Linguifex - User contributions [en]

Oxman

2015-01-21T17:52:07Z

Ealdwimor: /* Personal pronouns */

{{private}}

{{ClassMeter
|Name = Oxman
|NativeName = Oxmansc
|Type = Mixed
|Alignment = Nominative-Accusative

|adjective = final
|adposition = final
|adverb= initial
|article= initial
|relativeclause = final
|nounclause = final
|order = SVO

|Tonal = yes
|Declined = no
|Conjugated = yes
|Genders = 2
|NCase = no
|NNumber = yes
|NDefiniteness = no
|NGender = yes
|VVoice = yes
|VMood = yes
|VPerson = yes
|VNumber = yes
|VTense = yes
|VAspect = yes

|Phonology=100
|NounCases=100
|NounDef=100
|NounNumbers=100
|NounGender=100
|VerbPerson=100
|VerbNumber=100
|VerbAspect=100
|VerbTense=100
|VerbMood=80
|VerbVoice=50
|AdjCase=100
|AdjNumber=100
|AdjDef=100
|AdjGen=100
|AdjComparative=100
|AdjSuperlative=100
|AdjGen=100
|Supine=100
|Gerund=100
|Participle=100
|Infinitive=100
|Modality=70
|Words=0}}

=General informations=

[[File:oxman speaking-area.png|365px|thumb|right|''Oxmansc-sprekend raum - Oxman speaking area'']]

'''Oxman''' is a Germanic language spoken in the ''Duché du Héron'' (= Shire of Le Héron), a shire that corresponds to the eastern region of Seine-Marirtime in France.
This language has evolved from [[Old Oxman]] which evolved from [[Old Auregan]] which is the first recorded form of Auregan language. Auregan language area corresponds to the "Vexin Normand" (a region situated just south to "Duché du héron"). A Oxman speaking colony also exists near the city of Coventry, Warwickshire, Midlands, England.
Oxman is a West-Germanic language that is strongly linked to Dutch, Modern English, Low German and Modern German.

Here is a table which sums up the main characteristics of this language:

{{agreement
|VerbGender =
|VerbCases =
|VerbNumber = yes
|VerbTenses = yes
|VerbPerson = yes
|VerbMoods = yes
|VerbVoices = yes
|VerbAspect = yes

|NounGender = yes
|NounCases =
|NounNumber = yes
|NounTenses =
|NounPerson =
|NounMoods =
|NounVoices =

|AdjectiveGender =
|AdjectiveCases =
|AdjectiveNumber = yes
|AdjectiveTenses =
|AdjectivePerson =
|AdjectiveMoods =
|AdjectiveVoices =

|NumberGender =
|NumberCases =
|NumberNumber =
|NumberTenses =
|NumberPerson =
|NumberMoods =
|NumberVoices =

|ParticipleGender =
|ParticipleCases =
|ParticipleNumber = yes
|ParticipleTenses =
|ParticiplePerson =
|ParticipleMoods =
|ParticipleVoices = yes

|AdverbGender =
|AdverbCases =
|AdverbNumber =
|AdverbTenses =
|AdverbPerson =
|AdverbMoods =
|AdverbVoices =

|PronounGender = yes
|PronounCases = yes
|PronounNumber = yes
|PronounTenses =
|PronounPerson = yes
|PronounMoods =
|PronounVoices =

|AdpositionGender = yes
|AdpositionCases =
|AdpositionNumber = yes
|AdpositionTenses =
|AdpositionPerson =
|AdpositionMoods =
|AdpositionVoices =

|ArticleGender = yes
|ArticleCases = yes
|ArticleNumber = yes
|ArticleTenses =
|ArticlePerson =
|ArticleMoods =
|ArticleVoices =

|ParticleGender =
|ParticleCases =
|ParticleNumber =
|ParticleTenses =
|ParticlePerson =
|ParticleMoods =
|ParticleVoices =
}}

=Phonology=

==Alphabet==

Oxman alphabet uses letters from Latin alphabet and contains 25 characters:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Letters'''
|'''Pronunciation'''
|'''Further information'''
|-
|a
|[a]
|short 'a'
|-
|b
|[b]
|like in English
|-
|c
|[tʃ]
|like the English 'ch' in 'church'
|-
|d
|[d]
|like in English
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e:]
|in plural cluster -es it is not pronounced
|-
|f
|[f]
|like in English
|-
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronunced as in the English word "get"
|-
|h
|[h]
|like in English
|-
|i
|[ɪ]
|short 'i'
|-
|j
|[j]
|like English 'y'
|-
|k
|[k]
|like in English
|-
|l
|[l]
|like in English
|-
|m
|[m]
|like in English
|-
|n
|[n]
|like in English
|-
|o
|[ɔ] / [oʊ:]
|like in English
|-
|p
|[p]
|like in English
|-
|q
|[k]
|often followed by 'u', in latin words beginning with 'qu'
|-
|r
|[r]
|trilled just as in Dutch or in Italian
|-
|s
|[s]
|can be either voiced or voiceless
|-
|t
|[t]
|like in English
|-
|u
|[œ]
|short 'u' in 'but'
|-
|v
|[v]
|like in English
|-
|w
|[ʋ]
|between 'v' and 'w', just as in Dutch
|-
|y
|[j]
|between French letter 'j' in 'jouer' and English 'y' in 'year', as a vowel like a French 'u' or as English 'y' in 'why' when at the end of a word followed by a 'e' (cf. Oxman 'wye?' meaning 'why?' pronounced as in English);
|-
|æ
|[ɑ:]
|long 'a'
|-
|œ
|[u]
|as 'oo' in 'boot'
|}

==Consonantic phonemes==

Oxman language has the following consonantic phonemes:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" {{Table/bluetable}} style="width: 860px; "
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; "|
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Bilabial
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Labio-dental
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Dental
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Alveolar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Post-alveolar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Palatal
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Labio-Velar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Velar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Glottal
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Nasal
| style="text-align: center;"|m
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|n
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ŋ
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Plosive
| style="text-align: center;"|p b
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|t d
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|k g
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Fricative
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|f v
| style="text-align: center;"|θ ð
| style="text-align: center;"|s z
| style="text-align: center;"|ʃ
| style="text-align: center;"|ç
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|χ
| style="text-align: center;"|h
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Affricate
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ts dz
| style="text-align: center;"|tʃ dʒ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Approximant
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|r ɹ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|j
| style="text-align: center;"|w
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Lateral
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|l
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|}

==Vocalic phonemes==

Oxman shows the following vowels:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! rowspan="2" colspan="1"|'''Phonemes'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Short'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Long'''
|-
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-
!'''Closed'''
|ɪ
|ʊ
|i:
|y: u:
|-
!'''Mid-closed'''
|
|
|e:
|o:
|-
!'''Mid-open'''
|ɛ
|ɔ
|
|
|-
!'''Open'''
|a
|
|
|ɑ:
|}

==Diphthongs and digraphs==

Oxman has also twenty diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Diphthongs'''
|'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|ai
|[ɑ:ɪ]
|-
|au
|[ɑ:ʊ]
|-
|ea
|[e:ɪ]
|-
|eo
|[e:ʊ]
|-
|ei
|[ɛɪ]
|-
|uo, ue
|[y:ə]
|-
|ou
|[o:ʊ]
|}

==Stress==

The position of stress in this language is quite regular, because it falls on the root and thus there are few rules to observe:

* In substantives (and in adjectives and adverbs) the stress generally falls on the first syllable, but if they are compound nouns / adjectives, formed by prefix + noun / adjective, the stress falls on the root syllable of the noun / adjective. In compounds which are formed by noun / adjective + noun / adjective, the various words are read as if they were written separately;

* In verbs the stress falls always on the root, even if they are compounds, ex.: ''yemæke'', "to make up", is read as [jə'ma:kə].

=Grammar=

==Nouns, gender and number==

Oxman language has got only two genders: common gender and neuter gender. The previously masculine and feminine words have merged into the common gender, whereas neuter words have remained neuter, even if in some cases there has been a gender switch.

Nouns can be both singular (denoting just one object) and plural (denoting more than one object). The formation of plural is simple, because there is only one ways to form it:

* All nouns take -es suffix (-s if the nouns ends with 'r' or 'l'), the <e> in this suffix is generally not pronounced;

However a few nouns show irregular endings.

==Articles==

Two kinds of article exist in Oxman: indefinite and definite article.

The indefinite article has got no plural form and the singular one is the same for all the genders: '''ean'''. This article is used to talk about things, facts, beings that are introduces for the first time into the conversation, that is we use the indefinite article to talk about new and not known informations, to talk about undetermined informations.

The definite article is '''thie''' for common nouns and for all genders at plural forms, but for singular neuter it is '''that'''. The definite article is used to talk about well known things, facts, beings instead.

==Adjectives==

The adjectives always precede the noun to whom they refer. Adjectives take a single '''-e''' ending when the noun it refers to is common, or at plural form. Singular neuter nouns don't cause endings on the adjectives.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Strong singular'''
|'''Strong plural / Weak'''
|'''Meaning'''
|-
|gœd
|gœde
|good
|-
|ald
|alde
|old
|-
|yung
|yunge
|young
|-
|road
|rode*
|red
|-
|long
|longe
|long
|-
|heat
|hete*
|hot
|}

* long vowels 'ea' and 'oa' shrink when an ending is added into 'e' and 'o'. Example: 'leve' (''to live'') but 'ic leaf' (''I live'').

===Comparative===

The higher degree comparative is formed with the suffix '-or, -rX'. The second term of comparation is introduced by ''thon'' and is in the same case of the first, ex.:

* ''Ean yebow hoyor thon ean trie'' - A building higher than a tree.

Just like in English and somtimes in Dutch, long adjectives form their comparative by adding the word 'mear' before the adjective. It corresponds to the 'more' formation in English.

====Adjectives with an irregular higher degree comparative====

Some adjectives have got an irregular form of higher degree comparative:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Positive'''
|'''Strong comparative'''
|'''Weak comparative'''
|-
|gœd
|betor
|betre
|-
|uvol (bad)
|wierse
|wierse
|-
|uvol (inferior)
|sambor (rare)
|sambre (rare)
|-
|luttol
|smallor
|smallre
|-
|weney
|mindor
|mindre
|-
|ald
|eldor
|eldre
|-
|yung
|yongor
|yongre
|-
|strong (strict)
|strengor
|strengre
|-
|long
|lengor
|lengre
|-
|foar (fore)
|furmor
|furmre
|-
|fer (far)
|ferthor
|ferthre
|-
|mæney/micol (many, much)
|mear
|mere
|}

===Superlative===

The superlative degree is formed with the suffix '-ost, -stX' (some irregular adjectives form it with '-st').

* ''Thie sconste blœm thiere werold'' - The most beautiful flower in the world.

====Adjectives with an irregular superlative====

The same adjectives that have an irregular higher degree comparative have got also an irregular superlative form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Positive'''
|'''Strong superlative'''
|'''Weak superlative'''
|-
|gœd
|best
|beste
|-
|uvol (bad)
|wierst
|wierste
|-
|uvol (inferior)
|sambost (rare)
|sambste (rare)
|-
|luttol
|smallost
|smalste
|-
|weney
|minst
|minste
|-
|ald
|eldost
|eldste
|-
|yung
|yongost
|yongste
|-
|fer
|ferthost
|ferthste
|-
|strong
|strengost
|stengste
|-
|long
|lengost
|lengste
|-
|foar
|furmost
|furmste
|-
|mæney/micol (many, much)
|meast
|measte
|}

===Numerals===

Numerals don't inflect. Here are the numerals from 0 to 100:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Number'''
|'''Cardinal'''
|'''Ordinal'''
|-
|0
|nieght
| -
|-
|1
|ene
|earst (time), furst (place)
|-
|2
|twea
|tweathe
|-
|3
|thrie
|therde
|-
|4
|fier
|fierthe
|-
|5
|faif
|fifthe
|-
|6
|sex
|sexthe
|-
|7
|sevon
|sevonthe
|-
|8
|aght
|aghtthe
|-
|9
|neyon
|neyonthe
|-
|10
|tien
|tenthe
|-
|11
|elvon
|elfthe
|-
|12
|twelf
|twelfthe
|-
|13
|thertien
|thertenthe
|-
|14
|fiertien
|fiertenthe
|-
|15
|fiftien
|fiftenthe
|-
|16
|sextien
|sextenthe
|-
|17
|sevontien
|sevontenthe
|-
|18
|aghttien
|aghttenthe
|-
|19
|neyontien
|neyontenthe
|-
|20
|twintey
|twinteythe
|-
|21
|ean-ond-twintey
|ean-ond-twinteythe
|-
|22
|twea-ond-twintey
|twea-ond-twinteythe
|-
|30
|thertey
|therteythe
|-
|40
|fiertey
|fierteythe
|-
|50
|fiftey
|fifteythe
|-
|60
|sextey
|sexteythe
|-
|70
|sevontey
|sevonteythe
|-
|80
|aghttey
|aghtteythe
|-
|90
|neyontey
|neyonteythe
|-
|100
|hundrod
|hundrodthe
|}

===Personal pronouns===

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''1st person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Subject'''
|colspan=2|ick
|colspan="2"|wie
|-
!'''Object 1'''
|colspan="2"|my
|colspan="2"|us
|-
!'''Object 2'''
|colspan="2"|my
|colspan="2"|us
|-
!'''Possessive'''
|colspan="2"|main
|colspan="2"|ure
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''2nd person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Subject'''
|colspan="2"|thu
|colspan="2"|yie
|-
!'''Object 1'''
|colspan="2"|thy
|colspan="2"|yow, yiew*
|-
!'''Object 2'''
|colspan="2"|thy
|colspan="2"|yow*
|-
!'''Possessive'''
|colspan="2"|thain
|colspan="2"|yore*
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''3rd person'''
|-
!'''Masculine'''
!'''Feminine'''
!'''Neuter'''
!'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Subject'''
|hie
|sie
|hit
|hea
|-
!'''Object 1'''
|hine, him**
|sie, hir**
|him, hit**
|hea, heam**
|-
!'''Object 2'''
|him
|hir
|hit
|heam
|-
!'''Genitive'''
|his
|hir
|his
|hiere
|}
* Dialectal or archaic forms.
** Common errors, often found in vulgar language

== Verbs ==

===Inflections===

Here are some very important verbs, their auxiliary verb for compound tenses and their meaning:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Infinitive'''
|'''1st person'''
|'''2nd person'''
|'''3rd person'''
|'''plural persons'''
|'''singular preterit'''
|'''plural preterit'''
|'''past participle'''
|'''Auxiliary'''
|'''Meaning'''
|-
|hebbe
|heb
|hæst
|hæth
|hebbeth
|hadde
|hadden
|ehad
|hebbe
|''to have''
|-
|wese
|bie
|bist
|is
|sind
|was
|waren
|ewesen
|wese
|''to be''
|-
|dœ
|dœ
|dost
|doth
|dœth
|dead
|deden
|edæn
|hebbe
|''to do''
|-
|gæ
|gæ
|gast
|gath
|gæth
|iede
|ieden
|egæn, egongen
|wese
|''to go''
|-
|fære
|fær
|farst
|farth
|færeth
|fœr
|fœren
|efæren
|wese
|''to go''
|-
|flieye
|fliey
|flieyst
|flieyth
|flieyeth
|floay
|floyen
|efloyen
|wese
|''to fly''
|-
|sie
|sie
|siest
|sieth
|sieth
|say
|sayen
|esien
|hebbe
|''to see''
|-
|leye
|ley
|leyst
|leyth
|leyeth
|leide
|leiden
|eleid
|hebbe
|''to lay''
|-
|mœte
|mœt
|mœst
|mœt
|mœteth
|mœste
|mœsten
|—
|hebbe
|''to may, must''
|-
|kume
|kum
|komst
|komth
|kumeth
|quam
|quamen
|ekumen
|wese
|''to come''
|-
|kunne
|kan
|kanst
|kan
|kunneth
|kuthe
|kuthen
|ekuth
|hebbe
|''can''
|-
|seye
|sey
|seyst
|seyth
|seyeth
|seide
|seiden
|eseid
|hebbe
|''to say''
|-
|fortelle
|fortell
|fortelst
|fortelth
|fortelleth
|fortelde
|fortelden
|forteld
|hebbe
|''to tell''
|-
|wite
|weat
|weast
|weat
|witeth
|wiste
|wisten
|ewiten
|hebbe
|''to know''
|-
|knæwe
|knæw
|knawst
|knawth
|knæweth
|kniew
|kniewen
|eknowen
|hebbe
|''to recognise''
|-
|wille
|will
|wilt
|will
|willeth
|wolde
|wolden
|ewild
|hebbe
|''to want to''
|-
|sculle
|scall
|scalt
|scall
|sculleth
|scolde
|scolden
| —
|hebbe
|''to shall, must''
|-
|sterve
|sterf
|stirfst
|stirfth
|sterveth
|storf
|storven
|estorven
|wese
|''to die''
|-
|mæke
|mæk
|mækst
|mækth
|mæketh
|mækte
|mækten
|emækod
|hebbe
|''to make''
|-
|ete
|eat
|eatst (older itst)
|eatth (older itth)
|eteth
|at
|aten
|eëten
|hebbe
|''to eat''
|-
|muye
|may
|maist
|may
|muyeth
|moghte
|moghten
| — (emoght)
|hebbe
|''to may''
|-
|halde
|hald
|heldst
|heldth
|haldeth
|hield, heald
|hielden, healden
|ehalden
|hebbe
|''to hold''
|-
|wirce
|wirc
|wircest
|wirceth
|wirceth
|wroghte
|wroghten
|ewroght
|hebbe
|''to work''
|}

===Indefinites===

Indefinites give us incomplete informations, because they don't define the precise quantity or the identity:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Indefinite'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
|evenman
|somebody
|-
|evenean
|someone
|-
|evending
|something/anything
|-
|evenwær
|somewhere
|-
|neaman
|nobody
|-
|newær
|nowhere
|-
|nene (also neëne)
|none
|-
|neding
|nothing
|-
|enyman
|anybody
|-
|enyene
|anyone
|-
|enyding
|anything
|-
|enywær
|anywhere
|-
|theyene
|the one (who)
|-
|thatean
|that one (which)
|-
|elc
|each
|-
|all
|all
|-
|othor
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|}

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

[[Category:West Germanic languages]]

Oxman

2015-01-21T17:49:25Z

Ealdwimor: /* Superlative */

{{private}}

{{ClassMeter
|Name = Oxman
|NativeName = Oxmansc
|Type = Mixed
|Alignment = Nominative-Accusative

|adjective = final
|adposition = final
|adverb= initial
|article= initial
|relativeclause = final
|nounclause = final
|order = SVO

|Tonal = yes
|Declined = no
|Conjugated = yes
|Genders = 2
|NCase = no
|NNumber = yes
|NDefiniteness = no
|NGender = yes
|VVoice = yes
|VMood = yes
|VPerson = yes
|VNumber = yes
|VTense = yes
|VAspect = yes

|Phonology=100
|NounCases=100
|NounDef=100
|NounNumbers=100
|NounGender=100
|VerbPerson=100
|VerbNumber=100
|VerbAspect=100
|VerbTense=100
|VerbMood=80
|VerbVoice=50
|AdjCase=100
|AdjNumber=100
|AdjDef=100
|AdjGen=100
|AdjComparative=100
|AdjSuperlative=100
|AdjGen=100
|Supine=100
|Gerund=100
|Participle=100
|Infinitive=100
|Modality=70
|Words=0}}

=General informations=

[[File:oxman speaking-area.png|365px|thumb|right|''Oxmansc-sprekend raum - Oxman speaking area'']]

'''Oxman''' is a Germanic language spoken in the ''Duché du Héron'' (= Shire of Le Héron), a shire that corresponds to the eastern region of Seine-Marirtime in France.
This language has evolved from [[Old Oxman]] which evolved from [[Old Auregan]] which is the first recorded form of Auregan language. Auregan language area corresponds to the "Vexin Normand" (a region situated just south to "Duché du héron"). A Oxman speaking colony also exists near the city of Coventry, Warwickshire, Midlands, England.
Oxman is a West-Germanic language that is strongly linked to Dutch, Modern English, Low German and Modern German.

