergative-Ablative
| ''ten''
| ''yos''
| ''nen''
| ''ros''
| ''ula''
| ''ulos''
| ''ulas''
|}

==Verbs==
===Morphosyntactic alignment===

Tevrés uses a system of [[w:Morphological alignment|morphological alignment]] which is reminiscent of aspects of [[w:Split ergative|split ergativity]], [[w:Direct-inverse language|direct-inverse languages]], [[w:Austronesian alignment|austronesian alignment]], and [https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/aarsyy/the_total_cacophony_of_b%C3%A4ladiri_verb_agreement/ bäladiri alignment]. This system is common amongst southern Aeranid languages such as [[S'entigneis]], Morraolà, and to an extent Ilesse, and is thus referred to as ''Southern Aeranid Alignment'' (SAA). This is characterised by different verbal paradigms triggered by first and second person arguments which affect the way Tevrés cases align with thematic roles, and how the verb agrees with its arguments.

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+ Verb paradigms and alignment
|+ align="left" style="caption-side: bottom" | {{small|The chart below further details how arguments align in each paradigm. ''S'' represents the morphosyntactic [[w:Subject (grammar)|subject]], ''A'' the [[w:Agent (grammar)|agent]], ''P'' the [[w:Patient (grammar)|patient]], ''D'' the [[w:Thematic relation|donor]], ''T'' the [[w:Thematic relation|theme]], and ''R'' the [[w:Thematic relation|recipient]].}}
|-
! Verb paradigm:
! colspan="6" | 1 nominative
! colspan="6" | 2 ergative
! colspan="6" | 3 split
|-
! Valency:
! ''in.''
! colspan="2" | ''tr.''
! colspan="3" | ''di.''
! ''in.''
! colspan="2" | ''tr.''
! colspan="3" | ''di.''
! ''in.''
! colspan="2" | ''tr.''
! colspan="3" | ''di.''
|-
! Noun argument:
! S
! A
! P
! D
! T
! R
! S
! A
! P
! D
! T
! R
! S
! A
! P
! D
! T
! R
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Noun case:
| colspan="2" | <big>{{interlinear|DIR}}</big>
| <big>{{interlinear|IND}}</big>
| <big>{{interlinear|DIR}}</big>
| <big>{{interlinear|ACC}}</big>
| <big>{{interlinear|IND}}</big>
| N/A
| <big>{{interlinear|IND}}</big>
| <big>{{interlinear|DIR}}</big>
| <big>{{interlinear|IND}}</big>
| <big>{{interlinear|ACC}}</big>
| colspan="3" | <big>{{interlinear|DIR}}</big>
| <big>{{interlinear|ACC}}</big>
| <big>{{interlinear|DIR}}</big>
| colspan="2" | <big>{{interlinear|ACC}}</big>
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Verb agreement:
| ✔︎
| ✔︎
| ✖︎
| ✔︎
| ✖︎
| ✖︎
| N/A
| ✖︎
| ✔︎
| ✖︎
| ✖︎
| ✔︎
| ✔︎
| ✖︎
| ✔︎
| ✖︎
| ✖︎
| ✔︎
|}

Transitive verbs show three different modes of [[w:Morphosyntactic alignment|morphosyntactic alignment]], here called paradigms, depending on the arguments present. When the agent of a transitive verb or the donor of a ditransitive verb is the first or second person, the verb uses [[w:Nominative–accusative_language|nominative agreement]]. The verb agrees with the subject in person and number, the patient or recipient are in the indirect-ablative case, and the theme is in the accusative dative. Because the subject is marked on the verb and is always the first or second person, the pronoun itself is usually dropped. However, it can be added for emphasis.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| tevressa ovejo
| Tevrés-IND.SG speak-NOM.1SG
| 'I speak Tevrés'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| tego jovó lla salva
| 1SG-DIR.EMP write-PST.NOM.1SG DEF-C.IND.SG book-IND.SG
| <nowiki>'</nowiki>''I'' wrote the book!'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| łanan çaste llos rieles ma
| flower-ACC.PL give-NOM.2SG DEF-T.IND.PL child-IND.PL INTERR
| 'Will you give the children flowers?'}}

When the patient or recipient is the first or second person, the verb displays [[w:Ergative-absolutive language|ergative agreement]]. Here, the agent or donor is in the indirect-ablative case, and the verb agrees with the person and number of the patient or recipient. The theme is still accusative-dative, but the recipient (first or second person) is in the direct-genitive. Just as above, first and second person pronouns are unnecessary and are dropped.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| garina querel
| friend-IND.SG help-ERG.1SG
| 'A friend is helping me'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ijana hemiol gotejo suevo
| Ijan-IND.SG send-ERG.PST.1SG cap-ACC.SG new-T.ACC.SG
| 'Ijan sent me a new cap'}}

If neither argument for a verb is the second or first person, then Tevrés shows a type of [[w:Split ergativity|split-ergativity]], where the agent/donor of the verb is in the direct-genitive case and the patient/recipient in the dative-accusative, whilst the verb agrees with the most oblique argument (patient or recipient).

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| castil travas llo morrajote
| Castil-DIR.SG walk-3SG DEF-T.ACC.SG castle-ACC.SG
| 'Castil is walking (around) the castle'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ul as çava avro lla çella
| DEF-T.DIR.SG wumbo-DIR.SG give-PST.3SG.C fish-ACC.SG DEF-C.ACC.SG cat-ACC.SG
| 'The man gave the cat a fish'}}

It should be noted that the first person is higher in the hierarchy than the second person, so if the first person and second person are both present, the verb will agree with the first person.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| nen çiso
| 2SG.PRO-IND know-NOM.1SG
| 'I know you'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| nen oyólam ma
| 2SG.PRO-IND see-ERG.1SG INTERR
| 'Did you see us?'}}

Due to the fact that a first or second person argument must 1.) be in the direct-genitive case and 2.) take verbal agreement, these arguments cannot normally appear as the theme of a ditransitive verb, because this argument always appears in the accusative-dative case, and never takes verbal agreement. To remedy this, the original recipient of the verb is ejected from the verb's core valency by rephrasing it with an adjunct clause, and the first or second person argument is elevated to the direct-genitive argument.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| **pueva vadiós te llo-pristino-a-damata
| father-DIR.SG send-T.3SG 1SG.PRO-ACC DEF-T.ACC.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>prince-ACC.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>to<nowiki>=</nowiki>Damata-DIR.SG
| **'My father sent me to the prince of Damata'
| c1 = (''grammatically incorrect'')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| pueva vadiol a'lo pristino-a-damata
| father-IND.SG send-ERG.1SG to<nowiki>=</nowiki>DEF-T.ACC.SG prince-ACC.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>to<nowiki>=</nowiki>Damata-DIR.SG
| 'My father sent me to the prince of Damata'
| c1 = (''correct version'')}}

Due to the nature of this system, a small change to the verb (and by extension to the cases of certain arguments) can completely change the meaning of a sentence.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| vejarten serquió çi garina
| story-ACC.PL tell-NOM.1SG REFL-DIR friend-IND
| 'I told my friend stories'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| vejarten serquiol çi garina
| story-ACC.PL tell-ERG.1SG REFL-DIR friend-IND
| 'My friend told me stories'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| vejarten serquiós çi garino
| story-ACC.PL tell-T.3SG REFL-DIR friend-ACC
| 'They told their friend stories'}}

=== Conjugation ===

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+ Conjugation classes
|-
! Class
! Theme vowel
! Example
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3" | Strong
| style="text-align:center;" | ''a''
| '''''jovar''''' (to write)
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | ''i''
| '''''apiçir''''' (to appear)
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | ''e''
| '''''corer''''' (to annoy)
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Weak
| style="text-align:center;" | Ø
| '''''tiedre''''' (to drink)
|}

There are four conjugation classes in Tevrés, characterised by the vowel (or lack there of) used to form the infinitive. There are three strong conjugation classes, and one weak class. The weak class conjugates identically to the strong e-class in the non-past tense, and may either conjugate identically to the e-class in the past as well, or take irregular conjugation endings, in conjuncture with stem mutation.
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Transitive verb endings
|-
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="6" | Singular
! colspan="5" | Plural
|-
! colspan="2" | nominative
! colspan="2" | ergative
! colspan="2" | split
! colspan="2" | nominative
! colspan="2" | ergative
! colspan="1" | split
|-
! 1st
! 2nd
! 1st
! 2nd
! 3rd t.
! 3rd c.
! 1st
! 2nd
! 1st
! 2nd
! 3rd
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Non-past
| ''-o'' ''-o'' ''-o''
| ''-ás'' ''-ís'' ''-és''
| ''-al'' ''-el'' ''-el''
| ''-alas'' ''-elas'' ''-elas''
| ''-as'' ''-es'' ''-es''
| ''-a'' ''-a'' ''-a''
| ''-am'' ''-im'' ''-em''
| ''-ad'' ''-id'' ''-ed''
| ''-álam'' ''-élam'' ''-élam''
| ''-álad'' ''-élad'' ''-élad''
| ''-an'' ''-en'' ''-en''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Past regular
| ''-ó'' ''-ió'' ''-ió''
| ''-ós'' ''-iós'' ''-iós''
| ''-ol'' ''-iol'' ''-iol''
| ''-olas'' ''-iolas'' ''-iolas''
| ''-ós'' ''-iós'' ''-iós''
| ''-á'' ''-iá'' ''-iá''
| ''-om'' ''-iom'' ''-iom''
| ''-od'' ''-iod'' ''-iod''
| ''-ólam'' ''-iólam'' ''-iólam''
| ''-ólad'' ''-iólad'' ''-iólad''
| ''-ón'' ''-ión'' ''-ión''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Past irregular
| ''-o''
| ''-és''
| ''-el''
| ''-elas''
| ''-es''
| ''-a''
| ''-em''
| ''-ed''
| ''-élam''
| ''-élad''
| ''-en''
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Intransitive verb endings
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="5" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
|-
! 1st
! 2nd
! 3rd t.
! 3rd c.
! 1st
! 2nd
! 3rd
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Non-past
| ''-o'' ''-o'' ''-o''
| ''-ás'' ''-ís'' ''-és''
| ''-as'' ''-es'' ''-es''
| ''-a'' ''-a'' ''-a''
| ''-amos'' ''-imos'' ''-emos''
| ''-áis'' ''-ís'' ''-éis''
| ''-an'' ''-en'' ''-en''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Past regular
| ''-ó'' ''-ió'' ''-ió''
| ''-ós'' ''-iós'' ''-iós''
| ''-ós'' ''-iós'' ''-iós''
| ''-á'' ''-iá'' ''-iá''
| ''-om'' ''-iom'' ''-iom''
| ''-od'' ''-iod'' ''-iod''
| ''-ón'' ''-ión'' ''-ión''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Past irregular
| ''-o''
| ''-és''
| ''-es''
| ''-a''
| ''-em''
| ''-ed''
| ''-en''
|}

=== Applicative voices ===

Tevrés, like the other southern Aeranid languages, prefers to express its noun phrases as part of a verb's core arguments, rather than through [[w:Adjunct (grammar)|adjuncts]] or [[w:Adpositional phrase#Prepositional phrases|prepositional phrases]]. Tevrés is able to incorporate these phrases into a verb's core through [[w:Applicative voice|applicative voices]], which increases a verb's [[w:Valency (linguistics)|valency]] to include a new core [[w:Object (grammar)|object]] argument. There are five main applicative voices, each formed with a simple verbal prefix.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name !! Prefix !! Usage !! Example
|-
| [[w:Benefactive case|Benefactive]] ({{interlinear|BEN}})
| style="text-align:center;" | ''a-''
| Expresses that the referent of the noun receives the benefit of the situation expressed by the clause, used where [[w:English language|English]] would use 'for,' 'for the benefit of,' or 'intended for.'
| ''çi garinos a-llavó'' 'I laughed for the sake of my friends' (i.e. to reassure or comfort them)
|-
| [[w:Comitative case|Comitative]] ({{interlinear|COM}})
| style="text-align:center;" | ''co-''
| Denotes a relationship of 'accompanyment' between two participants in an event, expressed in English with the preposition 'with,' in the sense of 'in company with' (but not 'with' meaning 'using' or 'by means of').
| ''çi garinos co-llavó'' 'I laughed with my friends'
|-
| [[w:Locative case|Locative]] ({{interlinear|LOC}})
| style="text-align:center;" | ''en-''
| Indicates a location, corresponding vaguely to the English prepositions 'in', 'on', 'at', and 'by'.
| ''çi garinon en-ango lla sarvaja'' 'I'm meeting my friends at the library'
|-
| [[w:Instrumental case|Instrumental]] ({{interlinear|INSTR}})
| style="text-align:center;" | ''eu/el-''
| Used to indicate that a noun is the instrument or means by or with which the subject achieves or accomplishes an action. The noun may be either a physical object or an abstract concept.
| ''prieza eu-jovo'' 'I write (it) with a pen'
|-
| [[w:Malefactive case|Malefactive]] ({{interlinear|MAL}})
| style="text-align:center;" | ''y/e-''
| Pertaining to the linguistic form or case or the semantic role of the person who is harmed or who loses out by an action. The opposite of the benefactive applicative.
| ''çi garinos y-llavó'' 'I laughed at my friends' (i.e. ridiculed them)
|}

There is a sixth applicative voice, the ''os''-genitive ({{interlinear|GEN}}). However, this applicative is limited only to [[w:Relative clause|relative clauses]], to signify that head fulfils a [[w:Genitive case|gentive]] role within the subordinate clause. When the subordinate clause has more than one argument aside from the referent, the ''os''-prefix is applied to the noun the referent is dependant to.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ul as çella ti-os-cantid
| DEF-T.DIR.SG wumbo-DIR.SG cat-IND.SG 1SG-DIR<nowiki>=</nowiki>GEN<nowiki>=</nowiki>feed-PST.PTCP-T.DIR.SG
| 'the wumbo whose cat I fed'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| uy paño os-res llo cuerte seud
| DEF-T.DIR.SG guard-DIR.SG GEN<nowiki>=</nowiki>king-DIR.SG DEF-T.ACC.SG count-ACC.SG kill-PST.PTCP-T.DIR.SG
| 'the guard whose king killed the count'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| uy paño uy res os-cuerte seud
| DEF-T.DIR.SG guard-DIR.SG DEF-T.DIR.SG king-DIR.SG GEN<nowiki>=</nowiki>count-ACC.SG kill-PST.PTCP-T.DIR.SG
| 'the guard whose count the king killed'}}

Whilst applicatives are preferred to adjuncts, Tevrés explicitly disallows multiple applicatives, that is, multiple applicative prefixes attached to a single verb. Thus, **''çi garinon co-en-llavó lla sarvaja'' is ungrammatical. In cases where two or more object arguments must be added to a clause, one argument is expressed through a normal applicative voice, and the others will be introduced in adjuncts; usually prepositional phrases. Which argument takes the applicative voice is determined by a straightforward hierarchy chain. The highest argument on the chain takes the applicative, while the others adjuncts.

: benefactive > comitative > locative > instrumental > malefactive > genitive

Adjunct arguments are ignored as part of the nominal and verbal alignment paradigms. Therefor, verbs core arguments in these cases decline exactly as they would without the adjunct. The case that the adjunct is in is governed by the preposition introducing the phrase.

{{interlinear | box=yes
| çi garinos co-llavó en llo sarvajo
| REFL-GEN friend-IND.PL COM<nowiki>=</nowiki>laugh-PST.NOM.1SG LOC DEF-T.ACC.SG library-ACC.SG
| 'I laughed with my friends in the library' }}

{{interlinear | box=yes
| lla salva Moxa çi mientra y llo-sarvajo-el-cueres a-pruvida
| DEF-C.DIR.SG book-DIR.SG Moxa-DIR.SG REFL-DIR sibling-IND.SG MAL DEF-T.ACC.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>library-ACC.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>ABL-DEF.T.DIR.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>count-DIR.SG BEN<nowiki>=</nowiki>steal-PST.PTCP-C.DIR.SG
| 'The book Moxa stole from the count's library for his sibling' }}

== Numbers ==
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Aeranir numbers
|-
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
|-
! 1
| ''im''
| ''priste''
| ''tiempre''
! 11
| ''eñintos''
| ''eñís''
| ''eñinte''
! 21
| ''callos im''
| ''calde priste''
| ''cal tiempre''
! 120
| ''ñoçallos''
| ''ñoçalde''
| ''ñoçal''
|-
! 2
| ''ser''
| ''mezún''
| ''vires''
! 12
| ''verzintos''
| ''verzís''
| ''verzinte''
! 22
| ''callos ser''
| ''caldo mezún''
| ''cal vires''
! 140
| ''ñallos''
| ''ñalde''
| ''ñal''
|-
! 3
| ''moros''
| ''muerte''
| ''mores''
! 13
| ''preintos''
| ''proís''
| ''preinte''
! 30
| ''callos queinços''
| ''calde quies''
| ''cal quein''
! 160
| ''ñancullos''
| ''ñancuzde''
| ''ñancul''
|-
! 4
| ''cuałos''
| ''cual''
| ''cuaçes''
! 14
| ''cuałentos''
| ''cuałés''
| ''cuałente''
! 40
| ''vercullos''
| ''vercuzde''
| ''vercul''
! 180
| ''ñałcullos''
| ''ñałcuzde''
| ''ñałcul''
|-
! 5
| ''quicos''
| ''quite''
| ''quigue''
! 15
| ''queintos''
| ''queís''
| ''queinte''
! 50
| ''vercullos queinços''
| ''vercuzde quies''
| ''vercul quein''
! 200
| ''tamiłłos''
| ''tamite''
| ''tamiçes''
|-
! 6
| ''ñoços''
| ''ñoçum''
| ''ñoz''
! 16
| ''ñoçentos''
| ''ñoçés''
| ''ñoçente''
! 60
| ''prollos''
| ''prolde''
| ''prol''
! 220
| ''tamiłłos callos''
| ''tamite calde''
| ''tamiçes cal''
|-
! 7
| ''ñayos''
| ''ñante''
| ''ñain''
! 17
| ''ñentos''
| ''ñaís''
| ''ñente''
! 70
| ''prollos queinços''
| ''prolde quies''
| ''prol quein''
! 240
| ''tamiłłos vercullos''
| ''tamite vercuzde''
| ''tamiçes vercul''
|-
! 8
| ''ñangos''
| ''ñaguiem''
| ''ñangue''
! 18
| ''sescullos''
| ''sescuzde''
| ''sescul''
! 80
| ''cuałallos''
| ''cuałalde''
| ''cuałal''
! 260
| ''tamiłłos prollos''
| ''tamite prolde''
| ''tamiçes prol''
|-
! 9
| ''ñałiços''
| ''ñałizte''
| ''ñałiz''
! 19
| ''imallos''
| ''imalde''
| ''imal''
! 90
| ''cuałallos queinços''
| ''cuałalde quies''
| ''cuałal quein''
! 280
| ''tamiłłos cuałallos''
| ''tamite cuałalde''
| ''tamiçes cuałal''
|-
! 10
| ''queinços''
| ''quies''
| ''quein''
! 20
| ''callos''
| ''calde''
| ''cal''
! 100
| ''quecullos''
| ''quecuzde''
| ''quecul''
! 400
| ''miłłos''
| ''mite''
| ''miçes''
|}

==Writing System==
=== Romanisation ===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | [[w:Consonants|Consonants]]
|-
! Letter
! Context
! [[w:Help:IPA|IPA]]
! English approximation
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | '''b''' or '''v'''
| word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨m⟩ or ⟨n⟩
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| practically the same as the typical English ⟨b⟩, except that it is fully [[w:Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]; e.g. ''a'''b'''out''
|-
| elsewhere (i.e. after a vowel, even across a word boundary, or after any consonant other than ⟨m⟩ or ⟨n⟩)
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as the typical English ⟨v⟩; ''be'''v'''y''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | '''c'''
| before another consonant
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| a sound between a light English ⟨g⟩ and the typical English ⟨h⟩ (between '''''g'''old'' and ''a'''h'''old''), same as Dutch ⟨g⟩; '''''g'''abber''
|-
| elsewhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as certain instances of English ⟨k⟩ or ⟨c⟩; e.g. ''s'''k'''ull'', ''s'''c'''an'', or ''pi'''ck'''ing'' (unaspirated, i.e. without the puff of air that accompanies English /k/ at the beginning of a word, e.g. in '''''c'''an'')
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ç'''
| everywhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative#Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s̻]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (northern Tevrén) or <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless dental fricative|θ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (southern Tevrén)
| between ''me'''ss''''' and ''me'''th''''' (like the typical English ⟨s⟩, but with the blade of the tongue against the back of the teeth) in northern Tevrén, or same as the English [[w:Voice (phonetics)|voiceless]] ⟨th⟩ (as in '''''th'''ing'') in southern Tevrén
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ch'''
| everywhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|tʃ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as the typical English ⟨ch⟩; '''''ch'''ur'''ch'''''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | '''d'''
| word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨l⟩ or ⟨n⟩
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced dental stop|d]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| practically the same as the typical English ⟨d⟩, except that it is fully [[w:Voice (phonetics)|voiced]] and the tip of the tongue touches the [[w:Denti-alveolar consonant|upper teeth]]; e.g. ''a'''d'''ore''
|-
| elsewhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced dental fricative|ð]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as the typical English [[w:Voice (phonetics)|voiced]] ⟨th⟩; e.g. '''''th'''is''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''f'''
| everywhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless labiodental ficative|f]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as the typical English ⟨f⟩; e.g. '''''f'''ace''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3" | '''g'''
| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced postalveolar fricative|ʒ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (nothern Tevrén) or <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced glottal fricative|ɦ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (southern Tevrén)
| same as English ⟨s⟩ in words like ''mea'''s'''ure'' or ''fu'''s'''ion'', same as French ⟨j⟩ (e.g. '''''j'''oie'') in northern Tevrén, or like [[w:Received Pronunciation|Received Pronunciation]] ⟨h⟩ in words like ''be'''h'''ind'', same as Dutch ⟨h⟩ (e.g. '''''h'''agelslag'') in southern Tevrén
|-
| not before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced velar stop|g]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| practically the same as the typical English ⟨g⟩ sound, except that it is fully [[w:Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]; e.g. ''a'''g'''o''
|-
| not before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| a sound between a light English ⟨g⟩ and the typical English ⟨h⟩ (between '''''g'''old'' and ''a'''h'''old''), same as Dutch ⟨g⟩; '''''g'''abber''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="4" | '''gu'''
| before ⟨a⟩ or ⟨o⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>gw<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| a sound like the ⟨gu⟩ in English ''pen'''gu'''in''
|-
| before ⟨a⟩ or ⟨o⟩, and not in the above contexts
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>ɣw<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| similar to the typical English ⟨w⟩, but preceded by a soft guttural sound
|-
| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced velar stop|g]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| practically the same as the typical English ⟨g⟩ sound, except that it is fully [[w:Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]; e.g. ''a'''g'''o''
|-
| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| a sound between a light English ⟨g⟩ and the typical English ⟨h⟩ (between '''''g'''old'' and ''a'''h'''old''), same as Dutch ⟨g⟩; '''''g'''abber''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''h'''
| everywhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big>(''silent'')</big>
| silent (like the English ⟨h⟩ in English '''''h'''onor'' or '''''h'''our'')
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | '''j'''
| word final
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (nothern Tevrén) or <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (southern Tevrén)
| same as typical English ⟨sh⟩ (e.g. '''''sh'''u'''sh''''') in northern Tevrén, or like typical English ⟨h⟩ (e.g. '''''h'''appy'') in southern Tevrén
|-
| elsewhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced postalveolar fricative|ʒ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (nothern Tevrén) or <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced glottal fricative|ɦ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (southern Tevrén)
| same as English ⟨s⟩ in words like ''mea'''s'''ure'' or ''fu'''s'''ion'', same as French ⟨j⟩ (e.g. '''''j'''oie'') in northern Tevrén, or like [[w:Received Pronunciation|Received Pronunciation]] ⟨h⟩ in words like ''be'''h'''ind'', same as Dutch ⟨h⟩ (e.g. '''''h'''agelslag'') in southern Tevrén
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''l'''
| everywhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants|l]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as the typical English ⟨l⟩ (especially like the clear ⟨l⟩ of British English, rather than the dark ⟨l⟩ of American English);e.g. '''''l'''u'''ll'''''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ll'''
| everywhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w: Voiced palatal lateral approximant|ʎ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| similar to the ⟨lli⟩ in English ''mi'''lli'''on''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | '''ł'''
| before a voiced consonant or between vowels
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced dental and alveolar lateral fricatives|ɮ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (nothern Tevrén) or <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative|ʑ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (southern Tevrén)
| a sound between French ⟨j⟩ and the typical English ⟨l⟩ (between '''''j'''oue'' and '''''l'''ieu'') in northern Tevrén, or like [[w:Kagoshima dialect|Kagoshima]] Japanese ⟨じ⟩ in southern Tevrén
|-
| elsewhere
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless dental and alveolar lateral fricatives|ɬ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (nothern Tevrén) or <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative|ɕ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (southern Tevrén)
| rowspan="2" | a sound between English ⟨h⟩ and the typical English ⟨l⟩ (between '''''h'''appy'' and '''''l'''ieu''), same as Welsh ⟨ll⟩ (e.g. ''Ebri'''ll''''') in northern Tevrén, or like typical Japanese ⟨し⟩ in southern Tevrén
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''łł'''
| only occurs between vowels
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''m'''
| everywhere
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| rowspan="2" | same as the typical English ⟨m⟩; '''''m'''ada'''m'''''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="5" | '''n'''
| before ⟨v⟩
|-
| before ⟨f⟩
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced labiodental nasal|ɱ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> 
| same as the English ⟨m⟩ in ''sy'''m'''phony''
|-
| before ⟨y⟩
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced palatal nasal|ɲ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> 
| similar to the English ⟨ny⟩ in ''ca'''ny'''on'', same as Spanish ⟨ñ⟩; ''ni'''ñ'''o''
|-
| before ⟨c⟩ or ⟨g⟩
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> 
| same as the English ⟨ng⟩ in ''si'''ng'''''
|-
| elsewhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as the typical English ⟨n⟩; e.g. '''''n'''u'''n'''''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ñ'''
| everywhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced palatal nasal|ɲ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| similar to the English ⟨ny⟩ in ''ca'''ny'''on'', same as Spanish ⟨ñ⟩; ''ni'''ñ'''o''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | '''p'''
| in the consonant cluster ⟨pt⟩
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as the typical English ⟨v⟩; ''be'''v'''y''
|-
| elsewhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as certain instances of English ⟨p⟩; e.g. ''s'''p'''an'' or ''ty'''p'''ing'' (unaspirated, i.e. without the puff of air that accompanies English /p/ at the beginning of a word, e.g. in '''''p'''an'')
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''qu'''
| only occurs before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as certain instances of English ⟨k⟩ or ⟨c⟩; e.g. ''s'''k'''ull'', ''s'''c'''an'', or ''pi'''ck'''ing'' (unaspirated, i.e. without the puff of air that accompanies English /k/ at the beginning of a word, e.g. in '''''c'''an'')
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | '''r'''
| word-initial, morpheme-initial, or after ⟨l⟩, ⟨n⟩, or ⟨s⟩, or syllable-final (especially before ⟨l⟩, ⟨m⟩, ⟨n⟩, or ⟨s⟩) and word-final positions (before pause or consonant-initial words only)
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| trilled or rolled ⟨r⟩
|-
| elsewhere (sometimes word-initial (after a pause or consonant-ending words only), morpheme-initial (when preceded by prefixes ending in consonants), or after ⟨l⟩, ⟨n⟩, or ⟨s⟩, or syllable-final positions, and word-final positions before vowel-initial words only)
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced alveolar tap|ɾ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| flapped ⟨r⟩; e.g. the same sound as the ⟨dd⟩ of ''la'''dd'''er'' or ⟨tt⟩ of ''la'''tt'''er'' in [[w:American English|American English]], same as Spanish ⟨r⟩ between vowels, as in ''ca'''r'''o''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''rr'''
| only occurs between vowels
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| trilled or rolled ⟨r⟩
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | '''s'''
| before a voiced consonant or between vowels
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced alveolar fricative#Voiced apico-alveolar sibilant|z̺]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (nothern Tevrén) or <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced alveolar fricative|z]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (southern Tevrén)
| a sound between French ⟨j⟩ and the typical English ⟨z⟩ (between '''''j'''oue'' and '''''z'''oo'') in northern Tevrén, or the same as the typical English ⟨z⟩ (e.g. ''ja'''zz''''') in southern Tevrén
|-
| elsewhere
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative#Voiced apico-alveolar sibilant|s̺]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (nothern Tevrén) or <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (southern Tevrén)
| rowspan="2" | a sound between English ⟨sh⟩ and the typical English ⟨s⟩ (between '''''sh'''u'''sh''''' and '''''s'''a'''ss''''') in northern Tevrén, or the same as the typical English ⟨s⟩ (e.g. '''''s'''a'''ss''''') in southern Tevrén
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ss'''
| only occurs between vowels
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | '''t'''
| before voiced consonants
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced dental fricative|ð]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as the typical English [[w:Voice (phonetics)|voiced]] ⟨th⟩; e.g. '''''th'''is''
|-
| elsewhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless dental stop|t]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as certain instances of English ⟨t⟩; e.g. ''s'''t'''and'' (unaspirated, i.e. without the puff of air that accompanies English /t/ at the beginning of a word, e.g. in '''''t'''an''). Also, the tip of the tongue touches the upper teeth, rather than the alveolar ridge
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''x'''
| everywhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (nothern Tevrén) or <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (southern Tevrén)
| same as typical English ⟨sh⟩ (e.g. '''''sh'''u'''sh''''') in northern Tevrén, or like typical English ⟨h⟩ (e.g. '''''h'''appy'') in southern Tevrén
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3" | '''y'''
| word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨l⟩ or ⟨n⟩
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced palatal stop|ɟ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| Between English '''''d'''ew'' (RP) and ''ar'''g'''ue''
|-
| as a semivowel (almost always in a [[w:Diphthong|diphthong]])
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced palatal approximate|j]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as the typical English ⟨y⟩ (but joined in a single syllable with another vowel sound); ''a'''y'''e'', ''bo'''y'''''
|-
| elsewhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced palatal fricative|ʝ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| similar to the typical English ⟨y⟩, or ⟨j⟩ but softer; e.g. similar to '''''y'''es'' or '''''J'''ess''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | '''z'''
| word final
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative#Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s̻]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (northern Tevrén) or <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless dental fricative|θ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (southern Tevrén)
| between ''me'''ss''''' and ''me'''th''''' (like the typical English ⟨s⟩, but with the blade of the tongue against the back of the teeth) in northern Tevrén, or same as the English [[w:Voice (phonetics)|voiceless]] ⟨th⟩ (as in '''''th'''ing'') in southern Tevrén
|-
| elsewhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced alveolar fricative#Voiced alveolar sibilant|z̻]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (northern Tevrén) or <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced dental fricative|ð]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (southern Tevrén)
| between ''rai'''s'''e'' and ''ba'''th'''e'' (like the typical English ⟨z⟩, but with the blade of the tongue against the back of the teeth) in northern Tevrén, or same as the English [[w:Voice (phonetics)|voiced]] ⟨th⟩ (as in '''''th'''at'') in southern Tevrén
|}

==Lexicon==
''[[:Category:Tevrés words|Tevrés Lexicon]]''.

[[Category:Tevrés]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Aeranir

2020-07-14T19:08:46Z

Gaffney.flancer: /* Numbers */

{{construction}}
{{Infobox language
| name = ''Aeranir''
| altname = ''coeñar inceris''
|-
| nativename = ''coeñar aerānir''
| pronunciation = [ˈk̟øː.ɲar ˈɪ̃ŋ̟.k̟ɛ.rɪs̠], [ˈk̟øː.ɲar ɛːˈraː.nɪr]
|-
|creator=Limius
|setting=''[[Avrid]]''
|-
| state = [[Telrhamir]], [[Iscaria]], [[Aeranid Empire]]
| ethnicity = Aeran
| familycolor = PaleGoldenrod
| fam1 = [[Maro-Ephenian languages|Maro-Ephenian]]
| fam2 = Iscaric
|ancestor=[[Proto-Maro-Ephenian]]
|ancestor2=[[Proto-Iscaric]]
|ancestor3=[[Aeranir#Old Aeranir|Old Aeranir]]
|-
| nation = [[Aeranid Empire]]
| minority = [[Iscaria]], [[S'entin]], [[Tevrén]]
| notice = IPA
|iso3 = qco
}}

'''Aeranir''', also known as '''coeñar aerānir''' (''language of the Aerans''), or '''coeñar inceris''' (''language of the capital''), is an Iscaric language in the [[Maro-Ephenian languages|Maro-Ephenian language group]]. It was originally spoken by the [[Aerans]], developed in the deserts of Northern [[Iscaria]] in the city of [[Telrhamir]], and spread with the expanse of the [[Aeranid Empire]] throughout [[Ephenia]], as well as parts of [[Eubora]] and [[Syra]]. It later developed into the Aeranid languages, such as [[Dalot]], [[Ilesse]], [[Iscariano]], [[Îredese]], [[S'entigneis]], and [[Tevrés]]. It is still used throughout Ephenia as a language of theology, science, medicine, literature, and law.

Aeranir had been standardised into Classical Aeranir by the time of the Early Empire, around the second millennia [[New Imperial Age|BNIA]] by the writer and educator Limius. The period before that is generally referred to as Old Aeranir. The language spoken between the 15th and 12th centuries [[New Imperial Age|BNIA]] is generally referred to Late Aeranir. This shift is marked by several grammatical and phonetic shifts. After that period, Aeranir began to splinter off into the various Aeranid languages. A form of Classical Aeranir called New Aeranir or Medieval Aeranir remained in use in official writings even after this period.

Aeranir is a highly inflective and fusional language, with three distinct [[w:Gramatical Gender|genders]], nine [[w:Gramatical Case|cases]], two [[w:Gramatical Aspect|aspects]], four [[w:Gramatical Mood|moods]], three [[w:Gramatical Person|persons]], two or three [[w:Gramatical Voice|voices]], and two [[w:Gramatical Number|numbers]].

==History==
===Periodisation===

{{Graphical timeline

|title=Timeline of Aeranir
|align=right

|plot-colour=#bbeebb

|from=0
|to=3000
|scale-increment=200

|width=10
|height=300
|height-unit=px

|legend1=Aeran settlements

|bar1-from=2400
|bar1-left=0
|bar1-right=0.2

|legend2=City of Telhramir

|bar2-to=2600
|bar2-left=0.1
|bar2-right=0.2

|legend3=Aeranid Kingdom
|legend3-colour=#e0aacc

|bar3-to=2400
|bar3-left=0
|bar3-right=0.2
|bar3-colour=#e0aacc

|
|bar4-to=2104
|bar4-left=0
|bar4-right=0.2
|bar4-colour=red
|legend4=Aeranid Empire
|legend4-colour=red

|
|bar5-to=1266
|bar5-from=825
|bar5-left=0
|bar5-right=0.2
|bar5-colour=#AA98A9
|legend5=Eastern Aeranid Empire
|legend5-colour=#AA98A9

|bar6-from=1172
|bar6-to=1266
|bar6-left=0.1
|bar6-right=0.2
|bar6-colour=blue
|legend6=Western Aeranid Empire
|legend6-colour=blue

|bar7-to=825
|bar7-left=0
|bar7-right=0.2
|bar7-colour=grey
|legend7=Various Nations
|legend7-colour=grey

|bar8-text=Proto-Aeranid
|bar8-to=953
|bar8-from=700
|bar8-left=1
|bar8-right=1.75
|bar8-border-width=1
|bar8-border-colour= #996666
|bar8-colour=lightgrey

|bar9-text=Liturgical Aeranir
|bar9-to=953
|bar9-left=0.2
|bar9-right=1
|bar9-border-width=1
|bar9-border-colour= #996666
|bar9-colour=#cc9999

|bar10-text=Post-Collapse Aeranir
|bar10-from=953
|bar10-to=1266
|bar10-left=0.2
|bar10-right=1.75
|bar10-colour=#99cc99

|bar11-text=Late Aeranir
|bar11-from=1266
|bar11-to=1450
|bar11-left=0.2
|bar11-right=1.75
|bar11-colour=#99cc99
|bar11-border-width=0.1

|bar12-text=Golden Age Aeranir
|bar12-from=1450
|bar12-to=1800
|bar12-left=0.2
|bar12-right=1.75
|bar12-border-width=0.1
|bar12-colour=#99cc99

|bar13-text=Classical Aeranir
|bar13-from=1800
|bar13-to=2200
|bar13-left=0.2
|bar13-right=1.75
|bar13-border-width=0.1
|bar13-colour=#99cc99

|bar14-text=Old Aeranir
|bar14-from=2200
|bar14-to=2500
|bar14-left=0.2
|bar14-right=1.75
|bar14-border-width=0.1
|bar14-colour=#99cc99

|bar15-text=Proto-Iscaric
|bar15-from=2500
|bar15-to=3000
|bar15-left=0.2
|bar15-right=1.75
|bar15-border-width=0.1
|bar15-colour=#bbeebb

|bar16-text=Aeranid Languages
|bar16-to=700
|bar16-from=0
|bar16-left=1
|bar16-right=1.75
|bar16-border-width=1
|bar16-border-colour= #996666
|bar16-colour=grey

|note1=The Collapse
|note1-at=1266
|note1-nudge-right=10
|note1-colour=green

|caption=A timeline of the evolution of Aeranir. The scale is in years BCA. The thin bar to the left denotes the Aeranir (and later Aeranid) speaking powers of the time, whilst the right denotes the evolutionary stage of Aeranir.
}}

The Aeranir language is descended from Proto-Iscaric, a theoretical reconstruction, which is in turn descended from [[Proto-Maro-Ephenian]]. This makes Aeranir a member of the Maro-Ephenian language family, along with Talothic, Fyrdan, and Marian. Because neither of these two proto-languages are attested in writing, it can be difficult to say when they were spoken, and when one transitioned into the other, but scholars generally agree that there was something that could be called Proto-Iscaric around the end of the 4th millennium BCA.

Proto-Iscaric was spoken by numerous Maro-Ephenian tribes which settled in Iscaria at the end of the 4th millennium. This evolved into numerous attested Iscaric languages, of which the language of the Aerans, who settled the region known as Aes, was but one. The oldest evidence of their language is found dating well after the founding of their most famous city, Telhramir, around 2500 BCA. This phase of the language, from around then to the later years of the Aeranid Kingdom, is known as Old Aeranir (called '''''coeñar accuiha aerānir''''' or '''''aerānir accuiha''''' by Classical and Golden Age sources).

==Phonology==
===Consonants===
The following is a table of phonemes in Aeranir. This analysis is based on Classical Aeranir, as it was used during the hight of the [[Aeranid Empire]]. The phonology, especially the number of vowel phonemes, varied greatly time, but this is seen as the standard version of the language.
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Classical consonant phonemes
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | Labial
! colspan="2" | Coronal
! rowspan="2" | Palatal
! colspan="2" | Velar
! colspan="2" | Uvular
! rowspan="2" | Glottal
|-
! central 
! lateral 
! plain 
! labial 
! plain 
! labial 
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Nasal
| m
| n
|
| ɲ
|
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Stop
| p
| t
|
|
| k
| kʷ
| q
| qʷ
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Affricate
|
| ts
| tɬ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Fricative
| f
| s
|
|
|
|
|
|
| h
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Liquid
|
| r
| l
| j
|
| w
|
|
| ɦ
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Golden age consonant phonemes
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | Labial
! colspan="2" | Coronal
! rowspan="2" | Palatal
! colspan="2" | Velar
! colspan="2" | Uvular
! rowspan="2" | Glottal
|-
! central 
! lateral 
! plain 
! labial 
! plain 
! labial 
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| m
| n
|
| ɲ
|
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="3" | Stop
! aspirated
| (pʰ)
| (tʰ)
|
|
| kʰ
|
| qʰ
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! plain
| p
| t
|
|
| k
| kʷ
| q
| qʷ
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! voiced
| (b)
| (d)
|
|
| (g)
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" | Affricate
! voiceless
|
| ts
| tɬ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! voiced
|
| (dz~z)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Fricative
| f
| s
|
|
|
|
|
|
| h
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Liquid
| ʋ
| r
| l
| j
|
|
|
|
| ɦ
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Late consonant phonemes
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | Labial
! colspan="2" | Coronal
! rowspan="2" | Palatal
! colspan="2" | Velar
|-
! central 
! lateral 
! plain 
! labial 
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| m
| n
|
| ɲ
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" | Stop
! voiceless
| p
| t
|
| c
| k
| kʷ
|- style="text-align:center;"
! voiced
| b
| d
|
| ɟ
| g
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Affricate
|
| ts
| tɬ
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Fricative
| f
| s
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Liquid
|
| r
| l
| j
|
|
|}
====Notes on consonants====
*The clusters /rh/, /nh/, and /lh/ vary greatly between dialects; [rɦ nɦ ɫɦ ~ rg ŋg ɫg ~ ʀː ŋː ʟː].
*The sequence /ks/ is written in the romanisation as ''x''.
*The nasal consonant /n/ assimilates to the place of articulation of the following stop, so that /nk/ or /nqʷ/ for example become /ŋk/ and /ɴʷqʷ/. Before fricatives, /n/ is deleted, and the proceeding vowel is lengthened and nasalised. These processes apply between word boundries as well. Word final /n/ as part of case and personal markers is elided before a word starting with a vowel, fricative, approximate, or before a [[w:Pausa|pausa]]. It often served as a [[w:Shibboleth|shibboleth]] for discerning one's origins or social circles.
*The velar, labio-velar, and labio-uvular consonants /k/, /kʷ/, /q/, and /qʷ/ are palatalised before front vowels and /j/ to [k̟], [kᶣ], [k̠] and [k̠ᶣ] respectively. Futhermore, dental consonants /n/ and /t/ are palatalised before /j/ to [ɲ̟], and [tʲ]. The glottal fricative /h/ is also palatalised to [ç] before high front vowels and /j/. Some dialects also palatalise the postalveolar consonants /s/ and /ts/ to [ɕ] and [tɕ] before front vowels and /j/.
*The labialised consonants /kʷ/, and /qʷ/ are pronounced as truly labialised, rather than a sequence of two consonants, i.e. /kw/, /qw/. The voiced labiovelar stop only occurs after a nasal consonant.
*All consonants, with the exception of /ʋ/, can be geminated between vowels. This is denoted orthographically by doubling of the first letter of the phoneme, i.e. ⟨cc⟩, ⟨ff⟩, ⟨hh⟩, etc. The palatal approximate /j/ is always geminated to [jː] between vowels, but is written with a simple ⟨i⟩. Fricative /hː/ is usually realised as [çː]. In dialects that palatalise /s/ and /ts/, [çː] often becomes [ɕː], merging in some environments with /sː/.
*The lateral approximate /l/ has two allophones in Classical Aeranir; [l] before close front vowels, /j/, and when geminated, and [ɫ] elsewhere.
*The fricative /s/ is often pronounced further back in the mouth, closer to [s̠].
* The phoneme /h/ has two distinct allophones following the nasal /n/. When this cluster occurs natively within a word, /h/ is voiced and velarised to [g]. Nasal /n/ is likewise velarised to [ŋ]. Dialectically, the cluster /ŋg/ may be fortified to [gː] or lenited to [ŋː]. Before front vowels and /j/, these may appear as [ɲʝ], [ŋ˖g˖], [g˖ː], or [ŋ˖ː]. When the cluster /nh/ occurs where /h/ was once word initial, as result of a prefix, the nasal is deleted and the preceding vowel nasalised and lengthened, as with fricatives /s/ and /f/.

===Vowels===
Vowels in Aeranir underwent the greatest amount of change throughout time. Although the standard is considered to me Classical Aeranir as it was spoken in the 17th and 16th centuries {{Smallcaps|[[New Imperial Age|bnia]]}}, this should not be seen in the context of a sliding historical spectrum. Below are listed three somewhat representative samples that provide a broad overview of general changes.
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Old Aeranir vowel phonemes (circa 2300{{Smallcaps|bca}})
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Front
! colspan="2" | Central
! colspan="2" | Back
|-
! short 
! long 
! short 
! long 
! short 
! long 
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Close
| i
| iː
|
|
| u
| uː
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Mid
| e
| eː
|
|
| o
| oː
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Open
|
|
| a
| aː
|
|
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Classical and Golden Age Aeranir vowel phonemes (circa 1600{{Smallcaps|bca}})
|-
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="4" | Front
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Central
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Back
|-
! colspan="2" | plain 
! colspan="2" | rounded 
|-
! short 
! long 
! short 
! long 
! short 
! long 
! short 
! long 
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Close
| ɪ
| iː
| ʏ
| yː
|
|
| ʊ
| uː
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Mid-close
|
| eː
|
| øː
|
|
|
| oː
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Mid-open
| ɛ
| ɛː
|
|
|
|
| ɔ
| ɔː
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Open
|
|
|
|
| a
| aː
|
|
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Late Aeranir vowel phonemes (circa 1200{{Smallcaps|bca}})
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Front
! rowspan="2"| Central
! rowspan="2"| Back
|-
! plain
! round
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Close
| i
| (y)
|
| u
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Mid-close
| e
| (ø)
|
| o
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Mid-open
| ɛ
|
|
| ɔ
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Open
|
|
| a
|
|}
====Notes on vowels====
* The short high rounded vowel /ʏ/ is mostly a loan from [[Dalitian]], and is not found in many native words, or words dating back to Old Aeranir. It is usually realised as [ɪ], and is only rounded in educated speech.
{| class="wikitable floatright"
|+caption | Vowel change from PME to Late Aeranir (in stessed initial syllables)
|-
! [[Proto-Maro-Ephenian|PME]]
! Old
! Classical
! Late
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *u[r₂, r₃, h]i
| → ui /ui̯/
| rowspan="2" | → y /yː/
| rowspan="4" | → i /i/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *i[r₂, r₃, h]u
| → iu /iu̯̯/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *ey, *ehi, *ēy, *hey
| → ei /ei̯/
| rowspan="2" | → ī /iː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *i[r₂, r₃, h]
| → ī /iː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *i
| → i /i/
| → i /ɪ/
| rowspan="3" | → e /e/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *oy, *o[r₂, r₃, h]i, *er₃i, *ōy, *[r₂, r₃, h]oy, *r₃ey
| → oi /oi̯/
| → oe /øː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *eh, *ē
| → e /eː/
| → e /eː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *e
| → e /e/
| → e /ɛ/
| rowspan="2" | → è /ɛ/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *er₂i, *r₂ey
| → ai /ai̯/
| → ae /ɛː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *ow, *o[r₂, r₃, h]u, *ōw, *[r₂, r₃, h]ow, *r₃ew, *ew, *ehu, *ēw, *hew
| → ou /ou̯̯/
| rowspan="2" | → ū /uː/
| rowspan="2" | → u /u/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *u[r₂, r₃, h]
| → ū /uː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *u
| → u /u/
| → u /ʊ/
| rowspan="2" | → o /o/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *o[r₂, r₃, h], *ō, *r₃e[r₂, r₃, h], *r₃ē, *er₃
| → o /oː/
| → o /oː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *o, *r₃e
| → o /o/
| → o /ɔ/
| rowspan="2" | → ò /ɔ/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *er₂u, *r₂ew
| → au /au̯̯/
| → au /ɔː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *er₂, *r₂ē
| → ā /aː/
| → ā /aː/
| rowspan="2" | → a /a/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *[r̥₂, r̥₃, h̥]
| → a /a/
| → a /a/
|}
* Most non-intial short vowels in [[Aeranir#Proto-Iscaric|Proto-Iscairc]] were reduced to /i/ by the time of Old Aeranir. Many of these were then further reduced in Classical Aeranir (as discussed above), to the vowels represented by [[w:Diaeresis_(diacritic)|diaeresis]]. These merged in Late Aeranir to a [[w:Schwa|schwa]], but this schwa was deleted in many environments.
* Old Aeranir diphthongs /ei̯/ and /ou̯̯/ may have been realised as hightened pure vowels [eː~e̝ː] and [oː~o̝ː]. Before other vowels, /ei̯/ becomes simple [e] in Classical Aeranir. Likewise, Classical /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ rise to [e] and [o] before another vowel. These were then simplified into glides [j] and [w] in Late Aeranir.
* There are two realisations of high short vowels /ɪ/ and /ʊ/ before another vowel, depending on whether the proceeding syllable it light or heavy. Following a light syllable, the become glides [j] and [w]. Follwing a heavy syllable, an [[w:Ephethesis#Anaptyxis|anaptyctic]] vowel is inserted, becoming [ɪj] and [ʊw]. These vowels are not represented in the orthography.
* Some peripheral dialects of Late Aeranir retained rounded front vowels /y/ and /ø/, while in most, including the speech of Telrhamir, they merged with their plain counterparts /i/ and /e/ respectively.

===Stress===
Syllable stress in Old Aeranir fell uniformly on the first syllable of a word. However, by the time of Classical Aeranir, stress had shifted to a more complex paradigm, generally falling on the '''penult''' (the second to last syllable) or the '''antipenult''' (the third to last syllable). Which one was determined by the '''weight''' of the penult.

Syllables are divided into one of two categories, or weights. These are '''light''' syllables and '''heavy''' syllables. A light syllable contains a maximum of one short vowel, alone or proceeded by a consonant or consonant cluster, while a heavy syllable may contain a long vowel, a coda consonant, or both. If the penult of a word is heavy, it is stressed. If not, the antipenult is stressed.
=== Dialects ===
;Pēcilia Cūvae
: The ''pēcilia cūvae'' ('Cuvan swing') refers to the particular musical quality of the Aeranir spoken in the Aes city of Cuva (''cūva'') during the classical and golden age of Aeranid civilisation. It was likened in the earliest records to the ''pēcilia traecōvus'' ('talothic swing'), and occasionally referred to as the ''pōnus traeceus'' ('talothic voice'). However, by the golden age, Talothic had lost its distinct melodious accent, and the these terms fell out of use. This is believed to be the reason that citizens of Cuva were called ''traeceolar'' ('little taloths'), and is the origin of the name of the city Triggiolari, founded as ''Traeceolar''.

: Rather than the stress-accent of standard capitoline Aeranir, the speech of Cuva is marked by a distinctive [[w:Pitch-accent language|pitch accent]]. Pitch in Cuva begins low, and then rises until a [[w:Mora|kernel mora]], after which it immediately falls. Placement of the kernel mora generally falls on the third to last mora. However, the way morae are counted is somewhat complex. A short vowel, either proceeded by a consonant or consonant cluster, or bare, counts as one mora, and a long vowel of (spurious) diphthong counts as two. On top of that, coda consonants, rather singletons or clusters, also count as a mora. So, for example, each syllable of the word ''āctās'' is three morea; ''a-a-c.ta-a-s''

: Pitch accent manifests differently depending on where the kernel falls. Then the kernel falls on a vowel, there is a [[w:Downstep|downstep]] before it; e.g. ''āctās'': ''a-a-c.ta-a-s'' /àák.tààs/ [ǎːk.tàːs].

==Syntax==
===Word order===
Aeranir is generally verb-initial in independent clauses, and verb-final in dependant clauses, including non-finite clauses using the infinitive, participle, gerund, etc.. These rules may be violated in poetry, however it is much more common to violate the former than the later.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| qurra Rāscānus salvan
| read-3SG.C Rascanus-NOM.SG book-ACC.SG
|'Rascanus is reading a book'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| Rāscānus salvan qurrea
| Rascanus-NOM.SG book-ACC.SG read-SUBJ.3SG.C
|'should Rascanus be reading a book...'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| sircuīva īliō Rāscānus salvan qurrīhā
| tell-PFV.3SG.C Ilius-DAT.SG Rascanus-NOM.SG book-ACC.SG read-INF
|'Rascanus told Ilius that he was reading a book'}}

Nominal clitics attach to the end of verbs in independent clauses, and the beginning of verbs in dependant clauses.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| taetue ne tīn
| drink-PFV.3SG.E <nowiki>=</nowiki>2SG tea-ACC.SG
|'You drank the tea'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| tīn ni taesun
| tea-NOM.SG 2SG<nowiki>=</nowiki> drink-PFV.PTCP-E.NOM.SG
|'The tea you drank'}}

Word order is much more free for nouns and noun phrases. Adjectives and genitives may either proceed or follow a noun (e.g. '''''formun cōmus''''' or '''''cōmus formun''''', both 'the warm house;' '''''umae menter''''' or '''''menter umae''''', both 'my mother's sibling'), although they adjectives generally follow, whilst genitives generally proceed. Prepositions always proceed their noun, whilst postpositions, which are far less common, always follow.

Due to agreement in gender, case, and number between nouns and adjectives, additional nouns may be inserted between a noun and its adjective without changing the meaning, in what is called [[w:Hyperbaton|hyperbaton]]:

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ȳrē arte tihī iūre
| listen-IMP person-VOC.SG 1SG.PRO-DAT good-T.VOC.SG
|'Listen to me good fellow!'}}

==Nouns==
===Gender===
Aeranir nouns are divided into three [[w:Grammatical Gender|genders]], all of which are directly inherited from late [[Proto-Maro-Ephenian]]. These known as the '''temporary''' ('''{{Smallcaps|t}}'''), '''cyclical''' ('''{{Smallcaps|c}}'''), and '''eternal''' ('''{{Smallcaps|e}}''') genders. The gender of a noun effects the adjectives and verbs that refer to it.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ēs ars raius
| COP.3SG.T wumbo(T)-NOM.SG small-T.NOM.SG
|'It's a small wumbo'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| sa tlāna raia
| COP.3SG.C flower(C)-NOM.SG small-C.NOM.SG
|'It's a small flower'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| sī nātlun raiun
| COP.3SG.E shell(E)-NOM.SG small-E.NOM.SG
|'It's a small shell'}}

The gender of most nouns can be easily inferred from its ending. Furthermore, there is often overlap between meaning and gender. Animate living beings and small, breakable objects are often temporary, while abstract concepts, natural processes, or seasonal plants are usually cyclical, and large, durable, inanimate objects are most likely eternal. However, some nouns have no relation to their gender. Personal names are either temporary or cyclical; eternal names are reserved for gods.

===Case===
Nouns in Aeranir have a series of different forms, called cases of the noun, which have different functions or meanings. For example, the word for 'king' is ''{{term|rēs}}'' when subject of a verb, but ''rēnin'' when it is the object:
* ''auhēs rēs'' 'the king sees (someone)' ([[w:Nominative case|nominative case]])
* ''auhēs rēnin'' '(someone) sees the king' ([[w:Accusative case|accusative case]])
There are a total of nine cases for most nouns in Aeranir. Outside of the nominative and accusative, they are as the following:
* [[w:Vocative case|Vocative]]: ''rēne iō!'': 'o king!'
* [[w:Essive case|Essive]]: ''seū rēnū'': 'as this king'
* [[w:Instrumental case|Instrumental]]: ''seōrun rēnerun'': 'using this king'
* [[w:Genitive case|Genitive]]: ''sī rēnis'': 'of this king'
* [[w:Dative case|Dative]]: ''seō rēnī'': 'to/for this king'
* [[w:Ablative case|Ablative]]: ''seā rēni'': 'from/by this king'
* [[w:Locative case|Locative]]: ''sīs rēnīs'': 'at/with the king'
Sometimes the same endings, e.g. ''-ī'' and ''-ēs'', are used for more than one case. Since the function of a word in Aeranir is shown by ending rather than word order, in theory ''requor rēnī'' could mean either 'I return to the king' or 'I return from the king.' In practice, however, such ambiguities are rare.

==== Uses of the cases ====
===== Genitive =====
The use of the genitive case in subordinate clauses has changed throughout the history of Aeranir, and even within the span of time referred to as 'Golden Age Aeranir,' usage was shifting. In Classical and Golden Age Aeranir the genitive could be used with the active voice to mark the subject of the verb, whilst in the middle voice it marked the object. The later is similar to the use of the genitive as a partitive object in [[Classical Talothic|Talothic]]. Some believe this similarity to be the inherited from [[Proto-Maro-Ephenian]], whilst others claim that it is a case of parallel evolution or mutual influence.
:{{interlinear|box=yes
| tzilla artis auhita
| cat-NOM.SG person-GEN.SG see-PFV.PTCP-C.NOM.SG
| 'The cat the person saw'}}

:{{interlinear|box=yes
| ars tzillae auhitūnus
| person-NOM.SG cat-GEN.SG see-PFV.PTCP-T.NOM.SG
| 'The person who saw the cat'}}
The use of genitive objects dwindled in later Golden Age and Late Aeranir, being replaced by the accusative case with the active voice, or the ablative case with the middle voice, as in independent clauses. However, it remained used to mark the subject of dependent clauses, and in Late Aeranir even began to replace the nominative case in independent ones.

===== Ablative =====

* '''Ablative of motion''' implies movement away from or out of an object:
:{{interlinear|box=yes
| furuis pālā
| fall-PFV-T.3SG tree-ABL.SG
| 'They fell from the tree'}}

* '''Agentive ablative''' marks the agent by whom the action of a passive verb in performed:
:{{interlinear|box=yes
| īcēlāre pannun Traetiā cnōtun
| eat-PFV-PASS-E.3SG bread-NOM.SG Traetius-ABL.SG last-E.NOM.SG
| 'The last of the bread was eaten by Traetius'}}

===Declensions===
====Class I====
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+Class I noun
|-
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" |
! colspan="4" | ''{{term|salva}}'' c. book, tome
|-
! colspan="2" | Singular
! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
! word
! ending
! word
! ending
|-
! rowspan="3" | Primary '''''prīstūmus'''''
! scope="row" | Nominative
| ''salva''
| '''''-a'''''
| ''salvar''
| '''''-ar'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Accusative
| ''salvan''
| '''''-an'''''
| ''salvae''
| '''''-ae'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Vocative
| ''salva''
| '''''-a'''''
| ''salvar''
| '''''-ar'''''
|-
! rowspan="3" | Existential '''''soniāmus'''''
! scope="row" | Essive
| ''salvau''
| '''''-au'''''
| ''salvur''
| '''''-ur'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Instrumental
| ''salvārun''
| '''''-ārun'''''
| ''salvōs''
| '''''-ōs'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Genitive
| ''salvae''
| '''''-ae'''''
| ''salvābus''
| '''''-ābus'''''
|-
! rowspan="3" | Directive '''''satūmus'''''
! scope="row" | Dative
| ''salvō''
| '''''-ō'''''
| ''salvāna''
| '''''-āna'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Ablative
| ''salvā''
| '''''-ā'''''
| ''salvās''
| '''''-ās'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Locative
| ''salvīs''
| '''''-īs'''''
| ''salvā''
| '''''-ā'''''
|}

====Class II====
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+Class II temporary/eternal nouns
|-
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" |
! colspan="4" | ''{{term|pernus}}'' t. storm, chaos
! colspan="4" | ''{{term|nātlun}}'' e. shell, carapace
|-
! colspan="2" | Singular
! colspan="2" | Plural
! colspan="2" | Singular
! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
! word
! ending
! word
! ending
! word
! ending
! word
! ending
|-
! rowspan="3" | Primary '''''prīstūmus'''''
! scope="row" | Nominative
| ''pernus''
| '''''-us'''''
| ''pernur''
| '''''-ur'''''
| rowspan="3" | ''nātlun''
| rowspan="3" | '''''-un'''''
| rowspan="3" | ''nātlunt''
| rowspan="3" | '''''-unt'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Accusative
| ''pernun''
| '''''-un'''''
| ''pernī''
| '''''-ī'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Vocative
| ''perne''
| '''''-e'''''
| ''pernur''
| '''''-ur'''''
|-
! rowspan="3" | Existential '''''soniāmus'''''
! scope="row" | Essive
| ''pernū''
| '''''-ū'''''
| ''pernur''
| '''''-ur'''''
| ''nātlū''
| '''''-ū'''''
| ''nātlur''
| '''''-ur'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Instrumental
| ''pernōrun''
| '''''-ōrun'''''
| ''pernōs''
| '''''-ōs'''''
| ''nātlōrun''
| '''''-ōrun'''''
| ''nātlōs''
| '''''-ōs'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Genitive
| ''pernī''
| '''''-ī'''''
| ''pernōvus''
| '''''-ōvus'''''
| ''nātlī''
| '''''-ī'''''
| ''nātlōvus''
| '''''-ōvus'''''
|-
! rowspan="3" | Directive '''''satūmus'''''
! scope="row" | Dative
| ''pernō''
| '''''-ō'''''
| ''pernōna''
| '''''-ōna'''''
| ''nātlō''
| '''''-ō'''''
| ''nātlōna''
| '''''-ōna'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Ablative
| ''pernā''
| '''''-ā'''''
| ''pernōs''
| '''''-ōs'''''
| ''nātlā''
| '''''-ā'''''
| ''nātlōs''
| '''''-ōs'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Locative
| ''pernīs''
| '''''-īs'''''
| ''pernā''
| '''''-ā'''''
| ''nātlīs''
| '''''-īs'''''
| ''nātlā''
| '''''-ā'''''
|}

==Pronouns==
===Personal Pronouns===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Personal pronouns
|-
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" |
! colspan="4" | First person
! colspan="4" | Second person
! colspan="4" | Reflexive
|-
! colspan="2" | singular ''I''
! colspan="2" | plural ''we''
! colspan="2" | singular ''you''
! colspan="2" | plural ''y'all''
! colspan="2" | singular/plural ''himself/herself/ itself/themselves''
|-
! full
! clitic
! full
! clitic
! full
! clitic
! full
! clitic
! full
! clitic
|-
! rowspan="3" | Primary ''prīstūmus''
! Nominative
| rowspan="2" | ''aecū''
| rowspan="7" | ''te''
| rowspan="2" | ''eōs''
| rowspan="7" | ''ī''
| rowspan="2" | ''hanae''
| rowspan="7" | ''ne''
| rowspan="2" | ''rōs''
| rowspan="7" | ''er''
| rowspan="3" | ''cē''
| rowspan="7" | ''ce''
|-
! Vocative
|-
! Accusative
| ''tē''
| ''eon''
| ''nē''
| ''ron''
|-
! rowspan="2" | Existential ''soniāmus''
! Essive
| ''tōs''
| ''eor''
| ''nōs''
| ''rō''
| ''cū''
|-
! Genitive
| ''tī''
| ''īster''
| ''nī''
| ''rester''
| ''cī''
|-
! rowspan="2" | Directive ''satūmus''
! Dative
| ''tihī''
| ''īvīs''
| ''nivī''
| ''urvīs''
| ''civī''
|-
! Ablative
| ''tētē''
| ''eōvōs''
| ''nēnē''
| ''rōvōs''
| ''cēcē''
|}

===Third person pronouns===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Personal pronouns
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
|-
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
|-
! rowspan="3" | Primary ''prīstūmus''
! Nominative
| rowspan="2" | ''us''
| rowspan="2" | ''va''
| rowspan="3" | ''um''
| rowspan="2" | ''ur''
| rowspan="2" | ''var''
| rowspan="3" | ''ūns''
|-
! Vocative
|-
! Accusative
| ''um''
| ''vam''
| ''vī''
| ''vae''
|-
! rowspan="3" | Existential ''soniāmus''
! Essive
| ''ū''
| ''vau''
| ''ū''
| ''ur''
| ''vur''
| ''ur''
|-
! Instrumental
| ''urun''
| ''vārun''
| ''urun''
| ''vēs''
| ''vōs''
| ''vēs''
|-
! Genitive
| ''vis''
| ''vae''
| ''vis''
| ''vus''
| ''vāvus''
| ''vus''
|-
! rowspan="3" | Directive ''satūmus''
! Dative
| ''vī''
| ''vō''
| ''vī''
| ''vina''
| ''vāna''
| ''vina''
|-
! Ablative
| ''vit''
| ''vā''
| ''vit''
| ''vēs''
| ''vās''
| ''vēs''
|-
! Locative
| ''vis''
| ''vīs''
| ''vis''
| ''vā''
| ''vā''
| ''vā''
|}

=== Demonstrative pronouns ===
Demonstratives underwent a great deal of change during the latest stages of Classical Aeranir, and much of the older forms were preserved in Golden Age Aeranir alongside their newer counterparts. The Classical Aeranir distal and medial demonstratives were formed from the third person pronoun ''us, va, un'' plus a suffix. This produced a variety of irregular forms, which were regularised in early Golden Age Aeranir. However, which stem was taken to become the new regular form varied between times, locations, and speakers. Generally, two stems were predominant for each demonstrative; with the medial varying between ''ust-'' and ''unt-'' and the distal between ''ūl-'' and ''ull-''. Eventually, the former of the two became more common, although the latter remained in marginal use, even into the Aeranid languages.
<div style="overflow:auto">
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Old demonstrative pronouns
|-
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="6" | '''''seus, sea, seun''''' this, this one (proximal)
! colspan="6" | '''''ustus, usta, untun''''' that of yours (medial)
! colspan="6" | '''''ūlus, ūla, ūllun''''' that, that one (distal)
|-
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
|-
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Nominative
| ''seus''
| ''sea''
| rowspan="3" | ''seun''
| ''seur''
| ''sear''
| rowspan="3" | ''seunt''
| ''ustus''
| ''usta''
| rowspan="3" | ''untun''
| ''urtur''
| ''urtar''
| rowspan="3" | ''untunt''
| ''ūlus''
| ''ūla''
| rowspan="3" | ''ullun''
| ''ullur''
| ''ullar''
| rowspan="3" | ''ullunt''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Accusative
| ''seun''
| ''sean''
| ''sī''
| ''seae''
| ''untun''
| ''untan''
| ''vītī''
| ''vītae''
| ''ullun''
| ''ullan''
| ''vīlī''
| ''vīlae''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Vocative
| ''sē''
| ''sea''
| ''seur''
| ''sear''
| ''uste''
| ''usta''
| ''urtur''
| ''urtar''
| ''ūle''
| ''ūla''
| ''ullur''
| ''ullar''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Essive
| ''seū''
| ''seau''
| ''seū''
| colspan="3" | ''seur''
| ''ūtū''
| ''ūtau''
| ''ūtū''
| colspan="3" | ''urtur''
| ''ūlū''
| ''ūlau''
| ''ūlū''
| colspan="3" | ''ullur''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Instrumental
| ''seōrun''
| ''seārun''
| ''seōrun''
| colspan="3" | ''seōs''
| ''untōrun''
| ''untārun''
| ''untōrun''
| colspan="3" | ''vēstōs''
| ''ullōrun''
| ''ullārun''
| ''ullōrun''
| colspan="3" | ''vēlōs''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Genitive
| ''sī''
| ''seae''
| ''sī''
| ''seōvus''
| ''seāvus''
| ''seōvus''
| ''vistī''
| ''vistae''
| ''vistī''
| ''vustōvus''
| ''vustāvus''
| ''vustōvus''
| ''vīlī''
| ''vīlae''
| ''vīlī''
| ''vūlōvus''
| ''vūlāvus''
| ''vūlōvus''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Dative
| colspan="3" | ''seō''
| ''seōna''
| ''seāna''
| ''seōna''
| colspan="3" | ''vītō''
| ''vintōna''
| ''vintāna''
| ''vintōna''
| colspan="3" | ''vīlō''
| ''villōna''
| ''villāna''
| ''villōna''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Ablative
| colspan="3" | ''seā''
| ''seōs''
| ''seās''
| ''seōs''
| colspan="3" | ''vistā''
| ''vēstōs''
| ''vēstās''
| ''vēstōs''
| colspan="3" | ''vīlā''
| ''vēlōs''
| ''vēlās''
| ''vēlōs''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Locative
| colspan="3" | ''sīs''
| colspan="3" | ''seā''
| colspan="3" | ''vistīs''
| colspan="3" | ''vātā''
| colspan="3" | ''vīlīs''
| colspan="3" | ''vālā''
|}
</div>
Even after the new regular demonstratives had been widely adopted, the old ones continued to be used for stylistic purposes, and where considered more proper for official writing, speech, and communication.

In Classical Aeranir, demonstratives could stand for a person or thing, but also a place—there was no distinction between 'this' and 'here.' However, in Golden Age Aeranir, another one of the old stems was generalised to create dedicated locative pronouns '''''vistus, vista, vistun''''' 'there (near you),' and '''''vīlus, vīla, vīlun''''' 'there (far away).' By analogy, the proximal locative demonstrative '''''viseus, visea, viseun''''' 'here' was also created. These were used along side the regular demonstratives to express location.

===Possessive pronouns===
Possessive pronouns in Aeranir distinguish between many more different types of possession than ordinary nouns, which use only the genitive to mark possession, ownership, association, etc. Pronouns distinguish both alienable and inalienable possession.

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Possessive pronouns
|-
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | 1st person
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | 2nd person
! colspan="6" | 3rd person
! rowspan="3" | reflexive
|-
! colspan="2" | proximal
! colspan="2" | distal
! colspan="2" | medial
|-
! singular
! plural
! singular
! plural
! singular
! plural
! singular
! plural
! singular
! plural
|- style="text-align:center;"
! inalienable
| ''tī'' ''te''
| ''īster''
| ''nī'' ''ne''
| ''rester''
| ''sī'' ''se''
| ''seōvus''
| ''ūlī''
| ''ūlōvus''
| ''ustī''
| ''ustōvus''
| ''cī'' ''ce''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! alienable
| ''tuius''
| ''eius''
| ''nuius''
| ''ruius''
| colspan="2" | ''seius''
| colspan="2" | ''ūleius''
| colspan="2" | ''usteius''
| ''cuius''
|}

Objects of inalienable possession are marked with the genitive of a personal or demonstrative pronoun. These include body parts, kinship and familiarity terms, personal attributes, emotions, or thoughts. These pronouns generally proceed the possessee, although that is not always the case, especially in poety. Singular pronouns ''tī'', ''nī'', ''cī'', ''sī'', ''ustī'', and ''ūlī'' may be appear as ''tei'', ''nei'', ''cei'', ''sei'', ''usti'', ''ūli'' before words starting with a vowel, and ''te'', ''ne'', ''ce'', ''se'', ''ust'', ''ūl'' before words starting with ''i''.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| se incus
| this-T.GEN.SG head-NOM.SG
|'this one's head'}}

Alienable possession, including essentially all other categories, is marked via possessive adjectives. These adjective may appear either before or after the possessee, but usually come afterwards. Oftentimes, the different use of alienable/inalienable pronouns may hint at a difference in meaning. The word '''''indus''''', for example, may mean 'head,' but also 'capital' or 'leader.' With inalienable pronouns, however, it always means 'head,' versus with alienable pronouns, it means 'capital,' or 'leader' because while a head is inalienable, a capital or leader is not. However, this might not always be the case, depending on the possessor and context.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ēs incus telūhramir tuius
| COP.3SG.T head-NOM.SG mesa-ESS.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>hram-GEN.PL mine-T.NOM.SG
|'My capital is Telhramir'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ēs ūlae (tlānae aerānihae) incus telūrhamir
| COP.3SG.T that_one's-C.GEN.SG (flower-GEN.SG Aeranid-C.GEN.SG) head-NOM.SG mesa-ESS.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>rham-GEN.PL
|'Its (the Aeranid Empire's) capital is Telrhamir'}}

==Adverbs==
Adverbs in Aeranir are used to modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs indicating time, manner, or place.
Most adjectives are formed from nouns or adjectives, although they can be derived from some verbs, especially stative verbs. There are a variety of different formulation strategies, depending on the class of the noun/adjective/verb.
*''formus'' ("warm" 1st-2nd declension adjective) → '''''formē''''' ("warmly")
*''aerās'' ("an Aeran" 3rd declension noun) → '''''aerāne''''' ("like an Aeran")
*''raelis'' ("a child" 3rd declension i-stem noun) → '''''raeliter''''' ("like a child")
*''vȳlēs'' ("three days from now" 4th declension noun) → '''''vȳlē''''' ("every three days")
*''sacus'' ("a pin" 5th declension noun) → '''''saciter''''' ("sharply, like a pin")
One of the most notable uses of the adverbial form is with verbs like ''ficitz'' ("it makes me"), ''fitz'' ("I become"), and ''caitz'' ("I change into"). Adverbs can be used to denote the result of a change of state in such a clause.
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| fīx prīstus pāliōne Boezymiae
| make.PFV-3SG.T first-NOM.SG provincial_governor-ADV Boezymia-GEN.SG
|'The First Senator made them provincial governor of Boezymia'}}
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| sa Īliō qūria tzillē cainnī
| COP-3SG.C Ilius-DAT.SG power-NOM.SG cat-ADV change_form-GER-GEN
|'Ilius has the power to turn into a cat'}}

==Verbs==
===Conjugation===
====Agreement====
[[File:Dga pyramid.png|thumb|250px|right|The ''DGA pyramid'', originally developed by u/Darkgamma, 2018. ''[https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/aarsyy/the_total_cacophony_of_bäladiri_verb_agreement/ The Total Cacophony of Bäladiri Verb Agreement and Argument Assignment]''.]]
Verbs in Aeranir are conjugated to agree with the [[w:Grammatical number|number]], the [[w:Grammatical person|person]], and in the third person singular, the [[w:Grammatical gender|gender]] of the most oblique argument given a word's [[w:Valency (linguistics)|valency]], as defined by the ''DGA pyramid''<ref>https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/aarsyy/the_total_cacophony_of_bäladiri_verb_agreement/</ref>. Here, '''S''' represents the [[w:Subject (grammar)|subject]] of an [[w:Intransitive verb|intransitive verb]], such as 'the person' in 'the person laughed.' '''A''' represents the [[w:Agent (grammar)|agent]] of a [[w:Transitive verb|transitive verb]] (also occasually called the [[w:Subject (grammar)|subject]]), or the person or thing that does the action of the verb, such as 'the child' in 'the child reads the book.' '''D''' marks the donor, a special type of agent, who gives something or does a the action of a verb for the benefit of another, such as ‘the senator’ in ‘the senator gave the cat some milk.’ These are collectively called the '''nominative argument''', and are expressed usually with the [[w:Nominative case|nominative case]], but also occasionally with the [[w:Genitive case|genitive case]] in dependant clauses.

'''P''' represents the [[w:Patient (grammar)|patient]] of a [[w:Transitive verb|transitive verb]], or the person or thing towhich the verb is done, also called the '''direct object''', such as ‘the book’ in ‘the child reads the book.’ '''T''' represents the '''theme''', or the object that is given to someone or something, such as ‘the milk’ in ‘the senator gave the cat some milk.’ These two roles make up the '''accusative argument''', which is marked with the [[w:Accusative case|accusative case]]. Finally, '''R''' represents the '''recipient''', or the person who recieves the theme from the donor, or benefits from the donor's action, with a [[w:Ditransitive verb|ditransitive verb]], also commonly called the '''indirect object''', such as 'the cat' in 'the senator gave the cate some milk.'

Aeranir verbs conjugate their endings to agree with the most oblique argument in a clause. That means the '''subject''' of an '''intransitive verb''' (e.g. '''''clautitz'''''; 'I laugh'), the '''patient''' of a '''transitive verb''' (e.g. '''''auhente'''''; 'I look at you'), or the '''recipient''' of a '''ditransitive verb''' (e.g. '''''tzavī'r salvae'''''; 'you all gave me the books').

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| mollī cōmus
| leak-3SG.E house-NOM.SG
|'The house is leaking'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| requis te coptin nuiun
| return-3SG.C <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG hat-ACC.SG 2SG.POS.PRO-T.ACC.SG
|'I'm giving back your hat'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| imptās ne mu sōlī nomī Sētīlī
| send-POT.3SG.T <nowiki>=</nowiki>2SG <nowiki>=</nowiki>INTERR clothing-ACC.PL new-IPFV.PTCP-T.ACC.SG Setil-DAT.SG
|'Can you send Setil the new clothes?'}}

It should be noted that a verb in the [[w:Active voice|active voice]] must always have the maximum number of arguments according to its inherent transitivity. This means, for example, that one can never say 'John eats.' Because 'to eat' is transitive, there must be a patient, or direct object, e.g. 'John eats food.' However, there are a number of valancy dropping operations available in Aeranir to allow various arguments to be dropped, which are discussed in the section on [[w:Voice (grammar)|voice]].

Additional arguments can be expressed with [[w:Clitic|pronominal clitics]] attached to the end of a verb in independant clauses and to the beginning in dependant ones (e.g.'''''auhente'''''; 'I look at you,' '''''tzāvī'r salvae'''''; 'you all gave me the books'), however these are not considered part of a verbs conjugation, and are optional, especially if the information can be assumed or is known between speakers.

====Number of Conjugations====
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Basic conjugation paradigm
|-
! Aspect →
! colspan="4" | Imperfective
! colspan="4" | Perfective
|-
! Mood → Voice ↓
! Indicative
! Subjunctive
! Desiderative
! Potential
! Indicative
! Subjunctive
! Desiderative
! Potential
|-
! Active
| '''aehatz''' They love me
| '''aehet''' They should love me
| '''aehārit''' They want to love me
| '''aehātatz''' They can love me
| '''aehāvī''' They loved me
| '''aehēvī''' They should have loved me
| '''aehāruī''' They wanted to love me
| '''aehātāvī''' They could have loved me
|-
! Middle
| '''aehor''' I love
| '''aeheō''' I should love
| '''aehārō''' I want to love
| '''aehātor''' I can love
| '''aehāvō''' I loved
| '''aehēvō''' I should have loved
| '''aehāruō''' I wanted to love
| '''aehātāvō''' I could have loved
|-
! Passive
| '''aehālō''' I am loved
| '''aehēlō''' I should be loved
| '''aehārēlō''' I want to be loved
| '''aehātālō''' I can be loved
| '''aehāvēlō''' I was loved
| '''aehēvēlō''' I should have been loved
| '''aehāruēlō''' I wanted to be loved
| '''aehātāvēlō''' I could have been loved
|-
! Causative
| '''aehātitz''' They let me love them
| '''aehātiat''' They should let me love them
| '''aehātīrit''' They want to let me love them
| '''aehāssītatz''' They can let me love them
| '''aehātīvī''' They have let me love them
| '''aehātiāvī''' They should have let me love them
| '''aehātīruī''' They wanted to let me love them
| '''aehāssītāvī''' They could have let me love them
|}

==== Conjugation formation ====

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:100%; overflow:auto;">
<div style="font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;"> Conjugation formation </div>
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | {{gcl|IPFV|}}
! colspan ="2" | A-grade
! colspan="2" | I-grade
! colspan="2" | E-grade
! colspan ="2" | Null-grade
|-
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|ACT|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-iā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ār-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er/īr-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er/īr-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā/ītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā/ītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|MID|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ī-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-iā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ār-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er/īr-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er/īr-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā/ītā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā/ītā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|PAS|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ī-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-iā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ār-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er/īr-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er/īr-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā/ītā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā/ītā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|CAUS|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itī/ītī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itī/ītī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itiā/ītiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itiā/itiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itier/ītier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itier/ītier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-āsītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-issītā/īsītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-issītā/īsītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-issītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | {{gcl|PFV|}}
! colspan ="2" | A-grade
! colspan="2" | I-grade
! colspan="2" | E-grade
! colspan ="2" | Null-grade
|-
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|ACT|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/āv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/īv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/ēv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/ēv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/iāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/eāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-āru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru/īru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru/īru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv/ītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv/ītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|MID|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/āv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/īv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/ēv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/ēv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/iā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/eā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-āru-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru/īru-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru/īru-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv/ītāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv/ītāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|PAS|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/āv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/īv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/ēv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/ēv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/iāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/eā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-āru-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru/īru-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru/īru-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv/ītāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv/ītāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|CAUS|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itīv/ītīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itīv/ītīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itiāv/ītiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itiāv/itiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itieru/ītieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itieru/ītieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-āsītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-issītāv/īsītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-issītāv/īsītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-issītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|}
</div></div>

====Principle Parts====
The verb in Aeranir is primarily made of three parts: '''root''', '''theme''', and '''ending''', with an optional forth category, the '''suffix''', for forming the perfective. The root and theme combine to form the '''stem'''. The root carries the semantic content of the word, and can also be conjugated to carry modal imformation. The theme describes how the stem interacts with the ending, and can also be changed, along with the stem and endings, to express a variety of different grammatical meanings. Endings indicate the voice, aspect, person, number, and gender of the most oblique argument in the DGA scheme.
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Basic verb endings
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="3" |
! colspan="2" | Active
! colspan="2" | Middle
! colspan="2" | Passive
|-
! Imperfective
! Perfective
! Imperfective
! Perfective
! Imperfective
! Perfective
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="5" | Singular
! colspan="2" | 1st Person
| ''-itz/-it''
| ''-ī''
| ''-or/-ō''
| ''-ō''
| ''-ēlō''
| ''-ēlō''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | 2nd Person
| ''-in''
| ''-in''
| ''-istī''
| ''-ist''
| ''-ēlāstī''
| ''-ēlast''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="3" | 3rd Person
! ''temporary'' 
| ''-is''
| ''-is''
| ''-erur''
| rowspan="3" | ''-ere''
| ''-ēlārur''
| rowspan="3" | ''-ēlāre''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! ''cyclical'' 
| ''-a''
| ''-a''
| ''-era''
| ''-ēlāra''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! ''eternal'' 
| ''-ī''
| ''-e''
| ''-erur''
| ''-ēlārur''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="5" | Plural
! colspan="2" | 1st Person
| ''-imus''
| ''-ime''
| ''-imur''
| ''-imur''
| ''-ēlāmur''
| ''-ēlāme''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | 2nd Person
| ''-itis''
| ''-ite''
| ''-itur''
| ''-itur''
| ''-ēlātur''
| ''-ēlāte''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | 3rd Person
| ''-intz/-int''
| ''-int''
| ''-intur''
| ''-intur''
| ''-ēlantur''
| ''-ēlante''
|}
The way in which a verb will conjugate can be determined from how it forms the following five constructions:
#the active idicative imperfective first person singular
#the active imperfective accusative infinitive
#the active perfective participle
#the active desiderative imperfective first person singular
#the active indicative perfective first person singular
These five forms are refered to as a verb's ''reference forms''. They are often shortend to ''first person singular'' ({{Smallcaps|1p.sg}}), ''accusative infinitive'' ({{Smallcaps|acc.inf}}), ''perfective participle'' ({{Smallcaps|pfv.ptcp}}), ''desiderative first person singular'' ({{Smallcaps|des.1p.sg}}), and ''perfective first person singular'' ({{Smallcaps|pfv.1p.sg}}) respectively.

The first two of these reference forms determines a verb's '''base theme vowel''', or what vowel is used in its indicative imperfective forms. There are four main thematic classes; one weak or null class, wherein the ending is applied directly to the stem, and three strong classes, wherein a thematic vowel is inserted between the stem and the ending.
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Consonant stem changes
|-

!
! t-stem
! s-stem
|-
| ''-m-''
| → '''''-mpt-'''''
| rowspan="3" | → '''''-s-*'''''
|-
| ''-n-''
| → '''''-nt-'''''
|-
| ''-ñ-''
| → '''''-ñct-'''''
|-
| ''-p-''
| → '''''-pt-'''''
| → '''''-ps-'''''
|-
| ''-t-''
| rowspan="3" | → '''''-ss-''''' → '''''-s-'''''**
| rowspan="3" | → '''''-ss-''''' → '''''-s-'''''**
|-
| ''-tl-''
|-
| ''-tz-''
|-
| ''-c-''
| rowspan="2" | → '''''-ct-'''''
| rowspan="2" | → '''''-x-'''''
|-
| ''-cu-''
|-
| ''-q-''
| rowspan="2" | → '''''-qt-'''''
| rowspan="2" | → '''''-qs-'''''
|-
| ''-qu-''
|-
| ''-s-''
| → '''''-st-'''''
| → '''''-ss-''''' → '''''-s-'''''**
|-
| ''-r-''
| → '''''-st-''''' → '''''-s-'''''** → '''''-rt-'''''††
| → '''''-ss-''''' → '''''-s-'''''** → '''''-rr-'''''††
|-
| ''-l-''
| → '''''-s-'''''** → '''''-lt-'''''††
| → '''''-s-'''''** → '''''-ll-'''''††
|-
| ''-v-''
| → '''''-ut-'''''‡ → '''''-ct-'''''*†† → '''''-qt-'''''*††
| → '''''-ur-'''''‡ → '''''-x-'''''*†† → '''''-qs-'''''*††
|-
| ''-i-''
| rowspan="2" | → '''''-ct-'''''* → '''''-qt-'''''*††
| rowspan="2" | → '''''-x-'''''* → '''''-qs-'''''*††
|-
| ''-h-''
|-
| ''-V-''
| → '''''-Vt-'''''
| → '''''-Vr-'''''
|}

{| class="wikitable floatleft" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Theme-ending combination
|-
! rowspan="2" | ''Ending''
! colspan="3" | ''Theme''
|-
! ''-ā-''
! ''-ē-''
! ''-ī-''
|-
! ''-itz''
| → ''-atz''
| → ''-etz''
| → ''-itz''
|-
! ''-is''
| → ''-ās''
| → ''-ēs''
| → ''-īs''
|-
! ''-a''
| → ''-a''
| → ''-ea''
| → ''-ia''
|-
! ''-ī''
| → ''-ae''
| → ''-ī''
| → ''-ī''
|-
! ''-imus''
| → ''-āmus''
| → ''-ēmus''
| → ''-īmus''
|-
! ''-or''
| → ''-or''
| → ''-eor''
| → ''-ior''
|-
! ''-ēlō''
| → ''-ālō''
| → ''-ēlō''
| → ''-iēlō''
|}
The second two determine a verb's '''t-stem''' and '''s-stem'''. These stem alterations are used for further conjugation, the t-stem forming the ''active'' and ''middle perfective participles'', the ''causative voice'', and the ''potential mood'', and the s-stem forming the ''desiderative''. The t- and s-forms often are identical, however meaning is useally further differentiated by thematic vowels, so completely identical forms are rare.

The final form determines how a verb with form the perfective aspect. Generally, there are three main strategies for this: the application of suffix '''''-u-''''' directly after the stem (e.g. '''''{{term|oelitz}}''''' ("I work") → '''''oeluī''''' ("I worked")), the appication of the suffix '''''-v-''''' after a theme vowel (e.g. '''''{{term|aehatz}}''''' ("they love me") → '''''aehāvī''''' ("they loved me")), or no suffix, with lengthening of the root vowel (e.g. '''''{{term|lecitz}}''''' ("I choose") → '''''lēcī''''' ("I chose")). It should be noted that the perfective is always followed by weak endings.

Occassionally, a thematic vowel, weak or strong, may be inserted before the t- or s-stem. This is most common in verbs with a base thematic ''-ā-'', which often functions as a part of the stem (e.g. '''''aehatz''''' → '''''aehātus''''' ("that loved") '''''aehārit''''' ("they want to love me") vs. '''''{{term|mavatz}}''''' ("I wander") → '''''mautus''''' ("that wandered") '''''maurit''''' ("I want to wander)). This may occur with other theme classes, although it should be noted that ''-ē-'' is never used, and is always replaced with ''-ī-''.

===Aspect===
Aeranir verbs have two basic [[w:Grammatical aspect|aspects]], which express how the verb extends over time. Aspect differs from [[w:Grammatical tense|tense]] in that it deals with the completion or continuity of an action or state, rather than the absolute timeframe inwhich it took place. Each aspect may be in any [[w:Grammatical voice|voice]] and/or [[w:Grammatical mood|mood]]. Aspect is expressed primarily through endings, and secondarily through the suffix, as discussed above.
====Imperfective====
The [[w:Imperfective aspect|imperfective aspect]] describes a situation viewed with interior composition. It describes ongoing, habitual, or repeated situations, rather or not they occured in the past, present, or future. The imperfective aspect is considered the most basic, unmarked aspect of a verb. The stem is uninflected, and endings are attached directly to the verb's basic theme vowel.

====Pefective====
The [[w:Perfective aspect|perfective aspect]] in Aeranir describes situations viewed with exterior composition, which is to say actions which are completed and viewed as a unified whole, whether thet take place in the past present, or future, although this construction is very rarely used in for the future.

There are a variety of different strategies to form the perfective. Many of them involve the ''suffix'', which takes the form of ''-v-'' between vowels and ''-u-'' after consonants. All of them take the perfective endings.
:*Attachment of the suffix directly to the stem.
:::'''''{{term|mentitz}}''''' ("they are healing me") → '''''mentuī''''' ("they healed me")
:::'''''{{term|saepitz}}''''' ("they are cutting me") → '''''saepuī''''' ("they cut me")
:*Attachment of the suffix after base thematic vowel.
:::'''''{{term|sircuitz}}''''' ("they are speaking me") → '''''sircīvī''''' ("they spoke me")
:::'''''{{term|auhetz}}''''' ("they are looking at me") → '''''auhēvī''''' ("they looked at me")
:*No suffix; perfective endings attached directly to the stem, with root vowel lengthening.
:::'''''{{term|iuvatz}}''''' ("they are writing me") → '''''iūvī''''' ("they wrote me")
:::'''''{{term|vehitz}}''''' ("they are carrying me") → '''''vēhī''''' ("they carried me")

===Mood===
====Indicative====
The [[w:Indicative mood|indicative mood]] is the baseline grammatical mood in Aeranir. It is used in declarative statements, to express statements or facts, of what the speaker considers true or known. It is the least marked mood of a verb, taking endings directly to the base theme vowel, stem, or suffix.

====Subjunctive====
The [[w:Subjunctive mood|subjunctive mood]] ({{Smallcaps|subj}}) has numerous, but genreally speaking is used to express such nuances as 'would,' 'should,' or 'may.' It can be used to refer to information that the speaker is unsure about, such as hearsay, or for theoretical or hypotherical situations. It is often found in subordinate clauses, annd may be used for conditional statements (e.g. if..., when...).
{| class="wikitable floatleft" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Subjuntive theme changes
|-
! colspan="2" | Type
! Change
! Example
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Weak Verbs
| ''-ø-'' → '''''-ē-'''''
| ''meñitz'' → '''''meñet'''''
|-
| ''-ē-'' → '''''-ā-'''''
| ''meñēlō'' → '''''meñālō'''''
|-
! rowspan="4" | Strong Verbs
! a-stem 
| ''-ā-'' → '''''-ē-'''''
| ''aehatz'' → '''''aehet''''' ''aehālō'' → '''''aehēlō'''''
|-
! rowspan="2" | i-stem 
| ''-ī-'' → '''''-iā-'''''
| ''sēpitz'' → '''''sēpiat'''''
|-
| ''-iē-'' → '''''-iā-'''''
| ''sēpiēlō'' → '''''sēpiālō'''''
|-
! e-stem 
| ''-ē-'' → '''''-eā-'''''
| ''cōretz'' → '''''cōreat''''' ''cōrēlō'' → '''''cōreālō'''''
|}
=====Forming the subjunctive=====
The subjunctive is formed by shifting a verb's base theme vowel, as described by the table to the left. This shift happens after the stem, but may be either before or after the suffix, depending on whether or not there is a theme vowel before the suffix in the indicative. So the perfective of '''''aehēs''''' ("they should love it") is '''''aehēvis''''' (from indicative '''''aehāvis''''') but '''''sēpiās''''' ("they should cut it") is '''''sēpuēs''''' (from indicative '''''sēpuis'''''), not **''aehāvēs'' or **''sēpēvis''. Although these forms are occasionally found in non-standard writing, they are considered incorrect my grammaticians.

The imperfective subjunctive uses the 1st person sungular ''-it'' instead of ''-itz'', and ''-ō'' instead of ''-or'': '''''{{term|pacitz}}''''', '''''pacior''''' ("they take me, I take") become '''''paciat''''', '''''paciō''''' ("they should take me, I should take").

The 1st person subjunctive perfective in verbs that have no theme vowel before the suffix and does not extend the root vowel is identical to the indicative, and the mood must be inferred through conext: '''''saepuī''''' may be either "they cut me" or "They should cut me." The 3rd person active cyclical singulars in verbs with base theme vowels ''-ī-'' and ''-ē-'' are also identical, e.g. both '''''pacia''''' ("they take it/they should take it"), '''''auhea''''' ("they see it/they should see it").

=====Uses of the subjunctive=====
The subjunctive has numerous uses, ranging from what potentially might be true to what the speaker wishes or commands should happen. It is often translated with 'should', 'could', 'would', 'may' and so on, but in certain contexts it is translated as if it were an ordinary indicative verb.

One use of the subjunctive is the '''speculative subjunction''', used when the speaker imagines what potentially may, might, would, or could happen in the present or future or might have happened in the past. Negation for this type uses '''''{{term|mū}}'''''.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| auheārur seun oeliun stērē
| see-MID.SUBJ.3SG.E this-E.NOM.SG job-NOM.SG hard-ADV
|'This job ''seems'' difficult'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| moeiea Osculan tzānū salva
| please-SUBJ.3SG.C Little.Oscus-ACC.SG gift-ESS.SG book-NOM.SG
|'Little Oscus ''may'' like a book as a gift'}}

The subjunctive may also be used as the '''optative subjunctive''', expressing what the speaker wishes may happen, or wishes had happened. These expresses a weaker or more generalised desire, as opposed to the desiderative mood. Negation for this type uses '''''{{term|mū}}'''''.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ciāvis mū seus incerī pernus
| come-PFV.SUBJ.3SG.T NEG this-T.NOM.SG capital-DAT.SG storm-NOM.SG
|<nowiki>'</nowiki>''If only'' this storm hadn't come to the capital!'}}

The '''jussive subjunctive''' can be used for commands or suggestions for what should happen. It is less direct and far more common than the '''imperative'''. Negation for this type uses '''''{{term|mīm}}'''''.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ven hānō ē vecō veniennō
| go-SUBJ.2SG temple-DAT.SG against curse-DAT.SG win-GER-DAT
|<nowiki>'</nowiki>You ''should'' go to the temple to prevail against the curse'}}

Perhaps the most common use of the subjunctive is the '''conditional subjunctive'''. When the subjunctive is used in a subordinate clause (with the verb moving to the final position), it may carry the meaning 'if, when, should, etc..' This can be used both in finite verb forms, and with participles, the former being more popular in Old inscriptions and the later in Classical ones. Negation for this type uses '''''{{term|mīm}}'''''.

====Desiderative====
The desiderative is used primarily to express wants or desires. While the subjunctive may be used for this as well (see ''optative subjunctive''), the desiderative is considered less abstract or wishful, signalling concrete and actionable wants. It is formed from the s-stem of a verb, with no theme vowel between it and the ending, and using the secondary first person singular and third person plural markers (e.g. ''-it'' and ''-end'' vs. primary ''-itz'' and ''-entz''). Verbs generally follow three patterns to form the s-stem;

:*''-s-'' is appended to the root, causing no other alteration to the root.
::: '''''{{term|requitz}}''''' ("they return me") → '''''reqsit''''' ("they want to return me")
:::'''''{{term|saepitz}}''''' ("they are cutting me") → '''''saepsit''''' ("they want to cut me")
:*''-s-'' is appended after a theme vowel, causing ''-s-'' to become ''-r-''.
:::'''''{{term|sircuitz}}''''' ("they are speaking me") → '''''sircuerit''''' ("they want to speak me")
:::'''''{{term|auhetz}}''''' ("they are looking at me") → '''''auherit''''' ("they want to look at me")
:*''-s-'' is appended to the root, causing some alteration to the root, and perhaps the ''-s-'' augment as well.
:::'''''{{term|iuvatz}}''''' ("they are writing me") → '''''iūrit''''' ("they want to write me")
:::'''''{{term|mentitz}}''''' ("they are healing me") → '''''mēnsit''''' ("they want to heal me")

====Potential====
The '''potential mood''' indicates that, in the opinion of the speaker, one has the ability or capability to do something. It should not be confused with the [[w:Subjunctive mood|subjunctive mood]], which may be used to express that something is likely or possible to occur. The potential always deals with ability. It may be formed from the ''t-stem'' of a verb, plus the thematic vowel ''-a-'' (as opposed to the [[w:Causative|causative voice]], which is formed with the ''t-stem'' plus the thematic vowel ''-i-''). Like the desiderative, there are three main paradigms by which the ''t-stem'' of a verb is formed;

:*''-t-'' is appended to the root, causing no other alteration to the root.
::: '''''{{term|requitz}}''''' ("they return me") → '''''reqtatz''''' ("they can return me")
:::'''''{{term|saepitz}}''''' ("they are cutting me") → '''''saebtatz''''' ("they can cut me")
:*''-t-'' is appended after a theme vowel.
:::'''''{{term|sircuitz}}''''' ("they are speaking me") → '''''sircuitatz''''' ("they can speak me")
:::'''''{{term|auhetz}}''''' ("they are looking at me") → '''''auhitatz''''' ("they can look at me")
:*''-t-'' is appended to the root, causing some alteration to the root, and perhaps the ''-t-'' augment as well.
:::'''''{{term|iuvatz}}''''' ("they are writing me") → '''''iūtatz''''' ("they can write me")
:::'''''{{term|mentitz}}''''' ("they are healing me") → '''''mēnsatz''''' ("they can heal me")

It should be noted that in the causative voice of the potential mood, the first ''-t-'' augment often dissimilates to ''-s/ss-'';

*'''''auhititz''''' ("they let me look at it") → ''**auhitītatz'' → '''''auhissītatz''''' ("they can let me look at it")
*'''''reqtitz''''' ("they let me return it") → ''**reqtītatz'' → '''''reqsītatz''''' ("they can let me return it")

===Voice===
====Active====
====Middle====
The '''middle voice''' (also called the [[w:Mediopassive voice|mediopassive voice]]) is in the middle between the active and the passive voices, as the subject often cannot be categorised as either agent or patient but may have elements of both. The middle voice is usually inherently intransitive, and transitive or ditransitive verbs conjugated into the middle voice usually become intransitive themselves. It is formed by attaching the '''middle verb endings''' to the root of a verb.

The meaning of a verb in the middle voice often depends on the context of the sentence and the lexical properties of the word itself. In its most basic sense, it may be used simply as a valancy decreasing operation. As transitive verbs require an object in the active voice (because transitive verbs must agree with the object), the middle voice may be used merely to omit an object, to highlight the subject or some other part of the sentence, or to simply make a blanket statement.

* '''''aehatz''''' 'they love me' (''active'') → '''''aehor''''' 'I love' (''middle'')
* '''''lecis''''' 'theyi choose themj' (''active'') → '''''lecerur''''' 'theyj choose' (''middle'')

[[w:Animacy|Animacy]] can play a major role in the meaning of a verb in the middle voice. Verbs with more animate subjects, such as people, animals, gods, etc., may be interpreted as more towards an active meaning, whilst less animate subjects, like inanimate objects or possessions, may be interpreted as more passive in meaning.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| auhērur seus ars
| see-MID.3SG.T this-T.NOM.SG wumbo-NOM.SG
|'That wumbo sees'
|c1 = (''more animate'')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| auhēra sea salva
|see-MID.3SG.C this-C.NOM.SG book-NOM.SG
|'That book is seen'
|c1 = (''less animate'')}}

Sometimes, it may have a '''reflexive''' meaning, or the sense of doing something for ones own benefit.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| vascit vominis
|wash-ACT.1SG river-LOC.SG
|'They wash me in a river'
|c1 = (''active voice'')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| vascor vominis
|wash-MID.1SG river-LOC.SG
|'I washed (myself) in a river'
|c1 = (''middle voice'')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| hastās Oscus aprun
|sacrifice-ACT.3SG.T Oscus-NOM.SG fish-ACC.SG
|'Oscus sacrificed a fish'
|c1 = (''active voice'')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| hastārur Oscus aprōrun
|sacrifice-MID.3SG.T Oscus-NOM.SG fish-INSTR.SG
|'Oscus sacrificed a fish (for their benefit)'
|c1 = (''middle voice'')}}

Another important use of the middle voice is the '''experiential middle voice'''. When used with sensory verbs the middle voice may be used to differentiate experiential, nonvolitional sensation (''see, hear, smell, feel, know, etc.''), as opposed to active, volitional sensation (''look, listen, sniff, touch, understand, etc.'') Often times, the object of the sensory verb will be expressed using an oblique case, usually the ablative.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ȳrēs te ponun carīnī hellē
|hear/listen-ACT.3SG.T <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG.NOM voice-ACC.SG friend-GEN.SG happily
|'I like to listen to (my) friend's voice'
|c1 = (''active voice'')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ȳreor ponā carīnī hellē
|hear/listen-MID.1SG voice-ABL.SG friend-GEN.SG happily
|'I like to hear (my) friend's voice'
|c1 = (''middle voice'')}}

The middle voice may also be used with a variety of verbal compliments—usually adverbs—which describe the quality of the subject, or the result of the action. Often times such constructions may be expressed in English as ''adjective to verb'', e.g. 'easy to love'.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| qurrera salva hēs collēcta aplīdiāna iūs
| read-MID.3SG.C book-NOM.SG matters-NOM.SG gather-PFV.PTCP-C.NOM.SG of_Avrid-C.NOM.SG well
|'The book "Collected Matters of Avrid" is a good read' (lit. '~reads well')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| taetuere tīn īvīs lȳrīs saltīs ni fictun satun iūs
| drink-PFV.MID.3SG.E tea-NOM.SG 1PL.PRO-DAT time-LOC.SG pass-PFV.PTCP-T.LOC.SG 2SG<nowiki>=</nowiki> make-PFV.PTCP-E.NOM.SG pour-PFV.PTCP-E.NOM.SG well
|'The tea you made us last time was delicious' (lit. '~drank well')}}

====Passive====
The '''[[w:Passive voice|passive voice]]''' in Aeranir shares many traits with the middle voice, and often times the distinction between the two can be subtle, nuanced, or obscure. The passive was rare in Old Aeranir and even in the Classical period remained unusual, with the middle voice still preferred for passive clauses. It only began to rise in popularity in Late Aeranir. In its most basic form, the grammatical subject ([[w: Nominative case|nominative]] argument) expresses the theme or [[w:Grammatical patient|patient]] of the main verb – that is, the person or thing that undergoes the action or has its state changed. This is opposed to the [[w:Active voice|active voice]], where the nominative argument expresses the agent of a transitive clause or subject of an intransitive one, and the [[w:Voice (grammar)#Middle|middle voice]], which has traits of both.

=====Uses of the passive=====
Unlike the middle voice, the passive is not used for verbal complements, and it cannot take the agent of a verb as its subject. It is never used in verbal complements.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| taeterur seun tīn iūs
|drink-MID.3SG.E this-E.NOM.SG tea-NOM.SG well
|'This tea tastes good' (lit. 'it drinks well')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| taetēlārur seun tīn iūs
|drink-PAS.3SG.E this-E.NOM.SG tea-NOM.SG well
|'This tea is drunk often'}}

While the agent may be dropped in a passive clause, it may also be included, using the [[w:Ablative case|ablative case]].

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| praestrōcuēlāre ūlun Cavā Īliānā hānun
|rebuild-PFV.PAS.3SG.E yonder-E.NOM.SG Cava-ABL.SG Ilianus-C.ABL.SG temple-NOM.SG
|'This temple was rebuilt by Cava Iliana'}}

The passive can also be especially with intransitive verbs to form denote an '''unspecified/generic subject'''. This structure may is used to make general statements or observations. Negation for this type uses '''''{{term|mū}}'''''.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| miquientur
|die-MID.3PL.T
|'They are dead/dying.'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| miquiēlantur
|die-PAS.3PL.T
|'There are people dead/dying'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| mūhera (sea) artina inceris alta
|not.enough-MID.3SG.C (this-C.NOM.SG) wumbo-DAT.PL capital-GEN.SG water-NOM.SG
|'This is not enough water for the people of the capital'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| mūhēlāra artina inceris alta
|not.enough-PAS.3SG.C wumbo-DAT.PL capital-GEN.SG water-NOM.SG
|'There is not enough water for the people of the capital'}}

Similarly, the passive can be used to form the ''aversive passive'', denoting an undesirable event or outcome. The affecting action may happen directly to the subject, or to another person or thing.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| cōmerī requintus furuēlō sopere
|home-DAT return-IPFV.PTCP-T.NOM.SG fall-PFV.PAS.1SG snow-ABL.SG
|'Walking home I got snowed on'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| miquīvēlast apiesterā
| die-PFV-PAS.2SG master-ABL.SG
|'Your master has died on you' (i.e., died and it negatively affects you)}}

In some uses of the aversive passive, the subject of the sentence may be difficult to ascertain. For example, the sentence '''''furuī pālā''''' 'I fell from the tree' can be expressed in using the aversive passive, because the action is undesirable. However, the straight aversive passive, '''''furuēlō pālā''''', is ambiguous; it could mean either 'I fell from the tree' (using the ''ablative of motion'') or 'The tree fell on me' (using the ''agentive ablative'').

In the first interpretation, the first person argument is the semantic subject of the clause, whilst in the second it is the tree. In order to emphasise that the semantic subject and syntactic arguments are the same (i.e. it is ''I'' who fell from the tree), the reflexive pronoun ''cē'' may be used; e.g. ''furuī pālā'' ('I fell from the tree') → '''''furuēlō cē pālā''''' ('I fell from the tree, and it negatively affected me' ''lit.'' 'I fell myself from the tree').

====Causative====
===Non-finite forms===
====The infinitive====
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Aeranir infinitives
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" | Imperfective
! colspan="3" | Perfective
|-
! accusative
! oblique
! meaning
! accusative
! oblique
! meaning
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Active
| '''''aehāhā''''' ''-hā''
| '''''aehāri''''' ''-ri''
| ''to love (someone)''
| '''''aehāhī''''' ''-hī''
| '''''aehārī''''' ''-rī''
| ''to have loved (someone)''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Middle
| '''''aehāssi''''' ''-ssi''
| '''''aehāiēs''''' ''-iēs''
| ''to love''
| '''''aehāssī''''' ''-ssī''
| '''''aehāiērī''''' ''-iērī''
| ''to have loved''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Passive
| '''''aehātus sinhā''''' ''{{Smallcaps|PFV.PTCP}} + sinhā''
| '''''aehātus fiēs''''' ''{{Smallcaps|PFV.PTCP}} + fiēs''
| ''to be loved''
| '''''aehātus fūhī''''' ''{{Smallcaps|PFV.PTCP}} + fūhī''
| '''''aehātus fiērī''''' ''{{Smallcaps|PFV.PTCP}} + fiērī''
| ''to have been loved''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Causative
| '''''aehātīhā''''' ''-tīhā''
| '''''aehātīri''''' ''-tīri''
| ''to make (someone) love (someone)''
| '''''aehātīhī''''' ''-tīhī''
| '''''aehātīrī''''' ''-tīrī''
| ''to have made (someone) love (someone)''
|}
The infinitive in Aeranir is a special verbal form used to form complement clauses.
=====Uses of the infinitive=====
The infinitive in Aeranir can be used to report indirect speech, hearsay, speculation, or sensation.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| pēra tihī incerī ni cīhī
| pass-PFV.3SG.C 1SG.PRO-DAT capital-DAT.SG 2SG<nowiki>=</nowiki> come-PFV.INF
|'They told me that you'd come to the capital'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ȳrēva te Mussā Limī carīnōvus quo neme cōmus strōcēhā
| hear-PFV.3SG.C <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG Mussa-ABL.SG Limius-GEN.SG friend-GEN.PL <nowiki>=</nowiki>and newly home-ACC.SG build-INF
|'I heard from Mussa that Limius and their friends are building a new house'}}

==== The gerund ====
The gerund in Aeranir is a infinite verb form which displays characteristics of both a noun and a verb. It declines for a limited scope of cases (although not for gender nor number), but can take object and adjunct arguments like a verb. It usually has an adverbial/adjectival meaning, and never agrees with the main verb.
===== Forming the gerund =====
* Null-grade verbs: {{gcl|ROOT|root}}''-innū''; e.g. ''taetihan'' ('to drink') → '''''taetinnū''''' ('whilst drinking').
* A-grade verbs: {{gcl|ROOT|root}}''-annū''; e.g. ''iuvāhan'' ('to write') → '''''iuvannū''''' ('whilst writing').
* I-grade verbs: {{gcl|ROOT|root}}''-iennū''; e.g. ''cītīhan'' ('to cut') → '''''cītiennū''''' ('whilst cutting').
* E-grade verbs: {{gcl|ROOT|root}}''-ennū''; e.g. ''aquēhan'' ('to be open') → '''''aquennū''''' ('whilst open').

===== Uses of the gerund =====
The meaning of the gerund changes depending on its case. The essive and locative can be used to indicate temporal action in relation to the main action of a sentence. The essive indicates simultaneous action, i.e. two actions that cooccur. This may be relayed in English via the conjunction 'whilst.'

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| murran travannū pērintur pāliō mater
| wall-ACC.SG walk-GER.ESS converse.PFV-MID.3PL governor-NOM.SG senator-NOM.SG
|'Whilst they walked along the wall, the governor and senator conversed'}}

This overlaps with certain uses of the imperfective participle (see [[Aeranir#Uses of the participle|§ uses of the participle]]), e.g. ''murran travantur pērintur pāliō mater'' is synonymous with the above example. In contrast, the locative gerund is used to show actions beginning at the same time. This may be relayed with English 'when' or 'as.'

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| pāsillan cītiennīs auhēva sartī tūī cōrēssī
| fireword-ACC.SG cut-GER.LOC see-PFV-C.3SG knife-GEN.SG mine-T.GEN.SG break-PFV.MID.ACC.INF
|'As I (began to) cut the firewood, I saw that my knife was broken'}}

This differs from usage of the perfective participle, which signals the main action starting at the end of the dependant one, i.e. ''pāsillan cīsus auhēva sartī tūī cōrēssī'' 'having cut the firewood I saw that my knife was broken.'

In addition, the essive gerund may be used with the verb ''rēhan'' ('to do') in order to express an attempt, goal, or aim. In the perfective aspect, this is usually interpreted as a failed attempt.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| rēvō salvan ā vitlās Īliānōvus iuvannū
| do-PFV-MID.1SG book-ACC.SG over life-ABL.PL Ilian-GEN.PL write-GER.ESS
|'I tried (but failed) to write a book about the lives of the Ilians.'}}

The genitive and dative cases of the gerund are used to express aim, goal, or purpose. The genitive gerund marks the purpose or use of a noun, whilst the dative gerund marks the purpose of a verb or action.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| pea cūran vecunt inceris moñennī
| grow-C.3SG herb-ACC.SG illness-ACC.PL head-GEN.SG heal-GER.GEN
|'They grow an herb for healing illnesses of the head'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| serue te Caescārin mumae ūī sihinnō pāliōna
| order-PFV.E.3SG <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG Caescar-ACC.SG mother-ACC.PL their-T.ACC.PL sate-GER.DAT post-DAT.PL
|'I ordered Caescar to the boarder to appease their parents'}}

Furthermore, the dative gerund may be used with the middle voice of the verb ''rēhan'' ('to do') in a similar way to the essive, however in this case denoting intent, plans, will, or conjecture.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| reor cartō cur Mussiō vannō
| do-MID.1SG dance-DAT.SG with Mussius-DAT.SG go-GER-DAT
|'I intend to go to the dance with Mussius'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| reāvere seō scericca ciennō
| do-MID.SUBJ.PFV-3SG this-DAT.SG undertaker-NOM.SG come-GER-DAT
|'The undertaker should have come here (they planned to do so)'}}

The ablative and instrumental cases of the gerund can be used to express cause, i.e. 'by doing x,' or 'because x.' The ablative generally marks unintentional or natural causes, whilst the instrumental marks intentional cause.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| tlānae ustae quo peannā rēve cōmus pūterē
| flower-ACC.PL that(medial)-C.ACC.PL <nowiki>=</nowiki>and plant-GER-ABL do-PFV-E.3SG house-ACC.SG beautiful-ADV
|'By planting all these flowers you've made the house beautiful'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ustam prī tētē harēnam matrī iminnōrun restērāvist pāliōnū gaeticae
| that(medial)-C.ACC.SG before 1SG-ABL paper-ACC.SG senator-DAT.SG send-GER-INSTR assure-PFV-MID.2SG governor-ESS.SG Gaetica-GEN.SG
|'By sending the senator that letter before me, you've assured your place as governor of Gaetica'}}

==Semantics==
=== Temporal expressions ===

The ancient Aerans divided the day from noon to noon into one hundred '''''lammar''''' (sg. ''lamma'') of equal length, roughly 14.4 minutes long. The daytime was divided into sixteen '''''lȳrar''''' (sg. ''lȳra''), and night into four or five '''''volar''''' (sg. ''vola'') depending on the season. Time was kept on a device called a '''''lammāriun''''', a type of clock. Early ''lammāriunt'' only measured ''lammar'', and one had to consult an almanac ('''''lȳrāriun''''') to determine the length and starting time of each ''lȳra'' or ''vola'' on a given day.

The verb '''''spurhan''''' ('to hang (trans.)') is used to denote spending or taking time;

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| spurra sau īma lamma āmātiō vannō
| hang-MID.C.3SG only one-C.NOM.SG lamma-NOM.SG market-DAT.SG go-GER-DAT
| 'It only takes one ''lamma'' to get to the market'}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| qurrintus spūrint te volae mōrī
| read-PTCP-T.NOM.SG hang.PFV-3PL <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG vola-ACC.PL three-C.ACC.PL
| 'I spent three ''volar'' reading'}}

To denote the amount of time spent on an action, without regard for whether or not the activity was completed or reached its end goal (i.e. atelic action) the essive case is used. To signify the amount of time spent or necessary to spend to complete an activity (i.e. telic action) the instrumental case is used.

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| iūvint te harēnae īmau lȳrau
| write.PFV-3PL <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG letter-ACC.SG one-C.ESS.SG lyra-ESS.SG
| 'I wrote letters for an hour'}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| iūva te harēna īmārun lȳrārun
| write.PFV-C.3SG <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG letter-ACC.SG one-C.INSTR.SG lyra-INSTR.SG
| 'I wrote the letter in an hour'}}

=== Possession ===

There are a number of different strategies in Aeranir to signify possession. Aeranir lacks a [[w:Possession_(linguistics)#Possession_verbs|possession verb]] analogous to English 'to have,' and instead usually signifies possession through different types of [[w:Existential_clause|existential clauses]]. For example, the sentence 'I have a friend' can be expressed by the sentence '''''ēs carīnus tihī''''', which literally means 'there is a friend to me.'

The case of the possessor changes depending its relationship with the possessed:

* '''Locative case''': used for personal possessions that are currently on the person;

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| ēs iarius taurātīs
| COP-T.3SG spear-NOM.SG soldier-LOC.SG
|'The soldier has a spear (on them)'
|c2 = ''lit. 'at the soldier is a spear<nowiki>'</nowiki>''}}

* '''Dative case''': used for personal possessions that are not currently on the person, or for affiliation with persons or people;

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| sintz iariur vulhur taurātiō
| COP-T.3PL spear-NOM.PL many-T.NOM.PL soldier-DAT.SG
|'The soldier has many spears (at home)'
|c2 = ''lit. 'to the soldier are many spears<nowiki>'</nowiki>''}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| sintz menterur tihī octzuin
| COP-T.3PL sibling-NOM.PL 1SG-DAT six
|'I have six siblings'
|c2 = ''lit. 'to me are six siblings<nowiki>'</nowiki>''}}

* '''Ablative case''': used for parts of a whole, or body parts;

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| sī incus iūrun nēnē
| COP-E.3SG head-NOM.SG good-E.NOM.SG 1SG-ABL
|'You have a good head (i.e. are smart)'
|c2 = ''lit. 'from you is a good head<nowiki>'</nowiki>''}}

For metaphorical possession or possession of abstract concepts, such as leadership, power, knowledge, etc., any of these three may be used, for different rhetorical purposes. For example, using the locative implies an immediacy to the possession; that it is in hand, ready to be used. Using the dative implies that the possession is not immediate, but rather something that can be drawn upon, perhaps too vast to 'carry' on one person. This can be more humble or polite than the locative. Using the locative implies that the trait is a fundamental, inalienable, and inherent part of the possessor, rather than something gained or worked for.

=== Conditionals ===

Aeranir has a number of ways of expressing [[w:Conditional sentence|conditional sentences]], depending on the type of condition, as well as the register of speech. Colloquial or spontaneous speech tends to favour the use of finite dependant clauses for the '''''protasis''''' (conditional clause, as opposed to the '''''apodosis''''', or consequence), where as practiced or refined speech, or writing, tend to favour non-finite dependant clauses (this represents a general trend in writing to 'nominalise' all but the most central verb in a sentence, and sometimes the central verb too is made non-finite).

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| sopis furea requeō cōmerī
| snow-NOM.SG fall-SUBJ.C.3SG return-MID.SUBJ.1SG home-DAT.SG
|'If it snows I'm going home'
|c1 = ''(more informal)''}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| soperis furentīs requeō cōmerī
| snow-GEN.SG fall-SUBJ.PTCP-T.LOC.SG return-MID.SUBJ.1SG home-DAT.SG
|'If it snows I'm going home'
|c1 = ''(more formal)''}}

When a non-finite clause is used for a conditional, the verb of the ''protasis'' usually appears in the locative case (an expression of ''time-is-space'' metaphor), unless the two clauses share an argument (e.g. subject, object, etc.) in which case the ''protasis'' takes the same case marking as the shared argument.

Conditional sentences in Aeranir are formed purely through juxtaposition—that is, the placing of two clauses side by side, the verb of the ''protasis'' moved to clause-final position or put into a non-finite form to mark it as dependant. No conjunctive particles like 'if' or 'when' are required. The ''protasis'' takes the subjunctive mood, whilst the mood of the ''apodosis'' indicates the certainty of the conclusion. Aspect, meanwhile, can be used to indicate the certainty of the condition. This distinction may be approximated in English by 'if' versus 'when'

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+ Mood and aspect of conditional sentences
|-
!
! ''Protasis'' certain
! ''Protasis'' uncertain
|-
! ''Apodosis'' certain
| if [''perfective aspect''] then [''indicative mood''] e.g. ''intlae furītīs mollintz tahrer''—'when it rains, the shingles will leak'
| if [''imperfective aspect''] then [''indicative mood''] e.g. ''intlae furentīs mollintz tahrer''—'if it rains, the shingles will leak'
|-
! ''Apodosis'' uncertain
| if [''perfective aspect''] then [''subjunctive mood''] e.g. ''intlae furītīs mollent tahrer''—'when it rains, the shingles might leak'
| if [''imperfective aspect''] then [''subjunctive mood''] e.g. ''intlae furentīs mollent tahrer''—'if it rains, the shingles might leak'
|}

== Numbers ==
<div style="overflow:auto">
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Aeranir numbers 1-400
|-
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
|-
! 1
| ''īmus''
| ''prīstus''
| ''temper''
! 11
| ''īnhīntur''
| ''īnhīnsus''
| ''īnhīntin''
! 21
| ''calhier īmus''
| ''calhitus prīstus''
| ''calhin temper''
! 120
| ''octzāculhier''
| ''octzāculhitus''
| ''octzāculhin''
|-
! 2
| ''sēr''
| ''metzumnus''
| ''vēriēs''
! 12
| ''verhīntur''
| ''verhīnsus''
| ''verhīntin''
! 22
| ''calhier sēr''
| ''calhitus metzumnus''
| ''calhin vēriēs''
! 140
| ''nāculhier''
| ''nāculhitus''
| ''nāculhin''
|-
! 3
| ''morier''
| ''moritus''
| ''moriēs''
! 13
| ''prōhīntur''
| ''prōhīnsus''
| ''prōhīntin''
! 30
| ''calhier qehentzier''
| ''calhitus qehēnsus''
| ''calhin qehen''
! 160
| ''nāquenculhier''
| ''nāquenculhitus''
| ''nāquenculhin''
|-
! 4
| ''quatlur''
| ''quallus''
| ''quatziēs''
! 14
| ''quatlāhīntur''
| ''quatlāhīnsus''
| ''quatlāhīntin''
! 40
| ''verculhier''
| ''verculhitus''
| ''verculhin''
! 180
| ''nātlicculhier''
| ''nātlicculhitus''
| ''nātlicculhin''
|-
! 5
| ''quiquier''
| ''quiqtus''
| ''quiquin''
! 15
| ''quihīntur''
| ''quihīnsus''
| ''quihīntin''
! 50
| ''verculhier qehentzier''
| ''verculhitus qehēnsus''
| ''verculhin qehen''
! 200
| ''tammīttler''
| ''tammīttus''
| ''tammīttziēs''
|-
! 6
| ''octzuer''
| ''octzūmus''
| ''octzuin''
! 16
| ''octzāhīntur''
| ''octzāhīnsus''
| ''octzāhīntin''
! 60
| ''prōculhier''
| ''prōculhitus''
| ''prōculhin''
! 220
| ''tammīttler calhier''
| ''tammīttus calhitus''
| ''tammīttziēs calhin''
|-
! 7
| ''nāier''
| ''nāntus''
| ''nāhin''
! 17
| ''nāhīntur''
| ''nāhīnsus''
| ''nāhīntin''
! 70
| ''prōculhier qehentzier''
| ''prōculhitus qehēnsus''
| ''prōculhin qehen''
! 240
| ''tammīttler verculhier''
| ''tammīttus verculhitus''
| ''tammīttziēs verculhin''
|-
! 8
| ''nāquemur''
| ''nāquemmus''
| ''nāquemin''
! 18
| ''sērēsculhier''
| ''sērēsculhitus''
| ''sērēsculhin''
! 80
| ''quatlāculhier''
| ''quatlāculhitus''
| ''quatlāculhin''
! 260
| ''tammīttler prōculhier''
| ''tammīttus prōculhitus''
| ''tammīttziēs prōculhin''
|-
! 9
| ''nātlittzier''
| ''nātlittzitus''
| ''nātlittzin''
! 19
| ''īmāculhier''
| ''īmāculhitus''
| ''īmāculhin''
! 90
| ''quatlāculhier qehentzier''
| ''quatlāculhitus qehēnsus''
| ''quatlāculhin qehen''
! 280
| ''tammīttler quatlāculhier''
| ''tammīttus quatlāculhitus''
| ''tammīttziēs quatlāculhin''
|-
! 10
| ''qehentzier''
| ''qehēnsus''
| ''qehen''
! 20
| ''calhier''
| ''calhitus''
| ''calhin''
! 100
| ''quicculhier''
| ''quicculhitus''
| ''quicculhin''
! 400
| ''mīttler''
| ''mīttus''
| ''mīttziēs''
|}
</div>

<div style="overflow:auto">
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Aeranir numbers 400-64,000,000
|-
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
|-
! 800
| ''vermīttler''
| ''vermīttus''
| ''vermīttziēs''
! 16,000
| ''verittuer''
| ''verittūtus''
| ''verittuin''
! 320,000
| ''verōtluar attuer''
| ''verōtluus attūtus''
| ''verōtlua attuin''
! 6,400,000
| ''verictzuōner''
| ''verictzuōnitus''
| ''verictzuō''
|-
! 1,200
| ''prōmīttler''
| ''prōmīttus''
| ''prōmīttziēs''
! 24,000
| ''prōttuer''
| ''prōttūtus''
| ''prōttuin''
! 480,000
| ''prōtluar attuer''
| ''prōtluus attūtus''
| ''prōtlua attuin''
! 9,600,000
| ''prōctzuōner''
| ''prōctzuōnitus''
| ''prōctzuō''
|-
! 1,600
| ''quatlāmīttler''
| ''quatlāmīttus''
| ''quatlāmīttziēs''
! 32,000
| ''quatlāttuer''
| ''quatlāttūtus''
| ''quatlāttuin''
! 640,000
| ''quatlōtluar attuer''
| ''quatlōtluus attūtus''
| ''quatlōtlua attuin''
! 12,800,000
| ''quatlictzuōner''
| ''quatlictzuōnitus''
| ''quatlictzuō''
|-
! 2,000
| ''quimīttler''
| ''quimīttus''
| ''quimīttziēs''
! 40,000
| ''quiquittuer''
| ''quiquittūtus''
| ''quiquittuin''
! 800,000
| ''quiqōtluar attuer''
| ''quiqōtluus attūtus''
| ''quiqōtlua attuin''
! 16,000,000
| ''quictzuōner''
| ''quictzuōnitus''
| ''quictzuō''
|-
! 2,400
| ''octzāmīttler''
| ''octzāmīttus''
| ''octzāmīttziēs''
! 48,000
| ''octzāttuer''
| ''octzāttūtus''
| ''octzāttuin''
! 960,000
| ''octzōtluar attuer''
| ''octzōtluus attūtus''
| ''octzōtlua attuin''
! 19,200,000
| ''vulhiāhur''
| ''vulhiātus''
| ''vulhiāhin''
|-
! 2,800
| ''nāmīttler''
| ''nāmīttus''
| ''nāmīttziēs''
! 56,000
| ''nāttuer''
| ''nāttūtus''
| ''nāttuin''
! 1,120,000
| ''nōtluar attuer''
| ''nōtluus attūtus''
| ''nōtlua attuin''
! 22,400,000
| ''nōctzuōner''
| ''nōctzuōnitus''
| ''nōctzuō''
|-
! 3,200
| ''nāquemīttler''
| ''nāquemīttus''
| ''nāquemīttziēs''
! 64,000
| ''nāquemittuer''
| ''nāquemittūtus''
| ''nāquemittuin''
! 1,280,000
| ''nāquemōtluar attuer''
| ''nāquemōtluus attūtus''
| ''nāquemōtlua attuin''
! 25,600,000
| ''nāquemictzuōner''
| ''nāquemictzuōnitus''
| ''nāquemictzuō''
|-
! 3,600
| ''nātlimīttler''
| ''nātlimīttus''
| ''nātlimīttziēs''
! 72,000
| ''nātlittzittuer''
| ''nātlittzittūtus''
| ''nātlittzittuin''
! 1,440,000
| ''nātlittzōtluar attuer''
| ''nātlittzōtluus attūtus''
| ''nātlittzōtlua attuin''
! 28,800,000
| ''nātlictzuōner''
| ''nātlictzuōnitus''
| ''nātlictzuō''
|-
! 4,000
| ''tamittuer''
| ''tamittūtus''
| ''tamittuin''
! 80,000
| ''tamōtluar attuer''
| ''tamōtluus attūtus''
| ''tamōtlua attuin''
! 1,600,000
| ''tamictzuōner''
| ''tamictzuōnitus''
| ''tamictzuō''
! 32,000,000
| ''tamōtluar octzuōner''
| ''tamōtluus octzuōnitus''
| ''tamōtlua octzuō''
|-
! 8,000
| ''attuer''
| ''attūtus''
| ''attuin''
! 160,000
| ''ōtlua attuer''
| ''ōtlua attūtus''
| ''ōtlua attuin''
! 3,200,000
| ''octzuōner''
| ''octzuōnitus''
| ''octzuō''
! 64,000,000
| ''ōtlua octzuōner''
| ''ōtlua octzuōnitus''
| ''ōtlua octzuō''
|}
</div>

==Late Aeranir inovations==
===Applicative voices===
Whilst Classical Aeranir was more permissive of adding additional arguments to a clause, so long as the verb's core transitivity were met. Late Aeranir, however, tended to be more restrictive, and required valency increasing operations to express benefactive, comitative, and locative meanings. These applicative morphemes take the form of verbal prefixes.

==Lexicon==

''[[:Category:Aeranir_words|Aeranir Lexicon]]''.

==Footnotes==

[[Category:Aeranir]]
[[Category:Maro-Ephenian Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Avrid]]

Aeranir

2020-07-14T18:56:24Z

Gaffney.flancer: /* Numbers */

{{construction}}
{{Infobox language
| name = ''Aeranir''
| altname = ''coeñar inceris''
|-
| nativename = ''coeñar aerānir''
| pronunciation = [ˈk̟øː.ɲar ˈɪ̃ŋ̟.k̟ɛ.rɪs̠], [ˈk̟øː.ɲar ɛːˈraː.nɪr]
|-
|creator=Limius
|setting=''[[Avrid]]''
|-
| state = [[Telrhamir]], [[Iscaria]], [[Aeranid Empire]]
| ethnicity = Aeran
| familycolor = PaleGoldenrod
| fam1 = [[Maro-Ephenian languages|Maro-Ephenian]]
| fam2 = Iscaric
|ancestor=[[Proto-Maro-Ephenian]]
|ancestor2=[[Proto-Iscaric]]
|ancestor3=[[Aeranir#Old Aeranir|Old Aeranir]]
|-
| nation = [[Aeranid Empire]]
| minority = [[Iscaria]], [[S'entin]], [[Tevrén]]
| notice = IPA
|iso3 = qco
}}

'''Aeranir''', also known as '''coeñar aerānir''' (''language of the Aerans''), or '''coeñar inceris''' (''language of the capital''), is an Iscaric language in the [[Maro-Ephenian languages|Maro-Ephenian language group]]. It was originally spoken by the [[Aerans]], developed in the deserts of Northern [[Iscaria]] in the city of [[Telrhamir]], and spread with the expanse of the [[Aeranid Empire]] throughout [[Ephenia]], as well as parts of [[Eubora]] and [[Syra]]. It later developed into the Aeranid languages, such as [[Dalot]], [[Ilesse]], [[Iscariano]], [[Îredese]], [[S'entigneis]], and [[Tevrés]]. It is still used throughout Ephenia as a language of theology, science, medicine, literature, and law.

Aeranir had been standardised into Classical Aeranir by the time of the Early Empire, around the second millennia [[New Imperial Age|BNIA]] by the writer and educator Limius. The period before that is generally referred to as Old Aeranir. The language spoken between the 15th and 12th centuries [[New Imperial Age|BNIA]] is generally referred to Late Aeranir. This shift is marked by several grammatical and phonetic shifts. After that period, Aeranir began to splinter off into the various Aeranid languages. A form of Classical Aeranir called New Aeranir or Medieval Aeranir remained in use in official writings even after this period.

Aeranir is a highly inflective and fusional language, with three distinct [[w:Gramatical Gender|genders]], nine [[w:Gramatical Case|cases]], two [[w:Gramatical Aspect|aspects]], four [[w:Gramatical Mood|moods]], three [[w:Gramatical Person|persons]], two or three [[w:Gramatical Voice|voices]], and two [[w:Gramatical Number|numbers]].

==History==
===Periodisation===

{{Graphical timeline

|title=Timeline of Aeranir
|align=right

|plot-colour=#bbeebb

|from=0
|to=3000
|scale-increment=200

|width=10
|height=300
|height-unit=px

|legend1=Aeran settlements

|bar1-from=2400
|bar1-left=0
|bar1-right=0.2

|legend2=City of Telhramir

|bar2-to=2600
|bar2-left=0.1
|bar2-right=0.2

|legend3=Aeranid Kingdom
|legend3-colour=#e0aacc

|bar3-to=2400
|bar3-left=0
|bar3-right=0.2
|bar3-colour=#e0aacc

|
|bar4-to=2104
|bar4-left=0
|bar4-right=0.2
|bar4-colour=red
|legend4=Aeranid Empire
|legend4-colour=red

|
|bar5-to=1266
|bar5-from=825
|bar5-left=0
|bar5-right=0.2
|bar5-colour=#AA98A9
|legend5=Eastern Aeranid Empire
|legend5-colour=#AA98A9

|bar6-from=1172
|bar6-to=1266
|bar6-left=0.1
|bar6-right=0.2
|bar6-colour=blue
|legend6=Western Aeranid Empire
|legend6-colour=blue

|bar7-to=825
|bar7-left=0
|bar7-right=0.2
|bar7-colour=grey
|legend7=Various Nations
|legend7-colour=grey

|bar8-text=Proto-Aeranid
|bar8-to=953
|bar8-from=700
|bar8-left=1
|bar8-right=1.75
|bar8-border-width=1
|bar8-border-colour= #996666
|bar8-colour=lightgrey

|bar9-text=Liturgical Aeranir
|bar9-to=953
|bar9-left=0.2
|bar9-right=1
|bar9-border-width=1
|bar9-border-colour= #996666
|bar9-colour=#cc9999

|bar10-text=Post-Collapse Aeranir
|bar10-from=953
|bar10-to=1266
|bar10-left=0.2
|bar10-right=1.75
|bar10-colour=#99cc99

|bar11-text=Late Aeranir
|bar11-from=1266
|bar11-to=1450
|bar11-left=0.2
|bar11-right=1.75
|bar11-colour=#99cc99
|bar11-border-width=0.1

|bar12-text=Golden Age Aeranir
|bar12-from=1450
|bar12-to=1800
|bar12-left=0.2
|bar12-right=1.75
|bar12-border-width=0.1
|bar12-colour=#99cc99

|bar13-text=Classical Aeranir
|bar13-from=1800
|bar13-to=2200
|bar13-left=0.2
|bar13-right=1.75
|bar13-border-width=0.1
|bar13-colour=#99cc99

|bar14-text=Old Aeranir
|bar14-from=2200
|bar14-to=2500
|bar14-left=0.2
|bar14-right=1.75
|bar14-border-width=0.1
|bar14-colour=#99cc99

|bar15-text=Proto-Iscaric
|bar15-from=2500
|bar15-to=3000
|bar15-left=0.2
|bar15-right=1.75
|bar15-border-width=0.1
|bar15-colour=#bbeebb

|bar16-text=Aeranid Languages
|bar16-to=700
|bar16-from=0
|bar16-left=1
|bar16-right=1.75
|bar16-border-width=1
|bar16-border-colour= #996666
|bar16-colour=grey

|note1=The Collapse
|note1-at=1266
|note1-nudge-right=10
|note1-colour=green

|caption=A timeline of the evolution of Aeranir. The scale is in years BCA. The thin bar to the left denotes the Aeranir (and later Aeranid) speaking powers of the time, whilst the right denotes the evolutionary stage of Aeranir.
}}

The Aeranir language is descended from Proto-Iscaric, a theoretical reconstruction, which is in turn descended from [[Proto-Maro-Ephenian]]. This makes Aeranir a member of the Maro-Ephenian language family, along with Talothic, Fyrdan, and Marian. Because neither of these two proto-languages are attested in writing, it can be difficult to say when they were spoken, and when one transitioned into the other, but scholars generally agree that there was something that could be called Proto-Iscaric around the end of the 4th millennium BCA.

Proto-Iscaric was spoken by numerous Maro-Ephenian tribes which settled in Iscaria at the end of the 4th millennium. This evolved into numerous attested Iscaric languages, of which the language of the Aerans, who settled the region known as Aes, was but one. The oldest evidence of their language is found dating well after the founding of their most famous city, Telhramir, around 2500 BCA. This phase of the language, from around then to the later years of the Aeranid Kingdom, is known as Old Aeranir (called '''''coeñar accuiha aerānir''''' or '''''aerānir accuiha''''' by Classical and Golden Age sources).

==Phonology==
===Consonants===
The following is a table of phonemes in Aeranir. This analysis is based on Classical Aeranir, as it was used during the hight of the [[Aeranid Empire]]. The phonology, especially the number of vowel phonemes, varied greatly time, but this is seen as the standard version of the language.
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Classical consonant phonemes
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | Labial
! colspan="2" | Coronal
! rowspan="2" | Palatal
! colspan="2" | Velar
! colspan="2" | Uvular
! rowspan="2" | Glottal
|-
! central 
! lateral 
! plain 
! labial 
! plain 
! labial 
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Nasal
| m
| n
|
| ɲ
|
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Stop
| p
| t
|
|
| k
| kʷ
| q
| qʷ
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Affricate
|
| ts
| tɬ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Fricative
| f
| s
|
|
|
|
|
|
| h
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Liquid
|
| r
| l
| j
|
| w
|
|
| ɦ
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Golden age consonant phonemes
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | Labial
! colspan="2" | Coronal
! rowspan="2" | Palatal
! colspan="2" | Velar
! colspan="2" | Uvular
! rowspan="2" | Glottal
|-
! central 
! lateral 
! plain 
! labial 
! plain 
! labial 
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| m
| n
|
| ɲ
|
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="3" | Stop
! aspirated
| (pʰ)
| (tʰ)
|
|
| kʰ
|
| qʰ
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! plain
| p
| t
|
|
| k
| kʷ
| q
| qʷ
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! voiced
| (b)
| (d)
|
|
| (g)
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" | Affricate
! voiceless
|
| ts
| tɬ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! voiced
|
| (dz~z)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Fricative
| f
| s
|
|
|
|
|
|
| h
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Liquid
| ʋ
| r
| l
| j
|
|
|
|
| ɦ
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Late consonant phonemes
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | Labial
! colspan="2" | Coronal
! rowspan="2" | Palatal
! colspan="2" | Velar
|-
! central 
! lateral 
! plain 
! labial 
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| m
| n
|
| ɲ
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" | Stop
! voiceless
| p
| t
|
| c
| k
| kʷ
|- style="text-align:center;"
! voiced
| b
| d
|
| ɟ
| g
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Affricate
|
| ts
| tɬ
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Fricative
| f
| s
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Liquid
|
| r
| l
| j
|
|
|}
====Notes on consonants====
*The clusters /rh/, /nh/, and /lh/ vary greatly between dialects; [rɦ nɦ ɫɦ ~ rg ŋg ɫg ~ ʀː ŋː ʟː].
*The sequence /ks/ is written in the romanisation as ''x''.
*The nasal consonant /n/ assimilates to the place of articulation of the following stop, so that /nk/ or /nqʷ/ for example become /ŋk/ and /ɴʷqʷ/. Before fricatives, /n/ is deleted, and the proceeding vowel is lengthened and nasalised. These processes apply between word boundries as well. Word final /n/ as part of case and personal markers is elided before a word starting with a vowel, fricative, approximate, or before a [[w:Pausa|pausa]]. It often served as a [[w:Shibboleth|shibboleth]] for discerning one's origins or social circles.
*The velar, labio-velar, and labio-uvular consonants /k/, /kʷ/, /q/, and /qʷ/ are palatalised before front vowels and /j/ to [k̟], [kᶣ], [k̠] and [k̠ᶣ] respectively. Futhermore, dental consonants /n/ and /t/ are palatalised before /j/ to [ɲ̟], and [tʲ]. The glottal fricative /h/ is also palatalised to [ç] before high front vowels and /j/. Some dialects also palatalise the postalveolar consonants /s/ and /ts/ to [ɕ] and [tɕ] before front vowels and /j/.
*The labialised consonants /kʷ/, and /qʷ/ are pronounced as truly labialised, rather than a sequence of two consonants, i.e. /kw/, /qw/. The voiced labiovelar stop only occurs after a nasal consonant.
*All consonants, with the exception of /ʋ/, can be geminated between vowels. This is denoted orthographically by doubling of the first letter of the phoneme, i.e. ⟨cc⟩, ⟨ff⟩, ⟨hh⟩, etc. The palatal approximate /j/ is always geminated to [jː] between vowels, but is written with a simple ⟨i⟩. Fricative /hː/ is usually realised as [çː]. In dialects that palatalise /s/ and /ts/, [çː] often becomes [ɕː], merging in some environments with /sː/.
*The lateral approximate /l/ has two allophones in Classical Aeranir; [l] before close front vowels, /j/, and when geminated, and [ɫ] elsewhere.
*The fricative /s/ is often pronounced further back in the mouth, closer to [s̠].
* The phoneme /h/ has two distinct allophones following the nasal /n/. When this cluster occurs natively within a word, /h/ is voiced and velarised to [g]. Nasal /n/ is likewise velarised to [ŋ]. Dialectically, the cluster /ŋg/ may be fortified to [gː] or lenited to [ŋː]. Before front vowels and /j/, these may appear as [ɲʝ], [ŋ˖g˖], [g˖ː], or [ŋ˖ː]. When the cluster /nh/ occurs where /h/ was once word initial, as result of a prefix, the nasal is deleted and the preceding vowel nasalised and lengthened, as with fricatives /s/ and /f/.