Here is a table which sums up the main characteristics of this language:

{{agreement
|VerbGender =
|VerbCases =
|VerbNumber = yes
|VerbTenses = yes
|VerbPerson = yes
|VerbMoods = yes
|VerbVoices = yes
|VerbAspect = yes

|NounGender = yes
|NounCases =
|NounNumber = yes
|NounTenses =
|NounPerson =
|NounMoods =
|NounVoices =

|AdjectiveGender =
|AdjectiveCases =
|AdjectiveNumber = yes
|AdjectiveTenses =
|AdjectivePerson =
|AdjectiveMoods =
|AdjectiveVoices =

|NumberGender =
|NumberCases =
|NumberNumber =
|NumberTenses =
|NumberPerson =
|NumberMoods =
|NumberVoices =

|ParticipleGender =
|ParticipleCases =
|ParticipleNumber = yes
|ParticipleTenses =
|ParticiplePerson =
|ParticipleMoods =
|ParticipleVoices = yes

|AdverbGender =
|AdverbCases =
|AdverbNumber =
|AdverbTenses =
|AdverbPerson =
|AdverbMoods =
|AdverbVoices =

|PronounGender = yes
|PronounCases = yes
|PronounNumber = yes
|PronounTenses =
|PronounPerson = yes
|PronounMoods =
|PronounVoices =

|AdpositionGender = yes
|AdpositionCases =
|AdpositionNumber = yes
|AdpositionTenses =
|AdpositionPerson =
|AdpositionMoods =
|AdpositionVoices =

|ArticleGender = yes
|ArticleCases = yes
|ArticleNumber = yes
|ArticleTenses =
|ArticlePerson =
|ArticleMoods =
|ArticleVoices =

|ParticleGender =
|ParticleCases =
|ParticleNumber =
|ParticleTenses =
|ParticlePerson =
|ParticleMoods =
|ParticleVoices =
}}

=Phonology=

==Alphabet==

Oxman alphabet uses letters from Latin alphabet and contains 25 characters:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Letters'''
|'''Pronunciation'''
|'''Further information'''
|-
|a
|[a]
|short 'a'
|-
|b
|[b]
|like in English
|-
|c
|[tʃ]
|like the English 'ch' in 'church'
|-
|d
|[d]
|like in English
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e:]
|in plural cluster -es it is not pronounced
|-
|f
|[f]
|like in English
|-
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronunced as in the English word "get"
|-
|h
|[h]
|like in English
|-
|i
|[ɪ]
|short 'i'
|-
|j
|[j]
|like English 'y'
|-
|k
|[k]
|like in English
|-
|l
|[l]
|like in English
|-
|m
|[m]
|like in English
|-
|n
|[n]
|like in English
|-
|o
|[ɔ] / [oʊ:]
|like in English
|-
|p
|[p]
|like in English
|-
|q
|[k]
|often followed by 'u', in latin words beginning with 'qu'
|-
|r
|[r]
|trilled just as in Dutch or in Italian
|-
|s
|[s]
|can be either voiced or voiceless
|-
|t
|[t]
|like in English
|-
|u
|[œ]
|short 'u' in 'but'
|-
|v
|[v]
|like in English
|-
|w
|[ʋ]
|between 'v' and 'w', just as in Dutch
|-
|y
|[j]
|between French letter 'j' in 'jouer' and English 'y' in 'year', as a vowel like a French 'u' or as English 'y' in 'why' when at the end of a word followed by a 'e' (cf. Oxman 'wye?' meaning 'why?' pronounced as in English);
|-
|æ
|[ɑ:]
|long 'a'
|-
|œ
|[u]
|as 'oo' in 'boot'
|}

==Consonantic phonemes==

Oxman language has the following consonantic phonemes:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" {{Table/bluetable}} style="width: 860px; "
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; "|
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Bilabial
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Labio-dental
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Dental
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Alveolar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Post-alveolar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Palatal
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Labio-Velar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Velar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Glottal
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Nasal
| style="text-align: center;"|m
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|n
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ŋ
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Plosive
| style="text-align: center;"|p b
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|t d
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|k g
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Fricative
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|f v
| style="text-align: center;"|θ ð
| style="text-align: center;"|s z
| style="text-align: center;"|ʃ
| style="text-align: center;"|ç
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|χ
| style="text-align: center;"|h
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Affricate
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ts dz
| style="text-align: center;"|tʃ dʒ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Approximant
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|r ɹ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|j
| style="text-align: center;"|w
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Lateral
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|l
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|}

==Vocalic phonemes==

Oxman shows the following vowels:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! rowspan="2" colspan="1"|'''Phonemes'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Short'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Long'''
|-
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-
!'''Closed'''
|ɪ
|ʊ
|i:
|y: u:
|-
!'''Mid-closed'''
|
|
|e:
|o:
|-
!'''Mid-open'''
|ɛ
|ɔ
|
|
|-
!'''Open'''
|a
|
|
|ɑ:
|}

==Diphthongs and digraphs==

Oxman has also twenty diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Diphthongs'''
|'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|ai
|[ɑ:ɪ]
|-
|au
|[ɑ:ʊ]
|-
|ea
|[e:ɪ]
|-
|eo
|[e:ʊ]
|-
|ei
|[ɛɪ]
|-
|uo, ue
|[y:ə]
|-
|ou
|[o:ʊ]
|}

==Stress==

The position of stress in this language is quite regular, because it falls on the root and thus there are few rules to observe:

* In substantives (and in adjectives and adverbs) the stress generally falls on the first syllable, but if they are compound nouns / adjectives, formed by prefix + noun / adjective, the stress falls on the root syllable of the noun / adjective. In compounds which are formed by noun / adjective + noun / adjective, the various words are read as if they were written separately;

* In verbs the stress falls always on the root, even if they are compounds, ex.: ''yemæke'', "to make up", is read as [jə'ma:kə].

=Grammar=

==Nouns, gender and number==

Oxman language has got only two genders: common gender and neuter gender. The previously masculine and feminine words have merged into the common gender, whereas neuter words have remained neuter, even if in some cases there has been a gender switch.

Nouns can be both singular (denoting just one object) and plural (denoting more than one object). The formation of plural is simple, because there is only one ways to form it:

* All nouns take -es suffix (-s if the nouns ends with 'r' or 'l'), the <e> in this suffix is generally not pronounced;

However a few nouns show irregular endings.

==Articles==

Two kinds of article exist in Oxman: indefinite and definite article.

The indefinite article has got no plural form and the singular one is the same for all the genders: '''ean'''. This article is used to talk about things, facts, beings that are introduces for the first time into the conversation, that is we use the indefinite article to talk about new and not known informations, to talk about undetermined informations.

The definite article is '''thie''' for common nouns and for all genders at plural forms, but for singular neuter it is '''that'''. The definite article is used to talk about well known things, facts, beings instead.

==Adjectives==

The adjectives always precede the noun to whom they refer. Adjectives take a single '''-e''' ending when the noun it refers to is common, or at plural form. Singular neuter nouns don't cause endings on the adjectives.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Strong singular'''
|'''Strong plural / Weak'''
|'''Meaning'''
|-
|gœd
|gœde
|good
|-
|ald
|alde
|old
|-
|yung
|yunge
|young
|-
|road
|rode*
|red
|-
|long
|longe
|long
|-
|heat
|hete*
|hot
|}

* long vowels 'ea' and 'oa' shrink when an ending is added into 'e' and 'o'. Example: 'leve' (''to live'') but 'ic leaf' (''I live'').

===Comparative===

The higher degree comparative is formed with the suffix '-or, -rX'. The second term of comparation is introduced by ''thon'' and is in the same case of the first, ex.:

* ''Ean yebow hoyor thon ean trie'' - A building higher than a tree.

Just like in English and somtimes in Dutch, long adjectives form their comparative by adding the word 'mear' before the adjective. It corresponds to the 'more' formation in English.

====Adjectives with an irregular higher degree comparative====

Some adjectives have got an irregular form of higher degree comparative:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Positive'''
|'''Strong comparative'''
|'''Weak comparative'''
|-
|gœd
|betor
|betre
|-
|uvol (bad)
|wierse
|wierse
|-
|uvol (inferior)
|sambor (rare)
|sambre (rare)
|-
|luttol
|smallor
|smallre
|-
|weney
|mindor
|mindre
|-
|ald
|eldor
|eldre
|-
|yung
|yongor
|yongre
|-
|strong (strict)
|strengor
|strengre
|-
|long
|lengor
|lengre
|-
|foar (fore)
|furmor
|furmre
|-
|fer (far)
|ferthor
|ferthre
|-
|mæney/micol (many, much)
|mear
|mere
|}

===Superlative===

The superlative degree is formed with the suffix '-ost, -stX' (some irregular adjectives form it with '-st').

* ''Thie sconste blœm thiere werold'' - The most beautiful flower in the world.

====Adjectives with an irregular superlative====

The same adjectives that have an irregular higher degree comparative have got also an irregular superlative form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Positive'''
|'''Strong superlative'''
|'''Weak superlative'''
|-
|gœd
|best
|beste
|-
|uvol (bad)
|wierst
|wierste
|-
|uvol (inferior)
|sambost (rare)
|sambste (rare)
|-
|luttol
|smallost
|smalste
|-
|weney
|minst
|minste
|-
|ald
|eldost
|eldste
|-
|yung
|yongost
|yongste
|-
|fer
|ferthost
|ferthste
|-
|strong
|strengost
|stengste
|-
|long
|lengost
|lengste
|-
|foar
|furmost
|furmste
|-
|mæney/micol (many, much)
|meast
|measte
|}

===Numerals===

Numerals don't inflect. Here are the numerals from 0 to 100:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Number'''
|'''Cardinal'''
|'''Ordinal'''
|-
|0
|nieght
| -
|-
|1
|ene
|earst (time), furst (place)
|-
|2
|twea
|tweathe
|-
|3
|thrie
|therde
|-
|4
|fier
|fierthe
|-
|5
|faif
|fifthe
|-
|6
|sex
|sexthe
|-
|7
|sevon
|sevonthe
|-
|8
|aght
|aghtthe
|-
|9
|neyon
|neyonthe
|-
|10
|tien
|tenthe
|-
|11
|elvon
|elfthe
|-
|12
|twelf
|twelfthe
|-
|13
|thertien
|thertenthe
|-
|14
|fiertien
|fiertenthe
|-
|15
|fiftien
|fiftenthe
|-
|16
|sextien
|sextenthe
|-
|17
|sevontien
|sevontenthe
|-
|18
|aghttien
|aghttenthe
|-
|19
|neyontien
|neyontenthe
|-
|20
|twintey
|twinteythe
|-
|21
|ean-ond-twintey
|ean-ond-twinteythe
|-
|22
|twea-ond-twintey
|twea-ond-twinteythe
|-
|30
|thertey
|therteythe
|-
|40
|fiertey
|fierteythe
|-
|50
|fiftey
|fifteythe
|-
|60
|sextey
|sexteythe
|-
|70
|sevontey
|sevonteythe
|-
|80
|aghttey
|aghtteythe
|-
|90
|neyontey
|neyonteythe
|-
|100
|hundrod
|hundrodthe
|}

===Personal pronouns===

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''1st person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Subject'''
|colspan=2|ic
|colspan="2"|wie
|-
!'''Object 1'''
|colspan="2"|my
|colspan="2"|us
|-
!'''Object 2'''
|colspan="2"|mye
|colspan="2"|us
|-
!'''Possessive'''
|colspan="2"|main
|colspan="2"|ure
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''2nd person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Subject'''
|colspan="2"|thu
|colspan="2"|yie
|-
!'''Object 1'''
|colspan="2"|thy
|colspan="2"|yow, yiew*
|-
!'''Object 2'''
|colspan="2"|thye
|colspan="2"|yow, yiew*
|-
!'''Possessive'''
|colspan="2"|thain
|colspan="2"|yore, yiere*
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''3rd person'''
|-
!'''Masculine'''
!'''Feminine'''
!'''Neuter'''
!'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Subject'''
|hie
|sie
|hit
|hea
|-
!'''Object 1'''
|hine, him**
|sie, hir**
|him, hit**
|hea, heam**
|-
!'''Object 2'''
|him
|hir
|hit
|heam
|-
!'''Genitive'''
|his
|hir
|his
|hiere
|}
* Dialectal or archaic forms.
** Common errors, often found in vulgar language

== Verbs ==

===Inflections===

Here are some very important verbs, their auxiliary verb for compound tenses and their meaning:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Infinitive'''
|'''1st person'''
|'''2nd person'''
|'''3rd person'''
|'''plural persons'''
|'''singular preterit'''
|'''plural preterit'''
|'''past participle'''
|'''Auxiliary'''
|'''Meaning'''
|-
|hebbe
|heb
|hæst
|hæth
|hebbeth
|hadde
|hadden
|ehad
|hebbe
|''to have''
|-
|wese
|bie
|bist
|is
|sind
|was
|waren
|ewesen
|wese
|''to be''
|-
|dœ
|dœ
|dost
|doth
|dœth
|dead
|deden
|edæn
|hebbe
|''to do''
|-
|gæ
|gæ
|gast
|gath
|gæth
|iede
|ieden
|egæn, egongen
|wese
|''to go''
|-
|fære
|fær
|farst
|farth
|færeth
|fœr
|fœren
|efæren
|wese
|''to go''
|-
|flieye
|fliey
|flieyst
|flieyth
|flieyeth
|floay
|floyen
|efloyen
|wese
|''to fly''
|-
|sie
|sie
|siest
|sieth
|sieth
|say
|sayen
|esien
|hebbe
|''to see''
|-
|leye
|ley
|leyst
|leyth
|leyeth
|leide
|leiden
|eleid
|hebbe
|''to lay''
|-
|mœte
|mœt
|mœst
|mœt
|mœteth
|mœste
|mœsten
|—
|hebbe
|''to may, must''
|-
|kume
|kum
|komst
|komth
|kumeth
|quam
|quamen
|ekumen
|wese
|''to come''
|-
|kunne
|kan
|kanst
|kan
|kunneth
|kuthe
|kuthen
|ekuth
|hebbe
|''can''
|-
|seye
|sey
|seyst
|seyth
|seyeth
|seide
|seiden
|eseid
|hebbe
|''to say''
|-
|fortelle
|fortell
|fortelst
|fortelth
|fortelleth
|fortelde
|fortelden
|forteld
|hebbe
|''to tell''
|-
|wite
|weat
|weast
|weat
|witeth
|wiste
|wisten
|ewiten
|hebbe
|''to know''
|-
|knæwe
|knæw
|knawst
|knawth
|knæweth
|kniew
|kniewen
|eknowen
|hebbe
|''to recognise''
|-
|wille
|will
|wilt
|will
|willeth
|wolde
|wolden
|ewild
|hebbe
|''to want to''
|-
|sculle
|scall
|scalt
|scall
|sculleth
|scolde
|scolden
| —
|hebbe
|''to shall, must''
|-
|sterve
|sterf
|stirfst
|stirfth
|sterveth
|storf
|storven
|estorven
|wese
|''to die''
|-
|mæke
|mæk
|mækst
|mækth
|mæketh
|mækte
|mækten
|emækod
|hebbe
|''to make''
|-
|ete
|eat
|eatst (older itst)
|eatth (older itth)
|eteth
|at
|aten
|eëten
|hebbe
|''to eat''
|-
|muye
|may
|maist
|may
|muyeth
|moghte
|moghten
| — (emoght)
|hebbe
|''to may''
|-
|halde
|hald
|heldst
|heldth
|haldeth
|hield, heald
|hielden, healden
|ehalden
|hebbe
|''to hold''
|-
|wirce
|wirc
|wircest
|wirceth
|wirceth
|wroghte
|wroghten
|ewroght
|hebbe
|''to work''
|}

===Indefinites===

Indefinites give us incomplete informations, because they don't define the precise quantity or the identity:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Indefinite'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
|evenman
|somebody
|-
|evenean
|someone
|-
|evending
|something/anything
|-
|evenwær
|somewhere
|-
|neaman
|nobody
|-
|newær
|nowhere
|-
|nene (also neëne)
|none
|-
|neding
|nothing
|-
|enyman
|anybody
|-
|enyene
|anyone
|-
|enyding
|anything
|-
|enywær
|anywhere
|-
|theyene
|the one (who)
|-
|thatean
|that one (which)
|-
|elc
|each
|-
|all
|all
|-
|othor
|other
|}

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

[[Category:West Germanic languages]]

Oxman

2015-01-21T17:46:46Z

Ealdwimor: /* Stress */

{{private}}

{{ClassMeter
|Name = Oxman
|NativeName = Oxmansc
|Type = Mixed
|Alignment = Nominative-Accusative

|adjective = final
|adposition = final
|adverb= initial
|article= initial
|relativeclause = final
|nounclause = final
|order = SVO

|Tonal = yes
|Declined = no
|Conjugated = yes
|Genders = 2
|NCase = no
|NNumber = yes
|NDefiniteness = no
|NGender = yes
|VVoice = yes
|VMood = yes
|VPerson = yes
|VNumber = yes
|VTense = yes
|VAspect = yes

|Phonology=100
|NounCases=100
|NounDef=100
|NounNumbers=100
|NounGender=100
|VerbPerson=100
|VerbNumber=100
|VerbAspect=100
|VerbTense=100
|VerbMood=80
|VerbVoice=50
|AdjCase=100
|AdjNumber=100
|AdjDef=100
|AdjGen=100
|AdjComparative=100
|AdjSuperlative=100
|AdjGen=100
|Supine=100
|Gerund=100
|Participle=100
|Infinitive=100
|Modality=70
|Words=0}}

=General informations=

[[File:oxman speaking-area.png|365px|thumb|right|''Oxmansc-sprekend raum - Oxman speaking area'']]

'''Oxman''' is a Germanic language spoken in the ''Duché du Héron'' (= Shire of Le Héron), a shire that corresponds to the eastern region of Seine-Marirtime in France.
This language has evolved from [[Old Oxman]] which evolved from [[Old Auregan]] which is the first recorded form of Auregan language. Auregan language area corresponds to the "Vexin Normand" (a region situated just south to "Duché du héron"). A Oxman speaking colony also exists near the city of Coventry, Warwickshire, Midlands, England.
Oxman is a West-Germanic language that is strongly linked to Dutch, Modern English, Low German and Modern German.

Here is a table which sums up the main characteristics of this language:

{{agreement
|VerbGender =
|VerbCases =
|VerbNumber = yes
|VerbTenses = yes
|VerbPerson = yes
|VerbMoods = yes
|VerbVoices = yes
|VerbAspect = yes

|NounGender = yes
|NounCases =
|NounNumber = yes
|NounTenses =
|NounPerson =
|NounMoods =
|NounVoices =

|AdjectiveGender =
|AdjectiveCases =
|AdjectiveNumber = yes
|AdjectiveTenses =
|AdjectivePerson =
|AdjectiveMoods =
|AdjectiveVoices =

|NumberGender =
|NumberCases =
|NumberNumber =
|NumberTenses =
|NumberPerson =
|NumberMoods =
|NumberVoices =

|ParticipleGender =
|ParticipleCases =
|ParticipleNumber = yes
|ParticipleTenses =
|ParticiplePerson =
|ParticipleMoods =
|ParticipleVoices = yes

|AdverbGender =
|AdverbCases =
|AdverbNumber =
|AdverbTenses =
|AdverbPerson =
|AdverbMoods =
|AdverbVoices =

|PronounGender = yes
|PronounCases = yes
|PronounNumber = yes
|PronounTenses =
|PronounPerson = yes
|PronounMoods =
|PronounVoices =

|AdpositionGender = yes
|AdpositionCases =
|AdpositionNumber = yes
|AdpositionTenses =
|AdpositionPerson =
|AdpositionMoods =
|AdpositionVoices =

|ArticleGender = yes
|ArticleCases = yes
|ArticleNumber = yes
|ArticleTenses =
|ArticlePerson =
|ArticleMoods =
|ArticleVoices =

|ParticleGender =
|ParticleCases =
|ParticleNumber =
|ParticleTenses =
|ParticlePerson =
|ParticleMoods =
|ParticleVoices =
}}

=Phonology=

==Alphabet==

Oxman alphabet uses letters from Latin alphabet and contains 25 characters:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Letters'''
|'''Pronunciation'''
|'''Further information'''
|-
|a
|[a]
|short 'a'
|-
|b
|[b]
|like in English
|-
|c
|[tʃ]
|like the English 'ch' in 'church'
|-
|d
|[d]
|like in English
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e:]
|in plural cluster -es it is not pronounced
|-
|f
|[f]
|like in English
|-
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronunced as in the English word "get"
|-
|h
|[h]
|like in English
|-
|i
|[ɪ]
|short 'i'
|-
|j
|[j]
|like English 'y'
|-
|k
|[k]
|like in English
|-
|l
|[l]
|like in English
|-
|m
|[m]
|like in English
|-
|n
|[n]
|like in English
|-
|o
|[ɔ] / [oʊ:]
|like in English
|-
|p
|[p]
|like in English
|-
|q
|[k]
|often followed by 'u', in latin words beginning with 'qu'
|-
|r
|[r]
|trilled just as in Dutch or in Italian
|-
|s
|[s]
|can be either voiced or voiceless
|-
|t
|[t]
|like in English
|-
|u
|[œ]
|short 'u' in 'but'
|-
|v
|[v]
|like in English
|-
|w
|[ʋ]
|between 'v' and 'w', just as in Dutch
|-
|y
|[j]
|between French letter 'j' in 'jouer' and English 'y' in 'year', as a vowel like a French 'u' or as English 'y' in 'why' when at the end of a word followed by a 'e' (cf. Oxman 'wye?' meaning 'why?' pronounced as in English);
|-
|æ
|[ɑ:]
|long 'a'
|-
|œ
|[u]
|as 'oo' in 'boot'
|}

==Consonantic phonemes==

Oxman language has the following consonantic phonemes:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" {{Table/bluetable}} style="width: 860px; "
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; "|
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Bilabial
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Labio-dental
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Dental
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Alveolar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Post-alveolar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Palatal
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Labio-Velar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Velar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Glottal
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Nasal
| style="text-align: center;"|m
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|n
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ŋ
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Plosive
| style="text-align: center;"|p b
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|t d
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|k g
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Fricative
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|f v
| style="text-align: center;"|θ ð
| style="text-align: center;"|s z
| style="text-align: center;"|ʃ
| style="text-align: center;"|ç
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|χ
| style="text-align: center;"|h
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Affricate
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ts dz
| style="text-align: center;"|tʃ dʒ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Approximant
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|r ɹ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|j
| style="text-align: center;"|w
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Lateral
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|l
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|}

==Vocalic phonemes==

Oxman shows the following vowels:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! rowspan="2" colspan="1"|'''Phonemes'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Short'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Long'''
|-
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-
!'''Closed'''
|ɪ
|ʊ
|i:
|y: u:
|-
!'''Mid-closed'''
|
|
|e:
|o:
|-
!'''Mid-open'''
|ɛ
|ɔ
|
|
|-
!'''Open'''
|a
|
|
|ɑ:
|}

==Diphthongs and digraphs==

Oxman has also twenty diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Diphthongs'''
|'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|ai
|[ɑ:ɪ]
|-
|au
|[ɑ:ʊ]
|-
|ea
|[e:ɪ]
|-
|eo
|[e:ʊ]
|-
|ei
|[ɛɪ]
|-
|uo, ue
|[y:ə]
|-
|ou
|[o:ʊ]
|}

==Stress==

The position of stress in this language is quite regular, because it falls on the root and thus there are few rules to observe:

* In substantives (and in adjectives and adverbs) the stress generally falls on the first syllable, but if they are compound nouns / adjectives, formed by prefix + noun / adjective, the stress falls on the root syllable of the noun / adjective. In compounds which are formed by noun / adjective + noun / adjective, the various words are read as if they were written separately;

* In verbs the stress falls always on the root, even if they are compounds, ex.: ''yemæke'', "to make up", is read as [jə'ma:kə].

=Grammar=

==Nouns, gender and number==

Oxman language has got only two genders: common gender and neuter gender. The previously masculine and feminine words have merged into the common gender, whereas neuter words have remained neuter, even if in some cases there has been a gender switch.

Nouns can be both singular (denoting just one object) and plural (denoting more than one object). The formation of plural is simple, because there is only one ways to form it:

* All nouns take -es suffix (-s if the nouns ends with 'r' or 'l'), the <e> in this suffix is generally not pronounced;

However a few nouns show irregular endings.

==Articles==

Two kinds of article exist in Oxman: indefinite and definite article.

The indefinite article has got no plural form and the singular one is the same for all the genders: '''ean'''. This article is used to talk about things, facts, beings that are introduces for the first time into the conversation, that is we use the indefinite article to talk about new and not known informations, to talk about undetermined informations.

The definite article is '''thie''' for common nouns and for all genders at plural forms, but for singular neuter it is '''that'''. The definite article is used to talk about well known things, facts, beings instead.

==Adjectives==

The adjectives always precede the noun to whom they refer. Adjectives take a single '''-e''' ending when the noun it refers to is common, or at plural form. Singular neuter nouns don't cause endings on the adjectives.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Strong singular'''
|'''Strong plural / Weak'''
|'''Meaning'''
|-
|gœd
|gœde
|good
|-
|ald
|alde
|old
|-
|yung
|yunge
|young
|-
|road
|rode*
|red
|-
|long
|longe
|long
|-
|heat
|hete*
|hot
|}

* long vowels 'ea' and 'oa' shrink when an ending is added into 'e' and 'o'. Example: 'leve' (''to live'') but 'ic leaf' (''I live'').

===Comparative===

The higher degree comparative is formed with the suffix '-or, -rX'. The second term of comparation is introduced by ''thon'' and is in the same case of the first, ex.:

* ''Ean yebow hoyor thon ean trie'' - A building higher than a tree.

Just like in English and somtimes in Dutch, long adjectives form their comparative by adding the word 'mear' before the adjective. It corresponds to the 'more' formation in English.

====Adjectives with an irregular higher degree comparative====

Some adjectives have got an irregular form of higher degree comparative:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Positive'''
|'''Strong comparative'''
|'''Weak comparative'''
|-
|gœd
|betor
|betre
|-
|uvol (bad)
|wierse
|wierse
|-
|uvol (inferior)
|sambor (rare)
|sambre (rare)
|-
|luttol
|smallor
|smallre
|-
|weney
|mindor
|mindre
|-
|ald
|eldor
|eldre
|-
|yung
|yongor
|yongre
|-
|strong (strict)
|strengor
|strengre
|-
|long
|lengor
|lengre
|-
|foar (fore)
|furmor
|furmre
|-
|fer (far)
|ferthor
|ferthre
|-
|mæney/micol (many, much)
|mear
|mere
|}

===Superlative===

The superlative degree is formed with the suffix '-ost, -stX' (some irregular adjectives form it with '-st').

* ''Thie sconste blœm in thie werold'' - The most beautiful flower in the world.

====Adjectives with an irregular superlative====

The same adjectives that have an irregular higher degree comparative have got also an irregular superlative form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Positive'''
|'''Strong superlative'''
|'''Weak superlative'''
|-
|gœd
|best
|beste
|-
|uvol (bad)
|wierst
|wierste
|-
|uvol (inferior)
|sambost (rare)
|sambste (rare)
|-
|luttol
|smallost
|smalste
|-
|weney
|minst
|minste
|-
|ald
|eldost
|eldste
|-
|yung
|yongost
|yongste
|-
|fer
|ferthost
|ferthste
|-
|strong
|strengost
|stengste
|-
|long
|lengost
|lengste
|-
|foar
|furmost
|furmste
|-
|mæney/micol (many, much)
|meast
|measte
|}

===Numerals===

Numerals don't inflect. Here are the numerals from 0 to 100:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Number'''
|'''Cardinal'''
|'''Ordinal'''
|-
|0
|nieght
| -
|-
|1
|ene
|earst (time), furst (place)
|-
|2
|twea
|tweathe
|-
|3
|thrie
|therde
|-
|4
|fier
|fierthe
|-
|5
|faif
|fifthe
|-
|6
|sex
|sexthe
|-
|7
|sevon
|sevonthe
|-
|8
|aght
|aghtthe
|-
|9
|neyon
|neyonthe
|-
|10
|tien
|tenthe
|-
|11
|elvon
|elfthe
|-
|12
|twelf
|twelfthe
|-
|13
|thertien
|thertenthe
|-
|14
|fiertien
|fiertenthe
|-
|15
|fiftien
|fiftenthe
|-
|16
|sextien
|sextenthe
|-
|17
|sevontien
|sevontenthe
|-
|18
|aghttien
|aghttenthe
|-
|19
|neyontien
|neyontenthe
|-
|20
|twintey
|twinteythe
|-
|21
|ean-ond-twintey
|ean-ond-twinteythe
|-
|22
|twea-ond-twintey
|twea-ond-twinteythe
|-
|30
|thertey
|therteythe
|-
|40
|fiertey
|fierteythe
|-
|50
|fiftey
|fifteythe
|-
|60
|sextey
|sexteythe
|-
|70
|sevontey
|sevonteythe
|-
|80
|aghttey
|aghtteythe
|-
|90
|neyontey
|neyonteythe
|-
|100
|hundrod
|hundrodthe
|}

===Personal pronouns===

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''1st person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Subject'''
|colspan=2|ic
|colspan="2"|wie
|-
!'''Object 1'''
|colspan="2"|my
|colspan="2"|us
|-
!'''Object 2'''
|colspan="2"|mye
|colspan="2"|us
|-
!'''Possessive'''
|colspan="2"|main
|colspan="2"|ure
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''2nd person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Subject'''
|colspan="2"|thu
|colspan="2"|yie
|-
!'''Object 1'''
|colspan="2"|thy
|colspan="2"|yow, yiew*
|-
!'''Object 2'''
|colspan="2"|thye
|colspan="2"|yow, yiew*
|-
!'''Possessive'''
|colspan="2"|thain
|colspan="2"|yore, yiere*
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''3rd person'''
|-
!'''Masculine'''
!'''Feminine'''
!'''Neuter'''
!'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Subject'''
|hie
|sie
|hit
|hea
|-
!'''Object 1'''
|hine, him**
|sie, hir**
|him, hit**
|hea, heam**
|-
!'''Object 2'''
|him
|hir
|hit
|heam
|-
!'''Genitive'''
|his
|hir
|his
|hiere
|}
* Dialectal or archaic forms.
** Common errors, often found in vulgar language

== Verbs ==

===Inflections===

Here are some very important verbs, their auxiliary verb for compound tenses and their meaning:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Infinitive'''
|'''1st person'''
|'''2nd person'''
|'''3rd person'''
|'''plural persons'''
|'''singular preterit'''
|'''plural preterit'''
|'''past participle'''
|'''Auxiliary'''
|'''Meaning'''
|-
|hebbe
|heb
|hæst
|hæth
|hebbeth
|hadde
|hadden
|ehad
|hebbe
|''to have''
|-
|wese
|bie
|bist
|is
|sind
|was
|waren
|ewesen
|wese
|''to be''
|-
|dœ
|dœ
|dost
|doth
|dœth
|dead
|deden
|edæn
|hebbe
|''to do''
|-
|gæ
|gæ
|gast
|gath
|gæth
|iede
|ieden
|egæn, egongen
|wese
|''to go''
|-
|fære
|fær
|farst
|farth
|færeth
|fœr
|fœren
|efæren
|wese
|''to go''
|-
|flieye
|fliey
|flieyst
|flieyth
|flieyeth
|floay
|floyen
|efloyen
|wese
|''to fly''
|-
|sie
|sie
|siest
|sieth
|sieth
|say
|sayen
|esien
|hebbe
|''to see''
|-
|leye
|ley
|leyst
|leyth
|leyeth
|leide
|leiden
|eleid
|hebbe
|''to lay''
|-
|mœte
|mœt
|mœst
|mœt
|mœteth
|mœste
|mœsten
|—
|hebbe
|''to may, must''
|-
|kume
|kum
|komst
|komth
|kumeth
|quam
|quamen
|ekumen
|wese
|''to come''
|-
|kunne
|kan
|kanst
|kan
|kunneth
|kuthe
|kuthen
|ekuth
|hebbe
|''can''
|-
|seye
|sey
|seyst
|seyth
|seyeth
|seide
|seiden
|eseid
|hebbe
|''to say''
|-
|fortelle
|fortell
|fortelst
|fortelth
|fortelleth
|fortelde
|fortelden
|forteld
|hebbe
|''to tell''
|-
|wite
|weat
|weast
|weat
|witeth
|wiste
|wisten
|ewiten
|hebbe
|''to know''
|-
|knæwe
|knæw
|knawst
|knawth
|knæweth
|kniew
|kniewen
|eknowen
|hebbe
|''to recognise''
|-
|wille
|will
|wilt
|will
|willeth
|wolde
|wolden
|ewild
|hebbe
|''to want to''
|-
|sculle
|scall
|scalt
|scall
|sculleth
|scolde
|scolden
| —
|hebbe
|''to shall, must''
|-
|sterve
|sterf
|stirfst
|stirfth
|sterveth
|storf
|storven
|estorven
|wese
|''to die''
|-
|mæke
|mæk
|mækst
|mækth
|mæketh
|mækte
|mækten
|emækod
|hebbe
|''to make''
|-
|ete
|eat
|eatst (older itst)
|eatth (older itth)
|eteth
|at
|aten
|eëten
|hebbe
|''to eat''
|-
|muye
|may
|maist
|may
|muyeth
|moghte
|moghten
| — (emoght)
|hebbe
|''to may''
|-
|halde
|hald
|heldst
|heldth
|haldeth
|hield, heald
|hielden, healden
|ehalden
|hebbe
|''to hold''
|-
|wirce
|wirc
|wircest
|wirceth
|wirceth
|wroghte
|wroghten
|ewroght
|hebbe
|''to work''
|}

===Indefinites===

Indefinites give us incomplete informations, because they don't define the precise quantity or the identity:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Indefinite'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
|evenman
|somebody
|-
|evenean
|someone
|-
|evending
|something/anything
|-
|evenwær
|somewhere
|-
|neaman
|nobody
|-
|newær
|nowhere
|-
|nene (also neëne)
|none
|-
|neding
|nothing
|-
|enyman
|anybody
|-
|enyene
|anyone
|-
|enyding
|anything
|-
|enywær
|anywhere
|-
|theyene
|the one (who)
|-
|thatean
|that one (which)
|-
|elc
|each
|-
|all
|all
|-
|othor
|other
|}

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

[[Category:West Germanic languages]]

Westlondic

2013-09-11T20:18:09Z

Ealdwimor: /* Verbs */

{{private}}

{{ClassMeter
|Name = Westlondic, Westlondish
|NativeName = Westlondsch, Wesslonnsch
|Type = Mixed
|Alignment = Nominative-Accusative

|adjective = final
|adposition = final
|adverb= initial
|article= initial
|relativeclause = final
|nounclause = final
|order = SVO

|Tonal = yes
|Declined = no
|Conjugated = yes
|Genders = 2
|NCase = no
|NNumber = yes
|NDefiniteness = no
|NGender = yes
|VVoice = yes
|VMood = yes
|VPerson = yes
|VNumber = yes
|VTense = yes
|VAspect = yes

|Phonology=100
|NounCases=100
|NounDef=100
|NounNumbers=100
|NounGender=100
|VerbPerson=100
|VerbNumber=100
|VerbAspect=100
|VerbTense=100
|VerbMood=80
|VerbVoice=50
|AdjCase=100
|AdjNumber=100
|AdjDef=100
|AdjGen=100
|AdjComparative=100
|AdjSuperlative=100
|AdjGen=100
|Supine=100
|Gerund=100
|Participle=100
|Infinitive=100
|Modality=70
|Words=0}}

=General informations=

[[File:oxman speaking-area.png|365px|thumb|right|''Westlondschspråkig jebiid - Westlondic-speaking area'']]

'''Westlondic''' is an [[Oxman]] dialect, a West-Germanic language spoken in the ''Duché du Héron'' (= Shire of Le Héron), a shire that corresponds to the eastern region of Seine-Marirtime in France.
This language has evolved from the [[Old Oxman]] dialect spoken in Westlands (''Westlondes'' in Oxman, ''Westlonden'' or ''Wesslonnen'' in Westlondic). [[Old Oxman]] which evolved from [[Old Auregan]] which is the first recorded form of Auregan language. Auregan language area corresponds to the "Vexin Normand" (a region situated just south to "Duché du héron").
Westlondic is a West-Germanic language that is strongly linked to Oxman, Dutch, Modern English, Low German and Modern German.