===Vowels===
Vowels in Aeranir underwent the greatest amount of change throughout time. Although the standard is considered to me Classical Aeranir as it was spoken in the 17th and 16th centuries {{Smallcaps|[[New Imperial Age|bnia]]}}, this should not be seen in the context of a sliding historical spectrum. Below are listed three somewhat representative samples that provide a broad overview of general changes.
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Old Aeranir vowel phonemes (circa 2300{{Smallcaps|bca}})
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Front
! colspan="2" | Central
! colspan="2" | Back
|-
! short 
! long 
! short 
! long 
! short 
! long 
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Close
| i
| iː
|
|
| u
| uː
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Mid
| e
| eː
|
|
| o
| oː
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Open
|
|
| a
| aː
|
|
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Classical and Golden Age Aeranir vowel phonemes (circa 1600{{Smallcaps|bca}})
|-
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="4" | Front
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Central
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Back
|-
! colspan="2" | plain 
! colspan="2" | rounded 
|-
! short 
! long 
! short 
! long 
! short 
! long 
! short 
! long 
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Close
| ɪ
| iː
| ʏ
| yː
|
|
| ʊ
| uː
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Mid-close
|
| eː
|
| øː
|
|
|
| oː
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Mid-open
| ɛ
| ɛː
|
|
|
|
| ɔ
| ɔː
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Open
|
|
|
|
| a
| aː
|
|
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Late Aeranir vowel phonemes (circa 1200{{Smallcaps|bca}})
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Front
! rowspan="2"| Central
! rowspan="2"| Back
|-
! plain
! round
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Close
| i
| (y)
|
| u
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Mid-close
| e
| (ø)
|
| o
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Mid-open
| ɛ
|
|
| ɔ
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Open
|
|
| a
|
|}
====Notes on vowels====
* The short high rounded vowel /ʏ/ is mostly a loan from [[Dalitian]], and is not found in many native words, or words dating back to Old Aeranir. It is usually realised as [ɪ], and is only rounded in educated speech.
{| class="wikitable floatright"
|+caption | Vowel change from PME to Late Aeranir (in stessed initial syllables)
|-
! [[Proto-Maro-Ephenian|PME]]
! Old
! Classical
! Late
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *u[r₂, r₃, h]i
| → ui /ui̯/
| rowspan="2" | → y /yː/
| rowspan="4" | → i /i/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *i[r₂, r₃, h]u
| → iu /iu̯̯/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *ey, *ehi, *ēy, *hey
| → ei /ei̯/
| rowspan="2" | → ī /iː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *i[r₂, r₃, h]
| → ī /iː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *i
| → i /i/
| → i /ɪ/
| rowspan="3" | → e /e/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *oy, *o[r₂, r₃, h]i, *er₃i, *ōy, *[r₂, r₃, h]oy, *r₃ey
| → oi /oi̯/
| → oe /øː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *eh, *ē
| → e /eː/
| → e /eː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *e
| → e /e/
| → e /ɛ/
| rowspan="2" | → è /ɛ/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *er₂i, *r₂ey
| → ai /ai̯/
| → ae /ɛː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *ow, *o[r₂, r₃, h]u, *ōw, *[r₂, r₃, h]ow, *r₃ew, *ew, *ehu, *ēw, *hew
| → ou /ou̯̯/
| rowspan="2" | → ū /uː/
| rowspan="2" | → u /u/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *u[r₂, r₃, h]
| → ū /uː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *u
| → u /u/
| → u /ʊ/
| rowspan="2" | → o /o/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *o[r₂, r₃, h], *ō, *r₃e[r₂, r₃, h], *r₃ē, *er₃
| → o /oː/
| → o /oː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *o, *r₃e
| → o /o/
| → o /ɔ/
| rowspan="2" | → ò /ɔ/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *er₂u, *r₂ew
| → au /au̯̯/
| → au /ɔː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *er₂, *r₂ē
| → ā /aː/
| → ā /aː/
| rowspan="2" | → a /a/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *[r̥₂, r̥₃, h̥]
| → a /a/
| → a /a/
|}
* Most non-intial short vowels in [[Aeranir#Proto-Iscaric|Proto-Iscairc]] were reduced to /i/ by the time of Old Aeranir. Many of these were then further reduced in Classical Aeranir (as discussed above), to the vowels represented by [[w:Diaeresis_(diacritic)|diaeresis]]. These merged in Late Aeranir to a [[w:Schwa|schwa]], but this schwa was deleted in many environments.
* Old Aeranir diphthongs /ei̯/ and /ou̯̯/ may have been realised as hightened pure vowels [eː~e̝ː] and [oː~o̝ː]. Before other vowels, /ei̯/ becomes simple [e] in Classical Aeranir. Likewise, Classical /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ rise to [e] and [o] before another vowel. These were then simplified into glides [j] and [w] in Late Aeranir.
* There are two realisations of high short vowels /ɪ/ and /ʊ/ before another vowel, depending on whether the proceeding syllable it light or heavy. Following a light syllable, the become glides [j] and [w]. Follwing a heavy syllable, an [[w:Ephethesis#Anaptyxis|anaptyctic]] vowel is inserted, becoming [ɪj] and [ʊw]. These vowels are not represented in the orthography.
* Some peripheral dialects of Late Aeranir retained rounded front vowels /y/ and /ø/, while in most, including the speech of Telrhamir, they merged with their plain counterparts /i/ and /e/ respectively.

===Stress===
Syllable stress in Old Aeranir fell uniformly on the first syllable of a word. However, by the time of Classical Aeranir, stress had shifted to a more complex paradigm, generally falling on the '''penult''' (the second to last syllable) or the '''antipenult''' (the third to last syllable). Which one was determined by the '''weight''' of the penult.

Syllables are divided into one of two categories, or weights. These are '''light''' syllables and '''heavy''' syllables. A light syllable contains a maximum of one short vowel, alone or proceeded by a consonant or consonant cluster, while a heavy syllable may contain a long vowel, a coda consonant, or both. If the penult of a word is heavy, it is stressed. If not, the antipenult is stressed.
=== Dialects ===
;Pēcilia Cūvae
: The ''pēcilia cūvae'' ('Cuvan swing') refers to the particular musical quality of the Aeranir spoken in the Aes city of Cuva (''cūva'') during the classical and golden age of Aeranid civilisation. It was likened in the earliest records to the ''pēcilia traecōvus'' ('talothic swing'), and occasionally referred to as the ''pōnus traeceus'' ('talothic voice'). However, by the golden age, Talothic had lost its distinct melodious accent, and the these terms fell out of use. This is believed to be the reason that citizens of Cuva were called ''traeceolar'' ('little taloths'), and is the origin of the name of the city Triggiolari, founded as ''Traeceolar''.

: Rather than the stress-accent of standard capitoline Aeranir, the speech of Cuva is marked by a distinctive [[w:Pitch-accent language|pitch accent]]. Pitch in Cuva begins low, and then rises until a [[w:Mora|kernel mora]], after which it immediately falls. Placement of the kernel mora generally falls on the third to last mora. However, the way morae are counted is somewhat complex. A short vowel, either proceeded by a consonant or consonant cluster, or bare, counts as one mora, and a long vowel of (spurious) diphthong counts as two. On top of that, coda consonants, rather singletons or clusters, also count as a mora. So, for example, each syllable of the word ''āctās'' is three morea; ''a-a-c.ta-a-s''

: Pitch accent manifests differently depending on where the kernel falls. Then the kernel falls on a vowel, there is a [[w:Downstep|downstep]] before it; e.g. ''āctās'': ''a-a-c.ta-a-s'' /àák.tààs/ [ǎːk.tàːs].

==Syntax==
===Word order===
Aeranir is generally verb-initial in independent clauses, and verb-final in dependant clauses, including non-finite clauses using the infinitive, participle, gerund, etc.. These rules may be violated in poetry, however it is much more common to violate the former than the later.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| qurra Rāscānus salvan
| read-3SG.C Rascanus-NOM.SG book-ACC.SG
|'Rascanus is reading a book'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| Rāscānus salvan qurrea
| Rascanus-NOM.SG book-ACC.SG read-SUBJ.3SG.C
|'should Rascanus be reading a book...'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| sircuīva īliō Rāscānus salvan qurrīhā
| tell-PFV.3SG.C Ilius-DAT.SG Rascanus-NOM.SG book-ACC.SG read-INF
|'Rascanus told Ilius that he was reading a book'}}

Nominal clitics attach to the end of verbs in independent clauses, and the beginning of verbs in dependant clauses.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| taetue ne tīn
| drink-PFV.3SG.E <nowiki>=</nowiki>2SG tea-ACC.SG
|'You drank the tea'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| tīn ni taesun
| tea-NOM.SG 2SG<nowiki>=</nowiki> drink-PFV.PTCP-E.NOM.SG
|'The tea you drank'}}

Word order is much more free for nouns and noun phrases. Adjectives and genitives may either proceed or follow a noun (e.g. '''''formun cōmus''''' or '''''cōmus formun''''', both 'the warm house;' '''''umae menter''''' or '''''menter umae''''', both 'my mother's sibling'), although they adjectives generally follow, whilst genitives generally proceed. Prepositions always proceed their noun, whilst postpositions, which are far less common, always follow.

Due to agreement in gender, case, and number between nouns and adjectives, additional nouns may be inserted between a noun and its adjective without changing the meaning, in what is called [[w:Hyperbaton|hyperbaton]]:

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ȳrē arte tihī iūre
| listen-IMP person-VOC.SG 1SG.PRO-DAT good-T.VOC.SG
|'Listen to me good fellow!'}}

==Nouns==
===Gender===
Aeranir nouns are divided into three [[w:Grammatical Gender|genders]], all of which are directly inherited from late [[Proto-Maro-Ephenian]]. These known as the '''temporary''' ('''{{Smallcaps|t}}'''), '''cyclical''' ('''{{Smallcaps|c}}'''), and '''eternal''' ('''{{Smallcaps|e}}''') genders. The gender of a noun effects the adjectives and verbs that refer to it.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ēs ars raius
| COP.3SG.T wumbo(T)-NOM.SG small-T.NOM.SG
|'It's a small wumbo'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| sa tlāna raia
| COP.3SG.C flower(C)-NOM.SG small-C.NOM.SG
|'It's a small flower'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| sī nātlun raiun
| COP.3SG.E shell(E)-NOM.SG small-E.NOM.SG
|'It's a small shell'}}

The gender of most nouns can be easily inferred from its ending. Furthermore, there is often overlap between meaning and gender. Animate living beings and small, breakable objects are often temporary, while abstract concepts, natural processes, or seasonal plants are usually cyclical, and large, durable, inanimate objects are most likely eternal. However, some nouns have no relation to their gender. Personal names are either temporary or cyclical; eternal names are reserved for gods.

===Case===
Nouns in Aeranir have a series of different forms, called cases of the noun, which have different functions or meanings. For example, the word for 'king' is ''{{term|rēs}}'' when subject of a verb, but ''rēnin'' when it is the object:
* ''auhēs rēs'' 'the king sees (someone)' ([[w:Nominative case|nominative case]])
* ''auhēs rēnin'' '(someone) sees the king' ([[w:Accusative case|accusative case]])
There are a total of nine cases for most nouns in Aeranir. Outside of the nominative and accusative, they are as the following:
* [[w:Vocative case|Vocative]]: ''rēne iō!'': 'o king!'
* [[w:Essive case|Essive]]: ''seū rēnū'': 'as this king'
* [[w:Instrumental case|Instrumental]]: ''seōrun rēnerun'': 'using this king'
* [[w:Genitive case|Genitive]]: ''sī rēnis'': 'of this king'
* [[w:Dative case|Dative]]: ''seō rēnī'': 'to/for this king'
* [[w:Ablative case|Ablative]]: ''seā rēni'': 'from/by this king'
* [[w:Locative case|Locative]]: ''sīs rēnīs'': 'at/with the king'
Sometimes the same endings, e.g. ''-ī'' and ''-ēs'', are used for more than one case. Since the function of a word in Aeranir is shown by ending rather than word order, in theory ''requor rēnī'' could mean either 'I return to the king' or 'I return from the king.' In practice, however, such ambiguities are rare.

==== Uses of the cases ====
===== Genitive =====
The use of the genitive case in subordinate clauses has changed throughout the history of Aeranir, and even within the span of time referred to as 'Golden Age Aeranir,' usage was shifting. In Classical and Golden Age Aeranir the genitive could be used with the active voice to mark the subject of the verb, whilst in the middle voice it marked the object. The later is similar to the use of the genitive as a partitive object in [[Classical Talothic|Talothic]]. Some believe this similarity to be the inherited from [[Proto-Maro-Ephenian]], whilst others claim that it is a case of parallel evolution or mutual influence.
:{{interlinear|box=yes
| tzilla artis auhita
| cat-NOM.SG person-GEN.SG see-PFV.PTCP-C.NOM.SG
| 'The cat the person saw'}}

:{{interlinear|box=yes
| ars tzillae auhitūnus
| person-NOM.SG cat-GEN.SG see-PFV.PTCP-T.NOM.SG
| 'The person who saw the cat'}}
The use of genitive objects dwindled in later Golden Age and Late Aeranir, being replaced by the accusative case with the active voice, or the ablative case with the middle voice, as in independent clauses. However, it remained used to mark the subject of dependent clauses, and in Late Aeranir even began to replace the nominative case in independent ones.

===== Ablative =====

* '''Ablative of motion''' implies movement away from or out of an object:
:{{interlinear|box=yes
| furuis pālā
| fall-PFV-T.3SG tree-ABL.SG
| 'They fell from the tree'}}

* '''Agentive ablative''' marks the agent by whom the action of a passive verb in performed:
:{{interlinear|box=yes
| īcēlāre pannun Traetiā cnōtun
| eat-PFV-PASS-E.3SG bread-NOM.SG Traetius-ABL.SG last-E.NOM.SG
| 'The last of the bread was eaten by Traetius'}}

===Declensions===
====Class I====
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+Class I noun
|-
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" |
! colspan="4" | ''{{term|salva}}'' c. book, tome
|-
! colspan="2" | Singular
! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
! word
! ending
! word
! ending
|-
! rowspan="3" | Primary '''''prīstūmus'''''
! scope="row" | Nominative
| ''salva''
| '''''-a'''''
| ''salvar''
| '''''-ar'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Accusative
| ''salvan''
| '''''-an'''''
| ''salvae''
| '''''-ae'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Vocative
| ''salva''
| '''''-a'''''
| ''salvar''
| '''''-ar'''''
|-
! rowspan="3" | Existential '''''soniāmus'''''
! scope="row" | Essive
| ''salvau''
| '''''-au'''''
| ''salvur''
| '''''-ur'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Instrumental
| ''salvārun''
| '''''-ārun'''''
| ''salvōs''
| '''''-ōs'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Genitive
| ''salvae''
| '''''-ae'''''
| ''salvābus''
| '''''-ābus'''''
|-
! rowspan="3" | Directive '''''satūmus'''''
! scope="row" | Dative
| ''salvō''
| '''''-ō'''''
| ''salvāna''
| '''''-āna'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Ablative
| ''salvā''
| '''''-ā'''''
| ''salvās''
| '''''-ās'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Locative
| ''salvīs''
| '''''-īs'''''
| ''salvā''
| '''''-ā'''''
|}

====Class II====
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+Class II temporary/eternal nouns
|-
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" |
! colspan="4" | ''{{term|pernus}}'' t. storm, chaos
! colspan="4" | ''{{term|nātlun}}'' e. shell, carapace
|-
! colspan="2" | Singular
! colspan="2" | Plural
! colspan="2" | Singular
! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
! word
! ending
! word
! ending
! word
! ending
! word
! ending
|-
! rowspan="3" | Primary '''''prīstūmus'''''
! scope="row" | Nominative
| ''pernus''
| '''''-us'''''
| ''pernur''
| '''''-ur'''''
| rowspan="3" | ''nātlun''
| rowspan="3" | '''''-un'''''
| rowspan="3" | ''nātlunt''
| rowspan="3" | '''''-unt'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Accusative
| ''pernun''
| '''''-un'''''
| ''pernī''
| '''''-ī'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Vocative
| ''perne''
| '''''-e'''''
| ''pernur''
| '''''-ur'''''
|-
! rowspan="3" | Existential '''''soniāmus'''''
! scope="row" | Essive
| ''pernū''
| '''''-ū'''''
| ''pernur''
| '''''-ur'''''
| ''nātlū''
| '''''-ū'''''
| ''nātlur''
| '''''-ur'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Instrumental
| ''pernōrun''
| '''''-ōrun'''''
| ''pernōs''
| '''''-ōs'''''
| ''nātlōrun''
| '''''-ōrun'''''
| ''nātlōs''
| '''''-ōs'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Genitive
| ''pernī''
| '''''-ī'''''
| ''pernōvus''
| '''''-ōvus'''''
| ''nātlī''
| '''''-ī'''''
| ''nātlōvus''
| '''''-ōvus'''''
|-
! rowspan="3" | Directive '''''satūmus'''''
! scope="row" | Dative
| ''pernō''
| '''''-ō'''''
| ''pernōna''
| '''''-ōna'''''
| ''nātlō''
| '''''-ō'''''
| ''nātlōna''
| '''''-ōna'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Ablative
| ''pernā''
| '''''-ā'''''
| ''pernōs''
| '''''-ōs'''''
| ''nātlā''
| '''''-ā'''''
| ''nātlōs''
| '''''-ōs'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Locative
| ''pernīs''
| '''''-īs'''''
| ''pernā''
| '''''-ā'''''
| ''nātlīs''
| '''''-īs'''''
| ''nātlā''
| '''''-ā'''''
|}

==Pronouns==
===Personal Pronouns===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Personal pronouns
|-
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" |
! colspan="4" | First person
! colspan="4" | Second person
! colspan="4" | Reflexive
|-
! colspan="2" | singular ''I''
! colspan="2" | plural ''we''
! colspan="2" | singular ''you''
! colspan="2" | plural ''y'all''
! colspan="2" | singular/plural ''himself/herself/ itself/themselves''
|-
! full
! clitic
! full
! clitic
! full
! clitic
! full
! clitic
! full
! clitic
|-
! rowspan="3" | Primary ''prīstūmus''
! Nominative
| rowspan="2" | ''aecū''
| rowspan="7" | ''te''
| rowspan="2" | ''eōs''
| rowspan="7" | ''ī''
| rowspan="2" | ''hanae''
| rowspan="7" | ''ne''
| rowspan="2" | ''rōs''
| rowspan="7" | ''er''
| rowspan="3" | ''cē''
| rowspan="7" | ''ce''
|-
! Vocative
|-
! Accusative
| ''tē''
| ''eon''
| ''nē''
| ''ron''
|-
! rowspan="2" | Existential ''soniāmus''
! Essive
| ''tōs''
| ''eor''
| ''nōs''
| ''rō''
| ''cū''
|-
! Genitive
| ''tī''
| ''īster''
| ''nī''
| ''rester''
| ''cī''
|-
! rowspan="2" | Directive ''satūmus''
! Dative
| ''tihī''
| ''īvīs''
| ''nivī''
| ''urvīs''
| ''civī''
|-
! Ablative
| ''tētē''
| ''eōvōs''
| ''nēnē''
| ''rōvōs''
| ''cēcē''
|}

===Third person pronouns===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Personal pronouns
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
|-
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
|-
! rowspan="3" | Primary ''prīstūmus''
! Nominative
| rowspan="2" | ''us''
| rowspan="2" | ''va''
| rowspan="3" | ''um''
| rowspan="2" | ''ur''
| rowspan="2" | ''var''
| rowspan="3" | ''ūns''
|-
! Vocative
|-
! Accusative
| ''um''
| ''vam''
| ''vī''
| ''vae''
|-
! rowspan="3" | Existential ''soniāmus''
! Essive
| ''ū''
| ''vau''
| ''ū''
| ''ur''
| ''vur''
| ''ur''
|-
! Instrumental
| ''urun''
| ''vārun''
| ''urun''
| ''vēs''
| ''vōs''
| ''vēs''
|-
! Genitive
| ''vis''
| ''vae''
| ''vis''
| ''vus''
| ''vāvus''
| ''vus''
|-
! rowspan="3" | Directive ''satūmus''
! Dative
| ''vī''
| ''vō''
| ''vī''
| ''vina''
| ''vāna''
| ''vina''
|-
! Ablative
| ''vit''
| ''vā''
| ''vit''
| ''vēs''
| ''vās''
| ''vēs''
|-
! Locative
| ''vis''
| ''vīs''
| ''vis''
| ''vā''
| ''vā''
| ''vā''
|}

=== Demonstrative pronouns ===
Demonstratives underwent a great deal of change during the latest stages of Classical Aeranir, and much of the older forms were preserved in Golden Age Aeranir alongside their newer counterparts. The Classical Aeranir distal and medial demonstratives were formed from the third person pronoun ''us, va, un'' plus a suffix. This produced a variety of irregular forms, which were regularised in early Golden Age Aeranir. However, which stem was taken to become the new regular form varied between times, locations, and speakers. Generally, two stems were predominant for each demonstrative; with the medial varying between ''ust-'' and ''unt-'' and the distal between ''ūl-'' and ''ull-''. Eventually, the former of the two became more common, although the latter remained in marginal use, even into the Aeranid languages.
<div style="overflow:auto">
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Old demonstrative pronouns
|-
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="6" | '''''seus, sea, seun''''' this, this one (proximal)
! colspan="6" | '''''ustus, usta, untun''''' that of yours (medial)
! colspan="6" | '''''ūlus, ūla, ūllun''''' that, that one (distal)
|-
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
|-
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Nominative
| ''seus''
| ''sea''
| rowspan="3" | ''seun''
| ''seur''
| ''sear''
| rowspan="3" | ''seunt''
| ''ustus''
| ''usta''
| rowspan="3" | ''untun''
| ''urtur''
| ''urtar''
| rowspan="3" | ''untunt''
| ''ūlus''
| ''ūla''
| rowspan="3" | ''ullun''
| ''ullur''
| ''ullar''
| rowspan="3" | ''ullunt''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Accusative
| ''seun''
| ''sean''
| ''sī''
| ''seae''
| ''untun''
| ''untan''
| ''vītī''
| ''vītae''
| ''ullun''
| ''ullan''
| ''vīlī''
| ''vīlae''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Vocative
| ''sē''
| ''sea''
| ''seur''
| ''sear''
| ''uste''
| ''usta''
| ''urtur''
| ''urtar''
| ''ūle''
| ''ūla''
| ''ullur''
| ''ullar''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Essive
| ''seū''
| ''seau''
| ''seū''
| colspan="3" | ''seur''
| ''ūtū''
| ''ūtau''
| ''ūtū''
| colspan="3" | ''urtur''
| ''ūlū''
| ''ūlau''
| ''ūlū''
| colspan="3" | ''ullur''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Instrumental
| ''seōrun''
| ''seārun''
| ''seōrun''
| colspan="3" | ''seōs''
| ''untōrun''
| ''untārun''
| ''untōrun''
| colspan="3" | ''vēstōs''
| ''ullōrun''
| ''ullārun''
| ''ullōrun''
| colspan="3" | ''vēlōs''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Genitive
| ''sī''
| ''seae''
| ''sī''
| ''seōvus''
| ''seāvus''
| ''seōvus''
| ''vistī''
| ''vistae''
| ''vistī''
| ''vustōvus''
| ''vustāvus''
| ''vustōvus''
| ''vīlī''
| ''vīlae''
| ''vīlī''
| ''vūlōvus''
| ''vūlāvus''
| ''vūlōvus''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Dative
| colspan="3" | ''seō''
| ''seōna''
| ''seāna''
| ''seōna''
| colspan="3" | ''vītō''
| ''vintōna''
| ''vintāna''
| ''vintōna''
| colspan="3" | ''vīlō''
| ''villōna''
| ''villāna''
| ''villōna''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Ablative
| colspan="3" | ''seā''
| ''seōs''
| ''seās''
| ''seōs''
| colspan="3" | ''vistā''
| ''vēstōs''
| ''vēstās''
| ''vēstōs''
| colspan="3" | ''vīlā''
| ''vēlōs''
| ''vēlās''
| ''vēlōs''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Locative
| colspan="3" | ''sīs''
| colspan="3" | ''seā''
| colspan="3" | ''vistīs''
| colspan="3" | ''vātā''
| colspan="3" | ''vīlīs''
| colspan="3" | ''vālā''
|}
</div>
Even after the new regular demonstratives had been widely adopted, the old ones continued to be used for stylistic purposes, and where considered more proper for official writing, speech, and communication.

In Classical Aeranir, demonstratives could stand for a person or thing, but also a place—there was no distinction between 'this' and 'here.' However, in Golden Age Aeranir, another one of the old stems was generalised to create dedicated locative pronouns '''''vistus, vista, vistun''''' 'there (near you),' and '''''vīlus, vīla, vīlun''''' 'there (far away).' By analogy, the proximal locative demonstrative '''''viseus, visea, viseun''''' 'here' was also created. These were used along side the regular demonstratives to express location.

===Possessive pronouns===
Possessive pronouns in Aeranir distinguish between many more different types of possession than ordinary nouns, which use only the genitive to mark possession, ownership, association, etc. Pronouns distinguish both alienable and inalienable possession.

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Possessive pronouns
|-
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | 1st person
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | 2nd person
! colspan="6" | 3rd person
! rowspan="3" | reflexive
|-
! colspan="2" | proximal
! colspan="2" | distal
! colspan="2" | medial
|-
! singular
! plural
! singular
! plural
! singular
! plural
! singular
! plural
! singular
! plural
|- style="text-align:center;"
! inalienable
| ''tī'' ''te''
| ''īster''
| ''nī'' ''ne''
| ''rester''
| ''sī'' ''se''
| ''seōvus''
| ''ūlī''
| ''ūlōvus''
| ''ustī''
| ''ustōvus''
| ''cī'' ''ce''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! alienable
| ''tuius''
| ''eius''
| ''nuius''
| ''ruius''
| colspan="2" | ''seius''
| colspan="2" | ''ūleius''
| colspan="2" | ''usteius''
| ''cuius''
|}

Objects of inalienable possession are marked with the genitive of a personal or demonstrative pronoun. These include body parts, kinship and familiarity terms, personal attributes, emotions, or thoughts. These pronouns generally proceed the possessee, although that is not always the case, especially in poety. Singular pronouns ''tī'', ''nī'', ''cī'', ''sī'', ''ustī'', and ''ūlī'' may be appear as ''tei'', ''nei'', ''cei'', ''sei'', ''usti'', ''ūli'' before words starting with a vowel, and ''te'', ''ne'', ''ce'', ''se'', ''ust'', ''ūl'' before words starting with ''i''.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| se incus
| this-T.GEN.SG head-NOM.SG
|'this one's head'}}

Alienable possession, including essentially all other categories, is marked via possessive adjectives. These adjective may appear either before or after the possessee, but usually come afterwards. Oftentimes, the different use of alienable/inalienable pronouns may hint at a difference in meaning. The word '''''indus''''', for example, may mean 'head,' but also 'capital' or 'leader.' With inalienable pronouns, however, it always means 'head,' versus with alienable pronouns, it means 'capital,' or 'leader' because while a head is inalienable, a capital or leader is not. However, this might not always be the case, depending on the possessor and context.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ēs incus telūhramir tuius
| COP.3SG.T head-NOM.SG mesa-ESS.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>hram-GEN.PL mine-T.NOM.SG
|'My capital is Telhramir'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ēs ūlae (tlānae aerānihae) incus telūrhamir
| COP.3SG.T that_one's-C.GEN.SG (flower-GEN.SG Aeranid-C.GEN.SG) head-NOM.SG mesa-ESS.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>rham-GEN.PL
|'Its (the Aeranid Empire's) capital is Telrhamir'}}

==Adverbs==
Adverbs in Aeranir are used to modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs indicating time, manner, or place.
Most adjectives are formed from nouns or adjectives, although they can be derived from some verbs, especially stative verbs. There are a variety of different formulation strategies, depending on the class of the noun/adjective/verb.
*''formus'' ("warm" 1st-2nd declension adjective) → '''''formē''''' ("warmly")
*''aerās'' ("an Aeran" 3rd declension noun) → '''''aerāne''''' ("like an Aeran")
*''raelis'' ("a child" 3rd declension i-stem noun) → '''''raeliter''''' ("like a child")
*''vȳlēs'' ("three days from now" 4th declension noun) → '''''vȳlē''''' ("every three days")
*''sacus'' ("a pin" 5th declension noun) → '''''saciter''''' ("sharply, like a pin")
One of the most notable uses of the adverbial form is with verbs like ''ficitz'' ("it makes me"), ''fitz'' ("I become"), and ''caitz'' ("I change into"). Adverbs can be used to denote the result of a change of state in such a clause.
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| fīx prīstus pāliōne Boezymiae
| make.PFV-3SG.T first-NOM.SG provincial_governor-ADV Boezymia-GEN.SG
|'The First Senator made them provincial governor of Boezymia'}}
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| sa Īliō qūria tzillē cainnī
| COP-3SG.C Ilius-DAT.SG power-NOM.SG cat-ADV change_form-GER-GEN
|'Ilius has the power to turn into a cat'}}

==Verbs==
===Conjugation===
====Agreement====
[[File:Dga pyramid.png|thumb|250px|right|The ''DGA pyramid'', originally developed by u/Darkgamma, 2018. ''[https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/aarsyy/the_total_cacophony_of_bäladiri_verb_agreement/ The Total Cacophony of Bäladiri Verb Agreement and Argument Assignment]''.]]
Verbs in Aeranir are conjugated to agree with the [[w:Grammatical number|number]], the [[w:Grammatical person|person]], and in the third person singular, the [[w:Grammatical gender|gender]] of the most oblique argument given a word's [[w:Valency (linguistics)|valency]], as defined by the ''DGA pyramid''<ref>https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/aarsyy/the_total_cacophony_of_bäladiri_verb_agreement/</ref>. Here, '''S''' represents the [[w:Subject (grammar)|subject]] of an [[w:Intransitive verb|intransitive verb]], such as 'the person' in 'the person laughed.' '''A''' represents the [[w:Agent (grammar)|agent]] of a [[w:Transitive verb|transitive verb]] (also occasually called the [[w:Subject (grammar)|subject]]), or the person or thing that does the action of the verb, such as 'the child' in 'the child reads the book.' '''D''' marks the donor, a special type of agent, who gives something or does a the action of a verb for the benefit of another, such as ‘the senator’ in ‘the senator gave the cat some milk.’ These are collectively called the '''nominative argument''', and are expressed usually with the [[w:Nominative case|nominative case]], but also occasionally with the [[w:Genitive case|genitive case]] in dependant clauses.

'''P''' represents the [[w:Patient (grammar)|patient]] of a [[w:Transitive verb|transitive verb]], or the person or thing towhich the verb is done, also called the '''direct object''', such as ‘the book’ in ‘the child reads the book.’ '''T''' represents the '''theme''', or the object that is given to someone or something, such as ‘the milk’ in ‘the senator gave the cat some milk.’ These two roles make up the '''accusative argument''', which is marked with the [[w:Accusative case|accusative case]]. Finally, '''R''' represents the '''recipient''', or the person who recieves the theme from the donor, or benefits from the donor's action, with a [[w:Ditransitive verb|ditransitive verb]], also commonly called the '''indirect object''', such as 'the cat' in 'the senator gave the cate some milk.'

Aeranir verbs conjugate their endings to agree with the most oblique argument in a clause. That means the '''subject''' of an '''intransitive verb''' (e.g. '''''clautitz'''''; 'I laugh'), the '''patient''' of a '''transitive verb''' (e.g. '''''auhente'''''; 'I look at you'), or the '''recipient''' of a '''ditransitive verb''' (e.g. '''''tzavī'r salvae'''''; 'you all gave me the books').

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| mollī cōmus
| leak-3SG.E house-NOM.SG
|'The house is leaking'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| requis te coptin nuiun
| return-3SG.C <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG hat-ACC.SG 2SG.POS.PRO-T.ACC.SG
|'I'm giving back your hat'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| imptās ne mu sōlī nomī Sētīlī
| send-POT.3SG.T <nowiki>=</nowiki>2SG <nowiki>=</nowiki>INTERR clothing-ACC.PL new-IPFV.PTCP-T.ACC.SG Setil-DAT.SG
|'Can you send Setil the new clothes?'}}

It should be noted that a verb in the [[w:Active voice|active voice]] must always have the maximum number of arguments according to its inherent transitivity. This means, for example, that one can never say 'John eats.' Because 'to eat' is transitive, there must be a patient, or direct object, e.g. 'John eats food.' However, there are a number of valancy dropping operations available in Aeranir to allow various arguments to be dropped, which are discussed in the section on [[w:Voice (grammar)|voice]].

Additional arguments can be expressed with [[w:Clitic|pronominal clitics]] attached to the end of a verb in independant clauses and to the beginning in dependant ones (e.g.'''''auhente'''''; 'I look at you,' '''''tzāvī'r salvae'''''; 'you all gave me the books'), however these are not considered part of a verbs conjugation, and are optional, especially if the information can be assumed or is known between speakers.

====Number of Conjugations====
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Basic conjugation paradigm
|-
! Aspect →
! colspan="4" | Imperfective
! colspan="4" | Perfective
|-
! Mood → Voice ↓
! Indicative
! Subjunctive
! Desiderative
! Potential
! Indicative
! Subjunctive
! Desiderative
! Potential
|-
! Active
| '''aehatz''' They love me
| '''aehet''' They should love me
| '''aehārit''' They want to love me
| '''aehātatz''' They can love me
| '''aehāvī''' They loved me
| '''aehēvī''' They should have loved me
| '''aehāruī''' They wanted to love me
| '''aehātāvī''' They could have loved me
|-
! Middle
| '''aehor''' I love
| '''aeheō''' I should love
| '''aehārō''' I want to love
| '''aehātor''' I can love
| '''aehāvō''' I loved
| '''aehēvō''' I should have loved
| '''aehāruō''' I wanted to love
| '''aehātāvō''' I could have loved
|-
! Passive
| '''aehālō''' I am loved
| '''aehēlō''' I should be loved
| '''aehārēlō''' I want to be loved
| '''aehātālō''' I can be loved
| '''aehāvēlō''' I was loved
| '''aehēvēlō''' I should have been loved
| '''aehāruēlō''' I wanted to be loved
| '''aehātāvēlō''' I could have been loved
|-
! Causative
| '''aehātitz''' They let me love them
| '''aehātiat''' They should let me love them
| '''aehātīrit''' They want to let me love them
| '''aehāssītatz''' They can let me love them
| '''aehātīvī''' They have let me love them
| '''aehātiāvī''' They should have let me love them
| '''aehātīruī''' They wanted to let me love them
| '''aehāssītāvī''' They could have let me love them
|}

==== Conjugation formation ====

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:100%; overflow:auto;">
<div style="font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;"> Conjugation formation </div>
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | {{gcl|IPFV|}}
! colspan ="2" | A-grade
! colspan="2" | I-grade
! colspan="2" | E-grade
! colspan ="2" | Null-grade
|-
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|ACT|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-iā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ār-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er/īr-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er/īr-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā/ītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā/ītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|MID|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ī-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-iā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ār-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er/īr-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er/īr-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā/ītā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā/ītā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|PAS|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ī-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-iā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ār-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er/īr-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er/īr-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā/ītā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā/ītā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|CAUS|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itī/ītī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itī/ītī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itiā/ītiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itiā/itiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itier/ītier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itier/ītier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-āsītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-issītā/īsītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-issītā/īsītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-issītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | {{gcl|PFV|}}
! colspan ="2" | A-grade
! colspan="2" | I-grade
! colspan="2" | E-grade
! colspan ="2" | Null-grade
|-
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|ACT|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/āv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/īv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/ēv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/ēv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/iāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/eāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-āru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru/īru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru/īru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv/ītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv/ītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|MID|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/āv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/īv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/ēv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/ēv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/iā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/eā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-āru-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru/īru-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru/īru-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv/ītāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv/ītāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|PAS|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/āv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/īv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/ēv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/ēv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/iāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/eā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-āru-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru/īru-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru/īru-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv/ītāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv/ītāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|CAUS|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itīv/ītīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itīv/ītīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itiāv/ītiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itiāv/itiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itieru/ītieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itieru/ītieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-āsītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-issītāv/īsītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-issītāv/īsītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-issītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|}
</div></div>

====Principle Parts====
The verb in Aeranir is primarily made of three parts: '''root''', '''theme''', and '''ending''', with an optional forth category, the '''suffix''', for forming the perfective. The root and theme combine to form the '''stem'''. The root carries the semantic content of the word, and can also be conjugated to carry modal imformation. The theme describes how the stem interacts with the ending, and can also be changed, along with the stem and endings, to express a variety of different grammatical meanings. Endings indicate the voice, aspect, person, number, and gender of the most oblique argument in the DGA scheme.
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Basic verb endings
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="3" |
! colspan="2" | Active
! colspan="2" | Middle
! colspan="2" | Passive
|-
! Imperfective
! Perfective
! Imperfective
! Perfective
! Imperfective
! Perfective
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="5" | Singular
! colspan="2" | 1st Person
| ''-itz/-it''
| ''-ī''
| ''-or/-ō''
| ''-ō''
| ''-ēlō''
| ''-ēlō''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | 2nd Person
| ''-in''
| ''-in''
| ''-istī''
| ''-ist''
| ''-ēlāstī''
| ''-ēlast''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="3" | 3rd Person
! ''temporary'' 
| ''-is''
| ''-is''
| ''-erur''
| rowspan="3" | ''-ere''
| ''-ēlārur''
| rowspan="3" | ''-ēlāre''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! ''cyclical'' 
| ''-a''
| ''-a''
| ''-era''
| ''-ēlāra''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! ''eternal'' 
| ''-ī''
| ''-e''
| ''-erur''
| ''-ēlārur''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="5" | Plural
! colspan="2" | 1st Person
| ''-imus''
| ''-ime''
| ''-imur''
| ''-imur''
| ''-ēlāmur''
| ''-ēlāme''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | 2nd Person
| ''-itis''
| ''-ite''
| ''-itur''
| ''-itur''
| ''-ēlātur''
| ''-ēlāte''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | 3rd Person
| ''-intz/-int''
| ''-int''
| ''-intur''
| ''-intur''
| ''-ēlantur''
| ''-ēlante''
|}
The way in which a verb will conjugate can be determined from how it forms the following five constructions:
#the active idicative imperfective first person singular
#the active imperfective accusative infinitive
#the active perfective participle
#the active desiderative imperfective first person singular
#the active indicative perfective first person singular
These five forms are refered to as a verb's ''reference forms''. They are often shortend to ''first person singular'' ({{Smallcaps|1p.sg}}), ''accusative infinitive'' ({{Smallcaps|acc.inf}}), ''perfective participle'' ({{Smallcaps|pfv.ptcp}}), ''desiderative first person singular'' ({{Smallcaps|des.1p.sg}}), and ''perfective first person singular'' ({{Smallcaps|pfv.1p.sg}}) respectively.

The first two of these reference forms determines a verb's '''base theme vowel''', or what vowel is used in its indicative imperfective forms. There are four main thematic classes; one weak or null class, wherein the ending is applied directly to the stem, and three strong classes, wherein a thematic vowel is inserted between the stem and the ending.
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Consonant stem changes
|-

!
! t-stem
! s-stem
|-
| ''-m-''
| → '''''-mpt-'''''
| rowspan="3" | → '''''-s-*'''''
|-
| ''-n-''
| → '''''-nt-'''''
|-
| ''-ñ-''
| → '''''-ñct-'''''
|-
| ''-p-''
| → '''''-pt-'''''
| → '''''-ps-'''''
|-
| ''-t-''
| rowspan="3" | → '''''-ss-''''' → '''''-s-'''''**
| rowspan="3" | → '''''-ss-''''' → '''''-s-'''''**
|-
| ''-tl-''
|-
| ''-tz-''
|-
| ''-c-''
| rowspan="2" | → '''''-ct-'''''
| rowspan="2" | → '''''-x-'''''
|-
| ''-cu-''
|-
| ''-q-''
| rowspan="2" | → '''''-qt-'''''
| rowspan="2" | → '''''-qs-'''''
|-
| ''-qu-''
|-
| ''-s-''
| → '''''-st-'''''
| → '''''-ss-''''' → '''''-s-'''''**
|-
| ''-r-''
| → '''''-st-''''' → '''''-s-'''''** → '''''-rt-'''''††
| → '''''-ss-''''' → '''''-s-'''''** → '''''-rr-'''''††
|-
| ''-l-''
| → '''''-s-'''''** → '''''-lt-'''''††
| → '''''-s-'''''** → '''''-ll-'''''††
|-
| ''-v-''
| → '''''-ut-'''''‡ → '''''-ct-'''''*†† → '''''-qt-'''''*††
| → '''''-ur-'''''‡ → '''''-x-'''''*†† → '''''-qs-'''''*††
|-
| ''-i-''
| rowspan="2" | → '''''-ct-'''''* → '''''-qt-'''''*††
| rowspan="2" | → '''''-x-'''''* → '''''-qs-'''''*††
|-
| ''-h-''
|-
| ''-V-''
| → '''''-Vt-'''''
| → '''''-Vr-'''''
|}

{| class="wikitable floatleft" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Theme-ending combination
|-
! rowspan="2" | ''Ending''
! colspan="3" | ''Theme''
|-
! ''-ā-''
! ''-ē-''
! ''-ī-''
|-
! ''-itz''
| → ''-atz''
| → ''-etz''
| → ''-itz''
|-
! ''-is''
| → ''-ās''
| → ''-ēs''
| → ''-īs''
|-
! ''-a''
| → ''-a''
| → ''-ea''
| → ''-ia''
|-
! ''-ī''
| → ''-ae''
| → ''-ī''
| → ''-ī''
|-
! ''-imus''
| → ''-āmus''
| → ''-ēmus''
| → ''-īmus''
|-
! ''-or''
| → ''-or''
| → ''-eor''
| → ''-ior''
|-
! ''-ēlō''
| → ''-ālō''
| → ''-ēlō''
| → ''-iēlō''
|}
The second two determine a verb's '''t-stem''' and '''s-stem'''. These stem alterations are used for further conjugation, the t-stem forming the ''active'' and ''middle perfective participles'', the ''causative voice'', and the ''potential mood'', and the s-stem forming the ''desiderative''. The t- and s-forms often are identical, however meaning is useally further differentiated by thematic vowels, so completely identical forms are rare.

The final form determines how a verb with form the perfective aspect. Generally, there are three main strategies for this: the application of suffix '''''-u-''''' directly after the stem (e.g. '''''{{term|oelitz}}''''' ("I work") → '''''oeluī''''' ("I worked")), the appication of the suffix '''''-v-''''' after a theme vowel (e.g. '''''{{term|aehatz}}''''' ("they love me") → '''''aehāvī''''' ("they loved me")), or no suffix, with lengthening of the root vowel (e.g. '''''{{term|lecitz}}''''' ("I choose") → '''''lēcī''''' ("I chose")). It should be noted that the perfective is always followed by weak endings.

Occassionally, a thematic vowel, weak or strong, may be inserted before the t- or s-stem. This is most common in verbs with a base thematic ''-ā-'', which often functions as a part of the stem (e.g. '''''aehatz''''' → '''''aehātus''''' ("that loved") '''''aehārit''''' ("they want to love me") vs. '''''{{term|mavatz}}''''' ("I wander") → '''''mautus''''' ("that wandered") '''''maurit''''' ("I want to wander)). This may occur with other theme classes, although it should be noted that ''-ē-'' is never used, and is always replaced with ''-ī-''.

===Aspect===
Aeranir verbs have two basic [[w:Grammatical aspect|aspects]], which express how the verb extends over time. Aspect differs from [[w:Grammatical tense|tense]] in that it deals with the completion or continuity of an action or state, rather than the absolute timeframe inwhich it took place. Each aspect may be in any [[w:Grammatical voice|voice]] and/or [[w:Grammatical mood|mood]]. Aspect is expressed primarily through endings, and secondarily through the suffix, as discussed above.
====Imperfective====
The [[w:Imperfective aspect|imperfective aspect]] describes a situation viewed with interior composition. It describes ongoing, habitual, or repeated situations, rather or not they occured in the past, present, or future. The imperfective aspect is considered the most basic, unmarked aspect of a verb. The stem is uninflected, and endings are attached directly to the verb's basic theme vowel.

====Pefective====
The [[w:Perfective aspect|perfective aspect]] in Aeranir describes situations viewed with exterior composition, which is to say actions which are completed and viewed as a unified whole, whether thet take place in the past present, or future, although this construction is very rarely used in for the future.

There are a variety of different strategies to form the perfective. Many of them involve the ''suffix'', which takes the form of ''-v-'' between vowels and ''-u-'' after consonants. All of them take the perfective endings.
:*Attachment of the suffix directly to the stem.
:::'''''{{term|mentitz}}''''' ("they are healing me") → '''''mentuī''''' ("they healed me")
:::'''''{{term|saepitz}}''''' ("they are cutting me") → '''''saepuī''''' ("they cut me")
:*Attachment of the suffix after base thematic vowel.
:::'''''{{term|sircuitz}}''''' ("they are speaking me") → '''''sircīvī''''' ("they spoke me")
:::'''''{{term|auhetz}}''''' ("they are looking at me") → '''''auhēvī''''' ("they looked at me")
:*No suffix; perfective endings attached directly to the stem, with root vowel lengthening.
:::'''''{{term|iuvatz}}''''' ("they are writing me") → '''''iūvī''''' ("they wrote me")
:::'''''{{term|vehitz}}''''' ("they are carrying me") → '''''vēhī''''' ("they carried me")

===Mood===
====Indicative====
The [[w:Indicative mood|indicative mood]] is the baseline grammatical mood in Aeranir. It is used in declarative statements, to express statements or facts, of what the speaker considers true or known. It is the least marked mood of a verb, taking endings directly to the base theme vowel, stem, or suffix.

====Subjunctive====
The [[w:Subjunctive mood|subjunctive mood]] ({{Smallcaps|subj}}) has numerous, but genreally speaking is used to express such nuances as 'would,' 'should,' or 'may.' It can be used to refer to information that the speaker is unsure about, such as hearsay, or for theoretical or hypotherical situations. It is often found in subordinate clauses, annd may be used for conditional statements (e.g. if..., when...).
{| class="wikitable floatleft" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Subjuntive theme changes
|-
! colspan="2" | Type
! Change
! Example
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Weak Verbs
| ''-ø-'' → '''''-ē-'''''
| ''meñitz'' → '''''meñet'''''
|-
| ''-ē-'' → '''''-ā-'''''
| ''meñēlō'' → '''''meñālō'''''
|-
! rowspan="4" | Strong Verbs
! a-stem 
| ''-ā-'' → '''''-ē-'''''
| ''aehatz'' → '''''aehet''''' ''aehālō'' → '''''aehēlō'''''
|-
! rowspan="2" | i-stem 
| ''-ī-'' → '''''-iā-'''''
| ''sēpitz'' → '''''sēpiat'''''
|-
| ''-iē-'' → '''''-iā-'''''
| ''sēpiēlō'' → '''''sēpiālō'''''
|-
! e-stem 
| ''-ē-'' → '''''-eā-'''''
| ''cōretz'' → '''''cōreat''''' ''cōrēlō'' → '''''cōreālō'''''
|}
=====Forming the subjunctive=====
The subjunctive is formed by shifting a verb's base theme vowel, as described by the table to the left. This shift happens after the stem, but may be either before or after the suffix, depending on whether or not there is a theme vowel before the suffix in the indicative. So the perfective of '''''aehēs''''' ("they should love it") is '''''aehēvis''''' (from indicative '''''aehāvis''''') but '''''sēpiās''''' ("they should cut it") is '''''sēpuēs''''' (from indicative '''''sēpuis'''''), not **''aehāvēs'' or **''sēpēvis''. Although these forms are occasionally found in non-standard writing, they are considered incorrect my grammaticians.

The imperfective subjunctive uses the 1st person sungular ''-it'' instead of ''-itz'', and ''-ō'' instead of ''-or'': '''''{{term|pacitz}}''''', '''''pacior''''' ("they take me, I take") become '''''paciat''''', '''''paciō''''' ("they should take me, I should take").

The 1st person subjunctive perfective in verbs that have no theme vowel before the suffix and does not extend the root vowel is identical to the indicative, and the mood must be inferred through conext: '''''saepuī''''' may be either "they cut me" or "They should cut me." The 3rd person active cyclical singulars in verbs with base theme vowels ''-ī-'' and ''-ē-'' are also identical, e.g. both '''''pacia''''' ("they take it/they should take it"), '''''auhea''''' ("they see it/they should see it").

=====Uses of the subjunctive=====
The subjunctive has numerous uses, ranging from what potentially might be true to what the speaker wishes or commands should happen. It is often translated with 'should', 'could', 'would', 'may' and so on, but in certain contexts it is translated as if it were an ordinary indicative verb.

One use of the subjunctive is the '''speculative subjunction''', used when the speaker imagines what potentially may, might, would, or could happen in the present or future or might have happened in the past. Negation for this type uses '''''{{term|mū}}'''''.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| auheārur seun oeliun stērē
| see-MID.SUBJ.3SG.E this-E.NOM.SG job-NOM.SG hard-ADV
|'This job ''seems'' difficult'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| moeiea Osculan tzānū salva
| please-SUBJ.3SG.C Little.Oscus-ACC.SG gift-ESS.SG book-NOM.SG
|'Little Oscus ''may'' like a book as a gift'}}

The subjunctive may also be used as the '''optative subjunctive''', expressing what the speaker wishes may happen, or wishes had happened. These expresses a weaker or more generalised desire, as opposed to the desiderative mood. Negation for this type uses '''''{{term|mū}}'''''.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ciāvis mū seus incerī pernus
| come-PFV.SUBJ.3SG.T NEG this-T.NOM.SG capital-DAT.SG storm-NOM.SG
|<nowiki>'</nowiki>''If only'' this storm hadn't come to the capital!'}}

The '''jussive subjunctive''' can be used for commands or suggestions for what should happen. It is less direct and far more common than the '''imperative'''. Negation for this type uses '''''{{term|mīm}}'''''.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ven hānō ē vecō veniennō
| go-SUBJ.2SG temple-DAT.SG against curse-DAT.SG win-GER-DAT
|<nowiki>'</nowiki>You ''should'' go to the temple to prevail against the curse'}}

Perhaps the most common use of the subjunctive is the '''conditional subjunctive'''. When the subjunctive is used in a subordinate clause (with the verb moving to the final position), it may carry the meaning 'if, when, should, etc..' This can be used both in finite verb forms, and with participles, the former being more popular in Old inscriptions and the later in Classical ones. Negation for this type uses '''''{{term|mīm}}'''''.

====Desiderative====
The desiderative is used primarily to express wants or desires. While the subjunctive may be used for this as well (see ''optative subjunctive''), the desiderative is considered less abstract or wishful, signalling concrete and actionable wants. It is formed from the s-stem of a verb, with no theme vowel between it and the ending, and using the secondary first person singular and third person plural markers (e.g. ''-it'' and ''-end'' vs. primary ''-itz'' and ''-entz''). Verbs generally follow three patterns to form the s-stem;

:*''-s-'' is appended to the root, causing no other alteration to the root.
::: '''''{{term|requitz}}''''' ("they return me") → '''''reqsit''''' ("they want to return me")
:::'''''{{term|saepitz}}''''' ("they are cutting me") → '''''saepsit''''' ("they want to cut me")
:*''-s-'' is appended after a theme vowel, causing ''-s-'' to become ''-r-''.
:::'''''{{term|sircuitz}}''''' ("they are speaking me") → '''''sircuerit''''' ("they want to speak me")
:::'''''{{term|auhetz}}''''' ("they are looking at me") → '''''auherit''''' ("they want to look at me")
:*''-s-'' is appended to the root, causing some alteration to the root, and perhaps the ''-s-'' augment as well.
:::'''''{{term|iuvatz}}''''' ("they are writing me") → '''''iūrit''''' ("they want to write me")
:::'''''{{term|mentitz}}''''' ("they are healing me") → '''''mēnsit''''' ("they want to heal me")

====Potential====
The '''potential mood''' indicates that, in the opinion of the speaker, one has the ability or capability to do something. It should not be confused with the [[w:Subjunctive mood|subjunctive mood]], which may be used to express that something is likely or possible to occur. The potential always deals with ability. It may be formed from the ''t-stem'' of a verb, plus the thematic vowel ''-a-'' (as opposed to the [[w:Causative|causative voice]], which is formed with the ''t-stem'' plus the thematic vowel ''-i-''). Like the desiderative, there are three main paradigms by which the ''t-stem'' of a verb is formed;

:*''-t-'' is appended to the root, causing no other alteration to the root.
::: '''''{{term|requitz}}''''' ("they return me") → '''''reqtatz''''' ("they can return me")
:::'''''{{term|saepitz}}''''' ("they are cutting me") → '''''saebtatz''''' ("they can cut me")
:*''-t-'' is appended after a theme vowel.
:::'''''{{term|sircuitz}}''''' ("they are speaking me") → '''''sircuitatz''''' ("they can speak me")
:::'''''{{term|auhetz}}''''' ("they are looking at me") → '''''auhitatz''''' ("they can look at me")
:*''-t-'' is appended to the root, causing some alteration to the root, and perhaps the ''-t-'' augment as well.
:::'''''{{term|iuvatz}}''''' ("they are writing me") → '''''iūtatz''''' ("they can write me")
:::'''''{{term|mentitz}}''''' ("they are healing me") → '''''mēnsatz''''' ("they can heal me")

It should be noted that in the causative voice of the potential mood, the first ''-t-'' augment often dissimilates to ''-s/ss-'';

*'''''auhititz''''' ("they let me look at it") → ''**auhitītatz'' → '''''auhissītatz''''' ("they can let me look at it")
*'''''reqtitz''''' ("they let me return it") → ''**reqtītatz'' → '''''reqsītatz''''' ("they can let me return it")

===Voice===
====Active====
====Middle====
The '''middle voice''' (also called the [[w:Mediopassive voice|mediopassive voice]]) is in the middle between the active and the passive voices, as the subject often cannot be categorised as either agent or patient but may have elements of both. The middle voice is usually inherently intransitive, and transitive or ditransitive verbs conjugated into the middle voice usually become intransitive themselves. It is formed by attaching the '''middle verb endings''' to the root of a verb.

The meaning of a verb in the middle voice often depends on the context of the sentence and the lexical properties of the word itself. In its most basic sense, it may be used simply as a valancy decreasing operation. As transitive verbs require an object in the active voice (because transitive verbs must agree with the object), the middle voice may be used merely to omit an object, to highlight the subject or some other part of the sentence, or to simply make a blanket statement.

* '''''aehatz''''' 'they love me' (''active'') → '''''aehor''''' 'I love' (''middle'')
* '''''lecis''''' 'theyi choose themj' (''active'') → '''''lecerur''''' 'theyj choose' (''middle'')

[[w:Animacy|Animacy]] can play a major role in the meaning of a verb in the middle voice. Verbs with more animate subjects, such as people, animals, gods, etc., may be interpreted as more towards an active meaning, whilst less animate subjects, like inanimate objects or possessions, may be interpreted as more passive in meaning.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| auhērur seus ars
| see-MID.3SG.T this-T.NOM.SG wumbo-NOM.SG
|'That wumbo sees'
|c1 = (''more animate'')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| auhēra sea salva
|see-MID.3SG.C this-C.NOM.SG book-NOM.SG
|'That book is seen'
|c1 = (''less animate'')}}

Sometimes, it may have a '''reflexive''' meaning, or the sense of doing something for ones own benefit.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| vascit vominis
|wash-ACT.1SG river-LOC.SG
|'They wash me in a river'
|c1 = (''active voice'')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| vascor vominis
|wash-MID.1SG river-LOC.SG
|'I washed (myself) in a river'
|c1 = (''middle voice'')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| hastās Oscus aprun
|sacrifice-ACT.3SG.T Oscus-NOM.SG fish-ACC.SG
|'Oscus sacrificed a fish'
|c1 = (''active voice'')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| hastārur Oscus aprōrun
|sacrifice-MID.3SG.T Oscus-NOM.SG fish-INSTR.SG
|'Oscus sacrificed a fish (for their benefit)'
|c1 = (''middle voice'')}}

Another important use of the middle voice is the '''experiential middle voice'''. When used with sensory verbs the middle voice may be used to differentiate experiential, nonvolitional sensation (''see, hear, smell, feel, know, etc.''), as opposed to active, volitional sensation (''look, listen, sniff, touch, understand, etc.'') Often times, the object of the sensory verb will be expressed using an oblique case, usually the ablative.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ȳrēs te ponun carīnī hellē
|hear/listen-ACT.3SG.T <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG.NOM voice-ACC.SG friend-GEN.SG happily
|'I like to listen to (my) friend's voice'
|c1 = (''active voice'')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ȳreor ponā carīnī hellē
|hear/listen-MID.1SG voice-ABL.SG friend-GEN.SG happily
|'I like to hear (my) friend's voice'
|c1 = (''middle voice'')}}

The middle voice may also be used with a variety of verbal compliments—usually adverbs—which describe the quality of the subject, or the result of the action. Often times such constructions may be expressed in English as ''adjective to verb'', e.g. 'easy to love'.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| qurrera salva hēs collēcta aplīdiāna iūs
| read-MID.3SG.C book-NOM.SG matters-NOM.SG gather-PFV.PTCP-C.NOM.SG of_Avrid-C.NOM.SG well
|'The book "Collected Matters of Avrid" is a good read' (lit. '~reads well')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| taetuere tīn īvīs lȳrīs saltīs ni fictun satun iūs
| drink-PFV.MID.3SG.E tea-NOM.SG 1PL.PRO-DAT time-LOC.SG pass-PFV.PTCP-T.LOC.SG 2SG<nowiki>=</nowiki> make-PFV.PTCP-E.NOM.SG pour-PFV.PTCP-E.NOM.SG well
|'The tea you made us last time was delicious' (lit. '~drank well')}}

====Passive====
The '''[[w:Passive voice|passive voice]]''' in Aeranir shares many traits with the middle voice, and often times the distinction between the two can be subtle, nuanced, or obscure. The passive was rare in Old Aeranir and even in the Classical period remained unusual, with the middle voice still preferred for passive clauses. It only began to rise in popularity in Late Aeranir. In its most basic form, the grammatical subject ([[w: Nominative case|nominative]] argument) expresses the theme or [[w:Grammatical patient|patient]] of the main verb – that is, the person or thing that undergoes the action or has its state changed. This is opposed to the [[w:Active voice|active voice]], where the nominative argument expresses the agent of a transitive clause or subject of an intransitive one, and the [[w:Voice (grammar)#Middle|middle voice]], which has traits of both.

=====Uses of the passive=====
Unlike the middle voice, the passive is not used for verbal complements, and it cannot take the agent of a verb as its subject. It is never used in verbal complements.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| taeterur seun tīn iūs
|drink-MID.3SG.E this-E.NOM.SG tea-NOM.SG well
|'This tea tastes good' (lit. 'it drinks well')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| taetēlārur seun tīn iūs
|drink-PAS.3SG.E this-E.NOM.SG tea-NOM.SG well
|'This tea is drunk often'}}

While the agent may be dropped in a passive clause, it may also be included, using the [[w:Ablative case|ablative case]].

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| praestrōcuēlāre ūlun Cavā Īliānā hānun
|rebuild-PFV.PAS.3SG.E yonder-E.NOM.SG Cava-ABL.SG Ilianus-C.ABL.SG temple-NOM.SG
|'This temple was rebuilt by Cava Iliana'}}

The passive can also be especially with intransitive verbs to form denote an '''unspecified/generic subject'''. This structure may is used to make general statements or observations. Negation for this type uses '''''{{term|mū}}'''''.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| miquientur
|die-MID.3PL.T
|'They are dead/dying.'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| miquiēlantur
|die-PAS.3PL.T
|'There are people dead/dying'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| mūhera (sea) artina inceris alta
|not.enough-MID.3SG.C (this-C.NOM.SG) wumbo-DAT.PL capital-GEN.SG water-NOM.SG
|'This is not enough water for the people of the capital'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| mūhēlāra artina inceris alta
|not.enough-PAS.3SG.C wumbo-DAT.PL capital-GEN.SG water-NOM.SG
|'There is not enough water for the people of the capital'}}

Similarly, the passive can be used to form the ''aversive passive'', denoting an undesirable event or outcome. The affecting action may happen directly to the subject, or to another person or thing.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| cōmerī requintus furuēlō sopere
|home-DAT return-IPFV.PTCP-T.NOM.SG fall-PFV.PAS.1SG snow-ABL.SG
|'Walking home I got snowed on'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| miquīvēlast apiesterā
| die-PFV-PAS.2SG master-ABL.SG
|'Your master has died on you' (i.e., died and it negatively affects you)}}

In some uses of the aversive passive, the subject of the sentence may be difficult to ascertain. For example, the sentence '''''furuī pālā''''' 'I fell from the tree' can be expressed in using the aversive passive, because the action is undesirable. However, the straight aversive passive, '''''furuēlō pālā''''', is ambiguous; it could mean either 'I fell from the tree' (using the ''ablative of motion'') or 'The tree fell on me' (using the ''agentive ablative'').

In the first interpretation, the first person argument is the semantic subject of the clause, whilst in the second it is the tree. In order to emphasise that the semantic subject and syntactic arguments are the same (i.e. it is ''I'' who fell from the tree), the reflexive pronoun ''cē'' may be used; e.g. ''furuī pālā'' ('I fell from the tree') → '''''furuēlō cē pālā''''' ('I fell from the tree, and it negatively affected me' ''lit.'' 'I fell myself from the tree').

====Causative====
===Non-finite forms===
====The infinitive====
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Aeranir infinitives
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" | Imperfective
! colspan="3" | Perfective
|-
! accusative
! oblique
! meaning
! accusative
! oblique
! meaning
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Active
| '''''aehāhā''''' ''-hā''
| '''''aehāri''''' ''-ri''
| ''to love (someone)''
| '''''aehāhī''''' ''-hī''
| '''''aehārī''''' ''-rī''
| ''to have loved (someone)''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Middle
| '''''aehāssi''''' ''-ssi''
| '''''aehāiēs''''' ''-iēs''
| ''to love''
| '''''aehāssī''''' ''-ssī''
| '''''aehāiērī''''' ''-iērī''
| ''to have loved''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Passive
| '''''aehātus sinhā''''' ''{{Smallcaps|PFV.PTCP}} + sinhā''
| '''''aehātus fiēs''''' ''{{Smallcaps|PFV.PTCP}} + fiēs''
| ''to be loved''
| '''''aehātus fūhī''''' ''{{Smallcaps|PFV.PTCP}} + fūhī''
| '''''aehātus fiērī''''' ''{{Smallcaps|PFV.PTCP}} + fiērī''
| ''to have been loved''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Causative
| '''''aehātīhā''''' ''-tīhā''
| '''''aehātīri''''' ''-tīri''
| ''to make (someone) love (someone)''
| '''''aehātīhī''''' ''-tīhī''
| '''''aehātīrī''''' ''-tīrī''
| ''to have made (someone) love (someone)''
|}
The infinitive in Aeranir is a special verbal form used to form complement clauses.
=====Uses of the infinitive=====
The infinitive in Aeranir can be used to report indirect speech, hearsay, speculation, or sensation.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| pēra tihī incerī ni cīhī
| pass-PFV.3SG.C 1SG.PRO-DAT capital-DAT.SG 2SG<nowiki>=</nowiki> come-PFV.INF
|'They told me that you'd come to the capital'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ȳrēva te Mussā Limī carīnōvus quo neme cōmus strōcēhā
| hear-PFV.3SG.C <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG Mussa-ABL.SG Limius-GEN.SG friend-GEN.PL <nowiki>=</nowiki>and newly home-ACC.SG build-INF
|'I heard from Mussa that Limius and their friends are building a new house'}}

==== The gerund ====
The gerund in Aeranir is a infinite verb form which displays characteristics of both a noun and a verb. It declines for a limited scope of cases (although not for gender nor number), but can take object and adjunct arguments like a verb. It usually has an adverbial/adjectival meaning, and never agrees with the main verb.
===== Forming the gerund =====
* Null-grade verbs: {{gcl|ROOT|root}}''-innū''; e.g. ''taetihan'' ('to drink') → '''''taetinnū''''' ('whilst drinking').
* A-grade verbs: {{gcl|ROOT|root}}''-annū''; e.g. ''iuvāhan'' ('to write') → '''''iuvannū''''' ('whilst writing').
* I-grade verbs: {{gcl|ROOT|root}}''-iennū''; e.g. ''cītīhan'' ('to cut') → '''''cītiennū''''' ('whilst cutting').
* E-grade verbs: {{gcl|ROOT|root}}''-ennū''; e.g. ''aquēhan'' ('to be open') → '''''aquennū''''' ('whilst open').

===== Uses of the gerund =====
The meaning of the gerund changes depending on its case. The essive and locative can be used to indicate temporal action in relation to the main action of a sentence. The essive indicates simultaneous action, i.e. two actions that cooccur. This may be relayed in English via the conjunction 'whilst.'

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| murran travannū pērintur pāliō mater
| wall-ACC.SG walk-GER.ESS converse.PFV-MID.3PL governor-NOM.SG senator-NOM.SG
|'Whilst they walked along the wall, the governor and senator conversed'}}

This overlaps with certain uses of the imperfective participle (see [[Aeranir#Uses of the participle|§ uses of the participle]]), e.g. ''murran travantur pērintur pāliō mater'' is synonymous with the above example. In contrast, the locative gerund is used to show actions beginning at the same time. This may be relayed with English 'when' or 'as.'

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| pāsillan cītiennīs auhēva sartī tūī cōrēssī
| fireword-ACC.SG cut-GER.LOC see-PFV-C.3SG knife-GEN.SG mine-T.GEN.SG break-PFV.MID.ACC.INF
|'As I (began to) cut the firewood, I saw that my knife was broken'}}

This differs from usage of the perfective participle, which signals the main action starting at the end of the dependant one, i.e. ''pāsillan cīsus auhēva sartī tūī cōrēssī'' 'having cut the firewood I saw that my knife was broken.'

In addition, the essive gerund may be used with the verb ''rēhan'' ('to do') in order to express an attempt, goal, or aim. In the perfective aspect, this is usually interpreted as a failed attempt.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| rēvō salvan ā vitlās Īliānōvus iuvannū
| do-PFV-MID.1SG book-ACC.SG over life-ABL.PL Ilian-GEN.PL write-GER.ESS
|'I tried (but failed) to write a book about the lives of the Ilians.'}}

The genitive and dative cases of the gerund are used to express aim, goal, or purpose. The genitive gerund marks the purpose or use of a noun, whilst the dative gerund marks the purpose of a verb or action.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| pea cūran vecunt inceris moñennī
| grow-C.3SG herb-ACC.SG illness-ACC.PL head-GEN.SG heal-GER.GEN
|'They grow an herb for healing illnesses of the head'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| serue te Caescārin mumae ūī sihinnō pāliōna
| order-PFV.E.3SG <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG Caescar-ACC.SG mother-ACC.PL their-T.ACC.PL sate-GER.DAT post-DAT.PL
|'I ordered Caescar to the boarder to appease their parents'}}

Furthermore, the dative gerund may be used with the middle voice of the verb ''rēhan'' ('to do') in a similar way to the essive, however in this case denoting intent, plans, will, or conjecture.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| reor cartō cur Mussiō vannō
| do-MID.1SG dance-DAT.SG with Mussius-DAT.SG go-GER-DAT
|'I intend to go to the dance with Mussius'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| reāvere seō scericca ciennō
| do-MID.SUBJ.PFV-3SG this-DAT.SG undertaker-NOM.SG come-GER-DAT
|'The undertaker should have come here (they planned to do so)'}}

The ablative and instrumental cases of the gerund can be used to express cause, i.e. 'by doing x,' or 'because x.' The ablative generally marks unintentional or natural causes, whilst the instrumental marks intentional cause.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| tlānae ustae quo peannā rēve cōmus pūterē
| flower-ACC.PL that(medial)-C.ACC.PL <nowiki>=</nowiki>and plant-GER-ABL do-PFV-E.3SG house-ACC.SG beautiful-ADV
|'By planting all these flowers you've made the house beautiful'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ustam prī tētē harēnam matrī iminnōrun restērāvist pāliōnū gaeticae
| that(medial)-C.ACC.SG before 1SG-ABL paper-ACC.SG senator-DAT.SG send-GER-INSTR assure-PFV-MID.2SG governor-ESS.SG Gaetica-GEN.SG
|'By sending the senator that letter before me, you've assured your place as governor of Gaetica'}}

==Semantics==
=== Temporal expressions ===

The ancient Aerans divided the day from noon to noon into one hundred '''''lammar''''' (sg. ''lamma'') of equal length, roughly 14.4 minutes long. The daytime was divided into sixteen '''''lȳrar''''' (sg. ''lȳra''), and night into four or five '''''volar''''' (sg. ''vola'') depending on the season. Time was kept on a device called a '''''lammāriun''''', a type of clock. Early ''lammāriunt'' only measured ''lammar'', and one had to consult an almanac ('''''lȳrāriun''''') to determine the length and starting time of each ''lȳra'' or ''vola'' on a given day.

The verb '''''spurhan''''' ('to hang (trans.)') is used to denote spending or taking time;

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| spurra sau īma lamma āmātiō vannō
| hang-MID.C.3SG only one-C.NOM.SG lamma-NOM.SG market-DAT.SG go-GER-DAT
| 'It only takes one ''lamma'' to get to the market'}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| qurrintus spūrint te volae mōrī
| read-PTCP-T.NOM.SG hang.PFV-3PL <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG vola-ACC.PL three-C.ACC.PL
| 'I spent three ''volar'' reading'}}

To denote the amount of time spent on an action, without regard for whether or not the activity was completed or reached its end goal (i.e. atelic action) the essive case is used. To signify the amount of time spent or necessary to spend to complete an activity (i.e. telic action) the instrumental case is used.

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| iūvint te harēnae īmau lȳrau
| write.PFV-3PL <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG letter-ACC.SG one-C.ESS.SG lyra-ESS.SG
| 'I wrote letters for an hour'}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| iūva te harēna īmārun lȳrārun
| write.PFV-C.3SG <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG letter-ACC.SG one-C.INSTR.SG lyra-INSTR.SG
| 'I wrote the letter in an hour'}}

=== Possession ===

There are a number of different strategies in Aeranir to signify possession. Aeranir lacks a [[w:Possession_(linguistics)#Possession_verbs|possession verb]] analogous to English 'to have,' and instead usually signifies possession through different types of [[w:Existential_clause|existential clauses]]. For example, the sentence 'I have a friend' can be expressed by the sentence '''''ēs carīnus tihī''''', which literally means 'there is a friend to me.'

The case of the possessor changes depending its relationship with the possessed:

* '''Locative case''': used for personal possessions that are currently on the person;

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| ēs iarius taurātīs
| COP-T.3SG spear-NOM.SG soldier-LOC.SG
|'The soldier has a spear (on them)'
|c2 = ''lit. 'at the soldier is a spear<nowiki>'</nowiki>''}}

* '''Dative case''': used for personal possessions that are not currently on the person, or for affiliation with persons or people;

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| sintz iariur vulhur taurātiō
| COP-T.3PL spear-NOM.PL many-T.NOM.PL soldier-DAT.SG
|'The soldier has many spears (at home)'
|c2 = ''lit. 'to the soldier are many spears<nowiki>'</nowiki>''}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| sintz menterur tihī octzuin
| COP-T.3PL sibling-NOM.PL 1SG-DAT six
|'I have six siblings'
|c2 = ''lit. 'to me are six siblings<nowiki>'</nowiki>''}}

* '''Ablative case''': used for parts of a whole, or body parts;

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| sī incus iūrun nēnē
| COP-E.3SG head-NOM.SG good-E.NOM.SG 1SG-ABL
|'You have a good head (i.e. are smart)'
|c2 = ''lit. 'from you is a good head<nowiki>'</nowiki>''}}

For metaphorical possession or possession of abstract concepts, such as leadership, power, knowledge, etc., any of these three may be used, for different rhetorical purposes. For example, using the locative implies an immediacy to the possession; that it is in hand, ready to be used. Using the dative implies that the possession is not immediate, but rather something that can be drawn upon, perhaps too vast to 'carry' on one person. This can be more humble or polite than the locative. Using the locative implies that the trait is a fundamental, inalienable, and inherent part of the possessor, rather than something gained or worked for.

=== Conditionals ===

Aeranir has a number of ways of expressing [[w:Conditional sentence|conditional sentences]], depending on the type of condition, as well as the register of speech. Colloquial or spontaneous speech tends to favour the use of finite dependant clauses for the '''''protasis''''' (conditional clause, as opposed to the '''''apodosis''''', or consequence), where as practiced or refined speech, or writing, tend to favour non-finite dependant clauses (this represents a general trend in writing to 'nominalise' all but the most central verb in a sentence, and sometimes the central verb too is made non-finite).

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| sopis furea requeō cōmerī
| snow-NOM.SG fall-SUBJ.C.3SG return-MID.SUBJ.1SG home-DAT.SG
|'If it snows I'm going home'
|c1 = ''(more informal)''}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| soperis furentīs requeō cōmerī
| snow-GEN.SG fall-SUBJ.PTCP-T.LOC.SG return-MID.SUBJ.1SG home-DAT.SG
|'If it snows I'm going home'
|c1 = ''(more formal)''}}

When a non-finite clause is used for a conditional, the verb of the ''protasis'' usually appears in the locative case (an expression of ''time-is-space'' metaphor), unless the two clauses share an argument (e.g. subject, object, etc.) in which case the ''protasis'' takes the same case marking as the shared argument.

Conditional sentences in Aeranir are formed purely through juxtaposition—that is, the placing of two clauses side by side, the verb of the ''protasis'' moved to clause-final position or put into a non-finite form to mark it as dependant. No conjunctive particles like 'if' or 'when' are required. The ''protasis'' takes the subjunctive mood, whilst the mood of the ''apodosis'' indicates the certainty of the conclusion. Aspect, meanwhile, can be used to indicate the certainty of the condition. This distinction may be approximated in English by 'if' versus 'when'

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+ Mood and aspect of conditional sentences
|-
!
! ''Protasis'' certain
! ''Protasis'' uncertain
|-
! ''Apodosis'' certain
| if [''perfective aspect''] then [''indicative mood''] e.g. ''intlae furītīs mollintz tahrer''—'when it rains, the shingles will leak'
| if [''imperfective aspect''] then [''indicative mood''] e.g. ''intlae furentīs mollintz tahrer''—'if it rains, the shingles will leak'
|-
! ''Apodosis'' uncertain
| if [''perfective aspect''] then [''subjunctive mood''] e.g. ''intlae furītīs mollent tahrer''—'when it rains, the shingles might leak'
| if [''imperfective aspect''] then [''subjunctive mood''] e.g. ''intlae furentīs mollent tahrer''—'if it rains, the shingles might leak'
|}

== Numbers ==
<div style="overflow:auto">
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Aeranir numbers 1-400
|-
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
|-
! 1
| ''īmus''
| ''prīstus''
| ''temper''
! 11
| ''īnhīntur''
| ''īnhīnsus''
| ''īnhīntin''
! 21
| ''calhier īmus''
| ''calhitus prīstus''
| ''calhin temper''
! 120
| ''octzāculhier''
| ''octzāculhitus''
| ''octzāculhin''
|-
! 2
| ''sēr''
| ''metzumnus''
| ''vēriēs''
! 12
| ''verhīntur''
| ''verhīnsus''
| ''verhīntin''
! 22
| ''calhier sēr''
| ''calhitus metzumnus''
| ''calhin vēriēs''
! 140
| ''nāculhier''
| ''nāculhitus''
| ''nāculhin''
|-
! 3
| ''morier''
| ''moritus''
| ''moriēs''
! 13
| ''prōhīntur''
| ''prōhīnsus''
| ''prōhīntin''
! 30
| ''calhier qehentzier''
| ''calhitus qehēnsus''
| ''calhin qehen''
! 160
| ''nāquenculhier''
| ''nāquenculhitus''
| ''nāquenculhin''
|-
! 4
| ''quatlur''
| ''quallus''
| ''quatziēs''
! 14
| ''quatlāhīntur''
| ''quatlāhīnsus''
| ''quatlāhīntin''
! 40
| ''verculhier''
| ''verculhitus''
| ''verculhin''
! 180
| ''nātlicculhier''
| ''nātlicculhitus''
| ''nātlicculhin''
|-
! 5
| ''quiquier''
| ''quiqtus''
| ''quiquin''
! 15
| ''quihīntur''
| ''quihīnsus''
| ''quihīntin''
! 50
| ''verculhier qehentzier''
| ''verculhitus qehēnsus''
| ''verculhin qehen''
! 200
| ''tammīttler''
| ''tammīttus''
| ''tammīttziēs''
|-
! 6
| ''octzuer''
| ''octzūmus''
| ''octzuin''
! 16
| ''octzāhīntur''
| ''octzāhīnsus''
| ''octzāhīntin''
! 60
| ''prōculhier''
| ''prōculhitus''
| ''prōculhin''
! 220
| ''tammīttler calhier''
| ''tammīttus calhitus''
| ''tammīttziēs calhin''
|-
! 7
| ''nāier''
| ''nāntus''
| ''nāhin''
! 17
| ''nāhīntur''
| ''nāhīnsus''
| ''nāhīntin''
! 70
| ''prōculhier qehentzier''
| ''prōculhitus qehēnsus''
| ''prōculhin qehen''
! 240
| ''tammīttler verculhier''
| ''tammīttus verculhitus''
| ''tammīttziēs verculhin''
|-
! 8
| ''nāquemur''
| ''nāquemmus''
| ''nāquemin''
! 18
| ''sērēsculhier''
| ''sērēsculhitus''
| ''sērēsculhin''
! 80
| ''quatlāculhier''
| ''quatlāculhitus''
| ''quatlāculhin''
! 260
| ''tammīttler prōculhier''
| ''tammīttus prōculhitus''
| ''tammīttziēs prōculhin''
|-
! 9
| ''nātlittzier''
| ''nātlittzitus''
| ''nātlittzin''
! 19
| ''īmāculhier''
| ''īmāculhitus''
| ''īmāculhin''
! 90
| ''quatlāculhier qehentzier''
| ''quatlāculhitus qehēnsus''
| ''quatlāculhin qehen''
! 280
| ''tammīttler quatlāculhier''
| ''tammīttus quatlāculhitus''
| ''tammīttziēs quatlāculhin''
|-
! 10
| ''qehentzier''
| ''qehēnsus''
| ''qehen''
! 20
| ''calhier''
| ''calhitus''
| ''calhin''
! 100
| ''quicculhier''
| ''quicculhitus''
| ''quicculhin''
! 400
| ''mīttler''
| ''mīttus''
| ''mīttziēs''
|}
</div>

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Aeranir numbers 400-64,000,000
|-
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
|-
! 800
| ''vermīttler''
| ''vermīttus''
| ''vermīttziēs''
! 16,000
| ''verittuer''
| ''verittūtus''
| ''verittuin''
! 320,000
| ''verōtluar attuer''
| ''verōtluus attūtus''
| ''verōtlua attuin''
! 6,400,000
| ''verictzuōner''
| ''verictzuōnitus''
| ''verictzuō''
|-
! 1,200
| ''prōmīttler''
| ''prōmīttus''
| ''prōmīttziēs''
! 24,000
| ''prōttuer''
| ''prōttūtus''
| ''prōttuin''
! 480,000
| ''prōtluar attuer''
| ''prōtluus attūtus''
| ''prōtlua attuin''
! 9,600,000
| ''prōctzuōner''
| ''prōctzuōnitus''
| ''prōctzuō''
|-
! 1,600
| ''quatlāmīttler''
| ''quatlāmīttus''
| ''quatlāmīttziēs''
! 32,000
| ''quatlāttuer''
| ''quatlāttūtus''
| ''quatlāttuin''
! 640,000
| ''quatlōtluar attuer''
| ''quatlōtluus attūtus''
| ''quatlōtlua attuin''
! 12,800,000
| ''quatlictzuōner''
| ''quatlictzuōnitus''
| ''quatlictzuō''
|-
! 2,000
| ''quimīttler''
| ''quimīttus''
| ''quimīttziēs''
! 40,000
| ''quiquittuer''
| ''quiquittūtus''
| ''quiquittuin''
! 800,000
| ''quiqōtluar attuer''
| ''quiqōtluus attūtus''
| ''quiqōtlua attuin''
! 16,000,000
| ''quictzuōner''
| ''quictzuōnitus''
| ''quictzuō''
|-
! 2,400
| ''octzāmīttler''
| ''octzāmīttus''
| ''octzāmīttziēs''
! 48,000
| ''octzāttuer''
| ''octzāttūtus''
| ''octzāttuin''
! 960,000
| ''octzōtluar attuer''
| ''octzōtluus attūtus''
| ''octzōtlua attuin''
! 19,200,000
| ''vulhiāhur''
| ''vulhiātus''
| ''vulhiāhin''
|-
! 2,800
| ''nāmīttler''
| ''nāmīttus''
| ''nāmīttziēs''
! 56,000
| ''nāttuer''
| ''nāttūtus''
| ''nāttuin''
! 1,120,000
| ''nōtluar attuer''
| ''nōtluus attūtus''
| ''nōtlua attuin''
! 22,400,000
| ''nōctzuōner''
| ''nōctzuōnitus''
| ''nōctzuō''
|-
! 3,200
| ''nāquemīttler''
| ''nāquemīttus''
| ''nāquemīttziēs''
! 64,000
| ''nāquemittuer''
| ''nāquemittūtus''
| ''nāquemittuin''
! 1,280,000
| ''nāquemōtluar attuer''
| ''nāquemōtluus attūtus''
| ''nāquemōtlua attuin''
! 25,600,000
| ''nāquemictzuōner''
| ''nāquemictzuōnitus''
| ''nāquemictzuō''
|-
! 3,600
| ''nātlimīttler''
| ''nātlimīttus''
| ''nātlimīttziēs''
! 72,000
| ''nātlittzittuer''
| ''nātlittzittūtus''
| ''nātlittzittuin''
! 1,440,000
| ''nātlittzōtluar attuer''
| ''nātlittzōtluus attūtus''
| ''nātlittzōtlua attuin''
! 28,800,000
| ''nātlictzuōner''
| ''nātlictzuōnitus''
| ''nātlictzuō''
|-
! 4,000
| ''tamittuer''
| ''tamittūtus''
| ''tamittuin''
! 80,000
| ''tamōtluar attuer''
| ''tamōtluus attūtus''
| ''tamōtlua attuin''
! 1,600,000
| ''tamictzuōner''
| ''tamictzuōnitus''
| ''tamictzuō''
! 32,000,000
| ''tamōtluar octzuōner''
| ''tamōtluus octzuōnitus''
| ''tamōtlua octzuō''
|-
! 8,000
| ''attuer''
| ''attūtus''
| ''attuin''
! 160,000
| ''ōtlua attuer''
| ''ōtlua attūtus''
| ''ōtlua attuin''
! 3,200,000
| ''octzuōner''
| ''octzuōnitus''
| ''octzuō''
! 64,000,000
| ''ōtlua octzuōner''
| ''ōtlua octzuōnitus''
| ''ōtlua octzuō''
|}

==Late Aeranir inovations==
===Applicative voices===
Whilst Classical Aeranir was more permissive of adding additional arguments to a clause, so long as the verb's core transitivity were met. Late Aeranir, however, tended to be more restrictive, and required valency increasing operations to express benefactive, comitative, and locative meanings. These applicative morphemes take the form of verbal prefixes.

==Lexicon==

''[[:Category:Aeranir_words|Aeranir Lexicon]]''.

==Footnotes==

[[Category:Aeranir]]
[[Category:Maro-Ephenian Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Avrid]]

Aeranir

2020-07-14T18:54:54Z

Gaffney.flancer: /* Numbers */

Aeranir

2020-07-13T11:47:55Z

Gaffney.flancer: /* The infinitive */

{{construction}}
{{Infobox language
| name = ''Aeranir''
| altname = ''coeñar inceris''
|-
| nativename = ''coeñar aerānir''
| pronunciation = [ˈk̟øː.ɲar ˈɪ̃ŋ̟.k̟ɛ.rɪs̠], [ˈk̟øː.ɲar ɛːˈraː.nɪr]
|-
|creator=Limius
|setting=''[[Avrid]]''
|-
| state = [[Telrhamir]], [[Iscaria]], [[Aeranid Empire]]
| ethnicity = Aeran
| familycolor = PaleGoldenrod
| fam1 = [[Maro-Ephenian languages|Maro-Ephenian]]
| fam2 = Iscaric
|ancestor=[[Proto-Maro-Ephenian]]
|ancestor2=[[Proto-Iscaric]]
|ancestor3=[[Aeranir#Old Aeranir|Old Aeranir]]
|-
| nation = [[Aeranid Empire]]
| minority = [[Iscaria]], [[S'entin]], [[Tevrén]]
| notice = IPA
|iso3 = qco
}}

'''Aeranir''', also known as '''coeñar aerānir''' (''language of the Aerans''), or '''coeñar inceris''' (''language of the capital''), is an Iscaric language in the [[Maro-Ephenian languages|Maro-Ephenian language group]]. It was originally spoken by the [[Aerans]], developed in the deserts of Northern [[Iscaria]] in the city of [[Telrhamir]], and spread with the expanse of the [[Aeranid Empire]] throughout [[Ephenia]], as well as parts of [[Eubora]] and [[Syra]]. It later developed into the Aeranid languages, such as [[Dalot]], [[Ilesse]], [[Iscariano]], [[Îredese]], [[S'entigneis]], and [[Tevrés]]. It is still used throughout Ephenia as a language of theology, science, medicine, literature, and law.

Aeranir had been standardised into Classical Aeranir by the time of the Early Empire, around the second millennia [[New Imperial Age|BNIA]] by the writer and educator Limius. The period before that is generally referred to as Old Aeranir. The language spoken between the 15th and 12th centuries [[New Imperial Age|BNIA]] is generally referred to Late Aeranir. This shift is marked by several grammatical and phonetic shifts. After that period, Aeranir began to splinter off into the various Aeranid languages. A form of Classical Aeranir called New Aeranir or Medieval Aeranir remained in use in official writings even after this period.

Aeranir is a highly inflective and fusional language, with three distinct [[w:Gramatical Gender|genders]], nine [[w:Gramatical Case|cases]], two [[w:Gramatical Aspect|aspects]], four [[w:Gramatical Mood|moods]], three [[w:Gramatical Person|persons]], two or three [[w:Gramatical Voice|voices]], and two [[w:Gramatical Number|numbers]].

==History==
===Periodisation===

{{Graphical timeline

|title=Timeline of Aeranir
|align=right

|plot-colour=#bbeebb

|from=0
|to=3000
|scale-increment=200

|width=10
|height=300
|height-unit=px

|legend1=Aeran settlements

|bar1-from=2400
|bar1-left=0
|bar1-right=0.2

|legend2=City of Telhramir

|bar2-to=2600
|bar2-left=0.1
|bar2-right=0.2

|legend3=Aeranid Kingdom
|legend3-colour=#e0aacc

|bar3-to=2400
|bar3-left=0
|bar3-right=0.2
|bar3-colour=#e0aacc

|
|bar4-to=2104
|bar4-left=0
|bar4-right=0.2
|bar4-colour=red
|legend4=Aeranid Empire
|legend4-colour=red

|
|bar5-to=1266
|bar5-from=825
|bar5-left=0
|bar5-right=0.2
|bar5-colour=#AA98A9
|legend5=Eastern Aeranid Empire
|legend5-colour=#AA98A9

|bar6-from=1172
|bar6-to=1266
|bar6-left=0.1
|bar6-right=0.2
|bar6-colour=blue
|legend6=Western Aeranid Empire
|legend6-colour=blue

|bar7-to=825
|bar7-left=0
|bar7-right=0.2
|bar7-colour=grey
|legend7=Various Nations
|legend7-colour=grey

|bar8-text=Proto-Aeranid
|bar8-to=953
|bar8-from=700
|bar8-left=1
|bar8-right=1.75
|bar8-border-width=1
|bar8-border-colour= #996666
|bar8-colour=lightgrey

|bar9-text=Liturgical Aeranir
|bar9-to=953
|bar9-left=0.2
|bar9-right=1
|bar9-border-width=1
|bar9-border-colour= #996666
|bar9-colour=#cc9999

|bar10-text=Post-Collapse Aeranir
|bar10-from=953
|bar10-to=1266
|bar10-left=0.2
|bar10-right=1.75
|bar10-colour=#99cc99

|bar11-text=Late Aeranir
|bar11-from=1266
|bar11-to=1450
|bar11-left=0.2
|bar11-right=1.75
|bar11-colour=#99cc99
|bar11-border-width=0.1

|bar12-text=Golden Age Aeranir
|bar12-from=1450
|bar12-to=1800
|bar12-left=0.2
|bar12-right=1.75
|bar12-border-width=0.1
|bar12-colour=#99cc99

|bar13-text=Classical Aeranir
|bar13-from=1800
|bar13-to=2200
|bar13-left=0.2
|bar13-right=1.75
|bar13-border-width=0.1
|bar13-colour=#99cc99

|bar14-text=Old Aeranir
|bar14-from=2200
|bar14-to=2500
|bar14-left=0.2
|bar14-right=1.75
|bar14-border-width=0.1
|bar14-colour=#99cc99

|bar15-text=Proto-Iscaric
|bar15-from=2500
|bar15-to=3000
|bar15-left=0.2
|bar15-right=1.75
|bar15-border-width=0.1
|bar15-colour=#bbeebb

|bar16-text=Aeranid Languages
|bar16-to=700
|bar16-from=0
|bar16-left=1
|bar16-right=1.75
|bar16-border-width=1
|bar16-border-colour= #996666
|bar16-colour=grey

|note1=The Collapse
|note1-at=1266
|note1-nudge-right=10
|note1-colour=green

|caption=A timeline of the evolution of Aeranir. The scale is in years BCA. The thin bar to the left denotes the Aeranir (and later Aeranid) speaking powers of the time, whilst the right denotes the evolutionary stage of Aeranir.
}}

The Aeranir language is descended from Proto-Iscaric, a theoretical reconstruction, which is in turn descended from [[Proto-Maro-Ephenian]]. This makes Aeranir a member of the Maro-Ephenian language family, along with Talothic, Fyrdan, and Marian. Because neither of these two proto-languages are attested in writing, it can be difficult to say when they were spoken, and when one transitioned into the other, but scholars generally agree that there was something that could be called Proto-Iscaric around the end of the 4th millennium BCA.

Proto-Iscaric was spoken by numerous Maro-Ephenian tribes which settled in Iscaria at the end of the 4th millennium. This evolved into numerous attested Iscaric languages, of which the language of the Aerans, who settled the region known as Aes, was but one. The oldest evidence of their language is found dating well after the founding of their most famous city, Telhramir, around 2500 BCA. This phase of the language, from around then to the later years of the Aeranid Kingdom, is known as Old Aeranir (called '''''coeñar accuiha aerānir''''' or '''''aerānir accuiha''''' by Classical and Golden Age sources).

==Phonology==
===Consonants===
The following is a table of phonemes in Aeranir. This analysis is based on Classical Aeranir, as it was used during the hight of the [[Aeranid Empire]]. The phonology, especially the number of vowel phonemes, varied greatly time, but this is seen as the standard version of the language.
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Classical consonant phonemes
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | Labial
! colspan="2" | Coronal
! rowspan="2" | Palatal
! colspan="2" | Velar
! colspan="2" | Uvular
! rowspan="2" | Glottal
|-
! central 
! lateral 
! plain 
! labial 
! plain 
! labial 
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Nasal
| m
| n
|
| ɲ
|
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Stop
| p
| t
|
|
| k
| kʷ
| q
| qʷ
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Affricate
|
| ts
| tɬ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Fricative
| f
| s
|
|
|
|
|
|
| h
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Liquid
|
| r
| l
| j
|
| w
|
|
| ɦ
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Golden age consonant phonemes
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | Labial
! colspan="2" | Coronal
! rowspan="2" | Palatal
! colspan="2" | Velar
! colspan="2" | Uvular
! rowspan="2" | Glottal
|-
! central 
! lateral 
! plain 
! labial 
! plain 
! labial 
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| m
| n
|
| ɲ
|
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="3" | Stop
! aspirated
| (pʰ)
| (tʰ)
|
|
| kʰ
|
| qʰ
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! plain
| p
| t
|
|
| k
| kʷ
| q
| qʷ
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! voiced
| (b)
| (d)
|
|
| (g)
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" | Affricate
! voiceless
|
| ts
| tɬ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! voiced
|
| (dz~z)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Fricative
| f
| s
|
|
|
|
|
|
| h
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Liquid
| ʋ
| r
| l
| j
|
|
|
|
| ɦ
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Late consonant phonemes
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | Labial
! colspan="2" | Coronal
! rowspan="2" | Palatal
! colspan="2" | Velar
|-
! central 
! lateral 
! plain 
! labial 
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| m
| n
|
| ɲ
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" | Stop
! voiceless
| p
| t
|
| c
| k
| kʷ
|- style="text-align:center;"
! voiced
| b
| d
|
| ɟ
| g
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Affricate
|
| ts
| tɬ
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Fricative
| f
| s
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Liquid
|
| r
| l
| j
|
|
|}
====Notes on consonants====
*The clusters /rh/, /nh/, and /lh/ vary greatly between dialects; [rɦ nɦ ɫɦ ~ rg ŋg ɫg ~ ʀː ŋː ʟː].
*The sequence /ks/ is written in the romanisation as ''x''.
*The nasal consonant /n/ assimilates to the place of articulation of the following stop, so that /nk/ or /nqʷ/ for example become /ŋk/ and /ɴʷqʷ/. Before fricatives, /n/ is deleted, and the proceeding vowel is lengthened and nasalised. These processes apply between word boundries as well. Word final /n/ as part of case and personal markers is elided before a word starting with a vowel, fricative, approximate, or before a [[w:Pausa|pausa]]. It often served as a [[w:Shibboleth|shibboleth]] for discerning one's origins or social circles.
*The velar, labio-velar, and labio-uvular consonants /k/, /kʷ/, /q/, and /qʷ/ are palatalised before front vowels and /j/ to [k̟], [kᶣ], [k̠] and [k̠ᶣ] respectively. Futhermore, dental consonants /n/ and /t/ are palatalised before /j/ to [ɲ̟], and [tʲ]. The glottal fricative /h/ is also palatalised to [ç] before high front vowels and /j/. Some dialects also palatalise the postalveolar consonants /s/ and /ts/ to [ɕ] and [tɕ] before front vowels and /j/.
*The labialised consonants /kʷ/, and /qʷ/ are pronounced as truly labialised, rather than a sequence of two consonants, i.e. /kw/, /qw/. The voiced labiovelar stop only occurs after a nasal consonant.
*All consonants, with the exception of /ʋ/, can be geminated between vowels. This is denoted orthographically by doubling of the first letter of the phoneme, i.e. ⟨cc⟩, ⟨ff⟩, ⟨hh⟩, etc. The palatal approximate /j/ is always geminated to [jː] between vowels, but is written with a simple ⟨i⟩. Fricative /hː/ is usually realised as [çː]. In dialects that palatalise /s/ and /ts/, [çː] often becomes [ɕː], merging in some environments with /sː/.
*The lateral approximate /l/ has two allophones in Classical Aeranir; [l] before close front vowels, /j/, and when geminated, and [ɫ] elsewhere.
*The fricative /s/ is often pronounced further back in the mouth, closer to [s̠].
* The phoneme /h/ has two distinct allophones following the nasal /n/. When this cluster occurs natively within a word, /h/ is voiced and velarised to [g]. Nasal /n/ is likewise velarised to [ŋ]. Dialectically, the cluster /ŋg/ may be fortified to [gː] or lenited to [ŋː]. Before front vowels and /j/, these may appear as [ɲʝ], [ŋ˖g˖], [g˖ː], or [ŋ˖ː]. When the cluster /nh/ occurs where /h/ was once word initial, as result of a prefix, the nasal is deleted and the preceding vowel nasalised and lengthened, as with fricatives /s/ and /f/.

===Vowels===
Vowels in Aeranir underwent the greatest amount of change throughout time. Although the standard is considered to me Classical Aeranir as it was spoken in the 17th and 16th centuries {{Smallcaps|[[New Imperial Age|bnia]]}}, this should not be seen in the context of a sliding historical spectrum. Below are listed three somewhat representative samples that provide a broad overview of general changes.
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Old Aeranir vowel phonemes (circa 2300{{Smallcaps|bca}})
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Front
! colspan="2" | Central
! colspan="2" | Back
|-
! short 
! long 
! short 
! long 
! short 
! long 
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Close
| i
| iː
|
|
| u
| uː
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Mid
| e
| eː
|
|
| o
| oː
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Open
|
|
| a
| aː
|
|
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Classical and Golden Age Aeranir vowel phonemes (circa 1600{{Smallcaps|bca}})
|-
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="4" | Front
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Central
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Back
|-
! colspan="2" | plain 
! colspan="2" | rounded 
|-
! short 
! long 
! short 
! long 
! short 
! long 
! short 
! long 
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Close
| ɪ
| iː
| ʏ
| yː
|
|
| ʊ
| uː
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Mid-close
|
| eː
|
| øː
|
|
|
| oː
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Mid-open
| ɛ
| ɛː
|
|
|
|
| ɔ
| ɔː
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Open
|
|
|
|
| a
| aː
|
|
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Late Aeranir vowel phonemes (circa 1200{{Smallcaps|bca}})
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Front
! rowspan="2"| Central
! rowspan="2"| Back
|-
! plain
! round
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Close
| i
| (y)
|
| u
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Mid-close
| e
| (ø)
|
| o
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Mid-open
| ɛ
|
|
| ɔ
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Open
|
|
| a
|
|}
====Notes on vowels====
* The short high rounded vowel /ʏ/ is mostly a loan from [[Dalitian]], and is not found in many native words, or words dating back to Old Aeranir. It is usually realised as [ɪ], and is only rounded in educated speech.
{| class="wikitable floatright"
|+caption | Vowel change from PME to Late Aeranir (in stessed initial syllables)
|-
! [[Proto-Maro-Ephenian|PME]]
! Old
! Classical
! Late
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *u[r₂, r₃, h]i
| → ui /ui̯/
| rowspan="2" | → y /yː/
| rowspan="4" | → i /i/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *i[r₂, r₃, h]u
| → iu /iu̯̯/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *ey, *ehi, *ēy, *hey
| → ei /ei̯/
| rowspan="2" | → ī /iː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *i[r₂, r₃, h]
| → ī /iː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *i
| → i /i/
| → i /ɪ/
| rowspan="3" | → e /e/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *oy, *o[r₂, r₃, h]i, *er₃i, *ōy, *[r₂, r₃, h]oy, *r₃ey
| → oi /oi̯/
| → oe /øː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *eh, *ē
| → e /eː/
| → e /eː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *e
| → e /e/
| → e /ɛ/
| rowspan="2" | → è /ɛ/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *er₂i, *r₂ey
| → ai /ai̯/
| → ae /ɛː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *ow, *o[r₂, r₃, h]u, *ōw, *[r₂, r₃, h]ow, *r₃ew, *ew, *ehu, *ēw, *hew
| → ou /ou̯̯/
| rowspan="2" | → ū /uː/
| rowspan="2" | → u /u/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *u[r₂, r₃, h]
| → ū /uː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *u
| → u /u/
| → u /ʊ/
| rowspan="2" | → o /o/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *o[r₂, r₃, h], *ō, *r₃e[r₂, r₃, h], *r₃ē, *er₃
| → o /oː/
| → o /oː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *o, *r₃e
| → o /o/
| → o /ɔ/
| rowspan="2" | → ò /ɔ/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *er₂u, *r₂ew
| → au /au̯̯/
| → au /ɔː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *er₂, *r₂ē
| → ā /aː/
| → ā /aː/
| rowspan="2" | → a /a/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *[r̥₂, r̥₃, h̥]
| → a /a/
| → a /a/
|}
* Most non-intial short vowels in [[Aeranir#Proto-Iscaric|Proto-Iscairc]] were reduced to /i/ by the time of Old Aeranir. Many of these were then further reduced in Classical Aeranir (as discussed above), to the vowels represented by [[w:Diaeresis_(diacritic)|diaeresis]]. These merged in Late Aeranir to a [[w:Schwa|schwa]], but this schwa was deleted in many environments.
* Old Aeranir diphthongs /ei̯/ and /ou̯̯/ may have been realised as hightened pure vowels [eː~e̝ː] and [oː~o̝ː]. Before other vowels, /ei̯/ becomes simple [e] in Classical Aeranir. Likewise, Classical /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ rise to [e] and [o] before another vowel. These were then simplified into glides [j] and [w] in Late Aeranir.
* There are two realisations of high short vowels /ɪ/ and /ʊ/ before another vowel, depending on whether the proceeding syllable it light or heavy. Following a light syllable, the become glides [j] and [w]. Follwing a heavy syllable, an [[w:Ephethesis#Anaptyxis|anaptyctic]] vowel is inserted, becoming [ɪj] and [ʊw]. These vowels are not represented in the orthography.
* Some peripheral dialects of Late Aeranir retained rounded front vowels /y/ and /ø/, while in most, including the speech of Telrhamir, they merged with their plain counterparts /i/ and /e/ respectively.

===Stress===
Syllable stress in Old Aeranir fell uniformly on the first syllable of a word. However, by the time of Classical Aeranir, stress had shifted to a more complex paradigm, generally falling on the '''penult''' (the second to last syllable) or the '''antipenult''' (the third to last syllable). Which one was determined by the '''weight''' of the penult.

Syllables are divided into one of two categories, or weights. These are '''light''' syllables and '''heavy''' syllables. A light syllable contains a maximum of one short vowel, alone or proceeded by a consonant or consonant cluster, while a heavy syllable may contain a long vowel, a coda consonant, or both. If the penult of a word is heavy, it is stressed. If not, the antipenult is stressed.
=== Dialects ===
;Pēcilia Cūvae
: The ''pēcilia cūvae'' ('Cuvan swing') refers to the particular musical quality of the Aeranir spoken in the Aes city of Cuva (''cūva'') during the classical and golden age of Aeranid civilisation. It was likened in the earliest records to the ''pēcilia traecōvus'' ('talothic swing'), and occasionally referred to as the ''pōnus traeceus'' ('talothic voice'). However, by the golden age, Talothic had lost its distinct melodious accent, and the these terms fell out of use. This is believed to be the reason that citizens of Cuva were called ''traeceolar'' ('little taloths'), and is the origin of the name of the city Triggiolari, founded as ''Traeceolar''.

: Rather than the stress-accent of standard capitoline Aeranir, the speech of Cuva is marked by a distinctive [[w:Pitch-accent language|pitch accent]]. Pitch in Cuva begins low, and then rises until a [[w:Mora|kernel mora]], after which it immediately falls. Placement of the kernel mora generally falls on the third to last mora. However, the way morae are counted is somewhat complex. A short vowel, either proceeded by a consonant or consonant cluster, or bare, counts as one mora, and a long vowel of (spurious) diphthong counts as two. On top of that, coda consonants, rather singletons or clusters, also count as a mora. So, for example, each syllable of the word ''āctās'' is three morea; ''a-a-c.ta-a-s''

: Pitch accent manifests differently depending on where the kernel falls. Then the kernel falls on a vowel, there is a [[w:Downstep|downstep]] before it; e.g. ''āctās'': ''a-a-c.ta-a-s'' /àák.tààs/ [ǎːk.tàːs].

==Syntax==
===Word order===
Aeranir is generally verb-initial in independent clauses, and verb-final in dependant clauses, including non-finite clauses using the infinitive, participle, gerund, etc.. These rules may be violated in poetry, however it is much more common to violate the former than the later.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| qurra Rāscānus salvan
| read-3SG.C Rascanus-NOM.SG book-ACC.SG
|'Rascanus is reading a book'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| Rāscānus salvan qurrea
| Rascanus-NOM.SG book-ACC.SG read-SUBJ.3SG.C
|'should Rascanus be reading a book...'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| sircuīva īliō Rāscānus salvan qurrīhā
| tell-PFV.3SG.C Ilius-DAT.SG Rascanus-NOM.SG book-ACC.SG read-INF
|'Rascanus told Ilius that he was reading a book'}}

Nominal clitics attach to the end of verbs in independent clauses, and the beginning of verbs in dependant clauses.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| taetue ne tīn
| drink-PFV.3SG.E <nowiki>=</nowiki>2SG tea-ACC.SG
|'You drank the tea'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| tīn ni taesun
| tea-NOM.SG 2SG<nowiki>=</nowiki> drink-PFV.PTCP-E.NOM.SG
|'The tea you drank'}}

Word order is much more free for nouns and noun phrases. Adjectives and genitives may either proceed or follow a noun (e.g. '''''formun cōmus''''' or '''''cōmus formun''''', both 'the warm house;' '''''umae menter''''' or '''''menter umae''''', both 'my mother's sibling'), although they adjectives generally follow, whilst genitives generally proceed. Prepositions always proceed their noun, whilst postpositions, which are far less common, always follow.

Due to agreement in gender, case, and number between nouns and adjectives, additional nouns may be inserted between a noun and its adjective without changing the meaning, in what is called [[w:Hyperbaton|hyperbaton]]:

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ȳrē arte tihī iūre
| listen-IMP person-VOC.SG 1SG.PRO-DAT good-T.VOC.SG
|'Listen to me good fellow!'}}

==Nouns==
===Gender===
Aeranir nouns are divided into three [[w:Grammatical Gender|genders]], all of which are directly inherited from late [[Proto-Maro-Ephenian]]. These known as the '''temporary''' ('''{{Smallcaps|t}}'''), '''cyclical''' ('''{{Smallcaps|c}}'''), and '''eternal''' ('''{{Smallcaps|e}}''') genders. The gender of a noun effects the adjectives and verbs that refer to it.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ēs ars raius
| COP.3SG.T wumbo(T)-NOM.SG small-T.NOM.SG
|'It's a small wumbo'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| sa tlāna raia
| COP.3SG.C flower(C)-NOM.SG small-C.NOM.SG
|'It's a small flower'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| sī nātlun raiun
| COP.3SG.E shell(E)-NOM.SG small-E.NOM.SG
|'It's a small shell'}}

The gender of most nouns can be easily inferred from its ending. Furthermore, there is often overlap between meaning and gender. Animate living beings and small, breakable objects are often temporary, while abstract concepts, natural processes, or seasonal plants are usually cyclical, and large, durable, inanimate objects are most likely eternal. However, some nouns have no relation to their gender. Personal names are either temporary or cyclical; eternal names are reserved for gods.

===Case===
Nouns in Aeranir have a series of different forms, called cases of the noun, which have different functions or meanings. For example, the word for 'king' is ''{{term|rēs}}'' when subject of a verb, but ''rēnin'' when it is the object:
* ''auhēs rēs'' 'the king sees (someone)' ([[w:Nominative case|nominative case]])
* ''auhēs rēnin'' '(someone) sees the king' ([[w:Accusative case|accusative case]])
There are a total of nine cases for most nouns in Aeranir. Outside of the nominative and accusative, they are as the following:
* [[w:Vocative case|Vocative]]: ''rēne iō!'': 'o king!'
* [[w:Essive case|Essive]]: ''seū rēnū'': 'as this king'
* [[w:Instrumental case|Instrumental]]: ''seōrun rēnerun'': 'using this king'
* [[w:Genitive case|Genitive]]: ''sī rēnis'': 'of this king'
* [[w:Dative case|Dative]]: ''seō rēnī'': 'to/for this king'
* [[w:Ablative case|Ablative]]: ''seā rēni'': 'from/by this king'
* [[w:Locative case|Locative]]: ''sīs rēnīs'': 'at/with the king'
Sometimes the same endings, e.g. ''-ī'' and ''-ēs'', are used for more than one case. Since the function of a word in Aeranir is shown by ending rather than word order, in theory ''requor rēnī'' could mean either 'I return to the king' or 'I return from the king.' In practice, however, such ambiguities are rare.

==== Uses of the cases ====
===== Genitive =====
The use of the genitive case in subordinate clauses has changed throughout the history of Aeranir, and even within the span of time referred to as 'Golden Age Aeranir,' usage was shifting. In Classical and Golden Age Aeranir the genitive could be used with the active voice to mark the subject of the verb, whilst in the middle voice it marked the object. The later is similar to the use of the genitive as a partitive object in [[Classical Talothic|Talothic]]. Some believe this similarity to be the inherited from [[Proto-Maro-Ephenian]], whilst others claim that it is a case of parallel evolution or mutual influence.
:{{interlinear|box=yes
| tzilla artis auhita
| cat-NOM.SG person-GEN.SG see-PFV.PTCP-C.NOM.SG
| 'The cat the person saw'}}

:{{interlinear|box=yes
| ars tzillae auhitūnus
| person-NOM.SG cat-GEN.SG see-PFV.PTCP-T.NOM.SG
| 'The person who saw the cat'}}
The use of genitive objects dwindled in later Golden Age and Late Aeranir, being replaced by the accusative case with the active voice, or the ablative case with the middle voice, as in independent clauses. However, it remained used to mark the subject of dependent clauses, and in Late Aeranir even began to replace the nominative case in independent ones.

===== Ablative =====

* '''Ablative of motion''' implies movement away from or out of an object:
:{{interlinear|box=yes
| furuis pālā
| fall-PFV-T.3SG tree-ABL.SG
| 'They fell from the tree'}}

* '''Agentive ablative''' marks the agent by whom the action of a passive verb in performed:
:{{interlinear|box=yes
| īcēlāre pannun Traetiā cnōtun
| eat-PFV-PASS-E.3SG bread-NOM.SG Traetius-ABL.SG last-E.NOM.SG
| 'The last of the bread was eaten by Traetius'}}

===Declensions===
====Class I====
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+Class I noun
|-
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" |
! colspan="4" | ''{{term|salva}}'' c. book, tome
|-
! colspan="2" | Singular
! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
! word
! ending
! word
! ending
|-
! rowspan="3" | Primary '''''prīstūmus'''''
! scope="row" | Nominative
| ''salva''
| '''''-a'''''
| ''salvar''
| '''''-ar'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Accusative
| ''salvan''
| '''''-an'''''
| ''salvae''
| '''''-ae'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Vocative
| ''salva''
| '''''-a'''''
| ''salvar''
| '''''-ar'''''
|-
! rowspan="3" | Existential '''''soniāmus'''''
! scope="row" | Essive
| ''salvau''
| '''''-au'''''
| ''salvur''
| '''''-ur'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Instrumental
| ''salvārun''
| '''''-ārun'''''
| ''salvōs''
| '''''-ōs'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Genitive
| ''salvae''
| '''''-ae'''''
| ''salvābus''
| '''''-ābus'''''
|-
! rowspan="3" | Directive '''''satūmus'''''
! scope="row" | Dative
| ''salvō''
| '''''-ō'''''
| ''salvāna''
| '''''-āna'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Ablative
| ''salvā''
| '''''-ā'''''
| ''salvās''
| '''''-ās'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Locative
| ''salvīs''
| '''''-īs'''''
| ''salvā''
| '''''-ā'''''
|}

====Class II====
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+Class II temporary/eternal nouns
|-
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" |
! colspan="4" | ''{{term|pernus}}'' t. storm, chaos
! colspan="4" | ''{{term|nātlun}}'' e. shell, carapace
|-
! colspan="2" | Singular
! colspan="2" | Plural
! colspan="2" | Singular
! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
! word
! ending
! word
! ending
! word
! ending
! word
! ending
|-
! rowspan="3" | Primary '''''prīstūmus'''''
! scope="row" | Nominative
| ''pernus''
| '''''-us'''''
| ''pernur''
| '''''-ur'''''
| rowspan="3" | ''nātlun''
| rowspan="3" | '''''-un'''''
| rowspan="3" | ''nātlunt''
| rowspan="3" | '''''-unt'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Accusative
| ''pernun''
| '''''-un'''''
| ''pernī''
| '''''-ī'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Vocative
| ''perne''
| '''''-e'''''
| ''pernur''
| '''''-ur'''''
|-
! rowspan="3" | Existential '''''soniāmus'''''
! scope="row" | Essive
| ''pernū''
| '''''-ū'''''
| ''pernur''
| '''''-ur'''''
| ''nātlū''
| '''''-ū'''''
| ''nātlur''
| '''''-ur'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Instrumental
| ''pernōrun''
| '''''-ōrun'''''
| ''pernōs''
| '''''-ōs'''''
| ''nātlōrun''
| '''''-ōrun'''''
| ''nātlōs''
| '''''-ōs'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Genitive
| ''pernī''
| '''''-ī'''''
| ''pernōvus''
| '''''-ōvus'''''
| ''nātlī''
| '''''-ī'''''
| ''nātlōvus''
| '''''-ōvus'''''
|-
! rowspan="3" | Directive '''''satūmus'''''
! scope="row" | Dative
| ''pernō''
| '''''-ō'''''
| ''pernōna''
| '''''-ōna'''''
| ''nātlō''
| '''''-ō'''''
| ''nātlōna''
| '''''-ōna'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Ablative
| ''pernā''
| '''''-ā'''''
| ''pernōs''
| '''''-ōs'''''
| ''nātlā''
| '''''-ā'''''
| ''nātlōs''
| '''''-ōs'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Locative
| ''pernīs''
| '''''-īs'''''
| ''pernā''
| '''''-ā'''''
| ''nātlīs''
| '''''-īs'''''
| ''nātlā''
| '''''-ā'''''
|}

==Pronouns==
===Personal Pronouns===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Personal pronouns
|-
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" |
! colspan="4" | First person
! colspan="4" | Second person
! colspan="4" | Reflexive
|-
! colspan="2" | singular ''I''
! colspan="2" | plural ''we''
! colspan="2" | singular ''you''
! colspan="2" | plural ''y'all''
! colspan="2" | singular/plural ''himself/herself/ itself/themselves''
|-
! full
! clitic
! full
! clitic
! full
! clitic
! full
! clitic
! full
! clitic
|-
! rowspan="3" | Primary ''prīstūmus''
! Nominative
| rowspan="2" | ''aecū''
| rowspan="7" | ''te''
| rowspan="2" | ''eōs''
| rowspan="7" | ''ī''
| rowspan="2" | ''hanae''
| rowspan="7" | ''ne''
| rowspan="2" | ''rōs''
| rowspan="7" | ''er''
| rowspan="3" | ''cē''
| rowspan="7" | ''ce''
|-
! Vocative
|-
! Accusative
| ''tē''
| ''eon''
| ''nē''
| ''ron''
|-
! rowspan="2" | Existential ''soniāmus''
! Essive
| ''tōs''
| ''eor''
| ''nōs''
| ''rō''
| ''cū''
|-
! Genitive
| ''tī''
| ''īster''
| ''nī''
| ''rester''
| ''cī''
|-
! rowspan="2" | Directive ''satūmus''
! Dative
| ''tihī''
| ''īvīs''
| ''nivī''
| ''urvīs''
| ''civī''
|-
! Ablative
| ''tētē''
| ''eōvōs''
| ''nēnē''
| ''rōvōs''
| ''cēcē''
|}

===Third person pronouns===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Personal pronouns
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
|-
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
|-
! rowspan="3" | Primary ''prīstūmus''
! Nominative
| rowspan="2" | ''us''
| rowspan="2" | ''va''
| rowspan="3" | ''um''
| rowspan="2" | ''ur''
| rowspan="2" | ''var''
| rowspan="3" | ''ūns''
|-
! Vocative
|-
! Accusative
| ''um''
| ''vam''
| ''vī''
| ''vae''
|-
! rowspan="3" | Existential ''soniāmus''
! Essive
| ''ū''
| ''vau''
| ''ū''
| ''ur''
| ''vur''
| ''ur''
|-
! Instrumental
| ''urun''
| ''vārun''
| ''urun''
| ''vēs''
| ''vōs''
| ''vēs''
|-
! Genitive
| ''vis''
| ''vae''
| ''vis''
| ''vus''
| ''vāvus''
| ''vus''
|-
! rowspan="3" | Directive ''satūmus''
! Dative
| ''vī''
| ''vō''
| ''vī''
| ''vina''
| ''vāna''
| ''vina''
|-
! Ablative
| ''vit''
| ''vā''
| ''vit''
| ''vēs''
| ''vās''
| ''vēs''
|-
! Locative
| ''vis''
| ''vīs''
| ''vis''
| ''vā''
| ''vā''
| ''vā''
|}

=== Demonstrative pronouns ===
Demonstratives underwent a great deal of change during the latest stages of Classical Aeranir, and much of the older forms were preserved in Golden Age Aeranir alongside their newer counterparts. The Classical Aeranir distal and medial demonstratives were formed from the third person pronoun ''us, va, un'' plus a suffix. This produced a variety of irregular forms, which were regularised in early Golden Age Aeranir. However, which stem was taken to become the new regular form varied between times, locations, and speakers. Generally, two stems were predominant for each demonstrative; with the medial varying between ''ust-'' and ''unt-'' and the distal between ''ūl-'' and ''ull-''. Eventually, the former of the two became more common, although the latter remained in marginal use, even into the Aeranid languages.
<div style="overflow:auto">
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Old demonstrative pronouns
|-
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="6" | '''''seus, sea, seun''''' this, this one (proximal)
! colspan="6" | '''''ustus, usta, untun''''' that of yours (medial)
! colspan="6" | '''''ūlus, ūla, ūllun''''' that, that one (distal)
|-
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
|-
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Nominative
| ''seus''
| ''sea''
| rowspan="3" | ''seun''
| ''seur''
| ''sear''
| rowspan="3" | ''seunt''
| ''ustus''
| ''usta''
| rowspan="3" | ''untun''
| ''urtur''
| ''urtar''
| rowspan="3" | ''untunt''
| ''ūlus''
| ''ūla''
| rowspan="3" | ''ullun''
| ''ullur''
| ''ullar''
| rowspan="3" | ''ullunt''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Accusative
| ''seun''
| ''sean''
| ''sī''
| ''seae''
| ''untun''
| ''untan''
| ''vītī''
| ''vītae''
| ''ullun''
| ''ullan''
| ''vīlī''
| ''vīlae''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Vocative
| ''sē''
| ''sea''
| ''seur''
| ''sear''
| ''uste''
| ''usta''
| ''urtur''
| ''urtar''
| ''ūle''
| ''ūla''
| ''ullur''
| ''ullar''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Essive
| ''seū''
| ''seau''
| ''seū''
| colspan="3" | ''seur''
| ''ūtū''
| ''ūtau''
| ''ūtū''
| colspan="3" | ''urtur''
| ''ūlū''
| ''ūlau''
| ''ūlū''
| colspan="3" | ''ullur''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Instrumental
| ''seōrun''
| ''seārun''
| ''seōrun''
| colspan="3" | ''seōs''
| ''untōrun''
| ''untārun''
| ''untōrun''
| colspan="3" | ''vēstōs''
| ''ullōrun''
| ''ullārun''
| ''ullōrun''
| colspan="3" | ''vēlōs''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Genitive
| ''sī''
| ''seae''
| ''sī''
| ''seōvus''
| ''seāvus''
| ''seōvus''
| ''vistī''
| ''vistae''
| ''vistī''
| ''vustōvus''
| ''vustāvus''
| ''vustōvus''
| ''vīlī''
| ''vīlae''
| ''vīlī''
| ''vūlōvus''
| ''vūlāvus''
| ''vūlōvus''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Dative
| colspan="3" | ''seō''
| ''seōna''
| ''seāna''
| ''seōna''
| colspan="3" | ''vītō''
| ''vintōna''
| ''vintāna''
| ''vintōna''
| colspan="3" | ''vīlō''
| ''villōna''
| ''villāna''
| ''villōna''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Ablative
| colspan="3" | ''seā''
| ''seōs''
| ''seās''
| ''seōs''
| colspan="3" | ''vistā''
| ''vēstōs''
| ''vēstās''
| ''vēstōs''
| colspan="3" | ''vīlā''
| ''vēlōs''
| ''vēlās''
| ''vēlōs''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Locative
| colspan="3" | ''sīs''
| colspan="3" | ''seā''
| colspan="3" | ''vistīs''
| colspan="3" | ''vātā''
| colspan="3" | ''vīlīs''
| colspan="3" | ''vālā''
|}
</div>
Even after the new regular demonstratives had been widely adopted, the old ones continued to be used for stylistic purposes, and where considered more proper for official writing, speech, and communication.

In Classical Aeranir, demonstratives could stand for a person or thing, but also a place—there was no distinction between 'this' and 'here.' However, in Golden Age Aeranir, another one of the old stems was generalised to create dedicated locative pronouns '''''vistus, vista, vistun''''' 'there (near you),' and '''''vīlus, vīla, vīlun''''' 'there (far away).' By analogy, the proximal locative demonstrative '''''viseus, visea, viseun''''' 'here' was also created. These were used along side the regular demonstratives to express location.

===Possessive pronouns===
Possessive pronouns in Aeranir distinguish between many more different types of possession than ordinary nouns, which use only the genitive to mark possession, ownership, association, etc. Pronouns distinguish both alienable and inalienable possession.

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Possessive pronouns
|-
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | 1st person
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | 2nd person
! colspan="6" | 3rd person
! rowspan="3" | reflexive
|-
! colspan="2" | proximal
! colspan="2" | distal
! colspan="2" | medial
|-
! singular
! plural
! singular
! plural
! singular
! plural
! singular
! plural
! singular
! plural
|- style="text-align:center;"
! inalienable
| ''tī'' ''te''
| ''īster''
| ''nī'' ''ne''
| ''rester''
| ''sī'' ''se''
| ''seōvus''
| ''ūlī''
| ''ūlōvus''
| ''ustī''
| ''ustōvus''
| ''cī'' ''ce''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! alienable
| ''tuius''
| ''eius''
| ''nuius''
| ''ruius''
| colspan="2" | ''seius''
| colspan="2" | ''ūleius''
| colspan="2" | ''usteius''
| ''cuius''
|}

Objects of inalienable possession are marked with the genitive of a personal or demonstrative pronoun. These include body parts, kinship and familiarity terms, personal attributes, emotions, or thoughts. These pronouns generally proceed the possessee, although that is not always the case, especially in poety. Singular pronouns ''tī'', ''nī'', ''cī'', ''sī'', ''ustī'', and ''ūlī'' may be appear as ''tei'', ''nei'', ''cei'', ''sei'', ''usti'', ''ūli'' before words starting with a vowel, and ''te'', ''ne'', ''ce'', ''se'', ''ust'', ''ūl'' before words starting with ''i''.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| se incus
| this-T.GEN.SG head-NOM.SG
|'this one's head'}}

Alienable possession, including essentially all other categories, is marked via possessive adjectives. These adjective may appear either before or after the possessee, but usually come afterwards. Oftentimes, the different use of alienable/inalienable pronouns may hint at a difference in meaning. The word '''''indus''''', for example, may mean 'head,' but also 'capital' or 'leader.' With inalienable pronouns, however, it always means 'head,' versus with alienable pronouns, it means 'capital,' or 'leader' because while a head is inalienable, a capital or leader is not. However, this might not always be the case, depending on the possessor and context.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ēs incus telūhramir tuius
| COP.3SG.T head-NOM.SG mesa-ESS.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>hram-GEN.PL mine-T.NOM.SG
|'My capital is Telhramir'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ēs ūlae (tlānae aerānihae) incus telūrhamir
| COP.3SG.T that_one's-C.GEN.SG (flower-GEN.SG Aeranid-C.GEN.SG) head-NOM.SG mesa-ESS.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>rham-GEN.PL
|'Its (the Aeranid Empire's) capital is Telrhamir'}}

==Adverbs==
Adverbs in Aeranir are used to modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs indicating time, manner, or place.
Most adjectives are formed from nouns or adjectives, although they can be derived from some verbs, especially stative verbs. There are a variety of different formulation strategies, depending on the class of the noun/adjective/verb.
*''formus'' ("warm" 1st-2nd declension adjective) → '''''formē''''' ("warmly")
*''aerās'' ("an Aeran" 3rd declension noun) → '''''aerāne''''' ("like an Aeran")
*''raelis'' ("a child" 3rd declension i-stem noun) → '''''raeliter''''' ("like a child")
*''vȳlēs'' ("three days from now" 4th declension noun) → '''''vȳlē''''' ("every three days")
*''sacus'' ("a pin" 5th declension noun) → '''''saciter''''' ("sharply, like a pin")
One of the most notable uses of the adverbial form is with verbs like ''ficitz'' ("it makes me"), ''fitz'' ("I become"), and ''caitz'' ("I change into"). Adverbs can be used to denote the result of a change of state in such a clause.
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| fīx prīstus pāliōne Boezymiae
| make.PFV-3SG.T first-NOM.SG provincial_governor-ADV Boezymia-GEN.SG
|'The First Senator made them provincial governor of Boezymia'}}
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| sa Īliō qūria tzillē cainnī
| COP-3SG.C Ilius-DAT.SG power-NOM.SG cat-ADV change_form-GER-GEN
|'Ilius has the power to turn into a cat'}}

==Verbs==
===Conjugation===
====Agreement====
[[File:Dga pyramid.png|thumb|250px|right|The ''DGA pyramid'', originally developed by u/Darkgamma, 2018. ''[https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/aarsyy/the_total_cacophony_of_bäladiri_verb_agreement/ The Total Cacophony of Bäladiri Verb Agreement and Argument Assignment]''.]]
Verbs in Aeranir are conjugated to agree with the [[w:Grammatical number|number]], the [[w:Grammatical person|person]], and in the third person singular, the [[w:Grammatical gender|gender]] of the most oblique argument given a word's [[w:Valency (linguistics)|valency]], as defined by the ''DGA pyramid''<ref>https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/aarsyy/the_total_cacophony_of_bäladiri_verb_agreement/</ref>. Here, '''S''' represents the [[w:Subject (grammar)|subject]] of an [[w:Intransitive verb|intransitive verb]], such as 'the person' in 'the person laughed.' '''A''' represents the [[w:Agent (grammar)|agent]] of a [[w:Transitive verb|transitive verb]] (also occasually called the [[w:Subject (grammar)|subject]]), or the person or thing that does the action of the verb, such as 'the child' in 'the child reads the book.' '''D''' marks the donor, a special type of agent, who gives something or does a the action of a verb for the benefit of another, such as ‘the senator’ in ‘the senator gave the cat some milk.’ These are collectively called the '''nominative argument''', and are expressed usually with the [[w:Nominative case|nominative case]], but also occasionally with the [[w:Genitive case|genitive case]] in dependant clauses.

'''P''' represents the [[w:Patient (grammar)|patient]] of a [[w:Transitive verb|transitive verb]], or the person or thing towhich the verb is done, also called the '''direct object''', such as ‘the book’ in ‘the child reads the book.’ '''T''' represents the '''theme''', or the object that is given to someone or something, such as ‘the milk’ in ‘the senator gave the cat some milk.’ These two roles make up the '''accusative argument''', which is marked with the [[w:Accusative case|accusative case]]. Finally, '''R''' represents the '''recipient''', or the person who recieves the theme from the donor, or benefits from the donor's action, with a [[w:Ditransitive verb|ditransitive verb]], also commonly called the '''indirect object''', such as 'the cat' in 'the senator gave the cate some milk.'

Aeranir verbs conjugate their endings to agree with the most oblique argument in a clause. That means the '''subject''' of an '''intransitive verb''' (e.g. '''''clautitz'''''; 'I laugh'), the '''patient''' of a '''transitive verb''' (e.g. '''''auhente'''''; 'I look at you'), or the '''recipient''' of a '''ditransitive verb''' (e.g. '''''tzavī'r salvae'''''; 'you all gave me the books').

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| mollī cōmus
| leak-3SG.E house-NOM.SG
|'The house is leaking'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| requis te coptin nuiun
| return-3SG.C <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG hat-ACC.SG 2SG.POS.PRO-T.ACC.SG
|'I'm giving back your hat'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| imptās ne mu sōlī nomī Sētīlī
| send-POT.3SG.T <nowiki>=</nowiki>2SG <nowiki>=</nowiki>INTERR clothing-ACC.PL new-IPFV.PTCP-T.ACC.SG Setil-DAT.SG
|'Can you send Setil the new clothes?'}}

It should be noted that a verb in the [[w:Active voice|active voice]] must always have the maximum number of arguments according to its inherent transitivity. This means, for example, that one can never say 'John eats.' Because 'to eat' is transitive, there must be a patient, or direct object, e.g. 'John eats food.' However, there are a number of valancy dropping operations available in Aeranir to allow various arguments to be dropped, which are discussed in the section on [[w:Voice (grammar)|voice]].

Additional arguments can be expressed with [[w:Clitic|pronominal clitics]] attached to the end of a verb in independant clauses and to the beginning in dependant ones (e.g.'''''auhente'''''; 'I look at you,' '''''tzāvī'r salvae'''''; 'you all gave me the books'), however these are not considered part of a verbs conjugation, and are optional, especially if the information can be assumed or is known between speakers.

====Number of Conjugations====
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Basic conjugation paradigm
|-
! Aspect →
! colspan="4" | Imperfective
! colspan="4" | Perfective
|-
! Mood → Voice ↓
! Indicative
! Subjunctive
! Desiderative
! Potential
! Indicative
! Subjunctive
! Desiderative
! Potential
|-
! Active
| '''aehatz''' They love me
| '''aehet''' They should love me
| '''aehārit''' They want to love me
| '''aehātatz''' They can love me
| '''aehāvī''' They loved me
| '''aehēvī''' They should have loved me
| '''aehāruī''' They wanted to love me
| '''aehātāvī''' They could have loved me
|-
! Middle
| '''aehor''' I love
| '''aeheō''' I should love
| '''aehārō''' I want to love
| '''aehātor''' I can love
| '''aehāvō''' I loved
| '''aehēvō''' I should have loved
| '''aehāruō''' I wanted to love
| '''aehātāvō''' I could have loved
|-
! Passive
| '''aehālō''' I am loved
| '''aehēlō''' I should be loved
| '''aehārēlō''' I want to be loved
| '''aehātālō''' I can be loved
| '''aehāvēlō''' I was loved
| '''aehēvēlō''' I should have been loved
| '''aehāruēlō''' I wanted to be loved
| '''aehātāvēlō''' I could have been loved
|-
! Causative
| '''aehātitz''' They let me love them
| '''aehātiat''' They should let me love them
| '''aehātīrit''' They want to let me love them
| '''aehāssītatz''' They can let me love them
| '''aehātīvī''' They have let me love them
| '''aehātiāvī''' They should have let me love them
| '''aehātīruī''' They wanted to let me love them
| '''aehāssītāvī''' They could have let me love them
|}

==== Conjugation formation ====

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:100%; overflow:auto;">
<div style="font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;"> Conjugation formation </div>
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | {{gcl|IPFV|}}
! colspan ="2" | A-grade
! colspan="2" | I-grade
! colspan="2" | E-grade
! colspan ="2" | Null-grade
|-
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|ACT|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-iā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ār-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er/īr-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er/īr-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā/ītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā/ītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|MID|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ī-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-iā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ār-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er/īr-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er/īr-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā/ītā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā/ītā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|PAS|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ī-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-iā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ār-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er/īr-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er/īr-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā/ītā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā/ītā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|CAUS|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itī/ītī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itī/ītī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itiā/ītiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itiā/itiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itier/ītier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itier/ītier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-āsītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-issītā/īsītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-issītā/īsītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-issītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | {{gcl|PFV|}}
! colspan ="2" | A-grade
! colspan="2" | I-grade
! colspan="2" | E-grade
! colspan ="2" | Null-grade
|-
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|ACT|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/āv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/īv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/ēv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/ēv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/iāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/eāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-āru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru/īru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru/īru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv/ītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv/ītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|MID|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/āv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/īv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/ēv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/ēv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/iā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/eā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-āru-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru/īru-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru/īru-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv/ītāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv/ītāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|PAS|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/āv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/īv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/ēv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/ēv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/iāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/eā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-āru-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru/īru-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru/īru-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv/ītāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv/ītāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|CAUS|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itīv/ītīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itīv/ītīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itiāv/ītiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itiāv/itiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itieru/ītieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itieru/ītieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-āsītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-issītāv/īsītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-issītāv/īsītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-issītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|}
</div></div>

====Principle Parts====
The verb in Aeranir is primarily made of three parts: '''root''', '''theme''', and '''ending''', with an optional forth category, the '''suffix''', for forming the perfective. The root and theme combine to form the '''stem'''. The root carries the semantic content of the word, and can also be conjugated to carry modal imformation. The theme describes how the stem interacts with the ending, and can also be changed, along with the stem and endings, to express a variety of different grammatical meanings. Endings indicate the voice, aspect, person, number, and gender of the most oblique argument in the DGA scheme.
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Basic verb endings
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="3" |
! colspan="2" | Active
! colspan="2" | Middle
! colspan="2" | Passive
|-
! Imperfective
! Perfective
! Imperfective
! Perfective
! Imperfective
! Perfective
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="5" | Singular
! colspan="2" | 1st Person
| ''-itz/-it''
| ''-ī''
| ''-or/-ō''
| ''-ō''
| ''-ēlō''
| ''-ēlō''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | 2nd Person
| ''-in''
| ''-in''
| ''-istī''
| ''-ist''
| ''-ēlāstī''
| ''-ēlast''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="3" | 3rd Person
! ''temporary'' 
| ''-is''
| ''-is''
| ''-erur''
| rowspan="3" | ''-ere''
| ''-ēlārur''
| rowspan="3" | ''-ēlāre''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! ''cyclical'' 
| ''-a''
| ''-a''
| ''-era''
| ''-ēlāra''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! ''eternal'' 
| ''-ī''
| ''-e''
| ''-erur''
| ''-ēlārur''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="5" | Plural
! colspan="2" | 1st Person
| ''-imus''
| ''-ime''
| ''-imur''
| ''-imur''
| ''-ēlāmur''
| ''-ēlāme''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | 2nd Person
| ''-itis''
| ''-ite''
| ''-itur''
| ''-itur''
| ''-ēlātur''
| ''-ēlāte''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | 3rd Person
| ''-intz/-int''
| ''-int''
| ''-intur''
| ''-intur''
| ''-ēlantur''
| ''-ēlante''
|}
The way in which a verb will conjugate can be determined from how it forms the following five constructions:
#the active idicative imperfective first person singular
#the active imperfective accusative infinitive
#the active perfective participle
#the active desiderative imperfective first person singular
#the active indicative perfective first person singular
These five forms are refered to as a verb's ''reference forms''. They are often shortend to ''first person singular'' ({{Smallcaps|1p.sg}}), ''accusative infinitive'' ({{Smallcaps|acc.inf}}), ''perfective participle'' ({{Smallcaps|pfv.ptcp}}), ''desiderative first person singular'' ({{Smallcaps|des.1p.sg}}), and ''perfective first person singular'' ({{Smallcaps|pfv.1p.sg}}) respectively.

The first two of these reference forms determines a verb's '''base theme vowel''', or what vowel is used in its indicative imperfective forms. There are four main thematic classes; one weak or null class, wherein the ending is applied directly to the stem, and three strong classes, wherein a thematic vowel is inserted between the stem and the ending.
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Consonant stem changes
|-

!
! t-stem
! s-stem
|-
| ''-m-''
| → '''''-mpt-'''''
| rowspan="3" | → '''''-s-*'''''
|-
| ''-n-''
| → '''''-nt-'''''
|-
| ''-ñ-''
| → '''''-ñct-'''''
|-
| ''-p-''
| → '''''-pt-'''''
| → '''''-ps-'''''
|-
| ''-t-''
| rowspan="3" | → '''''-ss-''''' → '''''-s-'''''**
| rowspan="3" | → '''''-ss-''''' → '''''-s-'''''**
|-
| ''-tl-''
|-
| ''-tz-''
|-
| ''-c-''
| rowspan="2" | → '''''-ct-'''''
| rowspan="2" | → '''''-x-'''''
|-
| ''-cu-''
|-
| ''-q-''
| rowspan="2" | → '''''-qt-'''''
| rowspan="2" | → '''''-qs-'''''
|-
| ''-qu-''
|-
| ''-s-''
| → '''''-st-'''''
| → '''''-ss-''''' → '''''-s-'''''**
|-
| ''-r-''
| → '''''-st-''''' → '''''-s-'''''** → '''''-rt-'''''††
| → '''''-ss-''''' → '''''-s-'''''** → '''''-rr-'''''††
|-
| ''-l-''
| → '''''-s-'''''** → '''''-lt-'''''††
| → '''''-s-'''''** → '''''-ll-'''''††
|-
| ''-v-''
| → '''''-ut-'''''‡ → '''''-ct-'''''*†† → '''''-qt-'''''*††
| → '''''-ur-'''''‡ → '''''-x-'''''*†† → '''''-qs-'''''*††
|-
| ''-i-''
| rowspan="2" | → '''''-ct-'''''* → '''''-qt-'''''*††
| rowspan="2" | → '''''-x-'''''* → '''''-qs-'''''*††
|-
| ''-h-''
|-
| ''-V-''
| → '''''-Vt-'''''
| → '''''-Vr-'''''
|}

{| class="wikitable floatleft" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Theme-ending combination
|-
! rowspan="2" | ''Ending''
! colspan="3" | ''Theme''
|-
! ''-ā-''
! ''-ē-''
! ''-ī-''
|-
! ''-itz''
| → ''-atz''
| → ''-etz''
| → ''-itz''
|-
! ''-is''
| → ''-ās''
| → ''-ēs''
| → ''-īs''
|-
! ''-a''
| → ''-a''
| → ''-ea''
| → ''-ia''
|-
! ''-ī''
| → ''-ae''
| → ''-ī''
| → ''-ī''
|-
! ''-imus''
| → ''-āmus''
| → ''-ēmus''
| → ''-īmus''
|-
! ''-or''
| → ''-or''
| → ''-eor''
| → ''-ior''
|-
! ''-ēlō''
| → ''-ālō''
| → ''-ēlō''
| → ''-iēlō''
|}
The second two determine a verb's '''t-stem''' and '''s-stem'''. These stem alterations are used for further conjugation, the t-stem forming the ''active'' and ''middle perfective participles'', the ''causative voice'', and the ''potential mood'', and the s-stem forming the ''desiderative''. The t- and s-forms often are identical, however meaning is useally further differentiated by thematic vowels, so completely identical forms are rare.