Here is a table which sums up the main characteristics of this language:

{{agreement
|VerbGender =
|VerbCases =
|VerbNumber = yes
|VerbTenses = yes
|VerbPerson = yes
|VerbMoods = yes
|VerbVoices = yes
|VerbAspect = yes

|NounGender = yes
|NounCases =
|NounNumber = yes
|NounTenses =
|NounPerson =
|NounMoods =
|NounVoices =

|AdjectiveGender =
|AdjectiveCases =
|AdjectiveNumber = yes
|AdjectiveTenses =
|AdjectivePerson =
|AdjectiveMoods =
|AdjectiveVoices =

|NumberGender =
|NumberCases =
|NumberNumber =
|NumberTenses =
|NumberPerson =
|NumberMoods =
|NumberVoices =

|ParticipleGender =
|ParticipleCases =
|ParticipleNumber = yes
|ParticipleTenses =
|ParticiplePerson =
|ParticipleMoods =
|ParticipleVoices = yes

|AdverbGender =
|AdverbCases =
|AdverbNumber =
|AdverbTenses =
|AdverbPerson =
|AdverbMoods =
|AdverbVoices =

|PronounGender = yes
|PronounCases = yes
|PronounNumber = yes
|PronounTenses =
|PronounPerson = yes
|PronounMoods =
|PronounVoices =

|AdpositionGender = yes
|AdpositionCases =
|AdpositionNumber = yes
|AdpositionTenses =
|AdpositionPerson =
|AdpositionMoods =
|AdpositionVoices =

|ArticleGender = yes
|ArticleCases = yes
|ArticleNumber = yes
|ArticleTenses =
|ArticlePerson =
|ArticleMoods =
|ArticleVoices =

|ParticleGender =
|ParticleCases =
|ParticleNumber =
|ParticleTenses =
|ParticlePerson =
|ParticleMoods =
|ParticleVoices =
}}

=Phonology=

==Alphabet==

Oxman alphabet uses letters from Latin alphabet and contains 25 characters:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Letters'''
|'''Pronunciation'''
|'''Further information'''
|-
|a
|[a]
|short 'a'
|-
|b
|[b]
|like in English
|-
|ch
|[tʃ]
|like the English 'ch' in 'church'
|-
|d
|[d]
|like in English
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e:]
|in plural cluster -es it is not pronounced
|-
|f
|[f]
|like in English
|-
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronunced as in the English word "get"
|-
|h
|[h]
|like in English
|-
|i
|[ɪ]
|short 'i'
|-
|j
|[j]
|like English 'y'
|-
|k
|[k]
|like in English
|-
|l
|[l]
|like in English
|-
|m
|[m]
|like in English
|-
|n
|[n]
|like in English
|-
|o
|[ɔ]
|like in English
|-
|p
|[p]
|like in English
|-
|q
|[k]
|rare, Westlondic prefers to use ''kw'' istead of ''qu'' in Latin words
|-
|r
|[r]
|trilled just as in Dutch or in Italian
|-
|s
|[s]
|voiceless
|-
|t
|[t]
|like in English
|-
|u
|[œ]
|short 'u' in 'but'
|-
|v
|[v]
|like in English
|-
|w
|[ʋ]
|between 'v' and 'w', just as in Dutch
|-
|y
|[j]
|rare
|-
|z
|[z]
|voiced
|}

==Consonantic phonemes==

Oxman language has the following consonantic phonemes:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" {{Table/bluetable}} style="width: 860px; "
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; "|
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Bilabial
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Labio-dental
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Dental
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Alveolar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Post-alveolar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Palatal
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Labio-Velar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Velar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Glottal
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Nasal
| style="text-align: center;"|m
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|n
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ŋ
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Plosive
| style="text-align: center;"|p b
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|t d
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|k g
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Fricative
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|f v
| style="text-align: center;"|θ ð
| style="text-align: center;"|s z
| style="text-align: center;"|ʃ
| style="text-align: center;"|ç
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|χ
| style="text-align: center;"|h
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Affricate
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ts dz
| style="text-align: center;"|tʃ dʒ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Approximant
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|r ɹ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|j
| style="text-align: center;"|w
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Lateral
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|l
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|}

==Vocalic phonemes==

Oxman shows the following vowels:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! rowspan="2" colspan="1"|'''Phonemes'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Short'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Long'''
|-
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-
!'''Closed'''
|ɪ
|ʊ
|i:
|y: u:
|-
!'''Mid-closed'''
|
|
|e:
|o:
|-
!'''Mid-open'''
|ɛ
|ɔ
|
|
|-
!'''Open'''
|a
|
|
|ɑ:
|}

==Diphthongs and digraphs==

Oxman has also twenty diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Diphthongs'''
|'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|ao
|[ɑ:ʊ]
|-
|ee
|[e:ɪ]
|-
|eo
|[e:ʊ]
|}

==Stress==

The position of stress in this language is quite regular, because it falls on the root and thus there are few rules to observe:

* In substantives (and in adjectives and adverbs) the stress generally falls on the first syllable, but if they are compound nouns / adjectives, formed by prefix + noun / adjective, the stress falls on the root syllable of the noun / adjective. In compounds which are formed by noun / adjective + noun / adjective, the various words are read as if they were written separately;

* In verbs the stress falls always on the root, even if they are compounds, ex.: ''jemâken'', "to make up", is read as [ə'ma:kə].

=Grammar=

==Nouns, gender and number==

Oxman language has got only two genders: common gender and neuter gender. The previously masculine and feminine words have merged into the common gender, whereas neuter words have remained neuter, even if in some cases there has been a gender switch.

Nouns can be both singular (denoting just one object) and plural (denoting more than one object). The formation of plural is simple, because there is only one ways to form it:

* All nouns take -es suffix (-s if the nouns ends with 'r' or 'l'), the <e> in this suffix is generally not pronounced;

However a few nouns show irregular endings.

==Articles==

Two kinds of article exist in Westlondic: indefinite and definite article.

The indefinite article has got no plural form and the singular one is the same for all the genders: '''e, en'''. This article is used to talk about things, facts, beings that are introduces for the first time into the conversation, that is we use the indefinite article to talk about new and not known informations, to talk about undetermined informations.

The definite article is '''de, die (dii, di)''' for common nouns and for all genders at plural forms, but for singular neuter it is '''dat'''. The definite article is used to talk about well known things, facts, beings instead.

==Adjectives==

The adjectives always precede the noun to whom they refer. Adjectives take a single '''-e''' ending when the noun it refers to is common, or at plural form. Singular neuter nouns don't cause endings on the adjectives.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Strong singular'''
|'''Strong plural / Weak'''
|'''Meaning'''
|-
|good
|gôde
|good
|-
|aod
|aode (also aowe)
|old
|-
|jung
|junge
|young
|-
|rood
|rode
|red
|-
|lonc
|longe
|long
|-
|heet
|hete
|hot
|}

===Comparative===

The higher degree comparative is formed with the suffix '-er'. The second term of comparation is introduced by ''donn'' and is in the same case of the first, ex.:

* ''E jebaow högher donn e treew'' - A building higher than a tree.

Just like in English and somtimes in Dutch, long adjectives form their comparative by adding the word 'meer' before the adjective. It corresponds to the 'more' formation in English.

====Adjectives with an irregular higher degree comparative====

Some adjectives have got an irregular form of higher degree comparative:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Positive'''
|'''Strong comparative'''
|'''Weak comparative'''
|-
|good
|beter
|betere
|-
|üvel (bad)
|wirre
|wirre
|-
|üvel (inferior)
|sommer (rare)
|sommere (rare)
|-
|lüttel
|småller
|smållere
|-
|wenig
|minner
|minnere
|-
|aod
|eoder
|eodere
|-
|junc, jung
|jünger
|jüngere
|-
|stronc (strict)
|strönger
|ströngere
|-
|lonc
|lönger
|löngere
|-
|föör (fore)
|förmer
|förmere
|-
|ver, verr, vern (far)
|verder
|verdere
|-
|monig/michel (many, much)
|meer
|mêre
|}

===Superlative===

The superlative degree is formed with the suffix '-st/-est' (some irregular adjectives form it with '-st').

* ''De schöönste bloom in den werlt'' - The most beautiful flower in the world.

====Adjectives with an irregular superlative====

The same adjectives that have an irregular higher degree comparative have got also an irregular superlative form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Positive'''
|'''Strong superlative'''
|'''Weak superlative'''
|-
|good
|bes, betst
|beste, betste
|-
|üvel (bad)
|wirst
|wirste
|-
|üvel (inferior)
|sommst (rare)
|sommste (rare)
|-
|lüttol
|smållst
|smållste
|-
|wenig
|minnst, mindst
|minnste, mindste
|-
|aod
|eodst
|eodste
|-
|junc
|jüngst
|jüngste
|-
|ver, verr, vern
|verrst, verdst
|verrste, verdste
|-
|stronc
|ströngst
|ströngste
|-
|lonc
|löngst
|löngste
|-
|föör
|förmst
|förmste
|-
|monig/michel (many, much)
|meest
|meeste
|}

===Numerals===

Numerals don't inflect. Here are the numerals from 0 to 100:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Number'''
|'''Cardinal'''
|'''Ordinal'''
|-
|0
|nieght
| -
|-
|1
|een
|eerst (time), fürst (place)
|-
|2
|twee, two
|efter, tweede
|-
|3
|drie, drii
|dirde, dridde
|-
|4
|fier
|fierde
|-
|5
|fiif
|fifte
|-
|6
|sex
|sexte
|-
|7
|seven
|sevende
|-
|8
|oght
|oghtte
|-
|9
|nejen
|nejende
|-
|10
|teen
|tende
|-
|11
|elve(n)
|elfte
|-
|12
|twölf
|twölfte
|-
|13
|dirten, driten
|dirtende
|-
|14
|fierten
|fiertende
|-
|15
|fiften
|fiftende
|-
|16
|sexten
|sextende
|-
|17
|seventen
|seventende
|-
|18
|oghtten
|oghttende
|-
|19
|nejenten
|nejentende
|-
|20
|twintig
|twintigste
|-
|21
|een-onn-twintig
|een-onn-twintigste
|-
|22
|twee-onn-twintig
|twee-onn-twintigste
|-
|30
|dirtig
|dirtigste
|-
|40
|fiertig
|fiertigste
|-
|50
|fiftig
|fiftigste
|-
|60
|sextig
|sextigste
|-
|70
|seventig
|seventigste
|-
|80
|toghttig
|toghttigste
|-
|90
|nejentig
|nejentigste
|-
|100
|hunderd, hunnerd
|hunderdste
|}

===Personal pronouns===

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''1st person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Subject'''
|colspan=2|ich
|colspan="2"|wie, wii
|-
!'''Object 1'''
|colspan="2"|mie
|colspan="2"|uus
|-
!'''Object 2'''
|colspan="2"|mie
|colspan="2"|uus
|-
!'''Possessive'''
|colspan="2"|miinn mien
|colspan="2"|uuzer, uure
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''2nd person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Subject'''
|colspan="2"|du
|colspan="2"|jie
|-
!'''Object 1'''
|colspan="2"|di(e), dii
|colspan="2"|jiw
|-
!'''Object 2'''
|colspan="2"|di(e), dii
|colspan="2"|jiw
|-
!'''Possessive'''
|colspan="2"|diin, dien
|colspan="2"|jiire, jire
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''3rd person'''
|-
!'''Masculine'''
!'''Feminine'''
!'''Neuter'''
!'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Subject'''
|hii, hi(e)
|sii, si(e)
|et, het
|hee
|-
!'''Object 1'''
|hin, him**
|sii, hir**
|him, hit**
|hee, heen**
|-
!'''Object 2'''
|him
|hir
|et
|heen
|-
!'''Genitive'''
|siin, sien, (h)iss
|hir
|siin, sien, (h)iss
|heere
|}
* Dialectal or archaic forms.
** Common errors, often found in vulgar language

== Verbs ==

===Inflections===

Here are some very important verbs, their auxiliary verb for compound tenses and their meaning:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Infinitive'''
|'''1st person'''
|'''2nd person'''
|'''3rd person'''
|'''plural persons'''
|'''singular preterit'''
|'''plural preterit'''
|'''past participle'''
|'''Auxiliary'''
|'''Meaning'''
|-
|hebben
|hebb
|hast
|hat
|hebbt
|had
|hadden
|jehafd
|hebben
|''to have''
|-
|wezen
|bi, biin, bien
|best
|is, es
|sinn, senn
|was
|wären
|jeweest, jewezen
|wezen
|''to be''
|-
|doon
|doo
|deest
|deet
|doot
|deed
|deden
|jedoon, jedåån
|hebben
|''to do''
|-
|gåån
|gåå
|geest
|geet
|gååt
|iide, jinc
|iiden, jingen
|jegåån
|wezen
|''to go''
|-
|våren
|våår
|veerst
|veert
|våårt
|voor
|vôren
|jevåren
|wezen
|''to go''
|-
|flêje, flieje
|fleej, fliej
|fleejst, fliejst
|fleejt, fliejt
|fleejt, fliejt
|flooj
|flôjen
|jeflôjen
|wezen
|''to fly''
|-
|ziin, zien
|zii
|ziist
|ziit
|ziit
|zåj
|zåjen
|jeziin
|hebben
|''to see''
|-
|lejjen
|lej
|lejst
|lejt
|lejt
|leide
|leiden
|jeleid
|hebben
|''to lay''
|-
|möten
|muut
|muust
|muut
|mööt(t)
|mööste
|möösten
|—
|hebben
|''to may, must''
|-
|komen
|koom
|küümst
|küümt
|koomt
|kwam
|kwamen
|jekomen
|wezen
|''to come''
|-
|künnen
|kann
|kannst
|kann
|künnt
|küüde
|küden
|jeküüd
|hebben
|''to can''
|-
|sejje
|sej
|sejst, sajst
|sejt, sajt
|sejt
|seide
|seiden
|jeseid
|hebbe
|''to say''
|-
|fortellen
|fortell
|fortellst
|fortellt
|fortellt
|fortellde
|fortellden
|fortelld
|hebben
|''to tell''
|-
|witen
|weet
|weest
|weet
|witt
|wisse
|wissen
|jewiten
|hebben
|''to know''
|-
|knåwen
|knåw
|knewst
|knewth
|knåweth
|kniew
|kniewen
|jeknowen
|hebben
|''to recognise''
|-
|willen
|will
|willt, willst
|will
|willt
|wöllde
|wöllden
|jewilld
|hebben
|''to want to''
|-
|schüllen
|schall
|schallt, schallst
|schall
|schüllt
|schöllde
|schöllden
| —
|hebben
|''to shall, must''
|-
|sterven
|sterf
|stirfst
|stirfth
|sterft
|storf
|storven
|jestorven
|wezen
|''to die''
|-
|måken
|mååk
|mååkst
|mååkt
|mååkt
|mååkte
|mååkten
|jemååkt
|hebben
|''to make''
|-
|êten
|eet
|itst
|itt
|eet
|åt
|åten
|jeëten
|hebben
|''to eat''
|-
|müjje
|maj
|majst, maght
|maj
|müjt
|moghte
|moghten
| — (jemoght)
|hebben
|''to may''
|-
|haoden
|haod
|heodst
|heodth
|haodeth
|heeod
|heeoden
|jehaoden, gehaoden
|hebben
|''to hold''
|-
|wirchen
|wirch
|wirchst
|wircht
|wircht
|wroghte
|wroghten
|jewroght, gewrocht
|hebben
|''to work''
|}

===Indefinites===

Indefinites give us incomplete informations, because they don't define the precise quantity or the identity:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Indefinite'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
|iemann
|somebody
|-
|ieeen
|someone
|-
|evending
|something/anything
|-
|evenwær
|somewhere
|-
|neaman
|nobody
|-
|newær
|nowhere
|-
|nene (also neëne)
|none
|-
|neding
|nothing
|-
|enyman
|anybody
|-
|enyene
|anyone
|-
|enyding
|anything
|-
|enywær
|anywhere
|-
|theyene
|the one (who)
|-
|thatean
|that one (which)
|-
|elc
|each
|-
|all
|all
|-
|othor
|other
|}

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

[[Category:West Germanic languages]]

Westlondic

2013-09-11T20:15:31Z

Ealdwimor: Created page with "{{private}} {{ClassMeter |Name = Westlondic, Westlondish |NativeName = Westlondsch, Wesslonnsch |Type = Mixed |Alignment = Nominative-Accusative |adjective = fi..."

{{private}}

{{ClassMeter
|Name = Westlondic, Westlondish
|NativeName = Westlondsch, Wesslonnsch
|Type = Mixed
|Alignment = Nominative-Accusative

|adjective = final
|adposition = final
|adverb= initial
|article= initial
|relativeclause = final
|nounclause = final
|order = SVO

|Tonal = yes
|Declined = no
|Conjugated = yes
|Genders = 2
|NCase = no
|NNumber = yes
|NDefiniteness = no
|NGender = yes
|VVoice = yes
|VMood = yes
|VPerson = yes
|VNumber = yes
|VTense = yes
|VAspect = yes

|Phonology=100
|NounCases=100
|NounDef=100
|NounNumbers=100
|NounGender=100
|VerbPerson=100
|VerbNumber=100
|VerbAspect=100
|VerbTense=100
|VerbMood=80
|VerbVoice=50
|AdjCase=100
|AdjNumber=100
|AdjDef=100
|AdjGen=100
|AdjComparative=100
|AdjSuperlative=100
|AdjGen=100
|Supine=100
|Gerund=100
|Participle=100
|Infinitive=100
|Modality=70
|Words=0}}

=General informations=

[[File:oxman speaking-area.png|365px|thumb|right|''Westlondschspråkig jebiid - Westlondic-speaking area'']]

'''Westlondic''' is an [[Oxman]] dialect, a West-Germanic language spoken in the ''Duché du Héron'' (= Shire of Le Héron), a shire that corresponds to the eastern region of Seine-Marirtime in France.
This language has evolved from the [[Old Oxman]] dialect spoken in Westlands (''Westlondes'' in Oxman, ''Westlonden'' or ''Wesslonnen'' in Westlondic). [[Old Oxman]] which evolved from [[Old Auregan]] which is the first recorded form of Auregan language. Auregan language area corresponds to the "Vexin Normand" (a region situated just south to "Duché du héron").
Westlondic is a West-Germanic language that is strongly linked to Oxman, Dutch, Modern English, Low German and Modern German.

Here is a table which sums up the main characteristics of this language:

{{agreement
|VerbGender =
|VerbCases =
|VerbNumber = yes
|VerbTenses = yes
|VerbPerson = yes
|VerbMoods = yes
|VerbVoices = yes
|VerbAspect = yes

|NounGender = yes
|NounCases =
|NounNumber = yes
|NounTenses =
|NounPerson =
|NounMoods =
|NounVoices =

|AdjectiveGender =
|AdjectiveCases =
|AdjectiveNumber = yes
|AdjectiveTenses =
|AdjectivePerson =
|AdjectiveMoods =
|AdjectiveVoices =

|NumberGender =
|NumberCases =
|NumberNumber =
|NumberTenses =
|NumberPerson =
|NumberMoods =
|NumberVoices =

|ParticipleGender =
|ParticipleCases =
|ParticipleNumber = yes
|ParticipleTenses =
|ParticiplePerson =
|ParticipleMoods =
|ParticipleVoices = yes

|AdverbGender =
|AdverbCases =
|AdverbNumber =
|AdverbTenses =
|AdverbPerson =
|AdverbMoods =
|AdverbVoices =

|PronounGender = yes
|PronounCases = yes
|PronounNumber = yes
|PronounTenses =
|PronounPerson = yes
|PronounMoods =
|PronounVoices =

|AdpositionGender = yes
|AdpositionCases =
|AdpositionNumber = yes
|AdpositionTenses =
|AdpositionPerson =
|AdpositionMoods =
|AdpositionVoices =

|ArticleGender = yes
|ArticleCases = yes
|ArticleNumber = yes
|ArticleTenses =
|ArticlePerson =
|ArticleMoods =
|ArticleVoices =

|ParticleGender =
|ParticleCases =
|ParticleNumber =
|ParticleTenses =
|ParticlePerson =
|ParticleMoods =
|ParticleVoices =
}}

=Phonology=

==Alphabet==

Oxman alphabet uses letters from Latin alphabet and contains 25 characters:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Letters'''
|'''Pronunciation'''
|'''Further information'''
|-
|a
|[a]
|short 'a'
|-
|b
|[b]
|like in English
|-
|ch
|[tʃ]
|like the English 'ch' in 'church'
|-
|d
|[d]
|like in English
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e:]
|in plural cluster -es it is not pronounced
|-
|f
|[f]
|like in English
|-
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronunced as in the English word "get"
|-
|h
|[h]
|like in English
|-
|i
|[ɪ]
|short 'i'
|-
|j
|[j]
|like English 'y'
|-
|k
|[k]
|like in English
|-
|l
|[l]
|like in English
|-
|m
|[m]
|like in English
|-
|n
|[n]
|like in English
|-
|o
|[ɔ]
|like in English
|-
|p
|[p]
|like in English
|-
|q
|[k]
|rare, Westlondic prefers to use ''kw'' istead of ''qu'' in Latin words
|-
|r
|[r]
|trilled just as in Dutch or in Italian
|-
|s
|[s]
|voiceless
|-
|t
|[t]
|like in English
|-
|u
|[œ]
|short 'u' in 'but'
|-
|v
|[v]
|like in English
|-
|w
|[ʋ]
|between 'v' and 'w', just as in Dutch
|-
|y
|[j]
|rare
|-
|z
|[z]
|voiced
|}

==Consonantic phonemes==

Oxman language has the following consonantic phonemes:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" {{Table/bluetable}} style="width: 860px; "
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; "|
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Bilabial
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Labio-dental
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Dental
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Alveolar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Post-alveolar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Palatal
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Labio-Velar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Velar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Glottal
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Nasal
| style="text-align: center;"|m
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|n
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ŋ
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Plosive
| style="text-align: center;"|p b
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|t d
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|k g
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Fricative
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|f v
| style="text-align: center;"|θ ð
| style="text-align: center;"|s z
| style="text-align: center;"|ʃ
| style="text-align: center;"|ç
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|χ
| style="text-align: center;"|h
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Affricate
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ts dz
| style="text-align: center;"|tʃ dʒ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Approximant
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|r ɹ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|j
| style="text-align: center;"|w
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Lateral
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|l
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|}

==Vocalic phonemes==

Oxman shows the following vowels:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! rowspan="2" colspan="1"|'''Phonemes'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Short'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Long'''
|-
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-
!'''Closed'''
|ɪ
|ʊ
|i:
|y: u:
|-
!'''Mid-closed'''
|
|
|e:
|o:
|-
!'''Mid-open'''
|ɛ
|ɔ
|
|
|-
!'''Open'''
|a
|
|
|ɑ:
|}

==Diphthongs and digraphs==

Oxman has also twenty diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Diphthongs'''
|'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|ao
|[ɑ:ʊ]
|-
|ee
|[e:ɪ]
|-
|eo
|[e:ʊ]
|}

==Stress==

The position of stress in this language is quite regular, because it falls on the root and thus there are few rules to observe:

* In substantives (and in adjectives and adverbs) the stress generally falls on the first syllable, but if they are compound nouns / adjectives, formed by prefix + noun / adjective, the stress falls on the root syllable of the noun / adjective. In compounds which are formed by noun / adjective + noun / adjective, the various words are read as if they were written separately;

* In verbs the stress falls always on the root, even if they are compounds, ex.: ''jemâken'', "to make up", is read as [ə'ma:kə].

=Grammar=

==Nouns, gender and number==

Oxman language has got only two genders: common gender and neuter gender. The previously masculine and feminine words have merged into the common gender, whereas neuter words have remained neuter, even if in some cases there has been a gender switch.

Nouns can be both singular (denoting just one object) and plural (denoting more than one object). The formation of plural is simple, because there is only one ways to form it:

* All nouns take -es suffix (-s if the nouns ends with 'r' or 'l'), the <e> in this suffix is generally not pronounced;

However a few nouns show irregular endings.

==Articles==

Two kinds of article exist in Westlondic: indefinite and definite article.

The indefinite article has got no plural form and the singular one is the same for all the genders: '''e, en'''. This article is used to talk about things, facts, beings that are introduces for the first time into the conversation, that is we use the indefinite article to talk about new and not known informations, to talk about undetermined informations.

The definite article is '''de, die (dii, di)''' for common nouns and for all genders at plural forms, but for singular neuter it is '''dat'''. The definite article is used to talk about well known things, facts, beings instead.

==Adjectives==

The adjectives always precede the noun to whom they refer. Adjectives take a single '''-e''' ending when the noun it refers to is common, or at plural form. Singular neuter nouns don't cause endings on the adjectives.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Strong singular'''
|'''Strong plural / Weak'''
|'''Meaning'''
|-
|good
|gôde
|good
|-
|aod
|aode (also aowe)
|old
|-
|jung
|junge
|young
|-
|rood
|rode
|red
|-
|lonc
|longe
|long
|-
|heet
|hete
|hot
|}

===Comparative===

The higher degree comparative is formed with the suffix '-er'. The second term of comparation is introduced by ''donn'' and is in the same case of the first, ex.:

* ''E jebaow högher donn e treew'' - A building higher than a tree.

Just like in English and somtimes in Dutch, long adjectives form their comparative by adding the word 'meer' before the adjective. It corresponds to the 'more' formation in English.

====Adjectives with an irregular higher degree comparative====

Some adjectives have got an irregular form of higher degree comparative:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Positive'''
|'''Strong comparative'''
|'''Weak comparative'''
|-
|good
|beter
|betere
|-
|üvel (bad)
|wirre
|wirre
|-
|üvel (inferior)
|sommer (rare)
|sommere (rare)
|-
|lüttel
|småller
|smållere
|-
|wenig
|minner
|minnere
|-
|aod
|eoder
|eodere
|-
|junc, jung
|jünger
|jüngere
|-
|stronc (strict)
|strönger
|ströngere
|-
|lonc
|lönger
|löngere
|-
|föör (fore)
|förmer
|förmere
|-
|ver, verr, vern (far)
|verder
|verdere
|-
|monig/michel (many, much)
|meer
|mêre
|}

===Superlative===

The superlative degree is formed with the suffix '-st/-est' (some irregular adjectives form it with '-st').

* ''De schöönste bloom in den werlt'' - The most beautiful flower in the world.

====Adjectives with an irregular superlative====

The same adjectives that have an irregular higher degree comparative have got also an irregular superlative form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Positive'''
|'''Strong superlative'''
|'''Weak superlative'''
|-
|good
|bes, betst
|beste, betste
|-
|üvel (bad)
|wirst
|wirste
|-
|üvel (inferior)
|sommst (rare)
|sommste (rare)
|-
|lüttol
|smållst
|smållste
|-
|wenig
|minnst, mindst
|minnste, mindste
|-
|aod
|eodst
|eodste
|-
|junc
|jüngst
|jüngste
|-
|ver, verr, vern
|verrst, verdst
|verrste, verdste
|-
|stronc
|ströngst
|ströngste
|-
|lonc
|löngst
|löngste
|-
|föör
|förmst
|förmste
|-
|monig/michel (many, much)
|meest
|meeste
|}

===Numerals===

Numerals don't inflect. Here are the numerals from 0 to 100:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Number'''
|'''Cardinal'''
|'''Ordinal'''
|-
|0
|nieght
| -
|-
|1
|een
|eerst (time), fürst (place)
|-
|2
|twee, two
|efter, tweede
|-
|3
|drie, drii
|dirde, dridde
|-
|4
|fier
|fierde
|-
|5
|fiif
|fifte
|-
|6
|sex
|sexte
|-
|7
|seven
|sevende
|-
|8
|oght
|oghtte
|-
|9
|nejen
|nejende
|-
|10
|teen
|tende
|-
|11
|elve(n)
|elfte
|-
|12
|twölf
|twölfte
|-
|13
|dirten, driten
|dirtende
|-
|14
|fierten
|fiertende
|-
|15
|fiften
|fiftende
|-
|16
|sexten
|sextende
|-
|17
|seventen
|seventende
|-
|18
|oghtten
|oghttende
|-
|19
|nejenten
|nejentende
|-
|20
|twintig
|twintigste
|-
|21
|een-onn-twintig
|een-onn-twintigste
|-
|22
|twee-onn-twintig
|twee-onn-twintigste
|-
|30
|dirtig
|dirtigste
|-
|40
|fiertig
|fiertigste
|-
|50
|fiftig
|fiftigste
|-
|60
|sextig
|sextigste
|-
|70
|seventig
|seventigste
|-
|80
|toghttig
|toghttigste
|-
|90
|nejentig
|nejentigste
|-
|100
|hunderd, hunnerd
|hunderdste
|}

===Personal pronouns===

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''1st person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Subject'''
|colspan=2|ich
|colspan="2"|wie, wii
|-
!'''Object 1'''
|colspan="2"|mie
|colspan="2"|uus
|-
!'''Object 2'''
|colspan="2"|mie
|colspan="2"|uus
|-
!'''Possessive'''
|colspan="2"|miinn mien
|colspan="2"|uuzer, uure
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''2nd person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Subject'''
|colspan="2"|du
|colspan="2"|jie
|-
!'''Object 1'''
|colspan="2"|di(e), dii
|colspan="2"|jiw
|-
!'''Object 2'''
|colspan="2"|di(e), dii
|colspan="2"|jiw
|-
!'''Possessive'''
|colspan="2"|diin, dien
|colspan="2"|jiire, jire
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''3rd person'''
|-
!'''Masculine'''
!'''Feminine'''
!'''Neuter'''
!'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Subject'''
|hii, hi(e)
|sii, si(e)
|et, het
|hee
|-
!'''Object 1'''
|hin, him**
|sii, hir**
|him, hit**
|hee, heen**
|-
!'''Object 2'''
|him
|hir
|et
|heen
|-
!'''Genitive'''
|siin, sien, (h)iss
|hir
|siin, sien, (h)iss
|heere
|}
* Dialectal or archaic forms.
** Common errors, often found in vulgar language

== Verbs ==

===Inflections===

Here are some very important verbs, their auxiliary verb for compound tenses and their meaning:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Infinitive'''
|'''1st person'''
|'''2nd person'''
|'''3rd person'''
|'''plural persons'''
|'''singular preterit'''
|'''plural preterit'''
|'''past participle'''
|'''Auxiliary'''
|'''Meaning'''
|-
|hebben
|hebb
|hast
|hat
|hebbt
|had
|hadden
|jehafd
|hebben
|''to have''
|-
|wezen
|bi, biin, bien
|best
|is, es
|sinn, senn
|was
|wären
|jeweest, jewezen
|wezen
|''to be''
|-
|doon
|doo
|deest
|deet
|doot
|deed
|deden
|jedoon, jedåån
|hebben
|''to do''
|-
|gåån
|gåå
|geest
|geet
|gååt
|iide, ginc
|iiden, gingen
|jegåån
|wezen
|''to go''
|-
|våren
|våår
|veerst
|veert
|våårt
|voor
|vôren
|jevåren
|wezen
|''to go''
|-
|flêje, flieje
|fleej, fliej
|fleejst, fliejst
|fleejt, fliejt
|fleejt, fliejt
|flooj
|flôjen
|jeflôjen
|wezen
|''to fly''
|-
|ziin, zien
|zii
|ziist
|ziit
|ziit
|zåj
|zåjen
|jeziin
|hebben
|''to see''
|-
|lejjen
|lej
|lejst
|lejt
|lejt
|leide
|leiden
|jeleid
|hebben
|''to lay''
|-
|möten
|muut
|muust
|muut
|mööt(t)
|mööste
|möösten
|—
|hebben
|''to may, must''
|-
|komen
|koom
|küümst
|küümt
|koomt
|kwam
|kwamen
|jekomen
|wezen
|''to come''
|-
|künnen
|kann
|kannst
|kann
|künnt
|küüde
|küden
|jeküüd
|hebben
|''to can''
|-
|sejje
|sej
|sejst, sajst
|sejt, sajt
|sejt
|seide
|seiden
|jeseid
|hebbe
|''to say''
|-
|fortellen
|fortell
|fortellst
|fortellt
|fortellt
|fortellde
|fortellden
|fortelld
|hebben
|''to tell''
|-
|witen
|weet
|weest
|weet
|witt
|wisse
|wissen
|jewiten
|hebben
|''to know''
|-
|knåwen
|knåw
|knewst
|knewth
|knåweth
|kniew
|kniewen
|jeknowen
|hebben
|''to recognise''
|-
|willen
|will
|willt, willst
|will
|willt
|wöllde
|wöllden
|jewilld
|hebben
|''to want to''
|-
|schüllen
|schall
|schallt, schallst
|schall
|schüllt
|schöllde
|schöllden
| —
|hebben
|''to shall, must''
|-
|sterven
|sterf
|stirfst
|stirfth
|sterft
|storf
|storven
|jestorven
|wezen
|''to die''
|-
|måken
|mååk
|mååkst
|mååkt
|mååkt
|mååkte
|mååkten
|jemååkt
|hebben
|''to make''
|-
|êten
|eet
|itst
|itt
|eet
|åt
|åten
|jeëten
|hebben
|''to eat''
|-
|müjje
|maj
|majst, maght
|maj
|müjt
|moghte
|moghten
| — (jemoght)
|hebben
|''to may''
|-
|haoden
|haod
|heodst
|heodth
|haodeth
|heeod
|heeoden
|jehaoden, gehaoden
|hebben
|''to hold''
|-
|wirchen
|wirch
|wirchst
|wircht
|wircht
|wroghte
|wroghten
|jewroght, gewrocht
|hebben
|''to work''
|}

===Indefinites===

Indefinites give us incomplete informations, because they don't define the precise quantity or the identity:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Indefinite'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
|iemann
|somebody
|-
|ieeen
|someone
|-
|evending
|something/anything
|-
|evenwær
|somewhere
|-
|neaman
|nobody
|-
|newær
|nowhere
|-
|nene (also neëne)
|none
|-
|neding
|nothing
|-
|enyman
|anybody
|-
|enyene
|anyone
|-
|enyding
|anything
|-
|enywær
|anywhere
|-
|theyene
|the one (who)
|-
|thatean
|that one (which)
|-
|elc
|each
|-
|all
|all
|-
|othor
|other
|}

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

[[Category:West Germanic languages]]

Oxman

2013-09-11T18:09:00Z

Ealdwimor: /* Inflections */

{{private}}

{{ClassMeter
|Name = Oxman
|NativeName = Oxmansc
|Type = Mixed
|Alignment = Nominative-Accusative

|adjective = final
|adposition = final
|adverb= initial
|article= initial
|relativeclause = final
|nounclause = final
|order = SVO

|Tonal = yes
|Declined = no
|Conjugated = yes
|Genders = 2
|NCase = no
|NNumber = yes
|NDefiniteness = no
|NGender = yes
|VVoice = yes
|VMood = yes
|VPerson = yes
|VNumber = yes
|VTense = yes
|VAspect = yes

|Phonology=100
|NounCases=100
|NounDef=100
|NounNumbers=100
|NounGender=100
|VerbPerson=100
|VerbNumber=100
|VerbAspect=100
|VerbTense=100
|VerbMood=80
|VerbVoice=50
|AdjCase=100
|AdjNumber=100
|AdjDef=100
|AdjGen=100
|AdjComparative=100
|AdjSuperlative=100
|AdjGen=100
|Supine=100
|Gerund=100
|Participle=100
|Infinitive=100
|Modality=70
|Words=0}}

=General informations=

[[File:oxman speaking-area.png|365px|thumb|right|''Oxmansc-sprekend raum - Oxman speaking area'']]

'''Oxman''' is a Germanic language spoken in the ''Duché du Héron'' (= Shire of Le Héron), a shire that corresponds to the eastern region of Seine-Marirtime in France.
This language has evolved from [[Old Oxman]] which evolved from [[Old Auregan]] which is the first recorded form of Auregan language. Auregan language area corresponds to the "Vexin Normand" (a region situated just south to "Duché du héron"). A Oxman speaking colony also exists near the city of Coventry, Warwickshire, Midlands, England.
Oxman is a West-Germanic language that is strongly linked to Dutch, Modern English, Low German and Modern German.

Here is a table which sums up the main characteristics of this language:

{{agreement
|VerbGender =
|VerbCases =
|VerbNumber = yes
|VerbTenses = yes
|VerbPerson = yes
|VerbMoods = yes
|VerbVoices = yes
|VerbAspect = yes

|NounGender = yes
|NounCases =
|NounNumber = yes
|NounTenses =
|NounPerson =
|NounMoods =
|NounVoices =

|AdjectiveGender =
|AdjectiveCases =
|AdjectiveNumber = yes
|AdjectiveTenses =
|AdjectivePerson =
|AdjectiveMoods =
|AdjectiveVoices =

|NumberGender =
|NumberCases =
|NumberNumber =
|NumberTenses =
|NumberPerson =
|NumberMoods =
|NumberVoices =

|ParticipleGender =
|ParticipleCases =
|ParticipleNumber = yes
|ParticipleTenses =
|ParticiplePerson =
|ParticipleMoods =
|ParticipleVoices = yes

|AdverbGender =
|AdverbCases =
|AdverbNumber =
|AdverbTenses =
|AdverbPerson =
|AdverbMoods =
|AdverbVoices =

|PronounGender = yes
|PronounCases = yes
|PronounNumber = yes
|PronounTenses =
|PronounPerson = yes
|PronounMoods =
|PronounVoices =

|AdpositionGender = yes
|AdpositionCases =
|AdpositionNumber = yes
|AdpositionTenses =
|AdpositionPerson =
|AdpositionMoods =
|AdpositionVoices =

|ArticleGender = yes
|ArticleCases = yes
|ArticleNumber = yes
|ArticleTenses =
|ArticlePerson =
|ArticleMoods =
|ArticleVoices =

|ParticleGender =
|ParticleCases =
|ParticleNumber =
|ParticleTenses =
|ParticlePerson =
|ParticleMoods =
|ParticleVoices =
}}

=Phonology=

==Alphabet==

Oxman alphabet uses letters from Latin alphabet and contains 25 characters:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Letters'''
|'''Pronunciation'''
|'''Further information'''
|-
|a
|[a]
|short 'a'
|-
|b
|[b]
|like in English
|-
|c
|[tʃ]
|like the English 'ch' in 'church'
|-
|d
|[d]
|like in English
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e:]
|in plural cluster -es it is not pronounced
|-
|f
|[f]
|like in English
|-
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronunced as in the English word "get"
|-
|h
|[h]
|like in English
|-
|i
|[ɪ]
|short 'i'
|-
|j
|[j]
|like English 'y'
|-
|k
|[k]
|like in English
|-
|l
|[l]
|like in English
|-
|m
|[m]
|like in English
|-
|n
|[n]
|like in English
|-
|o
|[ɔ] / [oʊ:]
|like in English
|-
|p
|[p]
|like in English
|-
|q
|[k]
|often followed by 'u', in latin words beginning with 'qu'
|-
|r
|[r]
|trilled just as in Dutch or in Italian
|-
|s
|[s]
|can be either voiced or voiceless
|-
|t
|[t]
|like in English
|-
|u
|[œ]
|short 'u' in 'but'
|-
|v
|[v]
|like in English
|-
|w
|[ʋ]
|between 'v' and 'w', just as in Dutch
|-
|y
|[j]
|between French letter 'j' in 'jouer' and English 'y' in 'year', as a vowel like a French 'u' or as English 'y' in 'why' when at the end of a word followed by a 'e' (cf. Oxman 'wye?' meaning 'why?' pronounced as in English);
|-
|æ
|[ɑ:]
|long 'a'
|-
|œ
|[u]
|as 'oo' in 'boot'
|}

==Consonantic phonemes==

Oxman language has the following consonantic phonemes:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" {{Table/bluetable}} style="width: 860px; "
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; "|
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Bilabial
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Labio-dental
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Dental
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Alveolar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Post-alveolar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Palatal
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Labio-Velar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Velar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Glottal
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Nasal
| style="text-align: center;"|m
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|n
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ŋ
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Plosive
| style="text-align: center;"|p b
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|t d
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|k g
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Fricative
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|f v
| style="text-align: center;"|θ ð
| style="text-align: center;"|s z
| style="text-align: center;"|ʃ
| style="text-align: center;"|ç
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|χ
| style="text-align: center;"|h
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Affricate
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ts dz
| style="text-align: center;"|tʃ dʒ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Approximant
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|r ɹ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|j
| style="text-align: center;"|w
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Lateral
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|l
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|}

==Vocalic phonemes==

Oxman shows the following vowels:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! rowspan="2" colspan="1"|'''Phonemes'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Short'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Long'''
|-
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-
!'''Closed'''
|ɪ
|ʊ
|i:
|y: u:
|-
!'''Mid-closed'''
|
|
|e:
|o:
|-
!'''Mid-open'''
|ɛ
|ɔ
|
|
|-
!'''Open'''
|a
|
|
|ɑ:
|}

==Diphthongs and digraphs==

Oxman has also twenty diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Diphthongs'''
|'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|ai
|[ɑ:ɪ]
|-
|au
|[ɑ:ʊ]
|-
|ea
|[e:ɪ]
|-
|eo
|[e:ʊ]
|-
|ei
|[ɛɪ]
|-
|uo, ue
|[y:ə]
|-
|ou
|[o:ʊ]
|}

==Stress==

The position of stress in this language is quite regular, because it falls on the root and thus there are few rules to observe:

* In substantives (and in adjectives and adverbs) the stress generally falls on the first syllable, but if they are compound nouns / adjectives, formed by prefix + noun / adjective, the stress falls on the root syllable of the noun / adjective. In compounds which are formed by noun / adjective + noun / adjective, the various words are read as if they were written separately;

* In verbs the stress falls always on the root, even if they are compounds, ex.: ''emæke'', "to make up", is read as [ə'ma:kə].