The final form determines how a verb with form the perfective aspect. Generally, there are three main strategies for this: the application of suffix '''''-u-''''' directly after the stem (e.g. '''''{{term|oelitz}}''''' ("I work") → '''''oeluī''''' ("I worked")), the appication of the suffix '''''-v-''''' after a theme vowel (e.g. '''''{{term|aehatz}}''''' ("they love me") → '''''aehāvī''''' ("they loved me")), or no suffix, with lengthening of the root vowel (e.g. '''''{{term|lecitz}}''''' ("I choose") → '''''lēcī''''' ("I chose")). It should be noted that the perfective is always followed by weak endings.

Occassionally, a thematic vowel, weak or strong, may be inserted before the t- or s-stem. This is most common in verbs with a base thematic ''-ā-'', which often functions as a part of the stem (e.g. '''''aehatz''''' → '''''aehātus''''' ("that loved") '''''aehārit''''' ("they want to love me") vs. '''''{{term|mavatz}}''''' ("I wander") → '''''mautus''''' ("that wandered") '''''maurit''''' ("I want to wander)). This may occur with other theme classes, although it should be noted that ''-ē-'' is never used, and is always replaced with ''-ī-''.

===Aspect===
Aeranir verbs have two basic [[w:Grammatical aspect|aspects]], which express how the verb extends over time. Aspect differs from [[w:Grammatical tense|tense]] in that it deals with the completion or continuity of an action or state, rather than the absolute timeframe inwhich it took place. Each aspect may be in any [[w:Grammatical voice|voice]] and/or [[w:Grammatical mood|mood]]. Aspect is expressed primarily through endings, and secondarily through the suffix, as discussed above.
====Imperfective====
The [[w:Imperfective aspect|imperfective aspect]] describes a situation viewed with interior composition. It describes ongoing, habitual, or repeated situations, rather or not they occured in the past, present, or future. The imperfective aspect is considered the most basic, unmarked aspect of a verb. The stem is uninflected, and endings are attached directly to the verb's basic theme vowel.

====Pefective====
The [[w:Perfective aspect|perfective aspect]] in Aeranir describes situations viewed with exterior composition, which is to say actions which are completed and viewed as a unified whole, whether thet take place in the past present, or future, although this construction is very rarely used in for the future.

There are a variety of different strategies to form the perfective. Many of them involve the ''suffix'', which takes the form of ''-v-'' between vowels and ''-u-'' after consonants. All of them take the perfective endings.
:*Attachment of the suffix directly to the stem.
:::'''''{{term|mentitz}}''''' ("they are healing me") → '''''mentuī''''' ("they healed me")
:::'''''{{term|saepitz}}''''' ("they are cutting me") → '''''saepuī''''' ("they cut me")
:*Attachment of the suffix after base thematic vowel.
:::'''''{{term|sircuitz}}''''' ("they are speaking me") → '''''sircīvī''''' ("they spoke me")
:::'''''{{term|auhetz}}''''' ("they are looking at me") → '''''auhēvī''''' ("they looked at me")
:*No suffix; perfective endings attached directly to the stem, with root vowel lengthening.
:::'''''{{term|iuvatz}}''''' ("they are writing me") → '''''iūvī''''' ("they wrote me")
:::'''''{{term|vehitz}}''''' ("they are carrying me") → '''''vēhī''''' ("they carried me")

===Mood===
====Indicative====
The [[w:Indicative mood|indicative mood]] is the baseline grammatical mood in Aeranir. It is used in declarative statements, to express statements or facts, of what the speaker considers true or known. It is the least marked mood of a verb, taking endings directly to the base theme vowel, stem, or suffix.

====Subjunctive====
The [[w:Subjunctive mood|subjunctive mood]] ({{Smallcaps|subj}}) has numerous, but genreally speaking is used to express such nuances as 'would,' 'should,' or 'may.' It can be used to refer to information that the speaker is unsure about, such as hearsay, or for theoretical or hypotherical situations. It is often found in subordinate clauses, annd may be used for conditional statements (e.g. if..., when...).
{| class="wikitable floatleft" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Subjuntive theme changes
|-
! colspan="2" | Type
! Change
! Example
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Weak Verbs
| ''-ø-'' → '''''-ē-'''''
| ''meñitz'' → '''''meñet'''''
|-
| ''-ē-'' → '''''-ā-'''''
| ''meñēlō'' → '''''meñālō'''''
|-
! rowspan="4" | Strong Verbs
! a-stem 
| ''-ā-'' → '''''-ē-'''''
| ''aehatz'' → '''''aehet''''' ''aehālō'' → '''''aehēlō'''''
|-
! rowspan="2" | i-stem 
| ''-ī-'' → '''''-iā-'''''
| ''sēpitz'' → '''''sēpiat'''''
|-
| ''-iē-'' → '''''-iā-'''''
| ''sēpiēlō'' → '''''sēpiālō'''''
|-
! e-stem 
| ''-ē-'' → '''''-eā-'''''
| ''cōretz'' → '''''cōreat''''' ''cōrēlō'' → '''''cōreālō'''''
|}
=====Forming the subjunctive=====
The subjunctive is formed by shifting a verb's base theme vowel, as described by the table to the left. This shift happens after the stem, but may be either before or after the suffix, depending on whether or not there is a theme vowel before the suffix in the indicative. So the perfective of '''''aehēs''''' ("they should love it") is '''''aehēvis''''' (from indicative '''''aehāvis''''') but '''''sēpiās''''' ("they should cut it") is '''''sēpuēs''''' (from indicative '''''sēpuis'''''), not **''aehāvēs'' or **''sēpēvis''. Although these forms are occasionally found in non-standard writing, they are considered incorrect my grammaticians.

The imperfective subjunctive uses the 1st person sungular ''-it'' instead of ''-itz'', and ''-ō'' instead of ''-or'': '''''{{term|pacitz}}''''', '''''pacior''''' ("they take me, I take") become '''''paciat''''', '''''paciō''''' ("they should take me, I should take").

The 1st person subjunctive perfective in verbs that have no theme vowel before the suffix and does not extend the root vowel is identical to the indicative, and the mood must be inferred through conext: '''''saepuī''''' may be either "they cut me" or "They should cut me." The 3rd person active cyclical singulars in verbs with base theme vowels ''-ī-'' and ''-ē-'' are also identical, e.g. both '''''pacia''''' ("they take it/they should take it"), '''''auhea''''' ("they see it/they should see it").

=====Uses of the subjunctive=====
The subjunctive has numerous uses, ranging from what potentially might be true to what the speaker wishes or commands should happen. It is often translated with 'should', 'could', 'would', 'may' and so on, but in certain contexts it is translated as if it were an ordinary indicative verb.

One use of the subjunctive is the '''speculative subjunction''', used when the speaker imagines what potentially may, might, would, or could happen in the present or future or might have happened in the past. Negation for this type uses '''''{{term|mū}}'''''.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| auheārur seun oeliun stērē
| see-MID.SUBJ.3SG.E this-E.NOM.SG job-NOM.SG hard-ADV
|'This job ''seems'' difficult'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| moeiea Osculan tzānū salva
| please-SUBJ.3SG.C Little.Oscus-ACC.SG gift-ESS.SG book-NOM.SG
|'Little Oscus ''may'' like a book as a gift'}}

The subjunctive may also be used as the '''optative subjunctive''', expressing what the speaker wishes may happen, or wishes had happened. These expresses a weaker or more generalised desire, as opposed to the desiderative mood. Negation for this type uses '''''{{term|mū}}'''''.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ciāvis mū seus incerī pernus
| come-PFV.SUBJ.3SG.T NEG this-T.NOM.SG capital-DAT.SG storm-NOM.SG
|<nowiki>'</nowiki>''If only'' this storm hadn't come to the capital!'}}

The '''jussive subjunctive''' can be used for commands or suggestions for what should happen. It is less direct and far more common than the '''imperative'''. Negation for this type uses '''''{{term|mīm}}'''''.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ven hānō ē vecō veniennō
| go-SUBJ.2SG temple-DAT.SG against curse-DAT.SG win-GER-DAT
|<nowiki>'</nowiki>You ''should'' go to the temple to prevail against the curse'}}

Perhaps the most common use of the subjunctive is the '''conditional subjunctive'''. When the subjunctive is used in a subordinate clause (with the verb moving to the final position), it may carry the meaning 'if, when, should, etc..' This can be used both in finite verb forms, and with participles, the former being more popular in Old inscriptions and the later in Classical ones. Negation for this type uses '''''{{term|mīm}}'''''.

====Desiderative====
The desiderative is used primarily to express wants or desires. While the subjunctive may be used for this as well (see ''optative subjunctive''), the desiderative is considered less abstract or wishful, signalling concrete and actionable wants. It is formed from the s-stem of a verb, with no theme vowel between it and the ending, and using the secondary first person singular and third person plural markers (e.g. ''-it'' and ''-end'' vs. primary ''-itz'' and ''-entz''). Verbs generally follow three patterns to form the s-stem;

:*''-s-'' is appended to the root, causing no other alteration to the root.
::: '''''{{term|requitz}}''''' ("they return me") → '''''reqsit''''' ("they want to return me")
:::'''''{{term|saepitz}}''''' ("they are cutting me") → '''''saepsit''''' ("they want to cut me")
:*''-s-'' is appended after a theme vowel, causing ''-s-'' to become ''-r-''.
:::'''''{{term|sircuitz}}''''' ("they are speaking me") → '''''sircuerit''''' ("they want to speak me")
:::'''''{{term|auhetz}}''''' ("they are looking at me") → '''''auherit''''' ("they want to look at me")
:*''-s-'' is appended to the root, causing some alteration to the root, and perhaps the ''-s-'' augment as well.
:::'''''{{term|iuvatz}}''''' ("they are writing me") → '''''iūrit''''' ("they want to write me")
:::'''''{{term|mentitz}}''''' ("they are healing me") → '''''mēnsit''''' ("they want to heal me")

====Potential====
The '''potential mood''' indicates that, in the opinion of the speaker, one has the ability or capability to do something. It should not be confused with the [[w:Subjunctive mood|subjunctive mood]], which may be used to express that something is likely or possible to occur. The potential always deals with ability. It may be formed from the ''t-stem'' of a verb, plus the thematic vowel ''-a-'' (as opposed to the [[w:Causative|causative voice]], which is formed with the ''t-stem'' plus the thematic vowel ''-i-''). Like the desiderative, there are three main paradigms by which the ''t-stem'' of a verb is formed;

:*''-t-'' is appended to the root, causing no other alteration to the root.
::: '''''{{term|requitz}}''''' ("they return me") → '''''reqtatz''''' ("they can return me")
:::'''''{{term|saepitz}}''''' ("they are cutting me") → '''''saebtatz''''' ("they can cut me")
:*''-t-'' is appended after a theme vowel.
:::'''''{{term|sircuitz}}''''' ("they are speaking me") → '''''sircuitatz''''' ("they can speak me")
:::'''''{{term|auhetz}}''''' ("they are looking at me") → '''''auhitatz''''' ("they can look at me")
:*''-t-'' is appended to the root, causing some alteration to the root, and perhaps the ''-t-'' augment as well.
:::'''''{{term|iuvatz}}''''' ("they are writing me") → '''''iūtatz''''' ("they can write me")
:::'''''{{term|mentitz}}''''' ("they are healing me") → '''''mēnsatz''''' ("they can heal me")

It should be noted that in the causative voice of the potential mood, the first ''-t-'' augment often dissimilates to ''-s/ss-'';

*'''''auhititz''''' ("they let me look at it") → ''**auhitītatz'' → '''''auhissītatz''''' ("they can let me look at it")
*'''''reqtitz''''' ("they let me return it") → ''**reqtītatz'' → '''''reqsītatz''''' ("they can let me return it")

===Voice===
====Active====
====Middle====
The '''middle voice''' (also called the [[w:Mediopassive voice|mediopassive voice]]) is in the middle between the active and the passive voices, as the subject often cannot be categorised as either agent or patient but may have elements of both. The middle voice is usually inherently intransitive, and transitive or ditransitive verbs conjugated into the middle voice usually become intransitive themselves. It is formed by attaching the '''middle verb endings''' to the root of a verb.

The meaning of a verb in the middle voice often depends on the context of the sentence and the lexical properties of the word itself. In its most basic sense, it may be used simply as a valancy decreasing operation. As transitive verbs require an object in the active voice (because transitive verbs must agree with the object), the middle voice may be used merely to omit an object, to highlight the subject or some other part of the sentence, or to simply make a blanket statement.

* '''''aehatz''''' 'they love me' (''active'') → '''''aehor''''' 'I love' (''middle'')
* '''''lecis''''' 'theyi choose themj' (''active'') → '''''lecerur''''' 'theyj choose' (''middle'')

[[w:Animacy|Animacy]] can play a major role in the meaning of a verb in the middle voice. Verbs with more animate subjects, such as people, animals, gods, etc., may be interpreted as more towards an active meaning, whilst less animate subjects, like inanimate objects or possessions, may be interpreted as more passive in meaning.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| auhērur seus ars
| see-MID.3SG.T this-T.NOM.SG wumbo-NOM.SG
|'That wumbo sees'
|c1 = (''more animate'')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| auhēra sea salva
|see-MID.3SG.C this-C.NOM.SG book-NOM.SG
|'That book is seen'
|c1 = (''less animate'')}}

Sometimes, it may have a '''reflexive''' meaning, or the sense of doing something for ones own benefit.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| vascit vominis
|wash-ACT.1SG river-LOC.SG
|'They wash me in a river'
|c1 = (''active voice'')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| vascor vominis
|wash-MID.1SG river-LOC.SG
|'I washed (myself) in a river'
|c1 = (''middle voice'')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| hastās Oscus aprun
|sacrifice-ACT.3SG.T Oscus-NOM.SG fish-ACC.SG
|'Oscus sacrificed a fish'
|c1 = (''active voice'')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| hastārur Oscus aprōrun
|sacrifice-MID.3SG.T Oscus-NOM.SG fish-INSTR.SG
|'Oscus sacrificed a fish (for their benefit)'
|c1 = (''middle voice'')}}

Another important use of the middle voice is the '''experiential middle voice'''. When used with sensory verbs the middle voice may be used to differentiate experiential, nonvolitional sensation (''see, hear, smell, feel, know, etc.''), as opposed to active, volitional sensation (''look, listen, sniff, touch, understand, etc.'') Often times, the object of the sensory verb will be expressed using an oblique case, usually the ablative.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ȳrēs te ponun carīnī hellē
|hear/listen-ACT.3SG.T <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG.NOM voice-ACC.SG friend-GEN.SG happily
|'I like to listen to (my) friend's voice'
|c1 = (''active voice'')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ȳreor ponā carīnī hellē
|hear/listen-MID.1SG voice-ABL.SG friend-GEN.SG happily
|'I like to hear (my) friend's voice'
|c1 = (''middle voice'')}}

The middle voice may also be used with a variety of verbal compliments—usually adverbs—which describe the quality of the subject, or the result of the action. Often times such constructions may be expressed in English as ''adjective to verb'', e.g. 'easy to love'.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| qurrera salva hēs collēcta aplīdiāna iūs
| read-MID.3SG.C book-NOM.SG matters-NOM.SG gather-PFV.PTCP-C.NOM.SG of_Avrid-C.NOM.SG well
|'The book "Collected Matters of Avrid" is a good read' (lit. '~reads well')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| taetuere tīn īvīs lȳrīs saltīs ni fictun satun iūs
| drink-PFV.MID.3SG.E tea-NOM.SG 1PL.PRO-DAT time-LOC.SG pass-PFV.PTCP-T.LOC.SG 2SG<nowiki>=</nowiki> make-PFV.PTCP-E.NOM.SG pour-PFV.PTCP-E.NOM.SG well
|'The tea you made us last time was delicious' (lit. '~drank well')}}

====Passive====
The '''[[w:Passive voice|passive voice]]''' in Aeranir shares many traits with the middle voice, and often times the distinction between the two can be subtle, nuanced, or obscure. The passive was rare in Old Aeranir and even in the Classical period remained unusual, with the middle voice still preferred for passive clauses. It only began to rise in popularity in Late Aeranir. In its most basic form, the grammatical subject ([[w: Nominative case|nominative]] argument) expresses the theme or [[w:Grammatical patient|patient]] of the main verb – that is, the person or thing that undergoes the action or has its state changed. This is opposed to the [[w:Active voice|active voice]], where the nominative argument expresses the agent of a transitive clause or subject of an intransitive one, and the [[w:Voice (grammar)#Middle|middle voice]], which has traits of both.

=====Uses of the passive=====
Unlike the middle voice, the passive is not used for verbal complements, and it cannot take the agent of a verb as its subject. It is never used in verbal complements.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| taeterur seun tīn iūs
|drink-MID.3SG.E this-E.NOM.SG tea-NOM.SG well
|'This tea tastes good' (lit. 'it drinks well')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| taetēlārur seun tīn iūs
|drink-PAS.3SG.E this-E.NOM.SG tea-NOM.SG well
|'This tea is drunk often'}}

While the agent may be dropped in a passive clause, it may also be included, using the [[w:Ablative case|ablative case]].

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| praestrōcuēlāre ūlun Cavā Īliānā hānun
|rebuild-PFV.PAS.3SG.E yonder-E.NOM.SG Cava-ABL.SG Ilianus-C.ABL.SG temple-NOM.SG
|'This temple was rebuilt by Cava Iliana'}}

The passive can also be especially with intransitive verbs to form denote an '''unspecified/generic subject'''. This structure may is used to make general statements or observations. Negation for this type uses '''''{{term|mū}}'''''.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| miquientur
|die-MID.3PL.T
|'They are dead/dying.'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| miquiēlantur
|die-PAS.3PL.T
|'There are people dead/dying'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| mūhera (sea) artina inceris alta
|not.enough-MID.3SG.C (this-C.NOM.SG) wumbo-DAT.PL capital-GEN.SG water-NOM.SG
|'This is not enough water for the people of the capital'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| mūhēlāra artina inceris alta
|not.enough-PAS.3SG.C wumbo-DAT.PL capital-GEN.SG water-NOM.SG
|'There is not enough water for the people of the capital'}}

Similarly, the passive can be used to form the ''aversive passive'', denoting an undesirable event or outcome. The affecting action may happen directly to the subject, or to another person or thing.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| cōmerī requintus furuēlō sopere
|home-DAT return-IPFV.PTCP-T.NOM.SG fall-PFV.PAS.1SG snow-ABL.SG
|'Walking home I got snowed on'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| miquīvēlast apiesterā
| die-PFV-PAS.2SG master-ABL.SG
|'Your master has died on you' (i.e., died and it negatively affects you)}}

In some uses of the aversive passive, the subject of the sentence may be difficult to ascertain. For example, the sentence '''''furuī pālā''''' 'I fell from the tree' can be expressed in using the aversive passive, because the action is undesirable. However, the straight aversive passive, '''''furuēlō pālā''''', is ambiguous; it could mean either 'I fell from the tree' (using the ''ablative of motion'') or 'The tree fell on me' (using the ''agentive ablative'').

In the first interpretation, the first person argument is the semantic subject of the clause, whilst in the second it is the tree. In order to emphasise that the semantic subject and syntactic arguments are the same (i.e. it is ''I'' who fell from the tree), the reflexive pronoun ''cē'' may be used; e.g. ''furuī pālā'' ('I fell from the tree') → '''''furuēlō cē pālā''''' ('I fell from the tree, and it negatively affected me' ''lit.'' 'I fell myself from the tree').

====Causative====
===Non-finite forms===
====The infinitive====
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Aeranir infinitives
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" | Imperfective
! colspan="3" | Perfective
|-
! accusative
! oblique
! meaning
! accusative
! oblique
! meaning
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Active
| '''''aehāhā''''' ''-hā''
| '''''aehāri''''' ''-ri''
| ''to love (someone)''
| '''''aehāhī''''' ''-hī''
| '''''aehārī''''' ''-rī''
| ''to have loved (someone)''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Middle
| '''''aehāssi''''' ''-ssi''
| '''''aehāiēs''''' ''-iēs''
| ''to love''
| '''''aehāssī''''' ''-ssī''
| '''''aehāiērī''''' ''-iērī''
| ''to have loved''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Passive
| '''''aehātus sinhā''''' ''{{Smallcaps|PFV.PTCP}} + sinhā''
| '''''aehātus fiēs''''' ''{{Smallcaps|PFV.PTCP}} + fiēs''
| ''to be loved''
| '''''aehātus fūhī''''' ''{{Smallcaps|PFV.PTCP}} + fūhī''
| '''''aehātus fiērī''''' ''{{Smallcaps|PFV.PTCP}} + fiērī''
| ''to have been loved''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Causative
| '''''aehātīhā''''' ''-tīhā''
| '''''aehātīri''''' ''-tīri''
| ''to make (someone) love (someone)''
| '''''aehātīhī''''' ''-tīhī''
| '''''aehātīrī''''' ''-tīrī''
| ''to have made (someone) love (someone)''
|}
The infinitive in Aeranir is a special verbal form used to form complement clauses.
=====Uses of the infinitive=====
The infinitive in Aeranir can be used to report indirect speech, hearsay, speculation, or sensation.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| pēra tihī incerī ni cīhī
| pass-PFV.3SG.C 1SG.PRO-DAT capital-DAT.SG 2SG<nowiki>=</nowiki> come-PFV.INF
|'They told me that you'd come to the capital'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ȳrēva te Mussā Limī carīnōvus quo neme cōmus strōcēhā
| hear-PFV.3SG.C <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG Mussa-ABL.SG Limius-GEN.SG friend-GEN.PL <nowiki>=</nowiki>and newly home-ACC.SG build-INF
|'I heard from Mussa that Limius and their friends are building a new house'}}

==== The gerund ====
The gerund in Aeranir is a infinite verb form which displays characteristics of both a noun and a verb. It declines for a limited scope of cases (although not for gender nor number), but can take object and adjunct arguments like a verb. It usually has an adverbial/adjectival meaning, and never agrees with the main verb.
===== Forming the gerund =====
* Null-grade verbs: {{gcl|ROOT|root}}''-innū''; e.g. ''taetihan'' ('to drink') → '''''taetinnū''''' ('whilst drinking').
* A-grade verbs: {{gcl|ROOT|root}}''-annū''; e.g. ''iuvāhan'' ('to write') → '''''iuvannū''''' ('whilst writing').
* I-grade verbs: {{gcl|ROOT|root}}''-iennū''; e.g. ''cītīhan'' ('to cut') → '''''cītiennū''''' ('whilst cutting').
* E-grade verbs: {{gcl|ROOT|root}}''-ennū''; e.g. ''aquēhan'' ('to be open') → '''''aquennū''''' ('whilst open').

===== Uses of the gerund =====
The meaning of the gerund changes depending on its case. The essive and locative can be used to indicate temporal action in relation to the main action of a sentence. The essive indicates simultaneous action, i.e. two actions that cooccur. This may be relayed in English via the conjunction 'whilst.'

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| murran travannū pērintur pāliō mater
| wall-ACC.SG walk-GER.ESS converse.PFV-MID.3PL governor-NOM.SG senator-NOM.SG
|'Whilst they walked along the wall, the governor and senator conversed'}}

This overlaps with certain uses of the imperfective participle (see [[Aeranir#Uses of the participle|§ uses of the participle]]), e.g. ''murran travantur pērintur pāliō mater'' is synonymous with the above example. In contrast, the locative gerund is used to show actions beginning at the same time. This may be relayed with English 'when' or 'as.'

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| pāsillan cītiennīs auhēva sartī tūī cōrēssī
| fireword-ACC.SG cut-GER.LOC see-PFV-C.3SG knife-GEN.SG mine-T.GEN.SG break-PFV.MID.ACC.INF
|'As I (began to) cut the firewood, I saw that my knife was broken'}}

This differs from usage of the perfective participle, which signals the main action starting at the end of the dependant one, i.e. ''pāsillan cīsus auhēva sartī tūī cōrēssī'' 'having cut the firewood I saw that my knife was broken.'

In addition, the essive gerund may be used with the verb ''rēhan'' ('to do') in order to express an attempt, goal, or aim. In the perfective aspect, this is usually interpreted as a failed attempt.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| rēvō salvan ā vitlās Īliānōvus iuvannū
| do-PFV-MID.1SG book-ACC.SG over life-ABL.PL Ilian-GEN.PL write-GER.ESS
|'I tried (but failed) to write a book about the lives of the Ilians.'}}

The genitive and dative cases of the gerund are used to express aim, goal, or purpose. The genitive gerund marks the purpose or use of a noun, whilst the dative gerund marks the purpose of a verb or action.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| pea cūran vecunt inceris moñennī
| grow-C.3SG herb-ACC.SG illness-ACC.PL head-GEN.SG heal-GER.GEN
|'They grow an herb for healing illnesses of the head'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| serue te Caescārin mumae ūī sihinnō pāliōna
| order-PFV.E.3SG <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG Caescar-ACC.SG mother-ACC.PL their-T.ACC.PL sate-GER.DAT post-DAT.PL
|'I ordered Caescar to the boarder to appease their parents'}}

Furthermore, the dative gerund may be used with the middle voice of the verb ''rēhan'' ('to do') in a similar way to the essive, however in this case denoting intent, plans, will, or conjecture.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| reor cartō cur Mussiō vannō
| do-MID.1SG dance-DAT.SG with Mussius-DAT.SG go-GER-DAT
|'I intend to go to the dance with Mussius'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| reāvere seō scericca ciennō
| do-MID.SUBJ.PFV-3SG this-DAT.SG undertaker-NOM.SG come-GER-DAT
|'The undertaker should have come here (they planned to do so)'}}

The ablative and instrumental cases of the gerund can be used to express cause, i.e. 'by doing x,' or 'because x.' The ablative generally marks unintentional or natural causes, whilst the instrumental marks intentional cause.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| tlānae ustae quo peannā rēve cōmus pūterē
| flower-ACC.PL that(medial)-C.ACC.PL <nowiki>=</nowiki>and plant-GER-ABL do-PFV-E.3SG house-ACC.SG beautiful-ADV
|'By planting all these flowers you've made the house beautiful'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ustam prī tētē harēnam matrī iminnōrun restērāvist pāliōnū gaeticae
| that(medial)-C.ACC.SG before 1SG-ABL paper-ACC.SG senator-DAT.SG send-GER-INSTR assure-PFV-MID.2SG governor-ESS.SG Gaetica-GEN.SG
|'By sending the senator that letter before me, you've assured your place as governor of Gaetica'}}

==Semantics==
=== Temporal expressions ===

The ancient Aerans divided the day from noon to noon into one hundred '''''lammar''''' (sg. ''lamma'') of equal length, roughly 14.4 minutes long. The daytime was divided into sixteen '''''lȳrar''''' (sg. ''lȳra''), and night into four or five '''''volar''''' (sg. ''vola'') depending on the season. Time was kept on a device called a '''''lammāriun''''', a type of clock. Early ''lammāriunt'' only measured ''lammar'', and one had to consult an almanac ('''''lȳrāriun''''') to determine the length and starting time of each ''lȳra'' or ''vola'' on a given day.

The verb '''''spurhan''''' ('to hang (trans.)') is used to denote spending or taking time;

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| spurra sau īma lamma āmātiō vannō
| hang-MID.C.3SG only one-C.NOM.SG lamma-NOM.SG market-DAT.SG go-GER-DAT
| 'It only takes one ''lamma'' to get to the market'}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| qurrintus spūrint te volae mōrī
| read-PTCP-T.NOM.SG hang.PFV-3PL <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG vola-ACC.PL three-C.ACC.PL
| 'I spent three ''volar'' reading'}}

To denote the amount of time spent on an action, without regard for whether or not the activity was completed or reached its end goal (i.e. atelic action) the essive case is used. To signify the amount of time spent or necessary to spend to complete an activity (i.e. telic action) the instrumental case is used.

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| iūvint te harēnae īmau lȳrau
| write.PFV-3PL <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG letter-ACC.SG one-C.ESS.SG lyra-ESS.SG
| 'I wrote letters for an hour'}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| iūva te harēna īmārun lȳrārun
| write.PFV-C.3SG <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG letter-ACC.SG one-C.INSTR.SG lyra-INSTR.SG
| 'I wrote the letter in an hour'}}

=== Possession ===

There are a number of different strategies in Aeranir to signify possession. Aeranir lacks a [[w:Possession_(linguistics)#Possession_verbs|possession verb]] analogous to English 'to have,' and instead usually signifies possession through different types of [[w:Existential_clause|existential clauses]]. For example, the sentence 'I have a friend' can be expressed by the sentence '''''ēs carīnus tihī''''', which literally means 'there is a friend to me.'

The case of the possessor changes depending its relationship with the possessed:

* '''Locative case''': used for personal possessions that are currently on the person;

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| ēs iarius taurātīs
| COP-T.3SG spear-NOM.SG soldier-LOC.SG
|'The soldier has a spear (on them)'
|c2 = ''lit. 'at the soldier is a spear<nowiki>'</nowiki>''}}

* '''Dative case''': used for personal possessions that are not currently on the person, or for affiliation with persons or people;

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| sintz iariur vulhur taurātiō
| COP-T.3PL spear-NOM.PL many-T.NOM.PL soldier-DAT.SG
|'The soldier has many spears (at home)'
|c2 = ''lit. 'to the soldier are many spears<nowiki>'</nowiki>''}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| sintz menterur tihī octzuin
| COP-T.3PL sibling-NOM.PL 1SG-DAT six
|'I have six siblings'
|c2 = ''lit. 'to me are six siblings<nowiki>'</nowiki>''}}

* '''Ablative case''': used for parts of a whole, or body parts;

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| sī incus iūrun nēnē
| COP-E.3SG head-NOM.SG good-E.NOM.SG 1SG-ABL
|'You have a good head (i.e. are smart)'
|c2 = ''lit. 'from you is a good head<nowiki>'</nowiki>''}}

For metaphorical possession or possession of abstract concepts, such as leadership, power, knowledge, etc., any of these three may be used, for different rhetorical purposes. For example, using the locative implies an immediacy to the possession; that it is in hand, ready to be used. Using the dative implies that the possession is not immediate, but rather something that can be drawn upon, perhaps too vast to 'carry' on one person. This can be more humble or polite than the locative. Using the locative implies that the trait is a fundamental, inalienable, and inherent part of the possessor, rather than something gained or worked for.

=== Conditionals ===

Aeranir has a number of ways of expressing [[w:Conditional sentence|conditional sentences]], depending on the type of condition, as well as the register of speech. Colloquial or spontaneous speech tends to favour the use of finite dependant clauses for the '''''protasis''''' (conditional clause, as opposed to the '''''apodosis''''', or consequence), where as practiced or refined speech, or writing, tend to favour non-finite dependant clauses (this represents a general trend in writing to 'nominalise' all but the most central verb in a sentence, and sometimes the central verb too is made non-finite).

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| sopis furea requeō cōmerī
| snow-NOM.SG fall-SUBJ.C.3SG return-MID.SUBJ.1SG home-DAT.SG
|'If it snows I'm going home'
|c1 = ''(more informal)''}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| soperis furentīs requeō cōmerī
| snow-GEN.SG fall-SUBJ.PTCP-T.LOC.SG return-MID.SUBJ.1SG home-DAT.SG
|'If it snows I'm going home'
|c1 = ''(more formal)''}}

When a non-finite clause is used for a conditional, the verb of the ''protasis'' usually appears in the locative case (an expression of ''time-is-space'' metaphor), unless the two clauses share an argument (e.g. subject, object, etc.) in which case the ''protasis'' takes the same case marking as the shared argument.

Conditional sentences in Aeranir are formed purely through juxtaposition—that is, the placing of two clauses side by side, the verb of the ''protasis'' moved to clause-final position or put into a non-finite form to mark it as dependant. No conjunctive particles like 'if' or 'when' are required. The ''protasis'' takes the subjunctive mood, whilst the mood of the ''apodosis'' indicates the certainty of the conclusion. Aspect, meanwhile, can be used to indicate the certainty of the condition. This distinction may be approximated in English by 'if' versus 'when'

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+ Mood and aspect of conditional sentences
|-
!
! ''Protasis'' certain
! ''Protasis'' uncertain
|-
! ''Apodosis'' certain
| if [''perfective aspect''] then [''indicative mood''] e.g. ''intlae furītīs mollintz tahrer''—'when it rains, the shingles will leak'
| if [''imperfective aspect''] then [''indicative mood''] e.g. ''intlae furentīs mollintz tahrer''—'if it rains, the shingles will leak'
|-
! ''Apodosis'' uncertain
| if [''perfective aspect''] then [''subjunctive mood''] e.g. ''intlae furītīs mollent tahrer''—'when it rains, the shingles might leak'
| if [''imperfective aspect''] then [''subjunctive mood''] e.g. ''intlae furentīs mollent tahrer''—'if it rains, the shingles might leak'
|}

== Numbers ==
<div style="overflow:auto">
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Aeranir numbers 1-400
|-
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
|-
! 1
| ''īmus''
| ''prīstus''
| ''temper''
! 11
| ''īnhīntur''
| ''īnhīnsus''
| ''īnhīntin''
! 21
| ''calhier īmus''
| ''calhitus prīstus''
| ''calhin temper''
! 120
| ''octzāculhier''
| ''octzāculhitus''
| ''octzāculhin''
|-
! 2
| ''sēr''
| ''metzumnus''
| ''vēriēs''
! 12
| ''verhīntur''
| ''verhīnsus''
| ''verhīntin''
! 22
| ''calhier sēr''
| ''calhitus metzumnus''
| ''calhin vēriēs''
! 140
| ''nāculhier''
| ''nāculhitus''
| ''nāculhin''
|-
! 3
| ''morier''
| ''moritus''
| ''moriēs''
! 13
| ''prōhīntur''
| ''prōhīnsus''
| ''prōhīntin''
! 30
| ''calhier qehentzier''
| ''calhitus qehēnsus''
| ''calhin qehen''
! 160
| ''nāquenculhier''
| ''nāquenculhitus''
| ''nāquenculhin''
|-
! 4
| ''quatlur''
| ''quallus''
| ''quatziēs''
! 14
| ''quatlāhīntur''
| ''quatlāhīnsus''
| ''quatlāhīntin''
! 40
| ''verculhier''
| ''verculhitus''
| ''verculhin''
! 180
| ''nātlicculhier''
| ''nātlicculhitus''
| ''nātlicculhin''
|-
! 5
| ''quiquier''
| ''quiqtus''
| ''quiquin''
! 15
| ''quihīntur''
| ''quihīnsus''
| ''quihīntin''
! 50
| ''verculhier qehentzier''
| ''verculhitus qehēnsus''
| ''verculhin qehen''
! 200
| ''tammīttler''
| ''tammīttus''
| ''tammīttziēs''
|-
! 6
| ''octzuer''
| ''octzūmus''
| ''octzuin''
! 16
| ''octzāhīntur''
| ''octzāhīnsus''
| ''octzāhīntin''
! 60
| ''prōculhier''
| ''prōculhitus''
| ''prōculhin''
! 220
| ''tammīttler calhier''
| ''tammīttus calhitus''
| ''tammīttziēs calhin''
|-
! 7
| ''nāier''
| ''nāntus''
| ''nāhin''
! 17
| ''nāhīntur''
| ''nāhīnsus''
| ''nāhīntin''
! 70
| ''prōculhier qehentzier''
| ''prōculhitus qehēnsus''
| ''prōculhin qehen''
! 240
| ''tammīttler verculhier''
| ''tammīttus verculhitus''
| ''tammīttziēs verculhin''
|-
! 8
| ''nāquemur''
| ''nāquemmus''
| ''nāquemin''
! 18
| ''sērēsculhier''
| ''sērēsculhitus''
| ''sērēsculhin''
! 80
| ''quatlāculhier''
| ''quatlāculhitus''
| ''quatlāculhin''
! 260
| ''tammīttler prōculhier''
| ''tammīttus prōculhitus''
| ''tammīttziēs prōculhin''
|-
! 9
| ''nātlittzier''
| ''nātlittzitus''
| ''nātlittzin''
! 19
| ''īmāculhier''
| ''īmāculhitus''
| ''īmāculhin''
! 90
| ''quatlāculhier qehentzier''
| ''quatlāculhitus qehēnsus''
| ''quatlāculhin qehen''
! 280
| ''tammīttler quatlāculhier''
| ''tammīttus quatlāculhitus''
| ''tammīttziēs quatlāculhin''
|-
! 10
| ''qehentzier''
| ''qehēnsus''
| ''qehen''
! 20
| ''calhier''
| ''calhitus''
| ''calhin''
! 100
| ''quicculhier''
| ''quicculhitus''
| ''quicculhin''
! 400
| ''mīttler''
| ''mīttus''
| ''mīttziēs''
|}
</div>

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Aeranir numbers 400-3,200,000
|-
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
|-
! 800
|
|
|
! 16,000
|
|
|
! 320,000
|
|
|
|-
! 1,200
|
|
|
! 24,000
|
|
|
! 480,000
|
|
|
|-
! 1,600
|
|
|
! 32,000
|
|
|
! 640,000
|
|
|
|-
! 2,000
|
|
|
! 40,000
|
|
|
! 800,000
|
|
|
|-
! 2,400
|
|
|
! 48,000
|
|
|
! 960,000
|
|
|
|-
! 2,800
|
|
|
! 56,000
|
|
|
! 1,120,000
|
|
|
|-
! 3,200
|
|
|
! 64,000
|
|
|
! 1,280,000
|
|
|
|-
! 3,600
|
|
|
! 72,000
|
|
|
! 1,440,000
|
|
|
|-
! 4,000
|
|
|
! 80,000
|
|
|
! 1,600,000
|
|
|
|-
! 8,000
|
|
| ''attuin''
! 160,000
|
|
| ''ōtlua attuin''
! 3,200,000
|
|
| ''octzuō''
|}

==Late Aeranir inovations==
===Applicative voices===
Whilst Classical Aeranir was more permissive of adding additional arguments to a clause, so long as the verb's core transitivity were met. Late Aeranir, however, tended to be more restrictive, and required valency increasing operations to express benefactive, comitative, and locative meanings. These applicative morphemes take the form of verbal prefixes.

==Lexicon==

''[[:Category:Aeranir_words|Aeranir Lexicon]]''.

==Footnotes==

[[Category:Aeranir]]
[[Category:Maro-Ephenian Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Avrid]]

Aeranir

2020-07-12T14:36:19Z

Gaffney.flancer: /* The infinitive */

{{construction}}
{{Infobox language
| name = ''Aeranir''
| altname = ''coeñar inceris''
|-
| nativename = ''coeñar aerānir''
| pronunciation = [ˈk̟øː.ɲar ˈɪ̃ŋ̟.k̟ɛ.rɪs̠], [ˈk̟øː.ɲar ɛːˈraː.nɪr]
|-
|creator=Limius
|setting=''[[Avrid]]''
|-
| state = [[Telrhamir]], [[Iscaria]], [[Aeranid Empire]]
| ethnicity = Aeran
| familycolor = PaleGoldenrod
| fam1 = [[Maro-Ephenian languages|Maro-Ephenian]]
| fam2 = Iscaric
|ancestor=[[Proto-Maro-Ephenian]]
|ancestor2=[[Proto-Iscaric]]
|ancestor3=[[Aeranir#Old Aeranir|Old Aeranir]]
|-
| nation = [[Aeranid Empire]]
| minority = [[Iscaria]], [[S'entin]], [[Tevrén]]
| notice = IPA
|iso3 = qco
}}

'''Aeranir''', also known as '''coeñar aerānir''' (''language of the Aerans''), or '''coeñar inceris''' (''language of the capital''), is an Iscaric language in the [[Maro-Ephenian languages|Maro-Ephenian language group]]. It was originally spoken by the [[Aerans]], developed in the deserts of Northern [[Iscaria]] in the city of [[Telrhamir]], and spread with the expanse of the [[Aeranid Empire]] throughout [[Ephenia]], as well as parts of [[Eubora]] and [[Syra]]. It later developed into the Aeranid languages, such as [[Dalot]], [[Ilesse]], [[Iscariano]], [[Îredese]], [[S'entigneis]], and [[Tevrés]]. It is still used throughout Ephenia as a language of theology, science, medicine, literature, and law.

Aeranir had been standardised into Classical Aeranir by the time of the Early Empire, around the second millennia [[New Imperial Age|BNIA]] by the writer and educator Limius. The period before that is generally referred to as Old Aeranir. The language spoken between the 15th and 12th centuries [[New Imperial Age|BNIA]] is generally referred to Late Aeranir. This shift is marked by several grammatical and phonetic shifts. After that period, Aeranir began to splinter off into the various Aeranid languages. A form of Classical Aeranir called New Aeranir or Medieval Aeranir remained in use in official writings even after this period.

Aeranir is a highly inflective and fusional language, with three distinct [[w:Gramatical Gender|genders]], nine [[w:Gramatical Case|cases]], two [[w:Gramatical Aspect|aspects]], four [[w:Gramatical Mood|moods]], three [[w:Gramatical Person|persons]], two or three [[w:Gramatical Voice|voices]], and two [[w:Gramatical Number|numbers]].

==History==
===Periodisation===

{{Graphical timeline

|title=Timeline of Aeranir
|align=right

|plot-colour=#bbeebb

|from=0
|to=3000
|scale-increment=200

|width=10
|height=300
|height-unit=px

|legend1=Aeran settlements

|bar1-from=2400
|bar1-left=0
|bar1-right=0.2

|legend2=City of Telhramir

|bar2-to=2600
|bar2-left=0.1
|bar2-right=0.2

|legend3=Aeranid Kingdom
|legend3-colour=#e0aacc

|bar3-to=2400
|bar3-left=0
|bar3-right=0.2
|bar3-colour=#e0aacc

|
|bar4-to=2104
|bar4-left=0
|bar4-right=0.2
|bar4-colour=red
|legend4=Aeranid Empire
|legend4-colour=red

|
|bar5-to=1266
|bar5-from=825
|bar5-left=0
|bar5-right=0.2
|bar5-colour=#AA98A9
|legend5=Eastern Aeranid Empire
|legend5-colour=#AA98A9

|bar6-from=1172
|bar6-to=1266
|bar6-left=0.1
|bar6-right=0.2
|bar6-colour=blue
|legend6=Western Aeranid Empire
|legend6-colour=blue

|bar7-to=825
|bar7-left=0
|bar7-right=0.2
|bar7-colour=grey
|legend7=Various Nations
|legend7-colour=grey

|bar8-text=Proto-Aeranid
|bar8-to=953
|bar8-from=700
|bar8-left=1
|bar8-right=1.75
|bar8-border-width=1
|bar8-border-colour= #996666
|bar8-colour=lightgrey

|bar9-text=Liturgical Aeranir
|bar9-to=953
|bar9-left=0.2
|bar9-right=1
|bar9-border-width=1
|bar9-border-colour= #996666
|bar9-colour=#cc9999

|bar10-text=Post-Collapse Aeranir
|bar10-from=953
|bar10-to=1266
|bar10-left=0.2
|bar10-right=1.75
|bar10-colour=#99cc99

|bar11-text=Late Aeranir
|bar11-from=1266
|bar11-to=1450
|bar11-left=0.2
|bar11-right=1.75
|bar11-colour=#99cc99
|bar11-border-width=0.1

|bar12-text=Golden Age Aeranir
|bar12-from=1450
|bar12-to=1800
|bar12-left=0.2
|bar12-right=1.75
|bar12-border-width=0.1
|bar12-colour=#99cc99

|bar13-text=Classical Aeranir
|bar13-from=1800
|bar13-to=2200
|bar13-left=0.2
|bar13-right=1.75
|bar13-border-width=0.1
|bar13-colour=#99cc99

|bar14-text=Old Aeranir
|bar14-from=2200
|bar14-to=2500
|bar14-left=0.2
|bar14-right=1.75
|bar14-border-width=0.1
|bar14-colour=#99cc99

|bar15-text=Proto-Iscaric
|bar15-from=2500
|bar15-to=3000
|bar15-left=0.2
|bar15-right=1.75
|bar15-border-width=0.1
|bar15-colour=#bbeebb

|bar16-text=Aeranid Languages
|bar16-to=700
|bar16-from=0
|bar16-left=1
|bar16-right=1.75
|bar16-border-width=1
|bar16-border-colour= #996666
|bar16-colour=grey

|note1=The Collapse
|note1-at=1266
|note1-nudge-right=10
|note1-colour=green

|caption=A timeline of the evolution of Aeranir. The scale is in years BCA. The thin bar to the left denotes the Aeranir (and later Aeranid) speaking powers of the time, whilst the right denotes the evolutionary stage of Aeranir.
}}

The Aeranir language is descended from Proto-Iscaric, a theoretical reconstruction, which is in turn descended from [[Proto-Maro-Ephenian]]. This makes Aeranir a member of the Maro-Ephenian language family, along with Talothic, Fyrdan, and Marian. Because neither of these two proto-languages are attested in writing, it can be difficult to say when they were spoken, and when one transitioned into the other, but scholars generally agree that there was something that could be called Proto-Iscaric around the end of the 4th millennium BCA.

Proto-Iscaric was spoken by numerous Maro-Ephenian tribes which settled in Iscaria at the end of the 4th millennium. This evolved into numerous attested Iscaric languages, of which the language of the Aerans, who settled the region known as Aes, was but one. The oldest evidence of their language is found dating well after the founding of their most famous city, Telhramir, around 2500 BCA. This phase of the language, from around then to the later years of the Aeranid Kingdom, is known as Old Aeranir (called '''''coeñar accuiha aerānir''''' or '''''aerānir accuiha''''' by Classical and Golden Age sources).

==Phonology==
===Consonants===
The following is a table of phonemes in Aeranir. This analysis is based on Classical Aeranir, as it was used during the hight of the [[Aeranid Empire]]. The phonology, especially the number of vowel phonemes, varied greatly time, but this is seen as the standard version of the language.
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Classical consonant phonemes
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | Labial
! colspan="2" | Coronal
! rowspan="2" | Palatal
! colspan="2" | Velar
! colspan="2" | Uvular
! rowspan="2" | Glottal
|-
! central 
! lateral 
! plain 
! labial 
! plain 
! labial 
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Nasal
| m
| n
|
| ɲ
|
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Stop
| p
| t
|
|
| k
| kʷ
| q
| qʷ
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Affricate
|
| ts
| tɬ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Fricative
| f
| s
|
|
|
|
|
|
| h
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Liquid
|
| r
| l
| j
|
| w
|
|
| ɦ
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Golden age consonant phonemes
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | Labial
! colspan="2" | Coronal
! rowspan="2" | Palatal
! colspan="2" | Velar
! colspan="2" | Uvular
! rowspan="2" | Glottal
|-
! central 
! lateral 
! plain 
! labial 
! plain 
! labial 
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| m
| n
|
| ɲ
|
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="3" | Stop
! aspirated
| (pʰ)
| (tʰ)
|
|
| kʰ
|
| qʰ
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! plain
| p
| t
|
|
| k
| kʷ
| q
| qʷ
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! voiced
| (b)
| (d)
|
|
| (g)
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" | Affricate
! voiceless
|
| ts
| tɬ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! voiced
|
| (dz~z)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Fricative
| f
| s
|
|
|
|
|
|
| h
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Liquid
| ʋ
| r
| l
| j
|
|
|
|
| ɦ
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Late consonant phonemes
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | Labial
! colspan="2" | Coronal
! rowspan="2" | Palatal
! colspan="2" | Velar
|-
! central 
! lateral 
! plain 
! labial 
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| m
| n
|
| ɲ
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" | Stop
! voiceless
| p
| t
|
| c
| k
| kʷ
|- style="text-align:center;"
! voiced
| b
| d
|
| ɟ
| g
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Affricate
|
| ts
| tɬ
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Fricative
| f
| s
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Liquid
|
| r
| l
| j
|
|
|}
====Notes on consonants====
*The clusters /rh/, /nh/, and /lh/ vary greatly between dialects; [rɦ nɦ ɫɦ ~ rg ŋg ɫg ~ ʀː ŋː ʟː].
*The sequence /ks/ is written in the romanisation as ''x''.
*The nasal consonant /n/ assimilates to the place of articulation of the following stop, so that /nk/ or /nqʷ/ for example become /ŋk/ and /ɴʷqʷ/. Before fricatives, /n/ is deleted, and the proceeding vowel is lengthened and nasalised. These processes apply between word boundries as well. Word final /n/ as part of case and personal markers is elided before a word starting with a vowel, fricative, approximate, or before a [[w:Pausa|pausa]]. It often served as a [[w:Shibboleth|shibboleth]] for discerning one's origins or social circles.
*The velar, labio-velar, and labio-uvular consonants /k/, /kʷ/, /q/, and /qʷ/ are palatalised before front vowels and /j/ to [k̟], [kᶣ], [k̠] and [k̠ᶣ] respectively. Futhermore, dental consonants /n/ and /t/ are palatalised before /j/ to [ɲ̟], and [tʲ]. The glottal fricative /h/ is also palatalised to [ç] before high front vowels and /j/. Some dialects also palatalise the postalveolar consonants /s/ and /ts/ to [ɕ] and [tɕ] before front vowels and /j/.
*The labialised consonants /kʷ/, and /qʷ/ are pronounced as truly labialised, rather than a sequence of two consonants, i.e. /kw/, /qw/. The voiced labiovelar stop only occurs after a nasal consonant.
*All consonants, with the exception of /ʋ/, can be geminated between vowels. This is denoted orthographically by doubling of the first letter of the phoneme, i.e. ⟨cc⟩, ⟨ff⟩, ⟨hh⟩, etc. The palatal approximate /j/ is always geminated to [jː] between vowels, but is written with a simple ⟨i⟩. Fricative /hː/ is usually realised as [çː]. In dialects that palatalise /s/ and /ts/, [çː] often becomes [ɕː], merging in some environments with /sː/.
*The lateral approximate /l/ has two allophones in Classical Aeranir; [l] before close front vowels, /j/, and when geminated, and [ɫ] elsewhere.
*The fricative /s/ is often pronounced further back in the mouth, closer to [s̠].
* The phoneme /h/ has two distinct allophones following the nasal /n/. When this cluster occurs natively within a word, /h/ is voiced and velarised to [g]. Nasal /n/ is likewise velarised to [ŋ]. Dialectically, the cluster /ŋg/ may be fortified to [gː] or lenited to [ŋː]. Before front vowels and /j/, these may appear as [ɲʝ], [ŋ˖g˖], [g˖ː], or [ŋ˖ː]. When the cluster /nh/ occurs where /h/ was once word initial, as result of a prefix, the nasal is deleted and the preceding vowel nasalised and lengthened, as with fricatives /s/ and /f/.

===Vowels===
Vowels in Aeranir underwent the greatest amount of change throughout time. Although the standard is considered to me Classical Aeranir as it was spoken in the 17th and 16th centuries {{Smallcaps|[[New Imperial Age|bnia]]}}, this should not be seen in the context of a sliding historical spectrum. Below are listed three somewhat representative samples that provide a broad overview of general changes.
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Old Aeranir vowel phonemes (circa 2300{{Smallcaps|bca}})
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Front
! colspan="2" | Central
! colspan="2" | Back
|-
! short 
! long 
! short 
! long 
! short 
! long 
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Close
| i
| iː
|
|
| u
| uː
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Mid
| e
| eː
|
|
| o
| oː
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Open
|
|
| a
| aː
|
|
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Classical and Golden Age Aeranir vowel phonemes (circa 1600{{Smallcaps|bca}})
|-
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="4" | Front
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Central
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Back
|-
! colspan="2" | plain 
! colspan="2" | rounded 
|-
! short 
! long 
! short 
! long 
! short 
! long 
! short 
! long 
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Close
| ɪ
| iː
| ʏ
| yː
|
|
| ʊ
| uː
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Mid-close
|
| eː
|
| øː
|
|
|
| oː
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Mid-open
| ɛ
| ɛː
|
|
|
|
| ɔ
| ɔː
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Open
|
|
|
|
| a
| aː
|
|
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Late Aeranir vowel phonemes (circa 1200{{Smallcaps|bca}})
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Front
! rowspan="2"| Central
! rowspan="2"| Back
|-
! plain
! round
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Close
| i
| (y)
|
| u
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Mid-close
| e
| (ø)
|
| o
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Mid-open
| ɛ
|
|
| ɔ
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Open
|
|
| a
|
|}
====Notes on vowels====
* The short high rounded vowel /ʏ/ is mostly a loan from [[Dalitian]], and is not found in many native words, or words dating back to Old Aeranir. It is usually realised as [ɪ], and is only rounded in educated speech.
{| class="wikitable floatright"
|+caption | Vowel change from PME to Late Aeranir (in stessed initial syllables)
|-
! [[Proto-Maro-Ephenian|PME]]
! Old
! Classical
! Late
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *u[r₂, r₃, h]i
| → ui /ui̯/
| rowspan="2" | → y /yː/
| rowspan="4" | → i /i/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *i[r₂, r₃, h]u
| → iu /iu̯̯/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *ey, *ehi, *ēy, *hey
| → ei /ei̯/
| rowspan="2" | → ī /iː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *i[r₂, r₃, h]
| → ī /iː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *i
| → i /i/
| → i /ɪ/
| rowspan="3" | → e /e/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *oy, *o[r₂, r₃, h]i, *er₃i, *ōy, *[r₂, r₃, h]oy, *r₃ey
| → oi /oi̯/
| → oe /øː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *eh, *ē
| → e /eː/
| → e /eː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *e
| → e /e/
| → e /ɛ/
| rowspan="2" | → è /ɛ/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *er₂i, *r₂ey
| → ai /ai̯/
| → ae /ɛː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *ow, *o[r₂, r₃, h]u, *ōw, *[r₂, r₃, h]ow, *r₃ew, *ew, *ehu, *ēw, *hew
| → ou /ou̯̯/
| rowspan="2" | → ū /uː/
| rowspan="2" | → u /u/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *u[r₂, r₃, h]
| → ū /uː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *u
| → u /u/
| → u /ʊ/
| rowspan="2" | → o /o/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *o[r₂, r₃, h], *ō, *r₃e[r₂, r₃, h], *r₃ē, *er₃
| → o /oː/
| → o /oː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *o, *r₃e
| → o /o/
| → o /ɔ/
| rowspan="2" | → ò /ɔ/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *er₂u, *r₂ew
| → au /au̯̯/
| → au /ɔː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *er₂, *r₂ē
| → ā /aː/
| → ā /aː/
| rowspan="2" | → a /a/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *[r̥₂, r̥₃, h̥]
| → a /a/
| → a /a/
|}
* Most non-intial short vowels in [[Aeranir#Proto-Iscaric|Proto-Iscairc]] were reduced to /i/ by the time of Old Aeranir. Many of these were then further reduced in Classical Aeranir (as discussed above), to the vowels represented by [[w:Diaeresis_(diacritic)|diaeresis]]. These merged in Late Aeranir to a [[w:Schwa|schwa]], but this schwa was deleted in many environments.
* Old Aeranir diphthongs /ei̯/ and /ou̯̯/ may have been realised as hightened pure vowels [eː~e̝ː] and [oː~o̝ː]. Before other vowels, /ei̯/ becomes simple [e] in Classical Aeranir. Likewise, Classical /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ rise to [e] and [o] before another vowel. These were then simplified into glides [j] and [w] in Late Aeranir.
* There are two realisations of high short vowels /ɪ/ and /ʊ/ before another vowel, depending on whether the proceeding syllable it light or heavy. Following a light syllable, the become glides [j] and [w]. Follwing a heavy syllable, an [[w:Ephethesis#Anaptyxis|anaptyctic]] vowel is inserted, becoming [ɪj] and [ʊw]. These vowels are not represented in the orthography.
* Some peripheral dialects of Late Aeranir retained rounded front vowels /y/ and /ø/, while in most, including the speech of Telrhamir, they merged with their plain counterparts /i/ and /e/ respectively.

===Stress===
Syllable stress in Old Aeranir fell uniformly on the first syllable of a word. However, by the time of Classical Aeranir, stress had shifted to a more complex paradigm, generally falling on the '''penult''' (the second to last syllable) or the '''antipenult''' (the third to last syllable). Which one was determined by the '''weight''' of the penult.

Syllables are divided into one of two categories, or weights. These are '''light''' syllables and '''heavy''' syllables. A light syllable contains a maximum of one short vowel, alone or proceeded by a consonant or consonant cluster, while a heavy syllable may contain a long vowel, a coda consonant, or both. If the penult of a word is heavy, it is stressed. If not, the antipenult is stressed.
=== Dialects ===
;Pēcilia Cūvae
: The ''pēcilia cūvae'' ('Cuvan swing') refers to the particular musical quality of the Aeranir spoken in the Aes city of Cuva (''cūva'') during the classical and golden age of Aeranid civilisation. It was likened in the earliest records to the ''pēcilia traecōvus'' ('talothic swing'), and occasionally referred to as the ''pōnus traeceus'' ('talothic voice'). However, by the golden age, Talothic had lost its distinct melodious accent, and the these terms fell out of use. This is believed to be the reason that citizens of Cuva were called ''traeceolar'' ('little taloths'), and is the origin of the name of the city Triggiolari, founded as ''Traeceolar''.

: Rather than the stress-accent of standard capitoline Aeranir, the speech of Cuva is marked by a distinctive [[w:Pitch-accent language|pitch accent]]. Pitch in Cuva begins low, and then rises until a [[w:Mora|kernel mora]], after which it immediately falls. Placement of the kernel mora generally falls on the third to last mora. However, the way morae are counted is somewhat complex. A short vowel, either proceeded by a consonant or consonant cluster, or bare, counts as one mora, and a long vowel of (spurious) diphthong counts as two. On top of that, coda consonants, rather singletons or clusters, also count as a mora. So, for example, each syllable of the word ''āctās'' is three morea; ''a-a-c.ta-a-s''

: Pitch accent manifests differently depending on where the kernel falls. Then the kernel falls on a vowel, there is a [[w:Downstep|downstep]] before it; e.g. ''āctās'': ''a-a-c.ta-a-s'' /àák.tààs/ [ǎːk.tàːs].

==Syntax==
===Word order===
Aeranir is generally verb-initial in independent clauses, and verb-final in dependant clauses, including non-finite clauses using the infinitive, participle, gerund, etc.. These rules may be violated in poetry, however it is much more common to violate the former than the later.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| qurra Rāscānus salvan
| read-3SG.C Rascanus-NOM.SG book-ACC.SG
|'Rascanus is reading a book'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| Rāscānus salvan qurrea
| Rascanus-NOM.SG book-ACC.SG read-SUBJ.3SG.C
|'should Rascanus be reading a book...'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| sircuīva īliō Rāscānus salvan qurrīhā
| tell-PFV.3SG.C Ilius-DAT.SG Rascanus-NOM.SG book-ACC.SG read-INF
|'Rascanus told Ilius that he was reading a book'}}

Nominal clitics attach to the end of verbs in independent clauses, and the beginning of verbs in dependant clauses.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| taetue ne tīn
| drink-PFV.3SG.E <nowiki>=</nowiki>2SG tea-ACC.SG
|'You drank the tea'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| tīn ni taesun
| tea-NOM.SG 2SG<nowiki>=</nowiki> drink-PFV.PTCP-E.NOM.SG
|'The tea you drank'}}

Word order is much more free for nouns and noun phrases. Adjectives and genitives may either proceed or follow a noun (e.g. '''''formun cōmus''''' or '''''cōmus formun''''', both 'the warm house;' '''''umae menter''''' or '''''menter umae''''', both 'my mother's sibling'), although they adjectives generally follow, whilst genitives generally proceed. Prepositions always proceed their noun, whilst postpositions, which are far less common, always follow.

Due to agreement in gender, case, and number between nouns and adjectives, additional nouns may be inserted between a noun and its adjective without changing the meaning, in what is called [[w:Hyperbaton|hyperbaton]]:

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ȳrē arte tihī iūre
| listen-IMP person-VOC.SG 1SG.PRO-DAT good-T.VOC.SG
|'Listen to me good fellow!'}}

==Nouns==
===Gender===
Aeranir nouns are divided into three [[w:Grammatical Gender|genders]], all of which are directly inherited from late [[Proto-Maro-Ephenian]]. These known as the '''temporary''' ('''{{Smallcaps|t}}'''), '''cyclical''' ('''{{Smallcaps|c}}'''), and '''eternal''' ('''{{Smallcaps|e}}''') genders. The gender of a noun effects the adjectives and verbs that refer to it.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ēs ars raius
| COP.3SG.T wumbo(T)-NOM.SG small-T.NOM.SG
|'It's a small wumbo'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| sa tlāna raia
| COP.3SG.C flower(C)-NOM.SG small-C.NOM.SG
|'It's a small flower'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| sī nātlun raiun
| COP.3SG.E shell(E)-NOM.SG small-E.NOM.SG
|'It's a small shell'}}

The gender of most nouns can be easily inferred from its ending. Furthermore, there is often overlap between meaning and gender. Animate living beings and small, breakable objects are often temporary, while abstract concepts, natural processes, or seasonal plants are usually cyclical, and large, durable, inanimate objects are most likely eternal. However, some nouns have no relation to their gender. Personal names are either temporary or cyclical; eternal names are reserved for gods.

===Case===
Nouns in Aeranir have a series of different forms, called cases of the noun, which have different functions or meanings. For example, the word for 'king' is ''{{term|rēs}}'' when subject of a verb, but ''rēnin'' when it is the object:
* ''auhēs rēs'' 'the king sees (someone)' ([[w:Nominative case|nominative case]])
* ''auhēs rēnin'' '(someone) sees the king' ([[w:Accusative case|accusative case]])
There are a total of nine cases for most nouns in Aeranir. Outside of the nominative and accusative, they are as the following:
* [[w:Vocative case|Vocative]]: ''rēne iō!'': 'o king!'
* [[w:Essive case|Essive]]: ''seū rēnū'': 'as this king'
* [[w:Instrumental case|Instrumental]]: ''seōrun rēnerun'': 'using this king'
* [[w:Genitive case|Genitive]]: ''sī rēnis'': 'of this king'
* [[w:Dative case|Dative]]: ''seō rēnī'': 'to/for this king'
* [[w:Ablative case|Ablative]]: ''seā rēni'': 'from/by this king'
* [[w:Locative case|Locative]]: ''sīs rēnīs'': 'at/with the king'
Sometimes the same endings, e.g. ''-ī'' and ''-ēs'', are used for more than one case. Since the function of a word in Aeranir is shown by ending rather than word order, in theory ''requor rēnī'' could mean either 'I return to the king' or 'I return from the king.' In practice, however, such ambiguities are rare.

==== Uses of the cases ====
===== Genitive =====
The use of the genitive case in subordinate clauses has changed throughout the history of Aeranir, and even within the span of time referred to as 'Golden Age Aeranir,' usage was shifting. In Classical and Golden Age Aeranir the genitive could be used with the active voice to mark the subject of the verb, whilst in the middle voice it marked the object. The later is similar to the use of the genitive as a partitive object in [[Classical Talothic|Talothic]]. Some believe this similarity to be the inherited from [[Proto-Maro-Ephenian]], whilst others claim that it is a case of parallel evolution or mutual influence.
:{{interlinear|box=yes
| tzilla artis auhita
| cat-NOM.SG person-GEN.SG see-PFV.PTCP-C.NOM.SG
| 'The cat the person saw'}}

:{{interlinear|box=yes
| ars tzillae auhitūnus
| person-NOM.SG cat-GEN.SG see-PFV.PTCP-T.NOM.SG
| 'The person who saw the cat'}}
The use of genitive objects dwindled in later Golden Age and Late Aeranir, being replaced by the accusative case with the active voice, or the ablative case with the middle voice, as in independent clauses. However, it remained used to mark the subject of dependent clauses, and in Late Aeranir even began to replace the nominative case in independent ones.

===== Ablative =====

* '''Ablative of motion''' implies movement away from or out of an object:
:{{interlinear|box=yes
| furuis pālā
| fall-PFV-T.3SG tree-ABL.SG
| 'They fell from the tree'}}

* '''Agentive ablative''' marks the agent by whom the action of a passive verb in performed:
:{{interlinear|box=yes
| īcēlāre pannun Traetiā cnōtun
| eat-PFV-PASS-E.3SG bread-NOM.SG Traetius-ABL.SG last-E.NOM.SG
| 'The last of the bread was eaten by Traetius'}}

===Declensions===
====Class I====
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+Class I noun
|-
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" |
! colspan="4" | ''{{term|salva}}'' c. book, tome
|-
! colspan="2" | Singular
! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
! word
! ending
! word
! ending
|-
! rowspan="3" | Primary '''''prīstūmus'''''
! scope="row" | Nominative
| ''salva''
| '''''-a'''''
| ''salvar''
| '''''-ar'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Accusative
| ''salvan''
| '''''-an'''''
| ''salvae''
| '''''-ae'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Vocative
| ''salva''
| '''''-a'''''
| ''salvar''
| '''''-ar'''''
|-
! rowspan="3" | Existential '''''soniāmus'''''
! scope="row" | Essive
| ''salvau''
| '''''-au'''''
| ''salvur''
| '''''-ur'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Instrumental
| ''salvārun''
| '''''-ārun'''''
| ''salvōs''
| '''''-ōs'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Genitive
| ''salvae''
| '''''-ae'''''
| ''salvābus''
| '''''-ābus'''''
|-
! rowspan="3" | Directive '''''satūmus'''''
! scope="row" | Dative
| ''salvō''
| '''''-ō'''''
| ''salvāna''
| '''''-āna'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Ablative
| ''salvā''
| '''''-ā'''''
| ''salvās''
| '''''-ās'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Locative
| ''salvīs''
| '''''-īs'''''
| ''salvā''
| '''''-ā'''''
|}

====Class II====
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+Class II temporary/eternal nouns
|-
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" |
! colspan="4" | ''{{term|pernus}}'' t. storm, chaos
! colspan="4" | ''{{term|nātlun}}'' e. shell, carapace
|-
! colspan="2" | Singular
! colspan="2" | Plural
! colspan="2" | Singular
! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
! word
! ending
! word
! ending
! word
! ending
! word
! ending
|-
! rowspan="3" | Primary '''''prīstūmus'''''
! scope="row" | Nominative
| ''pernus''
| '''''-us'''''
| ''pernur''
| '''''-ur'''''
| rowspan="3" | ''nātlun''
| rowspan="3" | '''''-un'''''
| rowspan="3" | ''nātlunt''
| rowspan="3" | '''''-unt'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Accusative
| ''pernun''
| '''''-un'''''
| ''pernī''
| '''''-ī'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Vocative
| ''perne''
| '''''-e'''''
| ''pernur''
| '''''-ur'''''
|-
! rowspan="3" | Existential '''''soniāmus'''''
! scope="row" | Essive
| ''pernū''
| '''''-ū'''''
| ''pernur''
| '''''-ur'''''
| ''nātlū''
| '''''-ū'''''
| ''nātlur''
| '''''-ur'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Instrumental
| ''pernōrun''
| '''''-ōrun'''''
| ''pernōs''
| '''''-ōs'''''
| ''nātlōrun''
| '''''-ōrun'''''
| ''nātlōs''
| '''''-ōs'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Genitive
| ''pernī''
| '''''-ī'''''
| ''pernōvus''
| '''''-ōvus'''''
| ''nātlī''
| '''''-ī'''''
| ''nātlōvus''
| '''''-ōvus'''''
|-
! rowspan="3" | Directive '''''satūmus'''''
! scope="row" | Dative
| ''pernō''
| '''''-ō'''''
| ''pernōna''
| '''''-ōna'''''
| ''nātlō''
| '''''-ō'''''
| ''nātlōna''
| '''''-ōna'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Ablative
| ''pernā''
| '''''-ā'''''
| ''pernōs''
| '''''-ōs'''''
| ''nātlā''
| '''''-ā'''''
| ''nātlōs''
| '''''-ōs'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Locative
| ''pernīs''
| '''''-īs'''''
| ''pernā''
| '''''-ā'''''
| ''nātlīs''
| '''''-īs'''''
| ''nātlā''
| '''''-ā'''''
|}

==Pronouns==
===Personal Pronouns===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Personal pronouns
|-
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" |
! colspan="4" | First person
! colspan="4" | Second person
! colspan="4" | Reflexive
|-
! colspan="2" | singular ''I''
! colspan="2" | plural ''we''
! colspan="2" | singular ''you''
! colspan="2" | plural ''y'all''
! colspan="2" | singular/plural ''himself/herself/ itself/themselves''
|-
! full
! clitic
! full
! clitic
! full
! clitic
! full
! clitic
! full
! clitic
|-
! rowspan="3" | Primary ''prīstūmus''
! Nominative
| rowspan="2" | ''aecū''
| rowspan="7" | ''te''
| rowspan="2" | ''eōs''
| rowspan="7" | ''ī''
| rowspan="2" | ''hanae''
| rowspan="7" | ''ne''
| rowspan="2" | ''rōs''
| rowspan="7" | ''er''
| rowspan="3" | ''cē''
| rowspan="7" | ''ce''
|-
! Vocative
|-
! Accusative
| ''tē''
| ''eon''
| ''nē''
| ''ron''
|-
! rowspan="2" | Existential ''soniāmus''
! Essive
| ''tōs''
| ''eor''
| ''nōs''
| ''rō''
| ''cū''
|-
! Genitive
| ''tī''
| ''īster''
| ''nī''
| ''rester''
| ''cī''
|-
! rowspan="2" | Directive ''satūmus''
! Dative
| ''tihī''
| ''īvīs''
| ''nivī''
| ''urvīs''
| ''civī''
|-
! Ablative
| ''tētē''
| ''eōvōs''
| ''nēnē''
| ''rōvōs''
| ''cēcē''
|}

===Third person pronouns===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Personal pronouns
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
|-
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
|-
! rowspan="3" | Primary ''prīstūmus''
! Nominative
| rowspan="2" | ''us''
| rowspan="2" | ''va''
| rowspan="3" | ''um''
| rowspan="2" | ''ur''
| rowspan="2" | ''var''
| rowspan="3" | ''ūns''
|-
! Vocative
|-
! Accusative
| ''um''
| ''vam''
| ''vī''
| ''vae''
|-
! rowspan="3" | Existential ''soniāmus''
! Essive
| ''ū''
| ''vau''
| ''ū''
| ''ur''
| ''vur''
| ''ur''
|-
! Instrumental
| ''urun''
| ''vārun''
| ''urun''
| ''vēs''
| ''vōs''
| ''vēs''
|-
! Genitive
| ''vis''
| ''vae''
| ''vis''
| ''vus''
| ''vāvus''
| ''vus''
|-
! rowspan="3" | Directive ''satūmus''
! Dative
| ''vī''
| ''vō''
| ''vī''
| ''vina''
| ''vāna''
| ''vina''
|-
! Ablative
| ''vit''
| ''vā''
| ''vit''
| ''vēs''
| ''vās''
| ''vēs''
|-
! Locative
| ''vis''
| ''vīs''
| ''vis''
| ''vā''
| ''vā''
| ''vā''
|}

=== Demonstrative pronouns ===
Demonstratives underwent a great deal of change during the latest stages of Classical Aeranir, and much of the older forms were preserved in Golden Age Aeranir alongside their newer counterparts. The Classical Aeranir distal and medial demonstratives were formed from the third person pronoun ''us, va, un'' plus a suffix. This produced a variety of irregular forms, which were regularised in early Golden Age Aeranir. However, which stem was taken to become the new regular form varied between times, locations, and speakers. Generally, two stems were predominant for each demonstrative; with the medial varying between ''ust-'' and ''unt-'' and the distal between ''ūl-'' and ''ull-''. Eventually, the former of the two became more common, although the latter remained in marginal use, even into the Aeranid languages.
<div style="overflow:auto">
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Old demonstrative pronouns
|-
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="6" | '''''seus, sea, seun''''' this, this one (proximal)
! colspan="6" | '''''ustus, usta, untun''''' that of yours (medial)
! colspan="6" | '''''ūlus, ūla, ūllun''''' that, that one (distal)
|-
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
|-
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Nominative
| ''seus''
| ''sea''
| rowspan="3" | ''seun''
| ''seur''
| ''sear''
| rowspan="3" | ''seunt''
| ''ustus''
| ''usta''
| rowspan="3" | ''untun''
| ''urtur''
| ''urtar''
| rowspan="3" | ''untunt''
| ''ūlus''
| ''ūla''
| rowspan="3" | ''ullun''
| ''ullur''
| ''ullar''
| rowspan="3" | ''ullunt''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Accusative
| ''seun''
| ''sean''
| ''sī''
| ''seae''
| ''untun''
| ''untan''
| ''vītī''
| ''vītae''
| ''ullun''
| ''ullan''
| ''vīlī''
| ''vīlae''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Vocative
| ''sē''
| ''sea''
| ''seur''
| ''sear''
| ''uste''
| ''usta''
| ''urtur''
| ''urtar''
| ''ūle''
| ''ūla''
| ''ullur''
| ''ullar''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Essive
| ''seū''
| ''seau''
| ''seū''
| colspan="3" | ''seur''
| ''ūtū''
| ''ūtau''
| ''ūtū''
| colspan="3" | ''urtur''
| ''ūlū''
| ''ūlau''
| ''ūlū''
| colspan="3" | ''ullur''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Instrumental
| ''seōrun''
| ''seārun''
| ''seōrun''
| colspan="3" | ''seōs''
| ''untōrun''
| ''untārun''
| ''untōrun''
| colspan="3" | ''vēstōs''
| ''ullōrun''
| ''ullārun''
| ''ullōrun''
| colspan="3" | ''vēlōs''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Genitive
| ''sī''
| ''seae''
| ''sī''
| ''seōvus''
| ''seāvus''
| ''seōvus''
| ''vistī''
| ''vistae''
| ''vistī''
| ''vustōvus''
| ''vustāvus''
| ''vustōvus''
| ''vīlī''
| ''vīlae''
| ''vīlī''
| ''vūlōvus''
| ''vūlāvus''
| ''vūlōvus''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Dative
| colspan="3" | ''seō''
| ''seōna''
| ''seāna''
| ''seōna''
| colspan="3" | ''vītō''
| ''vintōna''
| ''vintāna''
| ''vintōna''
| colspan="3" | ''vīlō''
| ''villōna''
| ''villāna''
| ''villōna''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Ablative
| colspan="3" | ''seā''
| ''seōs''
| ''seās''
| ''seōs''
| colspan="3" | ''vistā''
| ''vēstōs''
| ''vēstās''
| ''vēstōs''
| colspan="3" | ''vīlā''
| ''vēlōs''
| ''vēlās''
| ''vēlōs''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Locative
| colspan="3" | ''sīs''
| colspan="3" | ''seā''
| colspan="3" | ''vistīs''
| colspan="3" | ''vātā''
| colspan="3" | ''vīlīs''
| colspan="3" | ''vālā''
|}
</div>
Even after the new regular demonstratives had been widely adopted, the old ones continued to be used for stylistic purposes, and where considered more proper for official writing, speech, and communication.

In Classical Aeranir, demonstratives could stand for a person or thing, but also a place—there was no distinction between 'this' and 'here.' However, in Golden Age Aeranir, another one of the old stems was generalised to create dedicated locative pronouns '''''vistus, vista, vistun''''' 'there (near you),' and '''''vīlus, vīla, vīlun''''' 'there (far away).' By analogy, the proximal locative demonstrative '''''viseus, visea, viseun''''' 'here' was also created. These were used along side the regular demonstratives to express location.

===Possessive pronouns===
Possessive pronouns in Aeranir distinguish between many more different types of possession than ordinary nouns, which use only the genitive to mark possession, ownership, association, etc. Pronouns distinguish both alienable and inalienable possession.

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Possessive pronouns
|-
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | 1st person
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | 2nd person
! colspan="6" | 3rd person
! rowspan="3" | reflexive
|-
! colspan="2" | proximal
! colspan="2" | distal
! colspan="2" | medial
|-
! singular
! plural
! singular
! plural
! singular
! plural
! singular
! plural
! singular
! plural
|- style="text-align:center;"
! inalienable
| ''tī'' ''te''
| ''īster''
| ''nī'' ''ne''
| ''rester''
| ''sī'' ''se''
| ''seōvus''
| ''ūlī''
| ''ūlōvus''
| ''ustī''
| ''ustōvus''
| ''cī'' ''ce''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! alienable
| ''tuius''
| ''eius''
| ''nuius''
| ''ruius''
| colspan="2" | ''seius''
| colspan="2" | ''ūleius''
| colspan="2" | ''usteius''
| ''cuius''
|}

Objects of inalienable possession are marked with the genitive of a personal or demonstrative pronoun. These include body parts, kinship and familiarity terms, personal attributes, emotions, or thoughts. These pronouns generally proceed the possessee, although that is not always the case, especially in poety. Singular pronouns ''tī'', ''nī'', ''cī'', ''sī'', ''ustī'', and ''ūlī'' may be appear as ''tei'', ''nei'', ''cei'', ''sei'', ''usti'', ''ūli'' before words starting with a vowel, and ''te'', ''ne'', ''ce'', ''se'', ''ust'', ''ūl'' before words starting with ''i''.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| se incus
| this-T.GEN.SG head-NOM.SG
|'this one's head'}}

Alienable possession, including essentially all other categories, is marked via possessive adjectives. These adjective may appear either before or after the possessee, but usually come afterwards. Oftentimes, the different use of alienable/inalienable pronouns may hint at a difference in meaning. The word '''''indus''''', for example, may mean 'head,' but also 'capital' or 'leader.' With inalienable pronouns, however, it always means 'head,' versus with alienable pronouns, it means 'capital,' or 'leader' because while a head is inalienable, a capital or leader is not. However, this might not always be the case, depending on the possessor and context.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ēs incus telūhramir tuius
| COP.3SG.T head-NOM.SG mesa-ESS.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>hram-GEN.PL mine-T.NOM.SG
|'My capital is Telhramir'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ēs ūlae (tlānae aerānihae) incus telūrhamir
| COP.3SG.T that_one's-C.GEN.SG (flower-GEN.SG Aeranid-C.GEN.SG) head-NOM.SG mesa-ESS.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>rham-GEN.PL
|'Its (the Aeranid Empire's) capital is Telrhamir'}}

==Adverbs==
Adverbs in Aeranir are used to modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs indicating time, manner, or place.
Most adjectives are formed from nouns or adjectives, although they can be derived from some verbs, especially stative verbs. There are a variety of different formulation strategies, depending on the class of the noun/adjective/verb.
*''formus'' ("warm" 1st-2nd declension adjective) → '''''formē''''' ("warmly")
*''aerās'' ("an Aeran" 3rd declension noun) → '''''aerāne''''' ("like an Aeran")
*''raelis'' ("a child" 3rd declension i-stem noun) → '''''raeliter''''' ("like a child")
*''vȳlēs'' ("three days from now" 4th declension noun) → '''''vȳlē''''' ("every three days")
*''sacus'' ("a pin" 5th declension noun) → '''''saciter''''' ("sharply, like a pin")
One of the most notable uses of the adverbial form is with verbs like ''ficitz'' ("it makes me"), ''fitz'' ("I become"), and ''caitz'' ("I change into"). Adverbs can be used to denote the result of a change of state in such a clause.
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| fīx prīstus pāliōne Boezymiae
| make.PFV-3SG.T first-NOM.SG provincial_governor-ADV Boezymia-GEN.SG
|'The First Senator made them provincial governor of Boezymia'}}
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| sa Īliō qūria tzillē cainnī
| COP-3SG.C Ilius-DAT.SG power-NOM.SG cat-ADV change_form-GER-GEN
|'Ilius has the power to turn into a cat'}}

==Verbs==
===Conjugation===
====Agreement====
[[File:Dga pyramid.png|thumb|250px|right|The ''DGA pyramid'', originally developed by u/Darkgamma, 2018. ''[https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/aarsyy/the_total_cacophony_of_bäladiri_verb_agreement/ The Total Cacophony of Bäladiri Verb Agreement and Argument Assignment]''.]]
Verbs in Aeranir are conjugated to agree with the [[w:Grammatical number|number]], the [[w:Grammatical person|person]], and in the third person singular, the [[w:Grammatical gender|gender]] of the most oblique argument given a word's [[w:Valency (linguistics)|valency]], as defined by the ''DGA pyramid''<ref>https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/aarsyy/the_total_cacophony_of_bäladiri_verb_agreement/</ref>. Here, '''S''' represents the [[w:Subject (grammar)|subject]] of an [[w:Intransitive verb|intransitive verb]], such as 'the person' in 'the person laughed.' '''A''' represents the [[w:Agent (grammar)|agent]] of a [[w:Transitive verb|transitive verb]] (also occasually called the [[w:Subject (grammar)|subject]]), or the person or thing that does the action of the verb, such as 'the child' in 'the child reads the book.' '''D''' marks the donor, a special type of agent, who gives something or does a the action of a verb for the benefit of another, such as ‘the senator’ in ‘the senator gave the cat some milk.’ These are collectively called the '''nominative argument''', and are expressed usually with the [[w:Nominative case|nominative case]], but also occasionally with the [[w:Genitive case|genitive case]] in dependant clauses.

'''P''' represents the [[w:Patient (grammar)|patient]] of a [[w:Transitive verb|transitive verb]], or the person or thing towhich the verb is done, also called the '''direct object''', such as ‘the book’ in ‘the child reads the book.’ '''T''' represents the '''theme''', or the object that is given to someone or something, such as ‘the milk’ in ‘the senator gave the cat some milk.’ These two roles make up the '''accusative argument''', which is marked with the [[w:Accusative case|accusative case]]. Finally, '''R''' represents the '''recipient''', or the person who recieves the theme from the donor, or benefits from the donor's action, with a [[w:Ditransitive verb|ditransitive verb]], also commonly called the '''indirect object''', such as 'the cat' in 'the senator gave the cate some milk.'

Aeranir verbs conjugate their endings to agree with the most oblique argument in a clause. That means the '''subject''' of an '''intransitive verb''' (e.g. '''''clautitz'''''; 'I laugh'), the '''patient''' of a '''transitive verb''' (e.g. '''''auhente'''''; 'I look at you'), or the '''recipient''' of a '''ditransitive verb''' (e.g. '''''tzavī'r salvae'''''; 'you all gave me the books').

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| mollī cōmus
| leak-3SG.E house-NOM.SG
|'The house is leaking'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| requis te coptin nuiun
| return-3SG.C <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG hat-ACC.SG 2SG.POS.PRO-T.ACC.SG
|'I'm giving back your hat'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| imptās ne mu sōlī nomī Sētīlī
| send-POT.3SG.T <nowiki>=</nowiki>2SG <nowiki>=</nowiki>INTERR clothing-ACC.PL new-IPFV.PTCP-T.ACC.SG Setil-DAT.SG
|'Can you send Setil the new clothes?'}}

It should be noted that a verb in the [[w:Active voice|active voice]] must always have the maximum number of arguments according to its inherent transitivity. This means, for example, that one can never say 'John eats.' Because 'to eat' is transitive, there must be a patient, or direct object, e.g. 'John eats food.' However, there are a number of valancy dropping operations available in Aeranir to allow various arguments to be dropped, which are discussed in the section on [[w:Voice (grammar)|voice]].

Additional arguments can be expressed with [[w:Clitic|pronominal clitics]] attached to the end of a verb in independant clauses and to the beginning in dependant ones (e.g.'''''auhente'''''; 'I look at you,' '''''tzāvī'r salvae'''''; 'you all gave me the books'), however these are not considered part of a verbs conjugation, and are optional, especially if the information can be assumed or is known between speakers.

====Number of Conjugations====
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Basic conjugation paradigm
|-
! Aspect →
! colspan="4" | Imperfective
! colspan="4" | Perfective
|-
! Mood → Voice ↓
! Indicative
! Subjunctive
! Desiderative
! Potential
! Indicative
! Subjunctive
! Desiderative
! Potential
|-
! Active
| '''aehatz''' They love me
| '''aehet''' They should love me
| '''aehārit''' They want to love me
| '''aehātatz''' They can love me
| '''aehāvī''' They loved me
| '''aehēvī''' They should have loved me
| '''aehāruī''' They wanted to love me
| '''aehātāvī''' They could have loved me
|-
! Middle
| '''aehor''' I love
| '''aeheō''' I should love
| '''aehārō''' I want to love
| '''aehātor''' I can love
| '''aehāvō''' I loved
| '''aehēvō''' I should have loved
| '''aehāruō''' I wanted to love
| '''aehātāvō''' I could have loved
|-
! Passive
| '''aehālō''' I am loved
| '''aehēlō''' I should be loved
| '''aehārēlō''' I want to be loved
| '''aehātālō''' I can be loved
| '''aehāvēlō''' I was loved
| '''aehēvēlō''' I should have been loved
| '''aehāruēlō''' I wanted to be loved
| '''aehātāvēlō''' I could have been loved
|-
! Causative
| '''aehātitz''' They let me love them
| '''aehātiat''' They should let me love them
| '''aehātīrit''' They want to let me love them
| '''aehāssītatz''' They can let me love them
| '''aehātīvī''' They have let me love them
| '''aehātiāvī''' They should have let me love them
| '''aehātīruī''' They wanted to let me love them
| '''aehāssītāvī''' They could have let me love them
|}

==== Conjugation formation ====

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:100%; overflow:auto;">
<div style="font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;"> Conjugation formation </div>
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | {{gcl|IPFV|}}
! colspan ="2" | A-grade
! colspan="2" | I-grade
! colspan="2" | E-grade
! colspan ="2" | Null-grade
|-
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|ACT|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-iā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ār-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er/īr-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er/īr-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā/ītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā/ītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|MID|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ī-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-iā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ār-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er/īr-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er/īr-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā/ītā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā/ītā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|PAS|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ī-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-iā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ār-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er/īr-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er/īr-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā/ītā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā/ītā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|CAUS|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itī/ītī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itī/ītī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itiā/ītiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itiā/itiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itier/ītier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itier/ītier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-āsītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-issītā/īsītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-issītā/īsītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-issītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | {{gcl|PFV|}}
! colspan ="2" | A-grade
! colspan="2" | I-grade
! colspan="2" | E-grade
! colspan ="2" | Null-grade
|-
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|ACT|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/āv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/īv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/ēv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/ēv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/iāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/eāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-āru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru/īru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru/īru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv/ītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv/ītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|MID|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/āv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/īv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/ēv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/ēv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/iā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/eā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-āru-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru/īru-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru/īru-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv/ītāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv/ītāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|PAS|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/āv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/īv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/ēv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/ēv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/iāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/eā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-āru-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru/īru-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru/īru-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv/ītāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv/ītāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|CAUS|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itīv/ītīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itīv/ītīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itiāv/ītiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itiāv/itiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itieru/ītieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itieru/ītieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-āsītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-issītāv/īsītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-issītāv/īsītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-issītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|}
</div></div>

====Principle Parts====
The verb in Aeranir is primarily made of three parts: '''root''', '''theme''', and '''ending''', with an optional forth category, the '''suffix''', for forming the perfective. The root and theme combine to form the '''stem'''. The root carries the semantic content of the word, and can also be conjugated to carry modal imformation. The theme describes how the stem interacts with the ending, and can also be changed, along with the stem and endings, to express a variety of different grammatical meanings. Endings indicate the voice, aspect, person, number, and gender of the most oblique argument in the DGA scheme.
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Basic verb endings
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="3" |
! colspan="2" | Active
! colspan="2" | Middle
! colspan="2" | Passive
|-
! Imperfective
! Perfective
! Imperfective
! Perfective
! Imperfective
! Perfective
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="5" | Singular
! colspan="2" | 1st Person
| ''-itz/-it''
| ''-ī''
| ''-or/-ō''
| ''-ō''
| ''-ēlō''
| ''-ēlō''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | 2nd Person
| ''-in''
| ''-in''
| ''-istī''
| ''-ist''
| ''-ēlāstī''
| ''-ēlast''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="3" | 3rd Person
! ''temporary'' 
| ''-is''
| ''-is''
| ''-erur''
| rowspan="3" | ''-ere''
| ''-ēlārur''
| rowspan="3" | ''-ēlāre''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! ''cyclical'' 
| ''-a''
| ''-a''
| ''-era''
| ''-ēlāra''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! ''eternal'' 
| ''-ī''
| ''-e''
| ''-erur''
| ''-ēlārur''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="5" | Plural
! colspan="2" | 1st Person
| ''-imus''
| ''-ime''
| ''-imur''
| ''-imur''
| ''-ēlāmur''
| ''-ēlāme''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | 2nd Person
| ''-itis''
| ''-ite''
| ''-itur''
| ''-itur''
| ''-ēlātur''
| ''-ēlāte''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | 3rd Person
| ''-intz/-int''
| ''-int''
| ''-intur''
| ''-intur''
| ''-ēlantur''
| ''-ēlante''
|}
The way in which a verb will conjugate can be determined from how it forms the following five constructions:
#the active idicative imperfective first person singular
#the active imperfective accusative infinitive
#the active perfective participle
#the active desiderative imperfective first person singular
#the active indicative perfective first person singular
These five forms are refered to as a verb's ''reference forms''. They are often shortend to ''first person singular'' ({{Smallcaps|1p.sg}}), ''accusative infinitive'' ({{Smallcaps|acc.inf}}), ''perfective participle'' ({{Smallcaps|pfv.ptcp}}), ''desiderative first person singular'' ({{Smallcaps|des.1p.sg}}), and ''perfective first person singular'' ({{Smallcaps|pfv.1p.sg}}) respectively.

The first two of these reference forms determines a verb's '''base theme vowel''', or what vowel is used in its indicative imperfective forms. There are four main thematic classes; one weak or null class, wherein the ending is applied directly to the stem, and three strong classes, wherein a thematic vowel is inserted between the stem and the ending.
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Consonant stem changes
|-

!
! t-stem
! s-stem
|-
| ''-m-''
| → '''''-mpt-'''''
| rowspan="3" | → '''''-s-*'''''
|-
| ''-n-''
| → '''''-nt-'''''
|-
| ''-ñ-''
| → '''''-ñct-'''''
|-
| ''-p-''
| → '''''-pt-'''''
| → '''''-ps-'''''
|-
| ''-t-''
| rowspan="3" | → '''''-ss-''''' → '''''-s-'''''**
| rowspan="3" | → '''''-ss-''''' → '''''-s-'''''**
|-
| ''-tl-''
|-
| ''-tz-''
|-
| ''-c-''
| rowspan="2" | → '''''-ct-'''''
| rowspan="2" | → '''''-x-'''''
|-
| ''-cu-''
|-
| ''-q-''
| rowspan="2" | → '''''-qt-'''''
| rowspan="2" | → '''''-qs-'''''
|-
| ''-qu-''
|-
| ''-s-''
| → '''''-st-'''''
| → '''''-ss-''''' → '''''-s-'''''**
|-
| ''-r-''
| → '''''-st-''''' → '''''-s-'''''** → '''''-rt-'''''††
| → '''''-ss-''''' → '''''-s-'''''** → '''''-rr-'''''††
|-
| ''-l-''
| → '''''-s-'''''** → '''''-lt-'''''††
| → '''''-s-'''''** → '''''-ll-'''''††
|-
| ''-v-''
| → '''''-ut-'''''‡ → '''''-ct-'''''*†† → '''''-qt-'''''*††
| → '''''-ur-'''''‡ → '''''-x-'''''*†† → '''''-qs-'''''*††
|-
| ''-i-''
| rowspan="2" | → '''''-ct-'''''* → '''''-qt-'''''*††
| rowspan="2" | → '''''-x-'''''* → '''''-qs-'''''*††
|-
| ''-h-''
|-
| ''-V-''
| → '''''-Vt-'''''
| → '''''-Vr-'''''
|}

{| class="wikitable floatleft" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Theme-ending combination
|-
! rowspan="2" | ''Ending''
! colspan="3" | ''Theme''
|-
! ''-ā-''
! ''-ē-''
! ''-ī-''
|-
! ''-itz''
| → ''-atz''
| → ''-etz''
| → ''-itz''
|-
! ''-is''
| → ''-ās''
| → ''-ēs''
| → ''-īs''
|-
! ''-a''
| → ''-a''
| → ''-ea''
| → ''-ia''
|-
! ''-ī''
| → ''-ae''
| → ''-ī''
| → ''-ī''
|-
! ''-imus''
| → ''-āmus''
| → ''-ēmus''
| → ''-īmus''
|-
! ''-or''
| → ''-or''
| → ''-eor''
| → ''-ior''
|-
! ''-ēlō''
| → ''-ālō''
| → ''-ēlō''
| → ''-iēlō''
|}
The second two determine a verb's '''t-stem''' and '''s-stem'''. These stem alterations are used for further conjugation, the t-stem forming the ''active'' and ''middle perfective participles'', the ''causative voice'', and the ''potential mood'', and the s-stem forming the ''desiderative''. The t- and s-forms often are identical, however meaning is useally further differentiated by thematic vowels, so completely identical forms are rare.

The final form determines how a verb with form the perfective aspect. Generally, there are three main strategies for this: the application of suffix '''''-u-''''' directly after the stem (e.g. '''''{{term|oelitz}}''''' ("I work") → '''''oeluī''''' ("I worked")), the appication of the suffix '''''-v-''''' after a theme vowel (e.g. '''''{{term|aehatz}}''''' ("they love me") → '''''aehāvī''''' ("they loved me")), or no suffix, with lengthening of the root vowel (e.g. '''''{{term|lecitz}}''''' ("I choose") → '''''lēcī''''' ("I chose")). It should be noted that the perfective is always followed by weak endings.

Occassionally, a thematic vowel, weak or strong, may be inserted before the t- or s-stem. This is most common in verbs with a base thematic ''-ā-'', which often functions as a part of the stem (e.g. '''''aehatz''''' → '''''aehātus''''' ("that loved") '''''aehārit''''' ("they want to love me") vs. '''''{{term|mavatz}}''''' ("I wander") → '''''mautus''''' ("that wandered") '''''maurit''''' ("I want to wander)). This may occur with other theme classes, although it should be noted that ''-ē-'' is never used, and is always replaced with ''-ī-''.

===Aspect===
Aeranir verbs have two basic [[w:Grammatical aspect|aspects]], which express how the verb extends over time. Aspect differs from [[w:Grammatical tense|tense]] in that it deals with the completion or continuity of an action or state, rather than the absolute timeframe inwhich it took place. Each aspect may be in any [[w:Grammatical voice|voice]] and/or [[w:Grammatical mood|mood]]. Aspect is expressed primarily through endings, and secondarily through the suffix, as discussed above.
====Imperfective====
The [[w:Imperfective aspect|imperfective aspect]] describes a situation viewed with interior composition. It describes ongoing, habitual, or repeated situations, rather or not they occured in the past, present, or future. The imperfective aspect is considered the most basic, unmarked aspect of a verb. The stem is uninflected, and endings are attached directly to the verb's basic theme vowel.

====Pefective====
The [[w:Perfective aspect|perfective aspect]] in Aeranir describes situations viewed with exterior composition, which is to say actions which are completed and viewed as a unified whole, whether thet take place in the past present, or future, although this construction is very rarely used in for the future.

There are a variety of different strategies to form the perfective. Many of them involve the ''suffix'', which takes the form of ''-v-'' between vowels and ''-u-'' after consonants. All of them take the perfective endings.
:*Attachment of the suffix directly to the stem.
:::'''''{{term|mentitz}}''''' ("they are healing me") → '''''mentuī''''' ("they healed me")
:::'''''{{term|saepitz}}''''' ("they are cutting me") → '''''saepuī''''' ("they cut me")
:*Attachment of the suffix after base thematic vowel.
:::'''''{{term|sircuitz}}''''' ("they are speaking me") → '''''sircīvī''''' ("they spoke me")
:::'''''{{term|auhetz}}''''' ("they are looking at me") → '''''auhēvī''''' ("they looked at me")
:*No suffix; perfective endings attached directly to the stem, with root vowel lengthening.
:::'''''{{term|iuvatz}}''''' ("they are writing me") → '''''iūvī''''' ("they wrote me")
:::'''''{{term|vehitz}}''''' ("they are carrying me") → '''''vēhī''''' ("they carried me")

===Mood===
====Indicative====
The [[w:Indicative mood|indicative mood]] is the baseline grammatical mood in Aeranir. It is used in declarative statements, to express statements or facts, of what the speaker considers true or known. It is the least marked mood of a verb, taking endings directly to the base theme vowel, stem, or suffix.

====Subjunctive====
The [[w:Subjunctive mood|subjunctive mood]] ({{Smallcaps|subj}}) has numerous, but genreally speaking is used to express such nuances as 'would,' 'should,' or 'may.' It can be used to refer to information that the speaker is unsure about, such as hearsay, or for theoretical or hypotherical situations. It is often found in subordinate clauses, annd may be used for conditional statements (e.g. if..., when...).
{| class="wikitable floatleft" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Subjuntive theme changes
|-
! colspan="2" | Type
! Change
! Example
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Weak Verbs
| ''-ø-'' → '''''-ē-'''''
| ''meñitz'' → '''''meñet'''''
|-
| ''-ē-'' → '''''-ā-'''''
| ''meñēlō'' → '''''meñālō'''''
|-
! rowspan="4" | Strong Verbs
! a-stem 
| ''-ā-'' → '''''-ē-'''''
| ''aehatz'' → '''''aehet''''' ''aehālō'' → '''''aehēlō'''''
|-
! rowspan="2" | i-stem 
| ''-ī-'' → '''''-iā-'''''
| ''sēpitz'' → '''''sēpiat'''''
|-
| ''-iē-'' → '''''-iā-'''''
| ''sēpiēlō'' → '''''sēpiālō'''''
|-
! e-stem 
| ''-ē-'' → '''''-eā-'''''
| ''cōretz'' → '''''cōreat''''' ''cōrēlō'' → '''''cōreālō'''''
|}
=====Forming the subjunctive=====
The subjunctive is formed by shifting a verb's base theme vowel, as described by the table to the left. This shift happens after the stem, but may be either before or after the suffix, depending on whether or not there is a theme vowel before the suffix in the indicative. So the perfective of '''''aehēs''''' ("they should love it") is '''''aehēvis''''' (from indicative '''''aehāvis''''') but '''''sēpiās''''' ("they should cut it") is '''''sēpuēs''''' (from indicative '''''sēpuis'''''), not **''aehāvēs'' or **''sēpēvis''. Although these forms are occasionally found in non-standard writing, they are considered incorrect my grammaticians.

The imperfective subjunctive uses the 1st person sungular ''-it'' instead of ''-itz'', and ''-ō'' instead of ''-or'': '''''{{term|pacitz}}''''', '''''pacior''''' ("they take me, I take") become '''''paciat''''', '''''paciō''''' ("they should take me, I should take").

The 1st person subjunctive perfective in verbs that have no theme vowel before the suffix and does not extend the root vowel is identical to the indicative, and the mood must be inferred through conext: '''''saepuī''''' may be either "they cut me" or "They should cut me." The 3rd person active cyclical singulars in verbs with base theme vowels ''-ī-'' and ''-ē-'' are also identical, e.g. both '''''pacia''''' ("they take it/they should take it"), '''''auhea''''' ("they see it/they should see it").

=====Uses of the subjunctive=====
The subjunctive has numerous uses, ranging from what potentially might be true to what the speaker wishes or commands should happen. It is often translated with 'should', 'could', 'would', 'may' and so on, but in certain contexts it is translated as if it were an ordinary indicative verb.

One use of the subjunctive is the '''speculative subjunction''', used when the speaker imagines what potentially may, might, would, or could happen in the present or future or might have happened in the past. Negation for this type uses '''''{{term|mū}}'''''.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| auheārur seun oeliun stērē
| see-MID.SUBJ.3SG.E this-E.NOM.SG job-NOM.SG hard-ADV
|'This job ''seems'' difficult'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| moeiea Osculan tzānū salva
| please-SUBJ.3SG.C Little.Oscus-ACC.SG gift-ESS.SG book-NOM.SG
|'Little Oscus ''may'' like a book as a gift'}}

The subjunctive may also be used as the '''optative subjunctive''', expressing what the speaker wishes may happen, or wishes had happened. These expresses a weaker or more generalised desire, as opposed to the desiderative mood. Negation for this type uses '''''{{term|mū}}'''''.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ciāvis mū seus incerī pernus
| come-PFV.SUBJ.3SG.T NEG this-T.NOM.SG capital-DAT.SG storm-NOM.SG
|<nowiki>'</nowiki>''If only'' this storm hadn't come to the capital!'}}

The '''jussive subjunctive''' can be used for commands or suggestions for what should happen. It is less direct and far more common than the '''imperative'''. Negation for this type uses '''''{{term|mīm}}'''''.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ven hānō ē vecō veniennō
| go-SUBJ.2SG temple-DAT.SG against curse-DAT.SG win-GER-DAT
|<nowiki>'</nowiki>You ''should'' go to the temple to prevail against the curse'}}

Perhaps the most common use of the subjunctive is the '''conditional subjunctive'''. When the subjunctive is used in a subordinate clause (with the verb moving to the final position), it may carry the meaning 'if, when, should, etc..' This can be used both in finite verb forms, and with participles, the former being more popular in Old inscriptions and the later in Classical ones. Negation for this type uses '''''{{term|mīm}}'''''.

====Desiderative====
The desiderative is used primarily to express wants or desires. While the subjunctive may be used for this as well (see ''optative subjunctive''), the desiderative is considered less abstract or wishful, signalling concrete and actionable wants. It is formed from the s-stem of a verb, with no theme vowel between it and the ending, and using the secondary first person singular and third person plural markers (e.g. ''-it'' and ''-end'' vs. primary ''-itz'' and ''-entz''). Verbs generally follow three patterns to form the s-stem;

:*''-s-'' is appended to the root, causing no other alteration to the root.
::: '''''{{term|requitz}}''''' ("they return me") → '''''reqsit''''' ("they want to return me")
:::'''''{{term|saepitz}}''''' ("they are cutting me") → '''''saepsit''''' ("they want to cut me")
:*''-s-'' is appended after a theme vowel, causing ''-s-'' to become ''-r-''.
:::'''''{{term|sircuitz}}''''' ("they are speaking me") → '''''sircuerit''''' ("they want to speak me")
:::'''''{{term|auhetz}}''''' ("they are looking at me") → '''''auherit''''' ("they want to look at me")
:*''-s-'' is appended to the root, causing some alteration to the root, and perhaps the ''-s-'' augment as well.
:::'''''{{term|iuvatz}}''''' ("they are writing me") → '''''iūrit''''' ("they want to write me")
:::'''''{{term|mentitz}}''''' ("they are healing me") → '''''mēnsit''''' ("they want to heal me")

====Potential====
The '''potential mood''' indicates that, in the opinion of the speaker, one has the ability or capability to do something. It should not be confused with the [[w:Subjunctive mood|subjunctive mood]], which may be used to express that something is likely or possible to occur. The potential always deals with ability. It may be formed from the ''t-stem'' of a verb, plus the thematic vowel ''-a-'' (as opposed to the [[w:Causative|causative voice]], which is formed with the ''t-stem'' plus the thematic vowel ''-i-''). Like the desiderative, there are three main paradigms by which the ''t-stem'' of a verb is formed;

:*''-t-'' is appended to the root, causing no other alteration to the root.
::: '''''{{term|requitz}}''''' ("they return me") → '''''reqtatz''''' ("they can return me")
:::'''''{{term|saepitz}}''''' ("they are cutting me") → '''''saebtatz''''' ("they can cut me")
:*''-t-'' is appended after a theme vowel.
:::'''''{{term|sircuitz}}''''' ("they are speaking me") → '''''sircuitatz''''' ("they can speak me")
:::'''''{{term|auhetz}}''''' ("they are looking at me") → '''''auhitatz''''' ("they can look at me")
:*''-t-'' is appended to the root, causing some alteration to the root, and perhaps the ''-t-'' augment as well.
:::'''''{{term|iuvatz}}''''' ("they are writing me") → '''''iūtatz''''' ("they can write me")
:::'''''{{term|mentitz}}''''' ("they are healing me") → '''''mēnsatz''''' ("they can heal me")

It should be noted that in the causative voice of the potential mood, the first ''-t-'' augment often dissimilates to ''-s/ss-'';

*'''''auhititz''''' ("they let me look at it") → ''**auhitītatz'' → '''''auhissītatz''''' ("they can let me look at it")
*'''''reqtitz''''' ("they let me return it") → ''**reqtītatz'' → '''''reqsītatz''''' ("they can let me return it")

===Voice===
====Active====
====Middle====
The '''middle voice''' (also called the [[w:Mediopassive voice|mediopassive voice]]) is in the middle between the active and the passive voices, as the subject often cannot be categorised as either agent or patient but may have elements of both. The middle voice is usually inherently intransitive, and transitive or ditransitive verbs conjugated into the middle voice usually become intransitive themselves. It is formed by attaching the '''middle verb endings''' to the root of a verb.

The meaning of a verb in the middle voice often depends on the context of the sentence and the lexical properties of the word itself. In its most basic sense, it may be used simply as a valancy decreasing operation. As transitive verbs require an object in the active voice (because transitive verbs must agree with the object), the middle voice may be used merely to omit an object, to highlight the subject or some other part of the sentence, or to simply make a blanket statement.

* '''''aehatz''''' 'they love me' (''active'') → '''''aehor''''' 'I love' (''middle'')
* '''''lecis''''' 'theyi choose themj' (''active'') → '''''lecerur''''' 'theyj choose' (''middle'')

[[w:Animacy|Animacy]] can play a major role in the meaning of a verb in the middle voice. Verbs with more animate subjects, such as people, animals, gods, etc., may be interpreted as more towards an active meaning, whilst less animate subjects, like inanimate objects or possessions, may be interpreted as more passive in meaning.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| auhērur seus ars
| see-MID.3SG.T this-T.NOM.SG wumbo-NOM.SG
|'That wumbo sees'
|c1 = (''more animate'')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| auhēra sea salva
|see-MID.3SG.C this-C.NOM.SG book-NOM.SG
|'That book is seen'
|c1 = (''less animate'')}}

Sometimes, it may have a '''reflexive''' meaning, or the sense of doing something for ones own benefit.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| vascit vominis
|wash-ACT.1SG river-LOC.SG
|'They wash me in a river'
|c1 = (''active voice'')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| vascor vominis
|wash-MID.1SG river-LOC.SG
|'I washed (myself) in a river'
|c1 = (''middle voice'')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| hastās Oscus aprun
|sacrifice-ACT.3SG.T Oscus-NOM.SG fish-ACC.SG
|'Oscus sacrificed a fish'
|c1 = (''active voice'')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| hastārur Oscus aprōrun
|sacrifice-MID.3SG.T Oscus-NOM.SG fish-INSTR.SG
|'Oscus sacrificed a fish (for their benefit)'
|c1 = (''middle voice'')}}

Another important use of the middle voice is the '''experiential middle voice'''. When used with sensory verbs the middle voice may be used to differentiate experiential, nonvolitional sensation (''see, hear, smell, feel, know, etc.''), as opposed to active, volitional sensation (''look, listen, sniff, touch, understand, etc.'') Often times, the object of the sensory verb will be expressed using an oblique case, usually the ablative.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ȳrēs te ponun carīnī hellē
|hear/listen-ACT.3SG.T <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG.NOM voice-ACC.SG friend-GEN.SG happily
|'I like to listen to (my) friend's voice'
|c1 = (''active voice'')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ȳreor ponā carīnī hellē
|hear/listen-MID.1SG voice-ABL.SG friend-GEN.SG happily
|'I like to hear (my) friend's voice'
|c1 = (''middle voice'')}}

The middle voice may also be used with a variety of verbal compliments—usually adverbs—which describe the quality of the subject, or the result of the action. Often times such constructions may be expressed in English as ''adjective to verb'', e.g. 'easy to love'.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| qurrera salva hēs collēcta aplīdiāna iūs
| read-MID.3SG.C book-NOM.SG matters-NOM.SG gather-PFV.PTCP-C.NOM.SG of_Avrid-C.NOM.SG well
|'The book "Collected Matters of Avrid" is a good read' (lit. '~reads well')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| taetuere tīn īvīs lȳrīs saltīs ni fictun satun iūs
| drink-PFV.MID.3SG.E tea-NOM.SG 1PL.PRO-DAT time-LOC.SG pass-PFV.PTCP-T.LOC.SG 2SG<nowiki>=</nowiki> make-PFV.PTCP-E.NOM.SG pour-PFV.PTCP-E.NOM.SG well
|'The tea you made us last time was delicious' (lit. '~drank well')}}

====Passive====
The '''[[w:Passive voice|passive voice]]''' in Aeranir shares many traits with the middle voice, and often times the distinction between the two can be subtle, nuanced, or obscure. The passive was rare in Old Aeranir and even in the Classical period remained unusual, with the middle voice still preferred for passive clauses. It only began to rise in popularity in Late Aeranir. In its most basic form, the grammatical subject ([[w: Nominative case|nominative]] argument) expresses the theme or [[w:Grammatical patient|patient]] of the main verb – that is, the person or thing that undergoes the action or has its state changed. This is opposed to the [[w:Active voice|active voice]], where the nominative argument expresses the agent of a transitive clause or subject of an intransitive one, and the [[w:Voice (grammar)#Middle|middle voice]], which has traits of both.

=====Uses of the passive=====
Unlike the middle voice, the passive is not used for verbal complements, and it cannot take the agent of a verb as its subject. It is never used in verbal complements.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| taeterur seun tīn iūs
|drink-MID.3SG.E this-E.NOM.SG tea-NOM.SG well
|'This tea tastes good' (lit. 'it drinks well')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| taetēlārur seun tīn iūs
|drink-PAS.3SG.E this-E.NOM.SG tea-NOM.SG well
|'This tea is drunk often'}}

While the agent may be dropped in a passive clause, it may also be included, using the [[w:Ablative case|ablative case]].

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| praestrōcuēlāre ūlun Cavā Īliānā hānun
|rebuild-PFV.PAS.3SG.E yonder-E.NOM.SG Cava-ABL.SG Ilianus-C.ABL.SG temple-NOM.SG
|'This temple was rebuilt by Cava Iliana'}}

The passive can also be especially with intransitive verbs to form denote an '''unspecified/generic subject'''. This structure may is used to make general statements or observations. Negation for this type uses '''''{{term|mū}}'''''.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| miquientur
|die-MID.3PL.T
|'They are dead/dying.'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| miquiēlantur
|die-PAS.3PL.T
|'There are people dead/dying'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| mūhera (sea) artina inceris alta
|not.enough-MID.3SG.C (this-C.NOM.SG) wumbo-DAT.PL capital-GEN.SG water-NOM.SG
|'This is not enough water for the people of the capital'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| mūhēlāra artina inceris alta
|not.enough-PAS.3SG.C wumbo-DAT.PL capital-GEN.SG water-NOM.SG
|'There is not enough water for the people of the capital'}}

Similarly, the passive can be used to form the ''aversive passive'', denoting an undesirable event or outcome. The affecting action may happen directly to the subject, or to another person or thing.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| cōmerī requintus furuēlō sopere
|home-DAT return-IPFV.PTCP-T.NOM.SG fall-PFV.PAS.1SG snow-ABL.SG
|'Walking home I got snowed on'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| miquīvēlast apiesterā
| die-PFV-PAS.2SG master-ABL.SG
|'Your master has died on you' (i.e., died and it negatively affects you)}}

In some uses of the aversive passive, the subject of the sentence may be difficult to ascertain. For example, the sentence '''''furuī pālā''''' 'I fell from the tree' can be expressed in using the aversive passive, because the action is undesirable. However, the straight aversive passive, '''''furuēlō pālā''''', is ambiguous; it could mean either 'I fell from the tree' (using the ''ablative of motion'') or 'The tree fell on me' (using the ''agentive ablative'').

In the first interpretation, the first person argument is the semantic subject of the clause, whilst in the second it is the tree. In order to emphasise that the semantic subject and syntactic arguments are the same (i.e. it is ''I'' who fell from the tree), the reflexive pronoun ''cē'' may be used; e.g. ''furuī pālā'' ('I fell from the tree') → '''''furuēlō cē pālā''''' ('I fell from the tree, and it negatively affected me' ''lit.'' 'I fell myself from the tree').

====Causative====
===Non-finite forms===
====The infinitive====
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Aeranir infinitives
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" | Imperfective
! colspan="3" | Perfective
|-
! accusative
! oblique
! meaning
! accusative
! oblique
! meaning
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Active
| '''''aehāhā''''' ''-hā''
| '''''aehāri''''' ''-ri''
| ''to love (someone)''
| '''''aehāhī''''' ''-hī''
| '''''aehārī''''' ''-rī''
| ''to have loved (someone)''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Middle
| '''''aehāssi''''' ''-ssi''
| '''''aehāiēs''''' ''-iēs''
| ''to love''
| '''''aehāssī''''' ''-ssī''
| '''''aehāiērī''''' ''-iērī''
| ''to have loved''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Passive
| '''''aehātus sinhā''''' ''{{Smallcaps|PFV.PTCP}} + sinhā''
| '''''aehātus fiēs''''' ''{{Smallcaps|PFV.PTCP}} + fiēs''
| ''to be loved''
| '''''aehātus fūhī''''' ''{{Smallcaps|PFV.PTCP}} + fūhī''
| '''''aehātus fiērī''''' ''{{Smallcaps|PFV.PTCP}} + fiērī''
| ''to have been loved''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Causative
| '''''aehātīhā''''' ''-tīhā''
| '''''aehātīri''''' ''-tīri''
| ''to make (someone) love (someone)''
| '''''aehātīhī''''' ''-tīhī''
| '''''aehātīrī''''' ''-tīrī''
| ''to have made (someone) love (someone)''
|}
=====Uses of the infinitive=====
The infinitive in Aeranir can be used to report indirect speech, hearsay, speculation, or sensation.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| pēra tihī incerī ni cīhī
| pass-PFV.3SG.C 1SG.PRO-DAT capital-DAT.SG 2SG<nowiki>=</nowiki> come-PFV.INF
|'They told me that you'd come to the capital'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ȳrēva te Mussā Limī carīnōvus quo neme cōmus strōcēhā
| hear-PFV.3SG.C <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG Mussa-ABL.SG Limius-GEN.SG friend-GEN.PL <nowiki>=</nowiki>and newly home-ACC.SG build-INF
|'I heard from Mussa that Limius and their friends are building a new house'}}

==== The gerund ====
The gerund in Aeranir is a infinite verb form which displays characteristics of both a noun and a verb. It declines for a limited scope of cases (although not for gender nor number), but can take object and adjunct arguments like a verb. It usually has an adverbial/adjectival meaning, and never agrees with the main verb.
===== Forming the gerund =====
* Null-grade verbs: {{gcl|ROOT|root}}''-innū''; e.g. ''taetihan'' ('to drink') → '''''taetinnū''''' ('whilst drinking').
* A-grade verbs: {{gcl|ROOT|root}}''-annū''; e.g. ''iuvāhan'' ('to write') → '''''iuvannū''''' ('whilst writing').
* I-grade verbs: {{gcl|ROOT|root}}''-iennū''; e.g. ''cītīhan'' ('to cut') → '''''cītiennū''''' ('whilst cutting').
* E-grade verbs: {{gcl|ROOT|root}}''-ennū''; e.g. ''aquēhan'' ('to be open') → '''''aquennū''''' ('whilst open').

===== Uses of the gerund =====
The meaning of the gerund changes depending on its case. The essive and locative can be used to indicate temporal action in relation to the main action of a sentence. The essive indicates simultaneous action, i.e. two actions that cooccur. This may be relayed in English via the conjunction 'whilst.'

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| murran travannū pērintur pāliō mater
| wall-ACC.SG walk-GER.ESS converse.PFV-MID.3PL governor-NOM.SG senator-NOM.SG
|'Whilst they walked along the wall, the governor and senator conversed'}}

This overlaps with certain uses of the imperfective participle (see [[Aeranir#Uses of the participle|§ uses of the participle]]), e.g. ''murran travantur pērintur pāliō mater'' is synonymous with the above example. In contrast, the locative gerund is used to show actions beginning at the same time. This may be relayed with English 'when' or 'as.'

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| pāsillan cītiennīs auhēva sartī tūī cōrēssī
| fireword-ACC.SG cut-GER.LOC see-PFV-C.3SG knife-GEN.SG mine-T.GEN.SG break-PFV.MID.ACC.INF
|'As I (began to) cut the firewood, I saw that my knife was broken'}}

This differs from usage of the perfective participle, which signals the main action starting at the end of the dependant one, i.e. ''pāsillan cīsus auhēva sartī tūī cōrēssī'' 'having cut the firewood I saw that my knife was broken.'

In addition, the essive gerund may be used with the verb ''rēhan'' ('to do') in order to express an attempt, goal, or aim. In the perfective aspect, this is usually interpreted as a failed attempt.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| rēvō salvan ā vitlās Īliānōvus iuvannū
| do-PFV-MID.1SG book-ACC.SG over life-ABL.PL Ilian-GEN.PL write-GER.ESS
|'I tried (but failed) to write a book about the lives of the Ilians.'}}

The genitive and dative cases of the gerund are used to express aim, goal, or purpose. The genitive gerund marks the purpose or use of a noun, whilst the dative gerund marks the purpose of a verb or action.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| pea cūran vecunt inceris moñennī
| grow-C.3SG herb-ACC.SG illness-ACC.PL head-GEN.SG heal-GER.GEN
|'They grow an herb for healing illnesses of the head'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| serue te Caescārin mumae ūī sihinnō pāliōna
| order-PFV.E.3SG <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG Caescar-ACC.SG mother-ACC.PL their-T.ACC.PL sate-GER.DAT post-DAT.PL
|'I ordered Caescar to the boarder to appease their parents'}}

Furthermore, the dative gerund may be used with the middle voice of the verb ''rēhan'' ('to do') in a similar way to the essive, however in this case denoting intent, plans, will, or conjecture.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| reor cartō cur Mussiō vannō
| do-MID.1SG dance-DAT.SG with Mussius-DAT.SG go-GER-DAT
|'I intend to go to the dance with Mussius'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| reāvere seō scericca ciennō
| do-MID.SUBJ.PFV-3SG this-DAT.SG undertaker-NOM.SG come-GER-DAT
|'The undertaker should have come here (they planned to do so)'}}

The ablative and instrumental cases of the gerund can be used to express cause, i.e. 'by doing x,' or 'because x.' The ablative generally marks unintentional or natural causes, whilst the instrumental marks intentional cause.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| tlānae ustae quo peannā rēve cōmus pūterē
| flower-ACC.PL that(medial)-C.ACC.PL <nowiki>=</nowiki>and plant-GER-ABL do-PFV-E.3SG house-ACC.SG beautiful-ADV
|'By planting all these flowers you've made the house beautiful'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ustam prī tētē harēnam matrī iminnōrun restērāvist pāliōnū gaeticae
| that(medial)-C.ACC.SG before 1SG-ABL paper-ACC.SG senator-DAT.SG send-GER-INSTR assure-PFV-MID.2SG governor-ESS.SG Gaetica-GEN.SG
|'By sending the senator that letter before me, you've assured your place as governor of Gaetica'}}

==Semantics==
=== Temporal expressions ===

The ancient Aerans divided the day from noon to noon into one hundred '''''lammar''''' (sg. ''lamma'') of equal length, roughly 14.4 minutes long. The daytime was divided into sixteen '''''lȳrar''''' (sg. ''lȳra''), and night into four or five '''''volar''''' (sg. ''vola'') depending on the season. Time was kept on a device called a '''''lammāriun''''', a type of clock. Early ''lammāriunt'' only measured ''lammar'', and one had to consult an almanac ('''''lȳrāriun''''') to determine the length and starting time of each ''lȳra'' or ''vola'' on a given day.

The verb '''''spurhan''''' ('to hang (trans.)') is used to denote spending or taking time;

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| spurra sau īma lamma āmātiō vannō
| hang-MID.C.3SG only one-C.NOM.SG lamma-NOM.SG market-DAT.SG go-GER-DAT
| 'It only takes one ''lamma'' to get to the market'}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| qurrintus spūrint te volae mōrī
| read-PTCP-T.NOM.SG hang.PFV-3PL <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG vola-ACC.PL three-C.ACC.PL
| 'I spent three ''volar'' reading'}}

To denote the amount of time spent on an action, without regard for whether or not the activity was completed or reached its end goal (i.e. atelic action) the essive case is used. To signify the amount of time spent or necessary to spend to complete an activity (i.e. telic action) the instrumental case is used.

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| iūvint te harēnae īmau lȳrau
| write.PFV-3PL <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG letter-ACC.SG one-C.ESS.SG lyra-ESS.SG
| 'I wrote letters for an hour'}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| iūva te harēna īmārun lȳrārun
| write.PFV-C.3SG <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG letter-ACC.SG one-C.INSTR.SG lyra-INSTR.SG
| 'I wrote the letter in an hour'}}

=== Possession ===

There are a number of different strategies in Aeranir to signify possession. Aeranir lacks a [[w:Possession_(linguistics)#Possession_verbs|possession verb]] analogous to English 'to have,' and instead usually signifies possession through different types of [[w:Existential_clause|existential clauses]]. For example, the sentence 'I have a friend' can be expressed by the sentence '''''ēs carīnus tihī''''', which literally means 'there is a friend to me.'

The case of the possessor changes depending its relationship with the possessed:

* '''Locative case''': used for personal possessions that are currently on the person;

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| ēs iarius taurātīs
| COP-T.3SG spear-NOM.SG soldier-LOC.SG
|'The soldier has a spear (on them)'
|c2 = ''lit. 'at the soldier is a spear<nowiki>'</nowiki>''}}

* '''Dative case''': used for personal possessions that are not currently on the person, or for affiliation with persons or people;

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| sintz iariur vulhur taurātiō
| COP-T.3PL spear-NOM.PL many-T.NOM.PL soldier-DAT.SG
|'The soldier has many spears (at home)'
|c2 = ''lit. 'to the soldier are many spears<nowiki>'</nowiki>''}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| sintz menterur tihī octzuin
| COP-T.3PL sibling-NOM.PL 1SG-DAT six
|'I have six siblings'
|c2 = ''lit. 'to me are six siblings<nowiki>'</nowiki>''}}

* '''Ablative case''': used for parts of a whole, or body parts;

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| sī incus iūrun nēnē
| COP-E.3SG head-NOM.SG good-E.NOM.SG 1SG-ABL
|'You have a good head (i.e. are smart)'
|c2 = ''lit. 'from you is a good head<nowiki>'</nowiki>''}}

For metaphorical possession or possession of abstract concepts, such as leadership, power, knowledge, etc., any of these three may be used, for different rhetorical purposes. For example, using the locative implies an immediacy to the possession; that it is in hand, ready to be used. Using the dative implies that the possession is not immediate, but rather something that can be drawn upon, perhaps too vast to 'carry' on one person. This can be more humble or polite than the locative. Using the locative implies that the trait is a fundamental, inalienable, and inherent part of the possessor, rather than something gained or worked for.

=== Conditionals ===

Aeranir has a number of ways of expressing [[w:Conditional sentence|conditional sentences]], depending on the type of condition, as well as the register of speech. Colloquial or spontaneous speech tends to favour the use of finite dependant clauses for the '''''protasis''''' (conditional clause, as opposed to the '''''apodosis''''', or consequence), where as practiced or refined speech, or writing, tend to favour non-finite dependant clauses (this represents a general trend in writing to 'nominalise' all but the most central verb in a sentence, and sometimes the central verb too is made non-finite).

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| sopis furea requeō cōmerī
| snow-NOM.SG fall-SUBJ.C.3SG return-MID.SUBJ.1SG home-DAT.SG
|'If it snows I'm going home'
|c1 = ''(more informal)''}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| soperis furentīs requeō cōmerī
| snow-GEN.SG fall-SUBJ.PTCP-T.LOC.SG return-MID.SUBJ.1SG home-DAT.SG
|'If it snows I'm going home'
|c1 = ''(more formal)''}}

When a non-finite clause is used for a conditional, the verb of the ''protasis'' usually appears in the locative case (an expression of ''time-is-space'' metaphor), unless the two clauses share an argument (e.g. subject, object, etc.) in which case the ''protasis'' takes the same case marking as the shared argument.

Conditional sentences in Aeranir are formed purely through juxtaposition—that is, the placing of two clauses side by side, the verb of the ''protasis'' moved to clause-final position or put into a non-finite form to mark it as dependant. No conjunctive particles like 'if' or 'when' are required. The ''protasis'' takes the subjunctive mood, whilst the mood of the ''apodosis'' indicates the certainty of the conclusion. Aspect, meanwhile, can be used to indicate the certainty of the condition. This distinction may be approximated in English by 'if' versus 'when'

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+ Mood and aspect of conditional sentences
|-
!
! ''Protasis'' certain
! ''Protasis'' uncertain
|-
! ''Apodosis'' certain
| if [''perfective aspect''] then [''indicative mood''] e.g. ''intlae furītīs mollintz tahrer''—'when it rains, the shingles will leak'
| if [''imperfective aspect''] then [''indicative mood''] e.g. ''intlae furentīs mollintz tahrer''—'if it rains, the shingles will leak'
|-
! ''Apodosis'' uncertain
| if [''perfective aspect''] then [''subjunctive mood''] e.g. ''intlae furītīs mollent tahrer''—'when it rains, the shingles might leak'
| if [''imperfective aspect''] then [''subjunctive mood''] e.g. ''intlae furentīs mollent tahrer''—'if it rains, the shingles might leak'
|}

== Numbers ==
<div style="overflow:auto">
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Aeranir numbers 1-400
|-
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
|-
! 1
| ''īmus''
| ''prīstus''
| ''temper''
! 11
| ''īnhīntur''
| ''īnhīnsus''
| ''īnhīntin''
! 21
| ''calhier īmus''
| ''calhitus prīstus''
| ''calhin temper''
! 120
| ''octzāculhier''
| ''octzāculhitus''
| ''octzāculhin''
|-
! 2
| ''sēr''
| ''metzumnus''
| ''vēriēs''
! 12
| ''verhīntur''
| ''verhīnsus''
| ''verhīntin''
! 22
| ''calhier sēr''
| ''calhitus metzumnus''
| ''calhin vēriēs''
! 140
| ''nāculhier''
| ''nāculhitus''
| ''nāculhin''
|-
! 3
| ''morier''
| ''moritus''
| ''moriēs''
! 13
| ''prōhīntur''
| ''prōhīnsus''
| ''prōhīntin''
! 30
| ''calhier qehentzier''
| ''calhitus qehēnsus''
| ''calhin qehen''
! 160
| ''nāquenculhier''
| ''nāquenculhitus''
| ''nāquenculhin''
|-
! 4
| ''quatlur''
| ''quallus''
| ''quatziēs''
! 14
| ''quatlāhīntur''
| ''quatlāhīnsus''
| ''quatlāhīntin''
! 40
| ''verculhier''
| ''verculhitus''
| ''verculhin''
! 180
| ''nātlicculhier''
| ''nātlicculhitus''
| ''nātlicculhin''
|-
! 5
| ''quiquier''
| ''quiqtus''
| ''quiquin''
! 15
| ''quihīntur''
| ''quihīnsus''
| ''quihīntin''
! 50
| ''verculhier qehentzier''
| ''verculhitus qehēnsus''
| ''verculhin qehen''
! 200
| ''tammīttler''
| ''tammīttus''
| ''tammīttziēs''
|-
! 6
| ''octzuer''
| ''octzūmus''
| ''octzuin''
! 16
| ''octzāhīntur''
| ''octzāhīnsus''
| ''octzāhīntin''
! 60
| ''prōculhier''
| ''prōculhitus''
| ''prōculhin''
! 220
| ''tammīttler calhier''
| ''tammīttus calhitus''
| ''tammīttziēs calhin''
|-
! 7
| ''nāier''
| ''nāntus''
| ''nāhin''
! 17
| ''nāhīntur''
| ''nāhīnsus''
| ''nāhīntin''
! 70
| ''prōculhier qehentzier''
| ''prōculhitus qehēnsus''
| ''prōculhin qehen''
! 240
| ''tammīttler verculhier''
| ''tammīttus verculhitus''
| ''tammīttziēs verculhin''
|-
! 8
| ''nāquemur''
| ''nāquemmus''
| ''nāquemin''
! 18
| ''sērēsculhier''
| ''sērēsculhitus''
| ''sērēsculhin''
! 80
| ''quatlāculhier''
| ''quatlāculhitus''
| ''quatlāculhin''
! 260
| ''tammīttler prōculhier''
| ''tammīttus prōculhitus''
| ''tammīttziēs prōculhin''
|-
! 9
| ''nātlittzier''
| ''nātlittzitus''
| ''nātlittzin''
! 19
| ''īmāculhier''
| ''īmāculhitus''
| ''īmāculhin''
! 90
| ''quatlāculhier qehentzier''
| ''quatlāculhitus qehēnsus''
| ''quatlāculhin qehen''
! 280
| ''tammīttler quatlāculhier''
| ''tammīttus quatlāculhitus''
| ''tammīttziēs quatlāculhin''
|-
! 10
| ''qehentzier''
| ''qehēnsus''
| ''qehen''
! 20
| ''calhier''
| ''calhitus''
| ''calhin''
! 100
| ''quicculhier''
| ''quicculhitus''
| ''quicculhin''
! 400
| ''mīttler''
| ''mīttus''
| ''mīttziēs''
|}
</div>

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Aeranir numbers 400-3,200,000
|-
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
|-
! 800
|
|
|
! 16,000
|
|
|
! 320,000
|
|
|
|-
! 1,200
|
|
|
! 24,000
|
|
|
! 480,000
|
|
|
|-
! 1,600
|
|
|
! 32,000
|
|
|
! 640,000
|
|
|
|-
! 2,000
|
|
|
! 40,000
|
|
|
! 800,000
|
|
|
|-
! 2,400
|
|
|
! 48,000
|
|
|
! 960,000
|
|
|
|-
! 2,800
|
|
|
! 56,000
|
|
|
! 1,120,000
|
|
|
|-
! 3,200
|
|
|
! 64,000
|
|
|
! 1,280,000
|
|
|
|-
! 3,600
|
|
|
! 72,000
|
|
|
! 1,440,000
|
|
|
|-
! 4,000
|
|
|
! 80,000
|
|
|
! 1,600,000
|
|
|
|-
! 8,000
|
|
| ''attuin''
! 160,000
|
|
| ''ōtlua attuin''
! 3,200,000
|
|
| ''octzuō''
|}

==Late Aeranir inovations==
===Applicative voices===
Whilst Classical Aeranir was more permissive of adding additional arguments to a clause, so long as the verb's core transitivity were met. Late Aeranir, however, tended to be more restrictive, and required valency increasing operations to express benefactive, comitative, and locative meanings. These applicative morphemes take the form of verbal prefixes.

==Lexicon==

''[[:Category:Aeranir_words|Aeranir Lexicon]]''.

==Footnotes==

[[Category:Aeranir]]
[[Category:Maro-Ephenian Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Avrid]]

Aeranir

2020-07-12T14:35:12Z

Gaffney.flancer: /* The infinitive */

{{construction}}
{{Infobox language
| name = ''Aeranir''
| altname = ''coeñar inceris''
|-
| nativename = ''coeñar aerānir''
| pronunciation = [ˈk̟øː.ɲar ˈɪ̃ŋ̟.k̟ɛ.rɪs̠], [ˈk̟øː.ɲar ɛːˈraː.nɪr]
|-
|creator=Limius
|setting=''[[Avrid]]''
|-
| state = [[Telrhamir]], [[Iscaria]], [[Aeranid Empire]]
| ethnicity = Aeran
| familycolor = PaleGoldenrod
| fam1 = [[Maro-Ephenian languages|Maro-Ephenian]]
| fam2 = Iscaric
|ancestor=[[Proto-Maro-Ephenian]]
|ancestor2=[[Proto-Iscaric]]
|ancestor3=[[Aeranir#Old Aeranir|Old Aeranir]]
|-
| nation = [[Aeranid Empire]]
| minority = [[Iscaria]], [[S'entin]], [[Tevrén]]
| notice = IPA
|iso3 = qco
}}

'''Aeranir''', also known as '''coeñar aerānir''' (''language of the Aerans''), or '''coeñar inceris''' (''language of the capital''), is an Iscaric language in the [[Maro-Ephenian languages|Maro-Ephenian language group]]. It was originally spoken by the [[Aerans]], developed in the deserts of Northern [[Iscaria]] in the city of [[Telrhamir]], and spread with the expanse of the [[Aeranid Empire]] throughout [[Ephenia]], as well as parts of [[Eubora]] and [[Syra]]. It later developed into the Aeranid languages, such as [[Dalot]], [[Ilesse]], [[Iscariano]], [[Îredese]], [[S'entigneis]], and [[Tevrés]]. It is still used throughout Ephenia as a language of theology, science, medicine, literature, and law.

Aeranir had been standardised into Classical Aeranir by the time of the Early Empire, around the second millennia [[New Imperial Age|BNIA]] by the writer and educator Limius. The period before that is generally referred to as Old Aeranir. The language spoken between the 15th and 12th centuries [[New Imperial Age|BNIA]] is generally referred to Late Aeranir. This shift is marked by several grammatical and phonetic shifts. After that period, Aeranir began to splinter off into the various Aeranid languages. A form of Classical Aeranir called New Aeranir or Medieval Aeranir remained in use in official writings even after this period.

Aeranir is a highly inflective and fusional language, with three distinct [[w:Gramatical Gender|genders]], nine [[w:Gramatical Case|cases]], two [[w:Gramatical Aspect|aspects]], four [[w:Gramatical Mood|moods]], three [[w:Gramatical Person|persons]], two or three [[w:Gramatical Voice|voices]], and two [[w:Gramatical Number|numbers]].

==History==
===Periodisation===

{{Graphical timeline

|title=Timeline of Aeranir
|align=right

|plot-colour=#bbeebb

|from=0
|to=3000
|scale-increment=200

|width=10
|height=300
|height-unit=px

|legend1=Aeran settlements

|bar1-from=2400
|bar1-left=0
|bar1-right=0.2

|legend2=City of Telhramir

|bar2-to=2600
|bar2-left=0.1
|bar2-right=0.2

|legend3=Aeranid Kingdom
|legend3-colour=#e0aacc

|bar3-to=2400
|bar3-left=0
|bar3-right=0.2
|bar3-colour=#e0aacc

|
|bar4-to=2104
|bar4-left=0
|bar4-right=0.2
|bar4-colour=red
|legend4=Aeranid Empire
|legend4-colour=red

|
|bar5-to=1266
|bar5-from=825
|bar5-left=0
|bar5-right=0.2
|bar5-colour=#AA98A9
|legend5=Eastern Aeranid Empire
|legend5-colour=#AA98A9

|bar6-from=1172
|bar6-to=1266
|bar6-left=0.1
|bar6-right=0.2
|bar6-colour=blue
|legend6=Western Aeranid Empire
|legend6-colour=blue

|bar7-to=825
|bar7-left=0
|bar7-right=0.2
|bar7-colour=grey
|legend7=Various Nations
|legend7-colour=grey

|bar8-text=Proto-Aeranid
|bar8-to=953
|bar8-from=700
|bar8-left=1
|bar8-right=1.75
|bar8-border-width=1
|bar8-border-colour= #996666
|bar8-colour=lightgrey

|bar9-text=Liturgical Aeranir
|bar9-to=953
|bar9-left=0.2
|bar9-right=1
|bar9-border-width=1
|bar9-border-colour= #996666
|bar9-colour=#cc9999

|bar10-text=Post-Collapse Aeranir
|bar10-from=953
|bar10-to=1266
|bar10-left=0.2
|bar10-right=1.75
|bar10-colour=#99cc99

|bar11-text=Late Aeranir
|bar11-from=1266
|bar11-to=1450
|bar11-left=0.2
|bar11-right=1.75
|bar11-colour=#99cc99
|bar11-border-width=0.1

|bar12-text=Golden Age Aeranir
|bar12-from=1450
|bar12-to=1800
|bar12-left=0.2
|bar12-right=1.75
|bar12-border-width=0.1
|bar12-colour=#99cc99

|bar13-text=Classical Aeranir
|bar13-from=1800
|bar13-to=2200
|bar13-left=0.2
|bar13-right=1.75
|bar13-border-width=0.1
|bar13-colour=#99cc99

|bar14-text=Old Aeranir
|bar14-from=2200
|bar14-to=2500
|bar14-left=0.2
|bar14-right=1.75
|bar14-border-width=0.1
|bar14-colour=#99cc99

|bar15-text=Proto-Iscaric
|bar15-from=2500
|bar15-to=3000
|bar15-left=0.2
|bar15-right=1.75
|bar15-border-width=0.1
|bar15-colour=#bbeebb

|bar16-text=Aeranid Languages
|bar16-to=700
|bar16-from=0
|bar16-left=1
|bar16-right=1.75
|bar16-border-width=1
|bar16-border-colour= #996666
|bar16-colour=grey

|note1=The Collapse
|note1-at=1266
|note1-nudge-right=10
|note1-colour=green

|caption=A timeline of the evolution of Aeranir. The scale is in years BCA. The thin bar to the left denotes the Aeranir (and later Aeranid) speaking powers of the time, whilst the right denotes the evolutionary stage of Aeranir.
}}

The Aeranir language is descended from Proto-Iscaric, a theoretical reconstruction, which is in turn descended from [[Proto-Maro-Ephenian]]. This makes Aeranir a member of the Maro-Ephenian language family, along with Talothic, Fyrdan, and Marian. Because neither of these two proto-languages are attested in writing, it can be difficult to say when they were spoken, and when one transitioned into the other, but scholars generally agree that there was something that could be called Proto-Iscaric around the end of the 4th millennium BCA.

Proto-Iscaric was spoken by numerous Maro-Ephenian tribes which settled in Iscaria at the end of the 4th millennium. This evolved into numerous attested Iscaric languages, of which the language of the Aerans, who settled the region known as Aes, was but one. The oldest evidence of their language is found dating well after the founding of their most famous city, Telhramir, around 2500 BCA. This phase of the language, from around then to the later years of the Aeranid Kingdom, is known as Old Aeranir (called '''''coeñar accuiha aerānir''''' or '''''aerānir accuiha''''' by Classical and Golden Age sources).

==Phonology==
===Consonants===
The following is a table of phonemes in Aeranir. This analysis is based on Classical Aeranir, as it was used during the hight of the [[Aeranid Empire]]. The phonology, especially the number of vowel phonemes, varied greatly time, but this is seen as the standard version of the language.
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Classical consonant phonemes
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | Labial
! colspan="2" | Coronal
! rowspan="2" | Palatal
! colspan="2" | Velar
! colspan="2" | Uvular
! rowspan="2" | Glottal
|-
! central 
! lateral 
! plain 
! labial 
! plain 
! labial 
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Nasal
| m
| n
|
| ɲ
|
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Stop
| p
| t
|
|
| k
| kʷ
| q
| qʷ
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Affricate
|
| ts
| tɬ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Fricative
| f
| s
|
|
|
|
|
|
| h
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Liquid
|
| r
| l
| j
|
| w
|
|
| ɦ
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Golden age consonant phonemes
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | Labial
! colspan="2" | Coronal
! rowspan="2" | Palatal
! colspan="2" | Velar
! colspan="2" | Uvular
! rowspan="2" | Glottal
|-
! central 
! lateral 
! plain 
! labial 
! plain 
! labial 
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| m
| n
|
| ɲ
|
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="3" | Stop
! aspirated
| (pʰ)
| (tʰ)
|
|
| kʰ
|
| qʰ
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! plain
| p
| t
|
|
| k
| kʷ
| q
| qʷ
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! voiced
| (b)
| (d)
|
|
| (g)
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" | Affricate
! voiceless
|
| ts
| tɬ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! voiced
|
| (dz~z)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Fricative
| f
| s
|
|
|
|
|
|
| h
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Liquid
| ʋ
| r
| l
| j
|
|
|
|
| ɦ
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Late consonant phonemes
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | Labial
! colspan="2" | Coronal
! rowspan="2" | Palatal
! colspan="2" | Velar
|-
! central 
! lateral 
! plain 
! labial 
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| m
| n
|
| ɲ
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" | Stop
! voiceless
| p
| t
|
| c
| k
| kʷ
|- style="text-align:center;"
! voiced
| b
| d
|
| ɟ
| g
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Affricate
|
| ts
| tɬ
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Fricative
| f
| s
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Liquid
|
| r
| l
| j
|
|
|}
====Notes on consonants====
*The clusters /rh/, /nh/, and /lh/ vary greatly between dialects; [rɦ nɦ ɫɦ ~ rg ŋg ɫg ~ ʀː ŋː ʟː].
*The sequence /ks/ is written in the romanisation as ''x''.
*The nasal consonant /n/ assimilates to the place of articulation of the following stop, so that /nk/ or /nqʷ/ for example become /ŋk/ and /ɴʷqʷ/. Before fricatives, /n/ is deleted, and the proceeding vowel is lengthened and nasalised. These processes apply between word boundries as well. Word final /n/ as part of case and personal markers is elided before a word starting with a vowel, fricative, approximate, or before a [[w:Pausa|pausa]]. It often served as a [[w:Shibboleth|shibboleth]] for discerning one's origins or social circles.
*The velar, labio-velar, and labio-uvular consonants /k/, /kʷ/, /q/, and /qʷ/ are palatalised before front vowels and /j/ to [k̟], [kᶣ], [k̠] and [k̠ᶣ] respectively. Futhermore, dental consonants /n/ and /t/ are palatalised before /j/ to [ɲ̟], and [tʲ]. The glottal fricative /h/ is also palatalised to [ç] before high front vowels and /j/. Some dialects also palatalise the postalveolar consonants /s/ and /ts/ to [ɕ] and [tɕ] before front vowels and /j/.
*The labialised consonants /kʷ/, and /qʷ/ are pronounced as truly labialised, rather than a sequence of two consonants, i.e. /kw/, /qw/. The voiced labiovelar stop only occurs after a nasal consonant.
*All consonants, with the exception of /ʋ/, can be geminated between vowels. This is denoted orthographically by doubling of the first letter of the phoneme, i.e. ⟨cc⟩, ⟨ff⟩, ⟨hh⟩, etc. The palatal approximate /j/ is always geminated to [jː] between vowels, but is written with a simple ⟨i⟩. Fricative /hː/ is usually realised as [çː]. In dialects that palatalise /s/ and /ts/, [çː] often becomes [ɕː], merging in some environments with /sː/.
*The lateral approximate /l/ has two allophones in Classical Aeranir; [l] before close front vowels, /j/, and when geminated, and [ɫ] elsewhere.
*The fricative /s/ is often pronounced further back in the mouth, closer to [s̠].
* The phoneme /h/ has two distinct allophones following the nasal /n/. When this cluster occurs natively within a word, /h/ is voiced and velarised to [g]. Nasal /n/ is likewise velarised to [ŋ]. Dialectically, the cluster /ŋg/ may be fortified to [gː] or lenited to [ŋː]. Before front vowels and /j/, these may appear as [ɲʝ], [ŋ˖g˖], [g˖ː], or [ŋ˖ː]. When the cluster /nh/ occurs where /h/ was once word initial, as result of a prefix, the nasal is deleted and the preceding vowel nasalised and lengthened, as with fricatives /s/ and /f/.

===Vowels===
Vowels in Aeranir underwent the greatest amount of change throughout time. Although the standard is considered to me Classical Aeranir as it was spoken in the 17th and 16th centuries {{Smallcaps|[[New Imperial Age|bnia]]}}, this should not be seen in the context of a sliding historical spectrum. Below are listed three somewhat representative samples that provide a broad overview of general changes.
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Old Aeranir vowel phonemes (circa 2300{{Smallcaps|bca}})
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Front
! colspan="2" | Central
! colspan="2" | Back
|-
! short 
! long 
! short 
! long 
! short 
! long 
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Close
| i
| iː
|
|
| u
| uː
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Mid
| e
| eː
|
|
| o
| oː
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Open
|
|
| a
| aː
|
|
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Classical and Golden Age Aeranir vowel phonemes (circa 1600{{Smallcaps|bca}})
|-
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="4" | Front
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Central
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Back
|-
! colspan="2" | plain 
! colspan="2" | rounded 
|-
! short 
! long 
! short 
! long 
! short 
! long 
! short 
! long 
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Close
| ɪ
| iː
| ʏ
| yː
|
|
| ʊ
| uː
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Mid-close
|
| eː
|
| øː
|
|
|
| oː
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Mid-open
| ɛ
| ɛː
|
|
|
|
| ɔ
| ɔː
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Open
|
|
|
|
| a
| aː
|
|
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Late Aeranir vowel phonemes (circa 1200{{Smallcaps|bca}})
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Front
! rowspan="2"| Central
! rowspan="2"| Back
|-
! plain
! round
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Close
| i
| (y)
|
| u
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Mid-close
| e
| (ø)
|
| o
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Mid-open
| ɛ
|
|
| ɔ
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Open
|
|
| a
|
|}
====Notes on vowels====
* The short high rounded vowel /ʏ/ is mostly a loan from [[Dalitian]], and is not found in many native words, or words dating back to Old Aeranir. It is usually realised as [ɪ], and is only rounded in educated speech.
{| class="wikitable floatright"
|+caption | Vowel change from PME to Late Aeranir (in stessed initial syllables)
|-
! [[Proto-Maro-Ephenian|PME]]
! Old
! Classical
! Late
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *u[r₂, r₃, h]i
| → ui /ui̯/
| rowspan="2" | → y /yː/
| rowspan="4" | → i /i/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *i[r₂, r₃, h]u
| → iu /iu̯̯/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *ey, *ehi, *ēy, *hey
| → ei /ei̯/
| rowspan="2" | → ī /iː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *i[r₂, r₃, h]
| → ī /iː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *i
| → i /i/
| → i /ɪ/
| rowspan="3" | → e /e/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *oy, *o[r₂, r₃, h]i, *er₃i, *ōy, *[r₂, r₃, h]oy, *r₃ey
| → oi /oi̯/
| → oe /øː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *eh, *ē
| → e /eː/
| → e /eː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *e
| → e /e/
| → e /ɛ/
| rowspan="2" | → è /ɛ/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *er₂i, *r₂ey
| → ai /ai̯/
| → ae /ɛː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *ow, *o[r₂, r₃, h]u, *ōw, *[r₂, r₃, h]ow, *r₃ew, *ew, *ehu, *ēw, *hew
| → ou /ou̯̯/
| rowspan="2" | → ū /uː/
| rowspan="2" | → u /u/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *u[r₂, r₃, h]
| → ū /uː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *u
| → u /u/
| → u /ʊ/
| rowspan="2" | → o /o/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *o[r₂, r₃, h], *ō, *r₃e[r₂, r₃, h], *r₃ē, *er₃
| → o /oː/
| → o /oː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *o, *r₃e
| → o /o/
| → o /ɔ/
| rowspan="2" | → ò /ɔ/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *er₂u, *r₂ew
| → au /au̯̯/
| → au /ɔː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *er₂, *r₂ē
| → ā /aː/
| → ā /aː/
| rowspan="2" | → a /a/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *[r̥₂, r̥₃, h̥]
| → a /a/
| → a /a/
|}
* Most non-intial short vowels in [[Aeranir#Proto-Iscaric|Proto-Iscairc]] were reduced to /i/ by the time of Old Aeranir. Many of these were then further reduced in Classical Aeranir (as discussed above), to the vowels represented by [[w:Diaeresis_(diacritic)|diaeresis]]. These merged in Late Aeranir to a [[w:Schwa|schwa]], but this schwa was deleted in many environments.
* Old Aeranir diphthongs /ei̯/ and /ou̯̯/ may have been realised as hightened pure vowels [eː~e̝ː] and [oː~o̝ː]. Before other vowels, /ei̯/ becomes simple [e] in Classical Aeranir. Likewise, Classical /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ rise to [e] and [o] before another vowel. These were then simplified into glides [j] and [w] in Late Aeranir.
* There are two realisations of high short vowels /ɪ/ and /ʊ/ before another vowel, depending on whether the proceeding syllable it light or heavy. Following a light syllable, the become glides [j] and [w]. Follwing a heavy syllable, an [[w:Ephethesis#Anaptyxis|anaptyctic]] vowel is inserted, becoming [ɪj] and [ʊw]. These vowels are not represented in the orthography.
* Some peripheral dialects of Late Aeranir retained rounded front vowels /y/ and /ø/, while in most, including the speech of Telrhamir, they merged with their plain counterparts /i/ and /e/ respectively.

===Stress===
Syllable stress in Old Aeranir fell uniformly on the first syllable of a word. However, by the time of Classical Aeranir, stress had shifted to a more complex paradigm, generally falling on the '''penult''' (the second to last syllable) or the '''antipenult''' (the third to last syllable). Which one was determined by the '''weight''' of the penult.

Syllables are divided into one of two categories, or weights. These are '''light''' syllables and '''heavy''' syllables. A light syllable contains a maximum of one short vowel, alone or proceeded by a consonant or consonant cluster, while a heavy syllable may contain a long vowel, a coda consonant, or both. If the penult of a word is heavy, it is stressed. If not, the antipenult is stressed.
=== Dialects ===
;Pēcilia Cūvae
: The ''pēcilia cūvae'' ('Cuvan swing') refers to the particular musical quality of the Aeranir spoken in the Aes city of Cuva (''cūva'') during the classical and golden age of Aeranid civilisation. It was likened in the earliest records to the ''pēcilia traecōvus'' ('talothic swing'), and occasionally referred to as the ''pōnus traeceus'' ('talothic voice'). However, by the golden age, Talothic had lost its distinct melodious accent, and the these terms fell out of use. This is believed to be the reason that citizens of Cuva were called ''traeceolar'' ('little taloths'), and is the origin of the name of the city Triggiolari, founded as ''Traeceolar''.

: Rather than the stress-accent of standard capitoline Aeranir, the speech of Cuva is marked by a distinctive [[w:Pitch-accent language|pitch accent]]. Pitch in Cuva begins low, and then rises until a [[w:Mora|kernel mora]], after which it immediately falls. Placement of the kernel mora generally falls on the third to last mora. However, the way morae are counted is somewhat complex. A short vowel, either proceeded by a consonant or consonant cluster, or bare, counts as one mora, and a long vowel of (spurious) diphthong counts as two. On top of that, coda consonants, rather singletons or clusters, also count as a mora. So, for example, each syllable of the word ''āctās'' is three morea; ''a-a-c.ta-a-s''

: Pitch accent manifests differently depending on where the kernel falls. Then the kernel falls on a vowel, there is a [[w:Downstep|downstep]] before it; e.g. ''āctās'': ''a-a-c.ta-a-s'' /àák.tààs/ [ǎːk.tàːs].

==Syntax==
===Word order===
Aeranir is generally verb-initial in independent clauses, and verb-final in dependant clauses, including non-finite clauses using the infinitive, participle, gerund, etc.. These rules may be violated in poetry, however it is much more common to violate the former than the later.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| qurra Rāscānus salvan
| read-3SG.C Rascanus-NOM.SG book-ACC.SG
|'Rascanus is reading a book'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| Rāscānus salvan qurrea
| Rascanus-NOM.SG book-ACC.SG read-SUBJ.3SG.C
|'should Rascanus be reading a book...'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| sircuīva īliō Rāscānus salvan qurrīhā
| tell-PFV.3SG.C Ilius-DAT.SG Rascanus-NOM.SG book-ACC.SG read-INF
|'Rascanus told Ilius that he was reading a book'}}

Nominal clitics attach to the end of verbs in independent clauses, and the beginning of verbs in dependant clauses.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| taetue ne tīn
| drink-PFV.3SG.E <nowiki>=</nowiki>2SG tea-ACC.SG
|'You drank the tea'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| tīn ni taesun
| tea-NOM.SG 2SG<nowiki>=</nowiki> drink-PFV.PTCP-E.NOM.SG
|'The tea you drank'}}

Word order is much more free for nouns and noun phrases. Adjectives and genitives may either proceed or follow a noun (e.g. '''''formun cōmus''''' or '''''cōmus formun''''', both 'the warm house;' '''''umae menter''''' or '''''menter umae''''', both 'my mother's sibling'), although they adjectives generally follow, whilst genitives generally proceed. Prepositions always proceed their noun, whilst postpositions, which are far less common, always follow.

Due to agreement in gender, case, and number between nouns and adjectives, additional nouns may be inserted between a noun and its adjective without changing the meaning, in what is called [[w:Hyperbaton|hyperbaton]]:

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ȳrē arte tihī iūre
| listen-IMP person-VOC.SG 1SG.PRO-DAT good-T.VOC.SG
|'Listen to me good fellow!'}}

==Nouns==
===Gender===
Aeranir nouns are divided into three [[w:Grammatical Gender|genders]], all of which are directly inherited from late [[Proto-Maro-Ephenian]]. These known as the '''temporary''' ('''{{Smallcaps|t}}'''), '''cyclical''' ('''{{Smallcaps|c}}'''), and '''eternal''' ('''{{Smallcaps|e}}''') genders. The gender of a noun effects the adjectives and verbs that refer to it.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ēs ars raius
| COP.3SG.T wumbo(T)-NOM.SG small-T.NOM.SG
|'It's a small wumbo'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| sa tlāna raia
| COP.3SG.C flower(C)-NOM.SG small-C.NOM.SG
|'It's a small flower'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| sī nātlun raiun
| COP.3SG.E shell(E)-NOM.SG small-E.NOM.SG
|'It's a small shell'}}

The gender of most nouns can be easily inferred from its ending. Furthermore, there is often overlap between meaning and gender. Animate living beings and small, breakable objects are often temporary, while abstract concepts, natural processes, or seasonal plants are usually cyclical, and large, durable, inanimate objects are most likely eternal. However, some nouns have no relation to their gender. Personal names are either temporary or cyclical; eternal names are reserved for gods.

===Case===
Nouns in Aeranir have a series of different forms, called cases of the noun, which have different functions or meanings. For example, the word for 'king' is ''{{term|rēs}}'' when subject of a verb, but ''rēnin'' when it is the object:
* ''auhēs rēs'' 'the king sees (someone)' ([[w:Nominative case|nominative case]])
* ''auhēs rēnin'' '(someone) sees the king' ([[w:Accusative case|accusative case]])
There are a total of nine cases for most nouns in Aeranir. Outside of the nominative and accusative, they are as the following:
* [[w:Vocative case|Vocative]]: ''rēne iō!'': 'o king!'
* [[w:Essive case|Essive]]: ''seū rēnū'': 'as this king'
* [[w:Instrumental case|Instrumental]]: ''seōrun rēnerun'': 'using this king'
* [[w:Genitive case|Genitive]]: ''sī rēnis'': 'of this king'
* [[w:Dative case|Dative]]: ''seō rēnī'': 'to/for this king'
* [[w:Ablative case|Ablative]]: ''seā rēni'': 'from/by this king'
* [[w:Locative case|Locative]]: ''sīs rēnīs'': 'at/with the king'
Sometimes the same endings, e.g. ''-ī'' and ''-ēs'', are used for more than one case. Since the function of a word in Aeranir is shown by ending rather than word order, in theory ''requor rēnī'' could mean either 'I return to the king' or 'I return from the king.' In practice, however, such ambiguities are rare.

==== Uses of the cases ====
===== Genitive =====
The use of the genitive case in subordinate clauses has changed throughout the history of Aeranir, and even within the span of time referred to as 'Golden Age Aeranir,' usage was shifting. In Classical and Golden Age Aeranir the genitive could be used with the active voice to mark the subject of the verb, whilst in the middle voice it marked the object. The later is similar to the use of the genitive as a partitive object in [[Classical Talothic|Talothic]]. Some believe this similarity to be the inherited from [[Proto-Maro-Ephenian]], whilst others claim that it is a case of parallel evolution or mutual influence.
:{{interlinear|box=yes
| tzilla artis auhita
| cat-NOM.SG person-GEN.SG see-PFV.PTCP-C.NOM.SG
| 'The cat the person saw'}}

:{{interlinear|box=yes
| ars tzillae auhitūnus
| person-NOM.SG cat-GEN.SG see-PFV.PTCP-T.NOM.SG
| 'The person who saw the cat'}}
The use of genitive objects dwindled in later Golden Age and Late Aeranir, being replaced by the accusative case with the active voice, or the ablative case with the middle voice, as in independent clauses. However, it remained used to mark the subject of dependent clauses, and in Late Aeranir even began to replace the nominative case in independent ones.

===== Ablative =====

* '''Ablative of motion''' implies movement away from or out of an object:
:{{interlinear|box=yes
| furuis pālā
| fall-PFV-T.3SG tree-ABL.SG
| 'They fell from the tree'}}

* '''Agentive ablative''' marks the agent by whom the action of a passive verb in performed:
:{{interlinear|box=yes
| īcēlāre pannun Traetiā cnōtun
| eat-PFV-PASS-E.3SG bread-NOM.SG Traetius-ABL.SG last-E.NOM.SG
| 'The last of the bread was eaten by Traetius'}}

===Declensions===
====Class I====
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+Class I noun
|-
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" |
! colspan="4" | ''{{term|salva}}'' c. book, tome
|-
! colspan="2" | Singular
! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
! word
! ending
! word
! ending
|-
! rowspan="3" | Primary '''''prīstūmus'''''
! scope="row" | Nominative
| ''salva''
| '''''-a'''''
| ''salvar''
| '''''-ar'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Accusative
| ''salvan''
| '''''-an'''''
| ''salvae''
| '''''-ae'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Vocative
| ''salva''
| '''''-a'''''
| ''salvar''
| '''''-ar'''''
|-
! rowspan="3" | Existential '''''soniāmus'''''
! scope="row" | Essive
| ''salvau''
| '''''-au'''''
| ''salvur''
| '''''-ur'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Instrumental
| ''salvārun''
| '''''-ārun'''''
| ''salvōs''
| '''''-ōs'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Genitive
| ''salvae''
| '''''-ae'''''
| ''salvābus''
| '''''-ābus'''''
|-
! rowspan="3" | Directive '''''satūmus'''''
! scope="row" | Dative
| ''salvō''
| '''''-ō'''''
| ''salvāna''
| '''''-āna'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Ablative
| ''salvā''
| '''''-ā'''''
| ''salvās''
| '''''-ās'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Locative
| ''salvīs''
| '''''-īs'''''
| ''salvā''
| '''''-ā'''''
|}

====Class II====
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+Class II temporary/eternal nouns
|-
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" |
! colspan="4" | ''{{term|pernus}}'' t. storm, chaos
! colspan="4" | ''{{term|nātlun}}'' e. shell, carapace
|-
! colspan="2" | Singular
! colspan="2" | Plural
! colspan="2" | Singular
! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
! word
! ending
! word
! ending
! word
! ending
! word
! ending
|-
! rowspan="3" | Primary '''''prīstūmus'''''
! scope="row" | Nominative
| ''pernus''
| '''''-us'''''
| ''pernur''
| '''''-ur'''''
| rowspan="3" | ''nātlun''
| rowspan="3" | '''''-un'''''
| rowspan="3" | ''nātlunt''
| rowspan="3" | '''''-unt'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Accusative
| ''pernun''
| '''''-un'''''
| ''pernī''
| '''''-ī'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Vocative
| ''perne''
| '''''-e'''''
| ''pernur''
| '''''-ur'''''
|-
! rowspan="3" | Existential '''''soniāmus'''''
! scope="row" | Essive
| ''pernū''
| '''''-ū'''''
| ''pernur''
| '''''-ur'''''
| ''nātlū''
| '''''-ū'''''
| ''nātlur''
| '''''-ur'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Instrumental
| ''pernōrun''
| '''''-ōrun'''''
| ''pernōs''
| '''''-ōs'''''
| ''nātlōrun''
| '''''-ōrun'''''
| ''nātlōs''
| '''''-ōs'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Genitive
| ''pernī''
| '''''-ī'''''
| ''pernōvus''
| '''''-ōvus'''''
| ''nātlī''
| '''''-ī'''''
| ''nātlōvus''
| '''''-ōvus'''''
|-
! rowspan="3" | Directive '''''satūmus'''''
! scope="row" | Dative
| ''pernō''
| '''''-ō'''''
| ''pernōna''
| '''''-ōna'''''
| ''nātlō''
| '''''-ō'''''
| ''nātlōna''
| '''''-ōna'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Ablative
| ''pernā''
| '''''-ā'''''
| ''pernōs''
| '''''-ōs'''''
| ''nātlā''
| '''''-ā'''''
| ''nātlōs''
| '''''-ōs'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Locative
| ''pernīs''
| '''''-īs'''''
| ''pernā''
| '''''-ā'''''
| ''nātlīs''
| '''''-īs'''''
| ''nātlā''
| '''''-ā'''''
|}

==Pronouns==
===Personal Pronouns===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Personal pronouns
|-
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" |
! colspan="4" | First person
! colspan="4" | Second person
! colspan="4" | Reflexive
|-
! colspan="2" | singular ''I''
! colspan="2" | plural ''we''
! colspan="2" | singular ''you''
! colspan="2" | plural ''y'all''
! colspan="2" | singular/plural ''himself/herself/ itself/themselves''
|-
! full
! clitic
! full
! clitic
! full
! clitic
! full
! clitic
! full
! clitic
|-
! rowspan="3" | Primary ''prīstūmus''
! Nominative
| rowspan="2" | ''aecū''
| rowspan="7" | ''te''
| rowspan="2" | ''eōs''
| rowspan="7" | ''ī''
| rowspan="2" | ''hanae''
| rowspan="7" | ''ne''
| rowspan="2" | ''rōs''
| rowspan="7" | ''er''
| rowspan="3" | ''cē''
| rowspan="7" | ''ce''
|-
! Vocative
|-
! Accusative
| ''tē''
| ''eon''
| ''nē''
| ''ron''
|-
! rowspan="2" | Existential ''soniāmus''
! Essive
| ''tōs''
| ''eor''
| ''nōs''
| ''rō''
| ''cū''
|-
! Genitive
| ''tī''
| ''īster''
| ''nī''
| ''rester''
| ''cī''
|-
! rowspan="2" | Directive ''satūmus''
! Dative
| ''tihī''
| ''īvīs''
| ''nivī''
| ''urvīs''
| ''civī''
|-
! Ablative
| ''tētē''
| ''eōvōs''
| ''nēnē''
| ''rōvōs''
| ''cēcē''
|}

===Third person pronouns===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Personal pronouns
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
|-
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
|-
! rowspan="3" | Primary ''prīstūmus''
! Nominative
| rowspan="2" | ''us''
| rowspan="2" | ''va''
| rowspan="3" | ''um''
| rowspan="2" | ''ur''
| rowspan="2" | ''var''
| rowspan="3" | ''ūns''
|-
! Vocative
|-
! Accusative
| ''um''
| ''vam''
| ''vī''
| ''vae''
|-
! rowspan="3" | Existential ''soniāmus''
! Essive
| ''ū''
| ''vau''
| ''ū''
| ''ur''
| ''vur''
| ''ur''
|-
! Instrumental
| ''urun''
| ''vārun''
| ''urun''
| ''vēs''
| ''vōs''
| ''vēs''
|-
! Genitive
| ''vis''
| ''vae''
| ''vis''
| ''vus''
| ''vāvus''
| ''vus''
|-
! rowspan="3" | Directive ''satūmus''
! Dative
| ''vī''
| ''vō''
| ''vī''
| ''vina''
| ''vāna''
| ''vina''
|-
! Ablative
| ''vit''
| ''vā''
| ''vit''
| ''vēs''
| ''vās''
| ''vēs''
|-
! Locative
| ''vis''
| ''vīs''
| ''vis''
| ''vā''
| ''vā''
| ''vā''
|}

=== Demonstrative pronouns ===
Demonstratives underwent a great deal of change during the latest stages of Classical Aeranir, and much of the older forms were preserved in Golden Age Aeranir alongside their newer counterparts. The Classical Aeranir distal and medial demonstratives were formed from the third person pronoun ''us, va, un'' plus a suffix. This produced a variety of irregular forms, which were regularised in early Golden Age Aeranir. However, which stem was taken to become the new regular form varied between times, locations, and speakers. Generally, two stems were predominant for each demonstrative; with the medial varying between ''ust-'' and ''unt-'' and the distal between ''ūl-'' and ''ull-''. Eventually, the former of the two became more common, although the latter remained in marginal use, even into the Aeranid languages.
<div style="overflow:auto">
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Old demonstrative pronouns
|-
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="6" | '''''seus, sea, seun''''' this, this one (proximal)
! colspan="6" | '''''ustus, usta, untun''''' that of yours (medial)
! colspan="6" | '''''ūlus, ūla, ūllun''''' that, that one (distal)
|-
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
|-
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Nominative
| ''seus''
| ''sea''
| rowspan="3" | ''seun''
| ''seur''
| ''sear''
| rowspan="3" | ''seunt''
| ''ustus''
| ''usta''
| rowspan="3" | ''untun''
| ''urtur''
| ''urtar''
| rowspan="3" | ''untunt''
| ''ūlus''
| ''ūla''
| rowspan="3" | ''ullun''
| ''ullur''
| ''ullar''
| rowspan="3" | ''ullunt''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Accusative
| ''seun''
| ''sean''
| ''sī''
| ''seae''
| ''untun''
| ''untan''
| ''vītī''
| ''vītae''
| ''ullun''
| ''ullan''
| ''vīlī''
| ''vīlae''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Vocative
| ''sē''
| ''sea''
| ''seur''
| ''sear''
| ''uste''
| ''usta''
| ''urtur''
| ''urtar''
| ''ūle''
| ''ūla''
| ''ullur''
| ''ullar''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Essive
| ''seū''
| ''seau''
| ''seū''
| colspan="3" | ''seur''
| ''ūtū''
| ''ūtau''
| ''ūtū''
| colspan="3" | ''urtur''
| ''ūlū''
| ''ūlau''
| ''ūlū''
| colspan="3" | ''ullur''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Instrumental
| ''seōrun''
| ''seārun''
| ''seōrun''
| colspan="3" | ''seōs''
| ''untōrun''
| ''untārun''
| ''untōrun''
| colspan="3" | ''vēstōs''
| ''ullōrun''
| ''ullārun''
| ''ullōrun''
| colspan="3" | ''vēlōs''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Genitive
| ''sī''
| ''seae''
| ''sī''
| ''seōvus''
| ''seāvus''
| ''seōvus''
| ''vistī''
| ''vistae''
| ''vistī''
| ''vustōvus''
| ''vustāvus''
| ''vustōvus''
| ''vīlī''
| ''vīlae''
| ''vīlī''
| ''vūlōvus''
| ''vūlāvus''
| ''vūlōvus''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Dative
| colspan="3" | ''seō''
| ''seōna''
| ''seāna''
| ''seōna''
| colspan="3" | ''vītō''
| ''vintōna''
| ''vintāna''
| ''vintōna''
| colspan="3" | ''vīlō''
| ''villōna''
| ''villāna''
| ''villōna''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Ablative
| colspan="3" | ''seā''
| ''seōs''
| ''seās''
| ''seōs''
| colspan="3" | ''vistā''
| ''vēstōs''
| ''vēstās''
| ''vēstōs''
| colspan="3" | ''vīlā''
| ''vēlōs''
| ''vēlās''
| ''vēlōs''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Locative
| colspan="3" | ''sīs''
| colspan="3" | ''seā''
| colspan="3" | ''vistīs''
| colspan="3" | ''vātā''
| colspan="3" | ''vīlīs''
| colspan="3" | ''vālā''
|}
</div>
Even after the new regular demonstratives had been widely adopted, the old ones continued to be used for stylistic purposes, and where considered more proper for official writing, speech, and communication.

In Classical Aeranir, demonstratives could stand for a person or thing, but also a place—there was no distinction between 'this' and 'here.' However, in Golden Age Aeranir, another one of the old stems was generalised to create dedicated locative pronouns '''''vistus, vista, vistun''''' 'there (near you),' and '''''vīlus, vīla, vīlun''''' 'there (far away).' By analogy, the proximal locative demonstrative '''''viseus, visea, viseun''''' 'here' was also created. These were used along side the regular demonstratives to express location.

===Possessive pronouns===
Possessive pronouns in Aeranir distinguish between many more different types of possession than ordinary nouns, which use only the genitive to mark possession, ownership, association, etc. Pronouns distinguish both alienable and inalienable possession.

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Possessive pronouns
|-
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | 1st person
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | 2nd person
! colspan="6" | 3rd person
! rowspan="3" | reflexive
|-
! colspan="2" | proximal
! colspan="2" | distal
! colspan="2" | medial
|-
! singular
! plural
! singular
! plural
! singular
! plural
! singular
! plural
! singular
! plural
|- style="text-align:center;"
! inalienable
| ''tī'' ''te''
| ''īster''
| ''nī'' ''ne''
| ''rester''
| ''sī'' ''se''
| ''seōvus''
| ''ūlī''
| ''ūlōvus''
| ''ustī''
| ''ustōvus''
| ''cī'' ''ce''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! alienable
| ''tuius''
| ''eius''
| ''nuius''
| ''ruius''
| colspan="2" | ''seius''
| colspan="2" | ''ūleius''
| colspan="2" | ''usteius''
| ''cuius''
|}

Objects of inalienable possession are marked with the genitive of a personal or demonstrative pronoun. These include body parts, kinship and familiarity terms, personal attributes, emotions, or thoughts. These pronouns generally proceed the possessee, although that is not always the case, especially in poety. Singular pronouns ''tī'', ''nī'', ''cī'', ''sī'', ''ustī'', and ''ūlī'' may be appear as ''tei'', ''nei'', ''cei'', ''sei'', ''usti'', ''ūli'' before words starting with a vowel, and ''te'', ''ne'', ''ce'', ''se'', ''ust'', ''ūl'' before words starting with ''i''.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| se incus
| this-T.GEN.SG head-NOM.SG
|'this one's head'}}

Alienable possession, including essentially all other categories, is marked via possessive adjectives. These adjective may appear either before or after the possessee, but usually come afterwards. Oftentimes, the different use of alienable/inalienable pronouns may hint at a difference in meaning. The word '''''indus''''', for example, may mean 'head,' but also 'capital' or 'leader.' With inalienable pronouns, however, it always means 'head,' versus with alienable pronouns, it means 'capital,' or 'leader' because while a head is inalienable, a capital or leader is not. However, this might not always be the case, depending on the possessor and context.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ēs incus telūhramir tuius
| COP.3SG.T head-NOM.SG mesa-ESS.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>hram-GEN.PL mine-T.NOM.SG
|'My capital is Telhramir'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ēs ūlae (tlānae aerānihae) incus telūrhamir
| COP.3SG.T that_one's-C.GEN.SG (flower-GEN.SG Aeranid-C.GEN.SG) head-NOM.SG mesa-ESS.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>rham-GEN.PL
|'Its (the Aeranid Empire's) capital is Telrhamir'}}

==Adverbs==
Adverbs in Aeranir are used to modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs indicating time, manner, or place.
Most adjectives are formed from nouns or adjectives, although they can be derived from some verbs, especially stative verbs. There are a variety of different formulation strategies, depending on the class of the noun/adjective/verb.
*''formus'' ("warm" 1st-2nd declension adjective) → '''''formē''''' ("warmly")
*''aerās'' ("an Aeran" 3rd declension noun) → '''''aerāne''''' ("like an Aeran")
*''raelis'' ("a child" 3rd declension i-stem noun) → '''''raeliter''''' ("like a child")
*''vȳlēs'' ("three days from now" 4th declension noun) → '''''vȳlē''''' ("every three days")
*''sacus'' ("a pin" 5th declension noun) → '''''saciter''''' ("sharply, like a pin")
One of the most notable uses of the adverbial form is with verbs like ''ficitz'' ("it makes me"), ''fitz'' ("I become"), and ''caitz'' ("I change into"). Adverbs can be used to denote the result of a change of state in such a clause.
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| fīx prīstus pāliōne Boezymiae
| make.PFV-3SG.T first-NOM.SG provincial_governor-ADV Boezymia-GEN.SG
|'The First Senator made them provincial governor of Boezymia'}}
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| sa Īliō qūria tzillē cainnī
| COP-3SG.C Ilius-DAT.SG power-NOM.SG cat-ADV change_form-GER-GEN
|'Ilius has the power to turn into a cat'}}

==Verbs==
===Conjugation===
====Agreement====
[[File:Dga pyramid.png|thumb|250px|right|The ''DGA pyramid'', originally developed by u/Darkgamma, 2018. ''[https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/aarsyy/the_total_cacophony_of_bäladiri_verb_agreement/ The Total Cacophony of Bäladiri Verb Agreement and Argument Assignment]''.]]
Verbs in Aeranir are conjugated to agree with the [[w:Grammatical number|number]], the [[w:Grammatical person|person]], and in the third person singular, the [[w:Grammatical gender|gender]] of the most oblique argument given a word's [[w:Valency (linguistics)|valency]], as defined by the ''DGA pyramid''<ref>https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/aarsyy/the_total_cacophony_of_bäladiri_verb_agreement/</ref>. Here, '''S''' represents the [[w:Subject (grammar)|subject]] of an [[w:Intransitive verb|intransitive verb]], such as 'the person' in 'the person laughed.' '''A''' represents the [[w:Agent (grammar)|agent]] of a [[w:Transitive verb|transitive verb]] (also occasually called the [[w:Subject (grammar)|subject]]), or the person or thing that does the action of the verb, such as 'the child' in 'the child reads the book.' '''D''' marks the donor, a special type of agent, who gives something or does a the action of a verb for the benefit of another, such as ‘the senator’ in ‘the senator gave the cat some milk.’ These are collectively called the '''nominative argument''', and are expressed usually with the [[w:Nominative case|nominative case]], but also occasionally with the [[w:Genitive case|genitive case]] in dependant clauses.

'''P''' represents the [[w:Patient (grammar)|patient]] of a [[w:Transitive verb|transitive verb]], or the person or thing towhich the verb is done, also called the '''direct object''', such as ‘the book’ in ‘the child reads the book.’ '''T''' represents the '''theme''', or the object that is given to someone or something, such as ‘the milk’ in ‘the senator gave the cat some milk.’ These two roles make up the '''accusative argument''', which is marked with the [[w:Accusative case|accusative case]]. Finally, '''R''' represents the '''recipient''', or the person who recieves the theme from the donor, or benefits from the donor's action, with a [[w:Ditransitive verb|ditransitive verb]], also commonly called the '''indirect object''', such as 'the cat' in 'the senator gave the cate some milk.'

Aeranir verbs conjugate their endings to agree with the most oblique argument in a clause. That means the '''subject''' of an '''intransitive verb''' (e.g. '''''clautitz'''''; 'I laugh'), the '''patient''' of a '''transitive verb''' (e.g. '''''auhente'''''; 'I look at you'), or the '''recipient''' of a '''ditransitive verb''' (e.g. '''''tzavī'r salvae'''''; 'you all gave me the books').

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| mollī cōmus
| leak-3SG.E house-NOM.SG
|'The house is leaking'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| requis te coptin nuiun
| return-3SG.C <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG hat-ACC.SG 2SG.POS.PRO-T.ACC.SG
|'I'm giving back your hat'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| imptās ne mu sōlī nomī Sētīlī
| send-POT.3SG.T <nowiki>=</nowiki>2SG <nowiki>=</nowiki>INTERR clothing-ACC.PL new-IPFV.PTCP-T.ACC.SG Setil-DAT.SG
|'Can you send Setil the new clothes?'}}

It should be noted that a verb in the [[w:Active voice|active voice]] must always have the maximum number of arguments according to its inherent transitivity. This means, for example, that one can never say 'John eats.' Because 'to eat' is transitive, there must be a patient, or direct object, e.g. 'John eats food.' However, there are a number of valancy dropping operations available in Aeranir to allow various arguments to be dropped, which are discussed in the section on [[w:Voice (grammar)|voice]].

Additional arguments can be expressed with [[w:Clitic|pronominal clitics]] attached to the end of a verb in independant clauses and to the beginning in dependant ones (e.g.'''''auhente'''''; 'I look at you,' '''''tzāvī'r salvae'''''; 'you all gave me the books'), however these are not considered part of a verbs conjugation, and are optional, especially if the information can be assumed or is known between speakers.

====Number of Conjugations====
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Basic conjugation paradigm
|-
! Aspect →
! colspan="4" | Imperfective
! colspan="4" | Perfective
|-
! Mood → Voice ↓
! Indicative
! Subjunctive
! Desiderative
! Potential
! Indicative
! Subjunctive
! Desiderative
! Potential
|-
! Active
| '''aehatz''' They love me
| '''aehet''' They should love me
| '''aehārit''' They want to love me
| '''aehātatz''' They can love me
| '''aehāvī''' They loved me
| '''aehēvī''' They should have loved me
| '''aehāruī''' They wanted to love me
| '''aehātāvī''' They could have loved me
|-
! Middle
| '''aehor''' I love
| '''aeheō''' I should love
| '''aehārō''' I want to love
| '''aehātor''' I can love
| '''aehāvō''' I loved
| '''aehēvō''' I should have loved
| '''aehāruō''' I wanted to love
| '''aehātāvō''' I could have loved
|-
! Passive
| '''aehālō''' I am loved
| '''aehēlō''' I should be loved
| '''aehārēlō''' I want to be loved
| '''aehātālō''' I can be loved
| '''aehāvēlō''' I was loved
| '''aehēvēlō''' I should have been loved
| '''aehāruēlō''' I wanted to be loved
| '''aehātāvēlō''' I could have been loved
|-
! Causative
| '''aehātitz''' They let me love them
| '''aehātiat''' They should let me love them
| '''aehātīrit''' They want to let me love them
| '''aehāssītatz''' They can let me love them
| '''aehātīvī''' They have let me love them
| '''aehātiāvī''' They should have let me love them
| '''aehātīruī''' They wanted to let me love them
| '''aehāssītāvī''' They could have let me love them
|}

==== Conjugation formation ====

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:100%; overflow:auto;">
<div style="font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;"> Conjugation formation </div>
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | {{gcl|IPFV|}}
! colspan ="2" | A-grade
! colspan="2" | I-grade
! colspan="2" | E-grade
! colspan ="2" | Null-grade
|-
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|ACT|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-iā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ār-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er/īr-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er/īr-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā/ītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā/ītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|MID|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ī-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-iā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ār-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er/īr-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er/īr-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā/ītā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā/ītā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|PAS|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ī-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-iā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ār-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er/īr-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er/īr-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā/ītā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā/ītā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|CAUS|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itī/ītī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itī/ītī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itiā/ītiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itiā/itiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itier/ītier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itier/ītier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-āsītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-issītā/īsītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-issītā/īsītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-issītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | {{gcl|PFV|}}
! colspan ="2" | A-grade
! colspan="2" | I-grade
! colspan="2" | E-grade
! colspan ="2" | Null-grade
|-
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|ACT|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/āv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/īv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/ēv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/ēv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/iāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/eāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-āru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru/īru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru/īru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv/ītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv/ītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|MID|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/āv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/īv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/ēv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/ēv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/iā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/eā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-āru-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru/īru-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru/īru-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv/ītāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv/ītāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|PAS|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/āv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/īv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/ēv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/ēv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/iāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/eā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-āru-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru/īru-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru/īru-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv/ītāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv/ītāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|CAUS|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itīv/ītīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itīv/ītīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itiāv/ītiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itiāv/itiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itieru/ītieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itieru/ītieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-āsītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-issītāv/īsītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-issītāv/īsītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-issītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|}
</div></div>

====Principle Parts====
The verb in Aeranir is primarily made of three parts: '''root''', '''theme''', and '''ending''', with an optional forth category, the '''suffix''', for forming the perfective. The root and theme combine to form the '''stem'''. The root carries the semantic content of the word, and can also be conjugated to carry modal imformation. The theme describes how the stem interacts with the ending, and can also be changed, along with the stem and endings, to express a variety of different grammatical meanings. Endings indicate the voice, aspect, person, number, and gender of the most oblique argument in the DGA scheme.
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Basic verb endings
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="3" |
! colspan="2" | Active
! colspan="2" | Middle
! colspan="2" | Passive
|-
! Imperfective
! Perfective
! Imperfective
! Perfective
! Imperfective
! Perfective
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="5" | Singular
! colspan="2" | 1st Person
| ''-itz/-it''
| ''-ī''
| ''-or/-ō''
| ''-ō''
| ''-ēlō''
| ''-ēlō''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | 2nd Person
| ''-in''
| ''-in''
| ''-istī''
| ''-ist''
| ''-ēlāstī''
| ''-ēlast''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="3" | 3rd Person
! ''temporary'' 
| ''-is''
| ''-is''
| ''-erur''
| rowspan="3" | ''-ere''
| ''-ēlārur''
| rowspan="3" | ''-ēlāre''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! ''cyclical'' 
| ''-a''
| ''-a''
| ''-era''
| ''-ēlāra''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! ''eternal'' 
| ''-ī''
| ''-e''
| ''-erur''
| ''-ēlārur''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="5" | Plural
! colspan="2" | 1st Person
| ''-imus''
| ''-ime''
| ''-imur''
| ''-imur''
| ''-ēlāmur''
| ''-ēlāme''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | 2nd Person
| ''-itis''
| ''-ite''
| ''-itur''
| ''-itur''
| ''-ēlātur''
| ''-ēlāte''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | 3rd Person
| ''-intz/-int''
| ''-int''
| ''-intur''
| ''-intur''
| ''-ēlantur''
| ''-ēlante''
|}
The way in which a verb will conjugate can be determined from how it forms the following five constructions:
#the active idicative imperfective first person singular
#the active imperfective accusative infinitive
#the active perfective participle
#the active desiderative imperfective first person singular
#the active indicative perfective first person singular
These five forms are refered to as a verb's ''reference forms''. They are often shortend to ''first person singular'' ({{Smallcaps|1p.sg}}), ''accusative infinitive'' ({{Smallcaps|acc.inf}}), ''perfective participle'' ({{Smallcaps|pfv.ptcp}}), ''desiderative first person singular'' ({{Smallcaps|des.1p.sg}}), and ''perfective first person singular'' ({{Smallcaps|pfv.1p.sg}}) respectively.

The first two of these reference forms determines a verb's '''base theme vowel''', or what vowel is used in its indicative imperfective forms. There are four main thematic classes; one weak or null class, wherein the ending is applied directly to the stem, and three strong classes, wherein a thematic vowel is inserted between the stem and the ending.
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Consonant stem changes
|-

!
! t-stem
! s-stem
|-
| ''-m-''
| → '''''-mpt-'''''
| rowspan="3" | → '''''-s-*'''''
|-
| ''-n-''
| → '''''-nt-'''''
|-
| ''-ñ-''
| → '''''-ñct-'''''
|-
| ''-p-''
| → '''''-pt-'''''
| → '''''-ps-'''''
|-
| ''-t-''
| rowspan="3" | → '''''-ss-''''' → '''''-s-'''''**
| rowspan="3" | → '''''-ss-''''' → '''''-s-'''''**
|-
| ''-tl-''
|-
| ''-tz-''
|-
| ''-c-''
| rowspan="2" | → '''''-ct-'''''
| rowspan="2" | → '''''-x-'''''
|-
| ''-cu-''
|-
| ''-q-''
| rowspan="2" | → '''''-qt-'''''
| rowspan="2" | → '''''-qs-'''''
|-
| ''-qu-''
|-
| ''-s-''
| → '''''-st-'''''
| → '''''-ss-''''' → '''''-s-'''''**
|-
| ''-r-''
| → '''''-st-''''' → '''''-s-'''''** → '''''-rt-'''''††
| → '''''-ss-''''' → '''''-s-'''''** → '''''-rr-'''''††
|-
| ''-l-''
| → '''''-s-'''''** → '''''-lt-'''''††
| → '''''-s-'''''** → '''''-ll-'''''††
|-
| ''-v-''
| → '''''-ut-'''''‡ → '''''-ct-'''''*†† → '''''-qt-'''''*††
| → '''''-ur-'''''‡ → '''''-x-'''''*†† → '''''-qs-'''''*††
|-
| ''-i-''
| rowspan="2" | → '''''-ct-'''''* → '''''-qt-'''''*††
| rowspan="2" | → '''''-x-'''''* → '''''-qs-'''''*††
|-
| ''-h-''
|-
| ''-V-''
| → '''''-Vt-'''''
| → '''''-Vr-'''''
|}

{| class="wikitable floatleft" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Theme-ending combination
|-
! rowspan="2" | ''Ending''
! colspan="3" | ''Theme''
|-
! ''-ā-''
! ''-ē-''
! ''-ī-''
|-
! ''-itz''
| → ''-atz''
| → ''-etz''
| → ''-itz''
|-
! ''-is''
| → ''-ās''
| → ''-ēs''
| → ''-īs''
|-
! ''-a''
| → ''-a''
| → ''-ea''
| → ''-ia''
|-
! ''-ī''
| → ''-ae''
| → ''-ī''
| → ''-ī''
|-
! ''-imus''
| → ''-āmus''
| → ''-ēmus''
| → ''-īmus''
|-
! ''-or''
| → ''-or''
| → ''-eor''
| → ''-ior''
|-
! ''-ēlō''
| → ''-ālō''
| → ''-ēlō''
| → ''-iēlō''
|}
The second two determine a verb's '''t-stem''' and '''s-stem'''. These stem alterations are used for further conjugation, the t-stem forming the ''active'' and ''middle perfective participles'', the ''causative voice'', and the ''potential mood'', and the s-stem forming the ''desiderative''. The t- and s-forms often are identical, however meaning is useally further differentiated by thematic vowels, so completely identical forms are rare.

The final form determines how a verb with form the perfective aspect. Generally, there are three main strategies for this: the application of suffix '''''-u-''''' directly after the stem (e.g. '''''{{term|oelitz}}''''' ("I work") → '''''oeluī''''' ("I worked")), the appication of the suffix '''''-v-''''' after a theme vowel (e.g. '''''{{term|aehatz}}''''' ("they love me") → '''''aehāvī''''' ("they loved me")), or no suffix, with lengthening of the root vowel (e.g. '''''{{term|lecitz}}''''' ("I choose") → '''''lēcī''''' ("I chose")). It should be noted that the perfective is always followed by weak endings.

Occassionally, a thematic vowel, weak or strong, may be inserted before the t- or s-stem. This is most common in verbs with a base thematic ''-ā-'', which often functions as a part of the stem (e.g. '''''aehatz''''' → '''''aehātus''''' ("that loved") '''''aehārit''''' ("they want to love me") vs. '''''{{term|mavatz}}''''' ("I wander") → '''''mautus''''' ("that wandered") '''''maurit''''' ("I want to wander)). This may occur with other theme classes, although it should be noted that ''-ē-'' is never used, and is always replaced with ''-ī-''.

===Aspect===
Aeranir verbs have two basic [[w:Grammatical aspect|aspects]], which express how the verb extends over time. Aspect differs from [[w:Grammatical tense|tense]] in that it deals with the completion or continuity of an action or state, rather than the absolute timeframe inwhich it took place. Each aspect may be in any [[w:Grammatical voice|voice]] and/or [[w:Grammatical mood|mood]]. Aspect is expressed primarily through endings, and secondarily through the suffix, as discussed above.
====Imperfective====
The [[w:Imperfective aspect|imperfective aspect]] describes a situation viewed with interior composition. It describes ongoing, habitual, or repeated situations, rather or not they occured in the past, present, or future. The imperfective aspect is considered the most basic, unmarked aspect of a verb. The stem is uninflected, and endings are attached directly to the verb's basic theme vowel.

====Pefective====
The [[w:Perfective aspect|perfective aspect]] in Aeranir describes situations viewed with exterior composition, which is to say actions which are completed and viewed as a unified whole, whether thet take place in the past present, or future, although this construction is very rarely used in for the future.

There are a variety of different strategies to form the perfective. Many of them involve the ''suffix'', which takes the form of ''-v-'' between vowels and ''-u-'' after consonants. All of them take the perfective endings.
:*Attachment of the suffix directly to the stem.
:::'''''{{term|mentitz}}''''' ("they are healing me") → '''''mentuī''''' ("they healed me")
:::'''''{{term|saepitz}}''''' ("they are cutting me") → '''''saepuī''''' ("they cut me")
:*Attachment of the suffix after base thematic vowel.
:::'''''{{term|sircuitz}}''''' ("they are speaking me") → '''''sircīvī''''' ("they spoke me")
:::'''''{{term|auhetz}}''''' ("they are looking at me") → '''''auhēvī''''' ("they looked at me")
:*No suffix; perfective endings attached directly to the stem, with root vowel lengthening.
:::'''''{{term|iuvatz}}''''' ("they are writing me") → '''''iūvī''''' ("they wrote me")
:::'''''{{term|vehitz}}''''' ("they are carrying me") → '''''vēhī''''' ("they carried me")

===Mood===
====Indicative====
The [[w:Indicative mood|indicative mood]] is the baseline grammatical mood in Aeranir. It is used in declarative statements, to express statements or facts, of what the speaker considers true or known. It is the least marked mood of a verb, taking endings directly to the base theme vowel, stem, or suffix.

====Subjunctive====
The [[w:Subjunctive mood|subjunctive mood]] ({{Smallcaps|subj}}) has numerous, but genreally speaking is used to express such nuances as 'would,' 'should,' or 'may.' It can be used to refer to information that the speaker is unsure about, such as hearsay, or for theoretical or hypotherical situations. It is often found in subordinate clauses, annd may be used for conditional statements (e.g. if..., when...).
{| class="wikitable floatleft" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Subjuntive theme changes
|-
! colspan="2" | Type
! Change
! Example
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Weak Verbs
| ''-ø-'' → '''''-ē-'''''
| ''meñitz'' → '''''meñet'''''
|-
| ''-ē-'' → '''''-ā-'''''
| ''meñēlō'' → '''''meñālō'''''
|-
! rowspan="4" | Strong Verbs
! a-stem 
| ''-ā-'' → '''''-ē-'''''
| ''aehatz'' → '''''aehet''''' ''aehālō'' → '''''aehēlō'''''
|-
! rowspan="2" | i-stem 
| ''-ī-'' → '''''-iā-'''''
| ''sēpitz'' → '''''sēpiat'''''
|-
| ''-iē-'' → '''''-iā-'''''
| ''sēpiēlō'' → '''''sēpiālō'''''
|-
! e-stem 
| ''-ē-'' → '''''-eā-'''''
| ''cōretz'' → '''''cōreat''''' ''cōrēlō'' → '''''cōreālō'''''
|}
=====Forming the subjunctive=====
The subjunctive is formed by shifting a verb's base theme vowel, as described by the table to the left. This shift happens after the stem, but may be either before or after the suffix, depending on whether or not there is a theme vowel before the suffix in the indicative. So the perfective of '''''aehēs''''' ("they should love it") is '''''aehēvis''''' (from indicative '''''aehāvis''''') but '''''sēpiās''''' ("they should cut it") is '''''sēpuēs''''' (from indicative '''''sēpuis'''''), not **''aehāvēs'' or **''sēpēvis''. Although these forms are occasionally found in non-standard writing, they are considered incorrect my grammaticians.

The imperfective subjunctive uses the 1st person sungular ''-it'' instead of ''-itz'', and ''-ō'' instead of ''-or'': '''''{{term|pacitz}}''''', '''''pacior''''' ("they take me, I take") become '''''paciat''''', '''''paciō''''' ("they should take me, I should take").

The 1st person subjunctive perfective in verbs that have no theme vowel before the suffix and does not extend the root vowel is identical to the indicative, and the mood must be inferred through conext: '''''saepuī''''' may be either "they cut me" or "They should cut me." The 3rd person active cyclical singulars in verbs with base theme vowels ''-ī-'' and ''-ē-'' are also identical, e.g. both '''''pacia''''' ("they take it/they should take it"), '''''auhea''''' ("they see it/they should see it").

=====Uses of the subjunctive=====
The subjunctive has numerous uses, ranging from what potentially might be true to what the speaker wishes or commands should happen. It is often translated with 'should', 'could', 'would', 'may' and so on, but in certain contexts it is translated as if it were an ordinary indicative verb.

One use of the subjunctive is the '''speculative subjunction''', used when the speaker imagines what potentially may, might, would, or could happen in the present or future or might have happened in the past. Negation for this type uses '''''{{term|mū}}'''''.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| auheārur seun oeliun stērē
| see-MID.SUBJ.3SG.E this-E.NOM.SG job-NOM.SG hard-ADV
|'This job ''seems'' difficult'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| moeiea Osculan tzānū salva
| please-SUBJ.3SG.C Little.Oscus-ACC.SG gift-ESS.SG book-NOM.SG
|'Little Oscus ''may'' like a book as a gift'}}

The subjunctive may also be used as the '''optative subjunctive''', expressing what the speaker wishes may happen, or wishes had happened. These expresses a weaker or more generalised desire, as opposed to the desiderative mood. Negation for this type uses '''''{{term|mū}}'''''.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ciāvis mū seus incerī pernus
| come-PFV.SUBJ.3SG.T NEG this-T.NOM.SG capital-DAT.SG storm-NOM.SG
|<nowiki>'</nowiki>''If only'' this storm hadn't come to the capital!'}}

The '''jussive subjunctive''' can be used for commands or suggestions for what should happen. It is less direct and far more common than the '''imperative'''. Negation for this type uses '''''{{term|mīm}}'''''.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ven hānō ē vecō veniennō
| go-SUBJ.2SG temple-DAT.SG against curse-DAT.SG win-GER-DAT
|<nowiki>'</nowiki>You ''should'' go to the temple to prevail against the curse'}}

Perhaps the most common use of the subjunctive is the '''conditional subjunctive'''. When the subjunctive is used in a subordinate clause (with the verb moving to the final position), it may carry the meaning 'if, when, should, etc..' This can be used both in finite verb forms, and with participles, the former being more popular in Old inscriptions and the later in Classical ones. Negation for this type uses '''''{{term|mīm}}'''''.

====Desiderative====
The desiderative is used primarily to express wants or desires. While the subjunctive may be used for this as well (see ''optative subjunctive''), the desiderative is considered less abstract or wishful, signalling concrete and actionable wants. It is formed from the s-stem of a verb, with no theme vowel between it and the ending, and using the secondary first person singular and third person plural markers (e.g. ''-it'' and ''-end'' vs. primary ''-itz'' and ''-entz''). Verbs generally follow three patterns to form the s-stem;

:*''-s-'' is appended to the root, causing no other alteration to the root.
::: '''''{{term|requitz}}''''' ("they return me") → '''''reqsit''''' ("they want to return me")
:::'''''{{term|saepitz}}''''' ("they are cutting me") → '''''saepsit''''' ("they want to cut me")
:*''-s-'' is appended after a theme vowel, causing ''-s-'' to become ''-r-''.
:::'''''{{term|sircuitz}}''''' ("they are speaking me") → '''''sircuerit''''' ("they want to speak me")
:::'''''{{term|auhetz}}''''' ("they are looking at me") → '''''auherit''''' ("they want to look at me")
:*''-s-'' is appended to the root, causing some alteration to the root, and perhaps the ''-s-'' augment as well.
:::'''''{{term|iuvatz}}''''' ("they are writing me") → '''''iūrit''''' ("they want to write me")
:::'''''{{term|mentitz}}''''' ("they are healing me") → '''''mēnsit''''' ("they want to heal me")

====Potential====
The '''potential mood''' indicates that, in the opinion of the speaker, one has the ability or capability to do something. It should not be confused with the [[w:Subjunctive mood|subjunctive mood]], which may be used to express that something is likely or possible to occur. The potential always deals with ability. It may be formed from the ''t-stem'' of a verb, plus the thematic vowel ''-a-'' (as opposed to the [[w:Causative|causative voice]], which is formed with the ''t-stem'' plus the thematic vowel ''-i-''). Like the desiderative, there are three main paradigms by which the ''t-stem'' of a verb is formed;

:*''-t-'' is appended to the root, causing no other alteration to the root.
::: '''''{{term|requitz}}''''' ("they return me") → '''''reqtatz''''' ("they can return me")
:::'''''{{term|saepitz}}''''' ("they are cutting me") → '''''saebtatz''''' ("they can cut me")
:*''-t-'' is appended after a theme vowel.
:::'''''{{term|sircuitz}}''''' ("they are speaking me") → '''''sircuitatz''''' ("they can speak me")
:::'''''{{term|auhetz}}''''' ("they are looking at me") → '''''auhitatz''''' ("they can look at me")
:*''-t-'' is appended to the root, causing some alteration to the root, and perhaps the ''-t-'' augment as well.
:::'''''{{term|iuvatz}}''''' ("they are writing me") → '''''iūtatz''''' ("they can write me")
:::'''''{{term|mentitz}}''''' ("they are healing me") → '''''mēnsatz''''' ("they can heal me")

It should be noted that in the causative voice of the potential mood, the first ''-t-'' augment often dissimilates to ''-s/ss-'';

*'''''auhititz''''' ("they let me look at it") → ''**auhitītatz'' → '''''auhissītatz''''' ("they can let me look at it")
*'''''reqtitz''''' ("they let me return it") → ''**reqtītatz'' → '''''reqsītatz''''' ("they can let me return it")

===Voice===
====Active====
====Middle====
The '''middle voice''' (also called the [[w:Mediopassive voice|mediopassive voice]]) is in the middle between the active and the passive voices, as the subject often cannot be categorised as either agent or patient but may have elements of both. The middle voice is usually inherently intransitive, and transitive or ditransitive verbs conjugated into the middle voice usually become intransitive themselves. It is formed by attaching the '''middle verb endings''' to the root of a verb.

The meaning of a verb in the middle voice often depends on the context of the sentence and the lexical properties of the word itself. In its most basic sense, it may be used simply as a valancy decreasing operation. As transitive verbs require an object in the active voice (because transitive verbs must agree with the object), the middle voice may be used merely to omit an object, to highlight the subject or some other part of the sentence, or to simply make a blanket statement.

* '''''aehatz''''' 'they love me' (''active'') → '''''aehor''''' 'I love' (''middle'')
* '''''lecis''''' 'theyi choose themj' (''active'') → '''''lecerur''''' 'theyj choose' (''middle'')

[[w:Animacy|Animacy]] can play a major role in the meaning of a verb in the middle voice. Verbs with more animate subjects, such as people, animals, gods, etc., may be interpreted as more towards an active meaning, whilst less animate subjects, like inanimate objects or possessions, may be interpreted as more passive in meaning.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| auhērur seus ars
| see-MID.3SG.T this-T.NOM.SG wumbo-NOM.SG
|'That wumbo sees'
|c1 = (''more animate'')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| auhēra sea salva
|see-MID.3SG.C this-C.NOM.SG book-NOM.SG
|'That book is seen'
|c1 = (''less animate'')}}

Sometimes, it may have a '''reflexive''' meaning, or the sense of doing something for ones own benefit.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| vascit vominis
|wash-ACT.1SG river-LOC.SG
|'They wash me in a river'
|c1 = (''active voice'')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| vascor vominis
|wash-MID.1SG river-LOC.SG
|'I washed (myself) in a river'
|c1 = (''middle voice'')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| hastās Oscus aprun
|sacrifice-ACT.3SG.T Oscus-NOM.SG fish-ACC.SG
|'Oscus sacrificed a fish'
|c1 = (''active voice'')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| hastārur Oscus aprōrun
|sacrifice-MID.3SG.T Oscus-NOM.SG fish-INSTR.SG
|'Oscus sacrificed a fish (for their benefit)'
|c1 = (''middle voice'')}}

Another important use of the middle voice is the '''experiential middle voice'''. When used with sensory verbs the middle voice may be used to differentiate experiential, nonvolitional sensation (''see, hear, smell, feel, know, etc.''), as opposed to active, volitional sensation (''look, listen, sniff, touch, understand, etc.'') Often times, the object of the sensory verb will be expressed using an oblique case, usually the ablative.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ȳrēs te ponun carīnī hellē
|hear/listen-ACT.3SG.T <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG.NOM voice-ACC.SG friend-GEN.SG happily
|'I like to listen to (my) friend's voice'
|c1 = (''active voice'')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ȳreor ponā carīnī hellē
|hear/listen-MID.1SG voice-ABL.SG friend-GEN.SG happily
|'I like to hear (my) friend's voice'
|c1 = (''middle voice'')}}

The middle voice may also be used with a variety of verbal compliments—usually adverbs—which describe the quality of the subject, or the result of the action. Often times such constructions may be expressed in English as ''adjective to verb'', e.g. 'easy to love'.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| qurrera salva hēs collēcta aplīdiāna iūs
| read-MID.3SG.C book-NOM.SG matters-NOM.SG gather-PFV.PTCP-C.NOM.SG of_Avrid-C.NOM.SG well
|'The book "Collected Matters of Avrid" is a good read' (lit. '~reads well')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| taetuere tīn īvīs lȳrīs saltīs ni fictun satun iūs
| drink-PFV.MID.3SG.E tea-NOM.SG 1PL.PRO-DAT time-LOC.SG pass-PFV.PTCP-T.LOC.SG 2SG<nowiki>=</nowiki> make-PFV.PTCP-E.NOM.SG pour-PFV.PTCP-E.NOM.SG well
|'The tea you made us last time was delicious' (lit. '~drank well')}}

====Passive====
The '''[[w:Passive voice|passive voice]]''' in Aeranir shares many traits with the middle voice, and often times the distinction between the two can be subtle, nuanced, or obscure. The passive was rare in Old Aeranir and even in the Classical period remained unusual, with the middle voice still preferred for passive clauses. It only began to rise in popularity in Late Aeranir. In its most basic form, the grammatical subject ([[w: Nominative case|nominative]] argument) expresses the theme or [[w:Grammatical patient|patient]] of the main verb – that is, the person or thing that undergoes the action or has its state changed. This is opposed to the [[w:Active voice|active voice]], where the nominative argument expresses the agent of a transitive clause or subject of an intransitive one, and the [[w:Voice (grammar)#Middle|middle voice]], which has traits of both.

=====Uses of the passive=====
Unlike the middle voice, the passive is not used for verbal complements, and it cannot take the agent of a verb as its subject. It is never used in verbal complements.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| taeterur seun tīn iūs
|drink-MID.3SG.E this-E.NOM.SG tea-NOM.SG well
|'This tea tastes good' (lit. 'it drinks well')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| taetēlārur seun tīn iūs
|drink-PAS.3SG.E this-E.NOM.SG tea-NOM.SG well
|'This tea is drunk often'}}

While the agent may be dropped in a passive clause, it may also be included, using the [[w:Ablative case|ablative case]].

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| praestrōcuēlāre ūlun Cavā Īliānā hānun
|rebuild-PFV.PAS.3SG.E yonder-E.NOM.SG Cava-ABL.SG Ilianus-C.ABL.SG temple-NOM.SG
|'This temple was rebuilt by Cava Iliana'}}

The passive can also be especially with intransitive verbs to form denote an '''unspecified/generic subject'''. This structure may is used to make general statements or observations. Negation for this type uses '''''{{term|mū}}'''''.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| miquientur
|die-MID.3PL.T
|'They are dead/dying.'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| miquiēlantur
|die-PAS.3PL.T
|'There are people dead/dying'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| mūhera (sea) artina inceris alta
|not.enough-MID.3SG.C (this-C.NOM.SG) wumbo-DAT.PL capital-GEN.SG water-NOM.SG
|'This is not enough water for the people of the capital'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| mūhēlāra artina inceris alta
|not.enough-PAS.3SG.C wumbo-DAT.PL capital-GEN.SG water-NOM.SG
|'There is not enough water for the people of the capital'}}

Similarly, the passive can be used to form the ''aversive passive'', denoting an undesirable event or outcome. The affecting action may happen directly to the subject, or to another person or thing.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| cōmerī requintus furuēlō sopere
|home-DAT return-IPFV.PTCP-T.NOM.SG fall-PFV.PAS.1SG snow-ABL.SG
|'Walking home I got snowed on'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| miquīvēlast apiesterā
| die-PFV-PAS.2SG master-ABL.SG
|'Your master has died on you' (i.e., died and it negatively affects you)}}

In some uses of the aversive passive, the subject of the sentence may be difficult to ascertain. For example, the sentence '''''furuī pālā''''' 'I fell from the tree' can be expressed in using the aversive passive, because the action is undesirable. However, the straight aversive passive, '''''furuēlō pālā''''', is ambiguous; it could mean either 'I fell from the tree' (using the ''ablative of motion'') or 'The tree fell on me' (using the ''agentive ablative'').

In the first interpretation, the first person argument is the semantic subject of the clause, whilst in the second it is the tree. In order to emphasise that the semantic subject and syntactic arguments are the same (i.e. it is ''I'' who fell from the tree), the reflexive pronoun ''cē'' may be used; e.g. ''furuī pālā'' ('I fell from the tree') → '''''furuēlō cē pālā''''' ('I fell from the tree, and it negatively affected me' ''lit.'' 'I fell myself from the tree').

====Causative====
===Non-finite forms===
====The infinitive====
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Aeranir infinitives
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" | Imperfective
! colspan="3" | Perfective
|-
! accusative
! oblique
! meaning
! accusative
! oblique
! meaning
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Active
| '''''aehāhā''''' ''-hā''
| '''''aehāri''''' ''-ri''
| ''to love (someone)''
| '''''aehāhī''''' ''-hī''
| '''''aehārī''''' ''-rī''
| ''to have loved (someone)''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Middle
| '''''aehāssi''''' ''-ssi''
| '''''aehāiēs''''' ''-iēs''
| ''to love''
| '''''aehāssī''''' ''-ssī''
| '''''aehāiērī''''' ''-iērī''
| ''to have loved''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Passive
| '''''aehātus sinhā''''' ''{{Smallcaps|PFV.PTCP}} + sinhan''
| '''''aehātus fiēs''''' ''{{Smallcaps|PFV.PTCP}} + fiēs''
| ''to be loved''
| '''''aehātus fūhī''''' ''{{Smallcaps|PFV.PTCP}} + fūhī''
| '''''aehātus fiērī''''' ''{{Smallcaps|PFV.PTCP}} + fiērī''
| ''to have been loved''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Causative
| '''''aehātīhan''''' ''-tīhan''
| '''''aehātīri''''' ''-tīri''
| ''to make (someone) love (someone)''
| '''''aehātīhī''''' ''-tīhī''
| '''''aehātīrī''''' ''-tīrī''
| ''to have made (someone) love (someone)''
|}
=====Uses of the infinitive=====
The infinitive in Aeranir can be used to report indirect speech, hearsay, speculation, or sensation.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| pēra tihī incerī ni cīhī
| pass-PFV.3SG.C 1SG.PRO-DAT capital-DAT.SG 2SG<nowiki>=</nowiki> come-PFV.INF
|'They told me that you'd come to the capital'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ȳrēva te Mussā Limī carīnōvus quo neme cōmus strōcēhā
| hear-PFV.3SG.C <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG Mussa-ABL.SG Limius-GEN.SG friend-GEN.PL <nowiki>=</nowiki>and newly home-ACC.SG build-INF
|'I heard from Mussa that Limius and their friends are building a new house'}}

==== The gerund ====
The gerund in Aeranir is a infinite verb form which displays characteristics of both a noun and a verb. It declines for a limited scope of cases (although not for gender nor number), but can take object and adjunct arguments like a verb. It usually has an adverbial/adjectival meaning, and never agrees with the main verb.
===== Forming the gerund =====
* Null-grade verbs: {{gcl|ROOT|root}}''-innū''; e.g. ''taetihan'' ('to drink') → '''''taetinnū''''' ('whilst drinking').
* A-grade verbs: {{gcl|ROOT|root}}''-annū''; e.g. ''iuvāhan'' ('to write') → '''''iuvannū''''' ('whilst writing').
* I-grade verbs: {{gcl|ROOT|root}}''-iennū''; e.g. ''cītīhan'' ('to cut') → '''''cītiennū''''' ('whilst cutting').
* E-grade verbs: {{gcl|ROOT|root}}''-ennū''; e.g. ''aquēhan'' ('to be open') → '''''aquennū''''' ('whilst open').

===== Uses of the gerund =====
The meaning of the gerund changes depending on its case. The essive and locative can be used to indicate temporal action in relation to the main action of a sentence. The essive indicates simultaneous action, i.e. two actions that cooccur. This may be relayed in English via the conjunction 'whilst.'

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| murran travannū pērintur pāliō mater
| wall-ACC.SG walk-GER.ESS converse.PFV-MID.3PL governor-NOM.SG senator-NOM.SG
|'Whilst they walked along the wall, the governor and senator conversed'}}

This overlaps with certain uses of the imperfective participle (see [[Aeranir#Uses of the participle|§ uses of the participle]]), e.g. ''murran travantur pērintur pāliō mater'' is synonymous with the above example. In contrast, the locative gerund is used to show actions beginning at the same time. This may be relayed with English 'when' or 'as.'

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| pāsillan cītiennīs auhēva sartī tūī cōrēssī
| fireword-ACC.SG cut-GER.LOC see-PFV-C.3SG knife-GEN.SG mine-T.GEN.SG break-PFV.MID.ACC.INF
|'As I (began to) cut the firewood, I saw that my knife was broken'}}

This differs from usage of the perfective participle, which signals the main action starting at the end of the dependant one, i.e. ''pāsillan cīsus auhēva sartī tūī cōrēssī'' 'having cut the firewood I saw that my knife was broken.'

In addition, the essive gerund may be used with the verb ''rēhan'' ('to do') in order to express an attempt, goal, or aim. In the perfective aspect, this is usually interpreted as a failed attempt.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| rēvō salvan ā vitlās Īliānōvus iuvannū
| do-PFV-MID.1SG book-ACC.SG over life-ABL.PL Ilian-GEN.PL write-GER.ESS
|'I tried (but failed) to write a book about the lives of the Ilians.'}}

The genitive and dative cases of the gerund are used to express aim, goal, or purpose. The genitive gerund marks the purpose or use of a noun, whilst the dative gerund marks the purpose of a verb or action.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| pea cūran vecunt inceris moñennī
| grow-C.3SG herb-ACC.SG illness-ACC.PL head-GEN.SG heal-GER.GEN
|'They grow an herb for healing illnesses of the head'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| serue te Caescārin mumae ūī sihinnō pāliōna
| order-PFV.E.3SG <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG Caescar-ACC.SG mother-ACC.PL their-T.ACC.PL sate-GER.DAT post-DAT.PL
|'I ordered Caescar to the boarder to appease their parents'}}

Furthermore, the dative gerund may be used with the middle voice of the verb ''rēhan'' ('to do') in a similar way to the essive, however in this case denoting intent, plans, will, or conjecture.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| reor cartō cur Mussiō vannō
| do-MID.1SG dance-DAT.SG with Mussius-DAT.SG go-GER-DAT
|'I intend to go to the dance with Mussius'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| reāvere seō scericca ciennō
| do-MID.SUBJ.PFV-3SG this-DAT.SG undertaker-NOM.SG come-GER-DAT
|'The undertaker should have come here (they planned to do so)'}}

The ablative and instrumental cases of the gerund can be used to express cause, i.e. 'by doing x,' or 'because x.' The ablative generally marks unintentional or natural causes, whilst the instrumental marks intentional cause.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| tlānae ustae quo peannā rēve cōmus pūterē
| flower-ACC.PL that(medial)-C.ACC.PL <nowiki>=</nowiki>and plant-GER-ABL do-PFV-E.3SG house-ACC.SG beautiful-ADV
|'By planting all these flowers you've made the house beautiful'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ustam prī tētē harēnam matrī iminnōrun restērāvist pāliōnū gaeticae
| that(medial)-C.ACC.SG before 1SG-ABL paper-ACC.SG senator-DAT.SG send-GER-INSTR assure-PFV-MID.2SG governor-ESS.SG Gaetica-GEN.SG
|'By sending the senator that letter before me, you've assured your place as governor of Gaetica'}}

==Semantics==
=== Temporal expressions ===

The ancient Aerans divided the day from noon to noon into one hundred '''''lammar''''' (sg. ''lamma'') of equal length, roughly 14.4 minutes long. The daytime was divided into sixteen '''''lȳrar''''' (sg. ''lȳra''), and night into four or five '''''volar''''' (sg. ''vola'') depending on the season. Time was kept on a device called a '''''lammāriun''''', a type of clock. Early ''lammāriunt'' only measured ''lammar'', and one had to consult an almanac ('''''lȳrāriun''''') to determine the length and starting time of each ''lȳra'' or ''vola'' on a given day.

The verb '''''spurhan''''' ('to hang (trans.)') is used to denote spending or taking time;

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| spurra sau īma lamma āmātiō vannō
| hang-MID.C.3SG only one-C.NOM.SG lamma-NOM.SG market-DAT.SG go-GER-DAT
| 'It only takes one ''lamma'' to get to the market'}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| qurrintus spūrint te volae mōrī
| read-PTCP-T.NOM.SG hang.PFV-3PL <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG vola-ACC.PL three-C.ACC.PL
| 'I spent three ''volar'' reading'}}

To denote the amount of time spent on an action, without regard for whether or not the activity was completed or reached its end goal (i.e. atelic action) the essive case is used. To signify the amount of time spent or necessary to spend to complete an activity (i.e. telic action) the instrumental case is used.

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| iūvint te harēnae īmau lȳrau
| write.PFV-3PL <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG letter-ACC.SG one-C.ESS.SG lyra-ESS.SG
| 'I wrote letters for an hour'}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| iūva te harēna īmārun lȳrārun
| write.PFV-C.3SG <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG letter-ACC.SG one-C.INSTR.SG lyra-INSTR.SG
| 'I wrote the letter in an hour'}}

=== Possession ===

There are a number of different strategies in Aeranir to signify possession. Aeranir lacks a [[w:Possession_(linguistics)#Possession_verbs|possession verb]] analogous to English 'to have,' and instead usually signifies possession through different types of [[w:Existential_clause|existential clauses]]. For example, the sentence 'I have a friend' can be expressed by the sentence '''''ēs carīnus tihī''''', which literally means 'there is a friend to me.'

The case of the possessor changes depending its relationship with the possessed:

* '''Locative case''': used for personal possessions that are currently on the person;

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| ēs iarius taurātīs
| COP-T.3SG spear-NOM.SG soldier-LOC.SG
|'The soldier has a spear (on them)'
|c2 = ''lit. 'at the soldier is a spear<nowiki>'</nowiki>''}}

* '''Dative case''': used for personal possessions that are not currently on the person, or for affiliation with persons or people;

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| sintz iariur vulhur taurātiō
| COP-T.3PL spear-NOM.PL many-T.NOM.PL soldier-DAT.SG
|'The soldier has many spears (at home)'
|c2 = ''lit. 'to the soldier are many spears<nowiki>'</nowiki>''}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| sintz menterur tihī octzuin
| COP-T.3PL sibling-NOM.PL 1SG-DAT six
|'I have six siblings'
|c2 = ''lit. 'to me are six siblings<nowiki>'</nowiki>''}}

* '''Ablative case''': used for parts of a whole, or body parts;

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| sī incus iūrun nēnē
| COP-E.3SG head-NOM.SG good-E.NOM.SG 1SG-ABL
|'You have a good head (i.e. are smart)'
|c2 = ''lit. 'from you is a good head<nowiki>'</nowiki>''}}

For metaphorical possession or possession of abstract concepts, such as leadership, power, knowledge, etc., any of these three may be used, for different rhetorical purposes. For example, using the locative implies an immediacy to the possession; that it is in hand, ready to be used. Using the dative implies that the possession is not immediate, but rather something that can be drawn upon, perhaps too vast to 'carry' on one person. This can be more humble or polite than the locative. Using the locative implies that the trait is a fundamental, inalienable, and inherent part of the possessor, rather than something gained or worked for.

=== Conditionals ===

Aeranir has a number of ways of expressing [[w:Conditional sentence|conditional sentences]], depending on the type of condition, as well as the register of speech. Colloquial or spontaneous speech tends to favour the use of finite dependant clauses for the '''''protasis''''' (conditional clause, as opposed to the '''''apodosis''''', or consequence), where as practiced or refined speech, or writing, tend to favour non-finite dependant clauses (this represents a general trend in writing to 'nominalise' all but the most central verb in a sentence, and sometimes the central verb too is made non-finite).

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| sopis furea requeō cōmerī
| snow-NOM.SG fall-SUBJ.C.3SG return-MID.SUBJ.1SG home-DAT.SG
|'If it snows I'm going home'
|c1 = ''(more informal)''}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| soperis furentīs requeō cōmerī
| snow-GEN.SG fall-SUBJ.PTCP-T.LOC.SG return-MID.SUBJ.1SG home-DAT.SG
|'If it snows I'm going home'
|c1 = ''(more formal)''}}

When a non-finite clause is used for a conditional, the verb of the ''protasis'' usually appears in the locative case (an expression of ''time-is-space'' metaphor), unless the two clauses share an argument (e.g. subject, object, etc.) in which case the ''protasis'' takes the same case marking as the shared argument.

Conditional sentences in Aeranir are formed purely through juxtaposition—that is, the placing of two clauses side by side, the verb of the ''protasis'' moved to clause-final position or put into a non-finite form to mark it as dependant. No conjunctive particles like 'if' or 'when' are required. The ''protasis'' takes the subjunctive mood, whilst the mood of the ''apodosis'' indicates the certainty of the conclusion. Aspect, meanwhile, can be used to indicate the certainty of the condition. This distinction may be approximated in English by 'if' versus 'when'

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+ Mood and aspect of conditional sentences
|-
!
! ''Protasis'' certain
! ''Protasis'' uncertain
|-
! ''Apodosis'' certain
| if [''perfective aspect''] then [''indicative mood''] e.g. ''intlae furītīs mollintz tahrer''—'when it rains, the shingles will leak'
| if [''imperfective aspect''] then [''indicative mood''] e.g. ''intlae furentīs mollintz tahrer''—'if it rains, the shingles will leak'
|-
! ''Apodosis'' uncertain
| if [''perfective aspect''] then [''subjunctive mood''] e.g. ''intlae furītīs mollent tahrer''—'when it rains, the shingles might leak'
| if [''imperfective aspect''] then [''subjunctive mood''] e.g. ''intlae furentīs mollent tahrer''—'if it rains, the shingles might leak'
|}

== Numbers ==
<div style="overflow:auto">
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Aeranir numbers 1-400
|-
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
|-
! 1
| ''īmus''
| ''prīstus''
| ''temper''
! 11
| ''īnhīntur''
| ''īnhīnsus''
| ''īnhīntin''
! 21
| ''calhier īmus''
| ''calhitus prīstus''
| ''calhin temper''
! 120
| ''octzāculhier''
| ''octzāculhitus''
| ''octzāculhin''
|-
! 2
| ''sēr''
| ''metzumnus''
| ''vēriēs''
! 12
| ''verhīntur''
| ''verhīnsus''
| ''verhīntin''
! 22
| ''calhier sēr''
| ''calhitus metzumnus''
| ''calhin vēriēs''
! 140
| ''nāculhier''
| ''nāculhitus''
| ''nāculhin''
|-
! 3
| ''morier''
| ''moritus''
| ''moriēs''
! 13
| ''prōhīntur''
| ''prōhīnsus''
| ''prōhīntin''
! 30
| ''calhier qehentzier''
| ''calhitus qehēnsus''
| ''calhin qehen''
! 160
| ''nāquenculhier''
| ''nāquenculhitus''
| ''nāquenculhin''
|-
! 4
| ''quatlur''
| ''quallus''
| ''quatziēs''
! 14
| ''quatlāhīntur''
| ''quatlāhīnsus''
| ''quatlāhīntin''
! 40
| ''verculhier''
| ''verculhitus''
| ''verculhin''
! 180
| ''nātlicculhier''
| ''nātlicculhitus''
| ''nātlicculhin''
|-
! 5
| ''quiquier''
| ''quiqtus''
| ''quiquin''
! 15
| ''quihīntur''
| ''quihīnsus''
| ''quihīntin''
! 50
| ''verculhier qehentzier''
| ''verculhitus qehēnsus''
| ''verculhin qehen''
! 200
| ''tammīttler''
| ''tammīttus''
| ''tammīttziēs''
|-
! 6
| ''octzuer''
| ''octzūmus''
| ''octzuin''
! 16
| ''octzāhīntur''
| ''octzāhīnsus''
| ''octzāhīntin''
! 60
| ''prōculhier''
| ''prōculhitus''
| ''prōculhin''
! 220
| ''tammīttler calhier''
| ''tammīttus calhitus''
| ''tammīttziēs calhin''
|-
! 7
| ''nāier''
| ''nāntus''
| ''nāhin''
! 17
| ''nāhīntur''
| ''nāhīnsus''
| ''nāhīntin''
! 70
| ''prōculhier qehentzier''
| ''prōculhitus qehēnsus''
| ''prōculhin qehen''
! 240
| ''tammīttler verculhier''
| ''tammīttus verculhitus''
| ''tammīttziēs verculhin''
|-
! 8
| ''nāquemur''
| ''nāquemmus''
| ''nāquemin''
! 18
| ''sērēsculhier''
| ''sērēsculhitus''
| ''sērēsculhin''
! 80
| ''quatlāculhier''
| ''quatlāculhitus''
| ''quatlāculhin''
! 260
| ''tammīttler prōculhier''
| ''tammīttus prōculhitus''
| ''tammīttziēs prōculhin''
|-
! 9
| ''nātlittzier''
| ''nātlittzitus''
| ''nātlittzin''
! 19
| ''īmāculhier''
| ''īmāculhitus''
| ''īmāculhin''
! 90
| ''quatlāculhier qehentzier''
| ''quatlāculhitus qehēnsus''
| ''quatlāculhin qehen''
! 280
| ''tammīttler quatlāculhier''
| ''tammīttus quatlāculhitus''
| ''tammīttziēs quatlāculhin''
|-
! 10
| ''qehentzier''
| ''qehēnsus''
| ''qehen''
! 20
| ''calhier''
| ''calhitus''
| ''calhin''
! 100
| ''quicculhier''
| ''quicculhitus''
| ''quicculhin''
! 400
| ''mīttler''
| ''mīttus''
| ''mīttziēs''
|}
</div>

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Aeranir numbers 400-3,200,000
|-
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
|-
! 800
|
|
|
! 16,000
|
|
|
! 320,000
|
|
|
|-
! 1,200
|
|
|
! 24,000
|
|
|
! 480,000
|
|
|
|-
! 1,600
|
|
|
! 32,000
|
|
|
! 640,000
|
|
|
|-
! 2,000
|
|
|
! 40,000
|
|
|
! 800,000
|
|
|
|-
! 2,400
|
|
|
! 48,000
|
|
|
! 960,000
|
|
|
|-
! 2,800
|
|
|
! 56,000
|
|
|
! 1,120,000
|
|
|
|-
! 3,200
|
|
|
! 64,000
|
|
|
! 1,280,000
|
|
|
|-
! 3,600
|
|
|
! 72,000
|
|
|
! 1,440,000
|
|
|
|-
! 4,000
|
|
|
! 80,000
|
|
|
! 1,600,000
|
|
|
|-
! 8,000
|
|
| ''attuin''
! 160,000
|
|
| ''ōtlua attuin''
! 3,200,000
|
|
| ''octzuō''
|}

==Late Aeranir inovations==
===Applicative voices===
Whilst Classical Aeranir was more permissive of adding additional arguments to a clause, so long as the verb's core transitivity were met. Late Aeranir, however, tended to be more restrictive, and required valency increasing operations to express benefactive, comitative, and locative meanings. These applicative morphemes take the form of verbal prefixes.

==Lexicon==

''[[:Category:Aeranir_words|Aeranir Lexicon]]''.

==Footnotes==

[[Category:Aeranir]]
[[Category:Maro-Ephenian Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Avrid]]

Aeranir

2020-07-12T14:11:15Z

Gaffney.flancer: /* Word order */

{{construction}}
{{Infobox language
| name = ''Aeranir''
| altname = ''coeñar inceris''
|-
| nativename = ''coeñar aerānir''
| pronunciation = [ˈk̟øː.ɲar ˈɪ̃ŋ̟.k̟ɛ.rɪs̠], [ˈk̟øː.ɲar ɛːˈraː.nɪr]
|-
|creator=Limius
|setting=''[[Avrid]]''
|-
| state = [[Telrhamir]], [[Iscaria]], [[Aeranid Empire]]
| ethnicity = Aeran
| familycolor = PaleGoldenrod
| fam1 = [[Maro-Ephenian languages|Maro-Ephenian]]
| fam2 = Iscaric
|ancestor=[[Proto-Maro-Ephenian]]
|ancestor2=[[Proto-Iscaric]]
|ancestor3=[[Aeranir#Old Aeranir|Old Aeranir]]
|-
| nation = [[Aeranid Empire]]
| minority = [[Iscaria]], [[S'entin]], [[Tevrén]]
| notice = IPA
|iso3 = qco
}}

'''Aeranir''', also known as '''coeñar aerānir''' (''language of the Aerans''), or '''coeñar inceris''' (''language of the capital''), is an Iscaric language in the [[Maro-Ephenian languages|Maro-Ephenian language group]]. It was originally spoken by the [[Aerans]], developed in the deserts of Northern [[Iscaria]] in the city of [[Telrhamir]], and spread with the expanse of the [[Aeranid Empire]] throughout [[Ephenia]], as well as parts of [[Eubora]] and [[Syra]]. It later developed into the Aeranid languages, such as [[Dalot]], [[Ilesse]], [[Iscariano]], [[Îredese]], [[S'entigneis]], and [[Tevrés]]. It is still used throughout Ephenia as a language of theology, science, medicine, literature, and law.

Aeranir had been standardised into Classical Aeranir by the time of the Early Empire, around the second millennia [[New Imperial Age|BNIA]] by the writer and educator Limius. The period before that is generally referred to as Old Aeranir. The language spoken between the 15th and 12th centuries [[New Imperial Age|BNIA]] is generally referred to Late Aeranir. This shift is marked by several grammatical and phonetic shifts. After that period, Aeranir began to splinter off into the various Aeranid languages. A form of Classical Aeranir called New Aeranir or Medieval Aeranir remained in use in official writings even after this period.

Aeranir is a highly inflective and fusional language, with three distinct [[w:Gramatical Gender|genders]], nine [[w:Gramatical Case|cases]], two [[w:Gramatical Aspect|aspects]], four [[w:Gramatical Mood|moods]], three [[w:Gramatical Person|persons]], two or three [[w:Gramatical Voice|voices]], and two [[w:Gramatical Number|numbers]].

==History==
===Periodisation===

{{Graphical timeline

|title=Timeline of Aeranir
|align=right

|plot-colour=#bbeebb

|from=0
|to=3000
|scale-increment=200

|width=10
|height=300
|height-unit=px

|legend1=Aeran settlements

|bar1-from=2400
|bar1-left=0
|bar1-right=0.2

|legend2=City of Telhramir

|bar2-to=2600
|bar2-left=0.1
|bar2-right=0.2

|legend3=Aeranid Kingdom
|legend3-colour=#e0aacc

|bar3-to=2400
|bar3-left=0
|bar3-right=0.2
|bar3-colour=#e0aacc

|
|bar4-to=2104
|bar4-left=0
|bar4-right=0.2
|bar4-colour=red
|legend4=Aeranid Empire
|legend4-colour=red

|
|bar5-to=1266
|bar5-from=825
|bar5-left=0
|bar5-right=0.2
|bar5-colour=#AA98A9
|legend5=Eastern Aeranid Empire
|legend5-colour=#AA98A9

|bar6-from=1172
|bar6-to=1266
|bar6-left=0.1
|bar6-right=0.2
|bar6-colour=blue
|legend6=Western Aeranid Empire
|legend6-colour=blue

|bar7-to=825
|bar7-left=0
|bar7-right=0.2
|bar7-colour=grey
|legend7=Various Nations
|legend7-colour=grey

|bar8-text=Proto-Aeranid
|bar8-to=953
|bar8-from=700
|bar8-left=1
|bar8-right=1.75
|bar8-border-width=1
|bar8-border-colour= #996666
|bar8-colour=lightgrey

|bar9-text=Liturgical Aeranir
|bar9-to=953
|bar9-left=0.2
|bar9-right=1
|bar9-border-width=1
|bar9-border-colour= #996666
|bar9-colour=#cc9999

|bar10-text=Post-Collapse Aeranir
|bar10-from=953
|bar10-to=1266
|bar10-left=0.2
|bar10-right=1.75
|bar10-colour=#99cc99

|bar11-text=Late Aeranir
|bar11-from=1266
|bar11-to=1450
|bar11-left=0.2
|bar11-right=1.75
|bar11-colour=#99cc99
|bar11-border-width=0.1

|bar12-text=Golden Age Aeranir
|bar12-from=1450
|bar12-to=1800
|bar12-left=0.2
|bar12-right=1.75
|bar12-border-width=0.1
|bar12-colour=#99cc99

|bar13-text=Classical Aeranir
|bar13-from=1800
|bar13-to=2200
|bar13-left=0.2
|bar13-right=1.75
|bar13-border-width=0.1
|bar13-colour=#99cc99

|bar14-text=Old Aeranir
|bar14-from=2200
|bar14-to=2500
|bar14-left=0.2
|bar14-right=1.75
|bar14-border-width=0.1
|bar14-colour=#99cc99

|bar15-text=Proto-Iscaric
|bar15-from=2500
|bar15-to=3000
|bar15-left=0.2
|bar15-right=1.75
|bar15-border-width=0.1
|bar15-colour=#bbeebb

|bar16-text=Aeranid Languages
|bar16-to=700
|bar16-from=0
|bar16-left=1
|bar16-right=1.75
|bar16-border-width=1
|bar16-border-colour= #996666
|bar16-colour=grey

|note1=The Collapse
|note1-at=1266
|note1-nudge-right=10
|note1-colour=green

|caption=A timeline of the evolution of Aeranir. The scale is in years BCA. The thin bar to the left denotes the Aeranir (and later Aeranid) speaking powers of the time, whilst the right denotes the evolutionary stage of Aeranir.
}}

The Aeranir language is descended from Proto-Iscaric, a theoretical reconstruction, which is in turn descended from [[Proto-Maro-Ephenian]]. This makes Aeranir a member of the Maro-Ephenian language family, along with Talothic, Fyrdan, and Marian. Because neither of these two proto-languages are attested in writing, it can be difficult to say when they were spoken, and when one transitioned into the other, but scholars generally agree that there was something that could be called Proto-Iscaric around the end of the 4th millennium BCA.

Proto-Iscaric was spoken by numerous Maro-Ephenian tribes which settled in Iscaria at the end of the 4th millennium. This evolved into numerous attested Iscaric languages, of which the language of the Aerans, who settled the region known as Aes, was but one. The oldest evidence of their language is found dating well after the founding of their most famous city, Telhramir, around 2500 BCA. This phase of the language, from around then to the later years of the Aeranid Kingdom, is known as Old Aeranir (called '''''coeñar accuiha aerānir''''' or '''''aerānir accuiha''''' by Classical and Golden Age sources).

==Phonology==
===Consonants===
The following is a table of phonemes in Aeranir. This analysis is based on Classical Aeranir, as it was used during the hight of the [[Aeranid Empire]]. The phonology, especially the number of vowel phonemes, varied greatly time, but this is seen as the standard version of the language.
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Classical consonant phonemes
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | Labial
! colspan="2" | Coronal
! rowspan="2" | Palatal
! colspan="2" | Velar
! colspan="2" | Uvular
! rowspan="2" | Glottal
|-
! central 
! lateral 
! plain 
! labial 
! plain 
! labial 
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Nasal
| m
| n
|
| ɲ
|
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Stop
| p
| t
|
|
| k
| kʷ
| q
| qʷ
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Affricate
|
| ts
| tɬ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Fricative
| f
| s
|
|
|
|
|
|
| h
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Liquid
|
| r
| l
| j
|
| w
|
|
| ɦ
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Golden age consonant phonemes
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | Labial
! colspan="2" | Coronal
! rowspan="2" | Palatal
! colspan="2" | Velar
! colspan="2" | Uvular
! rowspan="2" | Glottal
|-
! central 
! lateral 
! plain 
! labial 
! plain 
! labial 
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| m
| n
|
| ɲ
|
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="3" | Stop
! aspirated
| (pʰ)
| (tʰ)
|
|
| kʰ
|
| qʰ
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! plain
| p
| t
|
|
| k
| kʷ
| q
| qʷ
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! voiced
| (b)
| (d)
|
|
| (g)
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" | Affricate
! voiceless
|
| ts
| tɬ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! voiced
|
| (dz~z)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Fricative
| f
| s
|
|
|
|
|
|
| h
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Liquid
| ʋ
| r
| l
| j
|
|
|
|
| ɦ
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Late consonant phonemes
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | Labial
! colspan="2" | Coronal
! rowspan="2" | Palatal
! colspan="2" | Velar
|-
! central 
! lateral 
! plain 
! labial 
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| m
| n
|
| ɲ
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" | Stop
! voiceless
| p
| t
|
| c
| k
| kʷ
|- style="text-align:center;"
! voiced
| b
| d
|
| ɟ
| g
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Affricate
|
| ts
| tɬ
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Fricative
| f
| s
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Liquid
|
| r
| l
| j
|
|
|}
====Notes on consonants====
*The clusters /rh/, /nh/, and /lh/ vary greatly between dialects; [rɦ nɦ ɫɦ ~ rg ŋg ɫg ~ ʀː ŋː ʟː].
*The sequence /ks/ is written in the romanisation as ''x''.
*The nasal consonant /n/ assimilates to the place of articulation of the following stop, so that /nk/ or /nqʷ/ for example become /ŋk/ and /ɴʷqʷ/. Before fricatives, /n/ is deleted, and the proceeding vowel is lengthened and nasalised. These processes apply between word boundries as well. Word final /n/ as part of case and personal markers is elided before a word starting with a vowel, fricative, approximate, or before a [[w:Pausa|pausa]]. It often served as a [[w:Shibboleth|shibboleth]] for discerning one's origins or social circles.
*The velar, labio-velar, and labio-uvular consonants /k/, /kʷ/, /q/, and /qʷ/ are palatalised before front vowels and /j/ to [k̟], [kᶣ], [k̠] and [k̠ᶣ] respectively. Futhermore, dental consonants /n/ and /t/ are palatalised before /j/ to [ɲ̟], and [tʲ]. The glottal fricative /h/ is also palatalised to [ç] before high front vowels and /j/. Some dialects also palatalise the postalveolar consonants /s/ and /ts/ to [ɕ] and [tɕ] before front vowels and /j/.
*The labialised consonants /kʷ/, and /qʷ/ are pronounced as truly labialised, rather than a sequence of two consonants, i.e. /kw/, /qw/. The voiced labiovelar stop only occurs after a nasal consonant.
*All consonants, with the exception of /ʋ/, can be geminated between vowels. This is denoted orthographically by doubling of the first letter of the phoneme, i.e. ⟨cc⟩, ⟨ff⟩, ⟨hh⟩, etc. The palatal approximate /j/ is always geminated to [jː] between vowels, but is written with a simple ⟨i⟩. Fricative /hː/ is usually realised as [çː]. In dialects that palatalise /s/ and /ts/, [çː] often becomes [ɕː], merging in some environments with /sː/.
*The lateral approximate /l/ has two allophones in Classical Aeranir; [l] before close front vowels, /j/, and when geminated, and [ɫ] elsewhere.
*The fricative /s/ is often pronounced further back in the mouth, closer to [s̠].
* The phoneme /h/ has two distinct allophones following the nasal /n/. When this cluster occurs natively within a word, /h/ is voiced and velarised to [g]. Nasal /n/ is likewise velarised to [ŋ]. Dialectically, the cluster /ŋg/ may be fortified to [gː] or lenited to [ŋː]. Before front vowels and /j/, these may appear as [ɲʝ], [ŋ˖g˖], [g˖ː], or [ŋ˖ː]. When the cluster /nh/ occurs where /h/ was once word initial, as result of a prefix, the nasal is deleted and the preceding vowel nasalised and lengthened, as with fricatives /s/ and /f/.

===Vowels===
Vowels in Aeranir underwent the greatest amount of change throughout time. Although the standard is considered to me Classical Aeranir as it was spoken in the 17th and 16th centuries {{Smallcaps|[[New Imperial Age|bnia]]}}, this should not be seen in the context of a sliding historical spectrum. Below are listed three somewhat representative samples that provide a broad overview of general changes.
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Old Aeranir vowel phonemes (circa 2300{{Smallcaps|bca}})
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Front
! colspan="2" | Central
! colspan="2" | Back
|-
! short 
! long 
! short 
! long 
! short 
! long 
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Close
| i
| iː
|
|
| u
| uː
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Mid
| e
| eː
|
|
| o
| oː
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Open
|
|
| a
| aː
|
|
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Classical and Golden Age Aeranir vowel phonemes (circa 1600{{Smallcaps|bca}})
|-
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="4" | Front
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Central
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Back
|-
! colspan="2" | plain 
! colspan="2" | rounded 
|-
! short 
! long 
! short 
! long 
! short 
! long 
! short 
! long 
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Close
| ɪ
| iː
| ʏ
| yː
|
|
| ʊ
| uː
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Mid-close
|
| eː
|
| øː
|
|
|
| oː
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Mid-open
| ɛ
| ɛː
|
|
|
|
| ɔ
| ɔː
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Open
|
|
|
|
| a
| aː
|
|
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Late Aeranir vowel phonemes (circa 1200{{Smallcaps|bca}})
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Front
! rowspan="2"| Central
! rowspan="2"| Back
|-
! plain
! round
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Close
| i
| (y)
|
| u
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Mid-close
| e
| (ø)
|
| o
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Mid-open
| ɛ
|
|
| ɔ
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Open
|
|
| a
|
|}
====Notes on vowels====
* The short high rounded vowel /ʏ/ is mostly a loan from [[Dalitian]], and is not found in many native words, or words dating back to Old Aeranir. It is usually realised as [ɪ], and is only rounded in educated speech.
{| class="wikitable floatright"
|+caption | Vowel change from PME to Late Aeranir (in stessed initial syllables)
|-
! [[Proto-Maro-Ephenian|PME]]
! Old
! Classical
! Late
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *u[r₂, r₃, h]i
| → ui /ui̯/
| rowspan="2" | → y /yː/
| rowspan="4" | → i /i/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *i[r₂, r₃, h]u
| → iu /iu̯̯/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *ey, *ehi, *ēy, *hey
| → ei /ei̯/
| rowspan="2" | → ī /iː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *i[r₂, r₃, h]
| → ī /iː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *i
| → i /i/
| → i /ɪ/
| rowspan="3" | → e /e/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *oy, *o[r₂, r₃, h]i, *er₃i, *ōy, *[r₂, r₃, h]oy, *r₃ey
| → oi /oi̯/
| → oe /øː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *eh, *ē
| → e /eː/
| → e /eː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *e
| → e /e/
| → e /ɛ/
| rowspan="2" | → è /ɛ/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *er₂i, *r₂ey
| → ai /ai̯/
| → ae /ɛː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *ow, *o[r₂, r₃, h]u, *ōw, *[r₂, r₃, h]ow, *r₃ew, *ew, *ehu, *ēw, *hew
| → ou /ou̯̯/
| rowspan="2" | → ū /uː/
| rowspan="2" | → u /u/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *u[r₂, r₃, h]
| → ū /uː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *u
| → u /u/
| → u /ʊ/
| rowspan="2" | → o /o/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *o[r₂, r₃, h], *ō, *r₃e[r₂, r₃, h], *r₃ē, *er₃
| → o /oː/
| → o /oː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *o, *r₃e
| → o /o/
| → o /ɔ/
| rowspan="2" | → ò /ɔ/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *er₂u, *r₂ew
| → au /au̯̯/
| → au /ɔː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *er₂, *r₂ē
| → ā /aː/
| → ā /aː/
| rowspan="2" | → a /a/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *[r̥₂, r̥₃, h̥]
| → a /a/
| → a /a/
|}
* Most non-intial short vowels in [[Aeranir#Proto-Iscaric|Proto-Iscairc]] were reduced to /i/ by the time of Old Aeranir. Many of these were then further reduced in Classical Aeranir (as discussed above), to the vowels represented by [[w:Diaeresis_(diacritic)|diaeresis]]. These merged in Late Aeranir to a [[w:Schwa|schwa]], but this schwa was deleted in many environments.
* Old Aeranir diphthongs /ei̯/ and /ou̯̯/ may have been realised as hightened pure vowels [eː~e̝ː] and [oː~o̝ː]. Before other vowels, /ei̯/ becomes simple [e] in Classical Aeranir. Likewise, Classical /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ rise to [e] and [o] before another vowel. These were then simplified into glides [j] and [w] in Late Aeranir.
* There are two realisations of high short vowels /ɪ/ and /ʊ/ before another vowel, depending on whether the proceeding syllable it light or heavy. Following a light syllable, the become glides [j] and [w]. Follwing a heavy syllable, an [[w:Ephethesis#Anaptyxis|anaptyctic]] vowel is inserted, becoming [ɪj] and [ʊw]. These vowels are not represented in the orthography.
* Some peripheral dialects of Late Aeranir retained rounded front vowels /y/ and /ø/, while in most, including the speech of Telrhamir, they merged with their plain counterparts /i/ and /e/ respectively.

===Stress===
Syllable stress in Old Aeranir fell uniformly on the first syllable of a word. However, by the time of Classical Aeranir, stress had shifted to a more complex paradigm, generally falling on the '''penult''' (the second to last syllable) or the '''antipenult''' (the third to last syllable). Which one was determined by the '''weight''' of the penult.

Syllables are divided into one of two categories, or weights. These are '''light''' syllables and '''heavy''' syllables. A light syllable contains a maximum of one short vowel, alone or proceeded by a consonant or consonant cluster, while a heavy syllable may contain a long vowel, a coda consonant, or both. If the penult of a word is heavy, it is stressed. If not, the antipenult is stressed.
=== Dialects ===
;Pēcilia Cūvae
: The ''pēcilia cūvae'' ('Cuvan swing') refers to the particular musical quality of the Aeranir spoken in the Aes city of Cuva (''cūva'') during the classical and golden age of Aeranid civilisation. It was likened in the earliest records to the ''pēcilia traecōvus'' ('talothic swing'), and occasionally referred to as the ''pōnus traeceus'' ('talothic voice'). However, by the golden age, Talothic had lost its distinct melodious accent, and the these terms fell out of use. This is believed to be the reason that citizens of Cuva were called ''traeceolar'' ('little taloths'), and is the origin of the name of the city Triggiolari, founded as ''Traeceolar''.

: Rather than the stress-accent of standard capitoline Aeranir, the speech of Cuva is marked by a distinctive [[w:Pitch-accent language|pitch accent]]. Pitch in Cuva begins low, and then rises until a [[w:Mora|kernel mora]], after which it immediately falls. Placement of the kernel mora generally falls on the third to last mora. However, the way morae are counted is somewhat complex. A short vowel, either proceeded by a consonant or consonant cluster, or bare, counts as one mora, and a long vowel of (spurious) diphthong counts as two. On top of that, coda consonants, rather singletons or clusters, also count as a mora. So, for example, each syllable of the word ''āctās'' is three morea; ''a-a-c.ta-a-s''

: Pitch accent manifests differently depending on where the kernel falls. Then the kernel falls on a vowel, there is a [[w:Downstep|downstep]] before it; e.g. ''āctās'': ''a-a-c.ta-a-s'' /àák.tààs/ [ǎːk.tàːs].

==Syntax==
===Word order===
Aeranir is generally verb-initial in independent clauses, and verb-final in dependant clauses, including non-finite clauses using the infinitive, participle, gerund, etc.. These rules may be violated in poetry, however it is much more common to violate the former than the later.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| qurra Rāscānus salvan
| read-3SG.C Rascanus-NOM.SG book-ACC.SG
|'Rascanus is reading a book'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| Rāscānus salvan qurrea
| Rascanus-NOM.SG book-ACC.SG read-SUBJ.3SG.C
|'should Rascanus be reading a book...'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| sircuīva īliō Rāscānus salvan qurrīhā
| tell-PFV.3SG.C Ilius-DAT.SG Rascanus-NOM.SG book-ACC.SG read-INF
|'Rascanus told Ilius that he was reading a book'}}

Nominal clitics attach to the end of verbs in independent clauses, and the beginning of verbs in dependant clauses.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| taetue ne tīn
| drink-PFV.3SG.E <nowiki>=</nowiki>2SG tea-ACC.SG
|'You drank the tea'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| tīn ni taesun
| tea-NOM.SG 2SG<nowiki>=</nowiki> drink-PFV.PTCP-E.NOM.SG
|'The tea you drank'}}

Word order is much more free for nouns and noun phrases. Adjectives and genitives may either proceed or follow a noun (e.g. '''''formun cōmus''''' or '''''cōmus formun''''', both 'the warm house;' '''''umae menter''''' or '''''menter umae''''', both 'my mother's sibling'), although they adjectives generally follow, whilst genitives generally proceed. Prepositions always proceed their noun, whilst postpositions, which are far less common, always follow.

Due to agreement in gender, case, and number between nouns and adjectives, additional nouns may be inserted between a noun and its adjective without changing the meaning, in what is called [[w:Hyperbaton|hyperbaton]]:

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ȳrē arte tihī iūre
| listen-IMP person-VOC.SG 1SG.PRO-DAT good-T.VOC.SG
|'Listen to me good fellow!'}}

==Nouns==
===Gender===
Aeranir nouns are divided into three [[w:Grammatical Gender|genders]], all of which are directly inherited from late [[Proto-Maro-Ephenian]]. These known as the '''temporary''' ('''{{Smallcaps|t}}'''), '''cyclical''' ('''{{Smallcaps|c}}'''), and '''eternal''' ('''{{Smallcaps|e}}''') genders. The gender of a noun effects the adjectives and verbs that refer to it.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ēs ars raius
| COP.3SG.T wumbo(T)-NOM.SG small-T.NOM.SG
|'It's a small wumbo'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| sa tlāna raia
| COP.3SG.C flower(C)-NOM.SG small-C.NOM.SG
|'It's a small flower'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| sī nātlun raiun
| COP.3SG.E shell(E)-NOM.SG small-E.NOM.SG
|'It's a small shell'}}

The gender of most nouns can be easily inferred from its ending. Furthermore, there is often overlap between meaning and gender. Animate living beings and small, breakable objects are often temporary, while abstract concepts, natural processes, or seasonal plants are usually cyclical, and large, durable, inanimate objects are most likely eternal. However, some nouns have no relation to their gender. Personal names are either temporary or cyclical; eternal names are reserved for gods.

===Case===
Nouns in Aeranir have a series of different forms, called cases of the noun, which have different functions or meanings. For example, the word for 'king' is ''{{term|rēs}}'' when subject of a verb, but ''rēnin'' when it is the object:
* ''auhēs rēs'' 'the king sees (someone)' ([[w:Nominative case|nominative case]])
* ''auhēs rēnin'' '(someone) sees the king' ([[w:Accusative case|accusative case]])
There are a total of nine cases for most nouns in Aeranir. Outside of the nominative and accusative, they are as the following:
* [[w:Vocative case|Vocative]]: ''rēne iō!'': 'o king!'
* [[w:Essive case|Essive]]: ''seū rēnū'': 'as this king'
* [[w:Instrumental case|Instrumental]]: ''seōrun rēnerun'': 'using this king'
* [[w:Genitive case|Genitive]]: ''sī rēnis'': 'of this king'
* [[w:Dative case|Dative]]: ''seō rēnī'': 'to/for this king'
* [[w:Ablative case|Ablative]]: ''seā rēni'': 'from/by this king'
* [[w:Locative case|Locative]]: ''sīs rēnīs'': 'at/with the king'
Sometimes the same endings, e.g. ''-ī'' and ''-ēs'', are used for more than one case. Since the function of a word in Aeranir is shown by ending rather than word order, in theory ''requor rēnī'' could mean either 'I return to the king' or 'I return from the king.' In practice, however, such ambiguities are rare.

==== Uses of the cases ====
===== Genitive =====
The use of the genitive case in subordinate clauses has changed throughout the history of Aeranir, and even within the span of time referred to as 'Golden Age Aeranir,' usage was shifting. In Classical and Golden Age Aeranir the genitive could be used with the active voice to mark the subject of the verb, whilst in the middle voice it marked the object. The later is similar to the use of the genitive as a partitive object in [[Classical Talothic|Talothic]]. Some believe this similarity to be the inherited from [[Proto-Maro-Ephenian]], whilst others claim that it is a case of parallel evolution or mutual influence.
:{{interlinear|box=yes
| tzilla artis auhita
| cat-NOM.SG person-GEN.SG see-PFV.PTCP-C.NOM.SG
| 'The cat the person saw'}}

:{{interlinear|box=yes
| ars tzillae auhitūnus
| person-NOM.SG cat-GEN.SG see-PFV.PTCP-T.NOM.SG
| 'The person who saw the cat'}}
The use of genitive objects dwindled in later Golden Age and Late Aeranir, being replaced by the accusative case with the active voice, or the ablative case with the middle voice, as in independent clauses. However, it remained used to mark the subject of dependent clauses, and in Late Aeranir even began to replace the nominative case in independent ones.

===== Ablative =====

* '''Ablative of motion''' implies movement away from or out of an object:
:{{interlinear|box=yes
| furuis pālā
| fall-PFV-T.3SG tree-ABL.SG
| 'They fell from the tree'}}

* '''Agentive ablative''' marks the agent by whom the action of a passive verb in performed:
:{{interlinear|box=yes
| īcēlāre pannun Traetiā cnōtun
| eat-PFV-PASS-E.3SG bread-NOM.SG Traetius-ABL.SG last-E.NOM.SG
| 'The last of the bread was eaten by Traetius'}}

===Declensions===
====Class I====
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+Class I noun
|-
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" |
! colspan="4" | ''{{term|salva}}'' c. book, tome
|-
! colspan="2" | Singular
! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
! word
! ending
! word
! ending
|-
! rowspan="3" | Primary '''''prīstūmus'''''
! scope="row" | Nominative
| ''salva''
| '''''-a'''''
| ''salvar''
| '''''-ar'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Accusative
| ''salvan''
| '''''-an'''''
| ''salvae''
| '''''-ae'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Vocative
| ''salva''
| '''''-a'''''
| ''salvar''
| '''''-ar'''''
|-
! rowspan="3" | Existential '''''soniāmus'''''
! scope="row" | Essive
| ''salvau''
| '''''-au'''''
| ''salvur''
| '''''-ur'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Instrumental
| ''salvārun''
| '''''-ārun'''''
| ''salvōs''
| '''''-ōs'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Genitive
| ''salvae''
| '''''-ae'''''
| ''salvābus''
| '''''-ābus'''''
|-
! rowspan="3" | Directive '''''satūmus'''''
! scope="row" | Dative
| ''salvō''
| '''''-ō'''''
| ''salvāna''
| '''''-āna'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Ablative
| ''salvā''
| '''''-ā'''''
| ''salvās''
| '''''-ās'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Locative
| ''salvīs''
| '''''-īs'''''
| ''salvā''
| '''''-ā'''''
|}

====Class II====
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+Class II temporary/eternal nouns
|-
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" |
! colspan="4" | ''{{term|pernus}}'' t. storm, chaos
! colspan="4" | ''{{term|nātlun}}'' e. shell, carapace
|-
! colspan="2" | Singular
! colspan="2" | Plural
! colspan="2" | Singular
! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
! word
! ending
! word
! ending
! word
! ending
! word
! ending
|-
! rowspan="3" | Primary '''''prīstūmus'''''
! scope="row" | Nominative
| ''pernus''
| '''''-us'''''
| ''pernur''
| '''''-ur'''''
| rowspan="3" | ''nātlun''
| rowspan="3" | '''''-un'''''
| rowspan="3" | ''nātlunt''
| rowspan="3" | '''''-unt'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Accusative
| ''pernun''
| '''''-un'''''
| ''pernī''
| '''''-ī'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Vocative
| ''perne''
| '''''-e'''''
| ''pernur''
| '''''-ur'''''
|-
! rowspan="3" | Existential '''''soniāmus'''''
! scope="row" | Essive
| ''pernū''
| '''''-ū'''''
| ''pernur''
| '''''-ur'''''
| ''nātlū''
| '''''-ū'''''
| ''nātlur''
| '''''-ur'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Instrumental
| ''pernōrun''
| '''''-ōrun'''''
| ''pernōs''
| '''''-ōs'''''
| ''nātlōrun''
| '''''-ōrun'''''
| ''nātlōs''
| '''''-ōs'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Genitive
| ''pernī''
| '''''-ī'''''
| ''pernōvus''
| '''''-ōvus'''''
| ''nātlī''
| '''''-ī'''''
| ''nātlōvus''
| '''''-ōvus'''''
|-
! rowspan="3" | Directive '''''satūmus'''''
! scope="row" | Dative
| ''pernō''
| '''''-ō'''''
| ''pernōna''
| '''''-ōna'''''
| ''nātlō''
| '''''-ō'''''
| ''nātlōna''
| '''''-ōna'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Ablative
| ''pernā''
| '''''-ā'''''
| ''pernōs''
| '''''-ōs'''''
| ''nātlā''
| '''''-ā'''''
| ''nātlōs''
| '''''-ōs'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Locative
| ''pernīs''
| '''''-īs'''''
| ''pernā''
| '''''-ā'''''
| ''nātlīs''
| '''''-īs'''''
| ''nātlā''
| '''''-ā'''''
|}

==Pronouns==
===Personal Pronouns===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Personal pronouns
|-
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" |
! colspan="4" | First person
! colspan="4" | Second person
! colspan="4" | Reflexive
|-
! colspan="2" | singular ''I''
! colspan="2" | plural ''we''
! colspan="2" | singular ''you''
! colspan="2" | plural ''y'all''
! colspan="2" | singular/plural ''himself/herself/ itself/themselves''
|-
! full
! clitic
! full
! clitic
! full
! clitic
! full
! clitic
! full
! clitic
|-
! rowspan="3" | Primary ''prīstūmus''
! Nominative
| rowspan="2" | ''aecū''
| rowspan="7" | ''te''
| rowspan="2" | ''eōs''
| rowspan="7" | ''ī''
| rowspan="2" | ''hanae''
| rowspan="7" | ''ne''
| rowspan="2" | ''rōs''
| rowspan="7" | ''er''
| rowspan="3" | ''cē''
| rowspan="7" | ''ce''
|-
! Vocative
|-
! Accusative
| ''tē''
| ''eon''
| ''nē''
| ''ron''
|-
! rowspan="2" | Existential ''soniāmus''
! Essive
| ''tōs''
| ''eor''
| ''nōs''
| ''rō''
| ''cū''
|-
! Genitive
| ''tī''
| ''īster''
| ''nī''
| ''rester''
| ''cī''
|-
! rowspan="2" | Directive ''satūmus''
! Dative
| ''tihī''
| ''īvīs''
| ''nivī''
| ''urvīs''
| ''civī''
|-
! Ablative
| ''tētē''
| ''eōvōs''
| ''nēnē''
| ''rōvōs''
| ''cēcē''
|}

===Third person pronouns===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Personal pronouns
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
|-
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
|-
! rowspan="3" | Primary ''prīstūmus''
! Nominative
| rowspan="2" | ''us''
| rowspan="2" | ''va''
| rowspan="3" | ''um''
| rowspan="2" | ''ur''
| rowspan="2" | ''var''
| rowspan="3" | ''ūns''
|-
! Vocative
|-
! Accusative
| ''um''
| ''vam''
| ''vī''
| ''vae''
|-
! rowspan="3" | Existential ''soniāmus''
! Essive
| ''ū''
| ''vau''
| ''ū''
| ''ur''
| ''vur''
| ''ur''
|-
! Instrumental
| ''urun''
| ''vārun''
| ''urun''
| ''vēs''
| ''vōs''
| ''vēs''
|-
! Genitive
| ''vis''
| ''vae''
| ''vis''
| ''vus''
| ''vāvus''
| ''vus''
|-
! rowspan="3" | Directive ''satūmus''
! Dative
| ''vī''
| ''vō''
| ''vī''
| ''vina''
| ''vāna''
| ''vina''
|-
! Ablative
| ''vit''
| ''vā''
| ''vit''
| ''vēs''
| ''vās''
| ''vēs''
|-
! Locative
| ''vis''
| ''vīs''
| ''vis''
| ''vā''
| ''vā''
| ''vā''
|}

=== Demonstrative pronouns ===
Demonstratives underwent a great deal of change during the latest stages of Classical Aeranir, and much of the older forms were preserved in Golden Age Aeranir alongside their newer counterparts. The Classical Aeranir distal and medial demonstratives were formed from the third person pronoun ''us, va, un'' plus a suffix. This produced a variety of irregular forms, which were regularised in early Golden Age Aeranir. However, which stem was taken to become the new regular form varied between times, locations, and speakers. Generally, two stems were predominant for each demonstrative; with the medial varying between ''ust-'' and ''unt-'' and the distal between ''ūl-'' and ''ull-''. Eventually, the former of the two became more common, although the latter remained in marginal use, even into the Aeranid languages.
<div style="overflow:auto">
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Old demonstrative pronouns
|-
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="6" | '''''seus, sea, seun''''' this, this one (proximal)
! colspan="6" | '''''ustus, usta, untun''''' that of yours (medial)
! colspan="6" | '''''ūlus, ūla, ūllun''''' that, that one (distal)
|-
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
|-
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Nominative
| ''seus''
| ''sea''
| rowspan="3" | ''seun''
| ''seur''
| ''sear''
| rowspan="3" | ''seunt''
| ''ustus''
| ''usta''
| rowspan="3" | ''untun''
| ''urtur''
| ''urtar''
| rowspan="3" | ''untunt''
| ''ūlus''
| ''ūla''
| rowspan="3" | ''ullun''
| ''ullur''
| ''ullar''
| rowspan="3" | ''ullunt''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Accusative
| ''seun''
| ''sean''
| ''sī''
| ''seae''
| ''untun''
| ''untan''
| ''vītī''
| ''vītae''
| ''ullun''
| ''ullan''
| ''vīlī''
| ''vīlae''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Vocative
| ''sē''
| ''sea''
| ''seur''
| ''sear''
| ''uste''
| ''usta''
| ''urtur''
| ''urtar''
| ''ūle''
| ''ūla''
| ''ullur''
| ''ullar''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Essive
| ''seū''
| ''seau''
| ''seū''
| colspan="3" | ''seur''
| ''ūtū''
| ''ūtau''
| ''ūtū''
| colspan="3" | ''urtur''
| ''ūlū''
| ''ūlau''
| ''ūlū''
| colspan="3" | ''ullur''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Instrumental
| ''seōrun''
| ''seārun''
| ''seōrun''
| colspan="3" | ''seōs''
| ''untōrun''
| ''untārun''
| ''untōrun''
| colspan="3" | ''vēstōs''
| ''ullōrun''
| ''ullārun''
| ''ullōrun''
| colspan="3" | ''vēlōs''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Genitive
| ''sī''
| ''seae''
| ''sī''
| ''seōvus''
| ''seāvus''
| ''seōvus''
| ''vistī''
| ''vistae''
| ''vistī''
| ''vustōvus''
| ''vustāvus''
| ''vustōvus''
| ''vīlī''
| ''vīlae''
| ''vīlī''
| ''vūlōvus''
| ''vūlāvus''
| ''vūlōvus''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Dative
| colspan="3" | ''seō''
| ''seōna''
| ''seāna''
| ''seōna''
| colspan="3" | ''vītō''
| ''vintōna''
| ''vintāna''
| ''vintōna''
| colspan="3" | ''vīlō''
| ''villōna''
| ''villāna''
| ''villōna''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Ablative
| colspan="3" | ''seā''
| ''seōs''
| ''seās''
| ''seōs''
| colspan="3" | ''vistā''
| ''vēstōs''
| ''vēstās''
| ''vēstōs''
| colspan="3" | ''vīlā''
| ''vēlōs''
| ''vēlās''
| ''vēlōs''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Locative
| colspan="3" | ''sīs''
| colspan="3" | ''seā''
| colspan="3" | ''vistīs''
| colspan="3" | ''vātā''
| colspan="3" | ''vīlīs''
| colspan="3" | ''vālā''
|}
</div>
Even after the new regular demonstratives had been widely adopted, the old ones continued to be used for stylistic purposes, and where considered more proper for official writing, speech, and communication.

In Classical Aeranir, demonstratives could stand for a person or thing, but also a place—there was no distinction between 'this' and 'here.' However, in Golden Age Aeranir, another one of the old stems was generalised to create dedicated locative pronouns '''''vistus, vista, vistun''''' 'there (near you),' and '''''vīlus, vīla, vīlun''''' 'there (far away).' By analogy, the proximal locative demonstrative '''''viseus, visea, viseun''''' 'here' was also created. These were used along side the regular demonstratives to express location.

===Possessive pronouns===
Possessive pronouns in Aeranir distinguish between many more different types of possession than ordinary nouns, which use only the genitive to mark possession, ownership, association, etc. Pronouns distinguish both alienable and inalienable possession.

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Possessive pronouns
|-
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | 1st person
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | 2nd person
! colspan="6" | 3rd person
! rowspan="3" | reflexive
|-
! colspan="2" | proximal
! colspan="2" | distal
! colspan="2" | medial
|-
! singular
! plural
! singular
! plural
! singular
! plural
! singular
! plural
! singular
! plural
|- style="text-align:center;"
! inalienable
| ''tī'' ''te''
| ''īster''
| ''nī'' ''ne''
| ''rester''
| ''sī'' ''se''
| ''seōvus''
| ''ūlī''
| ''ūlōvus''
| ''ustī''
| ''ustōvus''
| ''cī'' ''ce''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! alienable
| ''tuius''
| ''eius''
| ''nuius''
| ''ruius''
| colspan="2" | ''seius''
| colspan="2" | ''ūleius''
| colspan="2" | ''usteius''
| ''cuius''
|}

Objects of inalienable possession are marked with the genitive of a personal or demonstrative pronoun. These include body parts, kinship and familiarity terms, personal attributes, emotions, or thoughts. These pronouns generally proceed the possessee, although that is not always the case, especially in poety. Singular pronouns ''tī'', ''nī'', ''cī'', ''sī'', ''ustī'', and ''ūlī'' may be appear as ''tei'', ''nei'', ''cei'', ''sei'', ''usti'', ''ūli'' before words starting with a vowel, and ''te'', ''ne'', ''ce'', ''se'', ''ust'', ''ūl'' before words starting with ''i''.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| se incus
| this-T.GEN.SG head-NOM.SG
|'this one's head'}}

Alienable possession, including essentially all other categories, is marked via possessive adjectives. These adjective may appear either before or after the possessee, but usually come afterwards. Oftentimes, the different use of alienable/inalienable pronouns may hint at a difference in meaning. The word '''''indus''''', for example, may mean 'head,' but also 'capital' or 'leader.' With inalienable pronouns, however, it always means 'head,' versus with alienable pronouns, it means 'capital,' or 'leader' because while a head is inalienable, a capital or leader is not. However, this might not always be the case, depending on the possessor and context.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ēs incus telūhramir tuius
| COP.3SG.T head-NOM.SG mesa-ESS.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>hram-GEN.PL mine-T.NOM.SG
|'My capital is Telhramir'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ēs ūlae (tlānae aerānihae) incus telūrhamir
| COP.3SG.T that_one's-C.GEN.SG (flower-GEN.SG Aeranid-C.GEN.SG) head-NOM.SG mesa-ESS.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>rham-GEN.PL
|'Its (the Aeranid Empire's) capital is Telrhamir'}}

==Adverbs==
Adverbs in Aeranir are used to modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs indicating time, manner, or place.
Most adjectives are formed from nouns or adjectives, although they can be derived from some verbs, especially stative verbs. There are a variety of different formulation strategies, depending on the class of the noun/adjective/verb.
*''formus'' ("warm" 1st-2nd declension adjective) → '''''formē''''' ("warmly")
*''aerās'' ("an Aeran" 3rd declension noun) → '''''aerāne''''' ("like an Aeran")
*''raelis'' ("a child" 3rd declension i-stem noun) → '''''raeliter''''' ("like a child")
*''vȳlēs'' ("three days from now" 4th declension noun) → '''''vȳlē''''' ("every three days")
*''sacus'' ("a pin" 5th declension noun) → '''''saciter''''' ("sharply, like a pin")
One of the most notable uses of the adverbial form is with verbs like ''ficitz'' ("it makes me"), ''fitz'' ("I become"), and ''caitz'' ("I change into"). Adverbs can be used to denote the result of a change of state in such a clause.
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| fīx prīstus pāliōne Boezymiae
| make.PFV-3SG.T first-NOM.SG provincial_governor-ADV Boezymia-GEN.SG
|'The First Senator made them provincial governor of Boezymia'}}
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| sa Īliō qūria tzillē cainnī
| COP-3SG.C Ilius-DAT.SG power-NOM.SG cat-ADV change_form-GER-GEN
|'Ilius has the power to turn into a cat'}}

==Verbs==
===Conjugation===
====Agreement====
[[File:Dga pyramid.png|thumb|250px|right|The ''DGA pyramid'', originally developed by u/Darkgamma, 2018. ''[https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/aarsyy/the_total_cacophony_of_bäladiri_verb_agreement/ The Total Cacophony of Bäladiri Verb Agreement and Argument Assignment]''.]]
Verbs in Aeranir are conjugated to agree with the [[w:Grammatical number|number]], the [[w:Grammatical person|person]], and in the third person singular, the [[w:Grammatical gender|gender]] of the most oblique argument given a word's [[w:Valency (linguistics)|valency]], as defined by the ''DGA pyramid''<ref>https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/aarsyy/the_total_cacophony_of_bäladiri_verb_agreement/</ref>. Here, '''S''' represents the [[w:Subject (grammar)|subject]] of an [[w:Intransitive verb|intransitive verb]], such as 'the person' in 'the person laughed.' '''A''' represents the [[w:Agent (grammar)|agent]] of a [[w:Transitive verb|transitive verb]] (also occasually called the [[w:Subject (grammar)|subject]]), or the person or thing that does the action of the verb, such as 'the child' in 'the child reads the book.' '''D''' marks the donor, a special type of agent, who gives something or does a the action of a verb for the benefit of another, such as ‘the senator’ in ‘the senator gave the cat some milk.’ These are collectively called the '''nominative argument''', and are expressed usually with the [[w:Nominative case|nominative case]], but also occasionally with the [[w:Genitive case|genitive case]] in dependant clauses.

'''P''' represents the [[w:Patient (grammar)|patient]] of a [[w:Transitive verb|transitive verb]], or the person or thing towhich the verb is done, also called the '''direct object''', such as ‘the book’ in ‘the child reads the book.’ '''T''' represents the '''theme''', or the object that is given to someone or something, such as ‘the milk’ in ‘the senator gave the cat some milk.’ These two roles make up the '''accusative argument''', which is marked with the [[w:Accusative case|accusative case]]. Finally, '''R''' represents the '''recipient''', or the person who recieves the theme from the donor, or benefits from the donor's action, with a [[w:Ditransitive verb|ditransitive verb]], also commonly called the '''indirect object''', such as 'the cat' in 'the senator gave the cate some milk.'

Aeranir verbs conjugate their endings to agree with the most oblique argument in a clause. That means the '''subject''' of an '''intransitive verb''' (e.g. '''''clautitz'''''; 'I laugh'), the '''patient''' of a '''transitive verb''' (e.g. '''''auhente'''''; 'I look at you'), or the '''recipient''' of a '''ditransitive verb''' (e.g. '''''tzavī'r salvae'''''; 'you all gave me the books').

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| mollī cōmus
| leak-3SG.E house-NOM.SG
|'The house is leaking'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| requis te coptin nuiun
| return-3SG.C <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG hat-ACC.SG 2SG.POS.PRO-T.ACC.SG
|'I'm giving back your hat'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| imptās ne mu sōlī nomī Sētīlī
| send-POT.3SG.T <nowiki>=</nowiki>2SG <nowiki>=</nowiki>INTERR clothing-ACC.PL new-IPFV.PTCP-T.ACC.SG Setil-DAT.SG
|'Can you send Setil the new clothes?'}}

It should be noted that a verb in the [[w:Active voice|active voice]] must always have the maximum number of arguments according to its inherent transitivity. This means, for example, that one can never say 'John eats.' Because 'to eat' is transitive, there must be a patient, or direct object, e.g. 'John eats food.' However, there are a number of valancy dropping operations available in Aeranir to allow various arguments to be dropped, which are discussed in the section on [[w:Voice (grammar)|voice]].

Additional arguments can be expressed with [[w:Clitic|pronominal clitics]] attached to the end of a verb in independant clauses and to the beginning in dependant ones (e.g.'''''auhente'''''; 'I look at you,' '''''tzāvī'r salvae'''''; 'you all gave me the books'), however these are not considered part of a verbs conjugation, and are optional, especially if the information can be assumed or is known between speakers.

====Number of Conjugations====
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Basic conjugation paradigm
|-
! Aspect →
! colspan="4" | Imperfective
! colspan="4" | Perfective
|-
! Mood → Voice ↓
! Indicative
! Subjunctive
! Desiderative
! Potential
! Indicative
! Subjunctive
! Desiderative
! Potential
|-
! Active
| '''aehatz''' They love me
| '''aehet''' They should love me
| '''aehārit''' They want to love me
| '''aehātatz''' They can love me
| '''aehāvī''' They loved me
| '''aehēvī''' They should have loved me
| '''aehāruī''' They wanted to love me
| '''aehātāvī''' They could have loved me
|-
! Middle
| '''aehor''' I love
| '''aeheō''' I should love
| '''aehārō''' I want to love
| '''aehātor''' I can love
| '''aehāvō''' I loved
| '''aehēvō''' I should have loved
| '''aehāruō''' I wanted to love
| '''aehātāvō''' I could have loved
|-
! Passive
| '''aehālō''' I am loved
| '''aehēlō''' I should be loved
| '''aehārēlō''' I want to be loved
| '''aehātālō''' I can be loved
| '''aehāvēlō''' I was loved
| '''aehēvēlō''' I should have been loved
| '''aehāruēlō''' I wanted to be loved
| '''aehātāvēlō''' I could have been loved
|-
! Causative
| '''aehātitz''' They let me love them
| '''aehātiat''' They should let me love them
| '''aehātīrit''' They want to let me love them
| '''aehāssītatz''' They can let me love them
| '''aehātīvī''' They have let me love them
| '''aehātiāvī''' They should have let me love them
| '''aehātīruī''' They wanted to let me love them
| '''aehāssītāvī''' They could have let me love them
|}

==== Conjugation formation ====

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:100%; overflow:auto;">
<div style="font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;"> Conjugation formation </div>
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | {{gcl|IPFV|}}
! colspan ="2" | A-grade
! colspan="2" | I-grade
! colspan="2" | E-grade
! colspan ="2" | Null-grade
|-
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|ACT|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-iā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ār-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er/īr-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er/īr-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā/ītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā/ītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|MID|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ī-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-iā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ār-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er/īr-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er/īr-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā/ītā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā/ītā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|PAS|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ī-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-iā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ār-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er/īr-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er/īr-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā/ītā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā/ītā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|CAUS|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itī/ītī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itī/ītī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itiā/ītiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itiā/itiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itier/ītier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itier/ītier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-āsītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-issītā/īsītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-issītā/īsītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-issītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | {{gcl|PFV|}}
! colspan ="2" | A-grade
! colspan="2" | I-grade
! colspan="2" | E-grade
! colspan ="2" | Null-grade
|-
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|ACT|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/āv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/īv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/ēv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/ēv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/iāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/eāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-āru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru/īru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru/īru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv/ītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv/ītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|MID|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/āv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/īv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/ēv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/ēv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/iā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/eā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-āru-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru/īru-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru/īru-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv/ītāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv/ītāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|PAS|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/āv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/īv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/ēv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/ēv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/iāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/eā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-āru-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru/īru-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru/īru-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv/ītāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv/ītāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|CAUS|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itīv/ītīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itīv/ītīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itiāv/ītiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itiāv/itiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itieru/ītieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itieru/ītieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-āsītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-issītāv/īsītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-issītāv/īsītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-issītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|}
</div></div>

====Principle Parts====
The verb in Aeranir is primarily made of three parts: '''root''', '''theme''', and '''ending''', with an optional forth category, the '''suffix''', for forming the perfective. The root and theme combine to form the '''stem'''. The root carries the semantic content of the word, and can also be conjugated to carry modal imformation. The theme describes how the stem interacts with the ending, and can also be changed, along with the stem and endings, to express a variety of different grammatical meanings. Endings indicate the voice, aspect, person, number, and gender of the most oblique argument in the DGA scheme.
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Basic verb endings
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="3" |
! colspan="2" | Active
! colspan="2" | Middle
! colspan="2" | Passive
|-
! Imperfective
! Perfective
! Imperfective
! Perfective
! Imperfective
! Perfective
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="5" | Singular
! colspan="2" | 1st Person
| ''-itz/-it''
| ''-ī''
| ''-or/-ō''
| ''-ō''
| ''-ēlō''
| ''-ēlō''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | 2nd Person
| ''-in''
| ''-in''
| ''-istī''
| ''-ist''
| ''-ēlāstī''
| ''-ēlast''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="3" | 3rd Person
! ''temporary'' 
| ''-is''
| ''-is''
| ''-erur''
| rowspan="3" | ''-ere''
| ''-ēlārur''
| rowspan="3" | ''-ēlāre''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! ''cyclical'' 
| ''-a''
| ''-a''
| ''-era''
| ''-ēlāra''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! ''eternal'' 
| ''-ī''
| ''-e''
| ''-erur''
| ''-ēlārur''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="5" | Plural
! colspan="2" | 1st Person
| ''-imus''
| ''-ime''
| ''-imur''
| ''-imur''
| ''-ēlāmur''
| ''-ēlāme''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | 2nd Person
| ''-itis''
| ''-ite''
| ''-itur''
| ''-itur''
| ''-ēlātur''
| ''-ēlāte''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | 3rd Person
| ''-intz/-int''
| ''-int''
| ''-intur''
| ''-intur''
| ''-ēlantur''
| ''-ēlante''
|}
The way in which a verb will conjugate can be determined from how it forms the following five constructions:
#the active idicative imperfective first person singular
#the active imperfective accusative infinitive
#the active perfective participle
#the active desiderative imperfective first person singular
#the active indicative perfective first person singular
These five forms are refered to as a verb's ''reference forms''. They are often shortend to ''first person singular'' ({{Smallcaps|1p.sg}}), ''accusative infinitive'' ({{Smallcaps|acc.inf}}), ''perfective participle'' ({{Smallcaps|pfv.ptcp}}), ''desiderative first person singular'' ({{Smallcaps|des.1p.sg}}), and ''perfective first person singular'' ({{Smallcaps|pfv.1p.sg}}) respectively.

The first two of these reference forms determines a verb's '''base theme vowel''', or what vowel is used in its indicative imperfective forms. There are four main thematic classes; one weak or null class, wherein the ending is applied directly to the stem, and three strong classes, wherein a thematic vowel is inserted between the stem and the ending.
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Consonant stem changes
|-

!
! t-stem
! s-stem
|-
| ''-m-''
| → '''''-mpt-'''''
| rowspan="3" | → '''''-s-*'''''
|-
| ''-n-''
| → '''''-nt-'''''
|-
| ''-ñ-''
| → '''''-ñct-'''''
|-
| ''-p-''
| → '''''-pt-'''''
| → '''''-ps-'''''
|-
| ''-t-''
| rowspan="3" | → '''''-ss-''''' → '''''-s-'''''**
| rowspan="3" | → '''''-ss-''''' → '''''-s-'''''**
|-
| ''-tl-''
|-
| ''-tz-''
|-
| ''-c-''
| rowspan="2" | → '''''-ct-'''''
| rowspan="2" | → '''''-x-'''''
|-
| ''-cu-''
|-
| ''-q-''
| rowspan="2" | → '''''-qt-'''''
| rowspan="2" | → '''''-qs-'''''
|-
| ''-qu-''
|-
| ''-s-''
| → '''''-st-'''''
| → '''''-ss-''''' → '''''-s-'''''**
|-
| ''-r-''
| → '''''-st-''''' → '''''-s-'''''** → '''''-rt-'''''††
| → '''''-ss-''''' → '''''-s-'''''** → '''''-rr-'''''††
|-
| ''-l-''
| → '''''-s-'''''** → '''''-lt-'''''††
| → '''''-s-'''''** → '''''-ll-'''''††
|-
| ''-v-''
| → '''''-ut-'''''‡ → '''''-ct-'''''*†† → '''''-qt-'''''*††
| → '''''-ur-'''''‡ → '''''-x-'''''*†† → '''''-qs-'''''*††
|-
| ''-i-''
| rowspan="2" | → '''''-ct-'''''* → '''''-qt-'''''*††
| rowspan="2" | → '''''-x-'''''* → '''''-qs-'''''*††
|-
| ''-h-''
|-
| ''-V-''
| → '''''-Vt-'''''
| → '''''-Vr-'''''
|}

{| class="wikitable floatleft" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Theme-ending combination
|-
! rowspan="2" | ''Ending''
! colspan="3" | ''Theme''
|-
! ''-ā-''
! ''-ē-''
! ''-ī-''
|-
! ''-itz''
| → ''-atz''
| → ''-etz''
| → ''-itz''
|-
! ''-is''
| → ''-ās''
| → ''-ēs''
| → ''-īs''
|-
! ''-a''
| → ''-a''
| → ''-ea''
| → ''-ia''
|-
! ''-ī''
| → ''-ae''
| → ''-ī''
| → ''-ī''
|-
! ''-imus''
| → ''-āmus''
| → ''-ēmus''
| → ''-īmus''
|-
! ''-or''
| → ''-or''
| → ''-eor''
| → ''-ior''
|-
! ''-ēlō''
| → ''-ālō''
| → ''-ēlō''
| → ''-iēlō''
|}
The second two determine a verb's '''t-stem''' and '''s-stem'''. These stem alterations are used for further conjugation, the t-stem forming the ''active'' and ''middle perfective participles'', the ''causative voice'', and the ''potential mood'', and the s-stem forming the ''desiderative''. The t- and s-forms often are identical, however meaning is useally further differentiated by thematic vowels, so completely identical forms are rare.