=Grammar=

==Nouns, gender and number==

Oxman language has got only two genders: common gender and neuter gender. The previously masculine and feminine words have merged into the common gender, whereas neuter words have remained neuter, even if in some cases there has been a gender switch.

Nouns can be both singular (denoting just one object) and plural (denoting more than one object). The formation of plural is simple, because there is only one ways to form it:

* All nouns take -es suffix (-s if the nouns ends with 'r' or 'l'), the <e> in this suffix is generally not pronounced;

However a few nouns show irregular endings.

==Articles==

Two kinds of article exist in Oxman: indefinite and definite article.

The indefinite article has got no plural form and the singular one is the same for all the genders: '''ean'''. This article is used to talk about things, facts, beings that are introduces for the first time into the conversation, that is we use the indefinite article to talk about new and not known informations, to talk about undetermined informations.

The definite article is '''thie''' for common nouns and for all genders at plural forms, but for singular neuter it is '''that'''. The definite article is used to talk about well known things, facts, beings instead.

==Adjectives==

The adjectives always precede the noun to whom they refer. Adjectives take a single '''-e''' ending when the noun it refers to is common, or at plural form. Singular neuter nouns don't cause endings on the adjectives.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Strong singular'''
|'''Strong plural / Weak'''
|'''Meaning'''
|-
|gœd
|gœde
|good
|-
|ald
|alde
|old
|-
|yung
|yunge
|young
|-
|road
|rode*
|red
|-
|long
|longe
|long
|-
|heat
|hete*
|hot
|}

* long vowels 'ea' and 'oa' shrink when an ending is added into 'e' and 'o'. Example: 'leve' (''to live'') but 'ic leaf' (''I live'').

===Comparative===

The higher degree comparative is formed with the suffix '-or, -rX'. The second term of comparation is introduced by ''thon'' and is in the same case of the first, ex.:

* ''Ean yebow hoyor thon ean trie'' - A building higher than a tree.

Just like in English and somtimes in Dutch, long adjectives form their comparative by adding the word 'mear' before the adjective. It corresponds to the 'more' formation in English.

====Adjectives with an irregular higher degree comparative====

Some adjectives have got an irregular form of higher degree comparative:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Positive'''
|'''Strong comparative'''
|'''Weak comparative'''
|-
|gœd
|betor
|betre
|-
|uvol (bad)
|wierse
|wierse
|-
|uvol (inferior)
|sambor (rare)
|sambre (rare)
|-
|luttol
|smallor
|smallre
|-
|weney
|mindor
|mindre
|-
|ald
|eldor
|eldre
|-
|yung
|yongor
|yongre
|-
|strong (strict)
|strengor
|strengre
|-
|long
|lengor
|lengre
|-
|foar (fore)
|furmor
|furmre
|-
|fer (far)
|ferthor
|ferthre
|-
|mæney/micol (many, much)
|mear
|mere
|}

===Superlative===

The superlative degree is formed with the suffix '-ost, -stX' (some irregular adjectives form it with '-st').

* ''Thie sconste blœm in thie werold'' - The most beautiful flower in the world.

====Adjectives with an irregular superlative====

The same adjectives that have an irregular higher degree comparative have got also an irregular superlative form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Positive'''
|'''Strong superlative'''
|'''Weak superlative'''
|-
|gœd
|best
|beste
|-
|uvol (bad)
|wierst
|wierste
|-
|uvol (inferior)
|sambost (rare)
|sambste (rare)
|-
|luttol
|smallost
|smalste
|-
|weney
|minst
|minste
|-
|ald
|eldost
|eldste
|-
|yung
|yongost
|yongste
|-
|fer
|ferthost
|ferthste
|-
|strong
|strengost
|stengste
|-
|long
|lengost
|lengste
|-
|foar
|furmost
|furmste
|-
|mæney/micol (many, much)
|meast
|measte
|}

===Numerals===

Numerals don't inflect. Here are the numerals from 0 to 100:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Number'''
|'''Cardinal'''
|'''Ordinal'''
|-
|0
|nieght
| -
|-
|1
|ene
|earst (time), furst (place)
|-
|2
|twea
|tweathe
|-
|3
|thrie
|therde
|-
|4
|fier
|fierthe
|-
|5
|faif
|fifthe
|-
|6
|sex
|sexthe
|-
|7
|sevon
|sevonthe
|-
|8
|aght
|aghtthe
|-
|9
|neyon
|neyonthe
|-
|10
|tien
|tenthe
|-
|11
|elvon
|elfthe
|-
|12
|twelf
|twelfthe
|-
|13
|thertien
|thertenthe
|-
|14
|fiertien
|fiertenthe
|-
|15
|fiftien
|fiftenthe
|-
|16
|sextien
|sextenthe
|-
|17
|sevontien
|sevontenthe
|-
|18
|aghttien
|aghttenthe
|-
|19
|neyontien
|neyontenthe
|-
|20
|twintey
|twinteythe
|-
|21
|ean-ond-twintey
|ean-ond-twinteythe
|-
|22
|twea-ond-twintey
|twea-ond-twinteythe
|-
|30
|thertey
|therteythe
|-
|40
|fiertey
|fierteythe
|-
|50
|fiftey
|fifteythe
|-
|60
|sextey
|sexteythe
|-
|70
|sevontey
|sevonteythe
|-
|80
|aghttey
|aghtteythe
|-
|90
|neyontey
|neyonteythe
|-
|100
|hundrod
|hundrodthe
|}

===Personal pronouns===

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''1st person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Subject'''
|colspan=2|ic
|colspan="2"|wie
|-
!'''Object 1'''
|colspan="2"|my
|colspan="2"|us
|-
!'''Object 2'''
|colspan="2"|mye
|colspan="2"|us
|-
!'''Possessive'''
|colspan="2"|main
|colspan="2"|ure
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''2nd person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Subject'''
|colspan="2"|thu
|colspan="2"|yie
|-
!'''Object 1'''
|colspan="2"|thy
|colspan="2"|yow, yiew*
|-
!'''Object 2'''
|colspan="2"|thye
|colspan="2"|yow, yiew*
|-
!'''Possessive'''
|colspan="2"|thain
|colspan="2"|yore, yiere*
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''3rd person'''
|-
!'''Masculine'''
!'''Feminine'''
!'''Neuter'''
!'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Subject'''
|hie
|sie
|hit
|hea
|-
!'''Object 1'''
|hine, him**
|sie, hir**
|him, hit**
|hea, heam**
|-
!'''Object 2'''
|him
|hir
|hit
|heam
|-
!'''Genitive'''
|his
|hir
|his
|hiere
|}
* Dialectal or archaic forms.
** Common errors, often found in vulgar language

== Verbs ==

===Inflections===

Here are some very important verbs, their auxiliary verb for compound tenses and their meaning:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Infinitive'''
|'''1st person'''
|'''2nd person'''
|'''3rd person'''
|'''plural persons'''
|'''singular preterit'''
|'''plural preterit'''
|'''past participle'''
|'''Auxiliary'''
|'''Meaning'''
|-
|hebbe
|heb
|hæst
|hæth
|hebbeth
|hadde
|hadden
|ehad
|hebbe
|''to have''
|-
|wese
|bie
|bist
|is
|sind
|was
|waren
|ewesen
|wese
|''to be''
|-
|dœ
|dœ
|dost
|doth
|dœth
|dead
|deden
|edæn
|hebbe
|''to do''
|-
|gæ
|gæ
|gast
|gath
|gæth
|iede
|ieden
|egæn, egongen
|wese
|''to go''
|-
|fære
|fær
|farst
|farth
|færeth
|fœr
|fœren
|efæren
|wese
|''to go''
|-
|flieye
|fliey
|flieyst
|flieyth
|flieyeth
|floay
|floyen
|efloyen
|wese
|''to fly''
|-
|sie
|sie
|siest
|sieth
|sieth
|say
|sayen
|esien
|hebbe
|''to see''
|-
|leye
|ley
|leyst
|leyth
|leyeth
|leide
|leiden
|eleid
|hebbe
|''to lay''
|-
|mœte
|mœt
|mœst
|mœt
|mœteth
|mœste
|mœsten
|—
|hebbe
|''to may, must''
|-
|kume
|kum
|komst
|komth
|kumeth
|quam
|quamen
|ekumen
|wese
|''to come''
|-
|kunne
|kan
|kanst
|kan
|kunneth
|kuthe
|kuthen
|ekuth
|hebbe
|''can''
|-
|seye
|sey
|seyst
|seyth
|seyeth
|seide
|seiden
|eseid
|hebbe
|''to say''
|-
|fortelle
|fortell
|fortelst
|fortelth
|fortelleth
|fortelde
|fortelden
|forteld
|hebbe
|''to tell''
|-
|wite
|weat
|weast
|weat
|witeth
|wiste
|wisten
|ewiten
|hebbe
|''to know''
|-
|knæwe
|knæw
|knawst
|knawth
|knæweth
|kniew
|kniewen
|eknowen
|hebbe
|''to recognise''
|-
|wille
|will
|wilt
|will
|willeth
|wolde
|wolden
|ewild
|hebbe
|''to want to''
|-
|sculle
|scall
|scalt
|scall
|sculleth
|scolde
|scolden
| —
|hebbe
|''to shall, must''
|-
|sterve
|sterf
|stirfst
|stirfth
|sterveth
|storf
|storven
|estorven
|wese
|''to die''
|-
|mæke
|mæk
|mækst
|mækth
|mæketh
|mækte
|mækten
|emækod
|hebbe
|''to make''
|-
|ete
|eat
|eatst (older itst)
|eatth (older itth)
|eteth
|at
|aten
|eëten
|hebbe
|''to eat''
|-
|muye
|may
|maist
|may
|muyeth
|moghte
|moghten
| — (emoght)
|hebbe
|''to may''
|-
|halde
|hald
|heldst
|heldth
|haldeth
|hield, heald
|hielden, healden
|ehalden
|hebbe
|''to hold''
|-
|wirce
|wirc
|wircest
|wirceth
|wirceth
|wroghte
|wroghten
|ewroght
|hebbe
|''to work''
|}

===Indefinites===

Indefinites give us incomplete informations, because they don't define the precise quantity or the identity:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Indefinite'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
|evenman
|somebody
|-
|evenean
|someone
|-
|evending
|something/anything
|-
|evenwær
|somewhere
|-
|neaman
|nobody
|-
|newær
|nowhere
|-
|nene (also neëne)
|none
|-
|neding
|nothing
|-
|enyman
|anybody
|-
|enyene
|anyone
|-
|enyding
|anything
|-
|enywær
|anywhere
|-
|theyene
|the one (who)
|-
|thatean
|that one (which)
|-
|elc
|each
|-
|all
|all
|-
|othor
|other
|}

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

[[Category:West Germanic languages]]

Oxman

2013-09-11T18:08:14Z

Ealdwimor: /* Inflections */

{{private}}

{{ClassMeter
|Name = Oxman
|NativeName = Oxmansc
|Type = Mixed
|Alignment = Nominative-Accusative

|adjective = final
|adposition = final
|adverb= initial
|article= initial
|relativeclause = final
|nounclause = final
|order = SVO

|Tonal = yes
|Declined = no
|Conjugated = yes
|Genders = 2
|NCase = no
|NNumber = yes
|NDefiniteness = no
|NGender = yes
|VVoice = yes
|VMood = yes
|VPerson = yes
|VNumber = yes
|VTense = yes
|VAspect = yes

|Phonology=100
|NounCases=100
|NounDef=100
|NounNumbers=100
|NounGender=100
|VerbPerson=100
|VerbNumber=100
|VerbAspect=100
|VerbTense=100
|VerbMood=80
|VerbVoice=50
|AdjCase=100
|AdjNumber=100
|AdjDef=100
|AdjGen=100
|AdjComparative=100
|AdjSuperlative=100
|AdjGen=100
|Supine=100
|Gerund=100
|Participle=100
|Infinitive=100
|Modality=70
|Words=0}}

=General informations=

[[File:oxman speaking-area.png|365px|thumb|right|''Oxmansc-sprekend raum - Oxman speaking area'']]

'''Oxman''' is a Germanic language spoken in the ''Duché du Héron'' (= Shire of Le Héron), a shire that corresponds to the eastern region of Seine-Marirtime in France.
This language has evolved from [[Old Oxman]] which evolved from [[Old Auregan]] which is the first recorded form of Auregan language. Auregan language area corresponds to the "Vexin Normand" (a region situated just south to "Duché du héron"). A Oxman speaking colony also exists near the city of Coventry, Warwickshire, Midlands, England.
Oxman is a West-Germanic language that is strongly linked to Dutch, Modern English, Low German and Modern German.

Here is a table which sums up the main characteristics of this language:

{{agreement
|VerbGender =
|VerbCases =
|VerbNumber = yes
|VerbTenses = yes
|VerbPerson = yes
|VerbMoods = yes
|VerbVoices = yes
|VerbAspect = yes

|NounGender = yes
|NounCases =
|NounNumber = yes
|NounTenses =
|NounPerson =
|NounMoods =
|NounVoices =

|AdjectiveGender =
|AdjectiveCases =
|AdjectiveNumber = yes
|AdjectiveTenses =
|AdjectivePerson =
|AdjectiveMoods =
|AdjectiveVoices =

|NumberGender =
|NumberCases =
|NumberNumber =
|NumberTenses =
|NumberPerson =
|NumberMoods =
|NumberVoices =

|ParticipleGender =
|ParticipleCases =
|ParticipleNumber = yes
|ParticipleTenses =
|ParticiplePerson =
|ParticipleMoods =
|ParticipleVoices = yes

|AdverbGender =
|AdverbCases =
|AdverbNumber =
|AdverbTenses =
|AdverbPerson =
|AdverbMoods =
|AdverbVoices =

|PronounGender = yes
|PronounCases = yes
|PronounNumber = yes
|PronounTenses =
|PronounPerson = yes
|PronounMoods =
|PronounVoices =

|AdpositionGender = yes
|AdpositionCases =
|AdpositionNumber = yes
|AdpositionTenses =
|AdpositionPerson =
|AdpositionMoods =
|AdpositionVoices =

|ArticleGender = yes
|ArticleCases = yes
|ArticleNumber = yes
|ArticleTenses =
|ArticlePerson =
|ArticleMoods =
|ArticleVoices =

|ParticleGender =
|ParticleCases =
|ParticleNumber =
|ParticleTenses =
|ParticlePerson =
|ParticleMoods =
|ParticleVoices =
}}

=Phonology=

==Alphabet==

Oxman alphabet uses letters from Latin alphabet and contains 25 characters:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Letters'''
|'''Pronunciation'''
|'''Further information'''
|-
|a
|[a]
|short 'a'
|-
|b
|[b]
|like in English
|-
|c
|[tʃ]
|like the English 'ch' in 'church'
|-
|d
|[d]
|like in English
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e:]
|in plural cluster -es it is not pronounced
|-
|f
|[f]
|like in English
|-
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronunced as in the English word "get"
|-
|h
|[h]
|like in English
|-
|i
|[ɪ]
|short 'i'
|-
|j
|[j]
|like English 'y'
|-
|k
|[k]
|like in English
|-
|l
|[l]
|like in English
|-
|m
|[m]
|like in English
|-
|n
|[n]
|like in English
|-
|o
|[ɔ] / [oʊ:]
|like in English
|-
|p
|[p]
|like in English
|-
|q
|[k]
|often followed by 'u', in latin words beginning with 'qu'
|-
|r
|[r]
|trilled just as in Dutch or in Italian
|-
|s
|[s]
|can be either voiced or voiceless
|-
|t
|[t]
|like in English
|-
|u
|[œ]
|short 'u' in 'but'
|-
|v
|[v]
|like in English
|-
|w
|[ʋ]
|between 'v' and 'w', just as in Dutch
|-
|y
|[j]
|between French letter 'j' in 'jouer' and English 'y' in 'year', as a vowel like a French 'u' or as English 'y' in 'why' when at the end of a word followed by a 'e' (cf. Oxman 'wye?' meaning 'why?' pronounced as in English);
|-
|æ
|[ɑ:]
|long 'a'
|-
|œ
|[u]
|as 'oo' in 'boot'
|}

==Consonantic phonemes==

Oxman language has the following consonantic phonemes:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" {{Table/bluetable}} style="width: 860px; "
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; "|
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Bilabial
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Labio-dental
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Dental
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Alveolar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Post-alveolar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Palatal
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Labio-Velar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Velar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Glottal
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Nasal
| style="text-align: center;"|m
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|n
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ŋ
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Plosive
| style="text-align: center;"|p b
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|t d
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|k g
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Fricative
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|f v
| style="text-align: center;"|θ ð
| style="text-align: center;"|s z
| style="text-align: center;"|ʃ
| style="text-align: center;"|ç
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|χ
| style="text-align: center;"|h
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Affricate
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ts dz
| style="text-align: center;"|tʃ dʒ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Approximant
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|r ɹ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|j
| style="text-align: center;"|w
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Lateral
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|l
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|}

==Vocalic phonemes==

Oxman shows the following vowels:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! rowspan="2" colspan="1"|'''Phonemes'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Short'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Long'''
|-
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-
!'''Closed'''
|ɪ
|ʊ
|i:
|y: u:
|-
!'''Mid-closed'''
|
|
|e:
|o:
|-
!'''Mid-open'''
|ɛ
|ɔ
|
|
|-
!'''Open'''
|a
|
|
|ɑ:
|}

==Diphthongs and digraphs==

Oxman has also twenty diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Diphthongs'''
|'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|ai
|[ɑ:ɪ]
|-
|au
|[ɑ:ʊ]
|-
|ea
|[e:ɪ]
|-
|eo
|[e:ʊ]
|-
|ei
|[ɛɪ]
|-
|uo, ue
|[y:ə]
|-
|ou
|[o:ʊ]
|}

==Stress==

The position of stress in this language is quite regular, because it falls on the root and thus there are few rules to observe:

* In substantives (and in adjectives and adverbs) the stress generally falls on the first syllable, but if they are compound nouns / adjectives, formed by prefix + noun / adjective, the stress falls on the root syllable of the noun / adjective. In compounds which are formed by noun / adjective + noun / adjective, the various words are read as if they were written separately;

* In verbs the stress falls always on the root, even if they are compounds, ex.: ''emæke'', "to make up", is read as [ə'ma:kə].