The final form determines how a verb with form the perfective aspect. Generally, there are three main strategies for this: the application of suffix '''''-u-''''' directly after the stem (e.g. '''''{{term|oelitz}}''''' ("I work") → '''''oeluī''''' ("I worked")), the appication of the suffix '''''-v-''''' after a theme vowel (e.g. '''''{{term|aehatz}}''''' ("they love me") → '''''aehāvī''''' ("they loved me")), or no suffix, with lengthening of the root vowel (e.g. '''''{{term|lecitz}}''''' ("I choose") → '''''lēcī''''' ("I chose")). It should be noted that the perfective is always followed by weak endings.

Occassionally, a thematic vowel, weak or strong, may be inserted before the t- or s-stem. This is most common in verbs with a base thematic ''-ā-'', which often functions as a part of the stem (e.g. '''''aehatz''''' → '''''aehātus''''' ("that loved") '''''aehārit''''' ("they want to love me") vs. '''''{{term|mavatz}}''''' ("I wander") → '''''mautus''''' ("that wandered") '''''maurit''''' ("I want to wander)). This may occur with other theme classes, although it should be noted that ''-ē-'' is never used, and is always replaced with ''-ī-''.

===Aspect===
Aeranir verbs have two basic [[w:Grammatical aspect|aspects]], which express how the verb extends over time. Aspect differs from [[w:Grammatical tense|tense]] in that it deals with the completion or continuity of an action or state, rather than the absolute timeframe inwhich it took place. Each aspect may be in any [[w:Grammatical voice|voice]] and/or [[w:Grammatical mood|mood]]. Aspect is expressed primarily through endings, and secondarily through the suffix, as discussed above.
====Imperfective====
The [[w:Imperfective aspect|imperfective aspect]] describes a situation viewed with interior composition. It describes ongoing, habitual, or repeated situations, rather or not they occured in the past, present, or future. The imperfective aspect is considered the most basic, unmarked aspect of a verb. The stem is uninflected, and endings are attached directly to the verb's basic theme vowel.

====Pefective====
The [[w:Perfective aspect|perfective aspect]] in Aeranir describes situations viewed with exterior composition, which is to say actions which are completed and viewed as a unified whole, whether thet take place in the past present, or future, although this construction is very rarely used in for the future.

There are a variety of different strategies to form the perfective. Many of them involve the ''suffix'', which takes the form of ''-v-'' between vowels and ''-u-'' after consonants. All of them take the perfective endings.
:*Attachment of the suffix directly to the stem.
:::'''''{{term|mentitz}}''''' ("they are healing me") → '''''mentuī''''' ("they healed me")
:::'''''{{term|saepitz}}''''' ("they are cutting me") → '''''saepuī''''' ("they cut me")
:*Attachment of the suffix after base thematic vowel.
:::'''''{{term|sircuitz}}''''' ("they are speaking me") → '''''sircīvī''''' ("they spoke me")
:::'''''{{term|auhetz}}''''' ("they are looking at me") → '''''auhēvī''''' ("they looked at me")
:*No suffix; perfective endings attached directly to the stem, with root vowel lengthening.
:::'''''{{term|iuvatz}}''''' ("they are writing me") → '''''iūvī''''' ("they wrote me")
:::'''''{{term|vehitz}}''''' ("they are carrying me") → '''''vēhī''''' ("they carried me")

===Mood===
====Indicative====
The [[w:Indicative mood|indicative mood]] is the baseline grammatical mood in Aeranir. It is used in declarative statements, to express statements or facts, of what the speaker considers true or known. It is the least marked mood of a verb, taking endings directly to the base theme vowel, stem, or suffix.

====Subjunctive====
The [[w:Subjunctive mood|subjunctive mood]] ({{Smallcaps|subj}}) has numerous, but genreally speaking is used to express such nuances as 'would,' 'should,' or 'may.' It can be used to refer to information that the speaker is unsure about, such as hearsay, or for theoretical or hypotherical situations. It is often found in subordinate clauses, annd may be used for conditional statements (e.g. if..., when...).
{| class="wikitable floatleft" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Subjuntive theme changes
|-
! colspan="2" | Type
! Change
! Example
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Weak Verbs
| ''-ø-'' → '''''-ē-'''''
| ''meñitz'' → '''''meñet'''''
|-
| ''-ē-'' → '''''-ā-'''''
| ''meñēlō'' → '''''meñālō'''''
|-
! rowspan="4" | Strong Verbs
! a-stem 
| ''-ā-'' → '''''-ē-'''''
| ''aehatz'' → '''''aehet''''' ''aehālō'' → '''''aehēlō'''''
|-
! rowspan="2" | i-stem 
| ''-ī-'' → '''''-iā-'''''
| ''sēpitz'' → '''''sēpiat'''''
|-
| ''-iē-'' → '''''-iā-'''''
| ''sēpiēlō'' → '''''sēpiālō'''''
|-
! e-stem 
| ''-ē-'' → '''''-eā-'''''
| ''cōretz'' → '''''cōreat''''' ''cōrēlō'' → '''''cōreālō'''''
|}
=====Forming the subjunctive=====
The subjunctive is formed by shifting a verb's base theme vowel, as described by the table to the left. This shift happens after the stem, but may be either before or after the suffix, depending on whether or not there is a theme vowel before the suffix in the indicative. So the perfective of '''''aehēs''''' ("they should love it") is '''''aehēvis''''' (from indicative '''''aehāvis''''') but '''''sēpiās''''' ("they should cut it") is '''''sēpuēs''''' (from indicative '''''sēpuis'''''), not **''aehāvēs'' or **''sēpēvis''. Although these forms are occasionally found in non-standard writing, they are considered incorrect my grammaticians.

The imperfective subjunctive uses the 1st person sungular ''-it'' instead of ''-itz'', and ''-ō'' instead of ''-or'': '''''{{term|pacitz}}''''', '''''pacior''''' ("they take me, I take") become '''''paciat''''', '''''paciō''''' ("they should take me, I should take").

The 1st person subjunctive perfective in verbs that have no theme vowel before the suffix and does not extend the root vowel is identical to the indicative, and the mood must be inferred through conext: '''''saepuī''''' may be either "they cut me" or "They should cut me." The 3rd person active cyclical singulars in verbs with base theme vowels ''-ī-'' and ''-ē-'' are also identical, e.g. both '''''pacia''''' ("they take it/they should take it"), '''''auhea''''' ("they see it/they should see it").

=====Uses of the subjunctive=====
The subjunctive has numerous uses, ranging from what potentially might be true to what the speaker wishes or commands should happen. It is often translated with 'should', 'could', 'would', 'may' and so on, but in certain contexts it is translated as if it were an ordinary indicative verb.

One use of the subjunctive is the '''speculative subjunction''', used when the speaker imagines what potentially may, might, would, or could happen in the present or future or might have happened in the past. Negation for this type uses '''''{{term|mū}}'''''.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| auheārur seun oeliun stērē
| see-MID.SUBJ.3SG.E this-E.NOM.SG job-NOM.SG hard-ADV
|'This job ''seems'' difficult'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| moeiea Osculan tzānū salva
| please-SUBJ.3SG.C Little.Oscus-ACC.SG gift-ESS.SG book-NOM.SG
|'Little Oscus ''may'' like a book as a gift'}}

The subjunctive may also be used as the '''optative subjunctive''', expressing what the speaker wishes may happen, or wishes had happened. These expresses a weaker or more generalised desire, as opposed to the desiderative mood. Negation for this type uses '''''{{term|mū}}'''''.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ciāvis mū seus incerī pernus
| come-PFV.SUBJ.3SG.T NEG this-T.NOM.SG capital-DAT.SG storm-NOM.SG
|<nowiki>'</nowiki>''If only'' this storm hadn't come to the capital!'}}

The '''jussive subjunctive''' can be used for commands or suggestions for what should happen. It is less direct and far more common than the '''imperative'''. Negation for this type uses '''''{{term|mīm}}'''''.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ven hānō ē vecō veniennō
| go-SUBJ.2SG temple-DAT.SG against curse-DAT.SG win-GER-DAT
|<nowiki>'</nowiki>You ''should'' go to the temple to prevail against the curse'}}

Perhaps the most common use of the subjunctive is the '''conditional subjunctive'''. When the subjunctive is used in a subordinate clause (with the verb moving to the final position), it may carry the meaning 'if, when, should, etc..' This can be used both in finite verb forms, and with participles, the former being more popular in Old inscriptions and the later in Classical ones. Negation for this type uses '''''{{term|mīm}}'''''.

====Desiderative====
The desiderative is used primarily to express wants or desires. While the subjunctive may be used for this as well (see ''optative subjunctive''), the desiderative is considered less abstract or wishful, signalling concrete and actionable wants. It is formed from the s-stem of a verb, with no theme vowel between it and the ending, and using the secondary first person singular and third person plural markers (e.g. ''-it'' and ''-end'' vs. primary ''-itz'' and ''-entz''). Verbs generally follow three patterns to form the s-stem;

:*''-s-'' is appended to the root, causing no other alteration to the root.
::: '''''{{term|requitz}}''''' ("they return me") → '''''reqsit''''' ("they want to return me")
:::'''''{{term|saepitz}}''''' ("they are cutting me") → '''''saepsit''''' ("they want to cut me")
:*''-s-'' is appended after a theme vowel, causing ''-s-'' to become ''-r-''.
:::'''''{{term|sircuitz}}''''' ("they are speaking me") → '''''sircuerit''''' ("they want to speak me")
:::'''''{{term|auhetz}}''''' ("they are looking at me") → '''''auherit''''' ("they want to look at me")
:*''-s-'' is appended to the root, causing some alteration to the root, and perhaps the ''-s-'' augment as well.
:::'''''{{term|iuvatz}}''''' ("they are writing me") → '''''iūrit''''' ("they want to write me")
:::'''''{{term|mentitz}}''''' ("they are healing me") → '''''mēnsit''''' ("they want to heal me")

====Potential====
The '''potential mood''' indicates that, in the opinion of the speaker, one has the ability or capability to do something. It should not be confused with the [[w:Subjunctive mood|subjunctive mood]], which may be used to express that something is likely or possible to occur. The potential always deals with ability. It may be formed from the ''t-stem'' of a verb, plus the thematic vowel ''-a-'' (as opposed to the [[w:Causative|causative voice]], which is formed with the ''t-stem'' plus the thematic vowel ''-i-''). Like the desiderative, there are three main paradigms by which the ''t-stem'' of a verb is formed;

:*''-t-'' is appended to the root, causing no other alteration to the root.
::: '''''{{term|requitz}}''''' ("they return me") → '''''reqtatz''''' ("they can return me")
:::'''''{{term|saepitz}}''''' ("they are cutting me") → '''''saebtatz''''' ("they can cut me")
:*''-t-'' is appended after a theme vowel.
:::'''''{{term|sircuitz}}''''' ("they are speaking me") → '''''sircuitatz''''' ("they can speak me")
:::'''''{{term|auhetz}}''''' ("they are looking at me") → '''''auhitatz''''' ("they can look at me")
:*''-t-'' is appended to the root, causing some alteration to the root, and perhaps the ''-t-'' augment as well.
:::'''''{{term|iuvatz}}''''' ("they are writing me") → '''''iūtatz''''' ("they can write me")
:::'''''{{term|mentitz}}''''' ("they are healing me") → '''''mēnsatz''''' ("they can heal me")

It should be noted that in the causative voice of the potential mood, the first ''-t-'' augment often dissimilates to ''-s/ss-'';

*'''''auhititz''''' ("they let me look at it") → ''**auhitītatz'' → '''''auhissītatz''''' ("they can let me look at it")
*'''''reqtitz''''' ("they let me return it") → ''**reqtītatz'' → '''''reqsītatz''''' ("they can let me return it")

===Voice===
====Active====
====Middle====
The '''middle voice''' (also called the [[w:Mediopassive voice|mediopassive voice]]) is in the middle between the active and the passive voices, as the subject often cannot be categorised as either agent or patient but may have elements of both. The middle voice is usually inherently intransitive, and transitive or ditransitive verbs conjugated into the middle voice usually become intransitive themselves. It is formed by attaching the '''middle verb endings''' to the root of a verb.

The meaning of a verb in the middle voice often depends on the context of the sentence and the lexical properties of the word itself. In its most basic sense, it may be used simply as a valancy decreasing operation. As transitive verbs require an object in the active voice (because transitive verbs must agree with the object), the middle voice may be used merely to omit an object, to highlight the subject or some other part of the sentence, or to simply make a blanket statement.

* '''''aehatz''''' 'they love me' (''active'') → '''''aehor''''' 'I love' (''middle'')
* '''''lecis''''' 'theyi choose themj' (''active'') → '''''lecerur''''' 'theyj choose' (''middle'')

[[w:Animacy|Animacy]] can play a major role in the meaning of a verb in the middle voice. Verbs with more animate subjects, such as people, animals, gods, etc., may be interpreted as more towards an active meaning, whilst less animate subjects, like inanimate objects or possessions, may be interpreted as more passive in meaning.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| auhērur seus ars
| see-MID.3SG.T this-T.NOM.SG wumbo-NOM.SG
|'That wumbo sees'
|c1 = (''more animate'')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| auhēra sea salva
|see-MID.3SG.C this-C.NOM.SG book-NOM.SG
|'That book is seen'
|c1 = (''less animate'')}}

Sometimes, it may have a '''reflexive''' meaning, or the sense of doing something for ones own benefit.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| vascit vominis
|wash-ACT.1SG river-LOC.SG
|'They wash me in a river'
|c1 = (''active voice'')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| vascor vominis
|wash-MID.1SG river-LOC.SG
|'I washed (myself) in a river'
|c1 = (''middle voice'')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| hastās Oscus aprun
|sacrifice-ACT.3SG.T Oscus-NOM.SG fish-ACC.SG
|'Oscus sacrificed a fish'
|c1 = (''active voice'')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| hastārur Oscus aprōrun
|sacrifice-MID.3SG.T Oscus-NOM.SG fish-INSTR.SG
|'Oscus sacrificed a fish (for their benefit)'
|c1 = (''middle voice'')}}

Another important use of the middle voice is the '''experiential middle voice'''. When used with sensory verbs the middle voice may be used to differentiate experiential, nonvolitional sensation (''see, hear, smell, feel, know, etc.''), as opposed to active, volitional sensation (''look, listen, sniff, touch, understand, etc.'') Often times, the object of the sensory verb will be expressed using an oblique case, usually the ablative.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ȳrēs te ponun carīnī hellē
|hear/listen-ACT.3SG.T <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG.NOM voice-ACC.SG friend-GEN.SG happily
|'I like to listen to (my) friend's voice'
|c1 = (''active voice'')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ȳreor ponā carīnī hellē
|hear/listen-MID.1SG voice-ABL.SG friend-GEN.SG happily
|'I like to hear (my) friend's voice'
|c1 = (''middle voice'')}}

The middle voice may also be used with a variety of verbal compliments—usually adverbs—which describe the quality of the subject, or the result of the action. Often times such constructions may be expressed in English as ''adjective to verb'', e.g. 'easy to love'.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| qurrera salva hēs collēcta aplīdiāna iūs
| read-MID.3SG.C book-NOM.SG matters-NOM.SG gather-PFV.PTCP-C.NOM.SG of_Avrid-C.NOM.SG well
|'The book "Collected Matters of Avrid" is a good read' (lit. '~reads well')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| taetuere tīn īvīs lȳrīs saltīs ni fictun satun iūs
| drink-PFV.MID.3SG.E tea-NOM.SG 1PL.PRO-DAT time-LOC.SG pass-PFV.PTCP-T.LOC.SG 2SG<nowiki>=</nowiki> make-PFV.PTCP-E.NOM.SG pour-PFV.PTCP-E.NOM.SG well
|'The tea you made us last time was delicious' (lit. '~drank well')}}

====Passive====
The '''[[w:Passive voice|passive voice]]''' in Aeranir shares many traits with the middle voice, and often times the distinction between the two can be subtle, nuanced, or obscure. The passive was rare in Old Aeranir and even in the Classical period remained unusual, with the middle voice still preferred for passive clauses. It only began to rise in popularity in Late Aeranir. In its most basic form, the grammatical subject ([[w: Nominative case|nominative]] argument) expresses the theme or [[w:Grammatical patient|patient]] of the main verb – that is, the person or thing that undergoes the action or has its state changed. This is opposed to the [[w:Active voice|active voice]], where the nominative argument expresses the agent of a transitive clause or subject of an intransitive one, and the [[w:Voice (grammar)#Middle|middle voice]], which has traits of both.

=====Uses of the passive=====
Unlike the middle voice, the passive is not used for verbal complements, and it cannot take the agent of a verb as its subject. It is never used in verbal complements.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| taeterur seun tīn iūs
|drink-MID.3SG.E this-E.NOM.SG tea-NOM.SG well
|'This tea tastes good' (lit. 'it drinks well')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| taetēlārur seun tīn iūs
|drink-PAS.3SG.E this-E.NOM.SG tea-NOM.SG well
|'This tea is drunk often'}}

While the agent may be dropped in a passive clause, it may also be included, using the [[w:Ablative case|ablative case]].

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| praestrōcuēlāre ūlun Cavā Īliānā hānun
|rebuild-PFV.PAS.3SG.E yonder-E.NOM.SG Cava-ABL.SG Ilianus-C.ABL.SG temple-NOM.SG
|'This temple was rebuilt by Cava Iliana'}}

The passive can also be especially with intransitive verbs to form denote an '''unspecified/generic subject'''. This structure may is used to make general statements or observations. Negation for this type uses '''''{{term|mū}}'''''.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| miquientur
|die-MID.3PL.T
|'They are dead/dying.'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| miquiēlantur
|die-PAS.3PL.T
|'There are people dead/dying'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| mūhera (sea) artina inceris alta
|not.enough-MID.3SG.C (this-C.NOM.SG) wumbo-DAT.PL capital-GEN.SG water-NOM.SG
|'This is not enough water for the people of the capital'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| mūhēlāra artina inceris alta
|not.enough-PAS.3SG.C wumbo-DAT.PL capital-GEN.SG water-NOM.SG
|'There is not enough water for the people of the capital'}}

Similarly, the passive can be used to form the ''aversive passive'', denoting an undesirable event or outcome. The affecting action may happen directly to the subject, or to another person or thing.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| cōmerī requintus furuēlō sopere
|home-DAT return-IPFV.PTCP-T.NOM.SG fall-PFV.PAS.1SG snow-ABL.SG
|'Walking home I got snowed on'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| miquīvēlast apiesterā
| die-PFV-PAS.2SG master-ABL.SG
|'Your master has died on you' (i.e., died and it negatively affects you)}}

In some uses of the aversive passive, the subject of the sentence may be difficult to ascertain. For example, the sentence '''''furuī pālā''''' 'I fell from the tree' can be expressed in using the aversive passive, because the action is undesirable. However, the straight aversive passive, '''''furuēlō pālā''''', is ambiguous; it could mean either 'I fell from the tree' (using the ''ablative of motion'') or 'The tree fell on me' (using the ''agentive ablative'').

In the first interpretation, the first person argument is the semantic subject of the clause, whilst in the second it is the tree. In order to emphasise that the semantic subject and syntactic arguments are the same (i.e. it is ''I'' who fell from the tree), the reflexive pronoun ''cē'' may be used; e.g. ''furuī pālā'' ('I fell from the tree') → '''''furuēlō cē pālā''''' ('I fell from the tree, and it negatively affected me' ''lit.'' 'I fell myself from the tree').

====Causative====
===Non-finite forms===
====The infinitive====
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Aeranir infinitives
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" | Imperfective
! colspan="3" | Perfective
|-
! accusative
! oblique
! meaning
! accusative
! oblique
! meaning
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Active
| '''''aehāhan''''' ''-han''
| '''''aehāri''''' ''-ri''
| ''to love (someone)''
| '''''aehāhī''''' ''-hī''
| '''''aehārī''''' ''-rī''
| ''to have loved (someone)''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Middle
| '''''aehāssi''''' ''-ssi''
| '''''aehāiēs''''' ''-iēs''
| ''to love''
| '''''aehāssī''''' ''-ssī''
| '''''aehāiērī''''' ''-iērī''
| ''to have loved''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Passive
| '''''aehātus sinhan''''' ''{{Smallcaps|PFV.PTCP}} + sinhan''
| '''''aehātus fiēs''''' ''{{Smallcaps|PFV.PTCP}} + fiēs''
| ''to be loved''
| '''''aehātus fūhī''''' ''{{Smallcaps|PFV.PTCP}} + fūhī''
| '''''aehātus fiērī''''' ''{{Smallcaps|PFV.PTCP}} + fiērī''
| ''to have been loved''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Causative
| '''''aehātīhan''''' ''-tīhan''
| '''''aehātīri''''' ''-tīri''
| ''to make (someone) love (someone)''
| '''''aehātīhī''''' ''-tīhī''
| '''''aehātīrī''''' ''-tīrī''
| ''to have made (someone) love (someone)''
|}
=====Uses of the infinitive=====
The infinitive in Aeranir can be used to report indirect speech, hearsay, speculation, or sensation.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| pēra tihī incerī ni cīhī
| pass-PFV.3SG.C 1SG.PRO-DAT capital-DAT.SG 2SG<nowiki>=</nowiki> come-PFV.INF
|'They told me that you'd come to the capital'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ȳrēva te Mussā Limī carīnōvus quo neme cōmus strōcēhan
| hear-PFV.3SG.C <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG Mussa-ABL.SG Limius-GEN.SG friend-GEN.PL <nowiki>=</nowiki>and newly home-ACC.SG build-INF
|'I heard from Mussa that Limius and their friends are building a new house'}}

==== The gerund ====
The gerund in Aeranir is a infinite verb form which displays characteristics of both a noun and a verb. It declines for a limited scope of cases (although not for gender nor number), but can take object and adjunct arguments like a verb. It usually has an adverbial/adjectival meaning, and never agrees with the main verb.
===== Forming the gerund =====
* Null-grade verbs: {{gcl|ROOT|root}}''-innū''; e.g. ''taetihan'' ('to drink') → '''''taetinnū''''' ('whilst drinking').
* A-grade verbs: {{gcl|ROOT|root}}''-annū''; e.g. ''iuvāhan'' ('to write') → '''''iuvannū''''' ('whilst writing').
* I-grade verbs: {{gcl|ROOT|root}}''-iennū''; e.g. ''cītīhan'' ('to cut') → '''''cītiennū''''' ('whilst cutting').
* E-grade verbs: {{gcl|ROOT|root}}''-ennū''; e.g. ''aquēhan'' ('to be open') → '''''aquennū''''' ('whilst open').

===== Uses of the gerund =====
The meaning of the gerund changes depending on its case. The essive and locative can be used to indicate temporal action in relation to the main action of a sentence. The essive indicates simultaneous action, i.e. two actions that cooccur. This may be relayed in English via the conjunction 'whilst.'

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| murran travannū pērintur pāliō mater
| wall-ACC.SG walk-GER.ESS converse.PFV-MID.3PL governor-NOM.SG senator-NOM.SG
|'Whilst they walked along the wall, the governor and senator conversed'}}

This overlaps with certain uses of the imperfective participle (see [[Aeranir#Uses of the participle|§ uses of the participle]]), e.g. ''murran travantur pērintur pāliō mater'' is synonymous with the above example. In contrast, the locative gerund is used to show actions beginning at the same time. This may be relayed with English 'when' or 'as.'

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| pāsillan cītiennīs auhēva sartī tūī cōrēssī
| fireword-ACC.SG cut-GER.LOC see-PFV-C.3SG knife-GEN.SG mine-T.GEN.SG break-PFV.MID.ACC.INF
|'As I (began to) cut the firewood, I saw that my knife was broken'}}

This differs from usage of the perfective participle, which signals the main action starting at the end of the dependant one, i.e. ''pāsillan cīsus auhēva sartī tūī cōrēssī'' 'having cut the firewood I saw that my knife was broken.'

In addition, the essive gerund may be used with the verb ''rēhan'' ('to do') in order to express an attempt, goal, or aim. In the perfective aspect, this is usually interpreted as a failed attempt.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| rēvō salvan ā vitlās Īliānōvus iuvannū
| do-PFV-MID.1SG book-ACC.SG over life-ABL.PL Ilian-GEN.PL write-GER.ESS
|'I tried (but failed) to write a book about the lives of the Ilians.'}}

The genitive and dative cases of the gerund are used to express aim, goal, or purpose. The genitive gerund marks the purpose or use of a noun, whilst the dative gerund marks the purpose of a verb or action.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| pea cūran vecunt inceris moñennī
| grow-C.3SG herb-ACC.SG illness-ACC.PL head-GEN.SG heal-GER.GEN
|'They grow an herb for healing illnesses of the head'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| serue te Caescārin mumae ūī sihinnō pāliōna
| order-PFV.E.3SG <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG Caescar-ACC.SG mother-ACC.PL their-T.ACC.PL sate-GER.DAT post-DAT.PL
|'I ordered Caescar to the boarder to appease their parents'}}

Furthermore, the dative gerund may be used with the middle voice of the verb ''rēhan'' ('to do') in a similar way to the essive, however in this case denoting intent, plans, will, or conjecture.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| reor cartō cur Mussiō vannō
| do-MID.1SG dance-DAT.SG with Mussius-DAT.SG go-GER-DAT
|'I intend to go to the dance with Mussius'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| reāvere seō scericca ciennō
| do-MID.SUBJ.PFV-3SG this-DAT.SG undertaker-NOM.SG come-GER-DAT
|'The undertaker should have come here (they planned to do so)'}}

The ablative and instrumental cases of the gerund can be used to express cause, i.e. 'by doing x,' or 'because x.' The ablative generally marks unintentional or natural causes, whilst the instrumental marks intentional cause.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| tlānae ustae quo peannā rēve cōmus pūterē
| flower-ACC.PL that(medial)-C.ACC.PL <nowiki>=</nowiki>and plant-GER-ABL do-PFV-E.3SG house-ACC.SG beautiful-ADV
|'By planting all these flowers you've made the house beautiful'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ustam prī tētē harēnam matrī iminnōrun restērāvist pāliōnū gaeticae
| that(medial)-C.ACC.SG before 1SG-ABL paper-ACC.SG senator-DAT.SG send-GER-INSTR assure-PFV-MID.2SG governor-ESS.SG Gaetica-GEN.SG
|'By sending the senator that letter before me, you've assured your place as governor of Gaetica'}}

==Semantics==
=== Temporal expressions ===

The ancient Aerans divided the day from noon to noon into one hundred '''''lammar''''' (sg. ''lamma'') of equal length, roughly 14.4 minutes long. The daytime was divided into sixteen '''''lȳrar''''' (sg. ''lȳra''), and night into four or five '''''volar''''' (sg. ''vola'') depending on the season. Time was kept on a device called a '''''lammāriun''''', a type of clock. Early ''lammāriunt'' only measured ''lammar'', and one had to consult an almanac ('''''lȳrāriun''''') to determine the length and starting time of each ''lȳra'' or ''vola'' on a given day.

The verb '''''spurhan''''' ('to hang (trans.)') is used to denote spending or taking time;

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| spurra sau īma lamma āmātiō vannō
| hang-MID.C.3SG only one-C.NOM.SG lamma-NOM.SG market-DAT.SG go-GER-DAT
| 'It only takes one ''lamma'' to get to the market'}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| qurrintus spūrint te volae mōrī
| read-PTCP-T.NOM.SG hang.PFV-3PL <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG vola-ACC.PL three-C.ACC.PL
| 'I spent three ''volar'' reading'}}

To denote the amount of time spent on an action, without regard for whether or not the activity was completed or reached its end goal (i.e. atelic action) the essive case is used. To signify the amount of time spent or necessary to spend to complete an activity (i.e. telic action) the instrumental case is used.

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| iūvint te harēnae īmau lȳrau
| write.PFV-3PL <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG letter-ACC.SG one-C.ESS.SG lyra-ESS.SG
| 'I wrote letters for an hour'}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| iūva te harēna īmārun lȳrārun
| write.PFV-C.3SG <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG letter-ACC.SG one-C.INSTR.SG lyra-INSTR.SG
| 'I wrote the letter in an hour'}}

=== Possession ===

There are a number of different strategies in Aeranir to signify possession. Aeranir lacks a [[w:Possession_(linguistics)#Possession_verbs|possession verb]] analogous to English 'to have,' and instead usually signifies possession through different types of [[w:Existential_clause|existential clauses]]. For example, the sentence 'I have a friend' can be expressed by the sentence '''''ēs carīnus tihī''''', which literally means 'there is a friend to me.'

The case of the possessor changes depending its relationship with the possessed:

* '''Locative case''': used for personal possessions that are currently on the person;

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| ēs iarius taurātīs
| COP-T.3SG spear-NOM.SG soldier-LOC.SG
|'The soldier has a spear (on them)'
|c2 = ''lit. 'at the soldier is a spear<nowiki>'</nowiki>''}}

* '''Dative case''': used for personal possessions that are not currently on the person, or for affiliation with persons or people;

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| sintz iariur vulhur taurātiō
| COP-T.3PL spear-NOM.PL many-T.NOM.PL soldier-DAT.SG
|'The soldier has many spears (at home)'
|c2 = ''lit. 'to the soldier are many spears<nowiki>'</nowiki>''}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| sintz menterur tihī octzuin
| COP-T.3PL sibling-NOM.PL 1SG-DAT six
|'I have six siblings'
|c2 = ''lit. 'to me are six siblings<nowiki>'</nowiki>''}}

* '''Ablative case''': used for parts of a whole, or body parts;

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| sī incus iūrun nēnē
| COP-E.3SG head-NOM.SG good-E.NOM.SG 1SG-ABL
|'You have a good head (i.e. are smart)'
|c2 = ''lit. 'from you is a good head<nowiki>'</nowiki>''}}

For metaphorical possession or possession of abstract concepts, such as leadership, power, knowledge, etc., any of these three may be used, for different rhetorical purposes. For example, using the locative implies an immediacy to the possession; that it is in hand, ready to be used. Using the dative implies that the possession is not immediate, but rather something that can be drawn upon, perhaps too vast to 'carry' on one person. This can be more humble or polite than the locative. Using the locative implies that the trait is a fundamental, inalienable, and inherent part of the possessor, rather than something gained or worked for.

=== Conditionals ===

Aeranir has a number of ways of expressing [[w:Conditional sentence|conditional sentences]], depending on the type of condition, as well as the register of speech. Colloquial or spontaneous speech tends to favour the use of finite dependant clauses for the '''''protasis''''' (conditional clause, as opposed to the '''''apodosis''''', or consequence), where as practiced or refined speech, or writing, tend to favour non-finite dependant clauses (this represents a general trend in writing to 'nominalise' all but the most central verb in a sentence, and sometimes the central verb too is made non-finite).

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| sopis furea requeō cōmerī
| snow-NOM.SG fall-SUBJ.C.3SG return-MID.SUBJ.1SG home-DAT.SG
|'If it snows I'm going home'
|c1 = ''(more informal)''}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| soperis furentīs requeō cōmerī
| snow-GEN.SG fall-SUBJ.PTCP-T.LOC.SG return-MID.SUBJ.1SG home-DAT.SG
|'If it snows I'm going home'
|c1 = ''(more formal)''}}

When a non-finite clause is used for a conditional, the verb of the ''protasis'' usually appears in the locative case (an expression of ''time-is-space'' metaphor), unless the two clauses share an argument (e.g. subject, object, etc.) in which case the ''protasis'' takes the same case marking as the shared argument.

Conditional sentences in Aeranir are formed purely through juxtaposition—that is, the placing of two clauses side by side, the verb of the ''protasis'' moved to clause-final position or put into a non-finite form to mark it as dependant. No conjunctive particles like 'if' or 'when' are required. The ''protasis'' takes the subjunctive mood, whilst the mood of the ''apodosis'' indicates the certainty of the conclusion. Aspect, meanwhile, can be used to indicate the certainty of the condition. This distinction may be approximated in English by 'if' versus 'when'

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+ Mood and aspect of conditional sentences
|-
!
! ''Protasis'' certain
! ''Protasis'' uncertain
|-
! ''Apodosis'' certain
| if [''perfective aspect''] then [''indicative mood''] e.g. ''intlae furītīs mollintz tahrer''—'when it rains, the shingles will leak'
| if [''imperfective aspect''] then [''indicative mood''] e.g. ''intlae furentīs mollintz tahrer''—'if it rains, the shingles will leak'
|-
! ''Apodosis'' uncertain
| if [''perfective aspect''] then [''subjunctive mood''] e.g. ''intlae furītīs mollent tahrer''—'when it rains, the shingles might leak'
| if [''imperfective aspect''] then [''subjunctive mood''] e.g. ''intlae furentīs mollent tahrer''—'if it rains, the shingles might leak'
|}

== Numbers ==
<div style="overflow:auto">
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Aeranir numbers 1-400
|-
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
|-
! 1
| ''īmus''
| ''prīstus''
| ''temper''
! 11
| ''īnhīntur''
| ''īnhīnsus''
| ''īnhīntin''
! 21
| ''calhier īmus''
| ''calhitus prīstus''
| ''calhin temper''
! 120
| ''octzāculhier''
| ''octzāculhitus''
| ''octzāculhin''
|-
! 2
| ''sēr''
| ''metzumnus''
| ''vēriēs''
! 12
| ''verhīntur''
| ''verhīnsus''
| ''verhīntin''
! 22
| ''calhier sēr''
| ''calhitus metzumnus''
| ''calhin vēriēs''
! 140
| ''nāculhier''
| ''nāculhitus''
| ''nāculhin''
|-
! 3
| ''morier''
| ''moritus''
| ''moriēs''
! 13
| ''prōhīntur''
| ''prōhīnsus''
| ''prōhīntin''
! 30
| ''calhier qehentzier''
| ''calhitus qehēnsus''
| ''calhin qehen''
! 160
| ''nāquenculhier''
| ''nāquenculhitus''
| ''nāquenculhin''
|-
! 4
| ''quatlur''
| ''quallus''
| ''quatziēs''
! 14
| ''quatlāhīntur''
| ''quatlāhīnsus''
| ''quatlāhīntin''
! 40
| ''verculhier''
| ''verculhitus''
| ''verculhin''
! 180
| ''nātlicculhier''
| ''nātlicculhitus''
| ''nātlicculhin''
|-
! 5
| ''quiquier''
| ''quiqtus''
| ''quiquin''
! 15
| ''quihīntur''
| ''quihīnsus''
| ''quihīntin''
! 50
| ''verculhier qehentzier''
| ''verculhitus qehēnsus''
| ''verculhin qehen''
! 200
| ''tammīttler''
| ''tammīttus''
| ''tammīttziēs''
|-
! 6
| ''octzuer''
| ''octzūmus''
| ''octzuin''
! 16
| ''octzāhīntur''
| ''octzāhīnsus''
| ''octzāhīntin''
! 60
| ''prōculhier''
| ''prōculhitus''
| ''prōculhin''
! 220
| ''tammīttler calhier''
| ''tammīttus calhitus''
| ''tammīttziēs calhin''
|-
! 7
| ''nāier''
| ''nāntus''
| ''nāhin''
! 17
| ''nāhīntur''
| ''nāhīnsus''
| ''nāhīntin''
! 70
| ''prōculhier qehentzier''
| ''prōculhitus qehēnsus''
| ''prōculhin qehen''
! 240
| ''tammīttler verculhier''
| ''tammīttus verculhitus''
| ''tammīttziēs verculhin''
|-
! 8
| ''nāquemur''
| ''nāquemmus''
| ''nāquemin''
! 18
| ''sērēsculhier''
| ''sērēsculhitus''
| ''sērēsculhin''
! 80
| ''quatlāculhier''
| ''quatlāculhitus''
| ''quatlāculhin''
! 260
| ''tammīttler prōculhier''
| ''tammīttus prōculhitus''
| ''tammīttziēs prōculhin''
|-
! 9
| ''nātlittzier''
| ''nātlittzitus''
| ''nātlittzin''
! 19
| ''īmāculhier''
| ''īmāculhitus''
| ''īmāculhin''
! 90
| ''quatlāculhier qehentzier''
| ''quatlāculhitus qehēnsus''
| ''quatlāculhin qehen''
! 280
| ''tammīttler quatlāculhier''
| ''tammīttus quatlāculhitus''
| ''tammīttziēs quatlāculhin''
|-
! 10
| ''qehentzier''
| ''qehēnsus''
| ''qehen''
! 20
| ''calhier''
| ''calhitus''
| ''calhin''
! 100
| ''quicculhier''
| ''quicculhitus''
| ''quicculhin''
! 400
| ''mīttler''
| ''mīttus''
| ''mīttziēs''
|}
</div>

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Aeranir numbers 400-3,200,000
|-
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
|-
! 800
|
|
|
! 16,000
|
|
|
! 320,000
|
|
|
|-
! 1,200
|
|
|
! 24,000
|
|
|
! 480,000
|
|
|
|-
! 1,600
|
|
|
! 32,000
|
|
|
! 640,000
|
|
|
|-
! 2,000
|
|
|
! 40,000
|
|
|
! 800,000
|
|
|
|-
! 2,400
|
|
|
! 48,000
|
|
|
! 960,000
|
|
|
|-
! 2,800
|
|
|
! 56,000
|
|
|
! 1,120,000
|
|
|
|-
! 3,200
|
|
|
! 64,000
|
|
|
! 1,280,000
|
|
|
|-
! 3,600
|
|
|
! 72,000
|
|
|
! 1,440,000
|
|
|
|-
! 4,000
|
|
|
! 80,000
|
|
|
! 1,600,000
|
|
|
|-
! 8,000
|
|
| ''attuin''
! 160,000
|
|
| ''ōtlua attuin''
! 3,200,000
|
|
| ''octzuō''
|}

==Late Aeranir inovations==
===Applicative voices===
Whilst Classical Aeranir was more permissive of adding additional arguments to a clause, so long as the verb's core transitivity were met. Late Aeranir, however, tended to be more restrictive, and required valency increasing operations to express benefactive, comitative, and locative meanings. These applicative morphemes take the form of verbal prefixes.

==Lexicon==

''[[:Category:Aeranir_words|Aeranir Lexicon]]''.

==Footnotes==

[[Category:Aeranir]]
[[Category:Maro-Ephenian Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Avrid]]

Tevrés

2020-07-08T17:00:44Z

Gaffney.flancer: /* Articles */

{{construction}}
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right;" width="35%"
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#E25822; font-size:2em;" | '''''Tevrés''''' '''''hilerán • lla iveta tevressa'''''
|-
| '''Spoken in:''' || [[History of Avrid#Tevrén|Tevrén]]
|-
| '''Conworld:''' || [[History of Avrid|Avrid]]
|-
| '''Total Speakers:''' || ~ 12,000,000 (83 CA)
|-
| '''Genealogical classification:'''
| [[Proto-Maro-Ephenian]]    - [[Aeranir]]       '''''- Tevrés'''''
|-
| '''Basic word order:''' || [[w:V2 word order|V2]]
|-
| '''Morphological Type:''' || Fusional
|-
| '''Morphosyntactic Alignment:''' || Southern Aeranid Alignment
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#E25822; font-size:18px;" | '''Created by:'''
|-
| Gaffney McCoy Flancer || Began: January 2020 Status: In Progress
|-
|}

'''Tevrés''' (/tevˈɾes̺/), also known as '''Hilerán''' (/ileˈɾãn/), or the '''Tevren Language''' (''lla iveta tevressa'') is an ''a priori'' artistic [[w:Constructed language|constructed language]] created for the home-brew [[w:Dungeons and Dragons|Dungeons and Dragons]] campaign setting [[History of Avrid|Avrid]]. It serves as a ''lingua franca'' throughout the Kingdom of Tevrén, and is a southern Aeranid language derived from the prestige dialect of Çien-a-Tevrén, a region in northwest Hileria. It is used by the self identified Aerans of Hileria and subjects of the Crown of Tevrén, and came into use after the Hilerian War of Reclamation against the [[History of Avrid#Fasser|Fasser Empire]]. It brings together several Hilero-Aeranid dialects, as well as some varieties considered languages in their own right, such as Ertrañán.

Tevrés is a member of the Hilero-Aeranid group of languages, which evolved from several dialects of Late Aeranir spoken in Hileria after the fall of the Aeranid Empire in the 12th century BCA. Tevrés began to blossom as a literary language in the 6th and 7th centuries BCA, mainly from southern port cities under Fasser control, such as Cotive and Ludd-as-Fasri'in. Modern Tevrés is most heavily influenced by these southern dialects and the dialects spoken around Çien-a-Tevrén to the north, especially after these two regions were united in 36 BCA into Tevrén Vuy.

The word ''tevrés'' descends from [[Coeñar_Aerānir|Aeranir]] ''tibōrissus'', referring to the ''Tibors'', an Anderian tribe which settled throughout Hileria in the wake of the Aeranid Empire, named after the river ''Tibus'', along which they settled. The Tibors also lent their name to Tevrén, from ''tibōrāniun''. All Hilero-Aeranid languages, including Ilesse, which is technically an Eastern-Aeranid language, are often colloquially referred to as ''tevrés''. The term ''hilerán'' is occasionally used for this purpose instead. The languages of Tevrén Vuy may be called ''lla iveta vuya'' (proper language), ''uy tevrés vuys'' (proper Tevrés), or ''vuyán'' in order to differentiate it from other ''hilerán'' languages.

==Phonology==

===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Consonant phonemes
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | Labial
! colspan="3" | Coronal
! rowspan="2" | Palatal or postalveolar
! rowspan="2" | Velar
|-
! Lamino- dental
! Apico- alveolar
! Lateral
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| m
|
| n
|
| ɲ
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" | Plosive
! voiceless
| p
| t̪
|
|
| tʃ
| k
|- style="text-align:center;"
! voiced
| b
| d̪
|
|
| ɟ
| g
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" | Fricative
! voiceless
| f
| s̻
| s̺
| ɬ
| colspan="2" | ʃ~x~h
|- style="text-align:center;"
! voiced
|
| z̻
| z̺
| ɮ
| colspan="2" | ʒ~ɣ~ɦ
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" | Rhotic
! trill
|
|
| r
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! tap
|
|
| ɾ
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Approximate
| (w)
|
|
| l
| ʎ
| (w)
|}

===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Vowel phonemes
|-
!
! Front
! Central
! Back
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Close
| i
|
| u
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Mid
| e
|
| o
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Open
|
| a
|
|}
=== Prosody ===
Tevrés is a [[w:Isochrony#Syllable timing|syllable-timed language]] with [[w:Stress (linguistics)#Phonemic stress|phonemic stress]]. This means that each syllable takes approximately the same amount of time, stressed or unstressed, vowels do not reduce in unstressed syllables, and that stress cannot be determined purely by phonological rules. However, stress does follow a few basic rules;
* If a polysyllabic word ends in a vowel or the consonants ''s'' or ''n'', the penultimate syllable is stressed; e.g. ''ve'''jar'''te'', ''morra'''jo'''ten''.
* If a polysyllabic word ends in any other consonants, the ultimate syllable is stressed; e.g. ''çi'''dej''''', ''sar'''cad'''''.
Stress in words that do not conform to these rules is indicated with an acute accent (e.g. ''ha'''rín'''''). Often these words descend from regular penultimately stressed words that lost a final ''e'' after a sonorant (e.g. ''ha'''rín''''' from old ''ha'''ri'''ne'', ''Tev'''rés''''' from old ''Tev'''re'''sse''), or from loanwords or learned Aeranisms (e.g. '''''Fá'''çar'' from ''Faṣr'', '''''á'''pico'' from ''apicor''). Sometimes, stress can have grammatical meaning, such as '''''lla'''vo'' ('I laugh') versus ''lla'''vó''''' ('I laughed').

=== Dialects ===

Due to centuries of separation, the culture of Tevrén between the north and the south form a stark contrast. This contrast is noticeable in many everyday aspects of life, including the way people speak. Southern dialects of Aeranir are considered to be 'softer' and 'more breathy' then harsher northern varieties. In addition, the language of the Court at Combrienes shows some novel innovation, merging [[w:Voice (phonetics)|voiced and voiceless]] [[w:Sibilant|sibilants]]. The following chart breaks down some of the key differences;

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Differences between northern and southern pronunciation
|-
! Letter
! Northern
! Southern
! Court
! Example
! rowspan="5" |
! Letter
! Northern
! Southern
! Court
! Example
|- style="text-align:center;"
! ç
| {{IPA-all|s̻|}}
| {{IPA-all|θ|}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA-all|z̻|}}
| ''çeña'' ('love')
! ł, łł*
| {{IPA-all|ɬ|}}
| {{IPA-all|ɕ|}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA-all|ɮ|}}
| ''łana'' ('flower')
|- style="text-align:center;"
! z
| {{IPA-all|z̻|}}
| {{IPA-all|ð|}}
| ''corezos'' ('counties')
! ł**
| {{IPA-all|ɮ|}}
| {{IPA-all|ʑ|}}
| ''veła'' ('life')
|- style="text-align:center;"
! s, ss*
| {{IPA-all|s̺|}}
| {{IPA-all|s|}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA-all|z̺|}}
| ''suel'' ('sky')
! x
| {{IPA-all|ʃ|}}
| {{IPA-all|h|}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA-all|ʒ|}}
| ''Moxa'' (a name)
|- style="text-align:center;"
! s**
| {{IPA-all|z̺|}}
| {{IPA-all|z|}}
| ''hormesos'' ('salves')
! j
| {{IPA-all|ʒ|}}
| {{IPA-all|ɦ|}}
| ''oveja'' ('talk')
|}
'''Notes:'''
* <nowiki>*</nowiki> the phonemes /s̺/ and /ɬ/ are written with doubled consonants ''ss'' and ''łł'' respectively between vowels.
* <nowiki>**</nowiki> the phonemes /z̺/ and /ɮ/ (written ''s'' and ''ł'') occur only between vowels, or next to a voiced consonant, and in some dialects word initially.

Speakers of northern Tevrés around the traditional homeland of the language, Çien-a-Tevrén, tend to realise all syllable final nasals as [ŋ], (e.g. ''Tevrén'' /tevˈɾen/: Northern {{IPA-all|tevˈɾẽŋ|}}, Southern {{IPA-all|tevˈɾẽn|}}; ''cantir'' /kanˈtiɾ/: Northern {{IPA-all|kãŋˈtiɾ|}}, Southern {{IPA-all|kãnˈtiɾ|}}). This trait is shared with the Hilero-Iscaric languages to the northwest of Çien-a-Tevrén, and may be an aerial feature.

==== Conflation of /l/ and /ɮ/ ====

Some speakers conflate /l/ and /ɮ/ into a single phoneme. The realisation of this phoneme varies, and different conditions provoking different allophones. In Velles this phoneme is realised as [l] word initially and before voiced obstruents, and [ɬ] word finally and before a voiceless obstruent, whilst in Hodén it is [l] word initially, [ɮ] between vowels and before voiced obstruents, and [ɬ] word finally and before a voiceless obstruent, and in Os Selum it is [ɬ] initially, finally, and before a voiceless obstruent, and [l] elsewhere.

==== Initial Sibilants ====

Voicing does not contrast amongst final and initial sibilant consonants in Tevrés. Final sibilants are almost always voiceless, although they are often voiced before other voiced consonants, and in some dialects they are voiced between vowels. Initial sibilants, however, are harder to generalise. There are two trends; either full voicing or full devoicing. This varies dialect to dialect, within dialects from village to village, and even from speaker to speaker. In dialects that have voiced initial sibilants and pronounce /z̻/ as [ð], such as the speech of Vazca, this phoneme is often completely conflated with /d/, appearing as [d] word initially and after nasals; e.g. ''della'' for ''çella'' ('cat').

==Nouns==
===Declension===
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+Class I noun endings
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | temporary
! colspan="2" | cyclical
|-
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | Direct-Genitive
| ''-e''
| ''-os''
| rowspan="3" | ''-a''
| ''-as''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | Accusative-Dative
| ''-o''
| ''-on''
| ''-an''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | Indirect-Ablative
| ''-a''
| ''-os''
| ''-as''
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+Class II noun endings
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | temporary
! colspan="2" | cyclical
|-
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | Direct-Genitive
| ''-Ø, -es, -s''
| ''-os''
| ''-Ø, -es, -s''
| ''-os''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | Accusative-Dative
| rowspan="2" | ''-e''
| ''-en''
| rowspan="2" | ''-e''
| ''-en''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | Indirect-Ablative
| ''-es''
| ''-es''
|}

===Case===

Case in Tevrés is a somewhat complex affair. There are three [[w:Grammatical case|noun cases]]; the direct-genitive, accusative-dative, and the indirect-ablative. These cases can occupy different [[w:Thematic relation|thematic relation]] based on the verb paradigm in use in a given clause, as well as whether or not the argument is a part of a verbs ''core valency''. Core valency is the minimum number of arguments a verb must take. Each case has a core use, defined by the first half of its name, and a non-core use, defined by the second. As stated, core uses deal with the noun's relation to the verb, whilst non-core uses tend to address a noun's relationship with other nouns.

==== Direct-genitive ====
The [[w:direct case|direct]]-[[w:genitive case|genitive]] case ({{interlinear|DIR}}) is used to mark the [[w:Subject (grammar)|subject]] of an [[w:Intransitive verb|intransitive verb]], the [[w:Agent (grammar)|agent]] of a [[w:Transitive verb|transitive verb]], or the donor of a [[w:Ditransitive verb|ditransitive verb]] for 3rd person arguments in the split verb paradigm, and 1st and 2nd person arguments in the nominative verb paradigm. That is, the person or thing that does the action of the verb.

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| uy cueres llavas
| DEF-T.DIR.SG count-DIR.SG laugh-IPFV.3SG.T
|'The count is laughing'}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| ul as pruviós llo gotejo
| DEF-T.DIR.SG wumbo-DIR.SG steal-PFV.3SG.T DEF-T.ACC.SG cap-ACC.SG
|'The wumbo stole the cap'}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| uy vuestre çón priezon llo riel
| DEF-T.DIR.SG elder-DIR.SG give-PFV.3PL pen-ACC.PL DEF-T.ACC.SG child-ACC.SG
|'The elder gave the child some pens'}}

It has another, albeit minor, role in the ergative verb paradigm, where it marks the patient of the verb. Because the ergative paradigm is triggered by a first or second person patient, this role is generally limited to the first and second persons pronouns. Furthermore, as Tevrés is heavily [[w:Pro-drop language|pro-drop]] these arguments are usually dropped. However, they can be reintroduced for emphasis, and when they are, they appear in the direct-genitive.

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| tego oyel lla harina
| 1SG-DIR.EMP see-ERG.1SG DEF-T.IND.SG priest-IND.SG
|'The priest sees me'}}

There are cases where this might be used by nouns other than the first and second person pronouns. The most common would be [[w:Apposition|appositive]] statements defining the first or second person.

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| tego uy res sevol nen ma
| 1SG-DIR DEF-T.DIR.SG king-DIR.SG kill-ERG.SUBJ.1SG 2SG-IND INTERR
| You would kill me, the king?}}

Some argue that this is not a true appositive, rather a genitive appositive as in Japanese or Ancient Greek. One piece of evidence that points to this theory is the fact that these require a personal pronoun, which is usually dropped. However, relative clauses modifying a first or second person patient can undeniably be said to have an patientive meaning, as they must agree with the head.

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| tego ne queñid sevol nen ma
| 1SG-DIR 2SG-ACC love-PFV.PTCP-T.DIR.SG kill-ERG.SUBJ.1SG 2SG-IND INTERR
| You would kill me, who loved you?}}

The direct-genitive may also be used to express relation, ownership, or other connection between two nouns. In these cases, the modified noun (the ''head'') come first, and the modifying noun (the ''dependant'') second; e.g. ''uy-gotejo-uy-vuestre'' (the elder's cap) not ''**uy-vuestre-uy-gotejo''. Often times these phrases are joined by dashes, as shown in the previous example.

Tevrés [[w:Genitive construction|genitive contstuctions]] may optionally distinguish relationships initiated with or without the dependants control over the head by using prepositions. The following table illustrates the ''a''-genitive and the ''eu''-genitive. In action nouns, the ''eu''-genitive dependant corresponds to the head action's subject, and the ''a''-genitive dependant to its object. Using ''eu'' implies that the dependant is active, influential, or formative towards the head, whilst the use of ''a'' implies that the head is active, influential, or formative towards the dependant.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Direct-genitive-modifying prepositions
|-
! Regular
! with ''a'' (to)
! with eu (from)
|-
| ''harena-uy-vuestre'' the elder's letter
| ''harena-'''al'''-vuestre'' a letter to the elder
| ''harena-'''el'''-vuestre'' a letter from the elder
|-
| ''uy-vies-uy-cueres'' the count's law
| ''uy-vies-'''al'''-cueres'' the law which governs the count
| ''uy-vies-'''el'''-cueres'' the law the count creates
|-
| ''lla-rentaga-uy-mader'' the council's ruler
| ''lla-rentaga-'''al'''-mader'' the ruler who controls the council
| ''lla-rentaga-'''el'''-mader'' the ruler the council controls
|-
| ''lla-toladre-uy-res'' the king's army
| ''lla-toladre-'''al'''-res'' the army belonging to the king
| ''lla-toladre-'''el'''-res'' the army sent after the king
|}

==== Accusative-dative ====

The [[w:Accusative case|accusative]]-[[w:Dative case|dative]] case ({{interlinear |ACC}}) has limited use in the nominative and ergative verb paradigms, and is used only to mark the theme, or direct object, of ditransitive verbs. However because of this, it is commonly seen in [[w:Applicative voice|applicative]] clauses. In the nominative paradigm, the old indirect argument is moved to the accusative case, with the new applicative argument taking the indirect case. In the ergative paradigm, the applicative argument is added directly into the accusative case.

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| llo soriejo a-hego çi garinos
| DEF-T.ACC.SG wardrobe-ACC.SG BEN<nowiki>=</nowiki>make-NOM.1SG REFL-DIR friend-IND.PL
|'I am making a wardrobe for my friends'
|c1 = (non applicative ''lla sorieja hego'')}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| tego en-oyel lla harina llo cuerço
| 1SG-DIR.EMP LOC<nowiki>=</nowiki>see-ERG.1SG DEF-T.IND.SG priest-IND.SG DEF-C.ACC.SG market-ACC.SG
|'The priest sees me in the market'
|c1 = (non applicative ''tego oyel lla harina'')}}

The accusative-dative is used much more in the split verb paradigm, where it marks the patient of a transitive verb and both the theme and recipient of ditransitive ones. On top of that, applicative arguments are also added in the accusative-dative case. This may lead to situations where there are as many as three accusative-dative arguments in a clause. In these cases, context is usually sufficient to tell which argument fulfils which role.

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| çi mientron a-jovan harenan
| REFL-DIR sibling-ACC.PL BEN<nowiki>=</nowiki>write-3PL letter-ACC.PL
|'They write letters for their siblings'}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| garinon co-teuden tin
| friend-ACC.SG COM<nowiki>=</nowiki>drink-PFV.3PL tea-ACC.SG
|'They drank tea with friends'}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| tan en-cares juina çi combre
| but LOC<nowiki>=</nowiki>dance-T.3SG Juina-DIR.SG REFL-DIR home-ACC.SG
|'Juina only dances in their own home'}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| avron en-canta llan çellan lla yumas
| fish-ACC.PL LOC<nowiki>=</nowiki>feed-C.3SG DEF-C.ACC.PL cat-ACC.PL DEF-C.ACC.SG garden-ACC.SG
|'They feed the cats fish in the garden'}}

==== Indirect-ablative ====

The [[w:Direct case|indirect]]-[[w:Ablative case|ablative]] case ({{interlinear |IND}}) is used to mark core arguments of a verb exclusively in the nominative and ergative paradigms. It is never used with intransitive verbs, because is appearance depends on the person of the direct-genitive argument. In the nominative paradigm, it marks the patient of a transitive verb and the recipient of a ditransitive verb. In the ergative paradigm, it marks the agent and the donor. Additionally the indirect-ablative case is used for applicative arguments in the nominative paradigm, with the old indirect-ablative argument moving into the accusative-dative case.

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| maeja caño
| breakfast-IND.SG eat-NOM.1SG
|'I will eat breakfast'
}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| lla cossa cañiólam tantos
| DEF-T.IND.SG bear-IND.SG eat-ERG.1PL all-T.DIR.PL
|'The bear ate all of us'
}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| ti muzrinon cantió cossa
| 1SG-DIR enemy-ACC.PL feed-NOM.PST.1SG bear-IND.SG
| 'I fed my enemies to a bear'
}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| cosso cantiólam muzrina
| bear-ACC.SG feed-ERG.PST.1PL enemy-IND.SG
| 'Our enemy fed us a bear'
}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| llon muzrinon a-cantió cosso ti ayestra
| DEF-T.ACC.PL enemy-ACC.PL BEN<nowiki>=</nowiki>feed-NOM.PST.1SG bear-ACC.SG 1SG-DIR master-IND.SG
| 'I fed the enemies to a bear for my master'
}}

===Articles===
==== Definite article ====
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+Definite article
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | temporary
! colspan="2" | cyclical
|-
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | Direct-Genitive
| ''ul/uy''
| ''llos''
| rowspan="3" | ''lla''
| ''llas''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | Dative-Accusative
| ''llo''
| ''llon''
| ''llan''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | Ergative-Ablative
| ''lla''
| ''llos''
| ''llas''
|}
==== Indefinite article ====
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+Indefinite article
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | temporary
! colspan="2" | cyclical
|-
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | Direct-Genitive
| ''as''
| ''aros''
| rowspan="3" | ''ara''
| ''aras''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | Dative-Accusative
| rowspan="2" | ''ar''
| ''aren''
| ''aran''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | Ergative-Ablative
| ''ares''
| ''aras''
|}
In addition to the definite article, Tevrés also boasts an indefinite article. The Tevrés indefinite article carries a stronger meaning that English ''a/an'', and may better be translated as 'some' or 'someones.' The Tevrés equivalent of ''a/an'' is usually simply the bare noun, e.g. '''''lla çella''''' ('the cat') vs. '''''çella''''' ('a cat') vs. '''''ara çella''''' ('some cat'). The indefinite article can also be used to convey the meaning 'someone's' or 'someone else's,' or to talk about things that are general, or public.
:{{interlinear|box=yes
| miré çi çierve ara çear en-hordir
| NEG<nowiki>=</nowiki>do-IMP REFL-DIR body-ACC.SG INDEF-C.IND.SG affairs-IND.SG LOC<nowiki>=</nowiki>put-INF
| 'Don't stick yourself in other peoples' affairs.'}}

:{{interlinear|box=yes
| res co-quera çe pariña en aran oejan
| king-DIR.SG COM<nowiki>=</nowiki>bear-C.3SG REFL-ACC properly in INDEF-C.ACC.PL eye-ACC.PL
| 'A king should bear themselves properly in the eyes of the people.'}}
In older texts, or texts stylistically drawing from an older register, the oblique stem ''art-'' may be found instead of ''ar-''. This is because the Tevrés indefinite article is derived from Aeranir ''ars, artis'' ('person'). However, its root was reformed by analogy to other words ending in ''-as'' in the direct-genitive case.

==Pronouns==
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+Tevrés Personal Pronouns
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | 1st person
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | 2nd person
! colspan="4" | 3nd person
|-
! colspan="2" | temporary
! colspan="2" | cyclical
|-
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
! scope="col" | Singular
! scope="col" | Plural
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" | Nominative- Genitive
! emphatic
| ''tego''
| ''yego''
| ''nego''
| ''rego''
| rowspan="2" | ''ul/uy''
| rowspan="2" | ''ulos''
| rowspan="4" | ''ula''
| rowspan="2" | ''ulas''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! plain
| ''ti''
| ''yos''
| ''ni''
| ''ros''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Dative-Accusative
| ''te''
| ''yon''
| ''ne''
| ''ruen''
| ''ulo''
| ''ulon''
| ''ulan''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Ergative-Ablative
| ''ten''
| ''yos''
| ''nen''
| ''ros''
| ''ula''
| ''ulos''
| ''ulas''
|}

==Verbs==
===Morphosyntactic alignment===

Tevrés uses a system of [[w:Morphological alignment|morphological alignment]] which is reminiscent of aspects of [[w:Split ergative|split ergativity]], [[w:Direct-inverse language|direct-inverse languages]], [[w:Austronesian alignment|austronesian alignment]], and [https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/aarsyy/the_total_cacophony_of_b%C3%A4ladiri_verb_agreement/ bäladiri alignment]. This system is common amongst southern Aeranid languages such as [[S'entigneis]], Morraolà, and to an extent Ilesse, and is thus referred to as ''Southern Aeranid Alignment'' (SAA). This is characterised by different verbal paradigms triggered by first and second person arguments which affect the way Tevrés cases align with thematic roles, and how the verb agrees with its arguments.

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+ Verb paradigms and alignment
|+ align="left" style="caption-side: bottom" | {{small|The chart below further details how arguments align in each paradigm. ''S'' represents the morphosyntactic [[w:Subject (grammar)|subject]], ''A'' the [[w:Agent (grammar)|agent]], ''P'' the [[w:Patient (grammar)|patient]], ''D'' the [[w:Thematic relation|donor]], ''T'' the [[w:Thematic relation|theme]], and ''R'' the [[w:Thematic relation|recipient]].}}
|-
! Verb paradigm:
! colspan="6" | 1 nominative
! colspan="6" | 2 ergative
! colspan="6" | 3 split
|-
! Valency:
! ''in.''
! colspan="2" | ''tr.''
! colspan="3" | ''di.''
! ''in.''
! colspan="2" | ''tr.''
! colspan="3" | ''di.''
! ''in.''
! colspan="2" | ''tr.''
! colspan="3" | ''di.''
|-
! Noun argument:
! S
! A
! P
! D
! T
! R
! S
! A
! P
! D
! T
! R
! S
! A
! P
! D
! T
! R
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Noun case:
| colspan="2" | <big>{{interlinear|DIR}}</big>
| <big>{{interlinear|IND}}</big>
| <big>{{interlinear|DIR}}</big>
| <big>{{interlinear|ACC}}</big>
| <big>{{interlinear|IND}}</big>
| N/A
| <big>{{interlinear|IND}}</big>
| <big>{{interlinear|DIR}}</big>
| <big>{{interlinear|IND}}</big>
| <big>{{interlinear|ACC}}</big>
| colspan="3" | <big>{{interlinear|DIR}}</big>
| <big>{{interlinear|ACC}}</big>
| <big>{{interlinear|DIR}}</big>
| colspan="2" | <big>{{interlinear|ACC}}</big>
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Verb agreement:
| ✔︎
| ✔︎
| ✖︎
| ✔︎
| ✖︎
| ✖︎
| N/A
| ✖︎
| ✔︎
| ✖︎
| ✖︎
| ✔︎
| ✔︎
| ✖︎
| ✔︎
| ✖︎
| ✖︎
| ✔︎
|}

Transitive verbs show three different modes of [[w:Morphosyntactic alignment|morphosyntactic alignment]], here called paradigms, depending on the arguments present. When the agent of a transitive verb or the donor of a ditransitive verb is the first or second person, the verb uses [[w:Nominative–accusative_language|nominative agreement]]. The verb agrees with the subject in person and number, the patient or recipient are in the indirect-ablative case, and the theme is in the accusative dative. Because the subject is marked on the verb and is always the first or second person, the pronoun itself is usually dropped. However, it can be added for emphasis.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| tevressa ovejo
| Tevrés-IND.SG speak-NOM.1SG
| 'I speak Tevrés'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| tego jovó lla salva
| 1SG-DIR.EMP write-PST.NOM.1SG DEF-C.IND.SG book-IND.SG
| <nowiki>'</nowiki>''I'' wrote the book!'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| łanan çaste llos rieles ma
| flower-ACC.PL give-NOM.2SG DEF-T.IND.PL child-IND.PL INTERR
| 'Will you give the children flowers?'}}

When the patient or recipient is the first or second person, the verb displays [[w:Ergative-absolutive language|ergative agreement]]. Here, the agent or donor is in the indirect-ablative case, and the verb agrees with the person and number of the patient or recipient. The theme is still accusative-dative, but the recipient (first or second person) is in the direct-genitive. Just as above, first and second person pronouns are unnecessary and are dropped.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| garina querel
| friend-IND.SG help-ERG.1SG
| 'A friend is helping me'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ijana hemiol gotejo suevo
| Ijan-IND.SG send-ERG.PST.1SG cap-ACC.SG new-T.ACC.SG
| 'Ijan sent me a new cap'}}

If neither argument for a verb is the second or first person, then Tevrés shows a type of [[w:Split ergativity|split-ergativity]], where the agent/donor of the verb is in the direct-genitive case and the patient/recipient in the dative-accusative, whilst the verb agrees with the most oblique argument (patient or recipient).

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| castil travas llo morrajote
| Castil-DIR.SG walk-3SG DEF-T.ACC.SG castle-ACC.SG
| 'Castil is walking (around) the castle'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ul as çava avro lla çella
| DEF-T.DIR.SG wumbo-DIR.SG give-PST.3SG.C fish-ACC.SG DEF-C.ACC.SG cat-ACC.SG
| 'The man gave the cat a fish'}}

It should be noted that the first person is higher in the hierarchy than the second person, so if the first person and second person are both present, the verb will agree with the first person.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| nen çiso
| 2SG.PRO-IND know-NOM.1SG
| 'I know you'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| nen oyólam ma
| 2SG.PRO-IND see-ERG.1SG INTERR
| 'Did you see us?'}}

Due to the fact that a first or second person argument must 1.) be in the direct-genitive case and 2.) take verbal agreement, these arguments cannot normally appear as the theme of a ditransitive verb, because this argument always appears in the accusative-dative case, and never takes verbal agreement. To remedy this, the original recipient of the verb is ejected from the verb's core valency by rephrasing it with an adjunct clause, and the first or second person argument is elevated to the direct-genitive argument.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| **pueva vadiós te llo-pristino-a-damata
| father-DIR.SG send-T.3SG 1SG.PRO-ACC DEF-T.ACC.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>prince-ACC.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>to<nowiki>=</nowiki>Damata-DIR.SG
| **'My father sent me to the prince of Damata'
| c1 = (''grammatically incorrect'')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| pueva vadiol a'lo pristino-a-damata
| father-IND.SG send-ERG.1SG to<nowiki>=</nowiki>DEF-T.ACC.SG prince-ACC.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>to<nowiki>=</nowiki>Damata-DIR.SG
| 'My father sent me to the prince of Damata'
| c1 = (''correct version'')}}

Due to the nature of this system, a small change to the verb (and by extension to the cases of certain arguments) can completely change the meaning of a sentence.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| vejarten serquió çi garina
| story-ACC.PL tell-NOM.1SG REFL-DIR friend-IND
| 'I told my friend stories'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| vejarten serquiol çi garina
| story-ACC.PL tell-ERG.1SG REFL-DIR friend-IND
| 'My friend told me stories'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| vejarten serquiós çi garino
| story-ACC.PL tell-T.3SG REFL-DIR friend-ACC
| 'They told their friend stories'}}

=== Conjugation ===

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+ Conjugation classes
|-
! Class
! Theme vowel
! Example
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3" | Strong
| style="text-align:center;" | ''a''
| '''''jovar''''' (to write)
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | ''i''
| '''''apiçir''''' (to appear)
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | ''e''
| '''''corer''''' (to annoy)
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Weak
| style="text-align:center;" | Ø
| '''''tiedre''''' (to drink)
|}

There are four conjugation classes in Tevrés, characterised by the vowel (or lack there of) used to form the infinitive. There are three strong conjugation classes, and one weak class. The weak class conjugates identically to the strong e-class in the non-past tense, and may either conjugate identically to the e-class in the past as well, or take irregular conjugation endings, in conjuncture with stem mutation.
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Transitive verb endings
|-
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="6" | Singular
! colspan="5" | Plural
|-
! colspan="2" | nominative
! colspan="2" | ergative
! colspan="2" | split
! colspan="2" | nominative
! colspan="2" | ergative
! colspan="1" | split
|-
! 1st
! 2nd
! 1st
! 2nd
! 3rd t.
! 3rd c.
! 1st
! 2nd
! 1st
! 2nd
! 3rd
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Non-past
| ''-o'' ''-o'' ''-o''
| ''-ás'' ''-ís'' ''-és''
| ''-al'' ''-el'' ''-el''
| ''-alas'' ''-elas'' ''-elas''
| ''-as'' ''-es'' ''-es''
| ''-a'' ''-a'' ''-a''
| ''-am'' ''-im'' ''-em''
| ''-ad'' ''-id'' ''-ed''
| ''-álam'' ''-élam'' ''-élam''
| ''-álad'' ''-élad'' ''-élad''
| ''-an'' ''-en'' ''-en''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Past regular
| ''-ó'' ''-ió'' ''-ió''
| ''-ós'' ''-iós'' ''-iós''
| ''-ol'' ''-iol'' ''-iol''
| ''-olas'' ''-iolas'' ''-iolas''
| ''-ós'' ''-iós'' ''-iós''
| ''-á'' ''-iá'' ''-iá''
| ''-om'' ''-iom'' ''-iom''
| ''-od'' ''-iod'' ''-iod''
| ''-ólam'' ''-iólam'' ''-iólam''
| ''-ólad'' ''-iólad'' ''-iólad''
| ''-ón'' ''-ión'' ''-ión''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Past irregular
| ''-o''
| ''-és''
| ''-el''
| ''-elas''
| ''-es''
| ''-a''
| ''-em''
| ''-ed''
| ''-élam''
| ''-élad''
| ''-en''
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Intransitive verb endings
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="5" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
|-
! 1st
! 2nd
! 3rd t.
! 3rd c.
! 1st
! 2nd
! 3rd
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Non-past
| ''-o'' ''-o'' ''-o''
| ''-ás'' ''-ís'' ''-és''
| ''-as'' ''-es'' ''-es''
| ''-a'' ''-a'' ''-a''
| ''-amos'' ''-imos'' ''-emos''
| ''-áis'' ''-ís'' ''-éis''
| ''-an'' ''-en'' ''-en''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Past regular
| ''-ó'' ''-ió'' ''-ió''
| ''-ós'' ''-iós'' ''-iós''
| ''-ós'' ''-iós'' ''-iós''
| ''-á'' ''-iá'' ''-iá''
| ''-om'' ''-iom'' ''-iom''
| ''-od'' ''-iod'' ''-iod''
| ''-ón'' ''-ión'' ''-ión''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Past irregular
| ''-o''
| ''-és''
| ''-es''
| ''-a''
| ''-em''
| ''-ed''
| ''-en''
|}

=== Applicative voices ===

Tevrés, like the other southern Aeranid languages, prefers to express its noun phrases as part of a verb's core arguments, rather than through [[w:Adjunct (grammar)|adjuncts]] or [[w:Adpositional phrase#Prepositional phrases|prepositional phrases]]. Tevrés is able to incorporate these phrases into a verb's core through [[w:Applicative voice|applicative voices]], which increases a verb's [[w:Valency (linguistics)|valency]] to include a new core [[w:Object (grammar)|object]] argument. There are five main applicative voices, each formed with a simple verbal prefix.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name !! Prefix !! Usage !! Example
|-
| [[w:Benefactive case|Benefactive]] ({{interlinear|BEN}})
| style="text-align:center;" | ''a-''
| Expresses that the referent of the noun receives the benefit of the situation expressed by the clause, used where [[w:English language|English]] would use 'for,' 'for the benefit of,' or 'intended for.'
| ''çi garinos a-llavó'' 'I laughed for the sake of my friends' (i.e. to reassure or comfort them)
|-
| [[w:Comitative case|Comitative]] ({{interlinear|COM}})
| style="text-align:center;" | ''co-''
| Denotes a relationship of 'accompanyment' between two participants in an event, expressed in English with the preposition 'with,' in the sense of 'in company with' (but not 'with' meaning 'using' or 'by means of').
| ''çi garinos co-llavó'' 'I laughed with my friends'
|-
| [[w:Locative case|Locative]] ({{interlinear|LOC}})
| style="text-align:center;" | ''en-''
| Indicates a location, corresponding vaguely to the English prepositions 'in', 'on', 'at', and 'by'.
| ''çi garinon en-ango lla sarvaja'' 'I'm meeting my friends at the library'
|-
| [[w:Instrumental case|Instrumental]] ({{interlinear|INSTR}})
| style="text-align:center;" | ''eu/el-''
| Used to indicate that a noun is the instrument or means by or with which the subject achieves or accomplishes an action. The noun may be either a physical object or an abstract concept.
| ''prieza eu-jovo'' 'I write (it) with a pen'
|-
| [[w:Malefactive case|Malefactive]] ({{interlinear|MAL}})
| style="text-align:center;" | ''y/e-''
| Pertaining to the linguistic form or case or the semantic role of the person who is harmed or who loses out by an action. The opposite of the benefactive applicative.
| ''çi garinos y-llavó'' 'I laughed at my friends' (i.e. ridiculed them)
|}

There is a sixth applicative voice, the ''os''-genitive ({{interlinear|GEN}}). However, this applicative is limited only to [[w:Relative clause|relative clauses]], to signify that head fulfils a [[w:Genitive case|gentive]] role within the subordinate clause. When the subordinate clause has more than one argument aside from the referent, the ''os''-prefix is applied to the noun the referent is dependant to.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ul as çella ti-os-cantid
| DEF-T.DIR.SG wumbo-DIR.SG cat-IND.SG 1SG-DIR<nowiki>=</nowiki>GEN<nowiki>=</nowiki>feed-PST.PTCP-T.DIR.SG
| 'the wumbo whose cat I fed'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| uy paño os-res llo cuerte seud
| DEF-T.DIR.SG guard-DIR.SG GEN<nowiki>=</nowiki>king-DIR.SG DEF-T.ACC.SG count-ACC.SG kill-PST.PTCP-T.DIR.SG
| 'the guard whose king killed the count'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| uy paño uy res os-cuerte seud
| DEF-T.DIR.SG guard-DIR.SG DEF-T.DIR.SG king-DIR.SG GEN<nowiki>=</nowiki>count-ACC.SG kill-PST.PTCP-T.DIR.SG
| 'the guard whose count the king killed'}}

Whilst applicatives are preferred to adjuncts, Tevrés explicitly disallows multiple applicatives, that is, multiple applicative prefixes attached to a single verb. Thus, **''çi garinon co-en-llavó lla sarvaja'' is ungrammatical. In cases where two or more object arguments must be added to a clause, one argument is expressed through a normal applicative voice, and the others will be introduced in adjuncts; usually prepositional phrases. Which argument takes the applicative voice is determined by a straightforward hierarchy chain. The highest argument on the chain takes the applicative, while the others adjuncts.

: benefactive > comitative > locative > instrumental > malefactive > genitive

Adjunct arguments are ignored as part of the nominal and verbal alignment paradigms. Therefor, verbs core arguments in these cases decline exactly as they would without the adjunct. The case that the adjunct is in is governed by the preposition introducing the phrase.

{{interlinear | box=yes
| çi garinos co-llavó en llo sarvajo
| REFL-GEN friend-IND.PL COM<nowiki>=</nowiki>laugh-PST.NOM.1SG LOC DEF-T.ACC.SG library-ACC.SG
| 'I laughed with my friends in the library' }}

{{interlinear | box=yes
| lla salva Moxa çi mientra y llo-sarvajo-el-cueres a-pruvida
| DEF-C.DIR.SG book-DIR.SG Moxa-DIR.SG REFL-DIR sibling-IND.SG MAL DEF-T.ACC.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>library-ACC.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>ABL-DEF.T.DIR.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>count-DIR.SG BEN<nowiki>=</nowiki>steal-PST.PTCP-C.DIR.SG
| 'The book Moxa stole from the count's library for his sibling' }}

== Numbers ==
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Aeranir numbers
|-
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
|-
! 1
| ''im''
| ''priste''
| ''tiempre''
! 11
| ''eñintos''
| ''eñís''
| ''eñinte''
! 21
| ''callos im''
| ''calde priste''
| ''cal tiempre''
! 120
| ''ñoçallos''
| ''ñoçalde''
| ''ñoçal''
|-
! 2
| ''ser''
| ''mezún''
| ''vires''
! 12
| ''verzintos''
| ''verzís''
| ''verzinte''
! 22
| ''callos ser''
| ''caldo mezún''
| ''cal vires''
! 140
| ''ñallos''
| ''ñalde''
| ''ñal''
|-
! 3
| ''moros''
| ''muerte''
| ''mores''
! 13
| ''preintos''
| ''proís''
| ''preinte''
! 30
| ''callos queinços''
| ''calde quies''
| ''cal quein''
! 160
| ''ñancullos''
| ''ñancuzde''
| ''ñancul''
|-
! 4
| ''cuałos''
| ''cual''
| ''cuaçes''
! 14
| ''cuałentos''
| ''cuałés''
| ''cuałente''
! 40
| ''vercullos''
| ''vercuzde''
| ''vercul''
! 180
| ''ñałcullos''
| ''ñałcuzde''
| ''ñałcul''
|-
! 5
| ''quicos''
| ''quite''
| ''quigue''
! 15
| ''queintos''
| ''queís''
| ''queinte''
! 50
| ''vercullos queinços''
| ''vercuzde quies''
| ''vercul quein''
! 200
| ''tamiłłos''
| ''tamite''
| ''tamiçes''
|-
! 6
| ''ñoços''
| ''ñoçum''
| ''ñoz''
! 16
| ''ñoçentos''
| ''ñoçés''
| ''ñoçente''
! 60
| ''prollos''
| ''prolde''
| ''prol''
! 220
| ''tamiłłos callos''
| ''tamite calde''
| ''tamiçes cal''
|-
! 7
| ''ñayos''
| ''ñante''
| ''ñain''
! 17
| ''ñentos''
| ''ñaís''
| ''ñente''
! 70
| ''prollos queinços''
| ''prolde quies''
| ''prol quein''
! 240
| ''tamiłłos vercullos''
| ''tamite vercuzde''
| ''tamiçes vercul''
|-
! 8
| ''ñangos''
| ''ñaguiem''
| ''ñangue''
! 18
| ''sescullos''
| ''sescuzde''
| ''sescul''
! 80
| ''cuałallos''
| ''cuałalde''
| ''cuałal''
! 260
| ''tamiłłos prollos''
| ''tamite prolde''
| ''tamiçes prol''
|-
! 9
| ''ñałiços''
| ''ñałizte''
| ''ñałiz''
! 19
| ''imallos''
| ''imalde''
| ''imal''
! 90
| ''cuałallos queinços''
| ''cuałalde quies''
| ''cuałal quein''
! 280
| ''tamiłłos cuałallos''
| ''tamite cuałalde''
| ''tamiçes cuałal''
|-
! 10
| ''queinços''
| ''quies''
| ''quein''
! 20
| ''callos''
| ''calde''
| ''cal''
! 100
| ''quecullos''
| ''quecuzde''
| ''quecul''
! 400
| ''miłłos''
| ''mite''
| ''miçes''
|}

==Writing System==
=== Romanisation ===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | [[w:Consonants|Consonants]]
|-
! Letter
! Context
! [[w:Help:IPA|IPA]]
! English approximation
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | '''b''' or '''v'''
| word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨m⟩ or ⟨n⟩
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| practically the same as the typical English ⟨b⟩, except that it is fully [[w:Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]; e.g. ''a'''b'''out''
|-
| elsewhere (i.e. after a vowel, even across a word boundary, or after any consonant other than ⟨m⟩ or ⟨n⟩)
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as the typical English ⟨v⟩; ''be'''v'''y''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | '''c'''
| before another consonant
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| a sound between a light English ⟨g⟩ and the typical English ⟨h⟩ (between '''''g'''old'' and ''a'''h'''old''), same as Dutch ⟨g⟩; '''''g'''abber''
|-
| elsewhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as certain instances of English ⟨k⟩ or ⟨c⟩; e.g. ''s'''k'''ull'', ''s'''c'''an'', or ''pi'''ck'''ing'' (unaspirated, i.e. without the puff of air that accompanies English /k/ at the beginning of a word, e.g. in '''''c'''an'')
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ç'''
| everywhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative#Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s̻]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (northern Tevrén) or <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless dental fricative|θ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (southern Tevrén)
| between ''me'''ss''''' and ''me'''th''''' (like the typical English ⟨s⟩, but with the blade of the tongue against the back of the teeth) in northern Tevrén, or same as the English [[w:Voice (phonetics)|voiceless]] ⟨th⟩ (as in '''''th'''ing'') in southern Tevrén
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ch'''
| everywhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|tʃ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as the typical English ⟨ch⟩; '''''ch'''ur'''ch'''''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | '''d'''
| word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨l⟩ or ⟨n⟩
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced dental stop|d]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| practically the same as the typical English ⟨d⟩, except that it is fully [[w:Voice (phonetics)|voiced]] and the tip of the tongue touches the [[w:Denti-alveolar consonant|upper teeth]]; e.g. ''a'''d'''ore''
|-
| elsewhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced dental fricative|ð]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as the typical English [[w:Voice (phonetics)|voiced]] ⟨th⟩; e.g. '''''th'''is''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''f'''
| everywhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless labiodental ficative|f]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as the typical English ⟨f⟩; e.g. '''''f'''ace''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3" | '''g'''
| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced postalveolar fricative|ʒ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (nothern Tevrén) or <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced glottal fricative|ɦ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (southern Tevrén)
| same as English ⟨s⟩ in words like ''mea'''s'''ure'' or ''fu'''s'''ion'', same as French ⟨j⟩ (e.g. '''''j'''oie'') in northern Tevrén, or like [[w:Received Pronunciation|Received Pronunciation]] ⟨h⟩ in words like ''be'''h'''ind'', same as Dutch ⟨h⟩ (e.g. '''''h'''agelslag'') in southern Tevrén
|-
| not before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced velar stop|g]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| practically the same as the typical English ⟨g⟩ sound, except that it is fully [[w:Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]; e.g. ''a'''g'''o''
|-
| not before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| a sound between a light English ⟨g⟩ and the typical English ⟨h⟩ (between '''''g'''old'' and ''a'''h'''old''), same as Dutch ⟨g⟩; '''''g'''abber''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="4" | '''gu'''
| before ⟨a⟩ or ⟨o⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>gw<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| a sound like the ⟨gu⟩ in English ''pen'''gu'''in''
|-
| before ⟨a⟩ or ⟨o⟩, and not in the above contexts
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>ɣw<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| similar to the typical English ⟨w⟩, but preceded by a soft guttural sound
|-
| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced velar stop|g]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| practically the same as the typical English ⟨g⟩ sound, except that it is fully [[w:Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]; e.g. ''a'''g'''o''
|-
| before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| a sound between a light English ⟨g⟩ and the typical English ⟨h⟩ (between '''''g'''old'' and ''a'''h'''old''), same as Dutch ⟨g⟩; '''''g'''abber''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''h'''
| everywhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big>(''silent'')</big>
| silent (like the English ⟨h⟩ in English '''''h'''onor'' or '''''h'''our'')
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | '''j'''
| word final
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (nothern Tevrén) or <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (southern Tevrén)
| same as typical English ⟨sh⟩ (e.g. '''''sh'''u'''sh''''') in northern Tevrén, or like typical English ⟨h⟩ (e.g. '''''h'''appy'') in southern Tevrén
|-
| elsewhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced postalveolar fricative|ʒ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (nothern Tevrén) or <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced glottal fricative|ɦ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (southern Tevrén)
| same as English ⟨s⟩ in words like ''mea'''s'''ure'' or ''fu'''s'''ion'', same as French ⟨j⟩ (e.g. '''''j'''oie'') in northern Tevrén, or like [[w:Received Pronunciation|Received Pronunciation]] ⟨h⟩ in words like ''be'''h'''ind'', same as Dutch ⟨h⟩ (e.g. '''''h'''agelslag'') in southern Tevrén
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''l'''
| everywhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants|l]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as the typical English ⟨l⟩ (especially like the clear ⟨l⟩ of British English, rather than the dark ⟨l⟩ of American English);e.g. '''''l'''u'''ll'''''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ll'''
| everywhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w: Voiced palatal lateral approximant|ʎ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| similar to the ⟨lli⟩ in English ''mi'''lli'''on''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | '''ł'''
| before a voiced consonant or between vowels
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced dental and alveolar lateral fricatives|ɮ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (nothern Tevrén) or <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative|ʑ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (southern Tevrén)
| a sound between French ⟨j⟩ and the typical English ⟨l⟩ (between '''''j'''oue'' and '''''l'''ieu'') in northern Tevrén, or like [[w:Kagoshima dialect|Kagoshima]] Japanese ⟨じ⟩ in southern Tevrén
|-
| elsewhere
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless dental and alveolar lateral fricatives|ɬ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (nothern Tevrén) or <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative|ɕ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (southern Tevrén)
| rowspan="2" | a sound between English ⟨h⟩ and the typical English ⟨l⟩ (between '''''h'''appy'' and '''''l'''ieu''), same as Welsh ⟨ll⟩ (e.g. ''Ebri'''ll''''') in northern Tevrén, or like typical Japanese ⟨し⟩ in southern Tevrén
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''łł'''
| only occurs between vowels
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''m'''
| everywhere
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| rowspan="2" | same as the typical English ⟨m⟩; '''''m'''ada'''m'''''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="5" | '''n'''
| before ⟨v⟩
|-
| before ⟨f⟩
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced labiodental nasal|ɱ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> 
| same as the English ⟨m⟩ in ''sy'''m'''phony''
|-
| before ⟨y⟩
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced palatal nasal|ɲ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> 
| similar to the English ⟨ny⟩ in ''ca'''ny'''on'', same as Spanish ⟨ñ⟩; ''ni'''ñ'''o''
|-
| before ⟨c⟩ or ⟨g⟩
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> 
| same as the English ⟨ng⟩ in ''si'''ng'''''
|-
| elsewhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as the typical English ⟨n⟩; e.g. '''''n'''u'''n'''''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ñ'''
| everywhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced palatal nasal|ɲ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| similar to the English ⟨ny⟩ in ''ca'''ny'''on'', same as Spanish ⟨ñ⟩; ''ni'''ñ'''o''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | '''p'''
| in the consonant cluster ⟨pt⟩
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as the typical English ⟨v⟩; ''be'''v'''y''
|-
| elsewhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as certain instances of English ⟨p⟩; e.g. ''s'''p'''an'' or ''ty'''p'''ing'' (unaspirated, i.e. without the puff of air that accompanies English /p/ at the beginning of a word, e.g. in '''''p'''an'')
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''qu'''
| only occurs before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as certain instances of English ⟨k⟩ or ⟨c⟩; e.g. ''s'''k'''ull'', ''s'''c'''an'', or ''pi'''ck'''ing'' (unaspirated, i.e. without the puff of air that accompanies English /k/ at the beginning of a word, e.g. in '''''c'''an'')
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | '''r'''
| word-initial, morpheme-initial, or after ⟨l⟩, ⟨n⟩, or ⟨s⟩, or syllable-final (especially before ⟨l⟩, ⟨m⟩, ⟨n⟩, or ⟨s⟩) and word-final positions (before pause or consonant-initial words only)
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| trilled or rolled ⟨r⟩
|-
| elsewhere (sometimes word-initial (after a pause or consonant-ending words only), morpheme-initial (when preceded by prefixes ending in consonants), or after ⟨l⟩, ⟨n⟩, or ⟨s⟩, or syllable-final positions, and word-final positions before vowel-initial words only)
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced alveolar tap|ɾ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| flapped ⟨r⟩; e.g. the same sound as the ⟨dd⟩ of ''la'''dd'''er'' or ⟨tt⟩ of ''la'''tt'''er'' in [[w:American English|American English]], same as Spanish ⟨r⟩ between vowels, as in ''ca'''r'''o''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''rr'''
| only occurs between vowels
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| trilled or rolled ⟨r⟩
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | '''s'''
| before a voiced consonant or between vowels
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced alveolar fricative#Voiced apico-alveolar sibilant|z̺]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (nothern Tevrén) or <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced alveolar fricative|z]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (southern Tevrén)
| a sound between French ⟨j⟩ and the typical English ⟨z⟩ (between '''''j'''oue'' and '''''z'''oo'') in northern Tevrén, or the same as the typical English ⟨z⟩ (e.g. ''ja'''zz''''') in southern Tevrén
|-
| elsewhere
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative#Voiced apico-alveolar sibilant|s̺]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (nothern Tevrén) or <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (southern Tevrén)
| rowspan="2" | a sound between English ⟨sh⟩ and the typical English ⟨s⟩ (between '''''sh'''u'''sh''''' and '''''s'''a'''ss''''') in northern Tevrén, or the same as the typical English ⟨s⟩ (e.g. '''''s'''a'''ss''''') in southern Tevrén
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''ss'''
| only occurs between vowels
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | '''t'''
| before voiced consonants
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced dental fricative|ð]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as the typical English [[w:Voice (phonetics)|voiced]] ⟨th⟩; e.g. '''''th'''is''
|-
| elsewhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless dental stop|t]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as certain instances of English ⟨t⟩; e.g. ''s'''t'''and'' (unaspirated, i.e. without the puff of air that accompanies English /t/ at the beginning of a word, e.g. in '''''t'''an''). Also, the tip of the tongue touches the upper teeth, rather than the alveolar ridge
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''x'''
| everywhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (nothern Tevrén) or <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (southern Tevrén)
| same as typical English ⟨sh⟩ (e.g. '''''sh'''u'''sh''''') in northern Tevrén, or like typical English ⟨h⟩ (e.g. '''''h'''appy'') in southern Tevrén
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3" | '''y'''
| word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨l⟩ or ⟨n⟩
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced palatal stop|ɟ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| Between English '''''d'''ew'' (RP) and ''ar'''g'''ue''
|-
| as a semivowel (almost always in a [[w:Diphthong|diphthong]])
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced palatal approximate|j]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| same as the typical English ⟨y⟩ (but joined in a single syllable with another vowel sound); ''a'''y'''e'', ''bo'''y'''''
|-
| elsewhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced palatal fricative|ʝ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big>
| similar to the typical English ⟨y⟩, or ⟨j⟩ but softer; e.g. similar to '''''y'''es'' or '''''J'''ess''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | '''z'''
| word final
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative#Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s̻]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (northern Tevrén) or <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiceless dental fricative|θ]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (southern Tevrén)
| between ''me'''ss''''' and ''me'''th''''' (like the typical English ⟨s⟩, but with the blade of the tongue against the back of the teeth) in northern Tevrén, or same as the English [[w:Voice (phonetics)|voiceless]] ⟨th⟩ (as in '''''th'''ing'') in southern Tevrén
|-
| elsewhere
| style="text-align:center;"| <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced alveolar fricative#Voiced alveolar sibilant|z̻]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (northern Tevrén) or <big><nowiki>[</nowiki>[[w:Voiced dental fricative|ð]]<nowiki>]</nowiki></big> (southern Tevrén)
| between ''rai'''s'''e'' and ''ba'''th'''e'' (like the typical English ⟨z⟩, but with the blade of the tongue against the back of the teeth) in northern Tevrén, or same as the English [[w:Voice (phonetics)|voiced]] ⟨th⟩ (as in '''''th'''at'') in southern Tevrén
|}

==Lexicon==
''[[:Category:Tevrés words|Tevrés Lexicon]]''.

[[Category:Tevrés]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Aeranir

2020-07-08T13:31:27Z

Gaffney.flancer: /* Forming the gerund */

{{construction}}
{{Infobox language
| name = ''Aeranir''
| altname = ''coeñar inceris''
|-
| nativename = ''coeñar aerānir''
| pronunciation = [ˈk̟øː.ɲar ˈɪ̃ŋ̟.k̟ɛ.rɪs̠], [ˈk̟øː.ɲar ɛːˈraː.nɪr]
|-
|creator=Limius
|setting=''[[Avrid]]''
|-
| state = [[Telrhamir]], [[Iscaria]], [[Aeranid Empire]]
| ethnicity = Aeran
| familycolor = PaleGoldenrod
| fam1 = [[Maro-Ephenian languages|Maro-Ephenian]]
| fam2 = Iscaric
|ancestor=[[Proto-Maro-Ephenian]]
|ancestor2=[[Proto-Iscaric]]
|ancestor3=[[Aeranir#Old Aeranir|Old Aeranir]]
|-
| nation = [[Aeranid Empire]]
| minority = [[Iscaria]], [[S'entin]], [[Tevrén]]
| notice = IPA
|iso3 = qco
}}

'''Aeranir''', also known as '''coeñar aerānir''' (''language of the Aerans''), or '''coeñar inceris''' (''language of the capital''), is an Iscaric language in the [[Maro-Ephenian languages|Maro-Ephenian language group]]. It was originally spoken by the [[Aerans]], developed in the deserts of Northern [[Iscaria]] in the city of [[Telrhamir]], and spread with the expanse of the [[Aeranid Empire]] throughout [[Ephenia]], as well as parts of [[Eubora]] and [[Syra]]. It later developed into the Aeranid languages, such as [[Dalot]], [[Ilesse]], [[Iscariano]], [[Îredese]], [[S'entigneis]], and [[Tevrés]]. It is still used throughout Ephenia as a language of theology, science, medicine, literature, and law.

Aeranir had been standardised into Classical Aeranir by the time of the Early Empire, around the second millennia [[New Imperial Age|BNIA]] by the writer and educator Limius. The period before that is generally referred to as Old Aeranir. The language spoken between the 15th and 12th centuries [[New Imperial Age|BNIA]] is generally referred to Late Aeranir. This shift is marked by several grammatical and phonetic shifts. After that period, Aeranir began to splinter off into the various Aeranid languages. A form of Classical Aeranir called New Aeranir or Medieval Aeranir remained in use in official writings even after this period.

Aeranir is a highly inflective and fusional language, with three distinct [[w:Gramatical Gender|genders]], nine [[w:Gramatical Case|cases]], two [[w:Gramatical Aspect|aspects]], four [[w:Gramatical Mood|moods]], three [[w:Gramatical Person|persons]], two or three [[w:Gramatical Voice|voices]], and two [[w:Gramatical Number|numbers]].

==History==
===Periodisation===

{{Graphical timeline

|title=Timeline of Aeranir
|align=right

|plot-colour=#bbeebb

|from=0
|to=3000
|scale-increment=200

|width=10
|height=300
|height-unit=px

|legend1=Aeran settlements

|bar1-from=2400
|bar1-left=0
|bar1-right=0.2

|legend2=City of Telhramir

|bar2-to=2600
|bar2-left=0.1
|bar2-right=0.2

|legend3=Aeranid Kingdom
|legend3-colour=#e0aacc

|bar3-to=2400
|bar3-left=0
|bar3-right=0.2
|bar3-colour=#e0aacc

|
|bar4-to=2104
|bar4-left=0
|bar4-right=0.2
|bar4-colour=red
|legend4=Aeranid Empire
|legend4-colour=red

|
|bar5-to=1266
|bar5-from=825
|bar5-left=0
|bar5-right=0.2
|bar5-colour=#AA98A9
|legend5=Eastern Aeranid Empire
|legend5-colour=#AA98A9

|bar6-from=1172
|bar6-to=1266
|bar6-left=0.1
|bar6-right=0.2
|bar6-colour=blue
|legend6=Western Aeranid Empire
|legend6-colour=blue

|bar7-to=825
|bar7-left=0
|bar7-right=0.2
|bar7-colour=grey
|legend7=Various Nations
|legend7-colour=grey

|bar8-text=Proto-Aeranid
|bar8-to=953
|bar8-from=700
|bar8-left=1
|bar8-right=1.75
|bar8-border-width=1
|bar8-border-colour= #996666
|bar8-colour=lightgrey

|bar9-text=Liturgical Aeranir
|bar9-to=953
|bar9-left=0.2
|bar9-right=1
|bar9-border-width=1
|bar9-border-colour= #996666
|bar9-colour=#cc9999

|bar10-text=Post-Collapse Aeranir
|bar10-from=953
|bar10-to=1266
|bar10-left=0.2
|bar10-right=1.75
|bar10-colour=#99cc99

|bar11-text=Late Aeranir
|bar11-from=1266
|bar11-to=1450
|bar11-left=0.2
|bar11-right=1.75
|bar11-colour=#99cc99
|bar11-border-width=0.1

|bar12-text=Golden Age Aeranir
|bar12-from=1450
|bar12-to=1800
|bar12-left=0.2
|bar12-right=1.75
|bar12-border-width=0.1
|bar12-colour=#99cc99

|bar13-text=Classical Aeranir
|bar13-from=1800
|bar13-to=2200
|bar13-left=0.2
|bar13-right=1.75
|bar13-border-width=0.1
|bar13-colour=#99cc99

|bar14-text=Old Aeranir
|bar14-from=2200
|bar14-to=2500
|bar14-left=0.2
|bar14-right=1.75
|bar14-border-width=0.1
|bar14-colour=#99cc99

|bar15-text=Proto-Iscaric
|bar15-from=2500
|bar15-to=3000
|bar15-left=0.2
|bar15-right=1.75
|bar15-border-width=0.1
|bar15-colour=#bbeebb

|bar16-text=Aeranid Languages
|bar16-to=700
|bar16-from=0
|bar16-left=1
|bar16-right=1.75
|bar16-border-width=1
|bar16-border-colour= #996666
|bar16-colour=grey

|note1=The Collapse
|note1-at=1266
|note1-nudge-right=10
|note1-colour=green

|caption=A timeline of the evolution of Aeranir. The scale is in years BCA. The thin bar to the left denotes the Aeranir (and later Aeranid) speaking powers of the time, whilst the right denotes the evolutionary stage of Aeranir.
}}

The Aeranir language is descended from Proto-Iscaric, a theoretical reconstruction, which is in turn descended from [[Proto-Maro-Ephenian]]. This makes Aeranir a member of the Maro-Ephenian language family, along with Talothic, Fyrdan, and Marian. Because neither of these two proto-languages are attested in writing, it can be difficult to say when they were spoken, and when one transitioned into the other, but scholars generally agree that there was something that could be called Proto-Iscaric around the end of the 4th millennium BCA.

Proto-Iscaric was spoken by numerous Maro-Ephenian tribes which settled in Iscaria at the end of the 4th millennium. This evolved into numerous attested Iscaric languages, of which the language of the Aerans, who settled the region known as Aes, was but one. The oldest evidence of their language is found dating well after the founding of their most famous city, Telhramir, around 2500 BCA. This phase of the language, from around then to the later years of the Aeranid Kingdom, is known as Old Aeranir (called '''''coeñar accuiha aerānir''''' or '''''aerānir accuiha''''' by Classical and Golden Age sources).

==Phonology==
===Consonants===
The following is a table of phonemes in Aeranir. This analysis is based on Classical Aeranir, as it was used during the hight of the [[Aeranid Empire]]. The phonology, especially the number of vowel phonemes, varied greatly time, but this is seen as the standard version of the language.
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Classical consonant phonemes
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | Labial
! colspan="2" | Coronal
! rowspan="2" | Palatal
! colspan="2" | Velar
! colspan="2" | Uvular
! rowspan="2" | Glottal
|-
! central 
! lateral 
! plain 
! labial 
! plain 
! labial 
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Nasal
| m
| n
|
| ɲ
|
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Stop
| p
| t
|
|
| k
| kʷ
| q
| qʷ
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Affricate
|
| ts
| tɬ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Fricative
| f
| s
|
|
|
|
|
|
| h
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Liquid
|
| r
| l
| j
|
| w
|
|
| ɦ
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Golden age consonant phonemes
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | Labial
! colspan="2" | Coronal
! rowspan="2" | Palatal
! colspan="2" | Velar
! colspan="2" | Uvular
! rowspan="2" | Glottal
|-
! central 
! lateral 
! plain 
! labial 
! plain 
! labial 
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| m
| n
|
| ɲ
|
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="3" | Stop
! aspirated
| (pʰ)
| (tʰ)
|
|
| kʰ
|
| qʰ
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! plain
| p
| t
|
|
| k
| kʷ
| q
| qʷ
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! voiced
| (b)
| (d)
|
|
| (g)
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" | Affricate
! voiceless
|
| ts
| tɬ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! voiced
|
| (dz~z)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Fricative
| f
| s
|
|
|
|
|
|
| h
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Liquid
| ʋ
| r
| l
| j
|
|
|
|
| ɦ
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Late consonant phonemes
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | Labial
! colspan="2" | Coronal
! rowspan="2" | Palatal
! colspan="2" | Velar
|-
! central 
! lateral 
! plain 
! labial 
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| m
| n
|
| ɲ
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" | Stop
! voiceless
| p
| t
|
| c
| k
| kʷ
|- style="text-align:center;"
! voiced
| b
| d
|
| ɟ
| g
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Affricate
|
| ts
| tɬ
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Fricative
| f
| s
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Liquid
|
| r
| l
| j
|
|
|}
====Notes on consonants====
*The clusters /rh/, /nh/, and /lh/ vary greatly between dialects; [rɦ nɦ ɫɦ ~ rg ŋg ɫg ~ ʀː ŋː ʟː].
*The sequence /ks/ is written in the romanisation as ''x''.
*The nasal consonant /n/ assimilates to the place of articulation of the following stop, so that /nk/ or /nqʷ/ for example become /ŋk/ and /ɴʷqʷ/. Before fricatives, /n/ is deleted, and the proceeding vowel is lengthened and nasalised. These processes apply between word boundries as well. Word final /n/ as part of case and personal markers is elided before a word starting with a vowel, fricative, approximate, or before a [[w:Pausa|pausa]]. It often served as a [[w:Shibboleth|shibboleth]] for discerning one's origins or social circles.
*The velar, labio-velar, and labio-uvular consonants /k/, /kʷ/, /q/, and /qʷ/ are palatalised before front vowels and /j/ to [k̟], [kᶣ], [k̠] and [k̠ᶣ] respectively. Futhermore, dental consonants /n/ and /t/ are palatalised before /j/ to [ɲ̟], and [tʲ]. The glottal fricative /h/ is also palatalised to [ç] before high front vowels and /j/. Some dialects also palatalise the postalveolar consonants /s/ and /ts/ to [ɕ] and [tɕ] before front vowels and /j/.
*The labialised consonants /kʷ/, and /qʷ/ are pronounced as truly labialised, rather than a sequence of two consonants, i.e. /kw/, /qw/. The voiced labiovelar stop only occurs after a nasal consonant.
*All consonants, with the exception of /ʋ/, can be geminated between vowels. This is denoted orthographically by doubling of the first letter of the phoneme, i.e. ⟨cc⟩, ⟨ff⟩, ⟨hh⟩, etc. The palatal approximate /j/ is always geminated to [jː] between vowels, but is written with a simple ⟨i⟩. Fricative /hː/ is usually realised as [çː]. In dialects that palatalise /s/ and /ts/, [çː] often becomes [ɕː], merging in some environments with /sː/.
*The lateral approximate /l/ has two allophones in Classical Aeranir; [l] before close front vowels, /j/, and when geminated, and [ɫ] elsewhere.
*The fricative /s/ is often pronounced further back in the mouth, closer to [s̠].
* The phoneme /h/ has two distinct allophones following the nasal /n/. When this cluster occurs natively within a word, /h/ is voiced and velarised to [g]. Nasal /n/ is likewise velarised to [ŋ]. Dialectically, the cluster /ŋg/ may be fortified to [gː] or lenited to [ŋː]. Before front vowels and /j/, these may appear as [ɲʝ], [ŋ˖g˖], [g˖ː], or [ŋ˖ː]. When the cluster /nh/ occurs where /h/ was once word initial, as result of a prefix, the nasal is deleted and the preceding vowel nasalised and lengthened, as with fricatives /s/ and /f/.

===Vowels===
Vowels in Aeranir underwent the greatest amount of change throughout time. Although the standard is considered to me Classical Aeranir as it was spoken in the 17th and 16th centuries {{Smallcaps|[[New Imperial Age|bnia]]}}, this should not be seen in the context of a sliding historical spectrum. Below are listed three somewhat representative samples that provide a broad overview of general changes.
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Old Aeranir vowel phonemes (circa 2300{{Smallcaps|bca}})
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Front
! colspan="2" | Central
! colspan="2" | Back
|-
! short 
! long 
! short 
! long 
! short 
! long 
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Close
| i
| iː
|
|
| u
| uː
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Mid
| e
| eː
|
|
| o
| oː
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Open
|
|
| a
| aː
|
|
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Classical and Golden Age Aeranir vowel phonemes (circa 1600{{Smallcaps|bca}})
|-
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="4" | Front
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Central
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Back
|-
! colspan="2" | plain 
! colspan="2" | rounded 
|-
! short 
! long 
! short 
! long 
! short 
! long 
! short 
! long 
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Close
| ɪ
| iː
| ʏ
| yː
|
|
| ʊ
| uː
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Mid-close
|
| eː
|
| øː
|
|
|
| oː
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Mid-open
| ɛ
| ɛː
|
|
|
|
| ɔ
| ɔː
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Open
|
|
|
|
| a
| aː
|
|
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Late Aeranir vowel phonemes (circa 1200{{Smallcaps|bca}})
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Front
! rowspan="2"| Central
! rowspan="2"| Back
|-
! plain
! round
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Close
| i
| (y)
|
| u
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Mid-close
| e
| (ø)
|
| o
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Mid-open
| ɛ
|
|
| ɔ
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Open
|
|
| a
|
|}
====Notes on vowels====
* The short high rounded vowel /ʏ/ is mostly a loan from [[Dalitian]], and is not found in many native words, or words dating back to Old Aeranir. It is usually realised as [ɪ], and is only rounded in educated speech.
{| class="wikitable floatright"
|+caption | Vowel change from PME to Late Aeranir (in stessed initial syllables)
|-
! [[Proto-Maro-Ephenian|PME]]
! Old
! Classical
! Late
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *u[r₂, r₃, h]i
| → ui /ui̯/
| rowspan="2" | → y /yː/
| rowspan="4" | → i /i/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *i[r₂, r₃, h]u
| → iu /iu̯̯/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *ey, *ehi, *ēy, *hey
| → ei /ei̯/
| rowspan="2" | → ī /iː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *i[r₂, r₃, h]
| → ī /iː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *i
| → i /i/
| → i /ɪ/
| rowspan="3" | → e /e/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *oy, *o[r₂, r₃, h]i, *er₃i, *ōy, *[r₂, r₃, h]oy, *r₃ey
| → oi /oi̯/
| → oe /øː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *eh, *ē
| → e /eː/
| → e /eː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *e
| → e /e/
| → e /ɛ/
| rowspan="2" | → è /ɛ/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *er₂i, *r₂ey
| → ai /ai̯/
| → ae /ɛː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *ow, *o[r₂, r₃, h]u, *ōw, *[r₂, r₃, h]ow, *r₃ew, *ew, *ehu, *ēw, *hew
| → ou /ou̯̯/
| rowspan="2" | → ū /uː/
| rowspan="2" | → u /u/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *u[r₂, r₃, h]
| → ū /uː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *u
| → u /u/
| → u /ʊ/
| rowspan="2" | → o /o/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *o[r₂, r₃, h], *ō, *r₃e[r₂, r₃, h], *r₃ē, *er₃
| → o /oː/
| → o /oː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *o, *r₃e
| → o /o/
| → o /ɔ/
| rowspan="2" | → ò /ɔ/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *er₂u, *r₂ew
| → au /au̯̯/
| → au /ɔː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *er₂, *r₂ē
| → ā /aː/
| → ā /aː/
| rowspan="2" | → a /a/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *[r̥₂, r̥₃, h̥]
| → a /a/
| → a /a/
|}
* Most non-intial short vowels in [[Aeranir#Proto-Iscaric|Proto-Iscairc]] were reduced to /i/ by the time of Old Aeranir. Many of these were then further reduced in Classical Aeranir (as discussed above), to the vowels represented by [[w:Diaeresis_(diacritic)|diaeresis]]. These merged in Late Aeranir to a [[w:Schwa|schwa]], but this schwa was deleted in many environments.
* Old Aeranir diphthongs /ei̯/ and /ou̯̯/ may have been realised as hightened pure vowels [eː~e̝ː] and [oː~o̝ː]. Before other vowels, /ei̯/ becomes simple [e] in Classical Aeranir. Likewise, Classical /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ rise to [e] and [o] before another vowel. These were then simplified into glides [j] and [w] in Late Aeranir.
* There are two realisations of high short vowels /ɪ/ and /ʊ/ before another vowel, depending on whether the proceeding syllable it light or heavy. Following a light syllable, the become glides [j] and [w]. Follwing a heavy syllable, an [[w:Ephethesis#Anaptyxis|anaptyctic]] vowel is inserted, becoming [ɪj] and [ʊw]. These vowels are not represented in the orthography.
* Some peripheral dialects of Late Aeranir retained rounded front vowels /y/ and /ø/, while in most, including the speech of Telrhamir, they merged with their plain counterparts /i/ and /e/ respectively.

===Stress===
Syllable stress in Old Aeranir fell uniformly on the first syllable of a word. However, by the time of Classical Aeranir, stress had shifted to a more complex paradigm, generally falling on the '''penult''' (the second to last syllable) or the '''antipenult''' (the third to last syllable). Which one was determined by the '''weight''' of the penult.

Syllables are divided into one of two categories, or weights. These are '''light''' syllables and '''heavy''' syllables. A light syllable contains a maximum of one short vowel, alone or proceeded by a consonant or consonant cluster, while a heavy syllable may contain a long vowel, a coda consonant, or both. If the penult of a word is heavy, it is stressed. If not, the antipenult is stressed.
=== Dialects ===
;Pēcilia Cūvae
: The ''pēcilia cūvae'' ('Cuvan swing') refers to the particular musical quality of the Aeranir spoken in the Aes city of Cuva (''cūva'') during the classical and golden age of Aeranid civilisation. It was likened in the earliest records to the ''pēcilia traecōvus'' ('talothic swing'), and occasionally referred to as the ''pōnus traeceus'' ('talothic voice'). However, by the golden age, Talothic had lost its distinct melodious accent, and the these terms fell out of use. This is believed to be the reason that citizens of Cuva were called ''traeceolar'' ('little taloths'), and is the origin of the name of the city Triggiolari, founded as ''Traeceolar''.

: Rather than the stress-accent of standard capitoline Aeranir, the speech of Cuva is marked by a distinctive [[w:Pitch-accent language|pitch accent]]. Pitch in Cuva begins low, and then rises until a [[w:Mora|kernel mora]], after which it immediately falls. Placement of the kernel mora generally falls on the third to last mora. However, the way morae are counted is somewhat complex. A short vowel, either proceeded by a consonant or consonant cluster, or bare, counts as one mora, and a long vowel of (spurious) diphthong counts as two. On top of that, coda consonants, rather singletons or clusters, also count as a mora. So, for example, each syllable of the word ''āctās'' is three morea; ''a-a-c.ta-a-s''

: Pitch accent manifests differently depending on where the kernel falls. Then the kernel falls on a vowel, there is a [[w:Downstep|downstep]] before it; e.g. ''āctās'': ''a-a-c.ta-a-s'' /àák.tààs/ [ǎːk.tàːs].

==Syntax==
===Word order===
Aeranir is generally verb-initial in independent clauses, and verb-final in dependant clauses, including non-finite clauses using the infinitive, participle, gerund, etc.. These rules may be violated in poetry, however it is much more common to violate the former than the later.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| qurra Rāscānus salvan
| read-3SG.C Rascanus-NOM.SG book-ACC.SG
|'Rascanus is reading a book'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| Rāscānus salvan qurrea
| Rascanus-NOM.SG book-ACC.SG read-SUBJ.3SG.C
|'should Rascanus be reading a book...'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| sircuīva īliō Rāscānus salvan qurrīhan
| tell-PFV.3SG.C Ilius-DAT.SG Rascanus-NOM.SG book-ACC.SG read-INF
|'Rascanus told Ilius that he was reading a book'}}

Nominal clitics attach to the end of verbs in independent clauses, and the beginning of verbs in dependant clauses.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| taetue ne tīn
| drink-PFV.3SG.E <nowiki>=</nowiki>2SG tea-ACC.SG
|'You drank the tea'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| tīn ni taesun
| tea-NOM.SG 2SG<nowiki>=</nowiki> drink-PFV.PTCP-E.NOM.SG
|'The tea you drank'}}

Word order is much more free for nouns and noun phrases. Adjectives and genitives may either proceed or follow a noun (e.g. '''''formun cōmus''''' or '''''cōmus formun''''', both 'the warm house;' '''''umae menter''''' or '''''menter umae''''', both 'my mother's sibling'), although they adjectives generally follow, whilst genitives generally proceed. Prepositions always proceed their noun, whilst postpositions, which are far less common, always follow.

Due to agreement in gender, case, and number between nouns and adjectives, additional nouns may be inserted between a noun and its adjective without changing the meaning, in what is called [[w:Hyperbaton|hyperbaton]]:

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ȳrē arte tihī iūre
| listen-IMP person-VOC.SG 1SG.PRO-DAT good-T.VOC.SG
|'Listen to me good fellow!'}}

==Nouns==
===Gender===
Aeranir nouns are divided into three [[w:Grammatical Gender|genders]], all of which are directly inherited from late [[Proto-Maro-Ephenian]]. These known as the '''temporary''' ('''{{Smallcaps|t}}'''), '''cyclical''' ('''{{Smallcaps|c}}'''), and '''eternal''' ('''{{Smallcaps|e}}''') genders. The gender of a noun effects the adjectives and verbs that refer to it.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ēs ars raius
| COP.3SG.T wumbo(T)-NOM.SG small-T.NOM.SG
|'It's a small wumbo'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| sa tlāna raia
| COP.3SG.C flower(C)-NOM.SG small-C.NOM.SG
|'It's a small flower'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| sī nātlun raiun
| COP.3SG.E shell(E)-NOM.SG small-E.NOM.SG
|'It's a small shell'}}

The gender of most nouns can be easily inferred from its ending. Furthermore, there is often overlap between meaning and gender. Animate living beings and small, breakable objects are often temporary, while abstract concepts, natural processes, or seasonal plants are usually cyclical, and large, durable, inanimate objects are most likely eternal. However, some nouns have no relation to their gender. Personal names are either temporary or cyclical; eternal names are reserved for gods.

===Case===
Nouns in Aeranir have a series of different forms, called cases of the noun, which have different functions or meanings. For example, the word for 'king' is ''{{term|rēs}}'' when subject of a verb, but ''rēnin'' when it is the object:
* ''auhēs rēs'' 'the king sees (someone)' ([[w:Nominative case|nominative case]])
* ''auhēs rēnin'' '(someone) sees the king' ([[w:Accusative case|accusative case]])
There are a total of nine cases for most nouns in Aeranir. Outside of the nominative and accusative, they are as the following:
* [[w:Vocative case|Vocative]]: ''rēne iō!'': 'o king!'
* [[w:Essive case|Essive]]: ''seū rēnū'': 'as this king'
* [[w:Instrumental case|Instrumental]]: ''seōrun rēnerun'': 'using this king'
* [[w:Genitive case|Genitive]]: ''sī rēnis'': 'of this king'
* [[w:Dative case|Dative]]: ''seō rēnī'': 'to/for this king'
* [[w:Ablative case|Ablative]]: ''seā rēni'': 'from/by this king'
* [[w:Locative case|Locative]]: ''sīs rēnīs'': 'at/with the king'
Sometimes the same endings, e.g. ''-ī'' and ''-ēs'', are used for more than one case. Since the function of a word in Aeranir is shown by ending rather than word order, in theory ''requor rēnī'' could mean either 'I return to the king' or 'I return from the king.' In practice, however, such ambiguities are rare.

==== Uses of the cases ====
===== Genitive =====
The use of the genitive case in subordinate clauses has changed throughout the history of Aeranir, and even within the span of time referred to as 'Golden Age Aeranir,' usage was shifting. In Classical and Golden Age Aeranir the genitive could be used with the active voice to mark the subject of the verb, whilst in the middle voice it marked the object. The later is similar to the use of the genitive as a partitive object in [[Classical Talothic|Talothic]]. Some believe this similarity to be the inherited from [[Proto-Maro-Ephenian]], whilst others claim that it is a case of parallel evolution or mutual influence.
:{{interlinear|box=yes
| tzilla artis auhita
| cat-NOM.SG person-GEN.SG see-PFV.PTCP-C.NOM.SG
| 'The cat the person saw'}}

:{{interlinear|box=yes
| ars tzillae auhitūnus
| person-NOM.SG cat-GEN.SG see-PFV.PTCP-T.NOM.SG
| 'The person who saw the cat'}}
The use of genitive objects dwindled in later Golden Age and Late Aeranir, being replaced by the accusative case with the active voice, or the ablative case with the middle voice, as in independent clauses. However, it remained used to mark the subject of dependent clauses, and in Late Aeranir even began to replace the nominative case in independent ones.

===== Ablative =====

* '''Ablative of motion''' implies movement away from or out of an object:
:{{interlinear|box=yes
| furuis pālā
| fall-PFV-T.3SG tree-ABL.SG
| 'They fell from the tree'}}

* '''Agentive ablative''' marks the agent by whom the action of a passive verb in performed:
:{{interlinear|box=yes
| īcēlāre pannun Traetiā cnōtun
| eat-PFV-PASS-E.3SG bread-NOM.SG Traetius-ABL.SG last-E.NOM.SG
| 'The last of the bread was eaten by Traetius'}}

===Declensions===
====Class I====
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+Class I noun
|-
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" |
! colspan="4" | ''{{term|salva}}'' c. book, tome
|-
! colspan="2" | Singular
! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
! word
! ending
! word
! ending
|-
! rowspan="3" | Primary '''''prīstūmus'''''
! scope="row" | Nominative
| ''salva''
| '''''-a'''''
| ''salvar''
| '''''-ar'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Accusative
| ''salvan''
| '''''-an'''''
| ''salvae''
| '''''-ae'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Vocative
| ''salva''
| '''''-a'''''
| ''salvar''
| '''''-ar'''''
|-
! rowspan="3" | Existential '''''soniāmus'''''
! scope="row" | Essive
| ''salvau''
| '''''-au'''''
| ''salvur''
| '''''-ur'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Instrumental
| ''salvārun''
| '''''-ārun'''''
| ''salvōs''
| '''''-ōs'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Genitive
| ''salvae''
| '''''-ae'''''
| ''salvābus''
| '''''-ābus'''''
|-
! rowspan="3" | Directive '''''satūmus'''''
! scope="row" | Dative
| ''salvō''
| '''''-ō'''''
| ''salvāna''
| '''''-āna'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Ablative
| ''salvā''
| '''''-ā'''''
| ''salvās''
| '''''-ās'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Locative
| ''salvīs''
| '''''-īs'''''
| ''salvā''
| '''''-ā'''''
|}

====Class II====
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+Class II temporary/eternal nouns
|-
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" |
! colspan="4" | ''{{term|pernus}}'' t. storm, chaos
! colspan="4" | ''{{term|nātlun}}'' e. shell, carapace
|-
! colspan="2" | Singular
! colspan="2" | Plural
! colspan="2" | Singular
! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
! word
! ending
! word
! ending
! word
! ending
! word
! ending
|-
! rowspan="3" | Primary '''''prīstūmus'''''
! scope="row" | Nominative
| ''pernus''
| '''''-us'''''
| ''pernur''
| '''''-ur'''''
| rowspan="3" | ''nātlun''
| rowspan="3" | '''''-un'''''
| rowspan="3" | ''nātlunt''
| rowspan="3" | '''''-unt'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Accusative
| ''pernun''
| '''''-un'''''
| ''pernī''
| '''''-ī'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Vocative
| ''perne''
| '''''-e'''''
| ''pernur''
| '''''-ur'''''
|-
! rowspan="3" | Existential '''''soniāmus'''''
! scope="row" | Essive
| ''pernū''
| '''''-ū'''''
| ''pernur''
| '''''-ur'''''
| ''nātlū''
| '''''-ū'''''
| ''nātlur''
| '''''-ur'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Instrumental
| ''pernōrun''
| '''''-ōrun'''''
| ''pernōs''
| '''''-ōs'''''
| ''nātlōrun''
| '''''-ōrun'''''
| ''nātlōs''
| '''''-ōs'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Genitive
| ''pernī''
| '''''-ī'''''
| ''pernōvus''
| '''''-ōvus'''''
| ''nātlī''
| '''''-ī'''''
| ''nātlōvus''
| '''''-ōvus'''''
|-
! rowspan="3" | Directive '''''satūmus'''''
! scope="row" | Dative
| ''pernō''
| '''''-ō'''''
| ''pernōna''
| '''''-ōna'''''
| ''nātlō''
| '''''-ō'''''
| ''nātlōna''
| '''''-ōna'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Ablative
| ''pernā''
| '''''-ā'''''
| ''pernōs''
| '''''-ōs'''''
| ''nātlā''
| '''''-ā'''''
| ''nātlōs''
| '''''-ōs'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Locative
| ''pernīs''
| '''''-īs'''''
| ''pernā''
| '''''-ā'''''
| ''nātlīs''
| '''''-īs'''''
| ''nātlā''
| '''''-ā'''''
|}

==Pronouns==
===Personal Pronouns===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Personal pronouns
|-
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" |
! colspan="4" | First person
! colspan="4" | Second person
! colspan="4" | Reflexive
|-
! colspan="2" | singular ''I''
! colspan="2" | plural ''we''
! colspan="2" | singular ''you''
! colspan="2" | plural ''y'all''
! colspan="2" | singular/plural ''himself/herself/ itself/themselves''
|-
! full
! clitic
! full
! clitic
! full
! clitic
! full
! clitic
! full
! clitic
|-
! rowspan="3" | Primary ''prīstūmus''
! Nominative
| rowspan="2" | ''aecū''
| rowspan="7" | ''te''
| rowspan="2" | ''eōs''
| rowspan="7" | ''ī''
| rowspan="2" | ''hanae''
| rowspan="7" | ''ne''
| rowspan="2" | ''rōs''
| rowspan="7" | ''er''
| rowspan="3" | ''cē''
| rowspan="7" | ''ce''
|-
! Vocative
|-
! Accusative
| ''tē''
| ''eon''
| ''nē''
| ''ron''
|-
! rowspan="2" | Existential ''soniāmus''
! Essive
| ''tōs''
| ''eor''
| ''nōs''
| ''rō''
| ''cū''
|-
! Genitive
| ''tī''
| ''īster''
| ''nī''
| ''rester''
| ''cī''
|-
! rowspan="2" | Directive ''satūmus''
! Dative
| ''tihī''
| ''īvīs''
| ''nivī''
| ''urvīs''
| ''civī''
|-
! Ablative
| ''tētē''
| ''eōvōs''
| ''nēnē''
| ''rōvōs''
| ''cēcē''
|}

===Third person pronouns===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Personal pronouns
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
|-
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
|-
! rowspan="3" | Primary ''prīstūmus''
! Nominative
| rowspan="2" | ''us''
| rowspan="2" | ''va''
| rowspan="3" | ''um''
| rowspan="2" | ''ur''
| rowspan="2" | ''var''
| rowspan="3" | ''ūns''
|-
! Vocative
|-
! Accusative
| ''um''
| ''vam''
| ''vī''
| ''vae''
|-
! rowspan="3" | Existential ''soniāmus''
! Essive
| ''ū''
| ''vau''
| ''ū''
| ''ur''
| ''vur''
| ''ur''
|-
! Instrumental
| ''urun''
| ''vārun''
| ''urun''
| ''vēs''
| ''vōs''
| ''vēs''
|-
! Genitive
| ''vis''
| ''vae''
| ''vis''
| ''vus''
| ''vāvus''
| ''vus''
|-
! rowspan="3" | Directive ''satūmus''
! Dative
| ''vī''
| ''vō''
| ''vī''
| ''vina''
| ''vāna''
| ''vina''
|-
! Ablative
| ''vit''
| ''vā''
| ''vit''
| ''vēs''
| ''vās''
| ''vēs''
|-
! Locative
| ''vis''
| ''vīs''
| ''vis''
| ''vā''
| ''vā''
| ''vā''
|}

=== Demonstrative pronouns ===
Demonstratives underwent a great deal of change during the latest stages of Classical Aeranir, and much of the older forms were preserved in Golden Age Aeranir alongside their newer counterparts. The Classical Aeranir distal and medial demonstratives were formed from the third person pronoun ''us, va, un'' plus a suffix. This produced a variety of irregular forms, which were regularised in early Golden Age Aeranir. However, which stem was taken to become the new regular form varied between times, locations, and speakers. Generally, two stems were predominant for each demonstrative; with the medial varying between ''ust-'' and ''unt-'' and the distal between ''ūl-'' and ''ull-''. Eventually, the former of the two became more common, although the latter remained in marginal use, even into the Aeranid languages.
<div style="overflow:auto">
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Old demonstrative pronouns
|-
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="6" | '''''seus, sea, seun''''' this, this one (proximal)
! colspan="6" | '''''ustus, usta, untun''''' that of yours (medial)
! colspan="6" | '''''ūlus, ūla, ūllun''''' that, that one (distal)
|-
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
|-
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Nominative
| ''seus''
| ''sea''
| rowspan="3" | ''seun''
| ''seur''
| ''sear''
| rowspan="3" | ''seunt''
| ''ustus''
| ''usta''
| rowspan="3" | ''untun''
| ''urtur''
| ''urtar''
| rowspan="3" | ''untunt''
| ''ūlus''
| ''ūla''
| rowspan="3" | ''ullun''
| ''ullur''
| ''ullar''
| rowspan="3" | ''ullunt''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Accusative
| ''seun''
| ''sean''
| ''sī''
| ''seae''
| ''untun''
| ''untan''
| ''vītī''
| ''vītae''
| ''ullun''
| ''ullan''
| ''vīlī''
| ''vīlae''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Vocative
| ''sē''
| ''sea''
| ''seur''
| ''sear''
| ''uste''
| ''usta''
| ''urtur''
| ''urtar''
| ''ūle''
| ''ūla''
| ''ullur''
| ''ullar''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Essive
| ''seū''
| ''seau''
| ''seū''
| colspan="3" | ''seur''
| ''ūtū''
| ''ūtau''
| ''ūtū''
| colspan="3" | ''urtur''
| ''ūlū''
| ''ūlau''
| ''ūlū''
| colspan="3" | ''ullur''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Instrumental
| ''seōrun''
| ''seārun''
| ''seōrun''
| colspan="3" | ''seōs''
| ''untōrun''
| ''untārun''
| ''untōrun''
| colspan="3" | ''vēstōs''
| ''ullōrun''
| ''ullārun''
| ''ullōrun''
| colspan="3" | ''vēlōs''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Genitive
| ''sī''
| ''seae''
| ''sī''
| ''seōvus''
| ''seāvus''
| ''seōvus''
| ''vistī''
| ''vistae''
| ''vistī''
| ''vustōvus''
| ''vustāvus''
| ''vustōvus''
| ''vīlī''
| ''vīlae''
| ''vīlī''
| ''vūlōvus''
| ''vūlāvus''
| ''vūlōvus''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Dative
| colspan="3" | ''seō''
| ''seōna''
| ''seāna''
| ''seōna''
| colspan="3" | ''vītō''
| ''vintōna''
| ''vintāna''
| ''vintōna''
| colspan="3" | ''vīlō''
| ''villōna''
| ''villāna''
| ''villōna''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Ablative
| colspan="3" | ''seā''
| ''seōs''
| ''seās''
| ''seōs''
| colspan="3" | ''vistā''
| ''vēstōs''
| ''vēstās''
| ''vēstōs''
| colspan="3" | ''vīlā''
| ''vēlōs''
| ''vēlās''
| ''vēlōs''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Locative
| colspan="3" | ''sīs''
| colspan="3" | ''seā''
| colspan="3" | ''vistīs''
| colspan="3" | ''vātā''
| colspan="3" | ''vīlīs''
| colspan="3" | ''vālā''
|}
</div>
Even after the new regular demonstratives had been widely adopted, the old ones continued to be used for stylistic purposes, and where considered more proper for official writing, speech, and communication.

In Classical Aeranir, demonstratives could stand for a person or thing, but also a place—there was no distinction between 'this' and 'here.' However, in Golden Age Aeranir, another one of the old stems was generalised to create dedicated locative pronouns '''''vistus, vista, vistun''''' 'there (near you),' and '''''vīlus, vīla, vīlun''''' 'there (far away).' By analogy, the proximal locative demonstrative '''''viseus, visea, viseun''''' 'here' was also created. These were used along side the regular demonstratives to express location.

===Possessive pronouns===
Possessive pronouns in Aeranir distinguish between many more different types of possession than ordinary nouns, which use only the genitive to mark possession, ownership, association, etc. Pronouns distinguish both alienable and inalienable possession.

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Possessive pronouns
|-
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | 1st person
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | 2nd person
! colspan="6" | 3rd person
! rowspan="3" | reflexive
|-
! colspan="2" | proximal
! colspan="2" | distal
! colspan="2" | medial
|-
! singular
! plural
! singular
! plural
! singular
! plural
! singular
! plural
! singular
! plural
|- style="text-align:center;"
! inalienable
| ''tī'' ''te''
| ''īster''
| ''nī'' ''ne''
| ''rester''
| ''sī'' ''se''
| ''seōvus''
| ''ūlī''
| ''ūlōvus''
| ''ustī''
| ''ustōvus''
| ''cī'' ''ce''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! alienable
| ''tuius''
| ''eius''
| ''nuius''
| ''ruius''
| colspan="2" | ''seius''
| colspan="2" | ''ūleius''
| colspan="2" | ''usteius''
| ''cuius''
|}

Objects of inalienable possession are marked with the genitive of a personal or demonstrative pronoun. These include body parts, kinship and familiarity terms, personal attributes, emotions, or thoughts. These pronouns generally proceed the possessee, although that is not always the case, especially in poety. Singular pronouns ''tī'', ''nī'', ''cī'', ''sī'', ''ustī'', and ''ūlī'' may be appear as ''tei'', ''nei'', ''cei'', ''sei'', ''usti'', ''ūli'' before words starting with a vowel, and ''te'', ''ne'', ''ce'', ''se'', ''ust'', ''ūl'' before words starting with ''i''.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| se incus
| this-T.GEN.SG head-NOM.SG
|'this one's head'}}

Alienable possession, including essentially all other categories, is marked via possessive adjectives. These adjective may appear either before or after the possessee, but usually come afterwards. Oftentimes, the different use of alienable/inalienable pronouns may hint at a difference in meaning. The word '''''indus''''', for example, may mean 'head,' but also 'capital' or 'leader.' With inalienable pronouns, however, it always means 'head,' versus with alienable pronouns, it means 'capital,' or 'leader' because while a head is inalienable, a capital or leader is not. However, this might not always be the case, depending on the possessor and context.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ēs incus telūhramir tuius
| COP.3SG.T head-NOM.SG mesa-ESS.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>hram-GEN.PL mine-T.NOM.SG
|'My capital is Telhramir'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ēs ūlae (tlānae aerānihae) incus telūrhamir
| COP.3SG.T that_one's-C.GEN.SG (flower-GEN.SG Aeranid-C.GEN.SG) head-NOM.SG mesa-ESS.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>rham-GEN.PL
|'Its (the Aeranid Empire's) capital is Telrhamir'}}

==Adverbs==
Adverbs in Aeranir are used to modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs indicating time, manner, or place.
Most adjectives are formed from nouns or adjectives, although they can be derived from some verbs, especially stative verbs. There are a variety of different formulation strategies, depending on the class of the noun/adjective/verb.
*''formus'' ("warm" 1st-2nd declension adjective) → '''''formē''''' ("warmly")
*''aerās'' ("an Aeran" 3rd declension noun) → '''''aerāne''''' ("like an Aeran")
*''raelis'' ("a child" 3rd declension i-stem noun) → '''''raeliter''''' ("like a child")
*''vȳlēs'' ("three days from now" 4th declension noun) → '''''vȳlē''''' ("every three days")
*''sacus'' ("a pin" 5th declension noun) → '''''saciter''''' ("sharply, like a pin")
One of the most notable uses of the adverbial form is with verbs like ''ficitz'' ("it makes me"), ''fitz'' ("I become"), and ''caitz'' ("I change into"). Adverbs can be used to denote the result of a change of state in such a clause.
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| fīx prīstus pāliōne Boezymiae
| make.PFV-3SG.T first-NOM.SG provincial_governor-ADV Boezymia-GEN.SG
|'The First Senator made them provincial governor of Boezymia'}}
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| sa Īliō qūria tzillē cainnī
| COP-3SG.C Ilius-DAT.SG power-NOM.SG cat-ADV change_form-GER-GEN
|'Ilius has the power to turn into a cat'}}

==Verbs==
===Conjugation===
====Agreement====
[[File:Dga pyramid.png|thumb|250px|right|The ''DGA pyramid'', originally developed by u/Darkgamma, 2018. ''[https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/aarsyy/the_total_cacophony_of_bäladiri_verb_agreement/ The Total Cacophony of Bäladiri Verb Agreement and Argument Assignment]''.]]
Verbs in Aeranir are conjugated to agree with the [[w:Grammatical number|number]], the [[w:Grammatical person|person]], and in the third person singular, the [[w:Grammatical gender|gender]] of the most oblique argument given a word's [[w:Valency (linguistics)|valency]], as defined by the ''DGA pyramid''<ref>https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/aarsyy/the_total_cacophony_of_bäladiri_verb_agreement/</ref>. Here, '''S''' represents the [[w:Subject (grammar)|subject]] of an [[w:Intransitive verb|intransitive verb]], such as 'the person' in 'the person laughed.' '''A''' represents the [[w:Agent (grammar)|agent]] of a [[w:Transitive verb|transitive verb]] (also occasually called the [[w:Subject (grammar)|subject]]), or the person or thing that does the action of the verb, such as 'the child' in 'the child reads the book.' '''D''' marks the donor, a special type of agent, who gives something or does a the action of a verb for the benefit of another, such as ‘the senator’ in ‘the senator gave the cat some milk.’ These are collectively called the '''nominative argument''', and are expressed usually with the [[w:Nominative case|nominative case]], but also occasionally with the [[w:Genitive case|genitive case]] in dependant clauses.

'''P''' represents the [[w:Patient (grammar)|patient]] of a [[w:Transitive verb|transitive verb]], or the person or thing towhich the verb is done, also called the '''direct object''', such as ‘the book’ in ‘the child reads the book.’ '''T''' represents the '''theme''', or the object that is given to someone or something, such as ‘the milk’ in ‘the senator gave the cat some milk.’ These two roles make up the '''accusative argument''', which is marked with the [[w:Accusative case|accusative case]]. Finally, '''R''' represents the '''recipient''', or the person who recieves the theme from the donor, or benefits from the donor's action, with a [[w:Ditransitive verb|ditransitive verb]], also commonly called the '''indirect object''', such as 'the cat' in 'the senator gave the cate some milk.'

Aeranir verbs conjugate their endings to agree with the most oblique argument in a clause. That means the '''subject''' of an '''intransitive verb''' (e.g. '''''clautitz'''''; 'I laugh'), the '''patient''' of a '''transitive verb''' (e.g. '''''auhente'''''; 'I look at you'), or the '''recipient''' of a '''ditransitive verb''' (e.g. '''''tzavī'r salvae'''''; 'you all gave me the books').

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| mollī cōmus
| leak-3SG.E house-NOM.SG
|'The house is leaking'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| requis te coptin nuiun
| return-3SG.C <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG hat-ACC.SG 2SG.POS.PRO-T.ACC.SG
|'I'm giving back your hat'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| imptās ne mu sōlī nomī Sētīlī
| send-POT.3SG.T <nowiki>=</nowiki>2SG <nowiki>=</nowiki>INTERR clothing-ACC.PL new-IPFV.PTCP-T.ACC.SG Setil-DAT.SG
|'Can you send Setil the new clothes?'}}

It should be noted that a verb in the [[w:Active voice|active voice]] must always have the maximum number of arguments according to its inherent transitivity. This means, for example, that one can never say 'John eats.' Because 'to eat' is transitive, there must be a patient, or direct object, e.g. 'John eats food.' However, there are a number of valancy dropping operations available in Aeranir to allow various arguments to be dropped, which are discussed in the section on [[w:Voice (grammar)|voice]].

Additional arguments can be expressed with [[w:Clitic|pronominal clitics]] attached to the end of a verb in independant clauses and to the beginning in dependant ones (e.g.'''''auhente'''''; 'I look at you,' '''''tzāvī'r salvae'''''; 'you all gave me the books'), however these are not considered part of a verbs conjugation, and are optional, especially if the information can be assumed or is known between speakers.

====Number of Conjugations====
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Basic conjugation paradigm
|-
! Aspect →
! colspan="4" | Imperfective
! colspan="4" | Perfective
|-
! Mood → Voice ↓
! Indicative
! Subjunctive
! Desiderative
! Potential
! Indicative
! Subjunctive
! Desiderative
! Potential
|-
! Active
| '''aehatz''' They love me
| '''aehet''' They should love me
| '''aehārit''' They want to love me
| '''aehātatz''' They can love me
| '''aehāvī''' They loved me
| '''aehēvī''' They should have loved me
| '''aehāruī''' They wanted to love me
| '''aehātāvī''' They could have loved me
|-
! Middle
| '''aehor''' I love
| '''aeheō''' I should love
| '''aehārō''' I want to love
| '''aehātor''' I can love
| '''aehāvō''' I loved
| '''aehēvō''' I should have loved
| '''aehāruō''' I wanted to love
| '''aehātāvō''' I could have loved
|-
! Passive
| '''aehālō''' I am loved
| '''aehēlō''' I should be loved
| '''aehārēlō''' I want to be loved
| '''aehātālō''' I can be loved
| '''aehāvēlō''' I was loved
| '''aehēvēlō''' I should have been loved
| '''aehāruēlō''' I wanted to be loved
| '''aehātāvēlō''' I could have been loved
|-
! Causative
| '''aehātitz''' They let me love them
| '''aehātiat''' They should let me love them
| '''aehātīrit''' They want to let me love them
| '''aehāssītatz''' They can let me love them
| '''aehātīvī''' They have let me love them
| '''aehātiāvī''' They should have let me love them
| '''aehātīruī''' They wanted to let me love them
| '''aehāssītāvī''' They could have let me love them
|}

==== Conjugation formation ====

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:100%; overflow:auto;">
<div style="font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;"> Conjugation formation </div>
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | {{gcl|IPFV|}}
! colspan ="2" | A-grade
! colspan="2" | I-grade
! colspan="2" | E-grade
! colspan ="2" | Null-grade
|-
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|ACT|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-iā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ār-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er/īr-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er/īr-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā/ītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā/ītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|MID|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ī-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-iā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ār-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er/īr-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er/īr-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā/ītā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā/ītā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|PAS|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ī-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-iā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ār-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er/īr-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er/īr-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā/ītā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā/ītā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|CAUS|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itī/ītī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itī/ītī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itiā/ītiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itiā/itiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itier/ītier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itier/ītier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-āsītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-issītā/īsītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-issītā/īsītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-issītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | {{gcl|PFV|}}
! colspan ="2" | A-grade
! colspan="2" | I-grade
! colspan="2" | E-grade
! colspan ="2" | Null-grade
|-
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|ACT|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/āv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/īv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/ēv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/ēv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/iāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/eāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-āru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru/īru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru/īru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv/ītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv/ītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|MID|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/āv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/īv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/ēv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/ēv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/iā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/eā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-āru-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru/īru-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru/īru-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv/ītāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv/ītāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|PAS|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/āv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/īv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/ēv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/ēv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/iāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/eā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-āru-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru/īru-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru/īru-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv/ītāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv/ītāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|CAUS|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itīv/ītīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itīv/ītīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itiāv/ītiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itiāv/itiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itieru/ītieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itieru/ītieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-āsītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-issītāv/īsītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-issītāv/īsītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-issītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|}
</div></div>

====Principle Parts====
The verb in Aeranir is primarily made of three parts: '''root''', '''theme''', and '''ending''', with an optional forth category, the '''suffix''', for forming the perfective. The root and theme combine to form the '''stem'''. The root carries the semantic content of the word, and can also be conjugated to carry modal imformation. The theme describes how the stem interacts with the ending, and can also be changed, along with the stem and endings, to express a variety of different grammatical meanings. Endings indicate the voice, aspect, person, number, and gender of the most oblique argument in the DGA scheme.
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Basic verb endings
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="3" |
! colspan="2" | Active
! colspan="2" | Middle
! colspan="2" | Passive
|-
! Imperfective
! Perfective
! Imperfective
! Perfective
! Imperfective
! Perfective
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="5" | Singular
! colspan="2" | 1st Person
| ''-itz/-it''
| ''-ī''
| ''-or/-ō''
| ''-ō''
| ''-ēlō''
| ''-ēlō''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | 2nd Person
| ''-in''
| ''-in''
| ''-istī''
| ''-ist''
| ''-ēlāstī''
| ''-ēlast''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="3" | 3rd Person
! ''temporary'' 
| ''-is''
| ''-is''
| ''-erur''
| rowspan="3" | ''-ere''
| ''-ēlārur''
| rowspan="3" | ''-ēlāre''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! ''cyclical'' 
| ''-a''
| ''-a''
| ''-era''
| ''-ēlāra''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! ''eternal'' 
| ''-ī''
| ''-e''
| ''-erur''
| ''-ēlārur''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="5" | Plural
! colspan="2" | 1st Person
| ''-imus''
| ''-ime''
| ''-imur''
| ''-imur''
| ''-ēlāmur''
| ''-ēlāme''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | 2nd Person
| ''-itis''
| ''-ite''
| ''-itur''
| ''-itur''
| ''-ēlātur''
| ''-ēlāte''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | 3rd Person
| ''-intz/-int''
| ''-int''
| ''-intur''
| ''-intur''
| ''-ēlantur''
| ''-ēlante''
|}
The way in which a verb will conjugate can be determined from how it forms the following five constructions:
#the active idicative imperfective first person singular
#the active imperfective accusative infinitive
#the active perfective participle
#the active desiderative imperfective first person singular
#the active indicative perfective first person singular
These five forms are refered to as a verb's ''reference forms''. They are often shortend to ''first person singular'' ({{Smallcaps|1p.sg}}), ''accusative infinitive'' ({{Smallcaps|acc.inf}}), ''perfective participle'' ({{Smallcaps|pfv.ptcp}}), ''desiderative first person singular'' ({{Smallcaps|des.1p.sg}}), and ''perfective first person singular'' ({{Smallcaps|pfv.1p.sg}}) respectively.

The first two of these reference forms determines a verb's '''base theme vowel''', or what vowel is used in its indicative imperfective forms. There are four main thematic classes; one weak or null class, wherein the ending is applied directly to the stem, and three strong classes, wherein a thematic vowel is inserted between the stem and the ending.
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Consonant stem changes
|-

!
! t-stem
! s-stem
|-
| ''-m-''
| → '''''-mpt-'''''
| rowspan="3" | → '''''-s-*'''''
|-
| ''-n-''
| → '''''-nt-'''''
|-
| ''-ñ-''
| → '''''-ñct-'''''
|-
| ''-p-''
| → '''''-pt-'''''
| → '''''-ps-'''''
|-
| ''-t-''
| rowspan="3" | → '''''-ss-''''' → '''''-s-'''''**
| rowspan="3" | → '''''-ss-''''' → '''''-s-'''''**
|-
| ''-tl-''
|-
| ''-tz-''
|-
| ''-c-''
| rowspan="2" | → '''''-ct-'''''
| rowspan="2" | → '''''-x-'''''
|-
| ''-cu-''
|-
| ''-q-''
| rowspan="2" | → '''''-qt-'''''
| rowspan="2" | → '''''-qs-'''''
|-
| ''-qu-''
|-
| ''-s-''
| → '''''-st-'''''
| → '''''-ss-''''' → '''''-s-'''''**
|-
| ''-r-''
| → '''''-st-''''' → '''''-s-'''''** → '''''-rt-'''''††
| → '''''-ss-''''' → '''''-s-'''''** → '''''-rr-'''''††
|-
| ''-l-''
| → '''''-s-'''''** → '''''-lt-'''''††
| → '''''-s-'''''** → '''''-ll-'''''††
|-
| ''-v-''
| → '''''-ut-'''''‡ → '''''-ct-'''''*†† → '''''-qt-'''''*††
| → '''''-ur-'''''‡ → '''''-x-'''''*†† → '''''-qs-'''''*††
|-
| ''-i-''
| rowspan="2" | → '''''-ct-'''''* → '''''-qt-'''''*††
| rowspan="2" | → '''''-x-'''''* → '''''-qs-'''''*††
|-
| ''-h-''
|-
| ''-V-''
| → '''''-Vt-'''''
| → '''''-Vr-'''''
|}

{| class="wikitable floatleft" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Theme-ending combination
|-
! rowspan="2" | ''Ending''
! colspan="3" | ''Theme''
|-
! ''-ā-''
! ''-ē-''
! ''-ī-''
|-
! ''-itz''
| → ''-atz''
| → ''-etz''
| → ''-itz''
|-
! ''-is''
| → ''-ās''
| → ''-ēs''
| → ''-īs''
|-
! ''-a''
| → ''-a''
| → ''-ea''
| → ''-ia''
|-
! ''-ī''
| → ''-ae''
| → ''-ī''
| → ''-ī''
|-
! ''-imus''
| → ''-āmus''
| → ''-ēmus''
| → ''-īmus''
|-
! ''-or''
| → ''-or''
| → ''-eor''
| → ''-ior''
|-
! ''-ēlō''
| → ''-ālō''
| → ''-ēlō''
| → ''-iēlō''
|}
The second two determine a verb's '''t-stem''' and '''s-stem'''. These stem alterations are used for further conjugation, the t-stem forming the ''active'' and ''middle perfective participles'', the ''causative voice'', and the ''potential mood'', and the s-stem forming the ''desiderative''. The t- and s-forms often are identical, however meaning is useally further differentiated by thematic vowels, so completely identical forms are rare.

The final form determines how a verb with form the perfective aspect. Generally, there are three main strategies for this: the application of suffix '''''-u-''''' directly after the stem (e.g. '''''{{term|oelitz}}''''' ("I work") → '''''oeluī''''' ("I worked")), the appication of the suffix '''''-v-''''' after a theme vowel (e.g. '''''{{term|aehatz}}''''' ("they love me") → '''''aehāvī''''' ("they loved me")), or no suffix, with lengthening of the root vowel (e.g. '''''{{term|lecitz}}''''' ("I choose") → '''''lēcī''''' ("I chose")). It should be noted that the perfective is always followed by weak endings.

Occassionally, a thematic vowel, weak or strong, may be inserted before the t- or s-stem. This is most common in verbs with a base thematic ''-ā-'', which often functions as a part of the stem (e.g. '''''aehatz''''' → '''''aehātus''''' ("that loved") '''''aehārit''''' ("they want to love me") vs. '''''{{term|mavatz}}''''' ("I wander") → '''''mautus''''' ("that wandered") '''''maurit''''' ("I want to wander)). This may occur with other theme classes, although it should be noted that ''-ē-'' is never used, and is always replaced with ''-ī-''.

===Aspect===
Aeranir verbs have two basic [[w:Grammatical aspect|aspects]], which express how the verb extends over time. Aspect differs from [[w:Grammatical tense|tense]] in that it deals with the completion or continuity of an action or state, rather than the absolute timeframe inwhich it took place. Each aspect may be in any [[w:Grammatical voice|voice]] and/or [[w:Grammatical mood|mood]]. Aspect is expressed primarily through endings, and secondarily through the suffix, as discussed above.
====Imperfective====
The [[w:Imperfective aspect|imperfective aspect]] describes a situation viewed with interior composition. It describes ongoing, habitual, or repeated situations, rather or not they occured in the past, present, or future. The imperfective aspect is considered the most basic, unmarked aspect of a verb. The stem is uninflected, and endings are attached directly to the verb's basic theme vowel.

====Pefective====
The [[w:Perfective aspect|perfective aspect]] in Aeranir describes situations viewed with exterior composition, which is to say actions which are completed and viewed as a unified whole, whether thet take place in the past present, or future, although this construction is very rarely used in for the future.

There are a variety of different strategies to form the perfective. Many of them involve the ''suffix'', which takes the form of ''-v-'' between vowels and ''-u-'' after consonants. All of them take the perfective endings.
:*Attachment of the suffix directly to the stem.
:::'''''{{term|mentitz}}''''' ("they are healing me") → '''''mentuī''''' ("they healed me")
:::'''''{{term|saepitz}}''''' ("they are cutting me") → '''''saepuī''''' ("they cut me")
:*Attachment of the suffix after base thematic vowel.
:::'''''{{term|sircuitz}}''''' ("they are speaking me") → '''''sircīvī''''' ("they spoke me")
:::'''''{{term|auhetz}}''''' ("they are looking at me") → '''''auhēvī''''' ("they looked at me")
:*No suffix; perfective endings attached directly to the stem, with root vowel lengthening.
:::'''''{{term|iuvatz}}''''' ("they are writing me") → '''''iūvī''''' ("they wrote me")
:::'''''{{term|vehitz}}''''' ("they are carrying me") → '''''vēhī''''' ("they carried me")

===Mood===
====Indicative====
The [[w:Indicative mood|indicative mood]] is the baseline grammatical mood in Aeranir. It is used in declarative statements, to express statements or facts, of what the speaker considers true or known. It is the least marked mood of a verb, taking endings directly to the base theme vowel, stem, or suffix.

====Subjunctive====
The [[w:Subjunctive mood|subjunctive mood]] ({{Smallcaps|subj}}) has numerous, but genreally speaking is used to express such nuances as 'would,' 'should,' or 'may.' It can be used to refer to information that the speaker is unsure about, such as hearsay, or for theoretical or hypotherical situations. It is often found in subordinate clauses, annd may be used for conditional statements (e.g. if..., when...).
{| class="wikitable floatleft" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Subjuntive theme changes
|-
! colspan="2" | Type
! Change
! Example
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Weak Verbs
| ''-ø-'' → '''''-ē-'''''
| ''meñitz'' → '''''meñet'''''
|-
| ''-ē-'' → '''''-ā-'''''
| ''meñēlō'' → '''''meñālō'''''
|-
! rowspan="4" | Strong Verbs
! a-stem 
| ''-ā-'' → '''''-ē-'''''
| ''aehatz'' → '''''aehet''''' ''aehālō'' → '''''aehēlō'''''
|-
! rowspan="2" | i-stem 
| ''-ī-'' → '''''-iā-'''''
| ''sēpitz'' → '''''sēpiat'''''
|-
| ''-iē-'' → '''''-iā-'''''
| ''sēpiēlō'' → '''''sēpiālō'''''
|-
! e-stem 
| ''-ē-'' → '''''-eā-'''''
| ''cōretz'' → '''''cōreat''''' ''cōrēlō'' → '''''cōreālō'''''
|}
=====Forming the subjunctive=====
The subjunctive is formed by shifting a verb's base theme vowel, as described by the table to the left. This shift happens after the stem, but may be either before or after the suffix, depending on whether or not there is a theme vowel before the suffix in the indicative. So the perfective of '''''aehēs''''' ("they should love it") is '''''aehēvis''''' (from indicative '''''aehāvis''''') but '''''sēpiās''''' ("they should cut it") is '''''sēpuēs''''' (from indicative '''''sēpuis'''''), not **''aehāvēs'' or **''sēpēvis''. Although these forms are occasionally found in non-standard writing, they are considered incorrect my grammaticians.

The imperfective subjunctive uses the 1st person sungular ''-it'' instead of ''-itz'', and ''-ō'' instead of ''-or'': '''''{{term|pacitz}}''''', '''''pacior''''' ("they take me, I take") become '''''paciat''''', '''''paciō''''' ("they should take me, I should take").

The 1st person subjunctive perfective in verbs that have no theme vowel before the suffix and does not extend the root vowel is identical to the indicative, and the mood must be inferred through conext: '''''saepuī''''' may be either "they cut me" or "They should cut me." The 3rd person active cyclical singulars in verbs with base theme vowels ''-ī-'' and ''-ē-'' are also identical, e.g. both '''''pacia''''' ("they take it/they should take it"), '''''auhea''''' ("they see it/they should see it").

=====Uses of the subjunctive=====
The subjunctive has numerous uses, ranging from what potentially might be true to what the speaker wishes or commands should happen. It is often translated with 'should', 'could', 'would', 'may' and so on, but in certain contexts it is translated as if it were an ordinary indicative verb.

One use of the subjunctive is the '''speculative subjunction''', used when the speaker imagines what potentially may, might, would, or could happen in the present or future or might have happened in the past. Negation for this type uses '''''{{term|mū}}'''''.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| auheārur seun oeliun stērē
| see-MID.SUBJ.3SG.E this-E.NOM.SG job-NOM.SG hard-ADV
|'This job ''seems'' difficult'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| moeiea Osculan tzānū salva
| please-SUBJ.3SG.C Little.Oscus-ACC.SG gift-ESS.SG book-NOM.SG
|'Little Oscus ''may'' like a book as a gift'}}

The subjunctive may also be used as the '''optative subjunctive''', expressing what the speaker wishes may happen, or wishes had happened. These expresses a weaker or more generalised desire, as opposed to the desiderative mood. Negation for this type uses '''''{{term|mū}}'''''.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ciāvis mū seus incerī pernus
| come-PFV.SUBJ.3SG.T NEG this-T.NOM.SG capital-DAT.SG storm-NOM.SG
|<nowiki>'</nowiki>''If only'' this storm hadn't come to the capital!'}}

The '''jussive subjunctive''' can be used for commands or suggestions for what should happen. It is less direct and far more common than the '''imperative'''. Negation for this type uses '''''{{term|mīm}}'''''.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ven hānō ē vecō veniennō
| go-SUBJ.2SG temple-DAT.SG against curse-DAT.SG win-GER-DAT
|<nowiki>'</nowiki>You ''should'' go to the temple to prevail against the curse'}}

Perhaps the most common use of the subjunctive is the '''conditional subjunctive'''. When the subjunctive is used in a subordinate clause (with the verb moving to the final position), it may carry the meaning 'if, when, should, etc..' This can be used both in finite verb forms, and with participles, the former being more popular in Old inscriptions and the later in Classical ones. Negation for this type uses '''''{{term|mīm}}'''''.

====Desiderative====
The desiderative is used primarily to express wants or desires. While the subjunctive may be used for this as well (see ''optative subjunctive''), the desiderative is considered less abstract or wishful, signalling concrete and actionable wants. It is formed from the s-stem of a verb, with no theme vowel between it and the ending, and using the secondary first person singular and third person plural markers (e.g. ''-it'' and ''-end'' vs. primary ''-itz'' and ''-entz''). Verbs generally follow three patterns to form the s-stem;

:*''-s-'' is appended to the root, causing no other alteration to the root.
::: '''''{{term|requitz}}''''' ("they return me") → '''''reqsit''''' ("they want to return me")
:::'''''{{term|saepitz}}''''' ("they are cutting me") → '''''saepsit''''' ("they want to cut me")
:*''-s-'' is appended after a theme vowel, causing ''-s-'' to become ''-r-''.
:::'''''{{term|sircuitz}}''''' ("they are speaking me") → '''''sircuerit''''' ("they want to speak me")
:::'''''{{term|auhetz}}''''' ("they are looking at me") → '''''auherit''''' ("they want to look at me")
:*''-s-'' is appended to the root, causing some alteration to the root, and perhaps the ''-s-'' augment as well.
:::'''''{{term|iuvatz}}''''' ("they are writing me") → '''''iūrit''''' ("they want to write me")
:::'''''{{term|mentitz}}''''' ("they are healing me") → '''''mēnsit''''' ("they want to heal me")

====Potential====
The '''potential mood''' indicates that, in the opinion of the speaker, one has the ability or capability to do something. It should not be confused with the [[w:Subjunctive mood|subjunctive mood]], which may be used to express that something is likely or possible to occur. The potential always deals with ability. It may be formed from the ''t-stem'' of a verb, plus the thematic vowel ''-a-'' (as opposed to the [[w:Causative|causative voice]], which is formed with the ''t-stem'' plus the thematic vowel ''-i-''). Like the desiderative, there are three main paradigms by which the ''t-stem'' of a verb is formed;

:*''-t-'' is appended to the root, causing no other alteration to the root.
::: '''''{{term|requitz}}''''' ("they return me") → '''''reqtatz''''' ("they can return me")
:::'''''{{term|saepitz}}''''' ("they are cutting me") → '''''saebtatz''''' ("they can cut me")
:*''-t-'' is appended after a theme vowel.
:::'''''{{term|sircuitz}}''''' ("they are speaking me") → '''''sircuitatz''''' ("they can speak me")
:::'''''{{term|auhetz}}''''' ("they are looking at me") → '''''auhitatz''''' ("they can look at me")
:*''-t-'' is appended to the root, causing some alteration to the root, and perhaps the ''-t-'' augment as well.
:::'''''{{term|iuvatz}}''''' ("they are writing me") → '''''iūtatz''''' ("they can write me")
:::'''''{{term|mentitz}}''''' ("they are healing me") → '''''mēnsatz''''' ("they can heal me")

It should be noted that in the causative voice of the potential mood, the first ''-t-'' augment often dissimilates to ''-s/ss-'';

*'''''auhititz''''' ("they let me look at it") → ''**auhitītatz'' → '''''auhissītatz''''' ("they can let me look at it")
*'''''reqtitz''''' ("they let me return it") → ''**reqtītatz'' → '''''reqsītatz''''' ("they can let me return it")

===Voice===
====Active====
====Middle====
The '''middle voice''' (also called the [[w:Mediopassive voice|mediopassive voice]]) is in the middle between the active and the passive voices, as the subject often cannot be categorised as either agent or patient but may have elements of both. The middle voice is usually inherently intransitive, and transitive or ditransitive verbs conjugated into the middle voice usually become intransitive themselves. It is formed by attaching the '''middle verb endings''' to the root of a verb.

The meaning of a verb in the middle voice often depends on the context of the sentence and the lexical properties of the word itself. In its most basic sense, it may be used simply as a valancy decreasing operation. As transitive verbs require an object in the active voice (because transitive verbs must agree with the object), the middle voice may be used merely to omit an object, to highlight the subject or some other part of the sentence, or to simply make a blanket statement.

* '''''aehatz''''' 'they love me' (''active'') → '''''aehor''''' 'I love' (''middle'')
* '''''lecis''''' 'theyi choose themj' (''active'') → '''''lecerur''''' 'theyj choose' (''middle'')

[[w:Animacy|Animacy]] can play a major role in the meaning of a verb in the middle voice. Verbs with more animate subjects, such as people, animals, gods, etc., may be interpreted as more towards an active meaning, whilst less animate subjects, like inanimate objects or possessions, may be interpreted as more passive in meaning.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| auhērur seus ars
| see-MID.3SG.T this-T.NOM.SG wumbo-NOM.SG
|'That wumbo sees'
|c1 = (''more animate'')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| auhēra sea salva
|see-MID.3SG.C this-C.NOM.SG book-NOM.SG
|'That book is seen'
|c1 = (''less animate'')}}

Sometimes, it may have a '''reflexive''' meaning, or the sense of doing something for ones own benefit.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| vascit vominis
|wash-ACT.1SG river-LOC.SG
|'They wash me in a river'
|c1 = (''active voice'')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| vascor vominis
|wash-MID.1SG river-LOC.SG
|'I washed (myself) in a river'
|c1 = (''middle voice'')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| hastās Oscus aprun
|sacrifice-ACT.3SG.T Oscus-NOM.SG fish-ACC.SG
|'Oscus sacrificed a fish'
|c1 = (''active voice'')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| hastārur Oscus aprōrun
|sacrifice-MID.3SG.T Oscus-NOM.SG fish-INSTR.SG
|'Oscus sacrificed a fish (for their benefit)'
|c1 = (''middle voice'')}}

Another important use of the middle voice is the '''experiential middle voice'''. When used with sensory verbs the middle voice may be used to differentiate experiential, nonvolitional sensation (''see, hear, smell, feel, know, etc.''), as opposed to active, volitional sensation (''look, listen, sniff, touch, understand, etc.'') Often times, the object of the sensory verb will be expressed using an oblique case, usually the ablative.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ȳrēs te ponun carīnī hellē
|hear/listen-ACT.3SG.T <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG.NOM voice-ACC.SG friend-GEN.SG happily
|'I like to listen to (my) friend's voice'
|c1 = (''active voice'')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ȳreor ponā carīnī hellē
|hear/listen-MID.1SG voice-ABL.SG friend-GEN.SG happily
|'I like to hear (my) friend's voice'
|c1 = (''middle voice'')}}

The middle voice may also be used with a variety of verbal compliments—usually adverbs—which describe the quality of the subject, or the result of the action. Often times such constructions may be expressed in English as ''adjective to verb'', e.g. 'easy to love'.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| qurrera salva hēs collēcta aplīdiāna iūs
| read-MID.3SG.C book-NOM.SG matters-NOM.SG gather-PFV.PTCP-C.NOM.SG of_Avrid-C.NOM.SG well
|'The book "Collected Matters of Avrid" is a good read' (lit. '~reads well')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| taetuere tīn īvīs lȳrīs saltīs ni fictun satun iūs
| drink-PFV.MID.3SG.E tea-NOM.SG 1PL.PRO-DAT time-LOC.SG pass-PFV.PTCP-T.LOC.SG 2SG<nowiki>=</nowiki> make-PFV.PTCP-E.NOM.SG pour-PFV.PTCP-E.NOM.SG well
|'The tea you made us last time was delicious' (lit. '~drank well')}}

====Passive====
The '''[[w:Passive voice|passive voice]]''' in Aeranir shares many traits with the middle voice, and often times the distinction between the two can be subtle, nuanced, or obscure. The passive was rare in Old Aeranir and even in the Classical period remained unusual, with the middle voice still preferred for passive clauses. It only began to rise in popularity in Late Aeranir. In its most basic form, the grammatical subject ([[w: Nominative case|nominative]] argument) expresses the theme or [[w:Grammatical patient|patient]] of the main verb – that is, the person or thing that undergoes the action or has its state changed. This is opposed to the [[w:Active voice|active voice]], where the nominative argument expresses the agent of a transitive clause or subject of an intransitive one, and the [[w:Voice (grammar)#Middle|middle voice]], which has traits of both.

=====Uses of the passive=====
Unlike the middle voice, the passive is not used for verbal complements, and it cannot take the agent of a verb as its subject. It is never used in verbal complements.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| taeterur seun tīn iūs
|drink-MID.3SG.E this-E.NOM.SG tea-NOM.SG well
|'This tea tastes good' (lit. 'it drinks well')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| taetēlārur seun tīn iūs
|drink-PAS.3SG.E this-E.NOM.SG tea-NOM.SG well
|'This tea is drunk often'}}

While the agent may be dropped in a passive clause, it may also be included, using the [[w:Ablative case|ablative case]].

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| praestrōcuēlāre ūlun Cavā Īliānā hānun
|rebuild-PFV.PAS.3SG.E yonder-E.NOM.SG Cava-ABL.SG Ilianus-C.ABL.SG temple-NOM.SG
|'This temple was rebuilt by Cava Iliana'}}

The passive can also be especially with intransitive verbs to form denote an '''unspecified/generic subject'''. This structure may is used to make general statements or observations. Negation for this type uses '''''{{term|mū}}'''''.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| miquientur
|die-MID.3PL.T
|'They are dead/dying.'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| miquiēlantur
|die-PAS.3PL.T
|'There are people dead/dying'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| mūhera (sea) artina inceris alta
|not.enough-MID.3SG.C (this-C.NOM.SG) wumbo-DAT.PL capital-GEN.SG water-NOM.SG
|'This is not enough water for the people of the capital'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| mūhēlāra artina inceris alta
|not.enough-PAS.3SG.C wumbo-DAT.PL capital-GEN.SG water-NOM.SG
|'There is not enough water for the people of the capital'}}

Similarly, the passive can be used to form the ''aversive passive'', denoting an undesirable event or outcome. The affecting action may happen directly to the subject, or to another person or thing.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| cōmerī requintus furuēlō sopere
|home-DAT return-IPFV.PTCP-T.NOM.SG fall-PFV.PAS.1SG snow-ABL.SG
|'Walking home I got snowed on'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| miquīvēlast apiesterā
| die-PFV-PAS.2SG master-ABL.SG
|'Your master has died on you' (i.e., died and it negatively affects you)}}

In some uses of the aversive passive, the subject of the sentence may be difficult to ascertain. For example, the sentence '''''furuī pālā''''' 'I fell from the tree' can be expressed in using the aversive passive, because the action is undesirable. However, the straight aversive passive, '''''furuēlō pālā''''', is ambiguous; it could mean either 'I fell from the tree' (using the ''ablative of motion'') or 'The tree fell on me' (using the ''agentive ablative'').

In the first interpretation, the first person argument is the semantic subject of the clause, whilst in the second it is the tree. In order to emphasise that the semantic subject and syntactic arguments are the same (i.e. it is ''I'' who fell from the tree), the reflexive pronoun ''cē'' may be used; e.g. ''furuī pālā'' ('I fell from the tree') → '''''furuēlō cē pālā''''' ('I fell from the tree, and it negatively affected me' ''lit.'' 'I fell myself from the tree').

====Causative====
===Non-finite forms===
====The infinitive====
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Aeranir infinitives
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" | Imperfective
! colspan="3" | Perfective
|-
! accusative
! oblique
! meaning
! accusative
! oblique
! meaning
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Active
| '''''aehāhan''''' ''-han''
| '''''aehāri''''' ''-ri''
| ''to love (someone)''
| '''''aehāhī''''' ''-hī''
| '''''aehārī''''' ''-rī''
| ''to have loved (someone)''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Middle
| '''''aehāssi''''' ''-ssi''
| '''''aehāiēs''''' ''-iēs''
| ''to love''
| '''''aehāssī''''' ''-ssī''
| '''''aehāiērī''''' ''-iērī''
| ''to have loved''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Passive
| '''''aehātus sinhan''''' ''{{Smallcaps|PFV.PTCP}} + sinhan''
| '''''aehātus fiēs''''' ''{{Smallcaps|PFV.PTCP}} + fiēs''
| ''to be loved''
| '''''aehātus fūhī''''' ''{{Smallcaps|PFV.PTCP}} + fūhī''
| '''''aehātus fiērī''''' ''{{Smallcaps|PFV.PTCP}} + fiērī''
| ''to have been loved''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Causative
| '''''aehātīhan''''' ''-tīhan''
| '''''aehātīri''''' ''-tīri''
| ''to make (someone) love (someone)''
| '''''aehātīhī''''' ''-tīhī''
| '''''aehātīrī''''' ''-tīrī''
| ''to have made (someone) love (someone)''
|}
=====Uses of the infinitive=====
The infinitive in Aeranir can be used to report indirect speech, hearsay, speculation, or sensation.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| pēra tihī incerī ni cīhī
| pass-PFV.3SG.C 1SG.PRO-DAT capital-DAT.SG 2SG<nowiki>=</nowiki> come-PFV.INF
|'They told me that you'd come to the capital'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ȳrēva te Mussā Limī carīnōvus quo neme cōmus strōcēhan
| hear-PFV.3SG.C <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG Mussa-ABL.SG Limius-GEN.SG friend-GEN.PL <nowiki>=</nowiki>and newly home-ACC.SG build-INF
|'I heard from Mussa that Limius and their friends are building a new house'}}

==== The gerund ====
The gerund in Aeranir is a infinite verb form which displays characteristics of both a noun and a verb. It declines for a limited scope of cases (although not for gender nor number), but can take object and adjunct arguments like a verb. It usually has an adverbial/adjectival meaning, and never agrees with the main verb.
===== Forming the gerund =====
* Null-grade verbs: {{gcl|ROOT|root}}''-innū''; e.g. ''taetihan'' ('to drink') → '''''taetinnū''''' ('whilst drinking').
* A-grade verbs: {{gcl|ROOT|root}}''-annū''; e.g. ''iuvāhan'' ('to write') → '''''iuvannū''''' ('whilst writing').
* I-grade verbs: {{gcl|ROOT|root}}''-iennū''; e.g. ''cītīhan'' ('to cut') → '''''cītiennū''''' ('whilst cutting').
* E-grade verbs: {{gcl|ROOT|root}}''-ennū''; e.g. ''aquēhan'' ('to be open') → '''''aquennū''''' ('whilst open').

===== Uses of the gerund =====
The meaning of the gerund changes depending on its case. The essive and locative can be used to indicate temporal action in relation to the main action of a sentence. The essive indicates simultaneous action, i.e. two actions that cooccur. This may be relayed in English via the conjunction 'whilst.'

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| murran travannū pērintur pāliō mater
| wall-ACC.SG walk-GER.ESS converse.PFV-MID.3PL governor-NOM.SG senator-NOM.SG
|'Whilst they walked along the wall, the governor and senator conversed'}}

This overlaps with certain uses of the imperfective participle (see [[Aeranir#Uses of the participle|§ uses of the participle]]), e.g. ''murran travantur pērintur pāliō mater'' is synonymous with the above example. In contrast, the locative gerund is used to show actions beginning at the same time. This may be relayed with English 'when' or 'as.'

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| pāsillan cītiennīs auhēva sartī tūī cōrēssī
| fireword-ACC.SG cut-GER.LOC see-PFV-C.3SG knife-GEN.SG mine-T.GEN.SG break-PFV.MID.ACC.INF
|'As I (began to) cut the firewood, I saw that my knife was broken'}}

This differs from usage of the perfective participle, which signals the main action starting at the end of the dependant one, i.e. ''pāsillan cīsus auhēva sartī tūī cōrēssī'' 'having cut the firewood I saw that my knife was broken.'

In addition, the essive gerund may be used with the verb ''rēhan'' ('to do') in order to express an attempt, goal, or aim. In the perfective aspect, this is usually interpreted as a failed attempt.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| rēvō salvan ā vitlās Īliānōvus iuvannū
| do-PFV-MID.1SG book-ACC.SG over life-ABL.PL Ilian-GEN.PL write-GER.ESS
|'I tried (but failed) to write a book about the lives of the Ilians.'}}

The genitive and dative cases of the gerund are used to express aim, goal, or purpose. The genitive gerund marks the purpose or use of a noun, whilst the dative gerund marks the purpose of a verb or action.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| pea cūran vecunt inceris moñennī
| grow-C.3SG herb-ACC.SG illness-ACC.PL head-GEN.SG heal-GER.GEN
|'They grow an herb for healing illnesses of the head'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| serue te Caescārin mumae ūī sihinnō pāliōna
| order-PFV.E.3SG <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG Caescar-ACC.SG mother-ACC.PL their-T.ACC.PL sate-GER.DAT post-DAT.PL
|'I ordered Caescar to the boarder to appease their parents'}}

Furthermore, the dative gerund may be used with the middle voice of the verb ''rēhan'' ('to do') in a similar way to the essive, however in this case denoting intent, plans, will, or conjecture.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| reor cartō cur Mussiō vannō
| do-MID.1SG dance-DAT.SG with Mussius-DAT.SG go-GER-DAT
|'I intend to go to the dance with Mussius'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| reāvere seō scericca ciennō
| do-MID.SUBJ.PFV-3SG this-DAT.SG undertaker-NOM.SG come-GER-DAT
|'The undertaker should have come here (they planned to do so)'}}

The ablative and instrumental cases of the gerund can be used to express cause, i.e. 'by doing x,' or 'because x.' The ablative generally marks unintentional or natural causes, whilst the instrumental marks intentional cause.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| tlānae ustae quo peannā rēve cōmus pūterē
| flower-ACC.PL that(medial)-C.ACC.PL <nowiki>=</nowiki>and plant-GER-ABL do-PFV-E.3SG house-ACC.SG beautiful-ADV
|'By planting all these flowers you've made the house beautiful'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ustam prī tētē harēnam matrī iminnōrun restērāvist pāliōnū gaeticae
| that(medial)-C.ACC.SG before 1SG-ABL paper-ACC.SG senator-DAT.SG send-GER-INSTR assure-PFV-MID.2SG governor-ESS.SG Gaetica-GEN.SG
|'By sending the senator that letter before me, you've assured your place as governor of Gaetica'}}

==Semantics==
=== Temporal expressions ===

The ancient Aerans divided the day from noon to noon into one hundred '''''lammar''''' (sg. ''lamma'') of equal length, roughly 14.4 minutes long. The daytime was divided into sixteen '''''lȳrar''''' (sg. ''lȳra''), and night into four or five '''''volar''''' (sg. ''vola'') depending on the season. Time was kept on a device called a '''''lammāriun''''', a type of clock. Early ''lammāriunt'' only measured ''lammar'', and one had to consult an almanac ('''''lȳrāriun''''') to determine the length and starting time of each ''lȳra'' or ''vola'' on a given day.

The verb '''''spurhan''''' ('to hang (trans.)') is used to denote spending or taking time;

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| spurra sau īma lamma āmātiō vannō
| hang-MID.C.3SG only one-C.NOM.SG lamma-NOM.SG market-DAT.SG go-GER-DAT
| 'It only takes one ''lamma'' to get to the market'}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| qurrintus spūrint te volae mōrī
| read-PTCP-T.NOM.SG hang.PFV-3PL <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG vola-ACC.PL three-C.ACC.PL
| 'I spent three ''volar'' reading'}}

To denote the amount of time spent on an action, without regard for whether or not the activity was completed or reached its end goal (i.e. atelic action) the essive case is used. To signify the amount of time spent or necessary to spend to complete an activity (i.e. telic action) the instrumental case is used.

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| iūvint te harēnae īmau lȳrau
| write.PFV-3PL <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG letter-ACC.SG one-C.ESS.SG lyra-ESS.SG
| 'I wrote letters for an hour'}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| iūva te harēna īmārun lȳrārun
| write.PFV-C.3SG <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG letter-ACC.SG one-C.INSTR.SG lyra-INSTR.SG
| 'I wrote the letter in an hour'}}

=== Possession ===

There are a number of different strategies in Aeranir to signify possession. Aeranir lacks a [[w:Possession_(linguistics)#Possession_verbs|possession verb]] analogous to English 'to have,' and instead usually signifies possession through different types of [[w:Existential_clause|existential clauses]]. For example, the sentence 'I have a friend' can be expressed by the sentence '''''ēs carīnus tihī''''', which literally means 'there is a friend to me.'

The case of the possessor changes depending its relationship with the possessed:

* '''Locative case''': used for personal possessions that are currently on the person;

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| ēs iarius taurātīs
| COP-T.3SG spear-NOM.SG soldier-LOC.SG
|'The soldier has a spear (on them)'
|c2 = ''lit. 'at the soldier is a spear<nowiki>'</nowiki>''}}

* '''Dative case''': used for personal possessions that are not currently on the person, or for affiliation with persons or people;

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| sintz iariur vulhur taurātiō
| COP-T.3PL spear-NOM.PL many-T.NOM.PL soldier-DAT.SG
|'The soldier has many spears (at home)'
|c2 = ''lit. 'to the soldier are many spears<nowiki>'</nowiki>''}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| sintz menterur tihī octzuin
| COP-T.3PL sibling-NOM.PL 1SG-DAT six
|'I have six siblings'
|c2 = ''lit. 'to me are six siblings<nowiki>'</nowiki>''}}

* '''Ablative case''': used for parts of a whole, or body parts;

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| sī incus iūrun nēnē
| COP-E.3SG head-NOM.SG good-E.NOM.SG 1SG-ABL
|'You have a good head (i.e. are smart)'
|c2 = ''lit. 'from you is a good head<nowiki>'</nowiki>''}}

For metaphorical possession or possession of abstract concepts, such as leadership, power, knowledge, etc., any of these three may be used, for different rhetorical purposes. For example, using the locative implies an immediacy to the possession; that it is in hand, ready to be used. Using the dative implies that the possession is not immediate, but rather something that can be drawn upon, perhaps too vast to 'carry' on one person. This can be more humble or polite than the locative. Using the locative implies that the trait is a fundamental, inalienable, and inherent part of the possessor, rather than something gained or worked for.

=== Conditionals ===

Aeranir has a number of ways of expressing [[w:Conditional sentence|conditional sentences]], depending on the type of condition, as well as the register of speech. Colloquial or spontaneous speech tends to favour the use of finite dependant clauses for the '''''protasis''''' (conditional clause, as opposed to the '''''apodosis''''', or consequence), where as practiced or refined speech, or writing, tend to favour non-finite dependant clauses (this represents a general trend in writing to 'nominalise' all but the most central verb in a sentence, and sometimes the central verb too is made non-finite).

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| sopis furea requeō cōmerī
| snow-NOM.SG fall-SUBJ.C.3SG return-MID.SUBJ.1SG home-DAT.SG
|'If it snows I'm going home'
|c1 = ''(more informal)''}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| soperis furentīs requeō cōmerī
| snow-GEN.SG fall-SUBJ.PTCP-T.LOC.SG return-MID.SUBJ.1SG home-DAT.SG
|'If it snows I'm going home'
|c1 = ''(more formal)''}}

When a non-finite clause is used for a conditional, the verb of the ''protasis'' usually appears in the locative case (an expression of ''time-is-space'' metaphor), unless the two clauses share an argument (e.g. subject, object, etc.) in which case the ''protasis'' takes the same case marking as the shared argument.

Conditional sentences in Aeranir are formed purely through juxtaposition—that is, the placing of two clauses side by side, the verb of the ''protasis'' moved to clause-final position or put into a non-finite form to mark it as dependant. No conjunctive particles like 'if' or 'when' are required. The ''protasis'' takes the subjunctive mood, whilst the mood of the ''apodosis'' indicates the certainty of the conclusion. Aspect, meanwhile, can be used to indicate the certainty of the condition. This distinction may be approximated in English by 'if' versus 'when'

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+ Mood and aspect of conditional sentences
|-
!
! ''Protasis'' certain
! ''Protasis'' uncertain
|-
! ''Apodosis'' certain
| if [''perfective aspect''] then [''indicative mood''] e.g. ''intlae furītīs mollintz tahrer''—'when it rains, the shingles will leak'
| if [''imperfective aspect''] then [''indicative mood''] e.g. ''intlae furentīs mollintz tahrer''—'if it rains, the shingles will leak'
|-
! ''Apodosis'' uncertain
| if [''perfective aspect''] then [''subjunctive mood''] e.g. ''intlae furītīs mollent tahrer''—'when it rains, the shingles might leak'
| if [''imperfective aspect''] then [''subjunctive mood''] e.g. ''intlae furentīs mollent tahrer''—'if it rains, the shingles might leak'
|}

== Numbers ==
<div style="overflow:auto">
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Aeranir numbers 1-400
|-
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
|-
! 1
| ''īmus''
| ''prīstus''
| ''temper''
! 11
| ''īnhīntur''
| ''īnhīnsus''
| ''īnhīntin''
! 21
| ''calhier īmus''
| ''calhitus prīstus''
| ''calhin temper''
! 120
| ''octzāculhier''
| ''octzāculhitus''
| ''octzāculhin''
|-
! 2
| ''sēr''
| ''metzumnus''
| ''vēriēs''
! 12
| ''verhīntur''
| ''verhīnsus''
| ''verhīntin''
! 22
| ''calhier sēr''
| ''calhitus metzumnus''
| ''calhin vēriēs''
! 140
| ''nāculhier''
| ''nāculhitus''
| ''nāculhin''
|-
! 3
| ''morier''
| ''moritus''
| ''moriēs''
! 13
| ''prōhīntur''
| ''prōhīnsus''
| ''prōhīntin''
! 30
| ''calhier qehentzier''
| ''calhitus qehēnsus''
| ''calhin qehen''
! 160
| ''nāquenculhier''
| ''nāquenculhitus''
| ''nāquenculhin''
|-
! 4
| ''quatlur''
| ''quallus''
| ''quatziēs''
! 14
| ''quatlāhīntur''
| ''quatlāhīnsus''
| ''quatlāhīntin''
! 40
| ''verculhier''
| ''verculhitus''
| ''verculhin''
! 180
| ''nātlicculhier''
| ''nātlicculhitus''
| ''nātlicculhin''
|-
! 5
| ''quiquier''
| ''quiqtus''
| ''quiquin''
! 15
| ''quihīntur''
| ''quihīnsus''
| ''quihīntin''
! 50
| ''verculhier qehentzier''
| ''verculhitus qehēnsus''
| ''verculhin qehen''
! 200
| ''tammīttler''
| ''tammīttus''
| ''tammīttziēs''
|-
! 6
| ''octzuer''
| ''octzūmus''
| ''octzuin''
! 16
| ''octzāhīntur''
| ''octzāhīnsus''
| ''octzāhīntin''
! 60
| ''prōculhier''
| ''prōculhitus''
| ''prōculhin''
! 220
| ''tammīttler calhier''
| ''tammīttus calhitus''
| ''tammīttziēs calhin''
|-
! 7
| ''nāier''
| ''nāntus''
| ''nāhin''
! 17
| ''nāhīntur''
| ''nāhīnsus''
| ''nāhīntin''
! 70
| ''prōculhier qehentzier''
| ''prōculhitus qehēnsus''
| ''prōculhin qehen''
! 240
| ''tammīttler verculhier''
| ''tammīttus verculhitus''
| ''tammīttziēs verculhin''
|-
! 8
| ''nāquemur''
| ''nāquemmus''
| ''nāquemin''
! 18
| ''sērēsculhier''
| ''sērēsculhitus''
| ''sērēsculhin''
! 80
| ''quatlāculhier''
| ''quatlāculhitus''
| ''quatlāculhin''
! 260
| ''tammīttler prōculhier''
| ''tammīttus prōculhitus''
| ''tammīttziēs prōculhin''
|-
! 9
| ''nātlittzier''
| ''nātlittzitus''
| ''nātlittzin''
! 19
| ''īmāculhier''
| ''īmāculhitus''
| ''īmāculhin''
! 90
| ''quatlāculhier qehentzier''
| ''quatlāculhitus qehēnsus''
| ''quatlāculhin qehen''
! 280
| ''tammīttler quatlāculhier''
| ''tammīttus quatlāculhitus''
| ''tammīttziēs quatlāculhin''
|-
! 10
| ''qehentzier''
| ''qehēnsus''
| ''qehen''
! 20
| ''calhier''
| ''calhitus''
| ''calhin''
! 100
| ''quicculhier''
| ''quicculhitus''
| ''quicculhin''
! 400
| ''mīttler''
| ''mīttus''
| ''mīttziēs''
|}
</div>

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Aeranir numbers 400-3,200,000
|-
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
|-
! 800
|
|
|
! 16,000
|
|
|
! 320,000
|
|
|
|-
! 1,200
|
|
|
! 24,000
|
|
|
! 480,000
|
|
|
|-
! 1,600
|
|
|
! 32,000
|
|
|
! 640,000
|
|
|
|-
! 2,000
|
|
|
! 40,000
|
|
|
! 800,000
|
|
|
|-
! 2,400
|
|
|
! 48,000
|
|
|
! 960,000
|
|
|
|-
! 2,800
|
|
|
! 56,000
|
|
|
! 1,120,000
|
|
|
|-
! 3,200
|
|
|
! 64,000
|
|
|
! 1,280,000
|
|
|
|-
! 3,600
|
|
|
! 72,000
|
|
|
! 1,440,000
|
|
|
|-
! 4,000
|
|
|
! 80,000
|
|
|
! 1,600,000
|
|
|
|-
! 8,000
|
|
| ''attuin''
! 160,000
|
|
| ''ōtlua attuin''
! 3,200,000
|
|
| ''octzuō''
|}

==Late Aeranir inovations==
===Applicative voices===
Whilst Classical Aeranir was more permissive of adding additional arguments to a clause, so long as the verb's core transitivity were met. Late Aeranir, however, tended to be more restrictive, and required valency increasing operations to express benefactive, comitative, and locative meanings. These applicative morphemes take the form of verbal prefixes.

==Lexicon==

''[[:Category:Aeranir_words|Aeranir Lexicon]]''.

==Footnotes==

[[Category:Aeranir]]
[[Category:Maro-Ephenian Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Avrid]]

Aeranir

2020-07-08T13:30:33Z

Gaffney.flancer: /* Uses of the passive */

{{construction}}
{{Infobox language
| name = ''Aeranir''
| altname = ''coeñar inceris''
|-
| nativename = ''coeñar aerānir''
| pronunciation = [ˈk̟øː.ɲar ˈɪ̃ŋ̟.k̟ɛ.rɪs̠], [ˈk̟øː.ɲar ɛːˈraː.nɪr]
|-
|creator=Limius
|setting=''[[Avrid]]''
|-
| state = [[Telrhamir]], [[Iscaria]], [[Aeranid Empire]]
| ethnicity = Aeran
| familycolor = PaleGoldenrod
| fam1 = [[Maro-Ephenian languages|Maro-Ephenian]]
| fam2 = Iscaric
|ancestor=[[Proto-Maro-Ephenian]]
|ancestor2=[[Proto-Iscaric]]
|ancestor3=[[Aeranir#Old Aeranir|Old Aeranir]]
|-
| nation = [[Aeranid Empire]]
| minority = [[Iscaria]], [[S'entin]], [[Tevrén]]
| notice = IPA
|iso3 = qco
}}

'''Aeranir''', also known as '''coeñar aerānir''' (''language of the Aerans''), or '''coeñar inceris''' (''language of the capital''), is an Iscaric language in the [[Maro-Ephenian languages|Maro-Ephenian language group]]. It was originally spoken by the [[Aerans]], developed in the deserts of Northern [[Iscaria]] in the city of [[Telrhamir]], and spread with the expanse of the [[Aeranid Empire]] throughout [[Ephenia]], as well as parts of [[Eubora]] and [[Syra]]. It later developed into the Aeranid languages, such as [[Dalot]], [[Ilesse]], [[Iscariano]], [[Îredese]], [[S'entigneis]], and [[Tevrés]]. It is still used throughout Ephenia as a language of theology, science, medicine, literature, and law.

Aeranir had been standardised into Classical Aeranir by the time of the Early Empire, around the second millennia [[New Imperial Age|BNIA]] by the writer and educator Limius. The period before that is generally referred to as Old Aeranir. The language spoken between the 15th and 12th centuries [[New Imperial Age|BNIA]] is generally referred to Late Aeranir. This shift is marked by several grammatical and phonetic shifts. After that period, Aeranir began to splinter off into the various Aeranid languages. A form of Classical Aeranir called New Aeranir or Medieval Aeranir remained in use in official writings even after this period.

Aeranir is a highly inflective and fusional language, with three distinct [[w:Gramatical Gender|genders]], nine [[w:Gramatical Case|cases]], two [[w:Gramatical Aspect|aspects]], four [[w:Gramatical Mood|moods]], three [[w:Gramatical Person|persons]], two or three [[w:Gramatical Voice|voices]], and two [[w:Gramatical Number|numbers]].

==History==
===Periodisation===

{{Graphical timeline

|title=Timeline of Aeranir
|align=right

|plot-colour=#bbeebb

|from=0
|to=3000
|scale-increment=200

|width=10
|height=300
|height-unit=px

|legend1=Aeran settlements

|bar1-from=2400
|bar1-left=0
|bar1-right=0.2

|legend2=City of Telhramir

|bar2-to=2600
|bar2-left=0.1
|bar2-right=0.2

|legend3=Aeranid Kingdom
|legend3-colour=#e0aacc

|bar3-to=2400
|bar3-left=0
|bar3-right=0.2
|bar3-colour=#e0aacc

|
|bar4-to=2104
|bar4-left=0
|bar4-right=0.2
|bar4-colour=red
|legend4=Aeranid Empire
|legend4-colour=red

|
|bar5-to=1266
|bar5-from=825
|bar5-left=0
|bar5-right=0.2
|bar5-colour=#AA98A9
|legend5=Eastern Aeranid Empire
|legend5-colour=#AA98A9

|bar6-from=1172
|bar6-to=1266
|bar6-left=0.1
|bar6-right=0.2
|bar6-colour=blue
|legend6=Western Aeranid Empire
|legend6-colour=blue

|bar7-to=825
|bar7-left=0
|bar7-right=0.2
|bar7-colour=grey
|legend7=Various Nations
|legend7-colour=grey

|bar8-text=Proto-Aeranid
|bar8-to=953
|bar8-from=700
|bar8-left=1
|bar8-right=1.75
|bar8-border-width=1
|bar8-border-colour= #996666
|bar8-colour=lightgrey

|bar9-text=Liturgical Aeranir
|bar9-to=953
|bar9-left=0.2
|bar9-right=1
|bar9-border-width=1
|bar9-border-colour= #996666
|bar9-colour=#cc9999

|bar10-text=Post-Collapse Aeranir
|bar10-from=953
|bar10-to=1266
|bar10-left=0.2
|bar10-right=1.75
|bar10-colour=#99cc99

|bar11-text=Late Aeranir
|bar11-from=1266
|bar11-to=1450
|bar11-left=0.2
|bar11-right=1.75
|bar11-colour=#99cc99
|bar11-border-width=0.1

|bar12-text=Golden Age Aeranir
|bar12-from=1450
|bar12-to=1800
|bar12-left=0.2
|bar12-right=1.75
|bar12-border-width=0.1
|bar12-colour=#99cc99

|bar13-text=Classical Aeranir
|bar13-from=1800
|bar13-to=2200
|bar13-left=0.2
|bar13-right=1.75
|bar13-border-width=0.1
|bar13-colour=#99cc99

|bar14-text=Old Aeranir
|bar14-from=2200
|bar14-to=2500
|bar14-left=0.2
|bar14-right=1.75
|bar14-border-width=0.1
|bar14-colour=#99cc99

|bar15-text=Proto-Iscaric
|bar15-from=2500
|bar15-to=3000
|bar15-left=0.2
|bar15-right=1.75
|bar15-border-width=0.1
|bar15-colour=#bbeebb

|bar16-text=Aeranid Languages
|bar16-to=700
|bar16-from=0
|bar16-left=1
|bar16-right=1.75
|bar16-border-width=1
|bar16-border-colour= #996666
|bar16-colour=grey

|note1=The Collapse
|note1-at=1266
|note1-nudge-right=10
|note1-colour=green

|caption=A timeline of the evolution of Aeranir. The scale is in years BCA. The thin bar to the left denotes the Aeranir (and later Aeranid) speaking powers of the time, whilst the right denotes the evolutionary stage of Aeranir.
}}

The Aeranir language is descended from Proto-Iscaric, a theoretical reconstruction, which is in turn descended from [[Proto-Maro-Ephenian]]. This makes Aeranir a member of the Maro-Ephenian language family, along with Talothic, Fyrdan, and Marian. Because neither of these two proto-languages are attested in writing, it can be difficult to say when they were spoken, and when one transitioned into the other, but scholars generally agree that there was something that could be called Proto-Iscaric around the end of the 4th millennium BCA.

Proto-Iscaric was spoken by numerous Maro-Ephenian tribes which settled in Iscaria at the end of the 4th millennium. This evolved into numerous attested Iscaric languages, of which the language of the Aerans, who settled the region known as Aes, was but one. The oldest evidence of their language is found dating well after the founding of their most famous city, Telhramir, around 2500 BCA. This phase of the language, from around then to the later years of the Aeranid Kingdom, is known as Old Aeranir (called '''''coeñar accuiha aerānir''''' or '''''aerānir accuiha''''' by Classical and Golden Age sources).

==Phonology==
===Consonants===
The following is a table of phonemes in Aeranir. This analysis is based on Classical Aeranir, as it was used during the hight of the [[Aeranid Empire]]. The phonology, especially the number of vowel phonemes, varied greatly time, but this is seen as the standard version of the language.
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Classical consonant phonemes
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | Labial
! colspan="2" | Coronal
! rowspan="2" | Palatal
! colspan="2" | Velar
! colspan="2" | Uvular
! rowspan="2" | Glottal
|-
! central 
! lateral 
! plain 
! labial 
! plain 
! labial 
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Nasal
| m
| n
|
| ɲ
|
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Stop
| p
| t
|
|
| k
| kʷ
| q
| qʷ
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Affricate
|
| ts
| tɬ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Fricative
| f
| s
|
|
|
|
|
|
| h
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Liquid
|
| r
| l
| j
|
| w
|
|
| ɦ
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Golden age consonant phonemes
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | Labial
! colspan="2" | Coronal
! rowspan="2" | Palatal
! colspan="2" | Velar
! colspan="2" | Uvular
! rowspan="2" | Glottal
|-
! central 
! lateral 
! plain 
! labial 
! plain 
! labial 
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| m
| n
|
| ɲ
|
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="3" | Stop
! aspirated
| (pʰ)
| (tʰ)
|
|
| kʰ
|
| qʰ
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! plain
| p
| t
|
|
| k
| kʷ
| q
| qʷ
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! voiced
| (b)
| (d)
|
|
| (g)
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" | Affricate
! voiceless
|
| ts
| tɬ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! voiced
|
| (dz~z)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Fricative
| f
| s
|
|
|
|
|
|
| h
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Liquid
| ʋ
| r
| l
| j
|
|
|
|
| ɦ
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Late consonant phonemes
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | Labial
! colspan="2" | Coronal
! rowspan="2" | Palatal
! colspan="2" | Velar
|-
! central 
! lateral 
! plain 
! labial 
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| m
| n
|
| ɲ
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" | Stop
! voiceless
| p
| t
|
| c
| k
| kʷ
|- style="text-align:center;"
! voiced
| b
| d
|
| ɟ
| g
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Affricate
|
| ts
| tɬ
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Fricative
| f
| s
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Liquid
|
| r
| l
| j
|
|
|}
====Notes on consonants====
*The clusters /rh/, /nh/, and /lh/ vary greatly between dialects; [rɦ nɦ ɫɦ ~ rg ŋg ɫg ~ ʀː ŋː ʟː].
*The sequence /ks/ is written in the romanisation as ''x''.
*The nasal consonant /n/ assimilates to the place of articulation of the following stop, so that /nk/ or /nqʷ/ for example become /ŋk/ and /ɴʷqʷ/. Before fricatives, /n/ is deleted, and the proceeding vowel is lengthened and nasalised. These processes apply between word boundries as well. Word final /n/ as part of case and personal markers is elided before a word starting with a vowel, fricative, approximate, or before a [[w:Pausa|pausa]]. It often served as a [[w:Shibboleth|shibboleth]] for discerning one's origins or social circles.
*The velar, labio-velar, and labio-uvular consonants /k/, /kʷ/, /q/, and /qʷ/ are palatalised before front vowels and /j/ to [k̟], [kᶣ], [k̠] and [k̠ᶣ] respectively. Futhermore, dental consonants /n/ and /t/ are palatalised before /j/ to [ɲ̟], and [tʲ]. The glottal fricative /h/ is also palatalised to [ç] before high front vowels and /j/. Some dialects also palatalise the postalveolar consonants /s/ and /ts/ to [ɕ] and [tɕ] before front vowels and /j/.
*The labialised consonants /kʷ/, and /qʷ/ are pronounced as truly labialised, rather than a sequence of two consonants, i.e. /kw/, /qw/. The voiced labiovelar stop only occurs after a nasal consonant.
*All consonants, with the exception of /ʋ/, can be geminated between vowels. This is denoted orthographically by doubling of the first letter of the phoneme, i.e. ⟨cc⟩, ⟨ff⟩, ⟨hh⟩, etc. The palatal approximate /j/ is always geminated to [jː] between vowels, but is written with a simple ⟨i⟩. Fricative /hː/ is usually realised as [çː]. In dialects that palatalise /s/ and /ts/, [çː] often becomes [ɕː], merging in some environments with /sː/.
*The lateral approximate /l/ has two allophones in Classical Aeranir; [l] before close front vowels, /j/, and when geminated, and [ɫ] elsewhere.
*The fricative /s/ is often pronounced further back in the mouth, closer to [s̠].
* The phoneme /h/ has two distinct allophones following the nasal /n/. When this cluster occurs natively within a word, /h/ is voiced and velarised to [g]. Nasal /n/ is likewise velarised to [ŋ]. Dialectically, the cluster /ŋg/ may be fortified to [gː] or lenited to [ŋː]. Before front vowels and /j/, these may appear as [ɲʝ], [ŋ˖g˖], [g˖ː], or [ŋ˖ː]. When the cluster /nh/ occurs where /h/ was once word initial, as result of a prefix, the nasal is deleted and the preceding vowel nasalised and lengthened, as with fricatives /s/ and /f/.

===Vowels===
Vowels in Aeranir underwent the greatest amount of change throughout time. Although the standard is considered to me Classical Aeranir as it was spoken in the 17th and 16th centuries {{Smallcaps|[[New Imperial Age|bnia]]}}, this should not be seen in the context of a sliding historical spectrum. Below are listed three somewhat representative samples that provide a broad overview of general changes.
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Old Aeranir vowel phonemes (circa 2300{{Smallcaps|bca}})
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Front
! colspan="2" | Central
! colspan="2" | Back
|-
! short 
! long 
! short 
! long 
! short 
! long 
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Close
| i
| iː
|
|
| u
| uː
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Mid
| e
| eː
|
|
| o
| oː
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Open
|
|
| a
| aː
|
|
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Classical and Golden Age Aeranir vowel phonemes (circa 1600{{Smallcaps|bca}})
|-
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="4" | Front
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Central
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Back
|-
! colspan="2" | plain 
! colspan="2" | rounded 
|-
! short 
! long 
! short 
! long 
! short 
! long 
! short 
! long 
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Close
| ɪ
| iː
| ʏ
| yː
|
|
| ʊ
| uː
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Mid-close
|
| eː
|
| øː
|
|
|
| oː
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Mid-open
| ɛ
| ɛː
|
|
|
|
| ɔ
| ɔː
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Open
|
|
|
|
| a
| aː
|
|
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Late Aeranir vowel phonemes (circa 1200{{Smallcaps|bca}})
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Front
! rowspan="2"| Central
! rowspan="2"| Back
|-
! plain
! round
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Close
| i
| (y)
|
| u
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Mid-close
| e
| (ø)
|
| o
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Mid-open
| ɛ
|
|
| ɔ
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Open
|
|
| a
|
|}
====Notes on vowels====
* The short high rounded vowel /ʏ/ is mostly a loan from [[Dalitian]], and is not found in many native words, or words dating back to Old Aeranir. It is usually realised as [ɪ], and is only rounded in educated speech.
{| class="wikitable floatright"
|+caption | Vowel change from PME to Late Aeranir (in stessed initial syllables)
|-
! [[Proto-Maro-Ephenian|PME]]
! Old
! Classical
! Late
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *u[r₂, r₃, h]i
| → ui /ui̯/
| rowspan="2" | → y /yː/
| rowspan="4" | → i /i/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *i[r₂, r₃, h]u
| → iu /iu̯̯/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *ey, *ehi, *ēy, *hey
| → ei /ei̯/
| rowspan="2" | → ī /iː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *i[r₂, r₃, h]
| → ī /iː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *i
| → i /i/
| → i /ɪ/
| rowspan="3" | → e /e/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *oy, *o[r₂, r₃, h]i, *er₃i, *ōy, *[r₂, r₃, h]oy, *r₃ey
| → oi /oi̯/
| → oe /øː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *eh, *ē
| → e /eː/
| → e /eː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *e
| → e /e/
| → e /ɛ/
| rowspan="2" | → è /ɛ/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *er₂i, *r₂ey
| → ai /ai̯/
| → ae /ɛː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *ow, *o[r₂, r₃, h]u, *ōw, *[r₂, r₃, h]ow, *r₃ew, *ew, *ehu, *ēw, *hew
| → ou /ou̯̯/
| rowspan="2" | → ū /uː/
| rowspan="2" | → u /u/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *u[r₂, r₃, h]
| → ū /uː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *u
| → u /u/
| → u /ʊ/
| rowspan="2" | → o /o/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *o[r₂, r₃, h], *ō, *r₃e[r₂, r₃, h], *r₃ē, *er₃
| → o /oː/
| → o /oː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *o, *r₃e
| → o /o/
| → o /ɔ/
| rowspan="2" | → ò /ɔ/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *er₂u, *r₂ew
| → au /au̯̯/
| → au /ɔː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *er₂, *r₂ē
| → ā /aː/
| → ā /aː/
| rowspan="2" | → a /a/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *[r̥₂, r̥₃, h̥]
| → a /a/
| → a /a/
|}
* Most non-intial short vowels in [[Aeranir#Proto-Iscaric|Proto-Iscairc]] were reduced to /i/ by the time of Old Aeranir. Many of these were then further reduced in Classical Aeranir (as discussed above), to the vowels represented by [[w:Diaeresis_(diacritic)|diaeresis]]. These merged in Late Aeranir to a [[w:Schwa|schwa]], but this schwa was deleted in many environments.
* Old Aeranir diphthongs /ei̯/ and /ou̯̯/ may have been realised as hightened pure vowels [eː~e̝ː] and [oː~o̝ː]. Before other vowels, /ei̯/ becomes simple [e] in Classical Aeranir. Likewise, Classical /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ rise to [e] and [o] before another vowel. These were then simplified into glides [j] and [w] in Late Aeranir.
* There are two realisations of high short vowels /ɪ/ and /ʊ/ before another vowel, depending on whether the proceeding syllable it light or heavy. Following a light syllable, the become glides [j] and [w]. Follwing a heavy syllable, an [[w:Ephethesis#Anaptyxis|anaptyctic]] vowel is inserted, becoming [ɪj] and [ʊw]. These vowels are not represented in the orthography.
* Some peripheral dialects of Late Aeranir retained rounded front vowels /y/ and /ø/, while in most, including the speech of Telrhamir, they merged with their plain counterparts /i/ and /e/ respectively.

===Stress===
Syllable stress in Old Aeranir fell uniformly on the first syllable of a word. However, by the time of Classical Aeranir, stress had shifted to a more complex paradigm, generally falling on the '''penult''' (the second to last syllable) or the '''antipenult''' (the third to last syllable). Which one was determined by the '''weight''' of the penult.

Syllables are divided into one of two categories, or weights. These are '''light''' syllables and '''heavy''' syllables. A light syllable contains a maximum of one short vowel, alone or proceeded by a consonant or consonant cluster, while a heavy syllable may contain a long vowel, a coda consonant, or both. If the penult of a word is heavy, it is stressed. If not, the antipenult is stressed.
=== Dialects ===
;Pēcilia Cūvae
: The ''pēcilia cūvae'' ('Cuvan swing') refers to the particular musical quality of the Aeranir spoken in the Aes city of Cuva (''cūva'') during the classical and golden age of Aeranid civilisation. It was likened in the earliest records to the ''pēcilia traecōvus'' ('talothic swing'), and occasionally referred to as the ''pōnus traeceus'' ('talothic voice'). However, by the golden age, Talothic had lost its distinct melodious accent, and the these terms fell out of use. This is believed to be the reason that citizens of Cuva were called ''traeceolar'' ('little taloths'), and is the origin of the name of the city Triggiolari, founded as ''Traeceolar''.

: Rather than the stress-accent of standard capitoline Aeranir, the speech of Cuva is marked by a distinctive [[w:Pitch-accent language|pitch accent]]. Pitch in Cuva begins low, and then rises until a [[w:Mora|kernel mora]], after which it immediately falls. Placement of the kernel mora generally falls on the third to last mora. However, the way morae are counted is somewhat complex. A short vowel, either proceeded by a consonant or consonant cluster, or bare, counts as one mora, and a long vowel of (spurious) diphthong counts as two. On top of that, coda consonants, rather singletons or clusters, also count as a mora. So, for example, each syllable of the word ''āctās'' is three morea; ''a-a-c.ta-a-s''

: Pitch accent manifests differently depending on where the kernel falls. Then the kernel falls on a vowel, there is a [[w:Downstep|downstep]] before it; e.g. ''āctās'': ''a-a-c.ta-a-s'' /àák.tààs/ [ǎːk.tàːs].

==Syntax==
===Word order===
Aeranir is generally verb-initial in independent clauses, and verb-final in dependant clauses, including non-finite clauses using the infinitive, participle, gerund, etc.. These rules may be violated in poetry, however it is much more common to violate the former than the later.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| qurra Rāscānus salvan
| read-3SG.C Rascanus-NOM.SG book-ACC.SG
|'Rascanus is reading a book'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| Rāscānus salvan qurrea
| Rascanus-NOM.SG book-ACC.SG read-SUBJ.3SG.C
|'should Rascanus be reading a book...'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| sircuīva īliō Rāscānus salvan qurrīhan
| tell-PFV.3SG.C Ilius-DAT.SG Rascanus-NOM.SG book-ACC.SG read-INF
|'Rascanus told Ilius that he was reading a book'}}

Nominal clitics attach to the end of verbs in independent clauses, and the beginning of verbs in dependant clauses.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| taetue ne tīn
| drink-PFV.3SG.E <nowiki>=</nowiki>2SG tea-ACC.SG
|'You drank the tea'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| tīn ni taesun
| tea-NOM.SG 2SG<nowiki>=</nowiki> drink-PFV.PTCP-E.NOM.SG
|'The tea you drank'}}

Word order is much more free for nouns and noun phrases. Adjectives and genitives may either proceed or follow a noun (e.g. '''''formun cōmus''''' or '''''cōmus formun''''', both 'the warm house;' '''''umae menter''''' or '''''menter umae''''', both 'my mother's sibling'), although they adjectives generally follow, whilst genitives generally proceed. Prepositions always proceed their noun, whilst postpositions, which are far less common, always follow.

Due to agreement in gender, case, and number between nouns and adjectives, additional nouns may be inserted between a noun and its adjective without changing the meaning, in what is called [[w:Hyperbaton|hyperbaton]]:

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ȳrē arte tihī iūre
| listen-IMP person-VOC.SG 1SG.PRO-DAT good-T.VOC.SG
|'Listen to me good fellow!'}}

==Nouns==
===Gender===
Aeranir nouns are divided into three [[w:Grammatical Gender|genders]], all of which are directly inherited from late [[Proto-Maro-Ephenian]]. These known as the '''temporary''' ('''{{Smallcaps|t}}'''), '''cyclical''' ('''{{Smallcaps|c}}'''), and '''eternal''' ('''{{Smallcaps|e}}''') genders. The gender of a noun effects the adjectives and verbs that refer to it.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ēs ars raius
| COP.3SG.T wumbo(T)-NOM.SG small-T.NOM.SG
|'It's a small wumbo'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| sa tlāna raia
| COP.3SG.C flower(C)-NOM.SG small-C.NOM.SG
|'It's a small flower'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| sī nātlun raiun
| COP.3SG.E shell(E)-NOM.SG small-E.NOM.SG
|'It's a small shell'}}

The gender of most nouns can be easily inferred from its ending. Furthermore, there is often overlap between meaning and gender. Animate living beings and small, breakable objects are often temporary, while abstract concepts, natural processes, or seasonal plants are usually cyclical, and large, durable, inanimate objects are most likely eternal. However, some nouns have no relation to their gender. Personal names are either temporary or cyclical; eternal names are reserved for gods.

===Case===
Nouns in Aeranir have a series of different forms, called cases of the noun, which have different functions or meanings. For example, the word for 'king' is ''{{term|rēs}}'' when subject of a verb, but ''rēnin'' when it is the object:
* ''auhēs rēs'' 'the king sees (someone)' ([[w:Nominative case|nominative case]])
* ''auhēs rēnin'' '(someone) sees the king' ([[w:Accusative case|accusative case]])
There are a total of nine cases for most nouns in Aeranir. Outside of the nominative and accusative, they are as the following:
* [[w:Vocative case|Vocative]]: ''rēne iō!'': 'o king!'
* [[w:Essive case|Essive]]: ''seū rēnū'': 'as this king'
* [[w:Instrumental case|Instrumental]]: ''seōrun rēnerun'': 'using this king'
* [[w:Genitive case|Genitive]]: ''sī rēnis'': 'of this king'
* [[w:Dative case|Dative]]: ''seō rēnī'': 'to/for this king'
* [[w:Ablative case|Ablative]]: ''seā rēni'': 'from/by this king'
* [[w:Locative case|Locative]]: ''sīs rēnīs'': 'at/with the king'
Sometimes the same endings, e.g. ''-ī'' and ''-ēs'', are used for more than one case. Since the function of a word in Aeranir is shown by ending rather than word order, in theory ''requor rēnī'' could mean either 'I return to the king' or 'I return from the king.' In practice, however, such ambiguities are rare.

==== Uses of the cases ====
===== Genitive =====
The use of the genitive case in subordinate clauses has changed throughout the history of Aeranir, and even within the span of time referred to as 'Golden Age Aeranir,' usage was shifting. In Classical and Golden Age Aeranir the genitive could be used with the active voice to mark the subject of the verb, whilst in the middle voice it marked the object. The later is similar to the use of the genitive as a partitive object in [[Classical Talothic|Talothic]]. Some believe this similarity to be the inherited from [[Proto-Maro-Ephenian]], whilst others claim that it is a case of parallel evolution or mutual influence.
:{{interlinear|box=yes
| tzilla artis auhita
| cat-NOM.SG person-GEN.SG see-PFV.PTCP-C.NOM.SG
| 'The cat the person saw'}}

:{{interlinear|box=yes
| ars tzillae auhitūnus
| person-NOM.SG cat-GEN.SG see-PFV.PTCP-T.NOM.SG
| 'The person who saw the cat'}}
The use of genitive objects dwindled in later Golden Age and Late Aeranir, being replaced by the accusative case with the active voice, or the ablative case with the middle voice, as in independent clauses. However, it remained used to mark the subject of dependent clauses, and in Late Aeranir even began to replace the nominative case in independent ones.

===== Ablative =====

* '''Ablative of motion''' implies movement away from or out of an object:
:{{interlinear|box=yes
| furuis pālā
| fall-PFV-T.3SG tree-ABL.SG
| 'They fell from the tree'}}

* '''Agentive ablative''' marks the agent by whom the action of a passive verb in performed:
:{{interlinear|box=yes
| īcēlāre pannun Traetiā cnōtun
| eat-PFV-PASS-E.3SG bread-NOM.SG Traetius-ABL.SG last-E.NOM.SG
| 'The last of the bread was eaten by Traetius'}}

===Declensions===
====Class I====
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+Class I noun
|-
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" |
! colspan="4" | ''{{term|salva}}'' c. book, tome
|-
! colspan="2" | Singular
! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
! word
! ending
! word
! ending
|-
! rowspan="3" | Primary '''''prīstūmus'''''
! scope="row" | Nominative
| ''salva''
| '''''-a'''''
| ''salvar''
| '''''-ar'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Accusative
| ''salvan''
| '''''-an'''''
| ''salvae''
| '''''-ae'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Vocative
| ''salva''
| '''''-a'''''
| ''salvar''
| '''''-ar'''''
|-
! rowspan="3" | Existential '''''soniāmus'''''
! scope="row" | Essive
| ''salvau''
| '''''-au'''''
| ''salvur''
| '''''-ur'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Instrumental
| ''salvārun''
| '''''-ārun'''''
| ''salvōs''
| '''''-ōs'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Genitive
| ''salvae''
| '''''-ae'''''
| ''salvābus''
| '''''-ābus'''''
|-
! rowspan="3" | Directive '''''satūmus'''''
! scope="row" | Dative
| ''salvō''
| '''''-ō'''''
| ''salvāna''
| '''''-āna'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Ablative
| ''salvā''
| '''''-ā'''''
| ''salvās''
| '''''-ās'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Locative
| ''salvīs''
| '''''-īs'''''
| ''salvā''
| '''''-ā'''''
|}

====Class II====
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+Class II temporary/eternal nouns
|-
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" |
! colspan="4" | ''{{term|pernus}}'' t. storm, chaos
! colspan="4" | ''{{term|nātlun}}'' e. shell, carapace
|-
! colspan="2" | Singular
! colspan="2" | Plural
! colspan="2" | Singular
! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
! word
! ending
! word
! ending
! word
! ending
! word
! ending
|-
! rowspan="3" | Primary '''''prīstūmus'''''
! scope="row" | Nominative
| ''pernus''
| '''''-us'''''
| ''pernur''
| '''''-ur'''''
| rowspan="3" | ''nātlun''
| rowspan="3" | '''''-un'''''
| rowspan="3" | ''nātlunt''
| rowspan="3" | '''''-unt'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Accusative
| ''pernun''
| '''''-un'''''
| ''pernī''
| '''''-ī'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Vocative
| ''perne''
| '''''-e'''''
| ''pernur''
| '''''-ur'''''
|-
! rowspan="3" | Existential '''''soniāmus'''''
! scope="row" | Essive
| ''pernū''
| '''''-ū'''''
| ''pernur''
| '''''-ur'''''
| ''nātlū''
| '''''-ū'''''
| ''nātlur''
| '''''-ur'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Instrumental
| ''pernōrun''
| '''''-ōrun'''''
| ''pernōs''
| '''''-ōs'''''
| ''nātlōrun''
| '''''-ōrun'''''
| ''nātlōs''
| '''''-ōs'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Genitive
| ''pernī''
| '''''-ī'''''
| ''pernōvus''
| '''''-ōvus'''''
| ''nātlī''
| '''''-ī'''''
| ''nātlōvus''
| '''''-ōvus'''''
|-
! rowspan="3" | Directive '''''satūmus'''''
! scope="row" | Dative
| ''pernō''
| '''''-ō'''''
| ''pernōna''
| '''''-ōna'''''
| ''nātlō''
| '''''-ō'''''
| ''nātlōna''
| '''''-ōna'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Ablative
| ''pernā''
| '''''-ā'''''
| ''pernōs''
| '''''-ōs'''''
| ''nātlā''
| '''''-ā'''''
| ''nātlōs''
| '''''-ōs'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Locative
| ''pernīs''
| '''''-īs'''''
| ''pernā''
| '''''-ā'''''
| ''nātlīs''
| '''''-īs'''''
| ''nātlā''
| '''''-ā'''''
|}

==Pronouns==
===Personal Pronouns===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Personal pronouns
|-
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" |
! colspan="4" | First person
! colspan="4" | Second person
! colspan="4" | Reflexive
|-
! colspan="2" | singular ''I''
! colspan="2" | plural ''we''
! colspan="2" | singular ''you''
! colspan="2" | plural ''y'all''
! colspan="2" | singular/plural ''himself/herself/ itself/themselves''
|-
! full
! clitic
! full
! clitic
! full
! clitic
! full
! clitic
! full
! clitic
|-
! rowspan="3" | Primary ''prīstūmus''
! Nominative
| rowspan="2" | ''aecū''
| rowspan="7" | ''te''
| rowspan="2" | ''eōs''
| rowspan="7" | ''ī''
| rowspan="2" | ''hanae''
| rowspan="7" | ''ne''
| rowspan="2" | ''rōs''
| rowspan="7" | ''er''
| rowspan="3" | ''cē''
| rowspan="7" | ''ce''
|-
! Vocative
|-
! Accusative
| ''tē''
| ''eon''
| ''nē''
| ''ron''
|-
! rowspan="2" | Existential ''soniāmus''
! Essive
| ''tōs''
| ''eor''
| ''nōs''
| ''rō''
| ''cū''
|-
! Genitive
| ''tī''
| ''īster''
| ''nī''
| ''rester''
| ''cī''
|-
! rowspan="2" | Directive ''satūmus''
! Dative
| ''tihī''
| ''īvīs''
| ''nivī''
| ''urvīs''
| ''civī''
|-
! Ablative
| ''tētē''
| ''eōvōs''
| ''nēnē''
| ''rōvōs''
| ''cēcē''
|}

===Third person pronouns===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Personal pronouns
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
|-
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
|-
! rowspan="3" | Primary ''prīstūmus''
! Nominative
| rowspan="2" | ''us''
| rowspan="2" | ''va''
| rowspan="3" | ''um''
| rowspan="2" | ''ur''
| rowspan="2" | ''var''
| rowspan="3" | ''ūns''
|-
! Vocative
|-
! Accusative
| ''um''
| ''vam''
| ''vī''
| ''vae''
|-
! rowspan="3" | Existential ''soniāmus''
! Essive
| ''ū''
| ''vau''
| ''ū''
| ''ur''
| ''vur''
| ''ur''
|-
! Instrumental
| ''urun''
| ''vārun''
| ''urun''
| ''vēs''
| ''vōs''
| ''vēs''
|-
! Genitive
| ''vis''
| ''vae''
| ''vis''
| ''vus''
| ''vāvus''
| ''vus''
|-
! rowspan="3" | Directive ''satūmus''
! Dative
| ''vī''
| ''vō''
| ''vī''
| ''vina''
| ''vāna''
| ''vina''
|-
! Ablative
| ''vit''
| ''vā''
| ''vit''
| ''vēs''
| ''vās''
| ''vēs''
|-
! Locative
| ''vis''
| ''vīs''
| ''vis''
| ''vā''
| ''vā''
| ''vā''
|}

=== Demonstrative pronouns ===
Demonstratives underwent a great deal of change during the latest stages of Classical Aeranir, and much of the older forms were preserved in Golden Age Aeranir alongside their newer counterparts. The Classical Aeranir distal and medial demonstratives were formed from the third person pronoun ''us, va, un'' plus a suffix. This produced a variety of irregular forms, which were regularised in early Golden Age Aeranir. However, which stem was taken to become the new regular form varied between times, locations, and speakers. Generally, two stems were predominant for each demonstrative; with the medial varying between ''ust-'' and ''unt-'' and the distal between ''ūl-'' and ''ull-''. Eventually, the former of the two became more common, although the latter remained in marginal use, even into the Aeranid languages.
<div style="overflow:auto">
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Old demonstrative pronouns
|-
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="6" | '''''seus, sea, seun''''' this, this one (proximal)
! colspan="6" | '''''ustus, usta, untun''''' that of yours (medial)
! colspan="6" | '''''ūlus, ūla, ūllun''''' that, that one (distal)
|-
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
|-
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Nominative
| ''seus''
| ''sea''
| rowspan="3" | ''seun''
| ''seur''
| ''sear''
| rowspan="3" | ''seunt''
| ''ustus''
| ''usta''
| rowspan="3" | ''untun''
| ''urtur''
| ''urtar''
| rowspan="3" | ''untunt''
| ''ūlus''
| ''ūla''
| rowspan="3" | ''ullun''
| ''ullur''
| ''ullar''
| rowspan="3" | ''ullunt''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Accusative
| ''seun''
| ''sean''
| ''sī''
| ''seae''
| ''untun''
| ''untan''
| ''vītī''
| ''vītae''
| ''ullun''
| ''ullan''
| ''vīlī''
| ''vīlae''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Vocative
| ''sē''
| ''sea''
| ''seur''
| ''sear''
| ''uste''
| ''usta''
| ''urtur''
| ''urtar''
| ''ūle''
| ''ūla''
| ''ullur''
| ''ullar''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Essive
| ''seū''
| ''seau''
| ''seū''
| colspan="3" | ''seur''
| ''ūtū''
| ''ūtau''
| ''ūtū''
| colspan="3" | ''urtur''
| ''ūlū''
| ''ūlau''
| ''ūlū''
| colspan="3" | ''ullur''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Instrumental
| ''seōrun''
| ''seārun''
| ''seōrun''
| colspan="3" | ''seōs''
| ''untōrun''
| ''untārun''
| ''untōrun''
| colspan="3" | ''vēstōs''
| ''ullōrun''
| ''ullārun''
| ''ullōrun''
| colspan="3" | ''vēlōs''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Genitive
| ''sī''
| ''seae''
| ''sī''
| ''seōvus''
| ''seāvus''
| ''seōvus''
| ''vistī''
| ''vistae''
| ''vistī''
| ''vustōvus''
| ''vustāvus''
| ''vustōvus''
| ''vīlī''
| ''vīlae''
| ''vīlī''
| ''vūlōvus''
| ''vūlāvus''
| ''vūlōvus''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Dative
| colspan="3" | ''seō''
| ''seōna''
| ''seāna''
| ''seōna''
| colspan="3" | ''vītō''
| ''vintōna''
| ''vintāna''
| ''vintōna''
| colspan="3" | ''vīlō''
| ''villōna''
| ''villāna''
| ''villōna''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Ablative
| colspan="3" | ''seā''
| ''seōs''
| ''seās''
| ''seōs''
| colspan="3" | ''vistā''
| ''vēstōs''
| ''vēstās''
| ''vēstōs''
| colspan="3" | ''vīlā''
| ''vēlōs''
| ''vēlās''
| ''vēlōs''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Locative
| colspan="3" | ''sīs''
| colspan="3" | ''seā''
| colspan="3" | ''vistīs''
| colspan="3" | ''vātā''
| colspan="3" | ''vīlīs''
| colspan="3" | ''vālā''
|}
</div>
Even after the new regular demonstratives had been widely adopted, the old ones continued to be used for stylistic purposes, and where considered more proper for official writing, speech, and communication.

In Classical Aeranir, demonstratives could stand for a person or thing, but also a place—there was no distinction between 'this' and 'here.' However, in Golden Age Aeranir, another one of the old stems was generalised to create dedicated locative pronouns '''''vistus, vista, vistun''''' 'there (near you),' and '''''vīlus, vīla, vīlun''''' 'there (far away).' By analogy, the proximal locative demonstrative '''''viseus, visea, viseun''''' 'here' was also created. These were used along side the regular demonstratives to express location.

===Possessive pronouns===
Possessive pronouns in Aeranir distinguish between many more different types of possession than ordinary nouns, which use only the genitive to mark possession, ownership, association, etc. Pronouns distinguish both alienable and inalienable possession.

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Possessive pronouns
|-
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | 1st person
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | 2nd person
! colspan="6" | 3rd person
! rowspan="3" | reflexive
|-
! colspan="2" | proximal
! colspan="2" | distal
! colspan="2" | medial
|-
! singular
! plural
! singular
! plural
! singular
! plural
! singular
! plural
! singular
! plural
|- style="text-align:center;"
! inalienable
| ''tī'' ''te''
| ''īster''
| ''nī'' ''ne''
| ''rester''
| ''sī'' ''se''
| ''seōvus''
| ''ūlī''
| ''ūlōvus''
| ''ustī''
| ''ustōvus''
| ''cī'' ''ce''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! alienable
| ''tuius''
| ''eius''
| ''nuius''
| ''ruius''
| colspan="2" | ''seius''
| colspan="2" | ''ūleius''
| colspan="2" | ''usteius''
| ''cuius''
|}

Objects of inalienable possession are marked with the genitive of a personal or demonstrative pronoun. These include body parts, kinship and familiarity terms, personal attributes, emotions, or thoughts. These pronouns generally proceed the possessee, although that is not always the case, especially in poety. Singular pronouns ''tī'', ''nī'', ''cī'', ''sī'', ''ustī'', and ''ūlī'' may be appear as ''tei'', ''nei'', ''cei'', ''sei'', ''usti'', ''ūli'' before words starting with a vowel, and ''te'', ''ne'', ''ce'', ''se'', ''ust'', ''ūl'' before words starting with ''i''.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| se incus
| this-T.GEN.SG head-NOM.SG
|'this one's head'}}

Alienable possession, including essentially all other categories, is marked via possessive adjectives. These adjective may appear either before or after the possessee, but usually come afterwards. Oftentimes, the different use of alienable/inalienable pronouns may hint at a difference in meaning. The word '''''indus''''', for example, may mean 'head,' but also 'capital' or 'leader.' With inalienable pronouns, however, it always means 'head,' versus with alienable pronouns, it means 'capital,' or 'leader' because while a head is inalienable, a capital or leader is not. However, this might not always be the case, depending on the possessor and context.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ēs incus telūhramir tuius
| COP.3SG.T head-NOM.SG mesa-ESS.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>hram-GEN.PL mine-T.NOM.SG
|'My capital is Telhramir'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ēs ūlae (tlānae aerānihae) incus telūrhamir
| COP.3SG.T that_one's-C.GEN.SG (flower-GEN.SG Aeranid-C.GEN.SG) head-NOM.SG mesa-ESS.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>rham-GEN.PL
|'Its (the Aeranid Empire's) capital is Telrhamir'}}

==Adverbs==
Adverbs in Aeranir are used to modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs indicating time, manner, or place.
Most adjectives are formed from nouns or adjectives, although they can be derived from some verbs, especially stative verbs. There are a variety of different formulation strategies, depending on the class of the noun/adjective/verb.
*''formus'' ("warm" 1st-2nd declension adjective) → '''''formē''''' ("warmly")
*''aerās'' ("an Aeran" 3rd declension noun) → '''''aerāne''''' ("like an Aeran")
*''raelis'' ("a child" 3rd declension i-stem noun) → '''''raeliter''''' ("like a child")
*''vȳlēs'' ("three days from now" 4th declension noun) → '''''vȳlē''''' ("every three days")
*''sacus'' ("a pin" 5th declension noun) → '''''saciter''''' ("sharply, like a pin")
One of the most notable uses of the adverbial form is with verbs like ''ficitz'' ("it makes me"), ''fitz'' ("I become"), and ''caitz'' ("I change into"). Adverbs can be used to denote the result of a change of state in such a clause.
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| fīx prīstus pāliōne Boezymiae
| make.PFV-3SG.T first-NOM.SG provincial_governor-ADV Boezymia-GEN.SG
|'The First Senator made them provincial governor of Boezymia'}}
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| sa Īliō qūria tzillē cainnī
| COP-3SG.C Ilius-DAT.SG power-NOM.SG cat-ADV change_form-GER-GEN
|'Ilius has the power to turn into a cat'}}

==Verbs==
===Conjugation===
====Agreement====
[[File:Dga pyramid.png|thumb|250px|right|The ''DGA pyramid'', originally developed by u/Darkgamma, 2018. ''[https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/aarsyy/the_total_cacophony_of_bäladiri_verb_agreement/ The Total Cacophony of Bäladiri Verb Agreement and Argument Assignment]''.]]
Verbs in Aeranir are conjugated to agree with the [[w:Grammatical number|number]], the [[w:Grammatical person|person]], and in the third person singular, the [[w:Grammatical gender|gender]] of the most oblique argument given a word's [[w:Valency (linguistics)|valency]], as defined by the ''DGA pyramid''<ref>https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/aarsyy/the_total_cacophony_of_bäladiri_verb_agreement/</ref>. Here, '''S''' represents the [[w:Subject (grammar)|subject]] of an [[w:Intransitive verb|intransitive verb]], such as 'the person' in 'the person laughed.' '''A''' represents the [[w:Agent (grammar)|agent]] of a [[w:Transitive verb|transitive verb]] (also occasually called the [[w:Subject (grammar)|subject]]), or the person or thing that does the action of the verb, such as 'the child' in 'the child reads the book.' '''D''' marks the donor, a special type of agent, who gives something or does a the action of a verb for the benefit of another, such as ‘the senator’ in ‘the senator gave the cat some milk.’ These are collectively called the '''nominative argument''', and are expressed usually with the [[w:Nominative case|nominative case]], but also occasionally with the [[w:Genitive case|genitive case]] in dependant clauses.

'''P''' represents the [[w:Patient (grammar)|patient]] of a [[w:Transitive verb|transitive verb]], or the person or thing towhich the verb is done, also called the '''direct object''', such as ‘the book’ in ‘the child reads the book.’ '''T''' represents the '''theme''', or the object that is given to someone or something, such as ‘the milk’ in ‘the senator gave the cat some milk.’ These two roles make up the '''accusative argument''', which is marked with the [[w:Accusative case|accusative case]]. Finally, '''R''' represents the '''recipient''', or the person who recieves the theme from the donor, or benefits from the donor's action, with a [[w:Ditransitive verb|ditransitive verb]], also commonly called the '''indirect object''', such as 'the cat' in 'the senator gave the cate some milk.'

Aeranir verbs conjugate their endings to agree with the most oblique argument in a clause. That means the '''subject''' of an '''intransitive verb''' (e.g. '''''clautitz'''''; 'I laugh'), the '''patient''' of a '''transitive verb''' (e.g. '''''auhente'''''; 'I look at you'), or the '''recipient''' of a '''ditransitive verb''' (e.g. '''''tzavī'r salvae'''''; 'you all gave me the books').

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| mollī cōmus
| leak-3SG.E house-NOM.SG
|'The house is leaking'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| requis te coptin nuiun
| return-3SG.C <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG hat-ACC.SG 2SG.POS.PRO-T.ACC.SG
|'I'm giving back your hat'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| imptās ne mu sōlī nomī Sētīlī
| send-POT.3SG.T <nowiki>=</nowiki>2SG <nowiki>=</nowiki>INTERR clothing-ACC.PL new-IPFV.PTCP-T.ACC.SG Setil-DAT.SG
|'Can you send Setil the new clothes?'}}

It should be noted that a verb in the [[w:Active voice|active voice]] must always have the maximum number of arguments according to its inherent transitivity. This means, for example, that one can never say 'John eats.' Because 'to eat' is transitive, there must be a patient, or direct object, e.g. 'John eats food.' However, there are a number of valancy dropping operations available in Aeranir to allow various arguments to be dropped, which are discussed in the section on [[w:Voice (grammar)|voice]].

Additional arguments can be expressed with [[w:Clitic|pronominal clitics]] attached to the end of a verb in independant clauses and to the beginning in dependant ones (e.g.'''''auhente'''''; 'I look at you,' '''''tzāvī'r salvae'''''; 'you all gave me the books'), however these are not considered part of a verbs conjugation, and are optional, especially if the information can be assumed or is known between speakers.

====Number of Conjugations====
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Basic conjugation paradigm
|-
! Aspect →
! colspan="4" | Imperfective
! colspan="4" | Perfective
|-
! Mood → Voice ↓
! Indicative
! Subjunctive
! Desiderative
! Potential
! Indicative
! Subjunctive
! Desiderative
! Potential
|-
! Active
| '''aehatz''' They love me
| '''aehet''' They should love me
| '''aehārit''' They want to love me
| '''aehātatz''' They can love me
| '''aehāvī''' They loved me
| '''aehēvī''' They should have loved me
| '''aehāruī''' They wanted to love me
| '''aehātāvī''' They could have loved me
|-
! Middle
| '''aehor''' I love
| '''aeheō''' I should love
| '''aehārō''' I want to love
| '''aehātor''' I can love
| '''aehāvō''' I loved
| '''aehēvō''' I should have loved
| '''aehāruō''' I wanted to love
| '''aehātāvō''' I could have loved
|-
! Passive
| '''aehālō''' I am loved
| '''aehēlō''' I should be loved
| '''aehārēlō''' I want to be loved
| '''aehātālō''' I can be loved
| '''aehāvēlō''' I was loved
| '''aehēvēlō''' I should have been loved
| '''aehāruēlō''' I wanted to be loved
| '''aehātāvēlō''' I could have been loved
|-
! Causative
| '''aehātitz''' They let me love them
| '''aehātiat''' They should let me love them
| '''aehātīrit''' They want to let me love them
| '''aehāssītatz''' They can let me love them
| '''aehātīvī''' They have let me love them
| '''aehātiāvī''' They should have let me love them
| '''aehātīruī''' They wanted to let me love them
| '''aehāssītāvī''' They could have let me love them
|}

==== Conjugation formation ====

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:100%; overflow:auto;">
<div style="font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;"> Conjugation formation </div>
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | {{gcl|IPFV|}}
! colspan ="2" | A-grade
! colspan="2" | I-grade
! colspan="2" | E-grade
! colspan ="2" | Null-grade
|-
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|ACT|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-iā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ār-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er/īr-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er/īr-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā/ītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā/ītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|MID|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ī-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-iā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ār-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er/īr-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er/īr-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā/ītā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā/ītā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|PAS|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ī-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-iā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ār-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er/īr-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er/īr-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā/ītā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā/ītā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|CAUS|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itī/ītī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itī/ītī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itiā/ītiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itiā/itiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itier/ītier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itier/ītier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-āsītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-issītā/īsītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-issītā/īsītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-issītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | {{gcl|PFV|}}
! colspan ="2" | A-grade
! colspan="2" | I-grade
! colspan="2" | E-grade
! colspan ="2" | Null-grade
|-
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|ACT|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/āv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/īv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/ēv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/ēv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/iāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/eāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-āru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru/īru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru/īru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv/ītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv/ītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|MID|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/āv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/īv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/ēv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/ēv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/iā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/eā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-āru-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru/īru-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru/īru-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv/ītāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv/ītāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|PAS|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/āv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/īv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/ēv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/ēv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/iāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/eā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-āru-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru/īru-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru/īru-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv/ītāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv/ītāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|CAUS|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itīv/ītīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itīv/ītīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itiāv/ītiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itiāv/itiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itieru/ītieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itieru/ītieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-āsītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-issītāv/īsītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-issītāv/īsītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-issītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|}
</div></div>

====Principle Parts====
The verb in Aeranir is primarily made of three parts: '''root''', '''theme''', and '''ending''', with an optional forth category, the '''suffix''', for forming the perfective. The root and theme combine to form the '''stem'''. The root carries the semantic content of the word, and can also be conjugated to carry modal imformation. The theme describes how the stem interacts with the ending, and can also be changed, along with the stem and endings, to express a variety of different grammatical meanings. Endings indicate the voice, aspect, person, number, and gender of the most oblique argument in the DGA scheme.
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Basic verb endings
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="3" |
! colspan="2" | Active
! colspan="2" | Middle
! colspan="2" | Passive
|-
! Imperfective
! Perfective
! Imperfective
! Perfective
! Imperfective
! Perfective
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="5" | Singular
! colspan="2" | 1st Person
| ''-itz/-it''
| ''-ī''
| ''-or/-ō''
| ''-ō''
| ''-ēlō''
| ''-ēlō''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | 2nd Person
| ''-in''
| ''-in''
| ''-istī''
| ''-ist''
| ''-ēlāstī''
| ''-ēlast''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="3" | 3rd Person
! ''temporary'' 
| ''-is''
| ''-is''
| ''-erur''
| rowspan="3" | ''-ere''
| ''-ēlārur''
| rowspan="3" | ''-ēlāre''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! ''cyclical'' 
| ''-a''
| ''-a''
| ''-era''
| ''-ēlāra''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! ''eternal'' 
| ''-ī''
| ''-e''
| ''-erur''
| ''-ēlārur''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="5" | Plural
! colspan="2" | 1st Person
| ''-imus''
| ''-ime''
| ''-imur''
| ''-imur''
| ''-ēlāmur''
| ''-ēlāme''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | 2nd Person
| ''-itis''
| ''-ite''
| ''-itur''
| ''-itur''
| ''-ēlātur''
| ''-ēlāte''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | 3rd Person
| ''-intz/-int''
| ''-int''
| ''-intur''
| ''-intur''
| ''-ēlantur''
| ''-ēlante''
|}
The way in which a verb will conjugate can be determined from how it forms the following five constructions:
#the active idicative imperfective first person singular
#the active imperfective accusative infinitive
#the active perfective participle
#the active desiderative imperfective first person singular
#the active indicative perfective first person singular
These five forms are refered to as a verb's ''reference forms''. They are often shortend to ''first person singular'' ({{Smallcaps|1p.sg}}), ''accusative infinitive'' ({{Smallcaps|acc.inf}}), ''perfective participle'' ({{Smallcaps|pfv.ptcp}}), ''desiderative first person singular'' ({{Smallcaps|des.1p.sg}}), and ''perfective first person singular'' ({{Smallcaps|pfv.1p.sg}}) respectively.

The first two of these reference forms determines a verb's '''base theme vowel''', or what vowel is used in its indicative imperfective forms. There are four main thematic classes; one weak or null class, wherein the ending is applied directly to the stem, and three strong classes, wherein a thematic vowel is inserted between the stem and the ending.
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Consonant stem changes
|-

!
! t-stem
! s-stem
|-
| ''-m-''
| → '''''-mpt-'''''
| rowspan="3" | → '''''-s-*'''''
|-
| ''-n-''
| → '''''-nt-'''''
|-
| ''-ñ-''
| → '''''-ñct-'''''
|-
| ''-p-''
| → '''''-pt-'''''
| → '''''-ps-'''''
|-
| ''-t-''
| rowspan="3" | → '''''-ss-''''' → '''''-s-'''''**
| rowspan="3" | → '''''-ss-''''' → '''''-s-'''''**
|-
| ''-tl-''
|-
| ''-tz-''
|-
| ''-c-''
| rowspan="2" | → '''''-ct-'''''
| rowspan="2" | → '''''-x-'''''
|-
| ''-cu-''
|-
| ''-q-''
| rowspan="2" | → '''''-qt-'''''
| rowspan="2" | → '''''-qs-'''''
|-
| ''-qu-''
|-
| ''-s-''
| → '''''-st-'''''
| → '''''-ss-''''' → '''''-s-'''''**
|-
| ''-r-''
| → '''''-st-''''' → '''''-s-'''''** → '''''-rt-'''''††
| → '''''-ss-''''' → '''''-s-'''''** → '''''-rr-'''''††
|-
| ''-l-''
| → '''''-s-'''''** → '''''-lt-'''''††
| → '''''-s-'''''** → '''''-ll-'''''††
|-
| ''-v-''
| → '''''-ut-'''''‡ → '''''-ct-'''''*†† → '''''-qt-'''''*††
| → '''''-ur-'''''‡ → '''''-x-'''''*†† → '''''-qs-'''''*††
|-
| ''-i-''
| rowspan="2" | → '''''-ct-'''''* → '''''-qt-'''''*††
| rowspan="2" | → '''''-x-'''''* → '''''-qs-'''''*††
|-
| ''-h-''
|-
| ''-V-''
| → '''''-Vt-'''''
| → '''''-Vr-'''''
|}

{| class="wikitable floatleft" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Theme-ending combination
|-
! rowspan="2" | ''Ending''
! colspan="3" | ''Theme''
|-
! ''-ā-''
! ''-ē-''
! ''-ī-''
|-
! ''-itz''
| → ''-atz''
| → ''-etz''
| → ''-itz''
|-
! ''-is''
| → ''-ās''
| → ''-ēs''
| → ''-īs''
|-
! ''-a''
| → ''-a''
| → ''-ea''
| → ''-ia''
|-
! ''-ī''
| → ''-ae''
| → ''-ī''
| → ''-ī''
|-
! ''-imus''
| → ''-āmus''
| → ''-ēmus''
| → ''-īmus''
|-
! ''-or''
| → ''-or''
| → ''-eor''
| → ''-ior''
|-
! ''-ēlō''
| → ''-ālō''
| → ''-ēlō''
| → ''-iēlō''
|}
The second two determine a verb's '''t-stem''' and '''s-stem'''. These stem alterations are used for further conjugation, the t-stem forming the ''active'' and ''middle perfective participles'', the ''causative voice'', and the ''potential mood'', and the s-stem forming the ''desiderative''. The t- and s-forms often are identical, however meaning is useally further differentiated by thematic vowels, so completely identical forms are rare.

The final form determines how a verb with form the perfective aspect. Generally, there are three main strategies for this: the application of suffix '''''-u-''''' directly after the stem (e.g. '''''{{term|oelitz}}''''' ("I work") → '''''oeluī''''' ("I worked")), the appication of the suffix '''''-v-''''' after a theme vowel (e.g. '''''{{term|aehatz}}''''' ("they love me") → '''''aehāvī''''' ("they loved me")), or no suffix, with lengthening of the root vowel (e.g. '''''{{term|lecitz}}''''' ("I choose") → '''''lēcī''''' ("I chose")). It should be noted that the perfective is always followed by weak endings.

Occassionally, a thematic vowel, weak or strong, may be inserted before the t- or s-stem. This is most common in verbs with a base thematic ''-ā-'', which often functions as a part of the stem (e.g. '''''aehatz''''' → '''''aehātus''''' ("that loved") '''''aehārit''''' ("they want to love me") vs. '''''{{term|mavatz}}''''' ("I wander") → '''''mautus''''' ("that wandered") '''''maurit''''' ("I want to wander)). This may occur with other theme classes, although it should be noted that ''-ē-'' is never used, and is always replaced with ''-ī-''.

===Aspect===
Aeranir verbs have two basic [[w:Grammatical aspect|aspects]], which express how the verb extends over time. Aspect differs from [[w:Grammatical tense|tense]] in that it deals with the completion or continuity of an action or state, rather than the absolute timeframe inwhich it took place. Each aspect may be in any [[w:Grammatical voice|voice]] and/or [[w:Grammatical mood|mood]]. Aspect is expressed primarily through endings, and secondarily through the suffix, as discussed above.
====Imperfective====
The [[w:Imperfective aspect|imperfective aspect]] describes a situation viewed with interior composition. It describes ongoing, habitual, or repeated situations, rather or not they occured in the past, present, or future. The imperfective aspect is considered the most basic, unmarked aspect of a verb. The stem is uninflected, and endings are attached directly to the verb's basic theme vowel.

====Pefective====
The [[w:Perfective aspect|perfective aspect]] in Aeranir describes situations viewed with exterior composition, which is to say actions which are completed and viewed as a unified whole, whether thet take place in the past present, or future, although this construction is very rarely used in for the future.

There are a variety of different strategies to form the perfective. Many of them involve the ''suffix'', which takes the form of ''-v-'' between vowels and ''-u-'' after consonants. All of them take the perfective endings.
:*Attachment of the suffix directly to the stem.
:::'''''{{term|mentitz}}''''' ("they are healing me") → '''''mentuī''''' ("they healed me")
:::'''''{{term|saepitz}}''''' ("they are cutting me") → '''''saepuī''''' ("they cut me")
:*Attachment of the suffix after base thematic vowel.
:::'''''{{term|sircuitz}}''''' ("they are speaking me") → '''''sircīvī''''' ("they spoke me")
:::'''''{{term|auhetz}}''''' ("they are looking at me") → '''''auhēvī''''' ("they looked at me")
:*No suffix; perfective endings attached directly to the stem, with root vowel lengthening.
:::'''''{{term|iuvatz}}''''' ("they are writing me") → '''''iūvī''''' ("they wrote me")
:::'''''{{term|vehitz}}''''' ("they are carrying me") → '''''vēhī''''' ("they carried me")

===Mood===
====Indicative====
The [[w:Indicative mood|indicative mood]] is the baseline grammatical mood in Aeranir. It is used in declarative statements, to express statements or facts, of what the speaker considers true or known. It is the least marked mood of a verb, taking endings directly to the base theme vowel, stem, or suffix.

====Subjunctive====
The [[w:Subjunctive mood|subjunctive mood]] ({{Smallcaps|subj}}) has numerous, but genreally speaking is used to express such nuances as 'would,' 'should,' or 'may.' It can be used to refer to information that the speaker is unsure about, such as hearsay, or for theoretical or hypotherical situations. It is often found in subordinate clauses, annd may be used for conditional statements (e.g. if..., when...).
{| class="wikitable floatleft" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Subjuntive theme changes
|-
! colspan="2" | Type
! Change
! Example
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Weak Verbs
| ''-ø-'' → '''''-ē-'''''
| ''meñitz'' → '''''meñet'''''
|-
| ''-ē-'' → '''''-ā-'''''
| ''meñēlō'' → '''''meñālō'''''
|-
! rowspan="4" | Strong Verbs
! a-stem 
| ''-ā-'' → '''''-ē-'''''
| ''aehatz'' → '''''aehet''''' ''aehālō'' → '''''aehēlō'''''
|-
! rowspan="2" | i-stem 
| ''-ī-'' → '''''-iā-'''''
| ''sēpitz'' → '''''sēpiat'''''
|-
| ''-iē-'' → '''''-iā-'''''
| ''sēpiēlō'' → '''''sēpiālō'''''
|-
! e-stem 
| ''-ē-'' → '''''-eā-'''''
| ''cōretz'' → '''''cōreat''''' ''cōrēlō'' → '''''cōreālō'''''
|}
=====Forming the subjunctive=====
The subjunctive is formed by shifting a verb's base theme vowel, as described by the table to the left. This shift happens after the stem, but may be either before or after the suffix, depending on whether or not there is a theme vowel before the suffix in the indicative. So the perfective of '''''aehēs''''' ("they should love it") is '''''aehēvis''''' (from indicative '''''aehāvis''''') but '''''sēpiās''''' ("they should cut it") is '''''sēpuēs''''' (from indicative '''''sēpuis'''''), not **''aehāvēs'' or **''sēpēvis''. Although these forms are occasionally found in non-standard writing, they are considered incorrect my grammaticians.

The imperfective subjunctive uses the 1st person sungular ''-it'' instead of ''-itz'', and ''-ō'' instead of ''-or'': '''''{{term|pacitz}}''''', '''''pacior''''' ("they take me, I take") become '''''paciat''''', '''''paciō''''' ("they should take me, I should take").

The 1st person subjunctive perfective in verbs that have no theme vowel before the suffix and does not extend the root vowel is identical to the indicative, and the mood must be inferred through conext: '''''saepuī''''' may be either "they cut me" or "They should cut me." The 3rd person active cyclical singulars in verbs with base theme vowels ''-ī-'' and ''-ē-'' are also identical, e.g. both '''''pacia''''' ("they take it/they should take it"), '''''auhea''''' ("they see it/they should see it").

=====Uses of the subjunctive=====
The subjunctive has numerous uses, ranging from what potentially might be true to what the speaker wishes or commands should happen. It is often translated with 'should', 'could', 'would', 'may' and so on, but in certain contexts it is translated as if it were an ordinary indicative verb.

One use of the subjunctive is the '''speculative subjunction''', used when the speaker imagines what potentially may, might, would, or could happen in the present or future or might have happened in the past. Negation for this type uses '''''{{term|mū}}'''''.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| auheārur seun oeliun stērē
| see-MID.SUBJ.3SG.E this-E.NOM.SG job-NOM.SG hard-ADV
|'This job ''seems'' difficult'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| moeiea Osculan tzānū salva
| please-SUBJ.3SG.C Little.Oscus-ACC.SG gift-ESS.SG book-NOM.SG
|'Little Oscus ''may'' like a book as a gift'}}

The subjunctive may also be used as the '''optative subjunctive''', expressing what the speaker wishes may happen, or wishes had happened. These expresses a weaker or more generalised desire, as opposed to the desiderative mood. Negation for this type uses '''''{{term|mū}}'''''.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ciāvis mū seus incerī pernus
| come-PFV.SUBJ.3SG.T NEG this-T.NOM.SG capital-DAT.SG storm-NOM.SG
|<nowiki>'</nowiki>''If only'' this storm hadn't come to the capital!'}}

The '''jussive subjunctive''' can be used for commands or suggestions for what should happen. It is less direct and far more common than the '''imperative'''. Negation for this type uses '''''{{term|mīm}}'''''.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ven hānō ē vecō veniennō
| go-SUBJ.2SG temple-DAT.SG against curse-DAT.SG win-GER-DAT
|<nowiki>'</nowiki>You ''should'' go to the temple to prevail against the curse'}}

Perhaps the most common use of the subjunctive is the '''conditional subjunctive'''. When the subjunctive is used in a subordinate clause (with the verb moving to the final position), it may carry the meaning 'if, when, should, etc..' This can be used both in finite verb forms, and with participles, the former being more popular in Old inscriptions and the later in Classical ones. Negation for this type uses '''''{{term|mīm}}'''''.

====Desiderative====
The desiderative is used primarily to express wants or desires. While the subjunctive may be used for this as well (see ''optative subjunctive''), the desiderative is considered less abstract or wishful, signalling concrete and actionable wants. It is formed from the s-stem of a verb, with no theme vowel between it and the ending, and using the secondary first person singular and third person plural markers (e.g. ''-it'' and ''-end'' vs. primary ''-itz'' and ''-entz''). Verbs generally follow three patterns to form the s-stem;

:*''-s-'' is appended to the root, causing no other alteration to the root.
::: '''''{{term|requitz}}''''' ("they return me") → '''''reqsit''''' ("they want to return me")
:::'''''{{term|saepitz}}''''' ("they are cutting me") → '''''saepsit''''' ("they want to cut me")
:*''-s-'' is appended after a theme vowel, causing ''-s-'' to become ''-r-''.
:::'''''{{term|sircuitz}}''''' ("they are speaking me") → '''''sircuerit''''' ("they want to speak me")
:::'''''{{term|auhetz}}''''' ("they are looking at me") → '''''auherit''''' ("they want to look at me")
:*''-s-'' is appended to the root, causing some alteration to the root, and perhaps the ''-s-'' augment as well.
:::'''''{{term|iuvatz}}''''' ("they are writing me") → '''''iūrit''''' ("they want to write me")
:::'''''{{term|mentitz}}''''' ("they are healing me") → '''''mēnsit''''' ("they want to heal me")

====Potential====
The '''potential mood''' indicates that, in the opinion of the speaker, one has the ability or capability to do something. It should not be confused with the [[w:Subjunctive mood|subjunctive mood]], which may be used to express that something is likely or possible to occur. The potential always deals with ability. It may be formed from the ''t-stem'' of a verb, plus the thematic vowel ''-a-'' (as opposed to the [[w:Causative|causative voice]], which is formed with the ''t-stem'' plus the thematic vowel ''-i-''). Like the desiderative, there are three main paradigms by which the ''t-stem'' of a verb is formed;

:*''-t-'' is appended to the root, causing no other alteration to the root.
::: '''''{{term|requitz}}''''' ("they return me") → '''''reqtatz''''' ("they can return me")
:::'''''{{term|saepitz}}''''' ("they are cutting me") → '''''saebtatz''''' ("they can cut me")
:*''-t-'' is appended after a theme vowel.
:::'''''{{term|sircuitz}}''''' ("they are speaking me") → '''''sircuitatz''''' ("they can speak me")
:::'''''{{term|auhetz}}''''' ("they are looking at me") → '''''auhitatz''''' ("they can look at me")
:*''-t-'' is appended to the root, causing some alteration to the root, and perhaps the ''-t-'' augment as well.
:::'''''{{term|iuvatz}}''''' ("they are writing me") → '''''iūtatz''''' ("they can write me")
:::'''''{{term|mentitz}}''''' ("they are healing me") → '''''mēnsatz''''' ("they can heal me")

It should be noted that in the causative voice of the potential mood, the first ''-t-'' augment often dissimilates to ''-s/ss-'';

*'''''auhititz''''' ("they let me look at it") → ''**auhitītatz'' → '''''auhissītatz''''' ("they can let me look at it")
*'''''reqtitz''''' ("they let me return it") → ''**reqtītatz'' → '''''reqsītatz''''' ("they can let me return it")

===Voice===
====Active====
====Middle====
The '''middle voice''' (also called the [[w:Mediopassive voice|mediopassive voice]]) is in the middle between the active and the passive voices, as the subject often cannot be categorised as either agent or patient but may have elements of both. The middle voice is usually inherently intransitive, and transitive or ditransitive verbs conjugated into the middle voice usually become intransitive themselves. It is formed by attaching the '''middle verb endings''' to the root of a verb.

The meaning of a verb in the middle voice often depends on the context of the sentence and the lexical properties of the word itself. In its most basic sense, it may be used simply as a valancy decreasing operation. As transitive verbs require an object in the active voice (because transitive verbs must agree with the object), the middle voice may be used merely to omit an object, to highlight the subject or some other part of the sentence, or to simply make a blanket statement.

* '''''aehatz''''' 'they love me' (''active'') → '''''aehor''''' 'I love' (''middle'')
* '''''lecis''''' 'theyi choose themj' (''active'') → '''''lecerur''''' 'theyj choose' (''middle'')

[[w:Animacy|Animacy]] can play a major role in the meaning of a verb in the middle voice. Verbs with more animate subjects, such as people, animals, gods, etc., may be interpreted as more towards an active meaning, whilst less animate subjects, like inanimate objects or possessions, may be interpreted as more passive in meaning.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| auhērur seus ars
| see-MID.3SG.T this-T.NOM.SG wumbo-NOM.SG
|'That wumbo sees'
|c1 = (''more animate'')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| auhēra sea salva
|see-MID.3SG.C this-C.NOM.SG book-NOM.SG
|'That book is seen'
|c1 = (''less animate'')}}

Sometimes, it may have a '''reflexive''' meaning, or the sense of doing something for ones own benefit.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| vascit vominis
|wash-ACT.1SG river-LOC.SG
|'They wash me in a river'
|c1 = (''active voice'')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| vascor vominis
|wash-MID.1SG river-LOC.SG
|'I washed (myself) in a river'
|c1 = (''middle voice'')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| hastās Oscus aprun
|sacrifice-ACT.3SG.T Oscus-NOM.SG fish-ACC.SG
|'Oscus sacrificed a fish'
|c1 = (''active voice'')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| hastārur Oscus aprōrun
|sacrifice-MID.3SG.T Oscus-NOM.SG fish-INSTR.SG
|'Oscus sacrificed a fish (for their benefit)'
|c1 = (''middle voice'')}}

Another important use of the middle voice is the '''experiential middle voice'''. When used with sensory verbs the middle voice may be used to differentiate experiential, nonvolitional sensation (''see, hear, smell, feel, know, etc.''), as opposed to active, volitional sensation (''look, listen, sniff, touch, understand, etc.'') Often times, the object of the sensory verb will be expressed using an oblique case, usually the ablative.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ȳrēs te ponun carīnī hellē
|hear/listen-ACT.3SG.T <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG.NOM voice-ACC.SG friend-GEN.SG happily
|'I like to listen to (my) friend's voice'
|c1 = (''active voice'')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ȳreor ponā carīnī hellē
|hear/listen-MID.1SG voice-ABL.SG friend-GEN.SG happily
|'I like to hear (my) friend's voice'
|c1 = (''middle voice'')}}

The middle voice may also be used with a variety of verbal compliments—usually adverbs—which describe the quality of the subject, or the result of the action. Often times such constructions may be expressed in English as ''adjective to verb'', e.g. 'easy to love'.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| qurrera salva hēs collēcta aplīdiāna iūs
| read-MID.3SG.C book-NOM.SG matters-NOM.SG gather-PFV.PTCP-C.NOM.SG of_Avrid-C.NOM.SG well
|'The book "Collected Matters of Avrid" is a good read' (lit. '~reads well')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| taetuere tīn īvīs lȳrīs saltīs ni fictun satun iūs
| drink-PFV.MID.3SG.E tea-NOM.SG 1PL.PRO-DAT time-LOC.SG pass-PFV.PTCP-T.LOC.SG 2SG<nowiki>=</nowiki> make-PFV.PTCP-E.NOM.SG pour-PFV.PTCP-E.NOM.SG well
|'The tea you made us last time was delicious' (lit. '~drank well')}}

====Passive====
The '''[[w:Passive voice|passive voice]]''' in Aeranir shares many traits with the middle voice, and often times the distinction between the two can be subtle, nuanced, or obscure. The passive was rare in Old Aeranir and even in the Classical period remained unusual, with the middle voice still preferred for passive clauses. It only began to rise in popularity in Late Aeranir. In its most basic form, the grammatical subject ([[w: Nominative case|nominative]] argument) expresses the theme or [[w:Grammatical patient|patient]] of the main verb – that is, the person or thing that undergoes the action or has its state changed. This is opposed to the [[w:Active voice|active voice]], where the nominative argument expresses the agent of a transitive clause or subject of an intransitive one, and the [[w:Voice (grammar)#Middle|middle voice]], which has traits of both.

=====Uses of the passive=====
Unlike the middle voice, the passive is not used for verbal complements, and it cannot take the agent of a verb as its subject. It is never used in verbal complements.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| taeterur seun tīn iūs
|drink-MID.3SG.E this-E.NOM.SG tea-NOM.SG well
|'This tea tastes good' (lit. 'it drinks well')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| taetēlārur seun tīn iūs
|drink-PAS.3SG.E this-E.NOM.SG tea-NOM.SG well
|'This tea is drunk often'}}

While the agent may be dropped in a passive clause, it may also be included, using the [[w:Ablative case|ablative case]].

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| praestrōcuēlāre ūlun Cavā Īliānā hānun
|rebuild-PFV.PAS.3SG.E yonder-E.NOM.SG Cava-ABL.SG Ilianus-C.ABL.SG temple-NOM.SG
|'This temple was rebuilt by Cava Iliana'}}

The passive can also be especially with intransitive verbs to form denote an '''unspecified/generic subject'''. This structure may is used to make general statements or observations. Negation for this type uses '''''{{term|mū}}'''''.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| miquientur
|die-MID.3PL.T
|'They are dead/dying.'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| miquiēlantur
|die-PAS.3PL.T
|'There are people dead/dying'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| mūhera (sea) artina inceris alta
|not.enough-MID.3SG.C (this-C.NOM.SG) wumbo-DAT.PL capital-GEN.SG water-NOM.SG
|'This is not enough water for the people of the capital'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| mūhēlāra artina inceris alta
|not.enough-PAS.3SG.C wumbo-DAT.PL capital-GEN.SG water-NOM.SG
|'There is not enough water for the people of the capital'}}

Similarly, the passive can be used to form the ''aversive passive'', denoting an undesirable event or outcome. The affecting action may happen directly to the subject, or to another person or thing.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| cōmerī requintus furuēlō sopere
|home-DAT return-IPFV.PTCP-T.NOM.SG fall-PFV.PAS.1SG snow-ABL.SG
|'Walking home I got snowed on'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| miquīvēlast apiesterā
| die-PFV-PAS.2SG master-ABL.SG
|'Your master has died on you' (i.e., died and it negatively affects you)}}

In some uses of the aversive passive, the subject of the sentence may be difficult to ascertain. For example, the sentence '''''furuī pālā''''' 'I fell from the tree' can be expressed in using the aversive passive, because the action is undesirable. However, the straight aversive passive, '''''furuēlō pālā''''', is ambiguous; it could mean either 'I fell from the tree' (using the ''ablative of motion'') or 'The tree fell on me' (using the ''agentive ablative'').

In the first interpretation, the first person argument is the semantic subject of the clause, whilst in the second it is the tree. In order to emphasise that the semantic subject and syntactic arguments are the same (i.e. it is ''I'' who fell from the tree), the reflexive pronoun ''cē'' may be used; e.g. ''furuī pālā'' ('I fell from the tree') → '''''furuēlō cē pālā''''' ('I fell from the tree, and it negatively affected me' ''lit.'' 'I fell myself from the tree').

====Causative====
===Non-finite forms===
====The infinitive====
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Aeranir infinitives
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" | Imperfective
! colspan="3" | Perfective
|-
! accusative
! oblique
! meaning
! accusative
! oblique
! meaning
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Active
| '''''aehāhan''''' ''-han''
| '''''aehāri''''' ''-ri''
| ''to love (someone)''
| '''''aehāhī''''' ''-hī''
| '''''aehārī''''' ''-rī''
| ''to have loved (someone)''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Middle
| '''''aehāssi''''' ''-ssi''
| '''''aehāiēs''''' ''-iēs''
| ''to love''
| '''''aehāssī''''' ''-ssī''
| '''''aehāiērī''''' ''-iērī''
| ''to have loved''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Passive
| '''''aehātus sinhan''''' ''{{Smallcaps|PFV.PTCP}} + sinhan''
| '''''aehātus fiēs''''' ''{{Smallcaps|PFV.PTCP}} + fiēs''
| ''to be loved''
| '''''aehātus fūhī''''' ''{{Smallcaps|PFV.PTCP}} + fūhī''
| '''''aehātus fiērī''''' ''{{Smallcaps|PFV.PTCP}} + fiērī''
| ''to have been loved''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Causative
| '''''aehātīhan''''' ''-tīhan''
| '''''aehātīri''''' ''-tīri''
| ''to make (someone) love (someone)''
| '''''aehātīhī''''' ''-tīhī''
| '''''aehātīrī''''' ''-tīrī''
| ''to have made (someone) love (someone)''
|}
=====Uses of the infinitive=====
The infinitive in Aeranir can be used to report indirect speech, hearsay, speculation, or sensation.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| pēra tihī incerī ni cīhī
| pass-PFV.3SG.C 1SG.PRO-DAT capital-DAT.SG 2SG<nowiki>=</nowiki> come-PFV.INF
|'They told me that you'd come to the capital'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ȳrēva te Mussā Limī carīnōvus quo neme cōmus strōcēhan
| hear-PFV.3SG.C <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG Mussa-ABL.SG Limius-GEN.SG friend-GEN.PL <nowiki>=</nowiki>and newly home-ACC.SG build-INF
|'I heard from Mussa that Limius and their friends are building a new house'}}

==== The gerund ====
The gerund in Aeranir is a infinite verb form which displays characteristics of both a noun and a verb. It declines for a limited scope of cases (although not for gender nor number), but can take object and adjunct arguments like a verb. It usually has an adverbial/adjectival meaning, and never agrees with the main verb.
===== Forming the gerund =====
* Null-grade verbs: {{gcl|ROOT|root}}''-innū''; e.g. ''tetihan'' ('to drink') → '''''tetinnū''''' ('whilst drinking').
* A-grade verbs: {{gcl|ROOT|root}}''-annū''; e.g. ''iuvāhan'' ('to write') → '''''iuvannū''''' ('whilst writing').
* I-grade verbs: {{gcl|ROOT|root}}''-iennū''; e.g. ''cītīhan'' ('to cut') → '''''cītiennū''''' ('whilst cutting').
* E-grade verbs: {{gcl|ROOT|root}}''-ennū''; e.g. ''aquēhan'' ('to be open') → '''''aquennū''''' ('whilst open').
===== Uses of the gerund =====
The meaning of the gerund changes depending on its case. The essive and locative can be used to indicate temporal action in relation to the main action of a sentence. The essive indicates simultaneous action, i.e. two actions that cooccur. This may be relayed in English via the conjunction 'whilst.'

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| murran travannū pērintur pāliō mater
| wall-ACC.SG walk-GER.ESS converse.PFV-MID.3PL governor-NOM.SG senator-NOM.SG
|'Whilst they walked along the wall, the governor and senator conversed'}}

This overlaps with certain uses of the imperfective participle (see [[Aeranir#Uses of the participle|§ uses of the participle]]), e.g. ''murran travantur pērintur pāliō mater'' is synonymous with the above example. In contrast, the locative gerund is used to show actions beginning at the same time. This may be relayed with English 'when' or 'as.'

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| pāsillan cītiennīs auhēva sartī tūī cōrēssī
| fireword-ACC.SG cut-GER.LOC see-PFV-C.3SG knife-GEN.SG mine-T.GEN.SG break-PFV.MID.ACC.INF
|'As I (began to) cut the firewood, I saw that my knife was broken'}}

This differs from usage of the perfective participle, which signals the main action starting at the end of the dependant one, i.e. ''pāsillan cīsus auhēva sartī tūī cōrēssī'' 'having cut the firewood I saw that my knife was broken.'

In addition, the essive gerund may be used with the verb ''rēhan'' ('to do') in order to express an attempt, goal, or aim. In the perfective aspect, this is usually interpreted as a failed attempt.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| rēvō salvan ā vitlās Īliānōvus iuvannū
| do-PFV-MID.1SG book-ACC.SG over life-ABL.PL Ilian-GEN.PL write-GER.ESS
|'I tried (but failed) to write a book about the lives of the Ilians.'}}

The genitive and dative cases of the gerund are used to express aim, goal, or purpose. The genitive gerund marks the purpose or use of a noun, whilst the dative gerund marks the purpose of a verb or action.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| pea cūran vecunt inceris moñennī
| grow-C.3SG herb-ACC.SG illness-ACC.PL head-GEN.SG heal-GER.GEN
|'They grow an herb for healing illnesses of the head'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| serue te Caescārin mumae ūī sihinnō pāliōna
| order-PFV.E.3SG <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG Caescar-ACC.SG mother-ACC.PL their-T.ACC.PL sate-GER.DAT post-DAT.PL
|'I ordered Caescar to the boarder to appease their parents'}}

Furthermore, the dative gerund may be used with the middle voice of the verb ''rēhan'' ('to do') in a similar way to the essive, however in this case denoting intent, plans, will, or conjecture.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| reor cartō cur Mussiō vannō
| do-MID.1SG dance-DAT.SG with Mussius-DAT.SG go-GER-DAT
|'I intend to go to the dance with Mussius'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| reāvere seō scericca ciennō
| do-MID.SUBJ.PFV-3SG this-DAT.SG undertaker-NOM.SG come-GER-DAT
|'The undertaker should have come here (they planned to do so)'}}

The ablative and instrumental cases of the gerund can be used to express cause, i.e. 'by doing x,' or 'because x.' The ablative generally marks unintentional or natural causes, whilst the instrumental marks intentional cause.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| tlānae ustae quo peannā rēve cōmus pūterē
| flower-ACC.PL that(medial)-C.ACC.PL <nowiki>=</nowiki>and plant-GER-ABL do-PFV-E.3SG house-ACC.SG beautiful-ADV
|'By planting all these flowers you've made the house beautiful'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ustam prī tētē harēnam matrī iminnōrun restērāvist pāliōnū gaeticae
| that(medial)-C.ACC.SG before 1SG-ABL paper-ACC.SG senator-DAT.SG send-GER-INSTR assure-PFV-MID.2SG governor-ESS.SG Gaetica-GEN.SG
|'By sending the senator that letter before me, you've assured your place as governor of Gaetica'}}

==Semantics==
=== Temporal expressions ===

The ancient Aerans divided the day from noon to noon into one hundred '''''lammar''''' (sg. ''lamma'') of equal length, roughly 14.4 minutes long. The daytime was divided into sixteen '''''lȳrar''''' (sg. ''lȳra''), and night into four or five '''''volar''''' (sg. ''vola'') depending on the season. Time was kept on a device called a '''''lammāriun''''', a type of clock. Early ''lammāriunt'' only measured ''lammar'', and one had to consult an almanac ('''''lȳrāriun''''') to determine the length and starting time of each ''lȳra'' or ''vola'' on a given day.

The verb '''''spurhan''''' ('to hang (trans.)') is used to denote spending or taking time;

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| spurra sau īma lamma āmātiō vannō
| hang-MID.C.3SG only one-C.NOM.SG lamma-NOM.SG market-DAT.SG go-GER-DAT
| 'It only takes one ''lamma'' to get to the market'}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| qurrintus spūrint te volae mōrī
| read-PTCP-T.NOM.SG hang.PFV-3PL <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG vola-ACC.PL three-C.ACC.PL
| 'I spent three ''volar'' reading'}}

To denote the amount of time spent on an action, without regard for whether or not the activity was completed or reached its end goal (i.e. atelic action) the essive case is used. To signify the amount of time spent or necessary to spend to complete an activity (i.e. telic action) the instrumental case is used.

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| iūvint te harēnae īmau lȳrau
| write.PFV-3PL <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG letter-ACC.SG one-C.ESS.SG lyra-ESS.SG
| 'I wrote letters for an hour'}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| iūva te harēna īmārun lȳrārun
| write.PFV-C.3SG <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG letter-ACC.SG one-C.INSTR.SG lyra-INSTR.SG
| 'I wrote the letter in an hour'}}

=== Possession ===

There are a number of different strategies in Aeranir to signify possession. Aeranir lacks a [[w:Possession_(linguistics)#Possession_verbs|possession verb]] analogous to English 'to have,' and instead usually signifies possession through different types of [[w:Existential_clause|existential clauses]]. For example, the sentence 'I have a friend' can be expressed by the sentence '''''ēs carīnus tihī''''', which literally means 'there is a friend to me.'

The case of the possessor changes depending its relationship with the possessed:

* '''Locative case''': used for personal possessions that are currently on the person;

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| ēs iarius taurātīs
| COP-T.3SG spear-NOM.SG soldier-LOC.SG
|'The soldier has a spear (on them)'
|c2 = ''lit. 'at the soldier is a spear<nowiki>'</nowiki>''}}

* '''Dative case''': used for personal possessions that are not currently on the person, or for affiliation with persons or people;

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| sintz iariur vulhur taurātiō
| COP-T.3PL spear-NOM.PL many-T.NOM.PL soldier-DAT.SG
|'The soldier has many spears (at home)'
|c2 = ''lit. 'to the soldier are many spears<nowiki>'</nowiki>''}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| sintz menterur tihī octzuin
| COP-T.3PL sibling-NOM.PL 1SG-DAT six
|'I have six siblings'
|c2 = ''lit. 'to me are six siblings<nowiki>'</nowiki>''}}

* '''Ablative case''': used for parts of a whole, or body parts;

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| sī incus iūrun nēnē
| COP-E.3SG head-NOM.SG good-E.NOM.SG 1SG-ABL
|'You have a good head (i.e. are smart)'
|c2 = ''lit. 'from you is a good head<nowiki>'</nowiki>''}}

For metaphorical possession or possession of abstract concepts, such as leadership, power, knowledge, etc., any of these three may be used, for different rhetorical purposes. For example, using the locative implies an immediacy to the possession; that it is in hand, ready to be used. Using the dative implies that the possession is not immediate, but rather something that can be drawn upon, perhaps too vast to 'carry' on one person. This can be more humble or polite than the locative. Using the locative implies that the trait is a fundamental, inalienable, and inherent part of the possessor, rather than something gained or worked for.

=== Conditionals ===

Aeranir has a number of ways of expressing [[w:Conditional sentence|conditional sentences]], depending on the type of condition, as well as the register of speech. Colloquial or spontaneous speech tends to favour the use of finite dependant clauses for the '''''protasis''''' (conditional clause, as opposed to the '''''apodosis''''', or consequence), where as practiced or refined speech, or writing, tend to favour non-finite dependant clauses (this represents a general trend in writing to 'nominalise' all but the most central verb in a sentence, and sometimes the central verb too is made non-finite).

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| sopis furea requeō cōmerī
| snow-NOM.SG fall-SUBJ.C.3SG return-MID.SUBJ.1SG home-DAT.SG
|'If it snows I'm going home'
|c1 = ''(more informal)''}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| soperis furentīs requeō cōmerī
| snow-GEN.SG fall-SUBJ.PTCP-T.LOC.SG return-MID.SUBJ.1SG home-DAT.SG
|'If it snows I'm going home'
|c1 = ''(more formal)''}}

When a non-finite clause is used for a conditional, the verb of the ''protasis'' usually appears in the locative case (an expression of ''time-is-space'' metaphor), unless the two clauses share an argument (e.g. subject, object, etc.) in which case the ''protasis'' takes the same case marking as the shared argument.

Conditional sentences in Aeranir are formed purely through juxtaposition—that is, the placing of two clauses side by side, the verb of the ''protasis'' moved to clause-final position or put into a non-finite form to mark it as dependant. No conjunctive particles like 'if' or 'when' are required. The ''protasis'' takes the subjunctive mood, whilst the mood of the ''apodosis'' indicates the certainty of the conclusion. Aspect, meanwhile, can be used to indicate the certainty of the condition. This distinction may be approximated in English by 'if' versus 'when'

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+ Mood and aspect of conditional sentences
|-
!
! ''Protasis'' certain
! ''Protasis'' uncertain
|-
! ''Apodosis'' certain
| if [''perfective aspect''] then [''indicative mood''] e.g. ''intlae furītīs mollintz tahrer''—'when it rains, the shingles will leak'
| if [''imperfective aspect''] then [''indicative mood''] e.g. ''intlae furentīs mollintz tahrer''—'if it rains, the shingles will leak'
|-
! ''Apodosis'' uncertain
| if [''perfective aspect''] then [''subjunctive mood''] e.g. ''intlae furītīs mollent tahrer''—'when it rains, the shingles might leak'
| if [''imperfective aspect''] then [''subjunctive mood''] e.g. ''intlae furentīs mollent tahrer''—'if it rains, the shingles might leak'
|}

== Numbers ==
<div style="overflow:auto">
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Aeranir numbers 1-400
|-
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
|-
! 1
| ''īmus''
| ''prīstus''
| ''temper''
! 11
| ''īnhīntur''
| ''īnhīnsus''
| ''īnhīntin''
! 21
| ''calhier īmus''
| ''calhitus prīstus''
| ''calhin temper''
! 120
| ''octzāculhier''
| ''octzāculhitus''
| ''octzāculhin''
|-
! 2
| ''sēr''
| ''metzumnus''
| ''vēriēs''
! 12
| ''verhīntur''
| ''verhīnsus''
| ''verhīntin''
! 22
| ''calhier sēr''
| ''calhitus metzumnus''
| ''calhin vēriēs''
! 140
| ''nāculhier''
| ''nāculhitus''
| ''nāculhin''
|-
! 3
| ''morier''
| ''moritus''
| ''moriēs''
! 13
| ''prōhīntur''
| ''prōhīnsus''
| ''prōhīntin''
! 30
| ''calhier qehentzier''
| ''calhitus qehēnsus''
| ''calhin qehen''
! 160
| ''nāquenculhier''
| ''nāquenculhitus''
| ''nāquenculhin''
|-
! 4
| ''quatlur''
| ''quallus''
| ''quatziēs''
! 14
| ''quatlāhīntur''
| ''quatlāhīnsus''
| ''quatlāhīntin''
! 40
| ''verculhier''
| ''verculhitus''
| ''verculhin''
! 180
| ''nātlicculhier''
| ''nātlicculhitus''
| ''nātlicculhin''
|-
! 5
| ''quiquier''
| ''quiqtus''
| ''quiquin''
! 15
| ''quihīntur''
| ''quihīnsus''
| ''quihīntin''
! 50
| ''verculhier qehentzier''
| ''verculhitus qehēnsus''
| ''verculhin qehen''
! 200
| ''tammīttler''
| ''tammīttus''
| ''tammīttziēs''
|-
! 6
| ''octzuer''
| ''octzūmus''
| ''octzuin''
! 16
| ''octzāhīntur''
| ''octzāhīnsus''
| ''octzāhīntin''
! 60
| ''prōculhier''
| ''prōculhitus''
| ''prōculhin''
! 220
| ''tammīttler calhier''
| ''tammīttus calhitus''
| ''tammīttziēs calhin''
|-
! 7
| ''nāier''
| ''nāntus''
| ''nāhin''
! 17
| ''nāhīntur''
| ''nāhīnsus''
| ''nāhīntin''
! 70
| ''prōculhier qehentzier''
| ''prōculhitus qehēnsus''
| ''prōculhin qehen''
! 240
| ''tammīttler verculhier''
| ''tammīttus verculhitus''
| ''tammīttziēs verculhin''
|-
! 8
| ''nāquemur''
| ''nāquemmus''
| ''nāquemin''
! 18
| ''sērēsculhier''
| ''sērēsculhitus''
| ''sērēsculhin''
! 80
| ''quatlāculhier''
| ''quatlāculhitus''
| ''quatlāculhin''
! 260
| ''tammīttler prōculhier''
| ''tammīttus prōculhitus''
| ''tammīttziēs prōculhin''
|-
! 9
| ''nātlittzier''
| ''nātlittzitus''
| ''nātlittzin''
! 19
| ''īmāculhier''
| ''īmāculhitus''
| ''īmāculhin''
! 90
| ''quatlāculhier qehentzier''
| ''quatlāculhitus qehēnsus''
| ''quatlāculhin qehen''
! 280
| ''tammīttler quatlāculhier''
| ''tammīttus quatlāculhitus''
| ''tammīttziēs quatlāculhin''
|-
! 10
| ''qehentzier''
| ''qehēnsus''
| ''qehen''
! 20
| ''calhier''
| ''calhitus''
| ''calhin''
! 100
| ''quicculhier''
| ''quicculhitus''
| ''quicculhin''
! 400
| ''mīttler''
| ''mīttus''
| ''mīttziēs''
|}
</div>

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Aeranir numbers 400-3,200,000
|-
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
|-
! 800
|
|
|
! 16,000
|
|
|
! 320,000
|
|
|
|-
! 1,200
|
|
|
! 24,000
|
|
|
! 480,000
|
|
|
|-
! 1,600
|
|
|
! 32,000
|
|
|
! 640,000
|
|
|
|-
! 2,000
|
|
|
! 40,000
|
|
|
! 800,000
|
|
|
|-
! 2,400
|
|
|
! 48,000
|
|
|
! 960,000
|
|
|
|-
! 2,800
|
|
|
! 56,000
|
|
|
! 1,120,000
|
|
|
|-
! 3,200
|
|
|
! 64,000
|
|
|
! 1,280,000
|
|
|
|-
! 3,600
|
|
|
! 72,000
|
|
|
! 1,440,000
|
|
|
|-
! 4,000
|
|
|
! 80,000
|
|
|
! 1,600,000
|
|
|
|-
! 8,000
|
|
| ''attuin''
! 160,000
|
|
| ''ōtlua attuin''
! 3,200,000
|
|
| ''octzuō''
|}

==Late Aeranir inovations==
===Applicative voices===
Whilst Classical Aeranir was more permissive of adding additional arguments to a clause, so long as the verb's core transitivity were met. Late Aeranir, however, tended to be more restrictive, and required valency increasing operations to express benefactive, comitative, and locative meanings. These applicative morphemes take the form of verbal prefixes.

==Lexicon==

''[[:Category:Aeranir_words|Aeranir Lexicon]]''.

==Footnotes==

[[Category:Aeranir]]
[[Category:Maro-Ephenian Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Avrid]]

Aeranir

2020-07-08T13:29:41Z

Gaffney.flancer: /* Middle */

{{construction}}
{{Infobox language
| name = ''Aeranir''
| altname = ''coeñar inceris''
|-
| nativename = ''coeñar aerānir''
| pronunciation = [ˈk̟øː.ɲar ˈɪ̃ŋ̟.k̟ɛ.rɪs̠], [ˈk̟øː.ɲar ɛːˈraː.nɪr]
|-
|creator=Limius
|setting=''[[Avrid]]''
|-
| state = [[Telrhamir]], [[Iscaria]], [[Aeranid Empire]]
| ethnicity = Aeran
| familycolor = PaleGoldenrod
| fam1 = [[Maro-Ephenian languages|Maro-Ephenian]]
| fam2 = Iscaric
|ancestor=[[Proto-Maro-Ephenian]]
|ancestor2=[[Proto-Iscaric]]
|ancestor3=[[Aeranir#Old Aeranir|Old Aeranir]]
|-
| nation = [[Aeranid Empire]]
| minority = [[Iscaria]], [[S'entin]], [[Tevrén]]
| notice = IPA
|iso3 = qco
}}

'''Aeranir''', also known as '''coeñar aerānir''' (''language of the Aerans''), or '''coeñar inceris''' (''language of the capital''), is an Iscaric language in the [[Maro-Ephenian languages|Maro-Ephenian language group]]. It was originally spoken by the [[Aerans]], developed in the deserts of Northern [[Iscaria]] in the city of [[Telrhamir]], and spread with the expanse of the [[Aeranid Empire]] throughout [[Ephenia]], as well as parts of [[Eubora]] and [[Syra]]. It later developed into the Aeranid languages, such as [[Dalot]], [[Ilesse]], [[Iscariano]], [[Îredese]], [[S'entigneis]], and [[Tevrés]]. It is still used throughout Ephenia as a language of theology, science, medicine, literature, and law.