=Grammar=

==Nouns, gender and number==

Oxman language has got only two genders: common gender and neuter gender. The previously masculine and feminine words have merged into the common gender, whereas neuter words have remained neuter, even if in some cases there has been a gender switch.

Nouns can be both singular (denoting just one object) and plural (denoting more than one object). The formation of plural is simple, because there is only one ways to form it:

* All nouns take -es suffix (-s if the nouns ends with 'r' or 'l'), the <e> in this suffix is generally not pronounced;

However a few nouns show irregular endings.

==Articles==

Two kinds of article exist in Oxman: indefinite and definite article.

The indefinite article has got no plural form and the singular one is the same for all the genders: '''ean'''. This article is used to talk about things, facts, beings that are introduces for the first time into the conversation, that is we use the indefinite article to talk about new and not known informations, to talk about undetermined informations.

The definite article is '''thie''' for common nouns and for all genders at plural forms, but for singular neuter it is '''that'''. The definite article is used to talk about well known things, facts, beings instead.

==Adjectives==

The adjectives always precede the noun to whom they refer. Adjectives take a single '''-e''' ending when the noun it refers to is common, or at plural form. Singular neuter nouns don't cause endings on the adjectives.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Strong singular'''
|'''Strong plural / Weak'''
|'''Meaning'''
|-
|gœd
|gœde
|good
|-
|ald
|alde
|old
|-
|yung
|yunge
|young
|-
|road
|rode*
|red
|-
|long
|longe
|long
|-
|heat
|hete*
|hot
|}

* long vowels 'ea' and 'oa' shrink when an ending is added into 'e' and 'o'. Example: 'leve' (''to live'') but 'ic leaf' (''I live'').

===Comparative===

The higher degree comparative is formed with the suffix '-or, -rX'. The second term of comparation is introduced by ''thon'' and is in the same case of the first, ex.:

* ''Ean yebow hoyor thon ean trie'' - A building higher than a tree.

Just like in English and somtimes in Dutch, long adjectives form their comparative by adding the word 'mear' before the adjective. It corresponds to the 'more' formation in English.

====Adjectives with an irregular higher degree comparative====

Some adjectives have got an irregular form of higher degree comparative:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Positive'''
|'''Strong comparative'''
|'''Weak comparative'''
|-
|gœd
|betor
|betre
|-
|uvol (bad)
|wierse
|wierse
|-
|uvol (inferior)
|sambor (rare)
|sambre (rare)
|-
|luttol
|smallor
|smallre
|-
|weney
|mindor
|mindre
|-
|ald
|eldor
|eldre
|-
|yung
|yongor
|yongre
|-
|strong (strict)
|strengor
|strengre
|-
|long
|lengor
|lengre
|-
|foar (fore)
|furmor
|furmre
|-
|fer (far)
|ferthor
|ferthre
|-
|mæney/micol (many, much)
|mear
|mere
|}

===Superlative===

The superlative degree is formed with the suffix '-ost, -stX' (some irregular adjectives form it with '-st').

* ''Thie sconste blœm in thie werold'' - The most beautiful flower in the world.

====Adjectives with an irregular superlative====

The same adjectives that have an irregular higher degree comparative have got also an irregular superlative form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Positive'''
|'''Strong superlative'''
|'''Weak superlative'''
|-
|gœd
|best
|beste
|-
|uvol (bad)
|wierst
|wierste
|-
|uvol (inferior)
|sambost (rare)
|sambste (rare)
|-
|luttol
|smallost
|smalste
|-
|weney
|minst
|minste
|-
|ald
|eldost
|eldste
|-
|yung
|yongost
|yongste
|-
|fer
|ferthost
|ferthste
|-
|strong
|strengost
|stengste
|-
|long
|lengost
|lengste
|-
|foar
|furmost
|furmste
|-
|mæney/micol (many, much)
|meast
|measte
|}

===Numerals===

Numerals don't inflect. Here are the numerals from 0 to 100:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Number'''
|'''Cardinal'''
|'''Ordinal'''
|-
|0
|nieght
| -
|-
|1
|ene
|earst (time), furst (place)
|-
|2
|twea
|tweathe
|-
|3
|thrie
|therde
|-
|4
|fier
|fierthe
|-
|5
|faif
|fifthe
|-
|6
|sex
|sexthe
|-
|7
|sevon
|sevonthe
|-
|8
|aght
|aghtthe
|-
|9
|neyon
|neyonthe
|-
|10
|tien
|tenthe
|-
|11
|elvon
|elfthe
|-
|12
|twelf
|twelfthe
|-
|13
|thertien
|thertenthe
|-
|14
|fiertien
|fiertenthe
|-
|15
|fiftien
|fiftenthe
|-
|16
|sextien
|sextenthe
|-
|17
|sevontien
|sevontenthe
|-
|18
|aghttien
|aghttenthe
|-
|19
|neyontien
|neyontenthe
|-
|20
|twintey
|twinteythe
|-
|21
|ean-ond-twintey
|ean-ond-twinteythe
|-
|22
|twea-ond-twintey
|twea-ond-twinteythe
|-
|30
|thertey
|therteythe
|-
|40
|fiertey
|fierteythe
|-
|50
|fiftey
|fifteythe
|-
|60
|sextey
|sexteythe
|-
|70
|sevontey
|sevonteythe
|-
|80
|aghttey
|aghtteythe
|-
|90
|neyontey
|neyonteythe
|-
|100
|hundrod
|hundrodthe
|}

===Personal pronouns===

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''1st person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Subject'''
|colspan=2|ic
|colspan="2"|wie
|-
!'''Object 1'''
|colspan="2"|my
|colspan="2"|us
|-
!'''Object 2'''
|colspan="2"|mye
|colspan="2"|us
|-
!'''Possessive'''
|colspan="2"|main
|colspan="2"|ure
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''2nd person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Subject'''
|colspan="2"|thu
|colspan="2"|yie
|-
!'''Object 1'''
|colspan="2"|thy
|colspan="2"|yow, yiew*
|-
!'''Object 2'''
|colspan="2"|thye
|colspan="2"|yow, yiew*
|-
!'''Possessive'''
|colspan="2"|thain
|colspan="2"|yore, yiere*
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''3rd person'''
|-
!'''Masculine'''
!'''Feminine'''
!'''Neuter'''
!'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Subject'''
|hie
|sie
|hit
|hea
|-
!'''Object 1'''
|hine, him**
|sie, hir**
|him, hit**
|hea, heam**
|-
!'''Object 2'''
|him
|hir
|hit
|heam
|-
!'''Genitive'''
|his
|hir
|his
|hiere
|}
* Dialectal or archaic forms.
** Common errors, often found in vulgar language

== Verbs ==

===Inflections===

Here are some very important verbs, their auxiliary verb for compound tenses and their meaning:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Infinitive'''
|'''1st person'''
|'''2nd person'''
|'''3rd person'''
|'''plural persons'''
|'''singular preterit'''
|'''plural preterit'''
|'''past participle'''
|'''Auxiliary'''
|'''Meaning'''
|-
|hebbe
|heb
|hæst
|hæth
|hebbeth
|hadde
|hadden
|ehad
|hebbe
|''to have''
|-
|wese
|bie
|bist
|is
|sind
|was
|waren
|ewesen
|wese
|''to be''
|-
|dœ
|dœ
|dost
|doth
|dœth
|dead
|deden
|edæn
|hebbe
|''to do''
|-
|gæ
|gæ
|gast
|gath
|gæth
|iede
|ieden
|egæn, egongen
|wese
|''to go''
|-
|fære
|fær
|farst
|farth
|færeth
|fœr
|fœren
|efæren
|wese
|''to go''
|-
|flieye
|fliey
|flieyst
|flieyth
|flieyeth
|floay
|floyen
|efloyen
|wese
|''to fly''
|-
|sie
|sie
|siest
|sieth
|sieth
|say
|sayen
|esien
|hebbe
|''to see''
|-
|leye
|ley
|leyst
|leyth
|leyeth
|leide
|leiden
|eleid
|hebbe
|''to lay''
|-
|mœte
|mœt
|mœst
|mœt
|mœteth
|mœste
|mœsten
|—
|hebbe
|''to may, must''
|-
|kume
|kum
|komst
|komth
|kumeth
|quam
|quamen
|ekumen
|wese
|''to come''
|-
|kunne
|kan
|kanst
|kan
|kunneth
|kuthe
|kuthen
|ekuth
|hebbe
|''can''
|-
|seye
|sey
|seyst
|seyth
|seyeth
|seide
|seiden
|eseid
|hebbe
|''to say''
|-
|fortelle
|fortell
|fortelst
|fortelth
|fortelleth
|fortelde
|fortelden
|forteld
|hebbe
|''to tell''
|-
|wite
|weat
|weast
|weat
|witeth
|wiste
|wisten
|ewiten
|hebbe
|''to know''
|-
|knæwe
|knæw
|knawst
|knawth
|knæweth
|kniew
|kniewen
|eknowen
|hebbe
|''to recognise''
|-
|wille
|will
|wilt
|will
|willeth
|wolde
|wolden
|ewild
|hebbe
|''to want to''
|-
|sculle
|scall
|scalt
|scall
|sculleth
|scolde
|scolden
| —
|hebbe
|''to shall, must''
|-
|sterve
|sterf
|stirfst
|stirfth
|sterveth
|storf
|storven
|estorven
|wese
|''to die''
|-
|mæke
|mæk
|mækst
|mækth
|mæketh
|mækte
|mækten
|emækod
|hebbe
|''to make''
|-
|ete
|eat
|eatst (older itst)
|eatth (older itth)
|eteth
|at
|aten
|eëten
|hebbe
|''to eat''
|-
|muye
|may
|maist
|may
|muyeth
|moghte
|moghten
| — (emoght)
|hebbe
|''to may''
|-
|halde
|hald
|heldst
|heldth
|haldeth
|hield, heald
|hielden, healden
|ehalden
|hebbe
|''to hold''
|-
|wirce
|wirc
|wircest
|wircth
|wirceth
|wroghte
|wroghten
|ewroght
|hebbe
|''to work''
|}

===Indefinites===

Indefinites give us incomplete informations, because they don't define the precise quantity or the identity:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Indefinite'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
|evenman
|somebody
|-
|evenean
|someone
|-
|evending
|something/anything
|-
|evenwær
|somewhere
|-
|neaman
|nobody
|-
|newær
|nowhere
|-
|nene (also neëne)
|none
|-
|neding
|nothing
|-
|enyman
|anybody
|-
|enyene
|anyone
|-
|enyding
|anything
|-
|enywær
|anywhere
|-
|theyene
|the one (who)
|-
|thatean
|that one (which)
|-
|elc
|each
|-
|all
|all
|-
|othor
|other
|}

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

[[Category:West Germanic languages]]

Oxman

2013-09-11T18:04:13Z

Ealdwimor: /* Inflections */

{{private}}

{{ClassMeter
|Name = Oxman
|NativeName = Oxmansc
|Type = Mixed
|Alignment = Nominative-Accusative

|adjective = final
|adposition = final
|adverb= initial
|article= initial
|relativeclause = final
|nounclause = final
|order = SVO

|Tonal = yes
|Declined = no
|Conjugated = yes
|Genders = 2
|NCase = no
|NNumber = yes
|NDefiniteness = no
|NGender = yes
|VVoice = yes
|VMood = yes
|VPerson = yes
|VNumber = yes
|VTense = yes
|VAspect = yes

|Phonology=100
|NounCases=100
|NounDef=100
|NounNumbers=100
|NounGender=100
|VerbPerson=100
|VerbNumber=100
|VerbAspect=100
|VerbTense=100
|VerbMood=80
|VerbVoice=50
|AdjCase=100
|AdjNumber=100
|AdjDef=100
|AdjGen=100
|AdjComparative=100
|AdjSuperlative=100
|AdjGen=100
|Supine=100
|Gerund=100
|Participle=100
|Infinitive=100
|Modality=70
|Words=0}}

=General informations=

[[File:oxman speaking-area.png|365px|thumb|right|''Oxmansc-sprekend raum - Oxman speaking area'']]

'''Oxman''' is a Germanic language spoken in the ''Duché du Héron'' (= Shire of Le Héron), a shire that corresponds to the eastern region of Seine-Marirtime in France.
This language has evolved from [[Old Oxman]] which evolved from [[Old Auregan]] which is the first recorded form of Auregan language. Auregan language area corresponds to the "Vexin Normand" (a region situated just south to "Duché du héron"). A Oxman speaking colony also exists near the city of Coventry, Warwickshire, Midlands, England.
Oxman is a West-Germanic language that is strongly linked to Dutch, Modern English, Low German and Modern German.

Here is a table which sums up the main characteristics of this language:

{{agreement
|VerbGender =
|VerbCases =
|VerbNumber = yes
|VerbTenses = yes
|VerbPerson = yes
|VerbMoods = yes
|VerbVoices = yes
|VerbAspect = yes

|NounGender = yes
|NounCases =
|NounNumber = yes
|NounTenses =
|NounPerson =
|NounMoods =
|NounVoices =

|AdjectiveGender =
|AdjectiveCases =
|AdjectiveNumber = yes
|AdjectiveTenses =
|AdjectivePerson =
|AdjectiveMoods =
|AdjectiveVoices =

|NumberGender =
|NumberCases =
|NumberNumber =
|NumberTenses =
|NumberPerson =
|NumberMoods =
|NumberVoices =

|ParticipleGender =
|ParticipleCases =
|ParticipleNumber = yes
|ParticipleTenses =
|ParticiplePerson =
|ParticipleMoods =
|ParticipleVoices = yes

|AdverbGender =
|AdverbCases =
|AdverbNumber =
|AdverbTenses =
|AdverbPerson =
|AdverbMoods =
|AdverbVoices =

|PronounGender = yes
|PronounCases = yes
|PronounNumber = yes
|PronounTenses =
|PronounPerson = yes
|PronounMoods =
|PronounVoices =

|AdpositionGender = yes
|AdpositionCases =
|AdpositionNumber = yes
|AdpositionTenses =
|AdpositionPerson =
|AdpositionMoods =
|AdpositionVoices =

|ArticleGender = yes
|ArticleCases = yes
|ArticleNumber = yes
|ArticleTenses =
|ArticlePerson =
|ArticleMoods =
|ArticleVoices =

|ParticleGender =
|ParticleCases =
|ParticleNumber =
|ParticleTenses =
|ParticlePerson =
|ParticleMoods =
|ParticleVoices =
}}

=Phonology=

==Alphabet==

Oxman alphabet uses letters from Latin alphabet and contains 25 characters:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Letters'''
|'''Pronunciation'''
|'''Further information'''
|-
|a
|[a]
|short 'a'
|-
|b
|[b]
|like in English
|-
|c
|[tʃ]
|like the English 'ch' in 'church'
|-
|d
|[d]
|like in English
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e:]
|in plural cluster -es it is not pronounced
|-
|f
|[f]
|like in English
|-
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronunced as in the English word "get"
|-
|h
|[h]
|like in English
|-
|i
|[ɪ]
|short 'i'
|-
|j
|[j]
|like English 'y'
|-
|k
|[k]
|like in English
|-
|l
|[l]
|like in English
|-
|m
|[m]
|like in English
|-
|n
|[n]
|like in English
|-
|o
|[ɔ] / [oʊ:]
|like in English
|-
|p
|[p]
|like in English
|-
|q
|[k]
|often followed by 'u', in latin words beginning with 'qu'
|-
|r
|[r]
|trilled just as in Dutch or in Italian
|-
|s
|[s]
|can be either voiced or voiceless
|-
|t
|[t]
|like in English
|-
|u
|[œ]
|short 'u' in 'but'
|-
|v
|[v]
|like in English
|-
|w
|[ʋ]
|between 'v' and 'w', just as in Dutch
|-
|y
|[j]
|between French letter 'j' in 'jouer' and English 'y' in 'year', as a vowel like a French 'u' or as English 'y' in 'why' when at the end of a word followed by a 'e' (cf. Oxman 'wye?' meaning 'why?' pronounced as in English);
|-
|æ
|[ɑ:]
|long 'a'
|-
|œ
|[u]
|as 'oo' in 'boot'
|}

==Consonantic phonemes==

Oxman language has the following consonantic phonemes:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" {{Table/bluetable}} style="width: 860px; "
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; "|
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Bilabial
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Labio-dental
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Dental
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Alveolar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Post-alveolar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Palatal
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Labio-Velar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Velar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Glottal
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Nasal
| style="text-align: center;"|m
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|n
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ŋ
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Plosive
| style="text-align: center;"|p b
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|t d
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|k g
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Fricative
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|f v
| style="text-align: center;"|θ ð
| style="text-align: center;"|s z
| style="text-align: center;"|ʃ
| style="text-align: center;"|ç
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|χ
| style="text-align: center;"|h
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Affricate
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ts dz
| style="text-align: center;"|tʃ dʒ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Approximant
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|r ɹ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|j
| style="text-align: center;"|w
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Lateral
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|l
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|}

==Vocalic phonemes==

Oxman shows the following vowels:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! rowspan="2" colspan="1"|'''Phonemes'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Short'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Long'''
|-
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-
!'''Closed'''
|ɪ
|ʊ
|i:
|y: u:
|-
!'''Mid-closed'''
|
|
|e:
|o:
|-
!'''Mid-open'''
|ɛ
|ɔ
|
|
|-
!'''Open'''
|a
|
|
|ɑ:
|}

==Diphthongs and digraphs==

Oxman has also twenty diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Diphthongs'''
|'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|ai
|[ɑ:ɪ]
|-
|au
|[ɑ:ʊ]
|-
|ea
|[e:ɪ]
|-
|eo
|[e:ʊ]
|-
|ei
|[ɛɪ]
|-
|uo, ue
|[y:ə]
|-
|ou
|[o:ʊ]
|}

==Stress==

The position of stress in this language is quite regular, because it falls on the root and thus there are few rules to observe:

* In substantives (and in adjectives and adverbs) the stress generally falls on the first syllable, but if they are compound nouns / adjectives, formed by prefix + noun / adjective, the stress falls on the root syllable of the noun / adjective. In compounds which are formed by noun / adjective + noun / adjective, the various words are read as if they were written separately;

* In verbs the stress falls always on the root, even if they are compounds, ex.: ''emæke'', "to make up", is read as [ə'ma:kə].

=Grammar=

==Nouns, gender and number==

Oxman language has got only two genders: common gender and neuter gender. The previously masculine and feminine words have merged into the common gender, whereas neuter words have remained neuter, even if in some cases there has been a gender switch.