Aeranir had been standardised into Classical Aeranir by the time of the Early Empire, around the second millennia [[New Imperial Age|BNIA]] by the writer and educator Limius. The period before that is generally referred to as Old Aeranir. The language spoken between the 15th and 12th centuries [[New Imperial Age|BNIA]] is generally referred to Late Aeranir. This shift is marked by several grammatical and phonetic shifts. After that period, Aeranir began to splinter off into the various Aeranid languages. A form of Classical Aeranir called New Aeranir or Medieval Aeranir remained in use in official writings even after this period.

Aeranir is a highly inflective and fusional language, with three distinct [[w:Gramatical Gender|genders]], nine [[w:Gramatical Case|cases]], two [[w:Gramatical Aspect|aspects]], four [[w:Gramatical Mood|moods]], three [[w:Gramatical Person|persons]], two or three [[w:Gramatical Voice|voices]], and two [[w:Gramatical Number|numbers]].

==History==
===Periodisation===

{{Graphical timeline

|title=Timeline of Aeranir
|align=right

|plot-colour=#bbeebb

|from=0
|to=3000
|scale-increment=200

|width=10
|height=300
|height-unit=px

|legend1=Aeran settlements

|bar1-from=2400
|bar1-left=0
|bar1-right=0.2

|legend2=City of Telhramir

|bar2-to=2600
|bar2-left=0.1
|bar2-right=0.2

|legend3=Aeranid Kingdom
|legend3-colour=#e0aacc

|bar3-to=2400
|bar3-left=0
|bar3-right=0.2
|bar3-colour=#e0aacc

|
|bar4-to=2104
|bar4-left=0
|bar4-right=0.2
|bar4-colour=red
|legend4=Aeranid Empire
|legend4-colour=red

|
|bar5-to=1266
|bar5-from=825
|bar5-left=0
|bar5-right=0.2
|bar5-colour=#AA98A9
|legend5=Eastern Aeranid Empire
|legend5-colour=#AA98A9

|bar6-from=1172
|bar6-to=1266
|bar6-left=0.1
|bar6-right=0.2
|bar6-colour=blue
|legend6=Western Aeranid Empire
|legend6-colour=blue

|bar7-to=825
|bar7-left=0
|bar7-right=0.2
|bar7-colour=grey
|legend7=Various Nations
|legend7-colour=grey

|bar8-text=Proto-Aeranid
|bar8-to=953
|bar8-from=700
|bar8-left=1
|bar8-right=1.75
|bar8-border-width=1
|bar8-border-colour= #996666
|bar8-colour=lightgrey

|bar9-text=Liturgical Aeranir
|bar9-to=953
|bar9-left=0.2
|bar9-right=1
|bar9-border-width=1
|bar9-border-colour= #996666
|bar9-colour=#cc9999

|bar10-text=Post-Collapse Aeranir
|bar10-from=953
|bar10-to=1266
|bar10-left=0.2
|bar10-right=1.75
|bar10-colour=#99cc99

|bar11-text=Late Aeranir
|bar11-from=1266
|bar11-to=1450
|bar11-left=0.2
|bar11-right=1.75
|bar11-colour=#99cc99
|bar11-border-width=0.1

|bar12-text=Golden Age Aeranir
|bar12-from=1450
|bar12-to=1800
|bar12-left=0.2
|bar12-right=1.75
|bar12-border-width=0.1
|bar12-colour=#99cc99

|bar13-text=Classical Aeranir
|bar13-from=1800
|bar13-to=2200
|bar13-left=0.2
|bar13-right=1.75
|bar13-border-width=0.1
|bar13-colour=#99cc99

|bar14-text=Old Aeranir
|bar14-from=2200
|bar14-to=2500
|bar14-left=0.2
|bar14-right=1.75
|bar14-border-width=0.1
|bar14-colour=#99cc99

|bar15-text=Proto-Iscaric
|bar15-from=2500
|bar15-to=3000
|bar15-left=0.2
|bar15-right=1.75
|bar15-border-width=0.1
|bar15-colour=#bbeebb

|bar16-text=Aeranid Languages
|bar16-to=700
|bar16-from=0
|bar16-left=1
|bar16-right=1.75
|bar16-border-width=1
|bar16-border-colour= #996666
|bar16-colour=grey

|note1=The Collapse
|note1-at=1266
|note1-nudge-right=10
|note1-colour=green

|caption=A timeline of the evolution of Aeranir. The scale is in years BCA. The thin bar to the left denotes the Aeranir (and later Aeranid) speaking powers of the time, whilst the right denotes the evolutionary stage of Aeranir.
}}

The Aeranir language is descended from Proto-Iscaric, a theoretical reconstruction, which is in turn descended from [[Proto-Maro-Ephenian]]. This makes Aeranir a member of the Maro-Ephenian language family, along with Talothic, Fyrdan, and Marian. Because neither of these two proto-languages are attested in writing, it can be difficult to say when they were spoken, and when one transitioned into the other, but scholars generally agree that there was something that could be called Proto-Iscaric around the end of the 4th millennium BCA.

Proto-Iscaric was spoken by numerous Maro-Ephenian tribes which settled in Iscaria at the end of the 4th millennium. This evolved into numerous attested Iscaric languages, of which the language of the Aerans, who settled the region known as Aes, was but one. The oldest evidence of their language is found dating well after the founding of their most famous city, Telhramir, around 2500 BCA. This phase of the language, from around then to the later years of the Aeranid Kingdom, is known as Old Aeranir (called '''''coeñar accuiha aerānir''''' or '''''aerānir accuiha''''' by Classical and Golden Age sources).

==Phonology==
===Consonants===
The following is a table of phonemes in Aeranir. This analysis is based on Classical Aeranir, as it was used during the hight of the [[Aeranid Empire]]. The phonology, especially the number of vowel phonemes, varied greatly time, but this is seen as the standard version of the language.
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Classical consonant phonemes
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | Labial
! colspan="2" | Coronal
! rowspan="2" | Palatal
! colspan="2" | Velar
! colspan="2" | Uvular
! rowspan="2" | Glottal
|-
! central 
! lateral 
! plain 
! labial 
! plain 
! labial 
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Nasal
| m
| n
|
| ɲ
|
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Stop
| p
| t
|
|
| k
| kʷ
| q
| qʷ
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Affricate
|
| ts
| tɬ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Fricative
| f
| s
|
|
|
|
|
|
| h
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Liquid
|
| r
| l
| j
|
| w
|
|
| ɦ
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Golden age consonant phonemes
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | Labial
! colspan="2" | Coronal
! rowspan="2" | Palatal
! colspan="2" | Velar
! colspan="2" | Uvular
! rowspan="2" | Glottal
|-
! central 
! lateral 
! plain 
! labial 
! plain 
! labial 
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| m
| n
|
| ɲ
|
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="3" | Stop
! aspirated
| (pʰ)
| (tʰ)
|
|
| kʰ
|
| qʰ
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! plain
| p
| t
|
|
| k
| kʷ
| q
| qʷ
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! voiced
| (b)
| (d)
|
|
| (g)
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" | Affricate
! voiceless
|
| ts
| tɬ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! voiced
|
| (dz~z)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Fricative
| f
| s
|
|
|
|
|
|
| h
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Liquid
| ʋ
| r
| l
| j
|
|
|
|
| ɦ
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Late consonant phonemes
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | Labial
! colspan="2" | Coronal
! rowspan="2" | Palatal
! colspan="2" | Velar
|-
! central 
! lateral 
! plain 
! labial 
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| m
| n
|
| ɲ
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" | Stop
! voiceless
| p
| t
|
| c
| k
| kʷ
|- style="text-align:center;"
! voiced
| b
| d
|
| ɟ
| g
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Affricate
|
| ts
| tɬ
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Fricative
| f
| s
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Liquid
|
| r
| l
| j
|
|
|}
====Notes on consonants====
*The clusters /rh/, /nh/, and /lh/ vary greatly between dialects; [rɦ nɦ ɫɦ ~ rg ŋg ɫg ~ ʀː ŋː ʟː].
*The sequence /ks/ is written in the romanisation as ''x''.
*The nasal consonant /n/ assimilates to the place of articulation of the following stop, so that /nk/ or /nqʷ/ for example become /ŋk/ and /ɴʷqʷ/. Before fricatives, /n/ is deleted, and the proceeding vowel is lengthened and nasalised. These processes apply between word boundries as well. Word final /n/ as part of case and personal markers is elided before a word starting with a vowel, fricative, approximate, or before a [[w:Pausa|pausa]]. It often served as a [[w:Shibboleth|shibboleth]] for discerning one's origins or social circles.
*The velar, labio-velar, and labio-uvular consonants /k/, /kʷ/, /q/, and /qʷ/ are palatalised before front vowels and /j/ to [k̟], [kᶣ], [k̠] and [k̠ᶣ] respectively. Futhermore, dental consonants /n/ and /t/ are palatalised before /j/ to [ɲ̟], and [tʲ]. The glottal fricative /h/ is also palatalised to [ç] before high front vowels and /j/. Some dialects also palatalise the postalveolar consonants /s/ and /ts/ to [ɕ] and [tɕ] before front vowels and /j/.
*The labialised consonants /kʷ/, and /qʷ/ are pronounced as truly labialised, rather than a sequence of two consonants, i.e. /kw/, /qw/. The voiced labiovelar stop only occurs after a nasal consonant.
*All consonants, with the exception of /ʋ/, can be geminated between vowels. This is denoted orthographically by doubling of the first letter of the phoneme, i.e. ⟨cc⟩, ⟨ff⟩, ⟨hh⟩, etc. The palatal approximate /j/ is always geminated to [jː] between vowels, but is written with a simple ⟨i⟩. Fricative /hː/ is usually realised as [çː]. In dialects that palatalise /s/ and /ts/, [çː] often becomes [ɕː], merging in some environments with /sː/.
*The lateral approximate /l/ has two allophones in Classical Aeranir; [l] before close front vowels, /j/, and when geminated, and [ɫ] elsewhere.
*The fricative /s/ is often pronounced further back in the mouth, closer to [s̠].
* The phoneme /h/ has two distinct allophones following the nasal /n/. When this cluster occurs natively within a word, /h/ is voiced and velarised to [g]. Nasal /n/ is likewise velarised to [ŋ]. Dialectically, the cluster /ŋg/ may be fortified to [gː] or lenited to [ŋː]. Before front vowels and /j/, these may appear as [ɲʝ], [ŋ˖g˖], [g˖ː], or [ŋ˖ː]. When the cluster /nh/ occurs where /h/ was once word initial, as result of a prefix, the nasal is deleted and the preceding vowel nasalised and lengthened, as with fricatives /s/ and /f/.

===Vowels===
Vowels in Aeranir underwent the greatest amount of change throughout time. Although the standard is considered to me Classical Aeranir as it was spoken in the 17th and 16th centuries {{Smallcaps|[[New Imperial Age|bnia]]}}, this should not be seen in the context of a sliding historical spectrum. Below are listed three somewhat representative samples that provide a broad overview of general changes.
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Old Aeranir vowel phonemes (circa 2300{{Smallcaps|bca}})
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Front
! colspan="2" | Central
! colspan="2" | Back
|-
! short 
! long 
! short 
! long 
! short 
! long 
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Close
| i
| iː
|
|
| u
| uː
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Mid
| e
| eː
|
|
| o
| oː
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Open
|
|
| a
| aː
|
|
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Classical and Golden Age Aeranir vowel phonemes (circa 1600{{Smallcaps|bca}})
|-
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="4" | Front
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Central
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Back
|-
! colspan="2" | plain 
! colspan="2" | rounded 
|-
! short 
! long 
! short 
! long 
! short 
! long 
! short 
! long 
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Close
| ɪ
| iː
| ʏ
| yː
|
|
| ʊ
| uː
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Mid-close
|
| eː
|
| øː
|
|
|
| oː
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Mid-open
| ɛ
| ɛː
|
|
|
|
| ɔ
| ɔː
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Open
|
|
|
|
| a
| aː
|
|
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Late Aeranir vowel phonemes (circa 1200{{Smallcaps|bca}})
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Front
! rowspan="2"| Central
! rowspan="2"| Back
|-
! plain
! round
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Close
| i
| (y)
|
| u
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Mid-close
| e
| (ø)
|
| o
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Mid-open
| ɛ
|
|
| ɔ
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Open
|
|
| a
|
|}
====Notes on vowels====
* The short high rounded vowel /ʏ/ is mostly a loan from [[Dalitian]], and is not found in many native words, or words dating back to Old Aeranir. It is usually realised as [ɪ], and is only rounded in educated speech.
{| class="wikitable floatright"
|+caption | Vowel change from PME to Late Aeranir (in stessed initial syllables)
|-
! [[Proto-Maro-Ephenian|PME]]
! Old
! Classical
! Late
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *u[r₂, r₃, h]i
| → ui /ui̯/
| rowspan="2" | → y /yː/
| rowspan="4" | → i /i/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *i[r₂, r₃, h]u
| → iu /iu̯̯/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *ey, *ehi, *ēy, *hey
| → ei /ei̯/
| rowspan="2" | → ī /iː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *i[r₂, r₃, h]
| → ī /iː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *i
| → i /i/
| → i /ɪ/
| rowspan="3" | → e /e/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *oy, *o[r₂, r₃, h]i, *er₃i, *ōy, *[r₂, r₃, h]oy, *r₃ey
| → oi /oi̯/
| → oe /øː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *eh, *ē
| → e /eː/
| → e /eː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *e
| → e /e/
| → e /ɛ/
| rowspan="2" | → è /ɛ/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *er₂i, *r₂ey
| → ai /ai̯/
| → ae /ɛː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *ow, *o[r₂, r₃, h]u, *ōw, *[r₂, r₃, h]ow, *r₃ew, *ew, *ehu, *ēw, *hew
| → ou /ou̯̯/
| rowspan="2" | → ū /uː/
| rowspan="2" | → u /u/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *u[r₂, r₃, h]
| → ū /uː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *u
| → u /u/
| → u /ʊ/
| rowspan="2" | → o /o/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *o[r₂, r₃, h], *ō, *r₃e[r₂, r₃, h], *r₃ē, *er₃
| → o /oː/
| → o /oː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *o, *r₃e
| → o /o/
| → o /ɔ/
| rowspan="2" | → ò /ɔ/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *er₂u, *r₂ew
| → au /au̯̯/
| → au /ɔː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *er₂, *r₂ē
| → ā /aː/
| → ā /aː/
| rowspan="2" | → a /a/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *[r̥₂, r̥₃, h̥]
| → a /a/
| → a /a/
|}
* Most non-intial short vowels in [[Aeranir#Proto-Iscaric|Proto-Iscairc]] were reduced to /i/ by the time of Old Aeranir. Many of these were then further reduced in Classical Aeranir (as discussed above), to the vowels represented by [[w:Diaeresis_(diacritic)|diaeresis]]. These merged in Late Aeranir to a [[w:Schwa|schwa]], but this schwa was deleted in many environments.
* Old Aeranir diphthongs /ei̯/ and /ou̯̯/ may have been realised as hightened pure vowels [eː~e̝ː] and [oː~o̝ː]. Before other vowels, /ei̯/ becomes simple [e] in Classical Aeranir. Likewise, Classical /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ rise to [e] and [o] before another vowel. These were then simplified into glides [j] and [w] in Late Aeranir.
* There are two realisations of high short vowels /ɪ/ and /ʊ/ before another vowel, depending on whether the proceeding syllable it light or heavy. Following a light syllable, the become glides [j] and [w]. Follwing a heavy syllable, an [[w:Ephethesis#Anaptyxis|anaptyctic]] vowel is inserted, becoming [ɪj] and [ʊw]. These vowels are not represented in the orthography.
* Some peripheral dialects of Late Aeranir retained rounded front vowels /y/ and /ø/, while in most, including the speech of Telrhamir, they merged with their plain counterparts /i/ and /e/ respectively.

===Stress===
Syllable stress in Old Aeranir fell uniformly on the first syllable of a word. However, by the time of Classical Aeranir, stress had shifted to a more complex paradigm, generally falling on the '''penult''' (the second to last syllable) or the '''antipenult''' (the third to last syllable). Which one was determined by the '''weight''' of the penult.

Syllables are divided into one of two categories, or weights. These are '''light''' syllables and '''heavy''' syllables. A light syllable contains a maximum of one short vowel, alone or proceeded by a consonant or consonant cluster, while a heavy syllable may contain a long vowel, a coda consonant, or both. If the penult of a word is heavy, it is stressed. If not, the antipenult is stressed.
=== Dialects ===
;Pēcilia Cūvae
: The ''pēcilia cūvae'' ('Cuvan swing') refers to the particular musical quality of the Aeranir spoken in the Aes city of Cuva (''cūva'') during the classical and golden age of Aeranid civilisation. It was likened in the earliest records to the ''pēcilia traecōvus'' ('talothic swing'), and occasionally referred to as the ''pōnus traeceus'' ('talothic voice'). However, by the golden age, Talothic had lost its distinct melodious accent, and the these terms fell out of use. This is believed to be the reason that citizens of Cuva were called ''traeceolar'' ('little taloths'), and is the origin of the name of the city Triggiolari, founded as ''Traeceolar''.

: Rather than the stress-accent of standard capitoline Aeranir, the speech of Cuva is marked by a distinctive [[w:Pitch-accent language|pitch accent]]. Pitch in Cuva begins low, and then rises until a [[w:Mora|kernel mora]], after which it immediately falls. Placement of the kernel mora generally falls on the third to last mora. However, the way morae are counted is somewhat complex. A short vowel, either proceeded by a consonant or consonant cluster, or bare, counts as one mora, and a long vowel of (spurious) diphthong counts as two. On top of that, coda consonants, rather singletons or clusters, also count as a mora. So, for example, each syllable of the word ''āctās'' is three morea; ''a-a-c.ta-a-s''

: Pitch accent manifests differently depending on where the kernel falls. Then the kernel falls on a vowel, there is a [[w:Downstep|downstep]] before it; e.g. ''āctās'': ''a-a-c.ta-a-s'' /àák.tààs/ [ǎːk.tàːs].

==Syntax==
===Word order===
Aeranir is generally verb-initial in independent clauses, and verb-final in dependant clauses, including non-finite clauses using the infinitive, participle, gerund, etc.. These rules may be violated in poetry, however it is much more common to violate the former than the later.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| qurra Rāscānus salvan
| read-3SG.C Rascanus-NOM.SG book-ACC.SG
|'Rascanus is reading a book'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| Rāscānus salvan qurrea
| Rascanus-NOM.SG book-ACC.SG read-SUBJ.3SG.C
|'should Rascanus be reading a book...'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| sircuīva īliō Rāscānus salvan qurrīhan
| tell-PFV.3SG.C Ilius-DAT.SG Rascanus-NOM.SG book-ACC.SG read-INF
|'Rascanus told Ilius that he was reading a book'}}

Nominal clitics attach to the end of verbs in independent clauses, and the beginning of verbs in dependant clauses.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| taetue ne tīn
| drink-PFV.3SG.E <nowiki>=</nowiki>2SG tea-ACC.SG
|'You drank the tea'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| tīn ni taesun
| tea-NOM.SG 2SG<nowiki>=</nowiki> drink-PFV.PTCP-E.NOM.SG
|'The tea you drank'}}

Word order is much more free for nouns and noun phrases. Adjectives and genitives may either proceed or follow a noun (e.g. '''''formun cōmus''''' or '''''cōmus formun''''', both 'the warm house;' '''''umae menter''''' or '''''menter umae''''', both 'my mother's sibling'), although they adjectives generally follow, whilst genitives generally proceed. Prepositions always proceed their noun, whilst postpositions, which are far less common, always follow.

Due to agreement in gender, case, and number between nouns and adjectives, additional nouns may be inserted between a noun and its adjective without changing the meaning, in what is called [[w:Hyperbaton|hyperbaton]]:

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ȳrē arte tihī iūre
| listen-IMP person-VOC.SG 1SG.PRO-DAT good-T.VOC.SG
|'Listen to me good fellow!'}}

==Nouns==
===Gender===
Aeranir nouns are divided into three [[w:Grammatical Gender|genders]], all of which are directly inherited from late [[Proto-Maro-Ephenian]]. These known as the '''temporary''' ('''{{Smallcaps|t}}'''), '''cyclical''' ('''{{Smallcaps|c}}'''), and '''eternal''' ('''{{Smallcaps|e}}''') genders. The gender of a noun effects the adjectives and verbs that refer to it.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ēs ars raius
| COP.3SG.T wumbo(T)-NOM.SG small-T.NOM.SG
|'It's a small wumbo'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| sa tlāna raia
| COP.3SG.C flower(C)-NOM.SG small-C.NOM.SG
|'It's a small flower'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| sī nātlun raiun
| COP.3SG.E shell(E)-NOM.SG small-E.NOM.SG
|'It's a small shell'}}

The gender of most nouns can be easily inferred from its ending. Furthermore, there is often overlap between meaning and gender. Animate living beings and small, breakable objects are often temporary, while abstract concepts, natural processes, or seasonal plants are usually cyclical, and large, durable, inanimate objects are most likely eternal. However, some nouns have no relation to their gender. Personal names are either temporary or cyclical; eternal names are reserved for gods.

===Case===
Nouns in Aeranir have a series of different forms, called cases of the noun, which have different functions or meanings. For example, the word for 'king' is ''{{term|rēs}}'' when subject of a verb, but ''rēnin'' when it is the object:
* ''auhēs rēs'' 'the king sees (someone)' ([[w:Nominative case|nominative case]])
* ''auhēs rēnin'' '(someone) sees the king' ([[w:Accusative case|accusative case]])
There are a total of nine cases for most nouns in Aeranir. Outside of the nominative and accusative, they are as the following:
* [[w:Vocative case|Vocative]]: ''rēne iō!'': 'o king!'
* [[w:Essive case|Essive]]: ''seū rēnū'': 'as this king'
* [[w:Instrumental case|Instrumental]]: ''seōrun rēnerun'': 'using this king'
* [[w:Genitive case|Genitive]]: ''sī rēnis'': 'of this king'
* [[w:Dative case|Dative]]: ''seō rēnī'': 'to/for this king'
* [[w:Ablative case|Ablative]]: ''seā rēni'': 'from/by this king'
* [[w:Locative case|Locative]]: ''sīs rēnīs'': 'at/with the king'
Sometimes the same endings, e.g. ''-ī'' and ''-ēs'', are used for more than one case. Since the function of a word in Aeranir is shown by ending rather than word order, in theory ''requor rēnī'' could mean either 'I return to the king' or 'I return from the king.' In practice, however, such ambiguities are rare.

==== Uses of the cases ====
===== Genitive =====
The use of the genitive case in subordinate clauses has changed throughout the history of Aeranir, and even within the span of time referred to as 'Golden Age Aeranir,' usage was shifting. In Classical and Golden Age Aeranir the genitive could be used with the active voice to mark the subject of the verb, whilst in the middle voice it marked the object. The later is similar to the use of the genitive as a partitive object in [[Classical Talothic|Talothic]]. Some believe this similarity to be the inherited from [[Proto-Maro-Ephenian]], whilst others claim that it is a case of parallel evolution or mutual influence.
:{{interlinear|box=yes
| tzilla artis auhita
| cat-NOM.SG person-GEN.SG see-PFV.PTCP-C.NOM.SG
| 'The cat the person saw'}}

:{{interlinear|box=yes
| ars tzillae auhitūnus
| person-NOM.SG cat-GEN.SG see-PFV.PTCP-T.NOM.SG
| 'The person who saw the cat'}}
The use of genitive objects dwindled in later Golden Age and Late Aeranir, being replaced by the accusative case with the active voice, or the ablative case with the middle voice, as in independent clauses. However, it remained used to mark the subject of dependent clauses, and in Late Aeranir even began to replace the nominative case in independent ones.

===== Ablative =====

* '''Ablative of motion''' implies movement away from or out of an object:
:{{interlinear|box=yes
| furuis pālā
| fall-PFV-T.3SG tree-ABL.SG
| 'They fell from the tree'}}

* '''Agentive ablative''' marks the agent by whom the action of a passive verb in performed:
:{{interlinear|box=yes
| īcēlāre pannun Traetiā cnōtun
| eat-PFV-PASS-E.3SG bread-NOM.SG Traetius-ABL.SG last-E.NOM.SG
| 'The last of the bread was eaten by Traetius'}}

===Declensions===
====Class I====
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+Class I noun
|-
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" |
! colspan="4" | ''{{term|salva}}'' c. book, tome
|-
! colspan="2" | Singular
! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
! word
! ending
! word
! ending
|-
! rowspan="3" | Primary '''''prīstūmus'''''
! scope="row" | Nominative
| ''salva''
| '''''-a'''''
| ''salvar''
| '''''-ar'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Accusative
| ''salvan''
| '''''-an'''''
| ''salvae''
| '''''-ae'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Vocative
| ''salva''
| '''''-a'''''
| ''salvar''
| '''''-ar'''''
|-
! rowspan="3" | Existential '''''soniāmus'''''
! scope="row" | Essive
| ''salvau''
| '''''-au'''''
| ''salvur''
| '''''-ur'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Instrumental
| ''salvārun''
| '''''-ārun'''''
| ''salvōs''
| '''''-ōs'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Genitive
| ''salvae''
| '''''-ae'''''
| ''salvābus''
| '''''-ābus'''''
|-
! rowspan="3" | Directive '''''satūmus'''''
! scope="row" | Dative
| ''salvō''
| '''''-ō'''''
| ''salvāna''
| '''''-āna'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Ablative
| ''salvā''
| '''''-ā'''''
| ''salvās''
| '''''-ās'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Locative
| ''salvīs''
| '''''-īs'''''
| ''salvā''
| '''''-ā'''''
|}

====Class II====
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+Class II temporary/eternal nouns
|-
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" |
! colspan="4" | ''{{term|pernus}}'' t. storm, chaos
! colspan="4" | ''{{term|nātlun}}'' e. shell, carapace
|-
! colspan="2" | Singular
! colspan="2" | Plural
! colspan="2" | Singular
! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
! word
! ending
! word
! ending
! word
! ending
! word
! ending
|-
! rowspan="3" | Primary '''''prīstūmus'''''
! scope="row" | Nominative
| ''pernus''
| '''''-us'''''
| ''pernur''
| '''''-ur'''''
| rowspan="3" | ''nātlun''
| rowspan="3" | '''''-un'''''
| rowspan="3" | ''nātlunt''
| rowspan="3" | '''''-unt'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Accusative
| ''pernun''
| '''''-un'''''
| ''pernī''
| '''''-ī'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Vocative
| ''perne''
| '''''-e'''''
| ''pernur''
| '''''-ur'''''
|-
! rowspan="3" | Existential '''''soniāmus'''''
! scope="row" | Essive
| ''pernū''
| '''''-ū'''''
| ''pernur''
| '''''-ur'''''
| ''nātlū''
| '''''-ū'''''
| ''nātlur''
| '''''-ur'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Instrumental
| ''pernōrun''
| '''''-ōrun'''''
| ''pernōs''
| '''''-ōs'''''
| ''nātlōrun''
| '''''-ōrun'''''
| ''nātlōs''
| '''''-ōs'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Genitive
| ''pernī''
| '''''-ī'''''
| ''pernōvus''
| '''''-ōvus'''''
| ''nātlī''
| '''''-ī'''''
| ''nātlōvus''
| '''''-ōvus'''''
|-
! rowspan="3" | Directive '''''satūmus'''''
! scope="row" | Dative
| ''pernō''
| '''''-ō'''''
| ''pernōna''
| '''''-ōna'''''
| ''nātlō''
| '''''-ō'''''
| ''nātlōna''
| '''''-ōna'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Ablative
| ''pernā''
| '''''-ā'''''
| ''pernōs''
| '''''-ōs'''''
| ''nātlā''
| '''''-ā'''''
| ''nātlōs''
| '''''-ōs'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Locative
| ''pernīs''
| '''''-īs'''''
| ''pernā''
| '''''-ā'''''
| ''nātlīs''
| '''''-īs'''''
| ''nātlā''
| '''''-ā'''''
|}

==Pronouns==
===Personal Pronouns===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Personal pronouns
|-
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" |
! colspan="4" | First person
! colspan="4" | Second person
! colspan="4" | Reflexive
|-
! colspan="2" | singular ''I''
! colspan="2" | plural ''we''
! colspan="2" | singular ''you''
! colspan="2" | plural ''y'all''
! colspan="2" | singular/plural ''himself/herself/ itself/themselves''
|-
! full
! clitic
! full
! clitic
! full
! clitic
! full
! clitic
! full
! clitic
|-
! rowspan="3" | Primary ''prīstūmus''
! Nominative
| rowspan="2" | ''aecū''
| rowspan="7" | ''te''
| rowspan="2" | ''eōs''
| rowspan="7" | ''ī''
| rowspan="2" | ''hanae''
| rowspan="7" | ''ne''
| rowspan="2" | ''rōs''
| rowspan="7" | ''er''
| rowspan="3" | ''cē''
| rowspan="7" | ''ce''
|-
! Vocative
|-
! Accusative
| ''tē''
| ''eon''
| ''nē''
| ''ron''
|-
! rowspan="2" | Existential ''soniāmus''
! Essive
| ''tōs''
| ''eor''
| ''nōs''
| ''rō''
| ''cū''
|-
! Genitive
| ''tī''
| ''īster''
| ''nī''
| ''rester''
| ''cī''
|-
! rowspan="2" | Directive ''satūmus''
! Dative
| ''tihī''
| ''īvīs''
| ''nivī''
| ''urvīs''
| ''civī''
|-
! Ablative
| ''tētē''
| ''eōvōs''
| ''nēnē''
| ''rōvōs''
| ''cēcē''
|}

===Third person pronouns===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Personal pronouns
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
|-
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
|-
! rowspan="3" | Primary ''prīstūmus''
! Nominative
| rowspan="2" | ''us''
| rowspan="2" | ''va''
| rowspan="3" | ''um''
| rowspan="2" | ''ur''
| rowspan="2" | ''var''
| rowspan="3" | ''ūns''
|-
! Vocative
|-
! Accusative
| ''um''
| ''vam''
| ''vī''
| ''vae''
|-
! rowspan="3" | Existential ''soniāmus''
! Essive
| ''ū''
| ''vau''
| ''ū''
| ''ur''
| ''vur''
| ''ur''
|-
! Instrumental
| ''urun''
| ''vārun''
| ''urun''
| ''vēs''
| ''vōs''
| ''vēs''
|-
! Genitive
| ''vis''
| ''vae''
| ''vis''
| ''vus''
| ''vāvus''
| ''vus''
|-
! rowspan="3" | Directive ''satūmus''
! Dative
| ''vī''
| ''vō''
| ''vī''
| ''vina''
| ''vāna''
| ''vina''
|-
! Ablative
| ''vit''
| ''vā''
| ''vit''
| ''vēs''
| ''vās''
| ''vēs''
|-
! Locative
| ''vis''
| ''vīs''
| ''vis''
| ''vā''
| ''vā''
| ''vā''
|}

=== Demonstrative pronouns ===
Demonstratives underwent a great deal of change during the latest stages of Classical Aeranir, and much of the older forms were preserved in Golden Age Aeranir alongside their newer counterparts. The Classical Aeranir distal and medial demonstratives were formed from the third person pronoun ''us, va, un'' plus a suffix. This produced a variety of irregular forms, which were regularised in early Golden Age Aeranir. However, which stem was taken to become the new regular form varied between times, locations, and speakers. Generally, two stems were predominant for each demonstrative; with the medial varying between ''ust-'' and ''unt-'' and the distal between ''ūl-'' and ''ull-''. Eventually, the former of the two became more common, although the latter remained in marginal use, even into the Aeranid languages.
<div style="overflow:auto">
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Old demonstrative pronouns
|-
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="6" | '''''seus, sea, seun''''' this, this one (proximal)
! colspan="6" | '''''ustus, usta, untun''''' that of yours (medial)
! colspan="6" | '''''ūlus, ūla, ūllun''''' that, that one (distal)
|-
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
|-
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Nominative
| ''seus''
| ''sea''
| rowspan="3" | ''seun''
| ''seur''
| ''sear''
| rowspan="3" | ''seunt''
| ''ustus''
| ''usta''
| rowspan="3" | ''untun''
| ''urtur''
| ''urtar''
| rowspan="3" | ''untunt''
| ''ūlus''
| ''ūla''
| rowspan="3" | ''ullun''
| ''ullur''
| ''ullar''
| rowspan="3" | ''ullunt''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Accusative
| ''seun''
| ''sean''
| ''sī''
| ''seae''
| ''untun''
| ''untan''
| ''vītī''
| ''vītae''
| ''ullun''
| ''ullan''
| ''vīlī''
| ''vīlae''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Vocative
| ''sē''
| ''sea''
| ''seur''
| ''sear''
| ''uste''
| ''usta''
| ''urtur''
| ''urtar''
| ''ūle''
| ''ūla''
| ''ullur''
| ''ullar''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Essive
| ''seū''
| ''seau''
| ''seū''
| colspan="3" | ''seur''
| ''ūtū''
| ''ūtau''
| ''ūtū''
| colspan="3" | ''urtur''
| ''ūlū''
| ''ūlau''
| ''ūlū''
| colspan="3" | ''ullur''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Instrumental
| ''seōrun''
| ''seārun''
| ''seōrun''
| colspan="3" | ''seōs''
| ''untōrun''
| ''untārun''
| ''untōrun''
| colspan="3" | ''vēstōs''
| ''ullōrun''
| ''ullārun''
| ''ullōrun''
| colspan="3" | ''vēlōs''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Genitive
| ''sī''
| ''seae''
| ''sī''
| ''seōvus''
| ''seāvus''
| ''seōvus''
| ''vistī''
| ''vistae''
| ''vistī''
| ''vustōvus''
| ''vustāvus''
| ''vustōvus''
| ''vīlī''
| ''vīlae''
| ''vīlī''
| ''vūlōvus''
| ''vūlāvus''
| ''vūlōvus''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Dative
| colspan="3" | ''seō''
| ''seōna''
| ''seāna''
| ''seōna''
| colspan="3" | ''vītō''
| ''vintōna''
| ''vintāna''
| ''vintōna''
| colspan="3" | ''vīlō''
| ''villōna''
| ''villāna''
| ''villōna''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Ablative
| colspan="3" | ''seā''
| ''seōs''
| ''seās''
| ''seōs''
| colspan="3" | ''vistā''
| ''vēstōs''
| ''vēstās''
| ''vēstōs''
| colspan="3" | ''vīlā''
| ''vēlōs''
| ''vēlās''
| ''vēlōs''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Locative
| colspan="3" | ''sīs''
| colspan="3" | ''seā''
| colspan="3" | ''vistīs''
| colspan="3" | ''vātā''
| colspan="3" | ''vīlīs''
| colspan="3" | ''vālā''
|}
</div>
Even after the new regular demonstratives had been widely adopted, the old ones continued to be used for stylistic purposes, and where considered more proper for official writing, speech, and communication.

In Classical Aeranir, demonstratives could stand for a person or thing, but also a place—there was no distinction between 'this' and 'here.' However, in Golden Age Aeranir, another one of the old stems was generalised to create dedicated locative pronouns '''''vistus, vista, vistun''''' 'there (near you),' and '''''vīlus, vīla, vīlun''''' 'there (far away).' By analogy, the proximal locative demonstrative '''''viseus, visea, viseun''''' 'here' was also created. These were used along side the regular demonstratives to express location.

===Possessive pronouns===
Possessive pronouns in Aeranir distinguish between many more different types of possession than ordinary nouns, which use only the genitive to mark possession, ownership, association, etc. Pronouns distinguish both alienable and inalienable possession.

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Possessive pronouns
|-
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | 1st person
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | 2nd person
! colspan="6" | 3rd person
! rowspan="3" | reflexive
|-
! colspan="2" | proximal
! colspan="2" | distal
! colspan="2" | medial
|-
! singular
! plural
! singular
! plural
! singular
! plural
! singular
! plural
! singular
! plural
|- style="text-align:center;"
! inalienable
| ''tī'' ''te''
| ''īster''
| ''nī'' ''ne''
| ''rester''
| ''sī'' ''se''
| ''seōvus''
| ''ūlī''
| ''ūlōvus''
| ''ustī''
| ''ustōvus''
| ''cī'' ''ce''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! alienable
| ''tuius''
| ''eius''
| ''nuius''
| ''ruius''
| colspan="2" | ''seius''
| colspan="2" | ''ūleius''
| colspan="2" | ''usteius''
| ''cuius''
|}

Objects of inalienable possession are marked with the genitive of a personal or demonstrative pronoun. These include body parts, kinship and familiarity terms, personal attributes, emotions, or thoughts. These pronouns generally proceed the possessee, although that is not always the case, especially in poety. Singular pronouns ''tī'', ''nī'', ''cī'', ''sī'', ''ustī'', and ''ūlī'' may be appear as ''tei'', ''nei'', ''cei'', ''sei'', ''usti'', ''ūli'' before words starting with a vowel, and ''te'', ''ne'', ''ce'', ''se'', ''ust'', ''ūl'' before words starting with ''i''.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| se incus
| this-T.GEN.SG head-NOM.SG
|'this one's head'}}

Alienable possession, including essentially all other categories, is marked via possessive adjectives. These adjective may appear either before or after the possessee, but usually come afterwards. Oftentimes, the different use of alienable/inalienable pronouns may hint at a difference in meaning. The word '''''indus''''', for example, may mean 'head,' but also 'capital' or 'leader.' With inalienable pronouns, however, it always means 'head,' versus with alienable pronouns, it means 'capital,' or 'leader' because while a head is inalienable, a capital or leader is not. However, this might not always be the case, depending on the possessor and context.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ēs incus telūhramir tuius
| COP.3SG.T head-NOM.SG mesa-ESS.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>hram-GEN.PL mine-T.NOM.SG
|'My capital is Telhramir'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ēs ūlae (tlānae aerānihae) incus telūrhamir
| COP.3SG.T that_one's-C.GEN.SG (flower-GEN.SG Aeranid-C.GEN.SG) head-NOM.SG mesa-ESS.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>rham-GEN.PL
|'Its (the Aeranid Empire's) capital is Telrhamir'}}

==Adverbs==
Adverbs in Aeranir are used to modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs indicating time, manner, or place.
Most adjectives are formed from nouns or adjectives, although they can be derived from some verbs, especially stative verbs. There are a variety of different formulation strategies, depending on the class of the noun/adjective/verb.
*''formus'' ("warm" 1st-2nd declension adjective) → '''''formē''''' ("warmly")
*''aerās'' ("an Aeran" 3rd declension noun) → '''''aerāne''''' ("like an Aeran")
*''raelis'' ("a child" 3rd declension i-stem noun) → '''''raeliter''''' ("like a child")
*''vȳlēs'' ("three days from now" 4th declension noun) → '''''vȳlē''''' ("every three days")
*''sacus'' ("a pin" 5th declension noun) → '''''saciter''''' ("sharply, like a pin")
One of the most notable uses of the adverbial form is with verbs like ''ficitz'' ("it makes me"), ''fitz'' ("I become"), and ''caitz'' ("I change into"). Adverbs can be used to denote the result of a change of state in such a clause.
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| fīx prīstus pāliōne Boezymiae
| make.PFV-3SG.T first-NOM.SG provincial_governor-ADV Boezymia-GEN.SG
|'The First Senator made them provincial governor of Boezymia'}}
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| sa Īliō qūria tzillē cainnī
| COP-3SG.C Ilius-DAT.SG power-NOM.SG cat-ADV change_form-GER-GEN
|'Ilius has the power to turn into a cat'}}

==Verbs==
===Conjugation===
====Agreement====
[[File:Dga pyramid.png|thumb|250px|right|The ''DGA pyramid'', originally developed by u/Darkgamma, 2018. ''[https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/aarsyy/the_total_cacophony_of_bäladiri_verb_agreement/ The Total Cacophony of Bäladiri Verb Agreement and Argument Assignment]''.]]
Verbs in Aeranir are conjugated to agree with the [[w:Grammatical number|number]], the [[w:Grammatical person|person]], and in the third person singular, the [[w:Grammatical gender|gender]] of the most oblique argument given a word's [[w:Valency (linguistics)|valency]], as defined by the ''DGA pyramid''<ref>https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/aarsyy/the_total_cacophony_of_bäladiri_verb_agreement/</ref>. Here, '''S''' represents the [[w:Subject (grammar)|subject]] of an [[w:Intransitive verb|intransitive verb]], such as 'the person' in 'the person laughed.' '''A''' represents the [[w:Agent (grammar)|agent]] of a [[w:Transitive verb|transitive verb]] (also occasually called the [[w:Subject (grammar)|subject]]), or the person or thing that does the action of the verb, such as 'the child' in 'the child reads the book.' '''D''' marks the donor, a special type of agent, who gives something or does a the action of a verb for the benefit of another, such as ‘the senator’ in ‘the senator gave the cat some milk.’ These are collectively called the '''nominative argument''', and are expressed usually with the [[w:Nominative case|nominative case]], but also occasionally with the [[w:Genitive case|genitive case]] in dependant clauses.

'''P''' represents the [[w:Patient (grammar)|patient]] of a [[w:Transitive verb|transitive verb]], or the person or thing towhich the verb is done, also called the '''direct object''', such as ‘the book’ in ‘the child reads the book.’ '''T''' represents the '''theme''', or the object that is given to someone or something, such as ‘the milk’ in ‘the senator gave the cat some milk.’ These two roles make up the '''accusative argument''', which is marked with the [[w:Accusative case|accusative case]]. Finally, '''R''' represents the '''recipient''', or the person who recieves the theme from the donor, or benefits from the donor's action, with a [[w:Ditransitive verb|ditransitive verb]], also commonly called the '''indirect object''', such as 'the cat' in 'the senator gave the cate some milk.'

Aeranir verbs conjugate their endings to agree with the most oblique argument in a clause. That means the '''subject''' of an '''intransitive verb''' (e.g. '''''clautitz'''''; 'I laugh'), the '''patient''' of a '''transitive verb''' (e.g. '''''auhente'''''; 'I look at you'), or the '''recipient''' of a '''ditransitive verb''' (e.g. '''''tzavī'r salvae'''''; 'you all gave me the books').

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| mollī cōmus
| leak-3SG.E house-NOM.SG
|'The house is leaking'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| requis te coptin nuiun
| return-3SG.C <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG hat-ACC.SG 2SG.POS.PRO-T.ACC.SG
|'I'm giving back your hat'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| imptās ne mu sōlī nomī Sētīlī
| send-POT.3SG.T <nowiki>=</nowiki>2SG <nowiki>=</nowiki>INTERR clothing-ACC.PL new-IPFV.PTCP-T.ACC.SG Setil-DAT.SG
|'Can you send Setil the new clothes?'}}

It should be noted that a verb in the [[w:Active voice|active voice]] must always have the maximum number of arguments according to its inherent transitivity. This means, for example, that one can never say 'John eats.' Because 'to eat' is transitive, there must be a patient, or direct object, e.g. 'John eats food.' However, there are a number of valancy dropping operations available in Aeranir to allow various arguments to be dropped, which are discussed in the section on [[w:Voice (grammar)|voice]].

Additional arguments can be expressed with [[w:Clitic|pronominal clitics]] attached to the end of a verb in independant clauses and to the beginning in dependant ones (e.g.'''''auhente'''''; 'I look at you,' '''''tzāvī'r salvae'''''; 'you all gave me the books'), however these are not considered part of a verbs conjugation, and are optional, especially if the information can be assumed or is known between speakers.

====Number of Conjugations====
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Basic conjugation paradigm
|-
! Aspect →
! colspan="4" | Imperfective
! colspan="4" | Perfective
|-
! Mood → Voice ↓
! Indicative
! Subjunctive
! Desiderative
! Potential
! Indicative
! Subjunctive
! Desiderative
! Potential
|-
! Active
| '''aehatz''' They love me
| '''aehet''' They should love me
| '''aehārit''' They want to love me
| '''aehātatz''' They can love me
| '''aehāvī''' They loved me
| '''aehēvī''' They should have loved me
| '''aehāruī''' They wanted to love me
| '''aehātāvī''' They could have loved me
|-
! Middle
| '''aehor''' I love
| '''aeheō''' I should love
| '''aehārō''' I want to love
| '''aehātor''' I can love
| '''aehāvō''' I loved
| '''aehēvō''' I should have loved
| '''aehāruō''' I wanted to love
| '''aehātāvō''' I could have loved
|-
! Passive
| '''aehālō''' I am loved
| '''aehēlō''' I should be loved
| '''aehārēlō''' I want to be loved
| '''aehātālō''' I can be loved
| '''aehāvēlō''' I was loved
| '''aehēvēlō''' I should have been loved
| '''aehāruēlō''' I wanted to be loved
| '''aehātāvēlō''' I could have been loved
|-
! Causative
| '''aehātitz''' They let me love them
| '''aehātiat''' They should let me love them
| '''aehātīrit''' They want to let me love them
| '''aehāssītatz''' They can let me love them
| '''aehātīvī''' They have let me love them
| '''aehātiāvī''' They should have let me love them
| '''aehātīruī''' They wanted to let me love them
| '''aehāssītāvī''' They could have let me love them
|}

==== Conjugation formation ====

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:100%; overflow:auto;">
<div style="font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;"> Conjugation formation </div>
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | {{gcl|IPFV|}}
! colspan ="2" | A-grade
! colspan="2" | I-grade
! colspan="2" | E-grade
! colspan ="2" | Null-grade
|-
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|ACT|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-iā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ār-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er/īr-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er/īr-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā/ītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā/ītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|MID|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ī-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-iā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ār-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er/īr-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er/īr-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā/ītā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā/ītā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|PAS|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ī-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-iā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ār-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er/īr-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er/īr-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā/ītā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā/ītā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|CAUS|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itī/ītī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itī/ītī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itiā/ītiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itiā/itiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itier/ītier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itier/ītier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-āsītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-issītā/īsītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-issītā/īsītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-issītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | {{gcl|PFV|}}
! colspan ="2" | A-grade
! colspan="2" | I-grade
! colspan="2" | E-grade
! colspan ="2" | Null-grade
|-
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|ACT|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/āv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/īv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/ēv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/ēv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/iāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/eāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-āru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru/īru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru/īru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv/ītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv/ītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|MID|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/āv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/īv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/ēv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/ēv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/iā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/eā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-āru-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru/īru-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru/īru-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv/ītāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv/ītāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|PAS|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/āv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/īv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/ēv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/ēv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/iāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/eā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-āru-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru/īru-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru/īru-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv/ītāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv/ītāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|CAUS|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itīv/ītīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itīv/ītīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itiāv/ītiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itiāv/itiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itieru/ītieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itieru/ītieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-āsītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-issītāv/īsītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-issītāv/īsītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-issītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|}
</div></div>

====Principle Parts====
The verb in Aeranir is primarily made of three parts: '''root''', '''theme''', and '''ending''', with an optional forth category, the '''suffix''', for forming the perfective. The root and theme combine to form the '''stem'''. The root carries the semantic content of the word, and can also be conjugated to carry modal imformation. The theme describes how the stem interacts with the ending, and can also be changed, along with the stem and endings, to express a variety of different grammatical meanings. Endings indicate the voice, aspect, person, number, and gender of the most oblique argument in the DGA scheme.
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Basic verb endings
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="3" |
! colspan="2" | Active
! colspan="2" | Middle
! colspan="2" | Passive
|-
! Imperfective
! Perfective
! Imperfective
! Perfective
! Imperfective
! Perfective
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="5" | Singular
! colspan="2" | 1st Person
| ''-itz/-it''
| ''-ī''
| ''-or/-ō''
| ''-ō''
| ''-ēlō''
| ''-ēlō''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | 2nd Person
| ''-in''
| ''-in''
| ''-istī''
| ''-ist''
| ''-ēlāstī''
| ''-ēlast''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="3" | 3rd Person
! ''temporary'' 
| ''-is''
| ''-is''
| ''-erur''
| rowspan="3" | ''-ere''
| ''-ēlārur''
| rowspan="3" | ''-ēlāre''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! ''cyclical'' 
| ''-a''
| ''-a''
| ''-era''
| ''-ēlāra''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! ''eternal'' 
| ''-ī''
| ''-e''
| ''-erur''
| ''-ēlārur''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="5" | Plural
! colspan="2" | 1st Person
| ''-imus''
| ''-ime''
| ''-imur''
| ''-imur''
| ''-ēlāmur''
| ''-ēlāme''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | 2nd Person
| ''-itis''
| ''-ite''
| ''-itur''
| ''-itur''
| ''-ēlātur''
| ''-ēlāte''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | 3rd Person
| ''-intz/-int''
| ''-int''
| ''-intur''
| ''-intur''
| ''-ēlantur''
| ''-ēlante''
|}
The way in which a verb will conjugate can be determined from how it forms the following five constructions:
#the active idicative imperfective first person singular
#the active imperfective accusative infinitive
#the active perfective participle
#the active desiderative imperfective first person singular
#the active indicative perfective first person singular
These five forms are refered to as a verb's ''reference forms''. They are often shortend to ''first person singular'' ({{Smallcaps|1p.sg}}), ''accusative infinitive'' ({{Smallcaps|acc.inf}}), ''perfective participle'' ({{Smallcaps|pfv.ptcp}}), ''desiderative first person singular'' ({{Smallcaps|des.1p.sg}}), and ''perfective first person singular'' ({{Smallcaps|pfv.1p.sg}}) respectively.

The first two of these reference forms determines a verb's '''base theme vowel''', or what vowel is used in its indicative imperfective forms. There are four main thematic classes; one weak or null class, wherein the ending is applied directly to the stem, and three strong classes, wherein a thematic vowel is inserted between the stem and the ending.
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Consonant stem changes
|-

!
! t-stem
! s-stem
|-
| ''-m-''
| → '''''-mpt-'''''
| rowspan="3" | → '''''-s-*'''''
|-
| ''-n-''
| → '''''-nt-'''''
|-
| ''-ñ-''
| → '''''-ñct-'''''
|-
| ''-p-''
| → '''''-pt-'''''
| → '''''-ps-'''''
|-
| ''-t-''
| rowspan="3" | → '''''-ss-''''' → '''''-s-'''''**
| rowspan="3" | → '''''-ss-''''' → '''''-s-'''''**
|-
| ''-tl-''
|-
| ''-tz-''
|-
| ''-c-''
| rowspan="2" | → '''''-ct-'''''
| rowspan="2" | → '''''-x-'''''
|-
| ''-cu-''
|-
| ''-q-''
| rowspan="2" | → '''''-qt-'''''
| rowspan="2" | → '''''-qs-'''''
|-
| ''-qu-''
|-
| ''-s-''
| → '''''-st-'''''
| → '''''-ss-''''' → '''''-s-'''''**
|-
| ''-r-''
| → '''''-st-''''' → '''''-s-'''''** → '''''-rt-'''''††
| → '''''-ss-''''' → '''''-s-'''''** → '''''-rr-'''''††
|-
| ''-l-''
| → '''''-s-'''''** → '''''-lt-'''''††
| → '''''-s-'''''** → '''''-ll-'''''††
|-
| ''-v-''
| → '''''-ut-'''''‡ → '''''-ct-'''''*†† → '''''-qt-'''''*††
| → '''''-ur-'''''‡ → '''''-x-'''''*†† → '''''-qs-'''''*††
|-
| ''-i-''
| rowspan="2" | → '''''-ct-'''''* → '''''-qt-'''''*††
| rowspan="2" | → '''''-x-'''''* → '''''-qs-'''''*††
|-
| ''-h-''
|-
| ''-V-''
| → '''''-Vt-'''''
| → '''''-Vr-'''''
|}

{| class="wikitable floatleft" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Theme-ending combination
|-
! rowspan="2" | ''Ending''
! colspan="3" | ''Theme''
|-
! ''-ā-''
! ''-ē-''
! ''-ī-''
|-
! ''-itz''
| → ''-atz''
| → ''-etz''
| → ''-itz''
|-
! ''-is''
| → ''-ās''
| → ''-ēs''
| → ''-īs''
|-
! ''-a''
| → ''-a''
| → ''-ea''
| → ''-ia''
|-
! ''-ī''
| → ''-ae''
| → ''-ī''
| → ''-ī''
|-
! ''-imus''
| → ''-āmus''
| → ''-ēmus''
| → ''-īmus''
|-
! ''-or''
| → ''-or''
| → ''-eor''
| → ''-ior''
|-
! ''-ēlō''
| → ''-ālō''
| → ''-ēlō''
| → ''-iēlō''
|}
The second two determine a verb's '''t-stem''' and '''s-stem'''. These stem alterations are used for further conjugation, the t-stem forming the ''active'' and ''middle perfective participles'', the ''causative voice'', and the ''potential mood'', and the s-stem forming the ''desiderative''. The t- and s-forms often are identical, however meaning is useally further differentiated by thematic vowels, so completely identical forms are rare.

The final form determines how a verb with form the perfective aspect. Generally, there are three main strategies for this: the application of suffix '''''-u-''''' directly after the stem (e.g. '''''{{term|oelitz}}''''' ("I work") → '''''oeluī''''' ("I worked")), the appication of the suffix '''''-v-''''' after a theme vowel (e.g. '''''{{term|aehatz}}''''' ("they love me") → '''''aehāvī''''' ("they loved me")), or no suffix, with lengthening of the root vowel (e.g. '''''{{term|lecitz}}''''' ("I choose") → '''''lēcī''''' ("I chose")). It should be noted that the perfective is always followed by weak endings.

Occassionally, a thematic vowel, weak or strong, may be inserted before the t- or s-stem. This is most common in verbs with a base thematic ''-ā-'', which often functions as a part of the stem (e.g. '''''aehatz''''' → '''''aehātus''''' ("that loved") '''''aehārit''''' ("they want to love me") vs. '''''{{term|mavatz}}''''' ("I wander") → '''''mautus''''' ("that wandered") '''''maurit''''' ("I want to wander)). This may occur with other theme classes, although it should be noted that ''-ē-'' is never used, and is always replaced with ''-ī-''.

===Aspect===
Aeranir verbs have two basic [[w:Grammatical aspect|aspects]], which express how the verb extends over time. Aspect differs from [[w:Grammatical tense|tense]] in that it deals with the completion or continuity of an action or state, rather than the absolute timeframe inwhich it took place. Each aspect may be in any [[w:Grammatical voice|voice]] and/or [[w:Grammatical mood|mood]]. Aspect is expressed primarily through endings, and secondarily through the suffix, as discussed above.
====Imperfective====
The [[w:Imperfective aspect|imperfective aspect]] describes a situation viewed with interior composition. It describes ongoing, habitual, or repeated situations, rather or not they occured in the past, present, or future. The imperfective aspect is considered the most basic, unmarked aspect of a verb. The stem is uninflected, and endings are attached directly to the verb's basic theme vowel.

====Pefective====
The [[w:Perfective aspect|perfective aspect]] in Aeranir describes situations viewed with exterior composition, which is to say actions which are completed and viewed as a unified whole, whether thet take place in the past present, or future, although this construction is very rarely used in for the future.

There are a variety of different strategies to form the perfective. Many of them involve the ''suffix'', which takes the form of ''-v-'' between vowels and ''-u-'' after consonants. All of them take the perfective endings.
:*Attachment of the suffix directly to the stem.
:::'''''{{term|mentitz}}''''' ("they are healing me") → '''''mentuī''''' ("they healed me")
:::'''''{{term|saepitz}}''''' ("they are cutting me") → '''''saepuī''''' ("they cut me")
:*Attachment of the suffix after base thematic vowel.
:::'''''{{term|sircuitz}}''''' ("they are speaking me") → '''''sircīvī''''' ("they spoke me")
:::'''''{{term|auhetz}}''''' ("they are looking at me") → '''''auhēvī''''' ("they looked at me")
:*No suffix; perfective endings attached directly to the stem, with root vowel lengthening.
:::'''''{{term|iuvatz}}''''' ("they are writing me") → '''''iūvī''''' ("they wrote me")
:::'''''{{term|vehitz}}''''' ("they are carrying me") → '''''vēhī''''' ("they carried me")

===Mood===
====Indicative====
The [[w:Indicative mood|indicative mood]] is the baseline grammatical mood in Aeranir. It is used in declarative statements, to express statements or facts, of what the speaker considers true or known. It is the least marked mood of a verb, taking endings directly to the base theme vowel, stem, or suffix.

====Subjunctive====
The [[w:Subjunctive mood|subjunctive mood]] ({{Smallcaps|subj}}) has numerous, but genreally speaking is used to express such nuances as 'would,' 'should,' or 'may.' It can be used to refer to information that the speaker is unsure about, such as hearsay, or for theoretical or hypotherical situations. It is often found in subordinate clauses, annd may be used for conditional statements (e.g. if..., when...).
{| class="wikitable floatleft" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Subjuntive theme changes
|-
! colspan="2" | Type
! Change
! Example
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Weak Verbs
| ''-ø-'' → '''''-ē-'''''
| ''meñitz'' → '''''meñet'''''
|-
| ''-ē-'' → '''''-ā-'''''
| ''meñēlō'' → '''''meñālō'''''
|-
! rowspan="4" | Strong Verbs
! a-stem 
| ''-ā-'' → '''''-ē-'''''
| ''aehatz'' → '''''aehet''''' ''aehālō'' → '''''aehēlō'''''
|-
! rowspan="2" | i-stem 
| ''-ī-'' → '''''-iā-'''''
| ''sēpitz'' → '''''sēpiat'''''
|-
| ''-iē-'' → '''''-iā-'''''
| ''sēpiēlō'' → '''''sēpiālō'''''
|-
! e-stem 
| ''-ē-'' → '''''-eā-'''''
| ''cōretz'' → '''''cōreat''''' ''cōrēlō'' → '''''cōreālō'''''
|}
=====Forming the subjunctive=====
The subjunctive is formed by shifting a verb's base theme vowel, as described by the table to the left. This shift happens after the stem, but may be either before or after the suffix, depending on whether or not there is a theme vowel before the suffix in the indicative. So the perfective of '''''aehēs''''' ("they should love it") is '''''aehēvis''''' (from indicative '''''aehāvis''''') but '''''sēpiās''''' ("they should cut it") is '''''sēpuēs''''' (from indicative '''''sēpuis'''''), not **''aehāvēs'' or **''sēpēvis''. Although these forms are occasionally found in non-standard writing, they are considered incorrect my grammaticians.

The imperfective subjunctive uses the 1st person sungular ''-it'' instead of ''-itz'', and ''-ō'' instead of ''-or'': '''''{{term|pacitz}}''''', '''''pacior''''' ("they take me, I take") become '''''paciat''''', '''''paciō''''' ("they should take me, I should take").

The 1st person subjunctive perfective in verbs that have no theme vowel before the suffix and does not extend the root vowel is identical to the indicative, and the mood must be inferred through conext: '''''saepuī''''' may be either "they cut me" or "They should cut me." The 3rd person active cyclical singulars in verbs with base theme vowels ''-ī-'' and ''-ē-'' are also identical, e.g. both '''''pacia''''' ("they take it/they should take it"), '''''auhea''''' ("they see it/they should see it").

=====Uses of the subjunctive=====
The subjunctive has numerous uses, ranging from what potentially might be true to what the speaker wishes or commands should happen. It is often translated with 'should', 'could', 'would', 'may' and so on, but in certain contexts it is translated as if it were an ordinary indicative verb.

One use of the subjunctive is the '''speculative subjunction''', used when the speaker imagines what potentially may, might, would, or could happen in the present or future or might have happened in the past. Negation for this type uses '''''{{term|mū}}'''''.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| auheārur seun oeliun stērē
| see-MID.SUBJ.3SG.E this-E.NOM.SG job-NOM.SG hard-ADV
|'This job ''seems'' difficult'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| moeiea Osculan tzānū salva
| please-SUBJ.3SG.C Little.Oscus-ACC.SG gift-ESS.SG book-NOM.SG
|'Little Oscus ''may'' like a book as a gift'}}

The subjunctive may also be used as the '''optative subjunctive''', expressing what the speaker wishes may happen, or wishes had happened. These expresses a weaker or more generalised desire, as opposed to the desiderative mood. Negation for this type uses '''''{{term|mū}}'''''.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ciāvis mū seus incerī pernus
| come-PFV.SUBJ.3SG.T NEG this-T.NOM.SG capital-DAT.SG storm-NOM.SG
|<nowiki>'</nowiki>''If only'' this storm hadn't come to the capital!'}}

The '''jussive subjunctive''' can be used for commands or suggestions for what should happen. It is less direct and far more common than the '''imperative'''. Negation for this type uses '''''{{term|mīm}}'''''.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ven hānō ē vecō veniennō
| go-SUBJ.2SG temple-DAT.SG against curse-DAT.SG win-GER-DAT
|<nowiki>'</nowiki>You ''should'' go to the temple to prevail against the curse'}}

Perhaps the most common use of the subjunctive is the '''conditional subjunctive'''. When the subjunctive is used in a subordinate clause (with the verb moving to the final position), it may carry the meaning 'if, when, should, etc..' This can be used both in finite verb forms, and with participles, the former being more popular in Old inscriptions and the later in Classical ones. Negation for this type uses '''''{{term|mīm}}'''''.

====Desiderative====
The desiderative is used primarily to express wants or desires. While the subjunctive may be used for this as well (see ''optative subjunctive''), the desiderative is considered less abstract or wishful, signalling concrete and actionable wants. It is formed from the s-stem of a verb, with no theme vowel between it and the ending, and using the secondary first person singular and third person plural markers (e.g. ''-it'' and ''-end'' vs. primary ''-itz'' and ''-entz''). Verbs generally follow three patterns to form the s-stem;

:*''-s-'' is appended to the root, causing no other alteration to the root.
::: '''''{{term|requitz}}''''' ("they return me") → '''''reqsit''''' ("they want to return me")
:::'''''{{term|saepitz}}''''' ("they are cutting me") → '''''saepsit''''' ("they want to cut me")
:*''-s-'' is appended after a theme vowel, causing ''-s-'' to become ''-r-''.
:::'''''{{term|sircuitz}}''''' ("they are speaking me") → '''''sircuerit''''' ("they want to speak me")
:::'''''{{term|auhetz}}''''' ("they are looking at me") → '''''auherit''''' ("they want to look at me")
:*''-s-'' is appended to the root, causing some alteration to the root, and perhaps the ''-s-'' augment as well.
:::'''''{{term|iuvatz}}''''' ("they are writing me") → '''''iūrit''''' ("they want to write me")
:::'''''{{term|mentitz}}''''' ("they are healing me") → '''''mēnsit''''' ("they want to heal me")

====Potential====
The '''potential mood''' indicates that, in the opinion of the speaker, one has the ability or capability to do something. It should not be confused with the [[w:Subjunctive mood|subjunctive mood]], which may be used to express that something is likely or possible to occur. The potential always deals with ability. It may be formed from the ''t-stem'' of a verb, plus the thematic vowel ''-a-'' (as opposed to the [[w:Causative|causative voice]], which is formed with the ''t-stem'' plus the thematic vowel ''-i-''). Like the desiderative, there are three main paradigms by which the ''t-stem'' of a verb is formed;

:*''-t-'' is appended to the root, causing no other alteration to the root.
::: '''''{{term|requitz}}''''' ("they return me") → '''''reqtatz''''' ("they can return me")
:::'''''{{term|saepitz}}''''' ("they are cutting me") → '''''saebtatz''''' ("they can cut me")
:*''-t-'' is appended after a theme vowel.
:::'''''{{term|sircuitz}}''''' ("they are speaking me") → '''''sircuitatz''''' ("they can speak me")
:::'''''{{term|auhetz}}''''' ("they are looking at me") → '''''auhitatz''''' ("they can look at me")
:*''-t-'' is appended to the root, causing some alteration to the root, and perhaps the ''-t-'' augment as well.
:::'''''{{term|iuvatz}}''''' ("they are writing me") → '''''iūtatz''''' ("they can write me")
:::'''''{{term|mentitz}}''''' ("they are healing me") → '''''mēnsatz''''' ("they can heal me")

It should be noted that in the causative voice of the potential mood, the first ''-t-'' augment often dissimilates to ''-s/ss-'';

*'''''auhititz''''' ("they let me look at it") → ''**auhitītatz'' → '''''auhissītatz''''' ("they can let me look at it")
*'''''reqtitz''''' ("they let me return it") → ''**reqtītatz'' → '''''reqsītatz''''' ("they can let me return it")

===Voice===
====Active====
====Middle====
The '''middle voice''' (also called the [[w:Mediopassive voice|mediopassive voice]]) is in the middle between the active and the passive voices, as the subject often cannot be categorised as either agent or patient but may have elements of both. The middle voice is usually inherently intransitive, and transitive or ditransitive verbs conjugated into the middle voice usually become intransitive themselves. It is formed by attaching the '''middle verb endings''' to the root of a verb.

The meaning of a verb in the middle voice often depends on the context of the sentence and the lexical properties of the word itself. In its most basic sense, it may be used simply as a valancy decreasing operation. As transitive verbs require an object in the active voice (because transitive verbs must agree with the object), the middle voice may be used merely to omit an object, to highlight the subject or some other part of the sentence, or to simply make a blanket statement.

* '''''aehatz''''' 'they love me' (''active'') → '''''aehor''''' 'I love' (''middle'')
* '''''lecis''''' 'theyi choose themj' (''active'') → '''''lecerur''''' 'theyj choose' (''middle'')

[[w:Animacy|Animacy]] can play a major role in the meaning of a verb in the middle voice. Verbs with more animate subjects, such as people, animals, gods, etc., may be interpreted as more towards an active meaning, whilst less animate subjects, like inanimate objects or possessions, may be interpreted as more passive in meaning.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| auhērur seus ars
| see-MID.3SG.T this-T.NOM.SG wumbo-NOM.SG
|'That wumbo sees'
|c1 = (''more animate'')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| auhēra sea salva
|see-MID.3SG.C this-C.NOM.SG book-NOM.SG
|'That book is seen'
|c1 = (''less animate'')}}

Sometimes, it may have a '''reflexive''' meaning, or the sense of doing something for ones own benefit.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| vascit vominis
|wash-ACT.1SG river-LOC.SG
|'They wash me in a river'
|c1 = (''active voice'')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| vascor vominis
|wash-MID.1SG river-LOC.SG
|'I washed (myself) in a river'
|c1 = (''middle voice'')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| hastās Oscus aprun
|sacrifice-ACT.3SG.T Oscus-NOM.SG fish-ACC.SG
|'Oscus sacrificed a fish'
|c1 = (''active voice'')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| hastārur Oscus aprōrun
|sacrifice-MID.3SG.T Oscus-NOM.SG fish-INSTR.SG
|'Oscus sacrificed a fish (for their benefit)'
|c1 = (''middle voice'')}}

Another important use of the middle voice is the '''experiential middle voice'''. When used with sensory verbs the middle voice may be used to differentiate experiential, nonvolitional sensation (''see, hear, smell, feel, know, etc.''), as opposed to active, volitional sensation (''look, listen, sniff, touch, understand, etc.'') Often times, the object of the sensory verb will be expressed using an oblique case, usually the ablative.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ȳrēs te ponun carīnī hellē
|hear/listen-ACT.3SG.T <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG.NOM voice-ACC.SG friend-GEN.SG happily
|'I like to listen to (my) friend's voice'
|c1 = (''active voice'')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ȳreor ponā carīnī hellē
|hear/listen-MID.1SG voice-ABL.SG friend-GEN.SG happily
|'I like to hear (my) friend's voice'
|c1 = (''middle voice'')}}

The middle voice may also be used with a variety of verbal compliments—usually adverbs—which describe the quality of the subject, or the result of the action. Often times such constructions may be expressed in English as ''adjective to verb'', e.g. 'easy to love'.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| qurrera salva hēs collēcta aplīdiāna iūs
| read-MID.3SG.C book-NOM.SG matters-NOM.SG gather-PFV.PTCP-C.NOM.SG of_Avrid-C.NOM.SG well
|'The book "Collected Matters of Avrid" is a good read' (lit. '~reads well')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| taetuere tīn īvīs lȳrīs saltīs ni fictun satun iūs
| drink-PFV.MID.3SG.E tea-NOM.SG 1PL.PRO-DAT time-LOC.SG pass-PFV.PTCP-T.LOC.SG 2SG<nowiki>=</nowiki> make-PFV.PTCP-E.NOM.SG pour-PFV.PTCP-E.NOM.SG well
|'The tea you made us last time was delicious' (lit. '~drank well')}}

====Passive====
The '''[[w:Passive voice|passive voice]]''' in Aeranir shares many traits with the middle voice, and often times the distinction between the two can be subtle, nuanced, or obscure. The passive was rare in Old Aeranir and even in the Classical period remained unusual, with the middle voice still preferred for passive clauses. It only began to rise in popularity in Late Aeranir. In its most basic form, the grammatical subject ([[w: Nominative case|nominative]] argument) expresses the theme or [[w:Grammatical patient|patient]] of the main verb – that is, the person or thing that undergoes the action or has its state changed. This is opposed to the [[w:Active voice|active voice]], where the nominative argument expresses the agent of a transitive clause or subject of an intransitive one, and the [[w:Voice (grammar)#Middle|middle voice]], which has traits of both.

=====Uses of the passive=====
Unlike the middle voice, the passive is not used for verbal complements, and it cannot take the agent of a verb as its subject. It is never used in verbal complements.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| teterur seun tīn iūs
|drink-MID.3SG.E this-E.NOM.SG tea-NOM.SG well
|'This tea tastes good' (lit. 'it drinks well')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| tetēlārur seun tīn iūs
|drink-PAS.3SG.E this-E.NOM.SG tea-NOM.SG well
|'This tea is drunk often'}}

While the agent may be dropped in a passive clause, it may also be included, using the [[w:Ablative case|ablative case]].

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| praestrōcuēlāre ūlun Cavā Īliānā hānun
|rebuild-PFV.PAS.3SG.E yonder-E.NOM.SG Cava-ABL.SG Ilianus-C.ABL.SG temple-NOM.SG
|'This temple was rebuilt by Cava Iliana'}}

The passive can also be especially with intransitive verbs to form denote an '''unspecified/generic subject'''. This structure may is used to make general statements or observations. Negation for this type uses '''''{{term|mū}}'''''.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| miquientur
|die-MID.3PL.T
|'They are dead/dying.'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| miquiēlantur
|die-PAS.3PL.T
|'There are people dead/dying'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| mūhera (sea) artina inceris alta
|not.enough-MID.3SG.C (this-C.NOM.SG) wumbo-DAT.PL capital-GEN.SG water-NOM.SG
|'This is not enough water for the people of the capital'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| mūhēlāra artina inceris alta
|not.enough-PAS.3SG.C wumbo-DAT.PL capital-GEN.SG water-NOM.SG
|'There is not enough water for the people of the capital'}}

Similarly, the passive can be used to form the ''aversive passive'', denoting an undesirable event or outcome. The affecting action may happen directly to the subject, or to another person or thing.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| cōmerī requintus furuēlō sopere
|home-DAT return-IPFV.PTCP-T.NOM.SG fall-PFV.PAS.1SG snow-ABL.SG
|'Walking home I got snowed on'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| miquīvēlast apiesterā
| die-PFV-PAS.2SG master-ABL.SG
|'Your master has died on you' (i.e., died and it negatively affects you)}}

In some uses of the aversive passive, the subject of the sentence may be difficult to ascertain. For example, the sentence '''''furuī pālā''''' 'I fell from the tree' can be expressed in using the aversive passive, because the action is undesirable. However, the straight aversive passive, '''''furuēlō pālā''''', is ambiguous; it could mean either 'I fell from the tree' (using the ''ablative of motion'') or 'The tree fell on me' (using the ''agentive ablative'').

In the first interpretation, the first person argument is the semantic subject of the clause, whilst in the second it is the tree. In order to emphasise that the semantic subject and syntactic arguments are the same (i.e. it is ''I'' who fell from the tree), the reflexive pronoun ''cē'' may be used; e.g. ''furuī pālā'' ('I fell from the tree') → '''''furuēlō cē pālā''''' ('I fell from the tree, and it negatively affected me' ''lit.'' 'I fell myself from the tree').

====Causative====
===Non-finite forms===
====The infinitive====
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Aeranir infinitives
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" | Imperfective
! colspan="3" | Perfective
|-
! accusative
! oblique
! meaning
! accusative
! oblique
! meaning
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Active
| '''''aehāhan''''' ''-han''
| '''''aehāri''''' ''-ri''
| ''to love (someone)''
| '''''aehāhī''''' ''-hī''
| '''''aehārī''''' ''-rī''
| ''to have loved (someone)''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Middle
| '''''aehāssi''''' ''-ssi''
| '''''aehāiēs''''' ''-iēs''
| ''to love''
| '''''aehāssī''''' ''-ssī''
| '''''aehāiērī''''' ''-iērī''
| ''to have loved''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Passive
| '''''aehātus sinhan''''' ''{{Smallcaps|PFV.PTCP}} + sinhan''
| '''''aehātus fiēs''''' ''{{Smallcaps|PFV.PTCP}} + fiēs''
| ''to be loved''
| '''''aehātus fūhī''''' ''{{Smallcaps|PFV.PTCP}} + fūhī''
| '''''aehātus fiērī''''' ''{{Smallcaps|PFV.PTCP}} + fiērī''
| ''to have been loved''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Causative
| '''''aehātīhan''''' ''-tīhan''
| '''''aehātīri''''' ''-tīri''
| ''to make (someone) love (someone)''
| '''''aehātīhī''''' ''-tīhī''
| '''''aehātīrī''''' ''-tīrī''
| ''to have made (someone) love (someone)''
|}
=====Uses of the infinitive=====
The infinitive in Aeranir can be used to report indirect speech, hearsay, speculation, or sensation.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| pēra tihī incerī ni cīhī
| pass-PFV.3SG.C 1SG.PRO-DAT capital-DAT.SG 2SG<nowiki>=</nowiki> come-PFV.INF
|'They told me that you'd come to the capital'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ȳrēva te Mussā Limī carīnōvus quo neme cōmus strōcēhan
| hear-PFV.3SG.C <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG Mussa-ABL.SG Limius-GEN.SG friend-GEN.PL <nowiki>=</nowiki>and newly home-ACC.SG build-INF
|'I heard from Mussa that Limius and their friends are building a new house'}}

==== The gerund ====
The gerund in Aeranir is a infinite verb form which displays characteristics of both a noun and a verb. It declines for a limited scope of cases (although not for gender nor number), but can take object and adjunct arguments like a verb. It usually has an adverbial/adjectival meaning, and never agrees with the main verb.
===== Forming the gerund =====
* Null-grade verbs: {{gcl|ROOT|root}}''-innū''; e.g. ''tetihan'' ('to drink') → '''''tetinnū''''' ('whilst drinking').
* A-grade verbs: {{gcl|ROOT|root}}''-annū''; e.g. ''iuvāhan'' ('to write') → '''''iuvannū''''' ('whilst writing').
* I-grade verbs: {{gcl|ROOT|root}}''-iennū''; e.g. ''cītīhan'' ('to cut') → '''''cītiennū''''' ('whilst cutting').
* E-grade verbs: {{gcl|ROOT|root}}''-ennū''; e.g. ''aquēhan'' ('to be open') → '''''aquennū''''' ('whilst open').
===== Uses of the gerund =====
The meaning of the gerund changes depending on its case. The essive and locative can be used to indicate temporal action in relation to the main action of a sentence. The essive indicates simultaneous action, i.e. two actions that cooccur. This may be relayed in English via the conjunction 'whilst.'

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| murran travannū pērintur pāliō mater
| wall-ACC.SG walk-GER.ESS converse.PFV-MID.3PL governor-NOM.SG senator-NOM.SG
|'Whilst they walked along the wall, the governor and senator conversed'}}

This overlaps with certain uses of the imperfective participle (see [[Aeranir#Uses of the participle|§ uses of the participle]]), e.g. ''murran travantur pērintur pāliō mater'' is synonymous with the above example. In contrast, the locative gerund is used to show actions beginning at the same time. This may be relayed with English 'when' or 'as.'

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| pāsillan cītiennīs auhēva sartī tūī cōrēssī
| fireword-ACC.SG cut-GER.LOC see-PFV-C.3SG knife-GEN.SG mine-T.GEN.SG break-PFV.MID.ACC.INF
|'As I (began to) cut the firewood, I saw that my knife was broken'}}

This differs from usage of the perfective participle, which signals the main action starting at the end of the dependant one, i.e. ''pāsillan cīsus auhēva sartī tūī cōrēssī'' 'having cut the firewood I saw that my knife was broken.'

In addition, the essive gerund may be used with the verb ''rēhan'' ('to do') in order to express an attempt, goal, or aim. In the perfective aspect, this is usually interpreted as a failed attempt.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| rēvō salvan ā vitlās Īliānōvus iuvannū
| do-PFV-MID.1SG book-ACC.SG over life-ABL.PL Ilian-GEN.PL write-GER.ESS
|'I tried (but failed) to write a book about the lives of the Ilians.'}}

The genitive and dative cases of the gerund are used to express aim, goal, or purpose. The genitive gerund marks the purpose or use of a noun, whilst the dative gerund marks the purpose of a verb or action.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| pea cūran vecunt inceris moñennī
| grow-C.3SG herb-ACC.SG illness-ACC.PL head-GEN.SG heal-GER.GEN
|'They grow an herb for healing illnesses of the head'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| serue te Caescārin mumae ūī sihinnō pāliōna
| order-PFV.E.3SG <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG Caescar-ACC.SG mother-ACC.PL their-T.ACC.PL sate-GER.DAT post-DAT.PL
|'I ordered Caescar to the boarder to appease their parents'}}

Furthermore, the dative gerund may be used with the middle voice of the verb ''rēhan'' ('to do') in a similar way to the essive, however in this case denoting intent, plans, will, or conjecture.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| reor cartō cur Mussiō vannō
| do-MID.1SG dance-DAT.SG with Mussius-DAT.SG go-GER-DAT
|'I intend to go to the dance with Mussius'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| reāvere seō scericca ciennō
| do-MID.SUBJ.PFV-3SG this-DAT.SG undertaker-NOM.SG come-GER-DAT
|'The undertaker should have come here (they planned to do so)'}}

The ablative and instrumental cases of the gerund can be used to express cause, i.e. 'by doing x,' or 'because x.' The ablative generally marks unintentional or natural causes, whilst the instrumental marks intentional cause.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| tlānae ustae quo peannā rēve cōmus pūterē
| flower-ACC.PL that(medial)-C.ACC.PL <nowiki>=</nowiki>and plant-GER-ABL do-PFV-E.3SG house-ACC.SG beautiful-ADV
|'By planting all these flowers you've made the house beautiful'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ustam prī tētē harēnam matrī iminnōrun restērāvist pāliōnū gaeticae
| that(medial)-C.ACC.SG before 1SG-ABL paper-ACC.SG senator-DAT.SG send-GER-INSTR assure-PFV-MID.2SG governor-ESS.SG Gaetica-GEN.SG
|'By sending the senator that letter before me, you've assured your place as governor of Gaetica'}}

==Semantics==
=== Temporal expressions ===

The ancient Aerans divided the day from noon to noon into one hundred '''''lammar''''' (sg. ''lamma'') of equal length, roughly 14.4 minutes long. The daytime was divided into sixteen '''''lȳrar''''' (sg. ''lȳra''), and night into four or five '''''volar''''' (sg. ''vola'') depending on the season. Time was kept on a device called a '''''lammāriun''''', a type of clock. Early ''lammāriunt'' only measured ''lammar'', and one had to consult an almanac ('''''lȳrāriun''''') to determine the length and starting time of each ''lȳra'' or ''vola'' on a given day.

The verb '''''spurhan''''' ('to hang (trans.)') is used to denote spending or taking time;

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| spurra sau īma lamma āmātiō vannō
| hang-MID.C.3SG only one-C.NOM.SG lamma-NOM.SG market-DAT.SG go-GER-DAT
| 'It only takes one ''lamma'' to get to the market'}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| qurrintus spūrint te volae mōrī
| read-PTCP-T.NOM.SG hang.PFV-3PL <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG vola-ACC.PL three-C.ACC.PL
| 'I spent three ''volar'' reading'}}

To denote the amount of time spent on an action, without regard for whether or not the activity was completed or reached its end goal (i.e. atelic action) the essive case is used. To signify the amount of time spent or necessary to spend to complete an activity (i.e. telic action) the instrumental case is used.

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| iūvint te harēnae īmau lȳrau
| write.PFV-3PL <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG letter-ACC.SG one-C.ESS.SG lyra-ESS.SG
| 'I wrote letters for an hour'}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| iūva te harēna īmārun lȳrārun
| write.PFV-C.3SG <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG letter-ACC.SG one-C.INSTR.SG lyra-INSTR.SG
| 'I wrote the letter in an hour'}}

=== Possession ===

There are a number of different strategies in Aeranir to signify possession. Aeranir lacks a [[w:Possession_(linguistics)#Possession_verbs|possession verb]] analogous to English 'to have,' and instead usually signifies possession through different types of [[w:Existential_clause|existential clauses]]. For example, the sentence 'I have a friend' can be expressed by the sentence '''''ēs carīnus tihī''''', which literally means 'there is a friend to me.'

The case of the possessor changes depending its relationship with the possessed:

* '''Locative case''': used for personal possessions that are currently on the person;

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| ēs iarius taurātīs
| COP-T.3SG spear-NOM.SG soldier-LOC.SG
|'The soldier has a spear (on them)'
|c2 = ''lit. 'at the soldier is a spear<nowiki>'</nowiki>''}}

* '''Dative case''': used for personal possessions that are not currently on the person, or for affiliation with persons or people;

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| sintz iariur vulhur taurātiō
| COP-T.3PL spear-NOM.PL many-T.NOM.PL soldier-DAT.SG
|'The soldier has many spears (at home)'
|c2 = ''lit. 'to the soldier are many spears<nowiki>'</nowiki>''}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| sintz menterur tihī octzuin
| COP-T.3PL sibling-NOM.PL 1SG-DAT six
|'I have six siblings'
|c2 = ''lit. 'to me are six siblings<nowiki>'</nowiki>''}}

* '''Ablative case''': used for parts of a whole, or body parts;

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| sī incus iūrun nēnē
| COP-E.3SG head-NOM.SG good-E.NOM.SG 1SG-ABL
|'You have a good head (i.e. are smart)'
|c2 = ''lit. 'from you is a good head<nowiki>'</nowiki>''}}

For metaphorical possession or possession of abstract concepts, such as leadership, power, knowledge, etc., any of these three may be used, for different rhetorical purposes. For example, using the locative implies an immediacy to the possession; that it is in hand, ready to be used. Using the dative implies that the possession is not immediate, but rather something that can be drawn upon, perhaps too vast to 'carry' on one person. This can be more humble or polite than the locative. Using the locative implies that the trait is a fundamental, inalienable, and inherent part of the possessor, rather than something gained or worked for.

=== Conditionals ===

Aeranir has a number of ways of expressing [[w:Conditional sentence|conditional sentences]], depending on the type of condition, as well as the register of speech. Colloquial or spontaneous speech tends to favour the use of finite dependant clauses for the '''''protasis''''' (conditional clause, as opposed to the '''''apodosis''''', or consequence), where as practiced or refined speech, or writing, tend to favour non-finite dependant clauses (this represents a general trend in writing to 'nominalise' all but the most central verb in a sentence, and sometimes the central verb too is made non-finite).

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| sopis furea requeō cōmerī
| snow-NOM.SG fall-SUBJ.C.3SG return-MID.SUBJ.1SG home-DAT.SG
|'If it snows I'm going home'
|c1 = ''(more informal)''}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| soperis furentīs requeō cōmerī
| snow-GEN.SG fall-SUBJ.PTCP-T.LOC.SG return-MID.SUBJ.1SG home-DAT.SG
|'If it snows I'm going home'
|c1 = ''(more formal)''}}

When a non-finite clause is used for a conditional, the verb of the ''protasis'' usually appears in the locative case (an expression of ''time-is-space'' metaphor), unless the two clauses share an argument (e.g. subject, object, etc.) in which case the ''protasis'' takes the same case marking as the shared argument.

Conditional sentences in Aeranir are formed purely through juxtaposition—that is, the placing of two clauses side by side, the verb of the ''protasis'' moved to clause-final position or put into a non-finite form to mark it as dependant. No conjunctive particles like 'if' or 'when' are required. The ''protasis'' takes the subjunctive mood, whilst the mood of the ''apodosis'' indicates the certainty of the conclusion. Aspect, meanwhile, can be used to indicate the certainty of the condition. This distinction may be approximated in English by 'if' versus 'when'

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+ Mood and aspect of conditional sentences
|-
!
! ''Protasis'' certain
! ''Protasis'' uncertain
|-
! ''Apodosis'' certain
| if [''perfective aspect''] then [''indicative mood''] e.g. ''intlae furītīs mollintz tahrer''—'when it rains, the shingles will leak'
| if [''imperfective aspect''] then [''indicative mood''] e.g. ''intlae furentīs mollintz tahrer''—'if it rains, the shingles will leak'
|-
! ''Apodosis'' uncertain
| if [''perfective aspect''] then [''subjunctive mood''] e.g. ''intlae furītīs mollent tahrer''—'when it rains, the shingles might leak'
| if [''imperfective aspect''] then [''subjunctive mood''] e.g. ''intlae furentīs mollent tahrer''—'if it rains, the shingles might leak'
|}

== Numbers ==
<div style="overflow:auto">
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Aeranir numbers 1-400
|-
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
|-
! 1
| ''īmus''
| ''prīstus''
| ''temper''
! 11
| ''īnhīntur''
| ''īnhīnsus''
| ''īnhīntin''
! 21
| ''calhier īmus''
| ''calhitus prīstus''
| ''calhin temper''
! 120
| ''octzāculhier''
| ''octzāculhitus''
| ''octzāculhin''
|-
! 2
| ''sēr''
| ''metzumnus''
| ''vēriēs''
! 12
| ''verhīntur''
| ''verhīnsus''
| ''verhīntin''
! 22
| ''calhier sēr''
| ''calhitus metzumnus''
| ''calhin vēriēs''
! 140
| ''nāculhier''
| ''nāculhitus''
| ''nāculhin''
|-
! 3
| ''morier''
| ''moritus''
| ''moriēs''
! 13
| ''prōhīntur''
| ''prōhīnsus''
| ''prōhīntin''
! 30
| ''calhier qehentzier''
| ''calhitus qehēnsus''
| ''calhin qehen''
! 160
| ''nāquenculhier''
| ''nāquenculhitus''
| ''nāquenculhin''
|-
! 4
| ''quatlur''
| ''quallus''
| ''quatziēs''
! 14
| ''quatlāhīntur''
| ''quatlāhīnsus''
| ''quatlāhīntin''
! 40
| ''verculhier''
| ''verculhitus''
| ''verculhin''
! 180
| ''nātlicculhier''
| ''nātlicculhitus''
| ''nātlicculhin''
|-
! 5
| ''quiquier''
| ''quiqtus''
| ''quiquin''
! 15
| ''quihīntur''
| ''quihīnsus''
| ''quihīntin''
! 50
| ''verculhier qehentzier''
| ''verculhitus qehēnsus''
| ''verculhin qehen''
! 200
| ''tammīttler''
| ''tammīttus''
| ''tammīttziēs''
|-
! 6
| ''octzuer''
| ''octzūmus''
| ''octzuin''
! 16
| ''octzāhīntur''
| ''octzāhīnsus''
| ''octzāhīntin''
! 60
| ''prōculhier''
| ''prōculhitus''
| ''prōculhin''
! 220
| ''tammīttler calhier''
| ''tammīttus calhitus''
| ''tammīttziēs calhin''
|-
! 7
| ''nāier''
| ''nāntus''
| ''nāhin''
! 17
| ''nāhīntur''
| ''nāhīnsus''
| ''nāhīntin''
! 70
| ''prōculhier qehentzier''
| ''prōculhitus qehēnsus''
| ''prōculhin qehen''
! 240
| ''tammīttler verculhier''
| ''tammīttus verculhitus''
| ''tammīttziēs verculhin''
|-
! 8
| ''nāquemur''
| ''nāquemmus''
| ''nāquemin''
! 18
| ''sērēsculhier''
| ''sērēsculhitus''
| ''sērēsculhin''
! 80
| ''quatlāculhier''
| ''quatlāculhitus''
| ''quatlāculhin''
! 260
| ''tammīttler prōculhier''
| ''tammīttus prōculhitus''
| ''tammīttziēs prōculhin''
|-
! 9
| ''nātlittzier''
| ''nātlittzitus''
| ''nātlittzin''
! 19
| ''īmāculhier''
| ''īmāculhitus''
| ''īmāculhin''
! 90
| ''quatlāculhier qehentzier''
| ''quatlāculhitus qehēnsus''
| ''quatlāculhin qehen''
! 280
| ''tammīttler quatlāculhier''
| ''tammīttus quatlāculhitus''
| ''tammīttziēs quatlāculhin''
|-
! 10
| ''qehentzier''
| ''qehēnsus''
| ''qehen''
! 20
| ''calhier''
| ''calhitus''
| ''calhin''
! 100
| ''quicculhier''
| ''quicculhitus''
| ''quicculhin''
! 400
| ''mīttler''
| ''mīttus''
| ''mīttziēs''
|}
</div>

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Aeranir numbers 400-3,200,000
|-
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
|-
! 800
|
|
|
! 16,000
|
|
|
! 320,000
|
|
|
|-
! 1,200
|
|
|
! 24,000
|
|
|
! 480,000
|
|
|
|-
! 1,600
|
|
|
! 32,000
|
|
|
! 640,000
|
|
|
|-
! 2,000
|
|
|
! 40,000
|
|
|
! 800,000
|
|
|
|-
! 2,400
|
|
|
! 48,000
|
|
|
! 960,000
|
|
|
|-
! 2,800
|
|
|
! 56,000
|
|
|
! 1,120,000
|
|
|
|-
! 3,200
|
|
|
! 64,000
|
|
|
! 1,280,000
|
|
|
|-
! 3,600
|
|
|
! 72,000
|
|
|
! 1,440,000
|
|
|
|-
! 4,000
|
|
|
! 80,000
|
|
|
! 1,600,000
|
|
|
|-
! 8,000
|
|
| ''attuin''
! 160,000
|
|
| ''ōtlua attuin''
! 3,200,000
|
|
| ''octzuō''
|}

==Late Aeranir inovations==
===Applicative voices===
Whilst Classical Aeranir was more permissive of adding additional arguments to a clause, so long as the verb's core transitivity were met. Late Aeranir, however, tended to be more restrictive, and required valency increasing operations to express benefactive, comitative, and locative meanings. These applicative morphemes take the form of verbal prefixes.

==Lexicon==

''[[:Category:Aeranir_words|Aeranir Lexicon]]''.

==Footnotes==

[[Category:Aeranir]]
[[Category:Maro-Ephenian Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Avrid]]

Aeranir

2020-07-08T13:28:42Z

Gaffney.flancer: /* Word order */

{{construction}}
{{Infobox language
| name = ''Aeranir''
| altname = ''coeñar inceris''
|-
| nativename = ''coeñar aerānir''
| pronunciation = [ˈk̟øː.ɲar ˈɪ̃ŋ̟.k̟ɛ.rɪs̠], [ˈk̟øː.ɲar ɛːˈraː.nɪr]
|-
|creator=Limius
|setting=''[[Avrid]]''
|-
| state = [[Telrhamir]], [[Iscaria]], [[Aeranid Empire]]
| ethnicity = Aeran
| familycolor = PaleGoldenrod
| fam1 = [[Maro-Ephenian languages|Maro-Ephenian]]
| fam2 = Iscaric
|ancestor=[[Proto-Maro-Ephenian]]
|ancestor2=[[Proto-Iscaric]]
|ancestor3=[[Aeranir#Old Aeranir|Old Aeranir]]
|-
| nation = [[Aeranid Empire]]
| minority = [[Iscaria]], [[S'entin]], [[Tevrén]]
| notice = IPA
|iso3 = qco
}}

'''Aeranir''', also known as '''coeñar aerānir''' (''language of the Aerans''), or '''coeñar inceris''' (''language of the capital''), is an Iscaric language in the [[Maro-Ephenian languages|Maro-Ephenian language group]]. It was originally spoken by the [[Aerans]], developed in the deserts of Northern [[Iscaria]] in the city of [[Telrhamir]], and spread with the expanse of the [[Aeranid Empire]] throughout [[Ephenia]], as well as parts of [[Eubora]] and [[Syra]]. It later developed into the Aeranid languages, such as [[Dalot]], [[Ilesse]], [[Iscariano]], [[Îredese]], [[S'entigneis]], and [[Tevrés]]. It is still used throughout Ephenia as a language of theology, science, medicine, literature, and law.

Aeranir had been standardised into Classical Aeranir by the time of the Early Empire, around the second millennia [[New Imperial Age|BNIA]] by the writer and educator Limius. The period before that is generally referred to as Old Aeranir. The language spoken between the 15th and 12th centuries [[New Imperial Age|BNIA]] is generally referred to Late Aeranir. This shift is marked by several grammatical and phonetic shifts. After that period, Aeranir began to splinter off into the various Aeranid languages. A form of Classical Aeranir called New Aeranir or Medieval Aeranir remained in use in official writings even after this period.

Aeranir is a highly inflective and fusional language, with three distinct [[w:Gramatical Gender|genders]], nine [[w:Gramatical Case|cases]], two [[w:Gramatical Aspect|aspects]], four [[w:Gramatical Mood|moods]], three [[w:Gramatical Person|persons]], two or three [[w:Gramatical Voice|voices]], and two [[w:Gramatical Number|numbers]].

==History==
===Periodisation===

{{Graphical timeline

|title=Timeline of Aeranir
|align=right

|plot-colour=#bbeebb

|from=0
|to=3000
|scale-increment=200

|width=10
|height=300
|height-unit=px

|legend1=Aeran settlements

|bar1-from=2400
|bar1-left=0
|bar1-right=0.2

|legend2=City of Telhramir

|bar2-to=2600
|bar2-left=0.1
|bar2-right=0.2

|legend3=Aeranid Kingdom
|legend3-colour=#e0aacc

|bar3-to=2400
|bar3-left=0
|bar3-right=0.2
|bar3-colour=#e0aacc

|
|bar4-to=2104
|bar4-left=0
|bar4-right=0.2
|bar4-colour=red
|legend4=Aeranid Empire
|legend4-colour=red

|
|bar5-to=1266
|bar5-from=825
|bar5-left=0
|bar5-right=0.2
|bar5-colour=#AA98A9
|legend5=Eastern Aeranid Empire
|legend5-colour=#AA98A9

|bar6-from=1172
|bar6-to=1266
|bar6-left=0.1
|bar6-right=0.2
|bar6-colour=blue
|legend6=Western Aeranid Empire
|legend6-colour=blue

|bar7-to=825
|bar7-left=0
|bar7-right=0.2
|bar7-colour=grey
|legend7=Various Nations
|legend7-colour=grey

|bar8-text=Proto-Aeranid
|bar8-to=953
|bar8-from=700
|bar8-left=1
|bar8-right=1.75
|bar8-border-width=1
|bar8-border-colour= #996666
|bar8-colour=lightgrey

|bar9-text=Liturgical Aeranir
|bar9-to=953
|bar9-left=0.2
|bar9-right=1
|bar9-border-width=1
|bar9-border-colour= #996666
|bar9-colour=#cc9999

|bar10-text=Post-Collapse Aeranir
|bar10-from=953
|bar10-to=1266
|bar10-left=0.2
|bar10-right=1.75
|bar10-colour=#99cc99

|bar11-text=Late Aeranir
|bar11-from=1266
|bar11-to=1450
|bar11-left=0.2
|bar11-right=1.75
|bar11-colour=#99cc99
|bar11-border-width=0.1

|bar12-text=Golden Age Aeranir
|bar12-from=1450
|bar12-to=1800
|bar12-left=0.2
|bar12-right=1.75
|bar12-border-width=0.1
|bar12-colour=#99cc99

|bar13-text=Classical Aeranir
|bar13-from=1800
|bar13-to=2200
|bar13-left=0.2
|bar13-right=1.75
|bar13-border-width=0.1
|bar13-colour=#99cc99

|bar14-text=Old Aeranir
|bar14-from=2200
|bar14-to=2500
|bar14-left=0.2
|bar14-right=1.75
|bar14-border-width=0.1
|bar14-colour=#99cc99

|bar15-text=Proto-Iscaric
|bar15-from=2500
|bar15-to=3000
|bar15-left=0.2
|bar15-right=1.75
|bar15-border-width=0.1
|bar15-colour=#bbeebb

|bar16-text=Aeranid Languages
|bar16-to=700
|bar16-from=0
|bar16-left=1
|bar16-right=1.75
|bar16-border-width=1
|bar16-border-colour= #996666
|bar16-colour=grey

|note1=The Collapse
|note1-at=1266
|note1-nudge-right=10
|note1-colour=green

|caption=A timeline of the evolution of Aeranir. The scale is in years BCA. The thin bar to the left denotes the Aeranir (and later Aeranid) speaking powers of the time, whilst the right denotes the evolutionary stage of Aeranir.
}}

The Aeranir language is descended from Proto-Iscaric, a theoretical reconstruction, which is in turn descended from [[Proto-Maro-Ephenian]]. This makes Aeranir a member of the Maro-Ephenian language family, along with Talothic, Fyrdan, and Marian. Because neither of these two proto-languages are attested in writing, it can be difficult to say when they were spoken, and when one transitioned into the other, but scholars generally agree that there was something that could be called Proto-Iscaric around the end of the 4th millennium BCA.

Proto-Iscaric was spoken by numerous Maro-Ephenian tribes which settled in Iscaria at the end of the 4th millennium. This evolved into numerous attested Iscaric languages, of which the language of the Aerans, who settled the region known as Aes, was but one. The oldest evidence of their language is found dating well after the founding of their most famous city, Telhramir, around 2500 BCA. This phase of the language, from around then to the later years of the Aeranid Kingdom, is known as Old Aeranir (called '''''coeñar accuiha aerānir''''' or '''''aerānir accuiha''''' by Classical and Golden Age sources).

==Phonology==
===Consonants===
The following is a table of phonemes in Aeranir. This analysis is based on Classical Aeranir, as it was used during the hight of the [[Aeranid Empire]]. The phonology, especially the number of vowel phonemes, varied greatly time, but this is seen as the standard version of the language.
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Classical consonant phonemes
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | Labial
! colspan="2" | Coronal
! rowspan="2" | Palatal
! colspan="2" | Velar
! colspan="2" | Uvular
! rowspan="2" | Glottal
|-
! central 
! lateral 
! plain 
! labial 
! plain 
! labial 
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Nasal
| m
| n
|
| ɲ
|
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Stop
| p
| t
|
|
| k
| kʷ
| q
| qʷ
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Affricate
|
| ts
| tɬ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Fricative
| f
| s
|
|
|
|
|
|
| h
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Liquid
|
| r
| l
| j
|
| w
|
|
| ɦ
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Golden age consonant phonemes
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | Labial
! colspan="2" | Coronal
! rowspan="2" | Palatal
! colspan="2" | Velar
! colspan="2" | Uvular
! rowspan="2" | Glottal
|-
! central 
! lateral 
! plain 
! labial 
! plain 
! labial 
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| m
| n
|
| ɲ
|
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="3" | Stop
! aspirated
| (pʰ)
| (tʰ)
|
|
| kʰ
|
| qʰ
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! plain
| p
| t
|
|
| k
| kʷ
| q
| qʷ
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! voiced
| (b)
| (d)
|
|
| (g)
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" | Affricate
! voiceless
|
| ts
| tɬ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! voiced
|
| (dz~z)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Fricative
| f
| s
|
|
|
|
|
|
| h
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Liquid
| ʋ
| r
| l
| j
|
|
|
|
| ɦ
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Late consonant phonemes
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | Labial
! colspan="2" | Coronal
! rowspan="2" | Palatal
! colspan="2" | Velar
|-
! central 
! lateral 
! plain 
! labial 
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| m
| n
|
| ɲ
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" | Stop
! voiceless
| p
| t
|
| c
| k
| kʷ
|- style="text-align:center;"
! voiced
| b
| d
|
| ɟ
| g
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Affricate
|
| ts
| tɬ
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Fricative
| f
| s
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Liquid
|
| r
| l
| j
|
|
|}
====Notes on consonants====
*The clusters /rh/, /nh/, and /lh/ vary greatly between dialects; [rɦ nɦ ɫɦ ~ rg ŋg ɫg ~ ʀː ŋː ʟː].
*The sequence /ks/ is written in the romanisation as ''x''.
*The nasal consonant /n/ assimilates to the place of articulation of the following stop, so that /nk/ or /nqʷ/ for example become /ŋk/ and /ɴʷqʷ/. Before fricatives, /n/ is deleted, and the proceeding vowel is lengthened and nasalised. These processes apply between word boundries as well. Word final /n/ as part of case and personal markers is elided before a word starting with a vowel, fricative, approximate, or before a [[w:Pausa|pausa]]. It often served as a [[w:Shibboleth|shibboleth]] for discerning one's origins or social circles.
*The velar, labio-velar, and labio-uvular consonants /k/, /kʷ/, /q/, and /qʷ/ are palatalised before front vowels and /j/ to [k̟], [kᶣ], [k̠] and [k̠ᶣ] respectively. Futhermore, dental consonants /n/ and /t/ are palatalised before /j/ to [ɲ̟], and [tʲ]. The glottal fricative /h/ is also palatalised to [ç] before high front vowels and /j/. Some dialects also palatalise the postalveolar consonants /s/ and /ts/ to [ɕ] and [tɕ] before front vowels and /j/.
*The labialised consonants /kʷ/, and /qʷ/ are pronounced as truly labialised, rather than a sequence of two consonants, i.e. /kw/, /qw/. The voiced labiovelar stop only occurs after a nasal consonant.
*All consonants, with the exception of /ʋ/, can be geminated between vowels. This is denoted orthographically by doubling of the first letter of the phoneme, i.e. ⟨cc⟩, ⟨ff⟩, ⟨hh⟩, etc. The palatal approximate /j/ is always geminated to [jː] between vowels, but is written with a simple ⟨i⟩. Fricative /hː/ is usually realised as [çː]. In dialects that palatalise /s/ and /ts/, [çː] often becomes [ɕː], merging in some environments with /sː/.
*The lateral approximate /l/ has two allophones in Classical Aeranir; [l] before close front vowels, /j/, and when geminated, and [ɫ] elsewhere.
*The fricative /s/ is often pronounced further back in the mouth, closer to [s̠].
* The phoneme /h/ has two distinct allophones following the nasal /n/. When this cluster occurs natively within a word, /h/ is voiced and velarised to [g]. Nasal /n/ is likewise velarised to [ŋ]. Dialectically, the cluster /ŋg/ may be fortified to [gː] or lenited to [ŋː]. Before front vowels and /j/, these may appear as [ɲʝ], [ŋ˖g˖], [g˖ː], or [ŋ˖ː]. When the cluster /nh/ occurs where /h/ was once word initial, as result of a prefix, the nasal is deleted and the preceding vowel nasalised and lengthened, as with fricatives /s/ and /f/.

===Vowels===
Vowels in Aeranir underwent the greatest amount of change throughout time. Although the standard is considered to me Classical Aeranir as it was spoken in the 17th and 16th centuries {{Smallcaps|[[New Imperial Age|bnia]]}}, this should not be seen in the context of a sliding historical spectrum. Below are listed three somewhat representative samples that provide a broad overview of general changes.
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Old Aeranir vowel phonemes (circa 2300{{Smallcaps|bca}})
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Front
! colspan="2" | Central
! colspan="2" | Back
|-
! short 
! long 
! short 
! long 
! short 
! long 
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Close
| i
| iː
|
|
| u
| uː
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Mid
| e
| eː
|
|
| o
| oː
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Open
|
|
| a
| aː
|
|
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Classical and Golden Age Aeranir vowel phonemes (circa 1600{{Smallcaps|bca}})
|-
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="4" | Front
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Central
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Back
|-
! colspan="2" | plain 
! colspan="2" | rounded 
|-
! short 
! long 
! short 
! long 
! short 
! long 
! short 
! long 
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Close
| ɪ
| iː
| ʏ
| yː
|
|
| ʊ
| uː
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Mid-close
|
| eː
|
| øː
|
|
|
| oː
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Mid-open
| ɛ
| ɛː
|
|
|
|
| ɔ
| ɔː
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Open
|
|
|
|
| a
| aː
|
|
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Late Aeranir vowel phonemes (circa 1200{{Smallcaps|bca}})
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Front
! rowspan="2"| Central
! rowspan="2"| Back
|-
! plain
! round
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Close
| i
| (y)
|
| u
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Mid-close
| e
| (ø)
|
| o
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Mid-open
| ɛ
|
|
| ɔ
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Open
|
|
| a
|
|}
====Notes on vowels====
* The short high rounded vowel /ʏ/ is mostly a loan from [[Dalitian]], and is not found in many native words, or words dating back to Old Aeranir. It is usually realised as [ɪ], and is only rounded in educated speech.
{| class="wikitable floatright"
|+caption | Vowel change from PME to Late Aeranir (in stessed initial syllables)
|-
! [[Proto-Maro-Ephenian|PME]]
! Old
! Classical
! Late
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *u[r₂, r₃, h]i
| → ui /ui̯/
| rowspan="2" | → y /yː/
| rowspan="4" | → i /i/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *i[r₂, r₃, h]u
| → iu /iu̯̯/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *ey, *ehi, *ēy, *hey
| → ei /ei̯/
| rowspan="2" | → ī /iː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *i[r₂, r₃, h]
| → ī /iː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *i
| → i /i/
| → i /ɪ/
| rowspan="3" | → e /e/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *oy, *o[r₂, r₃, h]i, *er₃i, *ōy, *[r₂, r₃, h]oy, *r₃ey
| → oi /oi̯/
| → oe /øː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *eh, *ē
| → e /eː/
| → e /eː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *e
| → e /e/
| → e /ɛ/
| rowspan="2" | → è /ɛ/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *er₂i, *r₂ey
| → ai /ai̯/
| → ae /ɛː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *ow, *o[r₂, r₃, h]u, *ōw, *[r₂, r₃, h]ow, *r₃ew, *ew, *ehu, *ēw, *hew
| → ou /ou̯̯/
| rowspan="2" | → ū /uː/
| rowspan="2" | → u /u/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *u[r₂, r₃, h]
| → ū /uː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *u
| → u /u/
| → u /ʊ/
| rowspan="2" | → o /o/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *o[r₂, r₃, h], *ō, *r₃e[r₂, r₃, h], *r₃ē, *er₃
| → o /oː/
| → o /oː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *o, *r₃e
| → o /o/
| → o /ɔ/
| rowspan="2" | → ò /ɔ/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *er₂u, *r₂ew
| → au /au̯̯/
| → au /ɔː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *er₂, *r₂ē
| → ā /aː/
| → ā /aː/
| rowspan="2" | → a /a/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *[r̥₂, r̥₃, h̥]
| → a /a/
| → a /a/
|}
* Most non-intial short vowels in [[Aeranir#Proto-Iscaric|Proto-Iscairc]] were reduced to /i/ by the time of Old Aeranir. Many of these were then further reduced in Classical Aeranir (as discussed above), to the vowels represented by [[w:Diaeresis_(diacritic)|diaeresis]]. These merged in Late Aeranir to a [[w:Schwa|schwa]], but this schwa was deleted in many environments.
* Old Aeranir diphthongs /ei̯/ and /ou̯̯/ may have been realised as hightened pure vowels [eː~e̝ː] and [oː~o̝ː]. Before other vowels, /ei̯/ becomes simple [e] in Classical Aeranir. Likewise, Classical /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ rise to [e] and [o] before another vowel. These were then simplified into glides [j] and [w] in Late Aeranir.
* There are two realisations of high short vowels /ɪ/ and /ʊ/ before another vowel, depending on whether the proceeding syllable it light or heavy. Following a light syllable, the become glides [j] and [w]. Follwing a heavy syllable, an [[w:Ephethesis#Anaptyxis|anaptyctic]] vowel is inserted, becoming [ɪj] and [ʊw]. These vowels are not represented in the orthography.
* Some peripheral dialects of Late Aeranir retained rounded front vowels /y/ and /ø/, while in most, including the speech of Telrhamir, they merged with their plain counterparts /i/ and /e/ respectively.

===Stress===
Syllable stress in Old Aeranir fell uniformly on the first syllable of a word. However, by the time of Classical Aeranir, stress had shifted to a more complex paradigm, generally falling on the '''penult''' (the second to last syllable) or the '''antipenult''' (the third to last syllable). Which one was determined by the '''weight''' of the penult.

Syllables are divided into one of two categories, or weights. These are '''light''' syllables and '''heavy''' syllables. A light syllable contains a maximum of one short vowel, alone or proceeded by a consonant or consonant cluster, while a heavy syllable may contain a long vowel, a coda consonant, or both. If the penult of a word is heavy, it is stressed. If not, the antipenult is stressed.
=== Dialects ===
;Pēcilia Cūvae
: The ''pēcilia cūvae'' ('Cuvan swing') refers to the particular musical quality of the Aeranir spoken in the Aes city of Cuva (''cūva'') during the classical and golden age of Aeranid civilisation. It was likened in the earliest records to the ''pēcilia traecōvus'' ('talothic swing'), and occasionally referred to as the ''pōnus traeceus'' ('talothic voice'). However, by the golden age, Talothic had lost its distinct melodious accent, and the these terms fell out of use. This is believed to be the reason that citizens of Cuva were called ''traeceolar'' ('little taloths'), and is the origin of the name of the city Triggiolari, founded as ''Traeceolar''.

: Rather than the stress-accent of standard capitoline Aeranir, the speech of Cuva is marked by a distinctive [[w:Pitch-accent language|pitch accent]]. Pitch in Cuva begins low, and then rises until a [[w:Mora|kernel mora]], after which it immediately falls. Placement of the kernel mora generally falls on the third to last mora. However, the way morae are counted is somewhat complex. A short vowel, either proceeded by a consonant or consonant cluster, or bare, counts as one mora, and a long vowel of (spurious) diphthong counts as two. On top of that, coda consonants, rather singletons or clusters, also count as a mora. So, for example, each syllable of the word ''āctās'' is three morea; ''a-a-c.ta-a-s''

: Pitch accent manifests differently depending on where the kernel falls. Then the kernel falls on a vowel, there is a [[w:Downstep|downstep]] before it; e.g. ''āctās'': ''a-a-c.ta-a-s'' /àák.tààs/ [ǎːk.tàːs].

==Syntax==
===Word order===
Aeranir is generally verb-initial in independent clauses, and verb-final in dependant clauses, including non-finite clauses using the infinitive, participle, gerund, etc.. These rules may be violated in poetry, however it is much more common to violate the former than the later.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| qurra Rāscānus salvan
| read-3SG.C Rascanus-NOM.SG book-ACC.SG
|'Rascanus is reading a book'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| Rāscānus salvan qurrea
| Rascanus-NOM.SG book-ACC.SG read-SUBJ.3SG.C
|'should Rascanus be reading a book...'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| sircuīva īliō Rāscānus salvan qurrīhan
| tell-PFV.3SG.C Ilius-DAT.SG Rascanus-NOM.SG book-ACC.SG read-INF
|'Rascanus told Ilius that he was reading a book'}}

Nominal clitics attach to the end of verbs in independent clauses, and the beginning of verbs in dependant clauses.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| taetue ne tīn
| drink-PFV.3SG.E <nowiki>=</nowiki>2SG tea-ACC.SG
|'You drank the tea'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| tīn ni taesun
| tea-NOM.SG 2SG<nowiki>=</nowiki> drink-PFV.PTCP-E.NOM.SG
|'The tea you drank'}}

Word order is much more free for nouns and noun phrases. Adjectives and genitives may either proceed or follow a noun (e.g. '''''formun cōmus''''' or '''''cōmus formun''''', both 'the warm house;' '''''umae menter''''' or '''''menter umae''''', both 'my mother's sibling'), although they adjectives generally follow, whilst genitives generally proceed. Prepositions always proceed their noun, whilst postpositions, which are far less common, always follow.

Due to agreement in gender, case, and number between nouns and adjectives, additional nouns may be inserted between a noun and its adjective without changing the meaning, in what is called [[w:Hyperbaton|hyperbaton]]:

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ȳrē arte tihī iūre
| listen-IMP person-VOC.SG 1SG.PRO-DAT good-T.VOC.SG
|'Listen to me good fellow!'}}

==Nouns==
===Gender===
Aeranir nouns are divided into three [[w:Grammatical Gender|genders]], all of which are directly inherited from late [[Proto-Maro-Ephenian]]. These known as the '''temporary''' ('''{{Smallcaps|t}}'''), '''cyclical''' ('''{{Smallcaps|c}}'''), and '''eternal''' ('''{{Smallcaps|e}}''') genders. The gender of a noun effects the adjectives and verbs that refer to it.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ēs ars raius
| COP.3SG.T wumbo(T)-NOM.SG small-T.NOM.SG
|'It's a small wumbo'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| sa tlāna raia
| COP.3SG.C flower(C)-NOM.SG small-C.NOM.SG
|'It's a small flower'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| sī nātlun raiun
| COP.3SG.E shell(E)-NOM.SG small-E.NOM.SG
|'It's a small shell'}}

The gender of most nouns can be easily inferred from its ending. Furthermore, there is often overlap between meaning and gender. Animate living beings and small, breakable objects are often temporary, while abstract concepts, natural processes, or seasonal plants are usually cyclical, and large, durable, inanimate objects are most likely eternal. However, some nouns have no relation to their gender. Personal names are either temporary or cyclical; eternal names are reserved for gods.

===Case===
Nouns in Aeranir have a series of different forms, called cases of the noun, which have different functions or meanings. For example, the word for 'king' is ''{{term|rēs}}'' when subject of a verb, but ''rēnin'' when it is the object:
* ''auhēs rēs'' 'the king sees (someone)' ([[w:Nominative case|nominative case]])
* ''auhēs rēnin'' '(someone) sees the king' ([[w:Accusative case|accusative case]])
There are a total of nine cases for most nouns in Aeranir. Outside of the nominative and accusative, they are as the following:
* [[w:Vocative case|Vocative]]: ''rēne iō!'': 'o king!'
* [[w:Essive case|Essive]]: ''seū rēnū'': 'as this king'
* [[w:Instrumental case|Instrumental]]: ''seōrun rēnerun'': 'using this king'
* [[w:Genitive case|Genitive]]: ''sī rēnis'': 'of this king'
* [[w:Dative case|Dative]]: ''seō rēnī'': 'to/for this king'
* [[w:Ablative case|Ablative]]: ''seā rēni'': 'from/by this king'
* [[w:Locative case|Locative]]: ''sīs rēnīs'': 'at/with the king'
Sometimes the same endings, e.g. ''-ī'' and ''-ēs'', are used for more than one case. Since the function of a word in Aeranir is shown by ending rather than word order, in theory ''requor rēnī'' could mean either 'I return to the king' or 'I return from the king.' In practice, however, such ambiguities are rare.

==== Uses of the cases ====
===== Genitive =====
The use of the genitive case in subordinate clauses has changed throughout the history of Aeranir, and even within the span of time referred to as 'Golden Age Aeranir,' usage was shifting. In Classical and Golden Age Aeranir the genitive could be used with the active voice to mark the subject of the verb, whilst in the middle voice it marked the object. The later is similar to the use of the genitive as a partitive object in [[Classical Talothic|Talothic]]. Some believe this similarity to be the inherited from [[Proto-Maro-Ephenian]], whilst others claim that it is a case of parallel evolution or mutual influence.
:{{interlinear|box=yes
| tzilla artis auhita
| cat-NOM.SG person-GEN.SG see-PFV.PTCP-C.NOM.SG
| 'The cat the person saw'}}

:{{interlinear|box=yes
| ars tzillae auhitūnus
| person-NOM.SG cat-GEN.SG see-PFV.PTCP-T.NOM.SG
| 'The person who saw the cat'}}
The use of genitive objects dwindled in later Golden Age and Late Aeranir, being replaced by the accusative case with the active voice, or the ablative case with the middle voice, as in independent clauses. However, it remained used to mark the subject of dependent clauses, and in Late Aeranir even began to replace the nominative case in independent ones.

===== Ablative =====

* '''Ablative of motion''' implies movement away from or out of an object:
:{{interlinear|box=yes
| furuis pālā
| fall-PFV-T.3SG tree-ABL.SG
| 'They fell from the tree'}}

* '''Agentive ablative''' marks the agent by whom the action of a passive verb in performed:
:{{interlinear|box=yes
| īcēlāre pannun Traetiā cnōtun
| eat-PFV-PASS-E.3SG bread-NOM.SG Traetius-ABL.SG last-E.NOM.SG
| 'The last of the bread was eaten by Traetius'}}

===Declensions===
====Class I====
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+Class I noun
|-
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" |
! colspan="4" | ''{{term|salva}}'' c. book, tome
|-
! colspan="2" | Singular
! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
! word
! ending
! word
! ending
|-
! rowspan="3" | Primary '''''prīstūmus'''''
! scope="row" | Nominative
| ''salva''
| '''''-a'''''
| ''salvar''
| '''''-ar'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Accusative
| ''salvan''
| '''''-an'''''
| ''salvae''
| '''''-ae'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Vocative
| ''salva''
| '''''-a'''''
| ''salvar''
| '''''-ar'''''
|-
! rowspan="3" | Existential '''''soniāmus'''''
! scope="row" | Essive
| ''salvau''
| '''''-au'''''
| ''salvur''
| '''''-ur'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Instrumental
| ''salvārun''
| '''''-ārun'''''
| ''salvōs''
| '''''-ōs'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Genitive
| ''salvae''
| '''''-ae'''''
| ''salvābus''
| '''''-ābus'''''
|-
! rowspan="3" | Directive '''''satūmus'''''
! scope="row" | Dative
| ''salvō''
| '''''-ō'''''
| ''salvāna''
| '''''-āna'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Ablative
| ''salvā''
| '''''-ā'''''
| ''salvās''
| '''''-ās'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Locative
| ''salvīs''
| '''''-īs'''''
| ''salvā''
| '''''-ā'''''
|}

====Class II====
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+Class II temporary/eternal nouns
|-
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" |
! colspan="4" | ''{{term|pernus}}'' t. storm, chaos
! colspan="4" | ''{{term|nātlun}}'' e. shell, carapace
|-
! colspan="2" | Singular
! colspan="2" | Plural
! colspan="2" | Singular
! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
! word
! ending
! word
! ending
! word
! ending
! word
! ending
|-
! rowspan="3" | Primary '''''prīstūmus'''''
! scope="row" | Nominative
| ''pernus''
| '''''-us'''''
| ''pernur''
| '''''-ur'''''
| rowspan="3" | ''nātlun''
| rowspan="3" | '''''-un'''''
| rowspan="3" | ''nātlunt''
| rowspan="3" | '''''-unt'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Accusative
| ''pernun''
| '''''-un'''''
| ''pernī''
| '''''-ī'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Vocative
| ''perne''
| '''''-e'''''
| ''pernur''
| '''''-ur'''''
|-
! rowspan="3" | Existential '''''soniāmus'''''
! scope="row" | Essive
| ''pernū''
| '''''-ū'''''
| ''pernur''
| '''''-ur'''''
| ''nātlū''
| '''''-ū'''''
| ''nātlur''
| '''''-ur'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Instrumental
| ''pernōrun''
| '''''-ōrun'''''
| ''pernōs''
| '''''-ōs'''''
| ''nātlōrun''
| '''''-ōrun'''''
| ''nātlōs''
| '''''-ōs'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Genitive
| ''pernī''
| '''''-ī'''''
| ''pernōvus''
| '''''-ōvus'''''
| ''nātlī''
| '''''-ī'''''
| ''nātlōvus''
| '''''-ōvus'''''
|-
! rowspan="3" | Directive '''''satūmus'''''
! scope="row" | Dative
| ''pernō''
| '''''-ō'''''
| ''pernōna''
| '''''-ōna'''''
| ''nātlō''
| '''''-ō'''''
| ''nātlōna''
| '''''-ōna'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Ablative
| ''pernā''
| '''''-ā'''''
| ''pernōs''
| '''''-ōs'''''
| ''nātlā''
| '''''-ā'''''
| ''nātlōs''
| '''''-ōs'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Locative
| ''pernīs''
| '''''-īs'''''
| ''pernā''
| '''''-ā'''''
| ''nātlīs''
| '''''-īs'''''
| ''nātlā''
| '''''-ā'''''
|}

==Pronouns==
===Personal Pronouns===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Personal pronouns
|-
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" |
! colspan="4" | First person
! colspan="4" | Second person
! colspan="4" | Reflexive
|-
! colspan="2" | singular ''I''
! colspan="2" | plural ''we''
! colspan="2" | singular ''you''
! colspan="2" | plural ''y'all''
! colspan="2" | singular/plural ''himself/herself/ itself/themselves''
|-
! full
! clitic
! full
! clitic
! full
! clitic
! full
! clitic
! full
! clitic
|-
! rowspan="3" | Primary ''prīstūmus''
! Nominative
| rowspan="2" | ''aecū''
| rowspan="7" | ''te''
| rowspan="2" | ''eōs''
| rowspan="7" | ''ī''
| rowspan="2" | ''hanae''
| rowspan="7" | ''ne''
| rowspan="2" | ''rōs''
| rowspan="7" | ''er''
| rowspan="3" | ''cē''
| rowspan="7" | ''ce''
|-
! Vocative
|-
! Accusative
| ''tē''
| ''eon''
| ''nē''
| ''ron''
|-
! rowspan="2" | Existential ''soniāmus''
! Essive
| ''tōs''
| ''eor''
| ''nōs''
| ''rō''
| ''cū''
|-
! Genitive
| ''tī''
| ''īster''
| ''nī''
| ''rester''
| ''cī''
|-
! rowspan="2" | Directive ''satūmus''
! Dative
| ''tihī''
| ''īvīs''
| ''nivī''
| ''urvīs''
| ''civī''
|-
! Ablative
| ''tētē''
| ''eōvōs''
| ''nēnē''
| ''rōvōs''
| ''cēcē''
|}

===Third person pronouns===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Personal pronouns
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
|-
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
|-
! rowspan="3" | Primary ''prīstūmus''
! Nominative
| rowspan="2" | ''us''
| rowspan="2" | ''va''
| rowspan="3" | ''um''
| rowspan="2" | ''ur''
| rowspan="2" | ''var''
| rowspan="3" | ''ūns''
|-
! Vocative
|-
! Accusative
| ''um''
| ''vam''
| ''vī''
| ''vae''
|-
! rowspan="3" | Existential ''soniāmus''
! Essive
| ''ū''
| ''vau''
| ''ū''
| ''ur''
| ''vur''
| ''ur''
|-
! Instrumental
| ''urun''
| ''vārun''
| ''urun''
| ''vēs''
| ''vōs''
| ''vēs''
|-
! Genitive
| ''vis''
| ''vae''
| ''vis''
| ''vus''
| ''vāvus''
| ''vus''
|-
! rowspan="3" | Directive ''satūmus''
! Dative
| ''vī''
| ''vō''
| ''vī''
| ''vina''
| ''vāna''
| ''vina''
|-
! Ablative
| ''vit''
| ''vā''
| ''vit''
| ''vēs''
| ''vās''
| ''vēs''
|-
! Locative
| ''vis''
| ''vīs''
| ''vis''
| ''vā''
| ''vā''
| ''vā''
|}

=== Demonstrative pronouns ===
Demonstratives underwent a great deal of change during the latest stages of Classical Aeranir, and much of the older forms were preserved in Golden Age Aeranir alongside their newer counterparts. The Classical Aeranir distal and medial demonstratives were formed from the third person pronoun ''us, va, un'' plus a suffix. This produced a variety of irregular forms, which were regularised in early Golden Age Aeranir. However, which stem was taken to become the new regular form varied between times, locations, and speakers. Generally, two stems were predominant for each demonstrative; with the medial varying between ''ust-'' and ''unt-'' and the distal between ''ūl-'' and ''ull-''. Eventually, the former of the two became more common, although the latter remained in marginal use, even into the Aeranid languages.
<div style="overflow:auto">
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Old demonstrative pronouns
|-
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="6" | '''''seus, sea, seun''''' this, this one (proximal)
! colspan="6" | '''''ustus, usta, untun''''' that of yours (medial)
! colspan="6" | '''''ūlus, ūla, ūllun''''' that, that one (distal)
|-
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
|-
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Nominative
| ''seus''
| ''sea''
| rowspan="3" | ''seun''
| ''seur''
| ''sear''
| rowspan="3" | ''seunt''
| ''ustus''
| ''usta''
| rowspan="3" | ''untun''
| ''urtur''
| ''urtar''
| rowspan="3" | ''untunt''
| ''ūlus''
| ''ūla''
| rowspan="3" | ''ullun''
| ''ullur''
| ''ullar''
| rowspan="3" | ''ullunt''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Accusative
| ''seun''
| ''sean''
| ''sī''
| ''seae''
| ''untun''
| ''untan''
| ''vītī''
| ''vītae''
| ''ullun''
| ''ullan''
| ''vīlī''
| ''vīlae''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Vocative
| ''sē''
| ''sea''
| ''seur''
| ''sear''
| ''uste''
| ''usta''
| ''urtur''
| ''urtar''
| ''ūle''
| ''ūla''
| ''ullur''
| ''ullar''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Essive
| ''seū''
| ''seau''
| ''seū''
| colspan="3" | ''seur''
| ''ūtū''
| ''ūtau''
| ''ūtū''
| colspan="3" | ''urtur''
| ''ūlū''
| ''ūlau''
| ''ūlū''
| colspan="3" | ''ullur''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Instrumental
| ''seōrun''
| ''seārun''
| ''seōrun''
| colspan="3" | ''seōs''
| ''untōrun''
| ''untārun''
| ''untōrun''
| colspan="3" | ''vēstōs''
| ''ullōrun''
| ''ullārun''
| ''ullōrun''
| colspan="3" | ''vēlōs''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Genitive
| ''sī''
| ''seae''
| ''sī''
| ''seōvus''
| ''seāvus''
| ''seōvus''
| ''vistī''
| ''vistae''
| ''vistī''
| ''vustōvus''
| ''vustāvus''
| ''vustōvus''
| ''vīlī''
| ''vīlae''
| ''vīlī''
| ''vūlōvus''
| ''vūlāvus''
| ''vūlōvus''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Dative
| colspan="3" | ''seō''
| ''seōna''
| ''seāna''
| ''seōna''
| colspan="3" | ''vītō''
| ''vintōna''
| ''vintāna''
| ''vintōna''
| colspan="3" | ''vīlō''
| ''villōna''
| ''villāna''
| ''villōna''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Ablative
| colspan="3" | ''seā''
| ''seōs''
| ''seās''
| ''seōs''
| colspan="3" | ''vistā''
| ''vēstōs''
| ''vēstās''
| ''vēstōs''
| colspan="3" | ''vīlā''
| ''vēlōs''
| ''vēlās''
| ''vēlōs''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Locative
| colspan="3" | ''sīs''
| colspan="3" | ''seā''
| colspan="3" | ''vistīs''
| colspan="3" | ''vātā''
| colspan="3" | ''vīlīs''
| colspan="3" | ''vālā''
|}
</div>
Even after the new regular demonstratives had been widely adopted, the old ones continued to be used for stylistic purposes, and where considered more proper for official writing, speech, and communication.

In Classical Aeranir, demonstratives could stand for a person or thing, but also a place—there was no distinction between 'this' and 'here.' However, in Golden Age Aeranir, another one of the old stems was generalised to create dedicated locative pronouns '''''vistus, vista, vistun''''' 'there (near you),' and '''''vīlus, vīla, vīlun''''' 'there (far away).' By analogy, the proximal locative demonstrative '''''viseus, visea, viseun''''' 'here' was also created. These were used along side the regular demonstratives to express location.

===Possessive pronouns===
Possessive pronouns in Aeranir distinguish between many more different types of possession than ordinary nouns, which use only the genitive to mark possession, ownership, association, etc. Pronouns distinguish both alienable and inalienable possession.

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Possessive pronouns
|-
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | 1st person
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | 2nd person
! colspan="6" | 3rd person
! rowspan="3" | reflexive
|-
! colspan="2" | proximal
! colspan="2" | distal
! colspan="2" | medial
|-
! singular
! plural
! singular
! plural
! singular
! plural
! singular
! plural
! singular
! plural
|- style="text-align:center;"
! inalienable
| ''tī'' ''te''
| ''īster''
| ''nī'' ''ne''
| ''rester''
| ''sī'' ''se''
| ''seōvus''
| ''ūlī''
| ''ūlōvus''
| ''ustī''
| ''ustōvus''
| ''cī'' ''ce''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! alienable
| ''tuius''
| ''eius''
| ''nuius''
| ''ruius''
| colspan="2" | ''seius''
| colspan="2" | ''ūleius''
| colspan="2" | ''usteius''
| ''cuius''
|}

Objects of inalienable possession are marked with the genitive of a personal or demonstrative pronoun. These include body parts, kinship and familiarity terms, personal attributes, emotions, or thoughts. These pronouns generally proceed the possessee, although that is not always the case, especially in poety. Singular pronouns ''tī'', ''nī'', ''cī'', ''sī'', ''ustī'', and ''ūlī'' may be appear as ''tei'', ''nei'', ''cei'', ''sei'', ''usti'', ''ūli'' before words starting with a vowel, and ''te'', ''ne'', ''ce'', ''se'', ''ust'', ''ūl'' before words starting with ''i''.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| se incus
| this-T.GEN.SG head-NOM.SG
|'this one's head'}}

Alienable possession, including essentially all other categories, is marked via possessive adjectives. These adjective may appear either before or after the possessee, but usually come afterwards. Oftentimes, the different use of alienable/inalienable pronouns may hint at a difference in meaning. The word '''''indus''''', for example, may mean 'head,' but also 'capital' or 'leader.' With inalienable pronouns, however, it always means 'head,' versus with alienable pronouns, it means 'capital,' or 'leader' because while a head is inalienable, a capital or leader is not. However, this might not always be the case, depending on the possessor and context.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ēs incus telūhramir tuius
| COP.3SG.T head-NOM.SG mesa-ESS.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>hram-GEN.PL mine-T.NOM.SG
|'My capital is Telhramir'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ēs ūlae (tlānae aerānihae) incus telūrhamir
| COP.3SG.T that_one's-C.GEN.SG (flower-GEN.SG Aeranid-C.GEN.SG) head-NOM.SG mesa-ESS.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>rham-GEN.PL
|'Its (the Aeranid Empire's) capital is Telrhamir'}}

==Adverbs==
Adverbs in Aeranir are used to modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs indicating time, manner, or place.
Most adjectives are formed from nouns or adjectives, although they can be derived from some verbs, especially stative verbs. There are a variety of different formulation strategies, depending on the class of the noun/adjective/verb.
*''formus'' ("warm" 1st-2nd declension adjective) → '''''formē''''' ("warmly")
*''aerās'' ("an Aeran" 3rd declension noun) → '''''aerāne''''' ("like an Aeran")
*''raelis'' ("a child" 3rd declension i-stem noun) → '''''raeliter''''' ("like a child")
*''vȳlēs'' ("three days from now" 4th declension noun) → '''''vȳlē''''' ("every three days")
*''sacus'' ("a pin" 5th declension noun) → '''''saciter''''' ("sharply, like a pin")
One of the most notable uses of the adverbial form is with verbs like ''ficitz'' ("it makes me"), ''fitz'' ("I become"), and ''caitz'' ("I change into"). Adverbs can be used to denote the result of a change of state in such a clause.
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| fīx prīstus pāliōne Boezymiae
| make.PFV-3SG.T first-NOM.SG provincial_governor-ADV Boezymia-GEN.SG
|'The First Senator made them provincial governor of Boezymia'}}
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| sa Īliō qūria tzillē cainnī
| COP-3SG.C Ilius-DAT.SG power-NOM.SG cat-ADV change_form-GER-GEN
|'Ilius has the power to turn into a cat'}}

==Verbs==
===Conjugation===
====Agreement====
[[File:Dga pyramid.png|thumb|250px|right|The ''DGA pyramid'', originally developed by u/Darkgamma, 2018. ''[https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/aarsyy/the_total_cacophony_of_bäladiri_verb_agreement/ The Total Cacophony of Bäladiri Verb Agreement and Argument Assignment]''.]]
Verbs in Aeranir are conjugated to agree with the [[w:Grammatical number|number]], the [[w:Grammatical person|person]], and in the third person singular, the [[w:Grammatical gender|gender]] of the most oblique argument given a word's [[w:Valency (linguistics)|valency]], as defined by the ''DGA pyramid''<ref>https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/aarsyy/the_total_cacophony_of_bäladiri_verb_agreement/</ref>. Here, '''S''' represents the [[w:Subject (grammar)|subject]] of an [[w:Intransitive verb|intransitive verb]], such as 'the person' in 'the person laughed.' '''A''' represents the [[w:Agent (grammar)|agent]] of a [[w:Transitive verb|transitive verb]] (also occasually called the [[w:Subject (grammar)|subject]]), or the person or thing that does the action of the verb, such as 'the child' in 'the child reads the book.' '''D''' marks the donor, a special type of agent, who gives something or does a the action of a verb for the benefit of another, such as ‘the senator’ in ‘the senator gave the cat some milk.’ These are collectively called the '''nominative argument''', and are expressed usually with the [[w:Nominative case|nominative case]], but also occasionally with the [[w:Genitive case|genitive case]] in dependant clauses.

'''P''' represents the [[w:Patient (grammar)|patient]] of a [[w:Transitive verb|transitive verb]], or the person or thing towhich the verb is done, also called the '''direct object''', such as ‘the book’ in ‘the child reads the book.’ '''T''' represents the '''theme''', or the object that is given to someone or something, such as ‘the milk’ in ‘the senator gave the cat some milk.’ These two roles make up the '''accusative argument''', which is marked with the [[w:Accusative case|accusative case]]. Finally, '''R''' represents the '''recipient''', or the person who recieves the theme from the donor, or benefits from the donor's action, with a [[w:Ditransitive verb|ditransitive verb]], also commonly called the '''indirect object''', such as 'the cat' in 'the senator gave the cate some milk.'

Aeranir verbs conjugate their endings to agree with the most oblique argument in a clause. That means the '''subject''' of an '''intransitive verb''' (e.g. '''''clautitz'''''; 'I laugh'), the '''patient''' of a '''transitive verb''' (e.g. '''''auhente'''''; 'I look at you'), or the '''recipient''' of a '''ditransitive verb''' (e.g. '''''tzavī'r salvae'''''; 'you all gave me the books').

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| mollī cōmus
| leak-3SG.E house-NOM.SG
|'The house is leaking'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| requis te coptin nuiun
| return-3SG.C <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG hat-ACC.SG 2SG.POS.PRO-T.ACC.SG
|'I'm giving back your hat'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| imptās ne mu sōlī nomī Sētīlī
| send-POT.3SG.T <nowiki>=</nowiki>2SG <nowiki>=</nowiki>INTERR clothing-ACC.PL new-IPFV.PTCP-T.ACC.SG Setil-DAT.SG
|'Can you send Setil the new clothes?'}}

It should be noted that a verb in the [[w:Active voice|active voice]] must always have the maximum number of arguments according to its inherent transitivity. This means, for example, that one can never say 'John eats.' Because 'to eat' is transitive, there must be a patient, or direct object, e.g. 'John eats food.' However, there are a number of valancy dropping operations available in Aeranir to allow various arguments to be dropped, which are discussed in the section on [[w:Voice (grammar)|voice]].

Additional arguments can be expressed with [[w:Clitic|pronominal clitics]] attached to the end of a verb in independant clauses and to the beginning in dependant ones (e.g.'''''auhente'''''; 'I look at you,' '''''tzāvī'r salvae'''''; 'you all gave me the books'), however these are not considered part of a verbs conjugation, and are optional, especially if the information can be assumed or is known between speakers.

====Number of Conjugations====
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Basic conjugation paradigm
|-
! Aspect →
! colspan="4" | Imperfective
! colspan="4" | Perfective
|-
! Mood → Voice ↓
! Indicative
! Subjunctive
! Desiderative
! Potential
! Indicative
! Subjunctive
! Desiderative
! Potential
|-
! Active
| '''aehatz''' They love me
| '''aehet''' They should love me
| '''aehārit''' They want to love me
| '''aehātatz''' They can love me
| '''aehāvī''' They loved me
| '''aehēvī''' They should have loved me
| '''aehāruī''' They wanted to love me
| '''aehātāvī''' They could have loved me
|-
! Middle
| '''aehor''' I love
| '''aeheō''' I should love
| '''aehārō''' I want to love
| '''aehātor''' I can love
| '''aehāvō''' I loved
| '''aehēvō''' I should have loved
| '''aehāruō''' I wanted to love
| '''aehātāvō''' I could have loved
|-
! Passive
| '''aehālō''' I am loved
| '''aehēlō''' I should be loved
| '''aehārēlō''' I want to be loved
| '''aehātālō''' I can be loved
| '''aehāvēlō''' I was loved
| '''aehēvēlō''' I should have been loved
| '''aehāruēlō''' I wanted to be loved
| '''aehātāvēlō''' I could have been loved
|-
! Causative
| '''aehātitz''' They let me love them
| '''aehātiat''' They should let me love them
| '''aehātīrit''' They want to let me love them
| '''aehāssītatz''' They can let me love them
| '''aehātīvī''' They have let me love them
| '''aehātiāvī''' They should have let me love them
| '''aehātīruī''' They wanted to let me love them
| '''aehāssītāvī''' They could have let me love them
|}

==== Conjugation formation ====

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:100%; overflow:auto;">
<div style="font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;"> Conjugation formation </div>
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | {{gcl|IPFV|}}
! colspan ="2" | A-grade
! colspan="2" | I-grade
! colspan="2" | E-grade
! colspan ="2" | Null-grade
|-
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|ACT|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-iā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ār-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er/īr-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er/īr-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā/ītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā/ītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|MID|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ī-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-iā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ār-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er/īr-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er/īr-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā/ītā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā/ītā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|PAS|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ī-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-iā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ār-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er/īr-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er/īr-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā/ītā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā/ītā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|CAUS|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itī/ītī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itī/ītī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itiā/ītiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itiā/itiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itier/ītier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itier/ītier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-āsītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-issītā/īsītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-issītā/īsītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-issītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | {{gcl|PFV|}}
! colspan ="2" | A-grade
! colspan="2" | I-grade
! colspan="2" | E-grade
! colspan ="2" | Null-grade
|-
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|ACT|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/āv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/īv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/ēv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/ēv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/iāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/eāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-āru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru/īru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru/īru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv/ītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv/ītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|MID|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/āv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/īv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/ēv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/ēv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/iā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/eā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-āru-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru/īru-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru/īru-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv/ītāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv/ītāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|PAS|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/āv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/īv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/ēv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/ēv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/iāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/eā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-āru-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru/īru-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru/īru-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv/ītāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv/ītāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|CAUS|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itīv/ītīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itīv/ītīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itiāv/ītiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itiāv/itiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itieru/ītieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itieru/ītieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-āsītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-issītāv/īsītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-issītāv/īsītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-issītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|}
</div></div>

====Principle Parts====
The verb in Aeranir is primarily made of three parts: '''root''', '''theme''', and '''ending''', with an optional forth category, the '''suffix''', for forming the perfective. The root and theme combine to form the '''stem'''. The root carries the semantic content of the word, and can also be conjugated to carry modal imformation. The theme describes how the stem interacts with the ending, and can also be changed, along with the stem and endings, to express a variety of different grammatical meanings. Endings indicate the voice, aspect, person, number, and gender of the most oblique argument in the DGA scheme.
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Basic verb endings
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="3" |
! colspan="2" | Active
! colspan="2" | Middle
! colspan="2" | Passive
|-
! Imperfective
! Perfective
! Imperfective
! Perfective
! Imperfective
! Perfective
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="5" | Singular
! colspan="2" | 1st Person
| ''-itz/-it''
| ''-ī''
| ''-or/-ō''
| ''-ō''
| ''-ēlō''
| ''-ēlō''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | 2nd Person
| ''-in''
| ''-in''
| ''-istī''
| ''-ist''
| ''-ēlāstī''
| ''-ēlast''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="3" | 3rd Person
! ''temporary'' 
| ''-is''
| ''-is''
| ''-erur''
| rowspan="3" | ''-ere''
| ''-ēlārur''
| rowspan="3" | ''-ēlāre''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! ''cyclical'' 
| ''-a''
| ''-a''
| ''-era''
| ''-ēlāra''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! ''eternal'' 
| ''-ī''
| ''-e''
| ''-erur''
| ''-ēlārur''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="5" | Plural
! colspan="2" | 1st Person
| ''-imus''
| ''-ime''
| ''-imur''
| ''-imur''
| ''-ēlāmur''
| ''-ēlāme''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | 2nd Person
| ''-itis''
| ''-ite''
| ''-itur''
| ''-itur''
| ''-ēlātur''
| ''-ēlāte''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | 3rd Person
| ''-intz/-int''
| ''-int''
| ''-intur''
| ''-intur''
| ''-ēlantur''
| ''-ēlante''
|}
The way in which a verb will conjugate can be determined from how it forms the following five constructions:
#the active idicative imperfective first person singular
#the active imperfective accusative infinitive
#the active perfective participle
#the active desiderative imperfective first person singular
#the active indicative perfective first person singular
These five forms are refered to as a verb's ''reference forms''. They are often shortend to ''first person singular'' ({{Smallcaps|1p.sg}}), ''accusative infinitive'' ({{Smallcaps|acc.inf}}), ''perfective participle'' ({{Smallcaps|pfv.ptcp}}), ''desiderative first person singular'' ({{Smallcaps|des.1p.sg}}), and ''perfective first person singular'' ({{Smallcaps|pfv.1p.sg}}) respectively.

The first two of these reference forms determines a verb's '''base theme vowel''', or what vowel is used in its indicative imperfective forms. There are four main thematic classes; one weak or null class, wherein the ending is applied directly to the stem, and three strong classes, wherein a thematic vowel is inserted between the stem and the ending.
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Consonant stem changes
|-

!
! t-stem
! s-stem
|-
| ''-m-''
| → '''''-mpt-'''''
| rowspan="3" | → '''''-s-*'''''
|-
| ''-n-''
| → '''''-nt-'''''
|-
| ''-ñ-''
| → '''''-ñct-'''''
|-
| ''-p-''
| → '''''-pt-'''''
| → '''''-ps-'''''
|-
| ''-t-''
| rowspan="3" | → '''''-ss-''''' → '''''-s-'''''**
| rowspan="3" | → '''''-ss-''''' → '''''-s-'''''**
|-
| ''-tl-''
|-
| ''-tz-''
|-
| ''-c-''
| rowspan="2" | → '''''-ct-'''''
| rowspan="2" | → '''''-x-'''''
|-
| ''-cu-''
|-
| ''-q-''
| rowspan="2" | → '''''-qt-'''''
| rowspan="2" | → '''''-qs-'''''
|-
| ''-qu-''
|-
| ''-s-''
| → '''''-st-'''''
| → '''''-ss-''''' → '''''-s-'''''**
|-
| ''-r-''
| → '''''-st-''''' → '''''-s-'''''** → '''''-rt-'''''††
| → '''''-ss-''''' → '''''-s-'''''** → '''''-rr-'''''††
|-
| ''-l-''
| → '''''-s-'''''** → '''''-lt-'''''††
| → '''''-s-'''''** → '''''-ll-'''''††
|-
| ''-v-''
| → '''''-ut-'''''‡ → '''''-ct-'''''*†† → '''''-qt-'''''*††
| → '''''-ur-'''''‡ → '''''-x-'''''*†† → '''''-qs-'''''*††
|-
| ''-i-''
| rowspan="2" | → '''''-ct-'''''* → '''''-qt-'''''*††
| rowspan="2" | → '''''-x-'''''* → '''''-qs-'''''*††
|-
| ''-h-''
|-
| ''-V-''
| → '''''-Vt-'''''
| → '''''-Vr-'''''
|}

{| class="wikitable floatleft" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Theme-ending combination
|-
! rowspan="2" | ''Ending''
! colspan="3" | ''Theme''
|-
! ''-ā-''
! ''-ē-''
! ''-ī-''
|-
! ''-itz''
| → ''-atz''
| → ''-etz''
| → ''-itz''
|-
! ''-is''
| → ''-ās''
| → ''-ēs''
| → ''-īs''
|-
! ''-a''
| → ''-a''
| → ''-ea''
| → ''-ia''
|-
! ''-ī''
| → ''-ae''
| → ''-ī''
| → ''-ī''
|-
! ''-imus''
| → ''-āmus''
| → ''-ēmus''
| → ''-īmus''
|-
! ''-or''
| → ''-or''
| → ''-eor''
| → ''-ior''
|-
! ''-ēlō''
| → ''-ālō''
| → ''-ēlō''
| → ''-iēlō''
|}
The second two determine a verb's '''t-stem''' and '''s-stem'''. These stem alterations are used for further conjugation, the t-stem forming the ''active'' and ''middle perfective participles'', the ''causative voice'', and the ''potential mood'', and the s-stem forming the ''desiderative''. The t- and s-forms often are identical, however meaning is useally further differentiated by thematic vowels, so completely identical forms are rare.

The final form determines how a verb with form the perfective aspect. Generally, there are three main strategies for this: the application of suffix '''''-u-''''' directly after the stem (e.g. '''''{{term|oelitz}}''''' ("I work") → '''''oeluī''''' ("I worked")), the appication of the suffix '''''-v-''''' after a theme vowel (e.g. '''''{{term|aehatz}}''''' ("they love me") → '''''aehāvī''''' ("they loved me")), or no suffix, with lengthening of the root vowel (e.g. '''''{{term|lecitz}}''''' ("I choose") → '''''lēcī''''' ("I chose")). It should be noted that the perfective is always followed by weak endings.

Occassionally, a thematic vowel, weak or strong, may be inserted before the t- or s-stem. This is most common in verbs with a base thematic ''-ā-'', which often functions as a part of the stem (e.g. '''''aehatz''''' → '''''aehātus''''' ("that loved") '''''aehārit''''' ("they want to love me") vs. '''''{{term|mavatz}}''''' ("I wander") → '''''mautus''''' ("that wandered") '''''maurit''''' ("I want to wander)). This may occur with other theme classes, although it should be noted that ''-ē-'' is never used, and is always replaced with ''-ī-''.

===Aspect===
Aeranir verbs have two basic [[w:Grammatical aspect|aspects]], which express how the verb extends over time. Aspect differs from [[w:Grammatical tense|tense]] in that it deals with the completion or continuity of an action or state, rather than the absolute timeframe inwhich it took place. Each aspect may be in any [[w:Grammatical voice|voice]] and/or [[w:Grammatical mood|mood]]. Aspect is expressed primarily through endings, and secondarily through the suffix, as discussed above.
====Imperfective====
The [[w:Imperfective aspect|imperfective aspect]] describes a situation viewed with interior composition. It describes ongoing, habitual, or repeated situations, rather or not they occured in the past, present, or future. The imperfective aspect is considered the most basic, unmarked aspect of a verb. The stem is uninflected, and endings are attached directly to the verb's basic theme vowel.

====Pefective====
The [[w:Perfective aspect|perfective aspect]] in Aeranir describes situations viewed with exterior composition, which is to say actions which are completed and viewed as a unified whole, whether thet take place in the past present, or future, although this construction is very rarely used in for the future.

There are a variety of different strategies to form the perfective. Many of them involve the ''suffix'', which takes the form of ''-v-'' between vowels and ''-u-'' after consonants. All of them take the perfective endings.
:*Attachment of the suffix directly to the stem.
:::'''''{{term|mentitz}}''''' ("they are healing me") → '''''mentuī''''' ("they healed me")
:::'''''{{term|saepitz}}''''' ("they are cutting me") → '''''saepuī''''' ("they cut me")
:*Attachment of the suffix after base thematic vowel.
:::'''''{{term|sircuitz}}''''' ("they are speaking me") → '''''sircīvī''''' ("they spoke me")
:::'''''{{term|auhetz}}''''' ("they are looking at me") → '''''auhēvī''''' ("they looked at me")
:*No suffix; perfective endings attached directly to the stem, with root vowel lengthening.
:::'''''{{term|iuvatz}}''''' ("they are writing me") → '''''iūvī''''' ("they wrote me")
:::'''''{{term|vehitz}}''''' ("they are carrying me") → '''''vēhī''''' ("they carried me")

===Mood===
====Indicative====
The [[w:Indicative mood|indicative mood]] is the baseline grammatical mood in Aeranir. It is used in declarative statements, to express statements or facts, of what the speaker considers true or known. It is the least marked mood of a verb, taking endings directly to the base theme vowel, stem, or suffix.

====Subjunctive====
The [[w:Subjunctive mood|subjunctive mood]] ({{Smallcaps|subj}}) has numerous, but genreally speaking is used to express such nuances as 'would,' 'should,' or 'may.' It can be used to refer to information that the speaker is unsure about, such as hearsay, or for theoretical or hypotherical situations. It is often found in subordinate clauses, annd may be used for conditional statements (e.g. if..., when...).
{| class="wikitable floatleft" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Subjuntive theme changes
|-
! colspan="2" | Type
! Change
! Example
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Weak Verbs
| ''-ø-'' → '''''-ē-'''''
| ''meñitz'' → '''''meñet'''''
|-
| ''-ē-'' → '''''-ā-'''''
| ''meñēlō'' → '''''meñālō'''''
|-
! rowspan="4" | Strong Verbs
! a-stem 
| ''-ā-'' → '''''-ē-'''''
| ''aehatz'' → '''''aehet''''' ''aehālō'' → '''''aehēlō'''''
|-
! rowspan="2" | i-stem 
| ''-ī-'' → '''''-iā-'''''
| ''sēpitz'' → '''''sēpiat'''''
|-
| ''-iē-'' → '''''-iā-'''''
| ''sēpiēlō'' → '''''sēpiālō'''''
|-
! e-stem 
| ''-ē-'' → '''''-eā-'''''
| ''cōretz'' → '''''cōreat''''' ''cōrēlō'' → '''''cōreālō'''''
|}
=====Forming the subjunctive=====
The subjunctive is formed by shifting a verb's base theme vowel, as described by the table to the left. This shift happens after the stem, but may be either before or after the suffix, depending on whether or not there is a theme vowel before the suffix in the indicative. So the perfective of '''''aehēs''''' ("they should love it") is '''''aehēvis''''' (from indicative '''''aehāvis''''') but '''''sēpiās''''' ("they should cut it") is '''''sēpuēs''''' (from indicative '''''sēpuis'''''), not **''aehāvēs'' or **''sēpēvis''. Although these forms are occasionally found in non-standard writing, they are considered incorrect my grammaticians.

The imperfective subjunctive uses the 1st person sungular ''-it'' instead of ''-itz'', and ''-ō'' instead of ''-or'': '''''{{term|pacitz}}''''', '''''pacior''''' ("they take me, I take") become '''''paciat''''', '''''paciō''''' ("they should take me, I should take").

The 1st person subjunctive perfective in verbs that have no theme vowel before the suffix and does not extend the root vowel is identical to the indicative, and the mood must be inferred through conext: '''''saepuī''''' may be either "they cut me" or "They should cut me." The 3rd person active cyclical singulars in verbs with base theme vowels ''-ī-'' and ''-ē-'' are also identical, e.g. both '''''pacia''''' ("they take it/they should take it"), '''''auhea''''' ("they see it/they should see it").

=====Uses of the subjunctive=====
The subjunctive has numerous uses, ranging from what potentially might be true to what the speaker wishes or commands should happen. It is often translated with 'should', 'could', 'would', 'may' and so on, but in certain contexts it is translated as if it were an ordinary indicative verb.

One use of the subjunctive is the '''speculative subjunction''', used when the speaker imagines what potentially may, might, would, or could happen in the present or future or might have happened in the past. Negation for this type uses '''''{{term|mū}}'''''.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| auheārur seun oeliun stērē
| see-MID.SUBJ.3SG.E this-E.NOM.SG job-NOM.SG hard-ADV
|'This job ''seems'' difficult'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| moeiea Osculan tzānū salva
| please-SUBJ.3SG.C Little.Oscus-ACC.SG gift-ESS.SG book-NOM.SG
|'Little Oscus ''may'' like a book as a gift'}}

The subjunctive may also be used as the '''optative subjunctive''', expressing what the speaker wishes may happen, or wishes had happened. These expresses a weaker or more generalised desire, as opposed to the desiderative mood. Negation for this type uses '''''{{term|mū}}'''''.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ciāvis mū seus incerī pernus
| come-PFV.SUBJ.3SG.T NEG this-T.NOM.SG capital-DAT.SG storm-NOM.SG
|<nowiki>'</nowiki>''If only'' this storm hadn't come to the capital!'}}

The '''jussive subjunctive''' can be used for commands or suggestions for what should happen. It is less direct and far more common than the '''imperative'''. Negation for this type uses '''''{{term|mīm}}'''''.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ven hānō ē vecō veniennō
| go-SUBJ.2SG temple-DAT.SG against curse-DAT.SG win-GER-DAT
|<nowiki>'</nowiki>You ''should'' go to the temple to prevail against the curse'}}

Perhaps the most common use of the subjunctive is the '''conditional subjunctive'''. When the subjunctive is used in a subordinate clause (with the verb moving to the final position), it may carry the meaning 'if, when, should, etc..' This can be used both in finite verb forms, and with participles, the former being more popular in Old inscriptions and the later in Classical ones. Negation for this type uses '''''{{term|mīm}}'''''.

====Desiderative====
The desiderative is used primarily to express wants or desires. While the subjunctive may be used for this as well (see ''optative subjunctive''), the desiderative is considered less abstract or wishful, signalling concrete and actionable wants. It is formed from the s-stem of a verb, with no theme vowel between it and the ending, and using the secondary first person singular and third person plural markers (e.g. ''-it'' and ''-end'' vs. primary ''-itz'' and ''-entz''). Verbs generally follow three patterns to form the s-stem;

:*''-s-'' is appended to the root, causing no other alteration to the root.
::: '''''{{term|requitz}}''''' ("they return me") → '''''reqsit''''' ("they want to return me")
:::'''''{{term|saepitz}}''''' ("they are cutting me") → '''''saepsit''''' ("they want to cut me")
:*''-s-'' is appended after a theme vowel, causing ''-s-'' to become ''-r-''.
:::'''''{{term|sircuitz}}''''' ("they are speaking me") → '''''sircuerit''''' ("they want to speak me")
:::'''''{{term|auhetz}}''''' ("they are looking at me") → '''''auherit''''' ("they want to look at me")
:*''-s-'' is appended to the root, causing some alteration to the root, and perhaps the ''-s-'' augment as well.
:::'''''{{term|iuvatz}}''''' ("they are writing me") → '''''iūrit''''' ("they want to write me")
:::'''''{{term|mentitz}}''''' ("they are healing me") → '''''mēnsit''''' ("they want to heal me")

====Potential====
The '''potential mood''' indicates that, in the opinion of the speaker, one has the ability or capability to do something. It should not be confused with the [[w:Subjunctive mood|subjunctive mood]], which may be used to express that something is likely or possible to occur. The potential always deals with ability. It may be formed from the ''t-stem'' of a verb, plus the thematic vowel ''-a-'' (as opposed to the [[w:Causative|causative voice]], which is formed with the ''t-stem'' plus the thematic vowel ''-i-''). Like the desiderative, there are three main paradigms by which the ''t-stem'' of a verb is formed;

:*''-t-'' is appended to the root, causing no other alteration to the root.
::: '''''{{term|requitz}}''''' ("they return me") → '''''reqtatz''''' ("they can return me")
:::'''''{{term|saepitz}}''''' ("they are cutting me") → '''''saebtatz''''' ("they can cut me")
:*''-t-'' is appended after a theme vowel.
:::'''''{{term|sircuitz}}''''' ("they are speaking me") → '''''sircuitatz''''' ("they can speak me")
:::'''''{{term|auhetz}}''''' ("they are looking at me") → '''''auhitatz''''' ("they can look at me")
:*''-t-'' is appended to the root, causing some alteration to the root, and perhaps the ''-t-'' augment as well.
:::'''''{{term|iuvatz}}''''' ("they are writing me") → '''''iūtatz''''' ("they can write me")
:::'''''{{term|mentitz}}''''' ("they are healing me") → '''''mēnsatz''''' ("they can heal me")

It should be noted that in the causative voice of the potential mood, the first ''-t-'' augment often dissimilates to ''-s/ss-'';

*'''''auhititz''''' ("they let me look at it") → ''**auhitītatz'' → '''''auhissītatz''''' ("they can let me look at it")
*'''''reqtitz''''' ("they let me return it") → ''**reqtītatz'' → '''''reqsītatz''''' ("they can let me return it")

===Voice===
====Active====
====Middle====
The '''middle voice''' (also called the [[w:Mediopassive voice|mediopassive voice]]) is in the middle between the active and the passive voices, as the subject often cannot be categorised as either agent or patient but may have elements of both. The middle voice is usually inherently intransitive, and transitive or ditransitive verbs conjugated into the middle voice usually become intransitive themselves. It is formed by attaching the '''middle verb endings''' to the root of a verb.

The meaning of a verb in the middle voice often depends on the context of the sentence and the lexical properties of the word itself. In its most basic sense, it may be used simply as a valancy decreasing operation. As transitive verbs require an object in the active voice (because transitive verbs must agree with the object), the middle voice may be used merely to omit an object, to highlight the subject or some other part of the sentence, or to simply make a blanket statement.

* '''''aehatz''''' 'they love me' (''active'') → '''''aehor''''' 'I love' (''middle'')
* '''''lecis''''' 'theyi choose themj' (''active'') → '''''lecerur''''' 'theyj choose' (''middle'')

[[w:Animacy|Animacy]] can play a major role in the meaning of a verb in the middle voice. Verbs with more animate subjects, such as people, animals, gods, etc., may be interpreted as more towards an active meaning, whilst less animate subjects, like inanimate objects or possessions, may be interpreted as more passive in meaning.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| auhērur seus ars
| see-MID.3SG.T this-T.NOM.SG wumbo-NOM.SG
|'That wumbo sees'
|c1 = (''more animate'')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| auhēra sea salva
|see-MID.3SG.C this-C.NOM.SG book-NOM.SG
|'That book is seen'
|c1 = (''less animate'')}}

Sometimes, it may have a '''reflexive''' meaning, or the sense of doing something for ones own benefit.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| vascit vominis
|wash-ACT.1SG river-LOC.SG
|'They wash me in a river'
|c1 = (''active voice'')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| vascor vominis
|wash-MID.1SG river-LOC.SG
|'I washed (myself) in a river'
|c1 = (''middle voice'')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| hastās Oscus aprun
|sacrifice-ACT.3SG.T Oscus-NOM.SG fish-ACC.SG
|'Oscus sacrificed a fish'
|c1 = (''active voice'')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| hastārur Oscus aprōrun
|sacrifice-MID.3SG.T Oscus-NOM.SG fish-INSTR.SG
|'Oscus sacrificed a fish (for their benefit)'
|c1 = (''middle voice'')}}

Another important use of the middle voice is the '''experiential middle voice'''. When used with sensory verbs the middle voice may be used to differentiate experiential, nonvolitional sensation (''see, hear, smell, feel, know, etc.''), as opposed to active, volitional sensation (''look, listen, sniff, touch, understand, etc.'') Often times, the object of the sensory verb will be expressed using an oblique case, usually the ablative.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ȳrēs te ponun carīnī hellē
|hear/listen-ACT.3SG.T <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG.NOM voice-ACC.SG friend-GEN.SG happily
|'I like to listen to (my) friend's voice'
|c1 = (''active voice'')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ȳreor ponā carīnī hellē
|hear/listen-MID.1SG voice-ABL.SG friend-GEN.SG happily
|'I like to hear (my) friend's voice'
|c1 = (''middle voice'')}}

The middle voice may also be used with a variety of verbal compliments—usually adverbs—which describe the quality of the subject, or the result of the action. Often times such constructions may be expressed in English as ''adjective to verb'', e.g. 'easy to love'.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| qurrera salva hēs collēcta aplīdiāna iūs
| read-MID.3SG.C book-NOM.SG matters-NOM.SG gather-PFV.PTCP-C.NOM.SG of_Avrid-C.NOM.SG well
|'The book "Collected Matters of Avrid" is a good read' (lit. '~reads well')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| tetuere tīn īvīs lȳrīs saltīs ni fictun satun iūs
| drink-PFV.MID.3SG.E tea-NOM.SG 1PL.PRO-DAT time-LOC.SG pass-PFV.PTCP-T.LOC.SG 2SG<nowiki>=</nowiki> make-PFV.PTCP-E.NOM.SG pour-PFV.PTCP-E.NOM.SG well
|'The tea you made us last time was delicious' (lit. '~drank well')}}

====Passive====
The '''[[w:Passive voice|passive voice]]''' in Aeranir shares many traits with the middle voice, and often times the distinction between the two can be subtle, nuanced, or obscure. The passive was rare in Old Aeranir and even in the Classical period remained unusual, with the middle voice still preferred for passive clauses. It only began to rise in popularity in Late Aeranir. In its most basic form, the grammatical subject ([[w: Nominative case|nominative]] argument) expresses the theme or [[w:Grammatical patient|patient]] of the main verb – that is, the person or thing that undergoes the action or has its state changed. This is opposed to the [[w:Active voice|active voice]], where the nominative argument expresses the agent of a transitive clause or subject of an intransitive one, and the [[w:Voice (grammar)#Middle|middle voice]], which has traits of both.

=====Uses of the passive=====
Unlike the middle voice, the passive is not used for verbal complements, and it cannot take the agent of a verb as its subject. It is never used in verbal complements.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| teterur seun tīn iūs
|drink-MID.3SG.E this-E.NOM.SG tea-NOM.SG well
|'This tea tastes good' (lit. 'it drinks well')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| tetēlārur seun tīn iūs
|drink-PAS.3SG.E this-E.NOM.SG tea-NOM.SG well
|'This tea is drunk often'}}

While the agent may be dropped in a passive clause, it may also be included, using the [[w:Ablative case|ablative case]].

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| praestrōcuēlāre ūlun Cavā Īliānā hānun
|rebuild-PFV.PAS.3SG.E yonder-E.NOM.SG Cava-ABL.SG Ilianus-C.ABL.SG temple-NOM.SG
|'This temple was rebuilt by Cava Iliana'}}

The passive can also be especially with intransitive verbs to form denote an '''unspecified/generic subject'''. This structure may is used to make general statements or observations. Negation for this type uses '''''{{term|mū}}'''''.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| miquientur
|die-MID.3PL.T
|'They are dead/dying.'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| miquiēlantur
|die-PAS.3PL.T
|'There are people dead/dying'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| mūhera (sea) artina inceris alta
|not.enough-MID.3SG.C (this-C.NOM.SG) wumbo-DAT.PL capital-GEN.SG water-NOM.SG
|'This is not enough water for the people of the capital'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| mūhēlāra artina inceris alta
|not.enough-PAS.3SG.C wumbo-DAT.PL capital-GEN.SG water-NOM.SG
|'There is not enough water for the people of the capital'}}

Similarly, the passive can be used to form the ''aversive passive'', denoting an undesirable event or outcome. The affecting action may happen directly to the subject, or to another person or thing.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| cōmerī requintus furuēlō sopere
|home-DAT return-IPFV.PTCP-T.NOM.SG fall-PFV.PAS.1SG snow-ABL.SG
|'Walking home I got snowed on'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| miquīvēlast apiesterā
| die-PFV-PAS.2SG master-ABL.SG
|'Your master has died on you' (i.e., died and it negatively affects you)}}

In some uses of the aversive passive, the subject of the sentence may be difficult to ascertain. For example, the sentence '''''furuī pālā''''' 'I fell from the tree' can be expressed in using the aversive passive, because the action is undesirable. However, the straight aversive passive, '''''furuēlō pālā''''', is ambiguous; it could mean either 'I fell from the tree' (using the ''ablative of motion'') or 'The tree fell on me' (using the ''agentive ablative'').

In the first interpretation, the first person argument is the semantic subject of the clause, whilst in the second it is the tree. In order to emphasise that the semantic subject and syntactic arguments are the same (i.e. it is ''I'' who fell from the tree), the reflexive pronoun ''cē'' may be used; e.g. ''furuī pālā'' ('I fell from the tree') → '''''furuēlō cē pālā''''' ('I fell from the tree, and it negatively affected me' ''lit.'' 'I fell myself from the tree').

====Causative====
===Non-finite forms===
====The infinitive====
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Aeranir infinitives
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" | Imperfective
! colspan="3" | Perfective
|-
! accusative
! oblique
! meaning
! accusative
! oblique
! meaning
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Active
| '''''aehāhan''''' ''-han''
| '''''aehāri''''' ''-ri''
| ''to love (someone)''
| '''''aehāhī''''' ''-hī''
| '''''aehārī''''' ''-rī''
| ''to have loved (someone)''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Middle
| '''''aehāssi''''' ''-ssi''
| '''''aehāiēs''''' ''-iēs''
| ''to love''
| '''''aehāssī''''' ''-ssī''
| '''''aehāiērī''''' ''-iērī''
| ''to have loved''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Passive
| '''''aehātus sinhan''''' ''{{Smallcaps|PFV.PTCP}} + sinhan''
| '''''aehātus fiēs''''' ''{{Smallcaps|PFV.PTCP}} + fiēs''
| ''to be loved''
| '''''aehātus fūhī''''' ''{{Smallcaps|PFV.PTCP}} + fūhī''
| '''''aehātus fiērī''''' ''{{Smallcaps|PFV.PTCP}} + fiērī''
| ''to have been loved''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Causative
| '''''aehātīhan''''' ''-tīhan''
| '''''aehātīri''''' ''-tīri''
| ''to make (someone) love (someone)''
| '''''aehātīhī''''' ''-tīhī''
| '''''aehātīrī''''' ''-tīrī''
| ''to have made (someone) love (someone)''
|}
=====Uses of the infinitive=====
The infinitive in Aeranir can be used to report indirect speech, hearsay, speculation, or sensation.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| pēra tihī incerī ni cīhī
| pass-PFV.3SG.C 1SG.PRO-DAT capital-DAT.SG 2SG<nowiki>=</nowiki> come-PFV.INF
|'They told me that you'd come to the capital'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ȳrēva te Mussā Limī carīnōvus quo neme cōmus strōcēhan
| hear-PFV.3SG.C <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG Mussa-ABL.SG Limius-GEN.SG friend-GEN.PL <nowiki>=</nowiki>and newly home-ACC.SG build-INF
|'I heard from Mussa that Limius and their friends are building a new house'}}

==== The gerund ====
The gerund in Aeranir is a infinite verb form which displays characteristics of both a noun and a verb. It declines for a limited scope of cases (although not for gender nor number), but can take object and adjunct arguments like a verb. It usually has an adverbial/adjectival meaning, and never agrees with the main verb.
===== Forming the gerund =====
* Null-grade verbs: {{gcl|ROOT|root}}''-innū''; e.g. ''tetihan'' ('to drink') → '''''tetinnū''''' ('whilst drinking').
* A-grade verbs: {{gcl|ROOT|root}}''-annū''; e.g. ''iuvāhan'' ('to write') → '''''iuvannū''''' ('whilst writing').
* I-grade verbs: {{gcl|ROOT|root}}''-iennū''; e.g. ''cītīhan'' ('to cut') → '''''cītiennū''''' ('whilst cutting').
* E-grade verbs: {{gcl|ROOT|root}}''-ennū''; e.g. ''aquēhan'' ('to be open') → '''''aquennū''''' ('whilst open').
===== Uses of the gerund =====
The meaning of the gerund changes depending on its case. The essive and locative can be used to indicate temporal action in relation to the main action of a sentence. The essive indicates simultaneous action, i.e. two actions that cooccur. This may be relayed in English via the conjunction 'whilst.'

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| murran travannū pērintur pāliō mater
| wall-ACC.SG walk-GER.ESS converse.PFV-MID.3PL governor-NOM.SG senator-NOM.SG
|'Whilst they walked along the wall, the governor and senator conversed'}}

This overlaps with certain uses of the imperfective participle (see [[Aeranir#Uses of the participle|§ uses of the participle]]), e.g. ''murran travantur pērintur pāliō mater'' is synonymous with the above example. In contrast, the locative gerund is used to show actions beginning at the same time. This may be relayed with English 'when' or 'as.'

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| pāsillan cītiennīs auhēva sartī tūī cōrēssī
| fireword-ACC.SG cut-GER.LOC see-PFV-C.3SG knife-GEN.SG mine-T.GEN.SG break-PFV.MID.ACC.INF
|'As I (began to) cut the firewood, I saw that my knife was broken'}}

This differs from usage of the perfective participle, which signals the main action starting at the end of the dependant one, i.e. ''pāsillan cīsus auhēva sartī tūī cōrēssī'' 'having cut the firewood I saw that my knife was broken.'

In addition, the essive gerund may be used with the verb ''rēhan'' ('to do') in order to express an attempt, goal, or aim. In the perfective aspect, this is usually interpreted as a failed attempt.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| rēvō salvan ā vitlās Īliānōvus iuvannū
| do-PFV-MID.1SG book-ACC.SG over life-ABL.PL Ilian-GEN.PL write-GER.ESS
|'I tried (but failed) to write a book about the lives of the Ilians.'}}

The genitive and dative cases of the gerund are used to express aim, goal, or purpose. The genitive gerund marks the purpose or use of a noun, whilst the dative gerund marks the purpose of a verb or action.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| pea cūran vecunt inceris moñennī
| grow-C.3SG herb-ACC.SG illness-ACC.PL head-GEN.SG heal-GER.GEN
|'They grow an herb for healing illnesses of the head'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| serue te Caescārin mumae ūī sihinnō pāliōna
| order-PFV.E.3SG <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG Caescar-ACC.SG mother-ACC.PL their-T.ACC.PL sate-GER.DAT post-DAT.PL
|'I ordered Caescar to the boarder to appease their parents'}}

Furthermore, the dative gerund may be used with the middle voice of the verb ''rēhan'' ('to do') in a similar way to the essive, however in this case denoting intent, plans, will, or conjecture.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| reor cartō cur Mussiō vannō
| do-MID.1SG dance-DAT.SG with Mussius-DAT.SG go-GER-DAT
|'I intend to go to the dance with Mussius'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| reāvere seō scericca ciennō
| do-MID.SUBJ.PFV-3SG this-DAT.SG undertaker-NOM.SG come-GER-DAT
|'The undertaker should have come here (they planned to do so)'}}

The ablative and instrumental cases of the gerund can be used to express cause, i.e. 'by doing x,' or 'because x.' The ablative generally marks unintentional or natural causes, whilst the instrumental marks intentional cause.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| tlānae ustae quo peannā rēve cōmus pūterē
| flower-ACC.PL that(medial)-C.ACC.PL <nowiki>=</nowiki>and plant-GER-ABL do-PFV-E.3SG house-ACC.SG beautiful-ADV
|'By planting all these flowers you've made the house beautiful'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ustam prī tētē harēnam matrī iminnōrun restērāvist pāliōnū gaeticae
| that(medial)-C.ACC.SG before 1SG-ABL paper-ACC.SG senator-DAT.SG send-GER-INSTR assure-PFV-MID.2SG governor-ESS.SG Gaetica-GEN.SG
|'By sending the senator that letter before me, you've assured your place as governor of Gaetica'}}

==Semantics==
=== Temporal expressions ===

The ancient Aerans divided the day from noon to noon into one hundred '''''lammar''''' (sg. ''lamma'') of equal length, roughly 14.4 minutes long. The daytime was divided into sixteen '''''lȳrar''''' (sg. ''lȳra''), and night into four or five '''''volar''''' (sg. ''vola'') depending on the season. Time was kept on a device called a '''''lammāriun''''', a type of clock. Early ''lammāriunt'' only measured ''lammar'', and one had to consult an almanac ('''''lȳrāriun''''') to determine the length and starting time of each ''lȳra'' or ''vola'' on a given day.

The verb '''''spurhan''''' ('to hang (trans.)') is used to denote spending or taking time;

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| spurra sau īma lamma āmātiō vannō
| hang-MID.C.3SG only one-C.NOM.SG lamma-NOM.SG market-DAT.SG go-GER-DAT
| 'It only takes one ''lamma'' to get to the market'}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| qurrintus spūrint te volae mōrī
| read-PTCP-T.NOM.SG hang.PFV-3PL <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG vola-ACC.PL three-C.ACC.PL
| 'I spent three ''volar'' reading'}}

To denote the amount of time spent on an action, without regard for whether or not the activity was completed or reached its end goal (i.e. atelic action) the essive case is used. To signify the amount of time spent or necessary to spend to complete an activity (i.e. telic action) the instrumental case is used.

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| iūvint te harēnae īmau lȳrau
| write.PFV-3PL <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG letter-ACC.SG one-C.ESS.SG lyra-ESS.SG
| 'I wrote letters for an hour'}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| iūva te harēna īmārun lȳrārun
| write.PFV-C.3SG <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG letter-ACC.SG one-C.INSTR.SG lyra-INSTR.SG
| 'I wrote the letter in an hour'}}

=== Possession ===

There are a number of different strategies in Aeranir to signify possession. Aeranir lacks a [[w:Possession_(linguistics)#Possession_verbs|possession verb]] analogous to English 'to have,' and instead usually signifies possession through different types of [[w:Existential_clause|existential clauses]]. For example, the sentence 'I have a friend' can be expressed by the sentence '''''ēs carīnus tihī''''', which literally means 'there is a friend to me.'

The case of the possessor changes depending its relationship with the possessed:

* '''Locative case''': used for personal possessions that are currently on the person;

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| ēs iarius taurātīs
| COP-T.3SG spear-NOM.SG soldier-LOC.SG
|'The soldier has a spear (on them)'
|c2 = ''lit. 'at the soldier is a spear<nowiki>'</nowiki>''}}

* '''Dative case''': used for personal possessions that are not currently on the person, or for affiliation with persons or people;

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| sintz iariur vulhur taurātiō
| COP-T.3PL spear-NOM.PL many-T.NOM.PL soldier-DAT.SG
|'The soldier has many spears (at home)'
|c2 = ''lit. 'to the soldier are many spears<nowiki>'</nowiki>''}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| sintz menterur tihī octzuin
| COP-T.3PL sibling-NOM.PL 1SG-DAT six
|'I have six siblings'
|c2 = ''lit. 'to me are six siblings<nowiki>'</nowiki>''}}

* '''Ablative case''': used for parts of a whole, or body parts;

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| sī incus iūrun nēnē
| COP-E.3SG head-NOM.SG good-E.NOM.SG 1SG-ABL
|'You have a good head (i.e. are smart)'
|c2 = ''lit. 'from you is a good head<nowiki>'</nowiki>''}}

For metaphorical possession or possession of abstract concepts, such as leadership, power, knowledge, etc., any of these three may be used, for different rhetorical purposes. For example, using the locative implies an immediacy to the possession; that it is in hand, ready to be used. Using the dative implies that the possession is not immediate, but rather something that can be drawn upon, perhaps too vast to 'carry' on one person. This can be more humble or polite than the locative. Using the locative implies that the trait is a fundamental, inalienable, and inherent part of the possessor, rather than something gained or worked for.

=== Conditionals ===

Aeranir has a number of ways of expressing [[w:Conditional sentence|conditional sentences]], depending on the type of condition, as well as the register of speech. Colloquial or spontaneous speech tends to favour the use of finite dependant clauses for the '''''protasis''''' (conditional clause, as opposed to the '''''apodosis''''', or consequence), where as practiced or refined speech, or writing, tend to favour non-finite dependant clauses (this represents a general trend in writing to 'nominalise' all but the most central verb in a sentence, and sometimes the central verb too is made non-finite).

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| sopis furea requeō cōmerī
| snow-NOM.SG fall-SUBJ.C.3SG return-MID.SUBJ.1SG home-DAT.SG
|'If it snows I'm going home'
|c1 = ''(more informal)''}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| soperis furentīs requeō cōmerī
| snow-GEN.SG fall-SUBJ.PTCP-T.LOC.SG return-MID.SUBJ.1SG home-DAT.SG
|'If it snows I'm going home'
|c1 = ''(more formal)''}}

When a non-finite clause is used for a conditional, the verb of the ''protasis'' usually appears in the locative case (an expression of ''time-is-space'' metaphor), unless the two clauses share an argument (e.g. subject, object, etc.) in which case the ''protasis'' takes the same case marking as the shared argument.

Conditional sentences in Aeranir are formed purely through juxtaposition—that is, the placing of two clauses side by side, the verb of the ''protasis'' moved to clause-final position or put into a non-finite form to mark it as dependant. No conjunctive particles like 'if' or 'when' are required. The ''protasis'' takes the subjunctive mood, whilst the mood of the ''apodosis'' indicates the certainty of the conclusion. Aspect, meanwhile, can be used to indicate the certainty of the condition. This distinction may be approximated in English by 'if' versus 'when'

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+ Mood and aspect of conditional sentences
|-
!
! ''Protasis'' certain
! ''Protasis'' uncertain
|-
! ''Apodosis'' certain
| if [''perfective aspect''] then [''indicative mood''] e.g. ''intlae furītīs mollintz tahrer''—'when it rains, the shingles will leak'
| if [''imperfective aspect''] then [''indicative mood''] e.g. ''intlae furentīs mollintz tahrer''—'if it rains, the shingles will leak'
|-
! ''Apodosis'' uncertain
| if [''perfective aspect''] then [''subjunctive mood''] e.g. ''intlae furītīs mollent tahrer''—'when it rains, the shingles might leak'
| if [''imperfective aspect''] then [''subjunctive mood''] e.g. ''intlae furentīs mollent tahrer''—'if it rains, the shingles might leak'
|}

== Numbers ==
<div style="overflow:auto">
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Aeranir numbers 1-400
|-
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
|-
! 1
| ''īmus''
| ''prīstus''
| ''temper''
! 11
| ''īnhīntur''
| ''īnhīnsus''
| ''īnhīntin''
! 21
| ''calhier īmus''
| ''calhitus prīstus''
| ''calhin temper''
! 120
| ''octzāculhier''
| ''octzāculhitus''
| ''octzāculhin''
|-
! 2
| ''sēr''
| ''metzumnus''
| ''vēriēs''
! 12
| ''verhīntur''
| ''verhīnsus''
| ''verhīntin''
! 22
| ''calhier sēr''
| ''calhitus metzumnus''
| ''calhin vēriēs''
! 140
| ''nāculhier''
| ''nāculhitus''
| ''nāculhin''
|-
! 3
| ''morier''
| ''moritus''
| ''moriēs''
! 13
| ''prōhīntur''
| ''prōhīnsus''
| ''prōhīntin''
! 30
| ''calhier qehentzier''
| ''calhitus qehēnsus''
| ''calhin qehen''
! 160
| ''nāquenculhier''
| ''nāquenculhitus''
| ''nāquenculhin''
|-
! 4
| ''quatlur''
| ''quallus''
| ''quatziēs''
! 14
| ''quatlāhīntur''
| ''quatlāhīnsus''
| ''quatlāhīntin''
! 40
| ''verculhier''
| ''verculhitus''
| ''verculhin''
! 180
| ''nātlicculhier''
| ''nātlicculhitus''
| ''nātlicculhin''
|-
! 5
| ''quiquier''
| ''quiqtus''
| ''quiquin''
! 15
| ''quihīntur''
| ''quihīnsus''
| ''quihīntin''
! 50
| ''verculhier qehentzier''
| ''verculhitus qehēnsus''
| ''verculhin qehen''
! 200
| ''tammīttler''
| ''tammīttus''
| ''tammīttziēs''
|-
! 6
| ''octzuer''
| ''octzūmus''
| ''octzuin''
! 16
| ''octzāhīntur''
| ''octzāhīnsus''
| ''octzāhīntin''
! 60
| ''prōculhier''
| ''prōculhitus''
| ''prōculhin''
! 220
| ''tammīttler calhier''
| ''tammīttus calhitus''
| ''tammīttziēs calhin''
|-
! 7
| ''nāier''
| ''nāntus''
| ''nāhin''
! 17
| ''nāhīntur''
| ''nāhīnsus''
| ''nāhīntin''
! 70
| ''prōculhier qehentzier''
| ''prōculhitus qehēnsus''
| ''prōculhin qehen''
! 240
| ''tammīttler verculhier''
| ''tammīttus verculhitus''
| ''tammīttziēs verculhin''
|-
! 8
| ''nāquemur''
| ''nāquemmus''
| ''nāquemin''
! 18
| ''sērēsculhier''
| ''sērēsculhitus''
| ''sērēsculhin''
! 80
| ''quatlāculhier''
| ''quatlāculhitus''
| ''quatlāculhin''
! 260
| ''tammīttler prōculhier''
| ''tammīttus prōculhitus''
| ''tammīttziēs prōculhin''
|-
! 9
| ''nātlittzier''
| ''nātlittzitus''
| ''nātlittzin''
! 19
| ''īmāculhier''
| ''īmāculhitus''
| ''īmāculhin''
! 90
| ''quatlāculhier qehentzier''
| ''quatlāculhitus qehēnsus''
| ''quatlāculhin qehen''
! 280
| ''tammīttler quatlāculhier''
| ''tammīttus quatlāculhitus''
| ''tammīttziēs quatlāculhin''
|-
! 10
| ''qehentzier''
| ''qehēnsus''
| ''qehen''
! 20
| ''calhier''
| ''calhitus''
| ''calhin''
! 100
| ''quicculhier''
| ''quicculhitus''
| ''quicculhin''
! 400
| ''mīttler''
| ''mīttus''
| ''mīttziēs''
|}
</div>

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Aeranir numbers 400-3,200,000
|-
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
|-
! 800
|
|
|
! 16,000
|
|
|
! 320,000
|
|
|
|-
! 1,200
|
|
|
! 24,000
|
|
|
! 480,000
|
|
|
|-
! 1,600
|
|
|
! 32,000
|
|
|
! 640,000
|
|
|
|-
! 2,000
|
|
|
! 40,000
|
|
|
! 800,000
|
|
|
|-
! 2,400
|
|
|
! 48,000
|
|
|
! 960,000
|
|
|
|-
! 2,800
|
|
|
! 56,000
|
|
|
! 1,120,000
|
|
|
|-
! 3,200
|
|
|
! 64,000
|
|
|
! 1,280,000
|
|
|
|-
! 3,600
|
|
|
! 72,000
|
|
|
! 1,440,000
|
|
|
|-
! 4,000
|
|
|
! 80,000
|
|
|
! 1,600,000
|
|
|
|-
! 8,000
|
|
| ''attuin''
! 160,000
|
|
| ''ōtlua attuin''
! 3,200,000
|
|
| ''octzuō''
|}

==Late Aeranir inovations==
===Applicative voices===
Whilst Classical Aeranir was more permissive of adding additional arguments to a clause, so long as the verb's core transitivity were met. Late Aeranir, however, tended to be more restrictive, and required valency increasing operations to express benefactive, comitative, and locative meanings. These applicative morphemes take the form of verbal prefixes.

==Lexicon==

''[[:Category:Aeranir_words|Aeranir Lexicon]]''.

==Footnotes==

[[Category:Aeranir]]
[[Category:Maro-Ephenian Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Avrid]]

Aeranir

2020-07-06T08:51:06Z

Gaffney.flancer: /* Case */

{{construction}}
{{Infobox language
| name = ''Aeranir''
| altname = ''coeñar inceris''
|-
| nativename = ''coeñar aerānir''
| pronunciation = [ˈk̟øː.ɲar ˈɪ̃ŋ̟.k̟ɛ.rɪs̠], [ˈk̟øː.ɲar ɛːˈraː.nɪr]
|-
|creator=Limius
|setting=''[[Avrid]]''
|-
| state = [[Telrhamir]], [[Iscaria]], [[Aeranid Empire]]
| ethnicity = Aeran
| familycolor = PaleGoldenrod
| fam1 = [[Maro-Ephenian languages|Maro-Ephenian]]
| fam2 = Iscaric
|ancestor=[[Proto-Maro-Ephenian]]
|ancestor2=[[Proto-Iscaric]]
|ancestor3=[[Aeranir#Old Aeranir|Old Aeranir]]
|-
| nation = [[Aeranid Empire]]
| minority = [[Iscaria]], [[S'entin]], [[Tevrén]]
| notice = IPA
|iso3 = qco
}}

'''Aeranir''', also known as '''coeñar aerānir''' (''language of the Aerans''), or '''coeñar inceris''' (''language of the capital''), is an Iscaric language in the [[Maro-Ephenian languages|Maro-Ephenian language group]]. It was originally spoken by the [[Aerans]], developed in the deserts of Northern [[Iscaria]] in the city of [[Telrhamir]], and spread with the expanse of the [[Aeranid Empire]] throughout [[Ephenia]], as well as parts of [[Eubora]] and [[Syra]]. It later developed into the Aeranid languages, such as [[Dalot]], [[Ilesse]], [[Iscariano]], [[Îredese]], [[S'entigneis]], and [[Tevrés]]. It is still used throughout Ephenia as a language of theology, science, medicine, literature, and law.

Aeranir had been standardised into Classical Aeranir by the time of the Early Empire, around the second millennia [[New Imperial Age|BNIA]] by the writer and educator Limius. The period before that is generally referred to as Old Aeranir. The language spoken between the 15th and 12th centuries [[New Imperial Age|BNIA]] is generally referred to Late Aeranir. This shift is marked by several grammatical and phonetic shifts. After that period, Aeranir began to splinter off into the various Aeranid languages. A form of Classical Aeranir called New Aeranir or Medieval Aeranir remained in use in official writings even after this period.

Aeranir is a highly inflective and fusional language, with three distinct [[w:Gramatical Gender|genders]], nine [[w:Gramatical Case|cases]], two [[w:Gramatical Aspect|aspects]], four [[w:Gramatical Mood|moods]], three [[w:Gramatical Person|persons]], two or three [[w:Gramatical Voice|voices]], and two [[w:Gramatical Number|numbers]].

==History==
===Periodisation===

{{Graphical timeline

|title=Timeline of Aeranir
|align=right

|plot-colour=#bbeebb

|from=0
|to=3000
|scale-increment=200

|width=10
|height=300
|height-unit=px

|legend1=Aeran settlements

|bar1-from=2400
|bar1-left=0
|bar1-right=0.2

|legend2=City of Telhramir

|bar2-to=2600
|bar2-left=0.1
|bar2-right=0.2

|legend3=Aeranid Kingdom
|legend3-colour=#e0aacc

|bar3-to=2400
|bar3-left=0
|bar3-right=0.2
|bar3-colour=#e0aacc

|
|bar4-to=2104
|bar4-left=0
|bar4-right=0.2
|bar4-colour=red
|legend4=Aeranid Empire
|legend4-colour=red

|
|bar5-to=1266
|bar5-from=825
|bar5-left=0
|bar5-right=0.2
|bar5-colour=#AA98A9
|legend5=Eastern Aeranid Empire
|legend5-colour=#AA98A9

|bar6-from=1172
|bar6-to=1266
|bar6-left=0.1
|bar6-right=0.2
|bar6-colour=blue
|legend6=Western Aeranid Empire
|legend6-colour=blue

|bar7-to=825
|bar7-left=0
|bar7-right=0.2
|bar7-colour=grey
|legend7=Various Nations
|legend7-colour=grey

|bar8-text=Proto-Aeranid
|bar8-to=953
|bar8-from=700
|bar8-left=1
|bar8-right=1.75
|bar8-border-width=1
|bar8-border-colour= #996666
|bar8-colour=lightgrey

|bar9-text=Liturgical Aeranir
|bar9-to=953
|bar9-left=0.2
|bar9-right=1
|bar9-border-width=1
|bar9-border-colour= #996666
|bar9-colour=#cc9999

|bar10-text=Post-Collapse Aeranir
|bar10-from=953
|bar10-to=1266
|bar10-left=0.2
|bar10-right=1.75
|bar10-colour=#99cc99

|bar11-text=Late Aeranir
|bar11-from=1266
|bar11-to=1450
|bar11-left=0.2
|bar11-right=1.75
|bar11-colour=#99cc99
|bar11-border-width=0.1

|bar12-text=Golden Age Aeranir
|bar12-from=1450
|bar12-to=1800
|bar12-left=0.2
|bar12-right=1.75
|bar12-border-width=0.1
|bar12-colour=#99cc99

|bar13-text=Classical Aeranir
|bar13-from=1800
|bar13-to=2200
|bar13-left=0.2
|bar13-right=1.75
|bar13-border-width=0.1
|bar13-colour=#99cc99

|bar14-text=Old Aeranir
|bar14-from=2200
|bar14-to=2500
|bar14-left=0.2
|bar14-right=1.75
|bar14-border-width=0.1
|bar14-colour=#99cc99

|bar15-text=Proto-Iscaric
|bar15-from=2500
|bar15-to=3000
|bar15-left=0.2
|bar15-right=1.75
|bar15-border-width=0.1
|bar15-colour=#bbeebb

|bar16-text=Aeranid Languages
|bar16-to=700
|bar16-from=0
|bar16-left=1
|bar16-right=1.75
|bar16-border-width=1
|bar16-border-colour= #996666
|bar16-colour=grey

|note1=The Collapse
|note1-at=1266
|note1-nudge-right=10
|note1-colour=green

|caption=A timeline of the evolution of Aeranir. The scale is in years BCA. The thin bar to the left denotes the Aeranir (and later Aeranid) speaking powers of the time, whilst the right denotes the evolutionary stage of Aeranir.
}}

The Aeranir language is descended from Proto-Iscaric, a theoretical reconstruction, which is in turn descended from [[Proto-Maro-Ephenian]]. This makes Aeranir a member of the Maro-Ephenian language family, along with Talothic, Fyrdan, and Marian. Because neither of these two proto-languages are attested in writing, it can be difficult to say when they were spoken, and when one transitioned into the other, but scholars generally agree that there was something that could be called Proto-Iscaric around the end of the 4th millennium BCA.

Proto-Iscaric was spoken by numerous Maro-Ephenian tribes which settled in Iscaria at the end of the 4th millennium. This evolved into numerous attested Iscaric languages, of which the language of the Aerans, who settled the region known as Aes, was but one. The oldest evidence of their language is found dating well after the founding of their most famous city, Telhramir, around 2500 BCA. This phase of the language, from around then to the later years of the Aeranid Kingdom, is known as Old Aeranir (called '''''coeñar accuiha aerānir''''' or '''''aerānir accuiha''''' by Classical and Golden Age sources).

==Phonology==
===Consonants===
The following is a table of phonemes in Aeranir. This analysis is based on Classical Aeranir, as it was used during the hight of the [[Aeranid Empire]]. The phonology, especially the number of vowel phonemes, varied greatly time, but this is seen as the standard version of the language.
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Classical consonant phonemes
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | Labial
! colspan="2" | Coronal
! rowspan="2" | Palatal
! colspan="2" | Velar
! colspan="2" | Uvular
! rowspan="2" | Glottal
|-
! central 
! lateral 
! plain 
! labial 
! plain 
! labial 
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Nasal
| m
| n
|
| ɲ
|
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Stop
| p
| t
|
|
| k
| kʷ
| q
| qʷ
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Affricate
|
| ts
| tɬ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Fricative
| f
| s
|
|
|
|
|
|
| h
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Liquid
|
| r
| l
| j
|
| w
|
|
| ɦ
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Golden age consonant phonemes
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | Labial
! colspan="2" | Coronal
! rowspan="2" | Palatal
! colspan="2" | Velar
! colspan="2" | Uvular
! rowspan="2" | Glottal
|-
! central 
! lateral 
! plain 
! labial 
! plain 
! labial 
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| m
| n
|
| ɲ
|
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="3" | Stop
! aspirated
| (pʰ)
| (tʰ)
|
|
| kʰ
|
| qʰ
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! plain
| p
| t
|
|
| k
| kʷ
| q
| qʷ
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! voiced
| (b)
| (d)
|
|
| (g)
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" | Affricate
! voiceless
|
| ts
| tɬ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! voiced
|
| (dz~z)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Fricative
| f
| s
|
|
|
|
|
|
| h
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Liquid
| ʋ
| r
| l
| j
|
|
|
|
| ɦ
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Late consonant phonemes
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | Labial
! colspan="2" | Coronal
! rowspan="2" | Palatal
! colspan="2" | Velar
|-
! central 
! lateral 
! plain 
! labial 
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| m
| n
|
| ɲ
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" | Stop
! voiceless
| p
| t
|
| c
| k
| kʷ
|- style="text-align:center;"
! voiced
| b
| d
|
| ɟ
| g
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Affricate
|
| ts
| tɬ
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Fricative
| f
| s
|
|
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Liquid
|
| r
| l
| j
|
|
|}
====Notes on consonants====
*The clusters /rh/, /nh/, and /lh/ vary greatly between dialects; [rɦ nɦ ɫɦ ~ rg ŋg ɫg ~ ʀː ŋː ʟː].
*The sequence /ks/ is written in the romanisation as ''x''.
*The nasal consonant /n/ assimilates to the place of articulation of the following stop, so that /nk/ or /nqʷ/ for example become /ŋk/ and /ɴʷqʷ/. Before fricatives, /n/ is deleted, and the proceeding vowel is lengthened and nasalised. These processes apply between word boundries as well. Word final /n/ as part of case and personal markers is elided before a word starting with a vowel, fricative, approximate, or before a [[w:Pausa|pausa]]. It often served as a [[w:Shibboleth|shibboleth]] for discerning one's origins or social circles.
*The velar, labio-velar, and labio-uvular consonants /k/, /kʷ/, /q/, and /qʷ/ are palatalised before front vowels and /j/ to [k̟], [kᶣ], [k̠] and [k̠ᶣ] respectively. Futhermore, dental consonants /n/ and /t/ are palatalised before /j/ to [ɲ̟], and [tʲ]. The glottal fricative /h/ is also palatalised to [ç] before high front vowels and /j/. Some dialects also palatalise the postalveolar consonants /s/ and /ts/ to [ɕ] and [tɕ] before front vowels and /j/.
*The labialised consonants /kʷ/, and /qʷ/ are pronounced as truly labialised, rather than a sequence of two consonants, i.e. /kw/, /qw/. The voiced labiovelar stop only occurs after a nasal consonant.
*All consonants, with the exception of /ʋ/, can be geminated between vowels. This is denoted orthographically by doubling of the first letter of the phoneme, i.e. ⟨cc⟩, ⟨ff⟩, ⟨hh⟩, etc. The palatal approximate /j/ is always geminated to [jː] between vowels, but is written with a simple ⟨i⟩. Fricative /hː/ is usually realised as [çː]. In dialects that palatalise /s/ and /ts/, [çː] often becomes [ɕː], merging in some environments with /sː/.
*The lateral approximate /l/ has two allophones in Classical Aeranir; [l] before close front vowels, /j/, and when geminated, and [ɫ] elsewhere.
*The fricative /s/ is often pronounced further back in the mouth, closer to [s̠].
* The phoneme /h/ has two distinct allophones following the nasal /n/. When this cluster occurs natively within a word, /h/ is voiced and velarised to [g]. Nasal /n/ is likewise velarised to [ŋ]. Dialectically, the cluster /ŋg/ may be fortified to [gː] or lenited to [ŋː]. Before front vowels and /j/, these may appear as [ɲʝ], [ŋ˖g˖], [g˖ː], or [ŋ˖ː]. When the cluster /nh/ occurs where /h/ was once word initial, as result of a prefix, the nasal is deleted and the preceding vowel nasalised and lengthened, as with fricatives /s/ and /f/.

===Vowels===
Vowels in Aeranir underwent the greatest amount of change throughout time. Although the standard is considered to me Classical Aeranir as it was spoken in the 17th and 16th centuries {{Smallcaps|[[New Imperial Age|bnia]]}}, this should not be seen in the context of a sliding historical spectrum. Below are listed three somewhat representative samples that provide a broad overview of general changes.
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Old Aeranir vowel phonemes (circa 2300{{Smallcaps|bca}})
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Front
! colspan="2" | Central
! colspan="2" | Back
|-
! short 
! long 
! short 
! long 
! short 
! long 
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Close
| i
| iː
|
|
| u
| uː
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Mid
| e
| eː
|
|
| o
| oː
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Open
|
|
| a
| aː
|
|
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Classical and Golden Age Aeranir vowel phonemes (circa 1600{{Smallcaps|bca}})
|-
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="4" | Front
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Central
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Back
|-
! colspan="2" | plain 
! colspan="2" | rounded 
|-
! short 
! long 
! short 
! long 
! short 
! long 
! short 
! long 
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Close
| ɪ
| iː
| ʏ
| yː
|
|
| ʊ
| uː
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Mid-close
|
| eː
|
| øː
|
|
|
| oː
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Mid-open
| ɛ
| ɛː
|
|
|
|
| ɔ
| ɔː
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Open
|
|
|
|
| a
| aː
|
|
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Late Aeranir vowel phonemes (circa 1200{{Smallcaps|bca}})
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Front
! rowspan="2"| Central
! rowspan="2"| Back
|-
! plain
! round
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Close
| i
| (y)
|
| u
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Mid-close
| e
| (ø)
|
| o
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Mid-open
| ɛ
|
|
| ɔ
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Open
|
|
| a
|
|}
====Notes on vowels====
* The short high rounded vowel /ʏ/ is mostly a loan from [[Dalitian]], and is not found in many native words, or words dating back to Old Aeranir. It is usually realised as [ɪ], and is only rounded in educated speech.
{| class="wikitable floatright"
|+caption | Vowel change from PME to Late Aeranir (in stessed initial syllables)
|-
! [[Proto-Maro-Ephenian|PME]]
! Old
! Classical
! Late
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *u[r₂, r₃, h]i
| → ui /ui̯/
| rowspan="2" | → y /yː/
| rowspan="4" | → i /i/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *i[r₂, r₃, h]u
| → iu /iu̯̯/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *ey, *ehi, *ēy, *hey
| → ei /ei̯/
| rowspan="2" | → ī /iː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *i[r₂, r₃, h]
| → ī /iː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *i
| → i /i/
| → i /ɪ/
| rowspan="3" | → e /e/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *oy, *o[r₂, r₃, h]i, *er₃i, *ōy, *[r₂, r₃, h]oy, *r₃ey
| → oi /oi̯/
| → oe /øː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *eh, *ē
| → e /eː/
| → e /eː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *e
| → e /e/
| → e /ɛ/
| rowspan="2" | → è /ɛ/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *er₂i, *r₂ey
| → ai /ai̯/
| → ae /ɛː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *ow, *o[r₂, r₃, h]u, *ōw, *[r₂, r₃, h]ow, *r₃ew, *ew, *ehu, *ēw, *hew
| → ou /ou̯̯/
| rowspan="2" | → ū /uː/
| rowspan="2" | → u /u/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *u[r₂, r₃, h]
| → ū /uː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *u
| → u /u/
| → u /ʊ/
| rowspan="2" | → o /o/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *o[r₂, r₃, h], *ō, *r₃e[r₂, r₃, h], *r₃ē, *er₃
| → o /oː/
| → o /oː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *o, *r₃e
| → o /o/
| → o /ɔ/
| rowspan="2" | → ò /ɔ/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *er₂u, *r₂ew
| → au /au̯̯/
| → au /ɔː/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *er₂, *r₂ē
| → ā /aː/
| → ā /aː/
| rowspan="2" | → a /a/
|- style="text-align:center;"
| *[r̥₂, r̥₃, h̥]
| → a /a/
| → a /a/
|}
* Most non-intial short vowels in [[Aeranir#Proto-Iscaric|Proto-Iscairc]] were reduced to /i/ by the time of Old Aeranir. Many of these were then further reduced in Classical Aeranir (as discussed above), to the vowels represented by [[w:Diaeresis_(diacritic)|diaeresis]]. These merged in Late Aeranir to a [[w:Schwa|schwa]], but this schwa was deleted in many environments.
* Old Aeranir diphthongs /ei̯/ and /ou̯̯/ may have been realised as hightened pure vowels [eː~e̝ː] and [oː~o̝ː]. Before other vowels, /ei̯/ becomes simple [e] in Classical Aeranir. Likewise, Classical /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ rise to [e] and [o] before another vowel. These were then simplified into glides [j] and [w] in Late Aeranir.
* There are two realisations of high short vowels /ɪ/ and /ʊ/ before another vowel, depending on whether the proceeding syllable it light or heavy. Following a light syllable, the become glides [j] and [w]. Follwing a heavy syllable, an [[w:Ephethesis#Anaptyxis|anaptyctic]] vowel is inserted, becoming [ɪj] and [ʊw]. These vowels are not represented in the orthography.
* Some peripheral dialects of Late Aeranir retained rounded front vowels /y/ and /ø/, while in most, including the speech of Telrhamir, they merged with their plain counterparts /i/ and /e/ respectively.

===Stress===
Syllable stress in Old Aeranir fell uniformly on the first syllable of a word. However, by the time of Classical Aeranir, stress had shifted to a more complex paradigm, generally falling on the '''penult''' (the second to last syllable) or the '''antipenult''' (the third to last syllable). Which one was determined by the '''weight''' of the penult.

Syllables are divided into one of two categories, or weights. These are '''light''' syllables and '''heavy''' syllables. A light syllable contains a maximum of one short vowel, alone or proceeded by a consonant or consonant cluster, while a heavy syllable may contain a long vowel, a coda consonant, or both. If the penult of a word is heavy, it is stressed. If not, the antipenult is stressed.
=== Dialects ===
;Pēcilia Cūvae
: The ''pēcilia cūvae'' ('Cuvan swing') refers to the particular musical quality of the Aeranir spoken in the Aes city of Cuva (''cūva'') during the classical and golden age of Aeranid civilisation. It was likened in the earliest records to the ''pēcilia traecōvus'' ('talothic swing'), and occasionally referred to as the ''pōnus traeceus'' ('talothic voice'). However, by the golden age, Talothic had lost its distinct melodious accent, and the these terms fell out of use. This is believed to be the reason that citizens of Cuva were called ''traeceolar'' ('little taloths'), and is the origin of the name of the city Triggiolari, founded as ''Traeceolar''.

: Rather than the stress-accent of standard capitoline Aeranir, the speech of Cuva is marked by a distinctive [[w:Pitch-accent language|pitch accent]]. Pitch in Cuva begins low, and then rises until a [[w:Mora|kernel mora]], after which it immediately falls. Placement of the kernel mora generally falls on the third to last mora. However, the way morae are counted is somewhat complex. A short vowel, either proceeded by a consonant or consonant cluster, or bare, counts as one mora, and a long vowel of (spurious) diphthong counts as two. On top of that, coda consonants, rather singletons or clusters, also count as a mora. So, for example, each syllable of the word ''āctās'' is three morea; ''a-a-c.ta-a-s''

: Pitch accent manifests differently depending on where the kernel falls. Then the kernel falls on a vowel, there is a [[w:Downstep|downstep]] before it; e.g. ''āctās'': ''a-a-c.ta-a-s'' /àák.tààs/ [ǎːk.tàːs].

==Syntax==
===Word order===
Aeranir is generally verb-initial in independent clauses, and verb-final in dependant clauses, including non-finite clauses using the infinitive, participle, gerund, etc.. These rules may be violated in poetry, however it is much more common to violate the former than the later.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| qurra Rāscānus salvan
| read-3SG.C Rascanus-NOM.SG book-ACC.SG
|'Rascanus is reading a book'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| Rāscānus salvan qurrea
| Rascanus-NOM.SG book-ACC.SG read-SUBJ.3SG.C
|'should Rascanus be reading a book...'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| sircuīva īliō Rāscānus salvan qurrīhan
| tell-PFV.3SG.C Ilius-DAT.SG Rascanus-NOM.SG book-ACC.SG read-INF
|'Rascanus told Ilius that he was reading a book'}}

Nominal clitics attach to the end of verbs in independent clauses, and the beginning of verbs in dependant clauses.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| tetue ne tīn
| drink-PFV.3SG.E <nowiki>=</nowiki>2SG tea-ACC.SG
|'You drank the tea'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| tīn ni tessun
| tea-NOM.SG 2SG<nowiki>=</nowiki> drink-PFV.PTCP-E.NOM.SG
|'The tea you drank'}}

Word order is much more free for nouns and noun phrases. Adjectives and genitives may either proceed or follow a noun (e.g. '''''formun cōmus''''' or '''''cōmus formun''''', both 'the warm house;' '''''umae menter''''' or '''''menter umae''''', both 'my mother's sibling'), although they adjectives generally follow, whilst genitives generally proceed. Prepositions always proceed their noun, whilst postpositions, which are far less common, always follow.

Due to agreement in gender, case, and number between nouns and adjectives, additional nouns may be inserted between a noun and its adjective without changing the meaning, in what is called [[w:Hyperbaton|hyperbaton]]:

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ȳrē arte tihī iūre
| listen-IMP person-VOC.SG 1SG.PRO-DAT good-T.VOC.SG
|'Listen to me good fellow!'}}

==Nouns==
===Gender===
Aeranir nouns are divided into three [[w:Grammatical Gender|genders]], all of which are directly inherited from late [[Proto-Maro-Ephenian]]. These known as the '''temporary''' ('''{{Smallcaps|t}}'''), '''cyclical''' ('''{{Smallcaps|c}}'''), and '''eternal''' ('''{{Smallcaps|e}}''') genders. The gender of a noun effects the adjectives and verbs that refer to it.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ēs ars raius
| COP.3SG.T wumbo(T)-NOM.SG small-T.NOM.SG
|'It's a small wumbo'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| sa tlāna raia
| COP.3SG.C flower(C)-NOM.SG small-C.NOM.SG
|'It's a small flower'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| sī nātlun raiun
| COP.3SG.E shell(E)-NOM.SG small-E.NOM.SG
|'It's a small shell'}}

The gender of most nouns can be easily inferred from its ending. Furthermore, there is often overlap between meaning and gender. Animate living beings and small, breakable objects are often temporary, while abstract concepts, natural processes, or seasonal plants are usually cyclical, and large, durable, inanimate objects are most likely eternal. However, some nouns have no relation to their gender. Personal names are either temporary or cyclical; eternal names are reserved for gods.

===Case===
Nouns in Aeranir have a series of different forms, called cases of the noun, which have different functions or meanings. For example, the word for 'king' is ''{{term|rēs}}'' when subject of a verb, but ''rēnin'' when it is the object:
* ''auhēs rēs'' 'the king sees (someone)' ([[w:Nominative case|nominative case]])
* ''auhēs rēnin'' '(someone) sees the king' ([[w:Accusative case|accusative case]])
There are a total of nine cases for most nouns in Aeranir. Outside of the nominative and accusative, they are as the following:
* [[w:Vocative case|Vocative]]: ''rēne iō!'': 'o king!'
* [[w:Essive case|Essive]]: ''seū rēnū'': 'as this king'
* [[w:Instrumental case|Instrumental]]: ''seōrun rēnerun'': 'using this king'
* [[w:Genitive case|Genitive]]: ''sī rēnis'': 'of this king'
* [[w:Dative case|Dative]]: ''seō rēnī'': 'to/for this king'
* [[w:Ablative case|Ablative]]: ''seā rēni'': 'from/by this king'
* [[w:Locative case|Locative]]: ''sīs rēnīs'': 'at/with the king'
Sometimes the same endings, e.g. ''-ī'' and ''-ēs'', are used for more than one case. Since the function of a word in Aeranir is shown by ending rather than word order, in theory ''requor rēnī'' could mean either 'I return to the king' or 'I return from the king.' In practice, however, such ambiguities are rare.

==== Uses of the cases ====
===== Genitive =====
The use of the genitive case in subordinate clauses has changed throughout the history of Aeranir, and even within the span of time referred to as 'Golden Age Aeranir,' usage was shifting. In Classical and Golden Age Aeranir the genitive could be used with the active voice to mark the subject of the verb, whilst in the middle voice it marked the object. The later is similar to the use of the genitive as a partitive object in [[Classical Talothic|Talothic]]. Some believe this similarity to be the inherited from [[Proto-Maro-Ephenian]], whilst others claim that it is a case of parallel evolution or mutual influence.
:{{interlinear|box=yes
| tzilla artis auhita
| cat-NOM.SG person-GEN.SG see-PFV.PTCP-C.NOM.SG
| 'The cat the person saw'}}

:{{interlinear|box=yes
| ars tzillae auhitūnus
| person-NOM.SG cat-GEN.SG see-PFV.PTCP-T.NOM.SG
| 'The person who saw the cat'}}
The use of genitive objects dwindled in later Golden Age and Late Aeranir, being replaced by the accusative case with the active voice, or the ablative case with the middle voice, as in independent clauses. However, it remained used to mark the subject of dependent clauses, and in Late Aeranir even began to replace the nominative case in independent ones.

===== Ablative =====

* '''Ablative of motion''' implies movement away from or out of an object:
:{{interlinear|box=yes
| furuis pālā
| fall-PFV-T.3SG tree-ABL.SG
| 'They fell from the tree'}}

* '''Agentive ablative''' marks the agent by whom the action of a passive verb in performed:
:{{interlinear|box=yes
| īcēlāre pannun Traetiā cnōtun
| eat-PFV-PASS-E.3SG bread-NOM.SG Traetius-ABL.SG last-E.NOM.SG
| 'The last of the bread was eaten by Traetius'}}

===Declensions===
====Class I====
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+Class I noun
|-
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" |
! colspan="4" | ''{{term|salva}}'' c. book, tome
|-
! colspan="2" | Singular
! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
! word
! ending
! word
! ending
|-
! rowspan="3" | Primary '''''prīstūmus'''''
! scope="row" | Nominative
| ''salva''
| '''''-a'''''
| ''salvar''
| '''''-ar'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Accusative
| ''salvan''
| '''''-an'''''
| ''salvae''
| '''''-ae'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Vocative
| ''salva''
| '''''-a'''''
| ''salvar''
| '''''-ar'''''
|-
! rowspan="3" | Existential '''''soniāmus'''''
! scope="row" | Essive
| ''salvau''
| '''''-au'''''
| ''salvur''
| '''''-ur'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Instrumental
| ''salvārun''
| '''''-ārun'''''
| ''salvōs''
| '''''-ōs'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Genitive
| ''salvae''
| '''''-ae'''''
| ''salvābus''
| '''''-ābus'''''
|-
! rowspan="3" | Directive '''''satūmus'''''
! scope="row" | Dative
| ''salvō''
| '''''-ō'''''
| ''salvāna''
| '''''-āna'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Ablative
| ''salvā''
| '''''-ā'''''
| ''salvās''
| '''''-ās'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Locative
| ''salvīs''
| '''''-īs'''''
| ''salvā''
| '''''-ā'''''
|}

====Class II====
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+Class II temporary/eternal nouns
|-
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" |
! colspan="4" | ''{{term|pernus}}'' t. storm, chaos
! colspan="4" | ''{{term|nātlun}}'' e. shell, carapace
|-
! colspan="2" | Singular
! colspan="2" | Plural
! colspan="2" | Singular
! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
! word
! ending
! word
! ending
! word
! ending
! word
! ending
|-
! rowspan="3" | Primary '''''prīstūmus'''''
! scope="row" | Nominative
| ''pernus''
| '''''-us'''''
| ''pernur''
| '''''-ur'''''
| rowspan="3" | ''nātlun''
| rowspan="3" | '''''-un'''''
| rowspan="3" | ''nātlunt''
| rowspan="3" | '''''-unt'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Accusative
| ''pernun''
| '''''-un'''''
| ''pernī''
| '''''-ī'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Vocative
| ''perne''
| '''''-e'''''
| ''pernur''
| '''''-ur'''''
|-
! rowspan="3" | Existential '''''soniāmus'''''
! scope="row" | Essive
| ''pernū''
| '''''-ū'''''
| ''pernur''
| '''''-ur'''''
| ''nātlū''
| '''''-ū'''''
| ''nātlur''
| '''''-ur'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Instrumental
| ''pernōrun''
| '''''-ōrun'''''
| ''pernōs''
| '''''-ōs'''''
| ''nātlōrun''
| '''''-ōrun'''''
| ''nātlōs''
| '''''-ōs'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Genitive
| ''pernī''
| '''''-ī'''''
| ''pernōvus''
| '''''-ōvus'''''
| ''nātlī''
| '''''-ī'''''
| ''nātlōvus''
| '''''-ōvus'''''
|-
! rowspan="3" | Directive '''''satūmus'''''
! scope="row" | Dative
| ''pernō''
| '''''-ō'''''
| ''pernōna''
| '''''-ōna'''''
| ''nātlō''
| '''''-ō'''''
| ''nātlōna''
| '''''-ōna'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Ablative
| ''pernā''
| '''''-ā'''''
| ''pernōs''
| '''''-ōs'''''
| ''nātlā''
| '''''-ā'''''
| ''nātlōs''
| '''''-ōs'''''
|-
! scope="row" | Locative
| ''pernīs''
| '''''-īs'''''
| ''pernā''
| '''''-ā'''''
| ''nātlīs''
| '''''-īs'''''
| ''nātlā''
| '''''-ā'''''
|}

==Pronouns==
===Personal Pronouns===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Personal pronouns
|-
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" |
! colspan="4" | First person
! colspan="4" | Second person
! colspan="4" | Reflexive
|-
! colspan="2" | singular ''I''
! colspan="2" | plural ''we''
! colspan="2" | singular ''you''
! colspan="2" | plural ''y'all''
! colspan="2" | singular/plural ''himself/herself/ itself/themselves''
|-
! full
! clitic
! full
! clitic
! full
! clitic
! full
! clitic
! full
! clitic
|-
! rowspan="3" | Primary ''prīstūmus''
! Nominative
| rowspan="2" | ''aecū''
| rowspan="7" | ''te''
| rowspan="2" | ''eōs''
| rowspan="7" | ''ī''
| rowspan="2" | ''hanae''
| rowspan="7" | ''ne''
| rowspan="2" | ''rōs''
| rowspan="7" | ''er''
| rowspan="3" | ''cē''
| rowspan="7" | ''ce''
|-
! Vocative
|-
! Accusative
| ''tē''
| ''eon''
| ''nē''
| ''ron''
|-
! rowspan="2" | Existential ''soniāmus''
! Essive
| ''tōs''
| ''eor''
| ''nōs''
| ''rō''
| ''cū''
|-
! Genitive
| ''tī''
| ''īster''
| ''nī''
| ''rester''
| ''cī''
|-
! rowspan="2" | Directive ''satūmus''
! Dative
| ''tihī''
| ''īvīs''
| ''nivī''
| ''urvīs''
| ''civī''
|-
! Ablative
| ''tētē''
| ''eōvōs''
| ''nēnē''
| ''rōvōs''
| ''cēcē''
|}

===Third person pronouns===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Personal pronouns
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
|-
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
|-
! rowspan="3" | Primary ''prīstūmus''
! Nominative
| rowspan="2" | ''us''
| rowspan="2" | ''va''
| rowspan="3" | ''um''
| rowspan="2" | ''ur''
| rowspan="2" | ''var''
| rowspan="3" | ''ūns''
|-
! Vocative
|-
! Accusative
| ''um''
| ''vam''
| ''vī''
| ''vae''
|-
! rowspan="3" | Existential ''soniāmus''
! Essive
| ''ū''
| ''vau''
| ''ū''
| ''ur''
| ''vur''
| ''ur''
|-
! Instrumental
| ''urun''
| ''vārun''
| ''urun''
| ''vēs''
| ''vōs''
| ''vēs''
|-
! Genitive
| ''vis''
| ''vae''
| ''vis''
| ''vus''
| ''vāvus''
| ''vus''
|-
! rowspan="3" | Directive ''satūmus''
! Dative
| ''vī''
| ''vō''
| ''vī''
| ''vina''
| ''vāna''
| ''vina''
|-
! Ablative
| ''vit''
| ''vā''
| ''vit''
| ''vēs''
| ''vās''
| ''vēs''
|-
! Locative
| ''vis''
| ''vīs''
| ''vis''
| ''vā''
| ''vā''
| ''vā''
|}

=== Demonstrative pronouns ===
Demonstratives underwent a great deal of change during the latest stages of Classical Aeranir, and much of the older forms were preserved in Golden Age Aeranir alongside their newer counterparts. The Classical Aeranir distal and medial demonstratives were formed from the third person pronoun ''us, va, un'' plus a suffix. This produced a variety of irregular forms, which were regularised in early Golden Age Aeranir. However, which stem was taken to become the new regular form varied between times, locations, and speakers. Generally, two stems were predominant for each demonstrative; with the medial varying between ''ust-'' and ''unt-'' and the distal between ''ūl-'' and ''ull-''. Eventually, the former of the two became more common, although the latter remained in marginal use, even into the Aeranid languages.
<div style="overflow:auto">
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Old demonstrative pronouns
|-
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="6" | '''''seus, sea, seun''''' this, this one (proximal)
! colspan="6" | '''''ustus, usta, untun''''' that of yours (medial)
! colspan="6" | '''''ūlus, ūla, ūllun''''' that, that one (distal)
|-
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
! colspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="3" | Plural
|-
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
! Temporary
! Cyclical
! Eternal
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Nominative
| ''seus''
| ''sea''
| rowspan="3" | ''seun''
| ''seur''
| ''sear''
| rowspan="3" | ''seunt''
| ''ustus''
| ''usta''
| rowspan="3" | ''untun''
| ''urtur''
| ''urtar''
| rowspan="3" | ''untunt''
| ''ūlus''
| ''ūla''
| rowspan="3" | ''ullun''
| ''ullur''
| ''ullar''
| rowspan="3" | ''ullunt''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Accusative
| ''seun''
| ''sean''
| ''sī''
| ''seae''
| ''untun''
| ''untan''
| ''vītī''
| ''vītae''
| ''ullun''
| ''ullan''
| ''vīlī''
| ''vīlae''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Vocative
| ''sē''
| ''sea''
| ''seur''
| ''sear''
| ''uste''
| ''usta''
| ''urtur''
| ''urtar''
| ''ūle''
| ''ūla''
| ''ullur''
| ''ullar''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Essive
| ''seū''
| ''seau''
| ''seū''
| colspan="3" | ''seur''
| ''ūtū''
| ''ūtau''
| ''ūtū''
| colspan="3" | ''urtur''
| ''ūlū''
| ''ūlau''
| ''ūlū''
| colspan="3" | ''ullur''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Instrumental
| ''seōrun''
| ''seārun''
| ''seōrun''
| colspan="3" | ''seōs''
| ''untōrun''
| ''untārun''
| ''untōrun''
| colspan="3" | ''vēstōs''
| ''ullōrun''
| ''ullārun''
| ''ullōrun''
| colspan="3" | ''vēlōs''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Genitive
| ''sī''
| ''seae''
| ''sī''
| ''seōvus''
| ''seāvus''
| ''seōvus''
| ''vistī''
| ''vistae''
| ''vistī''
| ''vustōvus''
| ''vustāvus''
| ''vustōvus''
| ''vīlī''
| ''vīlae''
| ''vīlī''
| ''vūlōvus''
| ''vūlāvus''
| ''vūlōvus''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Dative
| colspan="3" | ''seō''
| ''seōna''
| ''seāna''
| ''seōna''
| colspan="3" | ''vītō''
| ''vintōna''
| ''vintāna''
| ''vintōna''
| colspan="3" | ''vīlō''
| ''villōna''
| ''villāna''
| ''villōna''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Ablative
| colspan="3" | ''seā''
| ''seōs''
| ''seās''
| ''seōs''
| colspan="3" | ''vistā''
| ''vēstōs''
| ''vēstās''
| ''vēstōs''
| colspan="3" | ''vīlā''
| ''vēlōs''
| ''vēlās''
| ''vēlōs''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Locative
| colspan="3" | ''sīs''
| colspan="3" | ''seā''
| colspan="3" | ''vistīs''
| colspan="3" | ''vātā''
| colspan="3" | ''vīlīs''
| colspan="3" | ''vālā''
|}
</div>
Even after the new regular demonstratives had been widely adopted, the old ones continued to be used for stylistic purposes, and where considered more proper for official writing, speech, and communication.

In Classical Aeranir, demonstratives could stand for a person or thing, but also a place—there was no distinction between 'this' and 'here.' However, in Golden Age Aeranir, another one of the old stems was generalised to create dedicated locative pronouns '''''vistus, vista, vistun''''' 'there (near you),' and '''''vīlus, vīla, vīlun''''' 'there (far away).' By analogy, the proximal locative demonstrative '''''viseus, visea, viseun''''' 'here' was also created. These were used along side the regular demonstratives to express location.

===Possessive pronouns===
Possessive pronouns in Aeranir distinguish between many more different types of possession than ordinary nouns, which use only the genitive to mark possession, ownership, association, etc. Pronouns distinguish both alienable and inalienable possession.

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Possessive pronouns
|-
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | 1st person
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | 2nd person
! colspan="6" | 3rd person
! rowspan="3" | reflexive
|-
! colspan="2" | proximal
! colspan="2" | distal
! colspan="2" | medial
|-
! singular
! plural
! singular
! plural
! singular
! plural
! singular
! plural
! singular
! plural
|- style="text-align:center;"
! inalienable
| ''tī'' ''te''
| ''īster''
| ''nī'' ''ne''
| ''rester''
| ''sī'' ''se''
| ''seōvus''
| ''ūlī''
| ''ūlōvus''
| ''ustī''
| ''ustōvus''
| ''cī'' ''ce''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! alienable
| ''tuius''
| ''eius''
| ''nuius''
| ''ruius''
| colspan="2" | ''seius''
| colspan="2" | ''ūleius''
| colspan="2" | ''usteius''
| ''cuius''
|}

Objects of inalienable possession are marked with the genitive of a personal or demonstrative pronoun. These include body parts, kinship and familiarity terms, personal attributes, emotions, or thoughts. These pronouns generally proceed the possessee, although that is not always the case, especially in poety. Singular pronouns ''tī'', ''nī'', ''cī'', ''sī'', ''ustī'', and ''ūlī'' may be appear as ''tei'', ''nei'', ''cei'', ''sei'', ''usti'', ''ūli'' before words starting with a vowel, and ''te'', ''ne'', ''ce'', ''se'', ''ust'', ''ūl'' before words starting with ''i''.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| se incus
| this-T.GEN.SG head-NOM.SG
|'this one's head'}}

Alienable possession, including essentially all other categories, is marked via possessive adjectives. These adjective may appear either before or after the possessee, but usually come afterwards. Oftentimes, the different use of alienable/inalienable pronouns may hint at a difference in meaning. The word '''''indus''''', for example, may mean 'head,' but also 'capital' or 'leader.' With inalienable pronouns, however, it always means 'head,' versus with alienable pronouns, it means 'capital,' or 'leader' because while a head is inalienable, a capital or leader is not. However, this might not always be the case, depending on the possessor and context.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ēs incus telūhramir tuius
| COP.3SG.T head-NOM.SG mesa-ESS.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>hram-GEN.PL mine-T.NOM.SG
|'My capital is Telhramir'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ēs ūlae (tlānae aerānihae) incus telūrhamir
| COP.3SG.T that_one's-C.GEN.SG (flower-GEN.SG Aeranid-C.GEN.SG) head-NOM.SG mesa-ESS.SG<nowiki>=</nowiki>rham-GEN.PL
|'Its (the Aeranid Empire's) capital is Telrhamir'}}

==Adverbs==
Adverbs in Aeranir are used to modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs indicating time, manner, or place.
Most adjectives are formed from nouns or adjectives, although they can be derived from some verbs, especially stative verbs. There are a variety of different formulation strategies, depending on the class of the noun/adjective/verb.
*''formus'' ("warm" 1st-2nd declension adjective) → '''''formē''''' ("warmly")
*''aerās'' ("an Aeran" 3rd declension noun) → '''''aerāne''''' ("like an Aeran")
*''raelis'' ("a child" 3rd declension i-stem noun) → '''''raeliter''''' ("like a child")
*''vȳlēs'' ("three days from now" 4th declension noun) → '''''vȳlē''''' ("every three days")
*''sacus'' ("a pin" 5th declension noun) → '''''saciter''''' ("sharply, like a pin")
One of the most notable uses of the adverbial form is with verbs like ''ficitz'' ("it makes me"), ''fitz'' ("I become"), and ''caitz'' ("I change into"). Adverbs can be used to denote the result of a change of state in such a clause.
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| fīx prīstus pāliōne Boezymiae
| make.PFV-3SG.T first-NOM.SG provincial_governor-ADV Boezymia-GEN.SG
|'The First Senator made them provincial governor of Boezymia'}}
:{{interlinear | box=yes
| sa Īliō qūria tzillē cainnī
| COP-3SG.C Ilius-DAT.SG power-NOM.SG cat-ADV change_form-GER-GEN
|'Ilius has the power to turn into a cat'}}

==Verbs==
===Conjugation===
====Agreement====
[[File:Dga pyramid.png|thumb|250px|right|The ''DGA pyramid'', originally developed by u/Darkgamma, 2018. ''[https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/aarsyy/the_total_cacophony_of_bäladiri_verb_agreement/ The Total Cacophony of Bäladiri Verb Agreement and Argument Assignment]''.]]
Verbs in Aeranir are conjugated to agree with the [[w:Grammatical number|number]], the [[w:Grammatical person|person]], and in the third person singular, the [[w:Grammatical gender|gender]] of the most oblique argument given a word's [[w:Valency (linguistics)|valency]], as defined by the ''DGA pyramid''<ref>https://www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/aarsyy/the_total_cacophony_of_bäladiri_verb_agreement/</ref>. Here, '''S''' represents the [[w:Subject (grammar)|subject]] of an [[w:Intransitive verb|intransitive verb]], such as 'the person' in 'the person laughed.' '''A''' represents the [[w:Agent (grammar)|agent]] of a [[w:Transitive verb|transitive verb]] (also occasually called the [[w:Subject (grammar)|subject]]), or the person or thing that does the action of the verb, such as 'the child' in 'the child reads the book.' '''D''' marks the donor, a special type of agent, who gives something or does a the action of a verb for the benefit of another, such as ‘the senator’ in ‘the senator gave the cat some milk.’ These are collectively called the '''nominative argument''', and are expressed usually with the [[w:Nominative case|nominative case]], but also occasionally with the [[w:Genitive case|genitive case]] in dependant clauses.

'''P''' represents the [[w:Patient (grammar)|patient]] of a [[w:Transitive verb|transitive verb]], or the person or thing towhich the verb is done, also called the '''direct object''', such as ‘the book’ in ‘the child reads the book.’ '''T''' represents the '''theme''', or the object that is given to someone or something, such as ‘the milk’ in ‘the senator gave the cat some milk.’ These two roles make up the '''accusative argument''', which is marked with the [[w:Accusative case|accusative case]]. Finally, '''R''' represents the '''recipient''', or the person who recieves the theme from the donor, or benefits from the donor's action, with a [[w:Ditransitive verb|ditransitive verb]], also commonly called the '''indirect object''', such as 'the cat' in 'the senator gave the cate some milk.'

Aeranir verbs conjugate their endings to agree with the most oblique argument in a clause. That means the '''subject''' of an '''intransitive verb''' (e.g. '''''clautitz'''''; 'I laugh'), the '''patient''' of a '''transitive verb''' (e.g. '''''auhente'''''; 'I look at you'), or the '''recipient''' of a '''ditransitive verb''' (e.g. '''''tzavī'r salvae'''''; 'you all gave me the books').

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| mollī cōmus
| leak-3SG.E house-NOM.SG
|'The house is leaking'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| requis te coptin nuiun
| return-3SG.C <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG hat-ACC.SG 2SG.POS.PRO-T.ACC.SG
|'I'm giving back your hat'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| imptās ne mu sōlī nomī Sētīlī
| send-POT.3SG.T <nowiki>=</nowiki>2SG <nowiki>=</nowiki>INTERR clothing-ACC.PL new-IPFV.PTCP-T.ACC.SG Setil-DAT.SG
|'Can you send Setil the new clothes?'}}

It should be noted that a verb in the [[w:Active voice|active voice]] must always have the maximum number of arguments according to its inherent transitivity. This means, for example, that one can never say 'John eats.' Because 'to eat' is transitive, there must be a patient, or direct object, e.g. 'John eats food.' However, there are a number of valancy dropping operations available in Aeranir to allow various arguments to be dropped, which are discussed in the section on [[w:Voice (grammar)|voice]].

Additional arguments can be expressed with [[w:Clitic|pronominal clitics]] attached to the end of a verb in independant clauses and to the beginning in dependant ones (e.g.'''''auhente'''''; 'I look at you,' '''''tzāvī'r salvae'''''; 'you all gave me the books'), however these are not considered part of a verbs conjugation, and are optional, especially if the information can be assumed or is known between speakers.

====Number of Conjugations====
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Basic conjugation paradigm
|-
! Aspect →
! colspan="4" | Imperfective
! colspan="4" | Perfective
|-
! Mood → Voice ↓
! Indicative
! Subjunctive
! Desiderative
! Potential
! Indicative
! Subjunctive
! Desiderative
! Potential
|-
! Active
| '''aehatz''' They love me
| '''aehet''' They should love me
| '''aehārit''' They want to love me
| '''aehātatz''' They can love me
| '''aehāvī''' They loved me
| '''aehēvī''' They should have loved me
| '''aehāruī''' They wanted to love me
| '''aehātāvī''' They could have loved me
|-
! Middle
| '''aehor''' I love
| '''aeheō''' I should love
| '''aehārō''' I want to love
| '''aehātor''' I can love
| '''aehāvō''' I loved
| '''aehēvō''' I should have loved
| '''aehāruō''' I wanted to love
| '''aehātāvō''' I could have loved
|-
! Passive
| '''aehālō''' I am loved
| '''aehēlō''' I should be loved
| '''aehārēlō''' I want to be loved
| '''aehātālō''' I can be loved
| '''aehāvēlō''' I was loved
| '''aehēvēlō''' I should have been loved
| '''aehāruēlō''' I wanted to be loved
| '''aehātāvēlō''' I could have been loved
|-
! Causative
| '''aehātitz''' They let me love them
| '''aehātiat''' They should let me love them
| '''aehātīrit''' They want to let me love them
| '''aehāssītatz''' They can let me love them
| '''aehātīvī''' They have let me love them
| '''aehātiāvī''' They should have let me love them
| '''aehātīruī''' They wanted to let me love them
| '''aehāssītāvī''' They could have let me love them
|}

==== Conjugation formation ====

<div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:100%; overflow:auto;">
<div style="font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;"> Conjugation formation </div>
<div class="mw-collapsible-content">
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | {{gcl|IPFV|}}
! colspan ="2" | A-grade
! colspan="2" | I-grade
! colspan="2" | E-grade
! colspan ="2" | Null-grade
|-
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|ACT|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-iā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ār-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er/īr-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er/īr-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā/ītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā/ītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|MID|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ī-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-iā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ār-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er/īr-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er/īr-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā/ītā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā/ītā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|PAS|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ī-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-iā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| colspan="2" | ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ār-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er/īr-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er/īr-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-er-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā/ītā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā/ītā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|CAUS|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itī/ītī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itī/ītī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itī-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itiā/ītiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itiā/itiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itiā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itier/ītier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itier/ītier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itier-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-āsītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-issītā/īsītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-issītā/īsītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-issītā-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | {{gcl|PFV|}}
! colspan ="2" | A-grade
! colspan="2" | I-grade
! colspan="2" | E-grade
! colspan ="2" | Null-grade
|-
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
! ''strong''
! ''weak''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|ACT|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/āv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/īv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/ēv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/ēv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|IPFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/iāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/eāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-āru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru/īru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-s-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru/īru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv/ītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv/ītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|MID|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/āv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/īv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/ēv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/ēv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/iā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/eā-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-āru-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru/īru-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru/īru-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv/ītāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv/ītāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv-{{gcl|MID|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|PAS|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/āv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/īv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u/ēv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-u-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/ēv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/iāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē/eā-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-uē-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-āru-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru/īru-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru/īru-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-su-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-eru-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv/ītāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv/ītāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itāv-{{gcl|PAS|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="4" | {{gcl|CAUS|}}
! {{gcl|IND|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itīv/ītīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itīv/ītīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itīv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|SUBJ|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itiāv/ītiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itiāv/itiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itiāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|DES|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-ātieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itieru/ītieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itieru/ītieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-tieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-itieru-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! {{gcl|POT|}}
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-āsītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-issītāv/īsītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-issītāv/īsītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-sītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
| ''{{gcl|ROOT|root}}-issītāv-{{gcl|ACT|}}.{{gcl|PFV|}}''
|}
</div></div>

====Principle Parts====
The verb in Aeranir is primarily made of three parts: '''root''', '''theme''', and '''ending''', with an optional forth category, the '''suffix''', for forming the perfective. The root and theme combine to form the '''stem'''. The root carries the semantic content of the word, and can also be conjugated to carry modal imformation. The theme describes how the stem interacts with the ending, and can also be changed, along with the stem and endings, to express a variety of different grammatical meanings. Endings indicate the voice, aspect, person, number, and gender of the most oblique argument in the DGA scheme.
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Basic verb endings
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="3" |
! colspan="2" | Active
! colspan="2" | Middle
! colspan="2" | Passive
|-
! Imperfective
! Perfective
! Imperfective
! Perfective
! Imperfective
! Perfective
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="5" | Singular
! colspan="2" | 1st Person
| ''-itz/-it''
| ''-ī''
| ''-or/-ō''
| ''-ō''
| ''-ēlō''
| ''-ēlō''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | 2nd Person
| ''-in''
| ''-in''
| ''-istī''
| ''-ist''
| ''-ēlāstī''
| ''-ēlast''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="3" | 3rd Person
! ''temporary'' 
| ''-is''
| ''-is''
| ''-erur''
| rowspan="3" | ''-ere''
| ''-ēlārur''
| rowspan="3" | ''-ēlāre''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! ''cyclical'' 
| ''-a''
| ''-a''
| ''-era''
| ''-ēlāra''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! ''eternal'' 
| ''-ī''
| ''-e''
| ''-erur''
| ''-ēlārur''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="5" | Plural
! colspan="2" | 1st Person
| ''-imus''
| ''-ime''
| ''-imur''
| ''-imur''
| ''-ēlāmur''
| ''-ēlāme''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | 2nd Person
| ''-itis''
| ''-ite''
| ''-itur''
| ''-itur''
| ''-ēlātur''
| ''-ēlāte''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | 3rd Person
| ''-intz/-int''
| ''-int''
| ''-intur''
| ''-intur''
| ''-ēlantur''
| ''-ēlante''
|}
The way in which a verb will conjugate can be determined from how it forms the following five constructions:
#the active idicative imperfective first person singular
#the active imperfective accusative infinitive
#the active perfective participle
#the active desiderative imperfective first person singular
#the active indicative perfective first person singular
These five forms are refered to as a verb's ''reference forms''. They are often shortend to ''first person singular'' ({{Smallcaps|1p.sg}}), ''accusative infinitive'' ({{Smallcaps|acc.inf}}), ''perfective participle'' ({{Smallcaps|pfv.ptcp}}), ''desiderative first person singular'' ({{Smallcaps|des.1p.sg}}), and ''perfective first person singular'' ({{Smallcaps|pfv.1p.sg}}) respectively.

The first two of these reference forms determines a verb's '''base theme vowel''', or what vowel is used in its indicative imperfective forms. There are four main thematic classes; one weak or null class, wherein the ending is applied directly to the stem, and three strong classes, wherein a thematic vowel is inserted between the stem and the ending.
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Consonant stem changes
|-

!
! t-stem
! s-stem
|-
| ''-m-''
| → '''''-mpt-'''''
| rowspan="3" | → '''''-s-*'''''
|-
| ''-n-''
| → '''''-nt-'''''
|-
| ''-ñ-''
| → '''''-ñct-'''''
|-
| ''-p-''
| → '''''-pt-'''''
| → '''''-ps-'''''
|-
| ''-t-''
| rowspan="3" | → '''''-ss-''''' → '''''-s-'''''**
| rowspan="3" | → '''''-ss-''''' → '''''-s-'''''**
|-
| ''-tl-''
|-
| ''-tz-''
|-
| ''-c-''
| rowspan="2" | → '''''-ct-'''''
| rowspan="2" | → '''''-x-'''''
|-
| ''-cu-''
|-
| ''-q-''
| rowspan="2" | → '''''-qt-'''''
| rowspan="2" | → '''''-qs-'''''
|-
| ''-qu-''
|-
| ''-s-''
| → '''''-st-'''''
| → '''''-ss-''''' → '''''-s-'''''**
|-
| ''-r-''
| → '''''-st-''''' → '''''-s-'''''** → '''''-rt-'''''††
| → '''''-ss-''''' → '''''-s-'''''** → '''''-rr-'''''††
|-
| ''-l-''
| → '''''-s-'''''** → '''''-lt-'''''††
| → '''''-s-'''''** → '''''-ll-'''''††
|-
| ''-v-''
| → '''''-ut-'''''‡ → '''''-ct-'''''*†† → '''''-qt-'''''*††
| → '''''-ur-'''''‡ → '''''-x-'''''*†† → '''''-qs-'''''*††
|-
| ''-i-''
| rowspan="2" | → '''''-ct-'''''* → '''''-qt-'''''*††
| rowspan="2" | → '''''-x-'''''* → '''''-qs-'''''*††
|-
| ''-h-''
|-
| ''-V-''
| → '''''-Vt-'''''
| → '''''-Vr-'''''
|}

{| class="wikitable floatleft" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Theme-ending combination
|-
! rowspan="2" | ''Ending''
! colspan="3" | ''Theme''
|-
! ''-ā-''
! ''-ē-''
! ''-ī-''
|-
! ''-itz''
| → ''-atz''
| → ''-etz''
| → ''-itz''
|-
! ''-is''
| → ''-ās''
| → ''-ēs''
| → ''-īs''
|-
! ''-a''
| → ''-a''
| → ''-ea''
| → ''-ia''
|-
! ''-ī''
| → ''-ae''
| → ''-ī''
| → ''-ī''
|-
! ''-imus''
| → ''-āmus''
| → ''-ēmus''
| → ''-īmus''
|-
! ''-or''
| → ''-or''
| → ''-eor''
| → ''-ior''
|-
! ''-ēlō''
| → ''-ālō''
| → ''-ēlō''
| → ''-iēlō''
|}
The second two determine a verb's '''t-stem''' and '''s-stem'''. These stem alterations are used for further conjugation, the t-stem forming the ''active'' and ''middle perfective participles'', the ''causative voice'', and the ''potential mood'', and the s-stem forming the ''desiderative''. The t- and s-forms often are identical, however meaning is useally further differentiated by thematic vowels, so completely identical forms are rare.

The final form determines how a verb with form the perfective aspect. Generally, there are three main strategies for this: the application of suffix '''''-u-''''' directly after the stem (e.g. '''''{{term|oelitz}}''''' ("I work") → '''''oeluī''''' ("I worked")), the appication of the suffix '''''-v-''''' after a theme vowel (e.g. '''''{{term|aehatz}}''''' ("they love me") → '''''aehāvī''''' ("they loved me")), or no suffix, with lengthening of the root vowel (e.g. '''''{{term|lecitz}}''''' ("I choose") → '''''lēcī''''' ("I chose")). It should be noted that the perfective is always followed by weak endings.

Occassionally, a thematic vowel, weak or strong, may be inserted before the t- or s-stem. This is most common in verbs with a base thematic ''-ā-'', which often functions as a part of the stem (e.g. '''''aehatz''''' → '''''aehātus''''' ("that loved") '''''aehārit''''' ("they want to love me") vs. '''''{{term|mavatz}}''''' ("I wander") → '''''mautus''''' ("that wandered") '''''maurit''''' ("I want to wander)). This may occur with other theme classes, although it should be noted that ''-ē-'' is never used, and is always replaced with ''-ī-''.

===Aspect===
Aeranir verbs have two basic [[w:Grammatical aspect|aspects]], which express how the verb extends over time. Aspect differs from [[w:Grammatical tense|tense]] in that it deals with the completion or continuity of an action or state, rather than the absolute timeframe inwhich it took place. Each aspect may be in any [[w:Grammatical voice|voice]] and/or [[w:Grammatical mood|mood]]. Aspect is expressed primarily through endings, and secondarily through the suffix, as discussed above.
====Imperfective====
The [[w:Imperfective aspect|imperfective aspect]] describes a situation viewed with interior composition. It describes ongoing, habitual, or repeated situations, rather or not they occured in the past, present, or future. The imperfective aspect is considered the most basic, unmarked aspect of a verb. The stem is uninflected, and endings are attached directly to the verb's basic theme vowel.

====Pefective====
The [[w:Perfective aspect|perfective aspect]] in Aeranir describes situations viewed with exterior composition, which is to say actions which are completed and viewed as a unified whole, whether thet take place in the past present, or future, although this construction is very rarely used in for the future.

There are a variety of different strategies to form the perfective. Many of them involve the ''suffix'', which takes the form of ''-v-'' between vowels and ''-u-'' after consonants. All of them take the perfective endings.
:*Attachment of the suffix directly to the stem.
:::'''''{{term|mentitz}}''''' ("they are healing me") → '''''mentuī''''' ("they healed me")
:::'''''{{term|saepitz}}''''' ("they are cutting me") → '''''saepuī''''' ("they cut me")
:*Attachment of the suffix after base thematic vowel.
:::'''''{{term|sircuitz}}''''' ("they are speaking me") → '''''sircīvī''''' ("they spoke me")
:::'''''{{term|auhetz}}''''' ("they are looking at me") → '''''auhēvī''''' ("they looked at me")
:*No suffix; perfective endings attached directly to the stem, with root vowel lengthening.
:::'''''{{term|iuvatz}}''''' ("they are writing me") → '''''iūvī''''' ("they wrote me")
:::'''''{{term|vehitz}}''''' ("they are carrying me") → '''''vēhī''''' ("they carried me")

===Mood===
====Indicative====
The [[w:Indicative mood|indicative mood]] is the baseline grammatical mood in Aeranir. It is used in declarative statements, to express statements or facts, of what the speaker considers true or known. It is the least marked mood of a verb, taking endings directly to the base theme vowel, stem, or suffix.

====Subjunctive====
The [[w:Subjunctive mood|subjunctive mood]] ({{Smallcaps|subj}}) has numerous, but genreally speaking is used to express such nuances as 'would,' 'should,' or 'may.' It can be used to refer to information that the speaker is unsure about, such as hearsay, or for theoretical or hypotherical situations. It is often found in subordinate clauses, annd may be used for conditional statements (e.g. if..., when...).
{| class="wikitable floatleft" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"
|+caption | Subjuntive theme changes
|-
! colspan="2" | Type
! Change
! Example
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Weak Verbs
| ''-ø-'' → '''''-ē-'''''
| ''meñitz'' → '''''meñet'''''
|-
| ''-ē-'' → '''''-ā-'''''
| ''meñēlō'' → '''''meñālō'''''
|-
! rowspan="4" | Strong Verbs
! a-stem 
| ''-ā-'' → '''''-ē-'''''
| ''aehatz'' → '''''aehet''''' ''aehālō'' → '''''aehēlō'''''
|-
! rowspan="2" | i-stem 
| ''-ī-'' → '''''-iā-'''''
| ''sēpitz'' → '''''sēpiat'''''
|-
| ''-iē-'' → '''''-iā-'''''
| ''sēpiēlō'' → '''''sēpiālō'''''
|-
! e-stem 
| ''-ē-'' → '''''-eā-'''''
| ''cōretz'' → '''''cōreat''''' ''cōrēlō'' → '''''cōreālō'''''
|}
=====Forming the subjunctive=====
The subjunctive is formed by shifting a verb's base theme vowel, as described by the table to the left. This shift happens after the stem, but may be either before or after the suffix, depending on whether or not there is a theme vowel before the suffix in the indicative. So the perfective of '''''aehēs''''' ("they should love it") is '''''aehēvis''''' (from indicative '''''aehāvis''''') but '''''sēpiās''''' ("they should cut it") is '''''sēpuēs''''' (from indicative '''''sēpuis'''''), not **''aehāvēs'' or **''sēpēvis''. Although these forms are occasionally found in non-standard writing, they are considered incorrect my grammaticians.

The imperfective subjunctive uses the 1st person sungular ''-it'' instead of ''-itz'', and ''-ō'' instead of ''-or'': '''''{{term|pacitz}}''''', '''''pacior''''' ("they take me, I take") become '''''paciat''''', '''''paciō''''' ("they should take me, I should take").

The 1st person subjunctive perfective in verbs that have no theme vowel before the suffix and does not extend the root vowel is identical to the indicative, and the mood must be inferred through conext: '''''saepuī''''' may be either "they cut me" or "They should cut me." The 3rd person active cyclical singulars in verbs with base theme vowels ''-ī-'' and ''-ē-'' are also identical, e.g. both '''''pacia''''' ("they take it/they should take it"), '''''auhea''''' ("they see it/they should see it").

=====Uses of the subjunctive=====
The subjunctive has numerous uses, ranging from what potentially might be true to what the speaker wishes or commands should happen. It is often translated with 'should', 'could', 'would', 'may' and so on, but in certain contexts it is translated as if it were an ordinary indicative verb.

One use of the subjunctive is the '''speculative subjunction''', used when the speaker imagines what potentially may, might, would, or could happen in the present or future or might have happened in the past. Negation for this type uses '''''{{term|mū}}'''''.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| auheārur seun oeliun stērē
| see-MID.SUBJ.3SG.E this-E.NOM.SG job-NOM.SG hard-ADV
|'This job ''seems'' difficult'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| moeiea Osculan tzānū salva
| please-SUBJ.3SG.C Little.Oscus-ACC.SG gift-ESS.SG book-NOM.SG
|'Little Oscus ''may'' like a book as a gift'}}

The subjunctive may also be used as the '''optative subjunctive''', expressing what the speaker wishes may happen, or wishes had happened. These expresses a weaker or more generalised desire, as opposed to the desiderative mood. Negation for this type uses '''''{{term|mū}}'''''.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ciāvis mū seus incerī pernus
| come-PFV.SUBJ.3SG.T NEG this-T.NOM.SG capital-DAT.SG storm-NOM.SG
|<nowiki>'</nowiki>''If only'' this storm hadn't come to the capital!'}}

The '''jussive subjunctive''' can be used for commands or suggestions for what should happen. It is less direct and far more common than the '''imperative'''. Negation for this type uses '''''{{term|mīm}}'''''.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ven hānō ē vecō veniennō
| go-SUBJ.2SG temple-DAT.SG against curse-DAT.SG win-GER-DAT
|<nowiki>'</nowiki>You ''should'' go to the temple to prevail against the curse'}}

Perhaps the most common use of the subjunctive is the '''conditional subjunctive'''. When the subjunctive is used in a subordinate clause (with the verb moving to the final position), it may carry the meaning 'if, when, should, etc..' This can be used both in finite verb forms, and with participles, the former being more popular in Old inscriptions and the later in Classical ones. Negation for this type uses '''''{{term|mīm}}'''''.

====Desiderative====
The desiderative is used primarily to express wants or desires. While the subjunctive may be used for this as well (see ''optative subjunctive''), the desiderative is considered less abstract or wishful, signalling concrete and actionable wants. It is formed from the s-stem of a verb, with no theme vowel between it and the ending, and using the secondary first person singular and third person plural markers (e.g. ''-it'' and ''-end'' vs. primary ''-itz'' and ''-entz''). Verbs generally follow three patterns to form the s-stem;

:*''-s-'' is appended to the root, causing no other alteration to the root.
::: '''''{{term|requitz}}''''' ("they return me") → '''''reqsit''''' ("they want to return me")
:::'''''{{term|saepitz}}''''' ("they are cutting me") → '''''saepsit''''' ("they want to cut me")
:*''-s-'' is appended after a theme vowel, causing ''-s-'' to become ''-r-''.
:::'''''{{term|sircuitz}}''''' ("they are speaking me") → '''''sircuerit''''' ("they want to speak me")
:::'''''{{term|auhetz}}''''' ("they are looking at me") → '''''auherit''''' ("they want to look at me")
:*''-s-'' is appended to the root, causing some alteration to the root, and perhaps the ''-s-'' augment as well.
:::'''''{{term|iuvatz}}''''' ("they are writing me") → '''''iūrit''''' ("they want to write me")
:::'''''{{term|mentitz}}''''' ("they are healing me") → '''''mēnsit''''' ("they want to heal me")

====Potential====
The '''potential mood''' indicates that, in the opinion of the speaker, one has the ability or capability to do something. It should not be confused with the [[w:Subjunctive mood|subjunctive mood]], which may be used to express that something is likely or possible to occur. The potential always deals with ability. It may be formed from the ''t-stem'' of a verb, plus the thematic vowel ''-a-'' (as opposed to the [[w:Causative|causative voice]], which is formed with the ''t-stem'' plus the thematic vowel ''-i-''). Like the desiderative, there are three main paradigms by which the ''t-stem'' of a verb is formed;

:*''-t-'' is appended to the root, causing no other alteration to the root.
::: '''''{{term|requitz}}''''' ("they return me") → '''''reqtatz''''' ("they can return me")
:::'''''{{term|saepitz}}''''' ("they are cutting me") → '''''saebtatz''''' ("they can cut me")
:*''-t-'' is appended after a theme vowel.
:::'''''{{term|sircuitz}}''''' ("they are speaking me") → '''''sircuitatz''''' ("they can speak me")
:::'''''{{term|auhetz}}''''' ("they are looking at me") → '''''auhitatz''''' ("they can look at me")
:*''-t-'' is appended to the root, causing some alteration to the root, and perhaps the ''-t-'' augment as well.
:::'''''{{term|iuvatz}}''''' ("they are writing me") → '''''iūtatz''''' ("they can write me")
:::'''''{{term|mentitz}}''''' ("they are healing me") → '''''mēnsatz''''' ("they can heal me")

It should be noted that in the causative voice of the potential mood, the first ''-t-'' augment often dissimilates to ''-s/ss-'';

*'''''auhititz''''' ("they let me look at it") → ''**auhitītatz'' → '''''auhissītatz''''' ("they can let me look at it")
*'''''reqtitz''''' ("they let me return it") → ''**reqtītatz'' → '''''reqsītatz''''' ("they can let me return it")

===Voice===
====Active====
====Middle====
The '''middle voice''' (also called the [[w:Mediopassive voice|mediopassive voice]]) is in the middle between the active and the passive voices, as the subject often cannot be categorised as either agent or patient but may have elements of both. The middle voice is usually inherently intransitive, and transitive or ditransitive verbs conjugated into the middle voice usually become intransitive themselves. It is formed by attaching the '''middle verb endings''' to the root of a verb.

The meaning of a verb in the middle voice often depends on the context of the sentence and the lexical properties of the word itself. In its most basic sense, it may be used simply as a valancy decreasing operation. As transitive verbs require an object in the active voice (because transitive verbs must agree with the object), the middle voice may be used merely to omit an object, to highlight the subject or some other part of the sentence, or to simply make a blanket statement.

* '''''aehatz''''' 'they love me' (''active'') → '''''aehor''''' 'I love' (''middle'')
* '''''lecis''''' 'theyi choose themj' (''active'') → '''''lecerur''''' 'theyj choose' (''middle'')

[[w:Animacy|Animacy]] can play a major role in the meaning of a verb in the middle voice. Verbs with more animate subjects, such as people, animals, gods, etc., may be interpreted as more towards an active meaning, whilst less animate subjects, like inanimate objects or possessions, may be interpreted as more passive in meaning.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| auhērur seus ars
| see-MID.3SG.T this-T.NOM.SG wumbo-NOM.SG
|'That wumbo sees'
|c1 = (''more animate'')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| auhēra sea salva
|see-MID.3SG.C this-C.NOM.SG book-NOM.SG
|'That book is seen'
|c1 = (''less animate'')}}

Sometimes, it may have a '''reflexive''' meaning, or the sense of doing something for ones own benefit.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| vascit vominis
|wash-ACT.1SG river-LOC.SG
|'They wash me in a river'
|c1 = (''active voice'')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| vascor vominis
|wash-MID.1SG river-LOC.SG
|'I washed (myself) in a river'
|c1 = (''middle voice'')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| hastās Oscus aprun
|sacrifice-ACT.3SG.T Oscus-NOM.SG fish-ACC.SG
|'Oscus sacrificed a fish'
|c1 = (''active voice'')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| hastārur Oscus aprōrun
|sacrifice-MID.3SG.T Oscus-NOM.SG fish-INSTR.SG
|'Oscus sacrificed a fish (for their benefit)'
|c1 = (''middle voice'')}}

Another important use of the middle voice is the '''experiential middle voice'''. When used with sensory verbs the middle voice may be used to differentiate experiential, nonvolitional sensation (''see, hear, smell, feel, know, etc.''), as opposed to active, volitional sensation (''look, listen, sniff, touch, understand, etc.'') Often times, the object of the sensory verb will be expressed using an oblique case, usually the ablative.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ȳrēs te ponun carīnī hellē
|hear/listen-ACT.3SG.T <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG.NOM voice-ACC.SG friend-GEN.SG happily
|'I like to listen to (my) friend's voice'
|c1 = (''active voice'')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ȳreor ponā carīnī hellē
|hear/listen-MID.1SG voice-ABL.SG friend-GEN.SG happily
|'I like to hear (my) friend's voice'
|c1 = (''middle voice'')}}

The middle voice may also be used with a variety of verbal compliments—usually adverbs—which describe the quality of the subject, or the result of the action. Often times such constructions may be expressed in English as ''adjective to verb'', e.g. 'easy to love'.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| qurrera salva hēs collēcta aplīdiāna iūs
| read-MID.3SG.C book-NOM.SG matters-NOM.SG gather-PFV.PTCP-C.NOM.SG of_Avrid-C.NOM.SG well
|'The book "Collected Matters of Avrid" is a good read' (lit. '~reads well')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| tetuere tīn īvīs lȳrīs saltīs ni fictun satun iūs
| drink-PFV.MID.3SG.E tea-NOM.SG 1PL.PRO-DAT time-LOC.SG pass-PFV.PTCP-T.LOC.SG 2SG<nowiki>=</nowiki> make-PFV.PTCP-E.NOM.SG pour-PFV.PTCP-E.NOM.SG well
|'The tea you made us last time was delicious' (lit. '~drank well')}}

====Passive====
The '''[[w:Passive voice|passive voice]]''' in Aeranir shares many traits with the middle voice, and often times the distinction between the two can be subtle, nuanced, or obscure. The passive was rare in Old Aeranir and even in the Classical period remained unusual, with the middle voice still preferred for passive clauses. It only began to rise in popularity in Late Aeranir. In its most basic form, the grammatical subject ([[w: Nominative case|nominative]] argument) expresses the theme or [[w:Grammatical patient|patient]] of the main verb – that is, the person or thing that undergoes the action or has its state changed. This is opposed to the [[w:Active voice|active voice]], where the nominative argument expresses the agent of a transitive clause or subject of an intransitive one, and the [[w:Voice (grammar)#Middle|middle voice]], which has traits of both.

=====Uses of the passive=====
Unlike the middle voice, the passive is not used for verbal complements, and it cannot take the agent of a verb as its subject. It is never used in verbal complements.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| teterur seun tīn iūs
|drink-MID.3SG.E this-E.NOM.SG tea-NOM.SG well
|'This tea tastes good' (lit. 'it drinks well')}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| tetēlārur seun tīn iūs
|drink-PAS.3SG.E this-E.NOM.SG tea-NOM.SG well
|'This tea is drunk often'}}

While the agent may be dropped in a passive clause, it may also be included, using the [[w:Ablative case|ablative case]].

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| praestrōcuēlāre ūlun Cavā Īliānā hānun
|rebuild-PFV.PAS.3SG.E yonder-E.NOM.SG Cava-ABL.SG Ilianus-C.ABL.SG temple-NOM.SG
|'This temple was rebuilt by Cava Iliana'}}

The passive can also be especially with intransitive verbs to form denote an '''unspecified/generic subject'''. This structure may is used to make general statements or observations. Negation for this type uses '''''{{term|mū}}'''''.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| miquientur
|die-MID.3PL.T
|'They are dead/dying.'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| miquiēlantur
|die-PAS.3PL.T
|'There are people dead/dying'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| mūhera (sea) artina inceris alta
|not.enough-MID.3SG.C (this-C.NOM.SG) wumbo-DAT.PL capital-GEN.SG water-NOM.SG
|'This is not enough water for the people of the capital'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| mūhēlāra artina inceris alta
|not.enough-PAS.3SG.C wumbo-DAT.PL capital-GEN.SG water-NOM.SG
|'There is not enough water for the people of the capital'}}

Similarly, the passive can be used to form the ''aversive passive'', denoting an undesirable event or outcome. The affecting action may happen directly to the subject, or to another person or thing.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| cōmerī requintus furuēlō sopere
|home-DAT return-IPFV.PTCP-T.NOM.SG fall-PFV.PAS.1SG snow-ABL.SG
|'Walking home I got snowed on'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| miquīvēlast apiesterā
| die-PFV-PAS.2SG master-ABL.SG
|'Your master has died on you' (i.e., died and it negatively affects you)}}

In some uses of the aversive passive, the subject of the sentence may be difficult to ascertain. For example, the sentence '''''furuī pālā''''' 'I fell from the tree' can be expressed in using the aversive passive, because the action is undesirable. However, the straight aversive passive, '''''furuēlō pālā''''', is ambiguous; it could mean either 'I fell from the tree' (using the ''ablative of motion'') or 'The tree fell on me' (using the ''agentive ablative'').

In the first interpretation, the first person argument is the semantic subject of the clause, whilst in the second it is the tree. In order to emphasise that the semantic subject and syntactic arguments are the same (i.e. it is ''I'' who fell from the tree), the reflexive pronoun ''cē'' may be used; e.g. ''furuī pālā'' ('I fell from the tree') → '''''furuēlō cē pālā''''' ('I fell from the tree, and it negatively affected me' ''lit.'' 'I fell myself from the tree').

====Causative====
===Non-finite forms===
====The infinitive====
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Aeranir infinitives
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="3" | Imperfective
! colspan="3" | Perfective
|-
! accusative
! oblique
! meaning
! accusative
! oblique
! meaning
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Active
| '''''aehāhan''''' ''-han''
| '''''aehāri''''' ''-ri''
| ''to love (someone)''
| '''''aehāhī''''' ''-hī''
| '''''aehārī''''' ''-rī''
| ''to have loved (someone)''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Middle
| '''''aehāssi''''' ''-ssi''
| '''''aehāiēs''''' ''-iēs''
| ''to love''
| '''''aehāssī''''' ''-ssī''
| '''''aehāiērī''''' ''-iērī''
| ''to have loved''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Passive
| '''''aehātus sinhan''''' ''{{Smallcaps|PFV.PTCP}} + sinhan''
| '''''aehātus fiēs''''' ''{{Smallcaps|PFV.PTCP}} + fiēs''
| ''to be loved''
| '''''aehātus fūhī''''' ''{{Smallcaps|PFV.PTCP}} + fūhī''
| '''''aehātus fiērī''''' ''{{Smallcaps|PFV.PTCP}} + fiērī''
| ''to have been loved''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Causative
| '''''aehātīhan''''' ''-tīhan''
| '''''aehātīri''''' ''-tīri''
| ''to make (someone) love (someone)''
| '''''aehātīhī''''' ''-tīhī''
| '''''aehātīrī''''' ''-tīrī''
| ''to have made (someone) love (someone)''
|}
=====Uses of the infinitive=====
The infinitive in Aeranir can be used to report indirect speech, hearsay, speculation, or sensation.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| pēra tihī incerī ni cīhī
| pass-PFV.3SG.C 1SG.PRO-DAT capital-DAT.SG 2SG<nowiki>=</nowiki> come-PFV.INF
|'They told me that you'd come to the capital'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ȳrēva te Mussā Limī carīnōvus quo neme cōmus strōcēhan
| hear-PFV.3SG.C <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG Mussa-ABL.SG Limius-GEN.SG friend-GEN.PL <nowiki>=</nowiki>and newly home-ACC.SG build-INF
|'I heard from Mussa that Limius and their friends are building a new house'}}

==== The gerund ====
The gerund in Aeranir is a infinite verb form which displays characteristics of both a noun and a verb. It declines for a limited scope of cases (although not for gender nor number), but can take object and adjunct arguments like a verb. It usually has an adverbial/adjectival meaning, and never agrees with the main verb.
===== Forming the gerund =====
* Null-grade verbs: {{gcl|ROOT|root}}''-innū''; e.g. ''tetihan'' ('to drink') → '''''tetinnū''''' ('whilst drinking').
* A-grade verbs: {{gcl|ROOT|root}}''-annū''; e.g. ''iuvāhan'' ('to write') → '''''iuvannū''''' ('whilst writing').
* I-grade verbs: {{gcl|ROOT|root}}''-iennū''; e.g. ''cītīhan'' ('to cut') → '''''cītiennū''''' ('whilst cutting').
* E-grade verbs: {{gcl|ROOT|root}}''-ennū''; e.g. ''aquēhan'' ('to be open') → '''''aquennū''''' ('whilst open').
===== Uses of the gerund =====
The meaning of the gerund changes depending on its case. The essive and locative can be used to indicate temporal action in relation to the main action of a sentence. The essive indicates simultaneous action, i.e. two actions that cooccur. This may be relayed in English via the conjunction 'whilst.'

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| murran travannū pērintur pāliō mater
| wall-ACC.SG walk-GER.ESS converse.PFV-MID.3PL governor-NOM.SG senator-NOM.SG
|'Whilst they walked along the wall, the governor and senator conversed'}}

This overlaps with certain uses of the imperfective participle (see [[Aeranir#Uses of the participle|§ uses of the participle]]), e.g. ''murran travantur pērintur pāliō mater'' is synonymous with the above example. In contrast, the locative gerund is used to show actions beginning at the same time. This may be relayed with English 'when' or 'as.'

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| pāsillan cītiennīs auhēva sartī tūī cōrēssī
| fireword-ACC.SG cut-GER.LOC see-PFV-C.3SG knife-GEN.SG mine-T.GEN.SG break-PFV.MID.ACC.INF
|'As I (began to) cut the firewood, I saw that my knife was broken'}}

This differs from usage of the perfective participle, which signals the main action starting at the end of the dependant one, i.e. ''pāsillan cīsus auhēva sartī tūī cōrēssī'' 'having cut the firewood I saw that my knife was broken.'

In addition, the essive gerund may be used with the verb ''rēhan'' ('to do') in order to express an attempt, goal, or aim. In the perfective aspect, this is usually interpreted as a failed attempt.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| rēvō salvan ā vitlās Īliānōvus iuvannū
| do-PFV-MID.1SG book-ACC.SG over life-ABL.PL Ilian-GEN.PL write-GER.ESS
|'I tried (but failed) to write a book about the lives of the Ilians.'}}

The genitive and dative cases of the gerund are used to express aim, goal, or purpose. The genitive gerund marks the purpose or use of a noun, whilst the dative gerund marks the purpose of a verb or action.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| pea cūran vecunt inceris moñennī
| grow-C.3SG herb-ACC.SG illness-ACC.PL head-GEN.SG heal-GER.GEN
|'They grow an herb for healing illnesses of the head'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| serue te Caescārin mumae ūī sihinnō pāliōna
| order-PFV.E.3SG <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG Caescar-ACC.SG mother-ACC.PL their-T.ACC.PL sate-GER.DAT post-DAT.PL
|'I ordered Caescar to the boarder to appease their parents'}}

Furthermore, the dative gerund may be used with the middle voice of the verb ''rēhan'' ('to do') in a similar way to the essive, however in this case denoting intent, plans, will, or conjecture.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| reor cartō cur Mussiō vannō
| do-MID.1SG dance-DAT.SG with Mussius-DAT.SG go-GER-DAT
|'I intend to go to the dance with Mussius'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| reāvere seō scericca ciennō
| do-MID.SUBJ.PFV-3SG this-DAT.SG undertaker-NOM.SG come-GER-DAT
|'The undertaker should have come here (they planned to do so)'}}

The ablative and instrumental cases of the gerund can be used to express cause, i.e. 'by doing x,' or 'because x.' The ablative generally marks unintentional or natural causes, whilst the instrumental marks intentional cause.

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| tlānae ustae quo peannā rēve cōmus pūterē
| flower-ACC.PL that(medial)-C.ACC.PL <nowiki>=</nowiki>and plant-GER-ABL do-PFV-E.3SG house-ACC.SG beautiful-ADV
|'By planting all these flowers you've made the house beautiful'}}

:{{interlinear | box=yes
| ustam prī tētē harēnam matrī iminnōrun restērāvist pāliōnū gaeticae
| that(medial)-C.ACC.SG before 1SG-ABL paper-ACC.SG senator-DAT.SG send-GER-INSTR assure-PFV-MID.2SG governor-ESS.SG Gaetica-GEN.SG
|'By sending the senator that letter before me, you've assured your place as governor of Gaetica'}}

==Semantics==
=== Temporal expressions ===

The ancient Aerans divided the day from noon to noon into one hundred '''''lammar''''' (sg. ''lamma'') of equal length, roughly 14.4 minutes long. The daytime was divided into sixteen '''''lȳrar''''' (sg. ''lȳra''), and night into four or five '''''volar''''' (sg. ''vola'') depending on the season. Time was kept on a device called a '''''lammāriun''''', a type of clock. Early ''lammāriunt'' only measured ''lammar'', and one had to consult an almanac ('''''lȳrāriun''''') to determine the length and starting time of each ''lȳra'' or ''vola'' on a given day.

The verb '''''spurhan''''' ('to hang (trans.)') is used to denote spending or taking time;

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| spurra sau īma lamma āmātiō vannō
| hang-MID.C.3SG only one-C.NOM.SG lamma-NOM.SG market-DAT.SG go-GER-DAT
| 'It only takes one ''lamma'' to get to the market'}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| qurrintus spūrint te volae mōrī
| read-PTCP-T.NOM.SG hang.PFV-3PL <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG vola-ACC.PL three-C.ACC.PL
| 'I spent three ''volar'' reading'}}

To denote the amount of time spent on an action, without regard for whether or not the activity was completed or reached its end goal (i.e. atelic action) the essive case is used. To signify the amount of time spent or necessary to spend to complete an activity (i.e. telic action) the instrumental case is used.

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| iūvint te harēnae īmau lȳrau
| write.PFV-3PL <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG letter-ACC.SG one-C.ESS.SG lyra-ESS.SG
| 'I wrote letters for an hour'}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| iūva te harēna īmārun lȳrārun
| write.PFV-C.3SG <nowiki>=</nowiki>1SG letter-ACC.SG one-C.INSTR.SG lyra-INSTR.SG
| 'I wrote the letter in an hour'}}

=== Possession ===

There are a number of different strategies in Aeranir to signify possession. Aeranir lacks a [[w:Possession_(linguistics)#Possession_verbs|possession verb]] analogous to English 'to have,' and instead usually signifies possession through different types of [[w:Existential_clause|existential clauses]]. For example, the sentence 'I have a friend' can be expressed by the sentence '''''ēs carīnus tihī''''', which literally means 'there is a friend to me.'

The case of the possessor changes depending its relationship with the possessed:

* '''Locative case''': used for personal possessions that are currently on the person;

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| ēs iarius taurātīs
| COP-T.3SG spear-NOM.SG soldier-LOC.SG
|'The soldier has a spear (on them)'
|c2 = ''lit. 'at the soldier is a spear<nowiki>'</nowiki>''}}

* '''Dative case''': used for personal possessions that are not currently on the person, or for affiliation with persons or people;

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| sintz iariur vulhur taurātiō
| COP-T.3PL spear-NOM.PL many-T.NOM.PL soldier-DAT.SG
|'The soldier has many spears (at home)'
|c2 = ''lit. 'to the soldier are many spears<nowiki>'</nowiki>''}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| sintz menterur tihī octzuin
| COP-T.3PL sibling-NOM.PL 1SG-DAT six
|'I have six siblings'
|c2 = ''lit. 'to me are six siblings<nowiki>'</nowiki>''}}

* '''Ablative case''': used for parts of a whole, or body parts;

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| sī incus iūrun nēnē
| COP-E.3SG head-NOM.SG good-E.NOM.SG 1SG-ABL
|'You have a good head (i.e. are smart)'
|c2 = ''lit. 'from you is a good head<nowiki>'</nowiki>''}}

For metaphorical possession or possession of abstract concepts, such as leadership, power, knowledge, etc., any of these three may be used, for different rhetorical purposes. For example, using the locative implies an immediacy to the possession; that it is in hand, ready to be used. Using the dative implies that the possession is not immediate, but rather something that can be drawn upon, perhaps too vast to 'carry' on one person. This can be more humble or polite than the locative. Using the locative implies that the trait is a fundamental, inalienable, and inherent part of the possessor, rather than something gained or worked for.

=== Conditionals ===

Aeranir has a number of ways of expressing [[w:Conditional sentence|conditional sentences]], depending on the type of condition, as well as the register of speech. Colloquial or spontaneous speech tends to favour the use of finite dependant clauses for the '''''protasis''''' (conditional clause, as opposed to the '''''apodosis''''', or consequence), where as practiced or refined speech, or writing, tend to favour non-finite dependant clauses (this represents a general trend in writing to 'nominalise' all but the most central verb in a sentence, and sometimes the central verb too is made non-finite).

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| sopis furea requeō cōmerī
| snow-NOM.SG fall-SUBJ.C.3SG return-MID.SUBJ.1SG home-DAT.SG
|'If it snows I'm going home'
|c1 = ''(more informal)''}}

:{{interlinear | box = yes
| soperis furentīs requeō cōmerī
| snow-GEN.SG fall-SUBJ.PTCP-T.LOC.SG return-MID.SUBJ.1SG home-DAT.SG
|'If it snows I'm going home'
|c1 = ''(more formal)''}}

When a non-finite clause is used for a conditional, the verb of the ''protasis'' usually appears in the locative case (an expression of ''time-is-space'' metaphor), unless the two clauses share an argument (e.g. subject, object, etc.) in which case the ''protasis'' takes the same case marking as the shared argument.

Conditional sentences in Aeranir are formed purely through juxtaposition—that is, the placing of two clauses side by side, the verb of the ''protasis'' moved to clause-final position or put into a non-finite form to mark it as dependant. No conjunctive particles like 'if' or 'when' are required. The ''protasis'' takes the subjunctive mood, whilst the mood of the ''apodosis'' indicates the certainty of the conclusion. Aspect, meanwhile, can be used to indicate the certainty of the condition. This distinction may be approximated in English by 'if' versus 'when'

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+ Mood and aspect of conditional sentences
|-
!
! ''Protasis'' certain
! ''Protasis'' uncertain
|-
! ''Apodosis'' certain
| if [''perfective aspect''] then [''indicative mood''] e.g. ''intlae furītīs mollintz tahrer''—'when it rains, the shingles will leak'
| if [''imperfective aspect''] then [''indicative mood''] e.g. ''intlae furentīs mollintz tahrer''—'if it rains, the shingles will leak'
|-
! ''Apodosis'' uncertain
| if [''perfective aspect''] then [''subjunctive mood''] e.g. ''intlae furītīs mollent tahrer''—'when it rains, the shingles might leak'
| if [''imperfective aspect''] then [''subjunctive mood''] e.g. ''intlae furentīs mollent tahrer''—'if it rains, the shingles might leak'
|}

== Numbers ==
<div style="overflow:auto">
{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Aeranir numbers 1-400
|-
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
|-
! 1
| ''īmus''
| ''prīstus''
| ''temper''
! 11
| ''īnhīntur''
| ''īnhīnsus''
| ''īnhīntin''
! 21
| ''calhier īmus''
| ''calhitus prīstus''
| ''calhin temper''
! 120
| ''octzāculhier''
| ''octzāculhitus''
| ''octzāculhin''
|-
! 2
| ''sēr''
| ''metzumnus''
| ''vēriēs''
! 12
| ''verhīntur''
| ''verhīnsus''
| ''verhīntin''
! 22
| ''calhier sēr''
| ''calhitus metzumnus''
| ''calhin vēriēs''
! 140
| ''nāculhier''
| ''nāculhitus''
| ''nāculhin''
|-
! 3
| ''morier''
| ''moritus''
| ''moriēs''
! 13
| ''prōhīntur''
| ''prōhīnsus''
| ''prōhīntin''
! 30
| ''calhier qehentzier''
| ''calhitus qehēnsus''
| ''calhin qehen''
! 160
| ''nāquenculhier''
| ''nāquenculhitus''
| ''nāquenculhin''
|-
! 4
| ''quatlur''
| ''quallus''
| ''quatziēs''
! 14
| ''quatlāhīntur''
| ''quatlāhīnsus''
| ''quatlāhīntin''
! 40
| ''verculhier''
| ''verculhitus''
| ''verculhin''
! 180
| ''nātlicculhier''
| ''nātlicculhitus''
| ''nātlicculhin''
|-
! 5
| ''quiquier''
| ''quiqtus''
| ''quiquin''
! 15
| ''quihīntur''
| ''quihīnsus''
| ''quihīntin''
! 50
| ''verculhier qehentzier''
| ''verculhitus qehēnsus''
| ''verculhin qehen''
! 200
| ''tammīttler''
| ''tammīttus''
| ''tammīttziēs''
|-
! 6
| ''octzuer''
| ''octzūmus''
| ''octzuin''
! 16
| ''octzāhīntur''
| ''octzāhīnsus''
| ''octzāhīntin''
! 60
| ''prōculhier''
| ''prōculhitus''
| ''prōculhin''
! 220
| ''tammīttler calhier''
| ''tammīttus calhitus''
| ''tammīttziēs calhin''
|-
! 7
| ''nāier''
| ''nāntus''
| ''nāhin''
! 17
| ''nāhīntur''
| ''nāhīnsus''
| ''nāhīntin''
! 70
| ''prōculhier qehentzier''
| ''prōculhitus qehēnsus''
| ''prōculhin qehen''
! 240
| ''tammīttler verculhier''
| ''tammīttus verculhitus''
| ''tammīttziēs verculhin''
|-
! 8
| ''nāquemur''
| ''nāquemmus''
| ''nāquemin''
! 18
| ''sērēsculhier''
| ''sērēsculhitus''
| ''sērēsculhin''
! 80
| ''quatlāculhier''
| ''quatlāculhitus''
| ''quatlāculhin''
! 260
| ''tammīttler prōculhier''
| ''tammīttus prōculhitus''
| ''tammīttziēs prōculhin''
|-
! 9
| ''nātlittzier''
| ''nātlittzitus''
| ''nātlittzin''
! 19
| ''īmāculhier''
| ''īmāculhitus''
| ''īmāculhin''
! 90
| ''quatlāculhier qehentzier''
| ''quatlāculhitus qehēnsus''
| ''quatlāculhin qehen''
! 280
| ''tammīttler quatlāculhier''
| ''tammīttus quatlāculhitus''
| ''tammīttziēs quatlāculhin''
|-
! 10
| ''qehentzier''
| ''qehēnsus''
| ''qehen''
! 20
| ''calhier''
| ''calhitus''
| ''calhin''
! 100
| ''quicculhier''
| ''quicculhitus''
| ''quicculhin''
! 400
| ''mīttler''
| ''mīttus''
| ''mīttziēs''
|}
</div>

{| class="wikitable" style="display: inline-table;"
|+caption | Aeranir numbers 400-3,200,000
|-
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
! #
! Cardinal
! Ordinal
! Adverbial
|-
! 800
|
|
|
! 16,000
|
|
|
! 320,000
|
|
|
|-
! 1,200
|
|
|
! 24,000
|
|
|
! 480,000
|
|
|
|-
! 1,600
|
|
|
! 32,000
|
|
|
! 640,000
|
|
|
|-
! 2,000
|
|
|
! 40,000
|
|
|
! 800,000
|
|
|
|-
! 2,400
|
|
|
! 48,000
|
|
|
! 960,000
|
|
|
|-
! 2,800
|
|
|
! 56,000
|
|
|
! 1,120,000
|
|
|
|-
! 3,200
|
|
|
! 64,000
|
|
|
! 1,280,000
|
|
|
|-
! 3,600
|
|
|
! 72,000
|
|
|
! 1,440,000
|
|
|
|-
! 4,000
|
|
|
! 80,000
|
|
|
! 1,600,000
|
|
|
|-
! 8,000
|
|
| ''attuin''
! 160,000
|
|
| ''ōtlua attuin''
! 3,200,000
|
|
| ''octzuō''
|}

==Late Aeranir inovations==
===Applicative voices===
Whilst Classical Aeranir was more permissive of adding additional arguments to a clause, so long as the verb's core transitivity were met. Late Aeranir, however, tended to be more restrictive, and required valency increasing operations to express benefactive, comitative, and locative meanings. These applicative morphemes take the form of verbal prefixes.

==Lexicon==

''[[:Category:Aeranir_words|Aeranir Lexicon]]''.

==Footnotes==

[[Category:Aeranir]]
[[Category:Maro-Ephenian Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Avrid]]