Nouns can be both singular (denoting just one object) and plural (denoting more than one object). The formation of plural is simple, because there is only one ways to form it:

* All nouns take -es suffix (-s if the nouns ends with 'r' or 'l'), the <e> in this suffix is generally not pronounced;

However a few nouns show irregular endings.

==Articles==

Two kinds of article exist in Oxman: indefinite and definite article.

The indefinite article has got no plural form and the singular one is the same for all the genders: '''ean'''. This article is used to talk about things, facts, beings that are introduces for the first time into the conversation, that is we use the indefinite article to talk about new and not known informations, to talk about undetermined informations.

The definite article is '''thie''' for common nouns and for all genders at plural forms, but for singular neuter it is '''that'''. The definite article is used to talk about well known things, facts, beings instead.

==Adjectives==

The adjectives always precede the noun to whom they refer. Adjectives take a single '''-e''' ending when the noun it refers to is common, or at plural form. Singular neuter nouns don't cause endings on the adjectives.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Strong singular'''
|'''Strong plural / Weak'''
|'''Meaning'''
|-
|gœd
|gœde
|good
|-
|ald
|alde
|old
|-
|yung
|yunge
|young
|-
|road
|rode*
|red
|-
|long
|longe
|long
|-
|heat
|hete*
|hot
|}

* long vowels 'ea' and 'oa' shrink when an ending is added into 'e' and 'o'. Example: 'leve' (''to live'') but 'ic leaf' (''I live'').

===Comparative===

The higher degree comparative is formed with the suffix '-or, -rX'. The second term of comparation is introduced by ''thon'' and is in the same case of the first, ex.:

* ''Ean yebow hoyor thon ean trie'' - A building higher than a tree.

Just like in English and somtimes in Dutch, long adjectives form their comparative by adding the word 'mear' before the adjective. It corresponds to the 'more' formation in English.

====Adjectives with an irregular higher degree comparative====

Some adjectives have got an irregular form of higher degree comparative:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Positive'''
|'''Strong comparative'''
|'''Weak comparative'''
|-
|gœd
|betor
|betre
|-
|uvol (bad)
|wierse
|wierse
|-
|uvol (inferior)
|sambor (rare)
|sambre (rare)
|-
|luttol
|smallor
|smallre
|-
|weney
|mindor
|mindre
|-
|ald
|eldor
|eldre
|-
|yung
|yongor
|yongre
|-
|strong (strict)
|strengor
|strengre
|-
|long
|lengor
|lengre
|-
|foar (fore)
|furmor
|furmre
|-
|fer (far)
|ferthor
|ferthre
|-
|mæney/micol (many, much)
|mear
|mere
|}

===Superlative===

The superlative degree is formed with the suffix '-ost, -stX' (some irregular adjectives form it with '-st').

* ''Thie sconste blœm in thie werold'' - The most beautiful flower in the world.

====Adjectives with an irregular superlative====

The same adjectives that have an irregular higher degree comparative have got also an irregular superlative form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Positive'''
|'''Strong superlative'''
|'''Weak superlative'''
|-
|gœd
|best
|beste
|-
|uvol (bad)
|wierst
|wierste
|-
|uvol (inferior)
|sambost (rare)
|sambste (rare)
|-
|luttol
|smallost
|smalste
|-
|weney
|minst
|minste
|-
|ald
|eldost
|eldste
|-
|yung
|yongost
|yongste
|-
|fer
|ferthost
|ferthste
|-
|strong
|strengost
|stengste
|-
|long
|lengost
|lengste
|-
|foar
|furmost
|furmste
|-
|mæney/micol (many, much)
|meast
|measte
|}

===Numerals===

Numerals don't inflect. Here are the numerals from 0 to 100:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Number'''
|'''Cardinal'''
|'''Ordinal'''
|-
|0
|nieght
| -
|-
|1
|ene
|earst (time), furst (place)
|-
|2
|twea
|tweathe
|-
|3
|thrie
|therde
|-
|4
|fier
|fierthe
|-
|5
|faif
|fifthe
|-
|6
|sex
|sexthe
|-
|7
|sevon
|sevonthe
|-
|8
|aght
|aghtthe
|-
|9
|neyon
|neyonthe
|-
|10
|tien
|tenthe
|-
|11
|elvon
|elfthe
|-
|12
|twelf
|twelfthe
|-
|13
|thertien
|thertenthe
|-
|14
|fiertien
|fiertenthe
|-
|15
|fiftien
|fiftenthe
|-
|16
|sextien
|sextenthe
|-
|17
|sevontien
|sevontenthe
|-
|18
|aghttien
|aghttenthe
|-
|19
|neyontien
|neyontenthe
|-
|20
|twintey
|twinteythe
|-
|21
|ean-ond-twintey
|ean-ond-twinteythe
|-
|22
|twea-ond-twintey
|twea-ond-twinteythe
|-
|30
|thertey
|therteythe
|-
|40
|fiertey
|fierteythe
|-
|50
|fiftey
|fifteythe
|-
|60
|sextey
|sexteythe
|-
|70
|sevontey
|sevonteythe
|-
|80
|aghttey
|aghtteythe
|-
|90
|neyontey
|neyonteythe
|-
|100
|hundrod
|hundrodthe
|}

===Personal pronouns===

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''1st person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Subject'''
|colspan=2|ic
|colspan="2"|wie
|-
!'''Object 1'''
|colspan="2"|my
|colspan="2"|us
|-
!'''Object 2'''
|colspan="2"|mye
|colspan="2"|us
|-
!'''Possessive'''
|colspan="2"|main
|colspan="2"|ure
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''2nd person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Subject'''
|colspan="2"|thu
|colspan="2"|yie
|-
!'''Object 1'''
|colspan="2"|thy
|colspan="2"|yow, yiew*
|-
!'''Object 2'''
|colspan="2"|thye
|colspan="2"|yow, yiew*
|-
!'''Possessive'''
|colspan="2"|thain
|colspan="2"|yore, yiere*
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''3rd person'''
|-
!'''Masculine'''
!'''Feminine'''
!'''Neuter'''
!'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Subject'''
|hie
|sie
|hit
|hea
|-
!'''Object 1'''
|hine, him**
|sie, hir**
|him, hit**
|hea, heam**
|-
!'''Object 2'''
|him
|hir
|hit
|heam
|-
!'''Genitive'''
|his
|hir
|his
|hiere
|}
* Dialectal or archaic forms.
** Common errors, often found in vulgar language

== Verbs ==

===Inflections===

Here are some very important verbs, their auxiliary verb for compound tenses and their meaning:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Infinitive'''
|'''1st person'''
|'''2nd person'''
|'''3rd person'''
|'''plural persons'''
|'''singular preterit'''
|'''plural preterit'''
|'''past participle'''
|'''Auxiliary'''
|'''Meaning'''
|-
|hebbe
|heb
|hæst
|hæth
|hebbeth
|hadde
|hadden
|ehad
|hebbe
|''to have''
|-
|wese
|bie
|bist
|is
|sind
|was
|waren
|ewesen
|wese
|''to be''
|-
|dœ
|dœ
|dost
|doth
|dœth
|dead
|deden
|edæn
|hebbe
|''to do''
|-
|gæ
|gæ
|gast
|gath
|gæth
|iede
|ieden
|egæn, egongen
|wese
|''to go''
|-
|fære
|fær
|farst
|farth
|færeth
|fœr
|fœren
|efæren
|wese
|''to go''
|-
|flieye
|fliey
|flieyst
|flieyth
|flieyeth
|floay
|floyen
|efloyen
|wese
|''to fly''
|-
|sie
|sie
|siest
|sieth
|sieth
|say
|sayen
|esien
|hebbe
|''to see''
|-
|leye
|ley
|leyst
|leyth
|leyeth
|leide
|leiden
|eleid
|hebbe
|''to lay''
|-
|mœte
|mœt
|mœst
|mœt
|mœteth
|mœste
|mœsten
|—
|hebbe
|''to may, must''
|-
|kume
|kum
|komst
|komth
|kumeth
|quam
|quamen
|ekumen
|wese
|''to come''
|-
|kunne
|kan
|kanst
|kan
|kunneth
|kuthe
|kuthen
|ekuth
|hebbe
|''can''
|-
|seye
|sey
|seyst
|seyth
|seyeth
|seide
|seiden
|eseid
|hebbe
|''to say''
|-
|fortelle
|fortell
|fortelst
|fortelth
|fortelleth
|fortelde
|fortelden
|forteld
|hebbe
|''to tell''
|-
|wite
|weat
|weast
|weat
|witeth
|wiste
|wisten
|ewiten
|hebbe
|''to know''
|-
|knæwe
|knæw
|knawst
|knawth
|knæweth
|kniew
|kniewen
|eknowen
|hebbe
|''to recognise''
|-
|wille
|will
|wilt
|will
|willeth
|wolde
|wolden
|ewild
|hebbe
|''to want to''
|-
|sculle
|scall
|scalt
|scall
|sculleth
|scolde
|scolden
| —
|hebbe
|''to shall, must''
|-
|sterve
|sterf
|stirfst
|stirfth
|sterveth
|storf
|storven
|estorven
|wese
|''to die''
|-
|mæke
|mæk
|mækst
|mækth
|mæketh
|mækte
|mækten
|emækod
|hebbe
|''to make''
|-
|ete
|eat
|eatst (older itst)
|eatth (older itth)
|eteth
|at
|aten
|eëten
|hebbe
|''to eat''
|-
|muye
|may
|maist
|may
|muyeth
|moghte
|moghten
| — (emoght)
|hebbe
|''to may''
|}

===Indefinites===

Indefinites give us incomplete informations, because they don't define the precise quantity or the identity:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Indefinite'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
|evenman
|somebody
|-
|evenean
|someone
|-
|evending
|something/anything
|-
|evenwær
|somewhere
|-
|neaman
|nobody
|-
|newær
|nowhere
|-
|nene (also neëne)
|none
|-
|neding
|nothing
|-
|enyman
|anybody
|-
|enyene
|anyone
|-
|enyding
|anything
|-
|enywær
|anywhere
|-
|theyene
|the one (who)
|-
|thatean
|that one (which)
|-
|elc
|each
|-
|all
|all
|-
|othor
|other
|}

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

[[Category:West Germanic languages]]

Oxman

2013-09-11T18:02:13Z

Ealdwimor: /* Inflections */

{{private}}

{{ClassMeter
|Name = Oxman
|NativeName = Oxmansc
|Type = Mixed
|Alignment = Nominative-Accusative

|adjective = final
|adposition = final
|adverb= initial
|article= initial
|relativeclause = final
|nounclause = final
|order = SVO

|Tonal = yes
|Declined = no
|Conjugated = yes
|Genders = 2
|NCase = no
|NNumber = yes
|NDefiniteness = no
|NGender = yes
|VVoice = yes
|VMood = yes
|VPerson = yes
|VNumber = yes
|VTense = yes
|VAspect = yes

|Phonology=100
|NounCases=100
|NounDef=100
|NounNumbers=100
|NounGender=100
|VerbPerson=100
|VerbNumber=100
|VerbAspect=100
|VerbTense=100
|VerbMood=80
|VerbVoice=50
|AdjCase=100
|AdjNumber=100
|AdjDef=100
|AdjGen=100
|AdjComparative=100
|AdjSuperlative=100
|AdjGen=100
|Supine=100
|Gerund=100
|Participle=100
|Infinitive=100
|Modality=70
|Words=0}}

=General informations=

[[File:oxman speaking-area.png|365px|thumb|right|''Oxmansc-sprekend raum - Oxman speaking area'']]

'''Oxman''' is a Germanic language spoken in the ''Duché du Héron'' (= Shire of Le Héron), a shire that corresponds to the eastern region of Seine-Marirtime in France.
This language has evolved from [[Old Oxman]] which evolved from [[Old Auregan]] which is the first recorded form of Auregan language. Auregan language area corresponds to the "Vexin Normand" (a region situated just south to "Duché du héron"). A Oxman speaking colony also exists near the city of Coventry, Warwickshire, Midlands, England.
Oxman is a West-Germanic language that is strongly linked to Dutch, Modern English, Low German and Modern German.

Here is a table which sums up the main characteristics of this language:

{{agreement
|VerbGender =
|VerbCases =
|VerbNumber = yes
|VerbTenses = yes
|VerbPerson = yes
|VerbMoods = yes
|VerbVoices = yes
|VerbAspect = yes

|NounGender = yes
|NounCases =
|NounNumber = yes
|NounTenses =
|NounPerson =
|NounMoods =
|NounVoices =

|AdjectiveGender =
|AdjectiveCases =
|AdjectiveNumber = yes
|AdjectiveTenses =
|AdjectivePerson =
|AdjectiveMoods =
|AdjectiveVoices =

|NumberGender =
|NumberCases =
|NumberNumber =
|NumberTenses =
|NumberPerson =
|NumberMoods =
|NumberVoices =

|ParticipleGender =
|ParticipleCases =
|ParticipleNumber = yes
|ParticipleTenses =
|ParticiplePerson =
|ParticipleMoods =
|ParticipleVoices = yes

|AdverbGender =
|AdverbCases =
|AdverbNumber =
|AdverbTenses =
|AdverbPerson =
|AdverbMoods =
|AdverbVoices =

|PronounGender = yes
|PronounCases = yes
|PronounNumber = yes
|PronounTenses =
|PronounPerson = yes
|PronounMoods =
|PronounVoices =

|AdpositionGender = yes
|AdpositionCases =
|AdpositionNumber = yes
|AdpositionTenses =
|AdpositionPerson =
|AdpositionMoods =
|AdpositionVoices =

|ArticleGender = yes
|ArticleCases = yes
|ArticleNumber = yes
|ArticleTenses =
|ArticlePerson =
|ArticleMoods =
|ArticleVoices =

|ParticleGender =
|ParticleCases =
|ParticleNumber =
|ParticleTenses =
|ParticlePerson =
|ParticleMoods =
|ParticleVoices =
}}

=Phonology=

==Alphabet==

Oxman alphabet uses letters from Latin alphabet and contains 25 characters:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Letters'''
|'''Pronunciation'''
|'''Further information'''
|-
|a
|[a]
|short 'a'
|-
|b
|[b]
|like in English
|-
|c
|[tʃ]
|like the English 'ch' in 'church'
|-
|d
|[d]
|like in English
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e:]
|in plural cluster -es it is not pronounced
|-
|f
|[f]
|like in English
|-
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronunced as in the English word "get"
|-
|h
|[h]
|like in English
|-
|i
|[ɪ]
|short 'i'
|-
|j
|[j]
|like English 'y'
|-
|k
|[k]
|like in English
|-
|l
|[l]
|like in English
|-
|m
|[m]
|like in English
|-
|n
|[n]
|like in English
|-
|o
|[ɔ] / [oʊ:]
|like in English
|-
|p
|[p]
|like in English
|-
|q
|[k]
|often followed by 'u', in latin words beginning with 'qu'
|-
|r
|[r]
|trilled just as in Dutch or in Italian
|-
|s
|[s]
|can be either voiced or voiceless
|-
|t
|[t]
|like in English
|-
|u
|[œ]
|short 'u' in 'but'
|-
|v
|[v]
|like in English
|-
|w
|[ʋ]
|between 'v' and 'w', just as in Dutch
|-
|y
|[j]
|between French letter 'j' in 'jouer' and English 'y' in 'year', as a vowel like a French 'u' or as English 'y' in 'why' when at the end of a word followed by a 'e' (cf. Oxman 'wye?' meaning 'why?' pronounced as in English);
|-
|æ
|[ɑ:]
|long 'a'
|-
|œ
|[u]
|as 'oo' in 'boot'
|}

==Consonantic phonemes==

Oxman language has the following consonantic phonemes:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" {{Table/bluetable}} style="width: 860px; "
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; "|
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Bilabial
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Labio-dental
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Dental
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Alveolar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Post-alveolar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Palatal
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Labio-Velar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Velar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Glottal
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Nasal
| style="text-align: center;"|m
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|n
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ŋ
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Plosive
| style="text-align: center;"|p b
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|t d
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|k g
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Fricative
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|f v
| style="text-align: center;"|θ ð
| style="text-align: center;"|s z
| style="text-align: center;"|ʃ
| style="text-align: center;"|ç
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|χ
| style="text-align: center;"|h
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Affricate
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ts dz
| style="text-align: center;"|tʃ dʒ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Approximant
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|r ɹ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|j
| style="text-align: center;"|w
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Lateral
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|l
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|}

==Vocalic phonemes==

Oxman shows the following vowels:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! rowspan="2" colspan="1"|'''Phonemes'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Short'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Long'''
|-
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-
!'''Closed'''
|ɪ
|ʊ
|i:
|y: u:
|-
!'''Mid-closed'''
|
|
|e:
|o:
|-
!'''Mid-open'''
|ɛ
|ɔ
|
|
|-
!'''Open'''
|a
|
|
|ɑ:
|}

==Diphthongs and digraphs==

Oxman has also twenty diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Diphthongs'''
|'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|ai
|[ɑ:ɪ]
|-
|au
|[ɑ:ʊ]
|-
|ea
|[e:ɪ]
|-
|eo
|[e:ʊ]
|-
|ei
|[ɛɪ]
|-
|uo, ue
|[y:ə]
|-
|ou
|[o:ʊ]
|}

==Stress==

The position of stress in this language is quite regular, because it falls on the root and thus there are few rules to observe:

* In substantives (and in adjectives and adverbs) the stress generally falls on the first syllable, but if they are compound nouns / adjectives, formed by prefix + noun / adjective, the stress falls on the root syllable of the noun / adjective. In compounds which are formed by noun / adjective + noun / adjective, the various words are read as if they were written separately;

* In verbs the stress falls always on the root, even if they are compounds, ex.: ''emæke'', "to make up", is read as [ə'ma:kə].

=Grammar=

==Nouns, gender and number==

Oxman language has got only two genders: common gender and neuter gender. The previously masculine and feminine words have merged into the common gender, whereas neuter words have remained neuter, even if in some cases there has been a gender switch.

Nouns can be both singular (denoting just one object) and plural (denoting more than one object). The formation of plural is simple, because there is only one ways to form it:

* All nouns take -es suffix (-s if the nouns ends with 'r' or 'l'), the <e> in this suffix is generally not pronounced;

However a few nouns show irregular endings.

==Articles==

Two kinds of article exist in Oxman: indefinite and definite article.

The indefinite article has got no plural form and the singular one is the same for all the genders: '''ean'''. This article is used to talk about things, facts, beings that are introduces for the first time into the conversation, that is we use the indefinite article to talk about new and not known informations, to talk about undetermined informations.

The definite article is '''thie''' for common nouns and for all genders at plural forms, but for singular neuter it is '''that'''. The definite article is used to talk about well known things, facts, beings instead.

==Adjectives==

The adjectives always precede the noun to whom they refer. Adjectives take a single '''-e''' ending when the noun it refers to is common, or at plural form. Singular neuter nouns don't cause endings on the adjectives.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Strong singular'''
|'''Strong plural / Weak'''
|'''Meaning'''
|-
|gœd
|gœde
|good
|-
|ald
|alde
|old
|-
|yung
|yunge
|young
|-
|road
|rode*
|red
|-
|long
|longe
|long
|-
|heat
|hete*
|hot
|}

* long vowels 'ea' and 'oa' shrink when an ending is added into 'e' and 'o'. Example: 'leve' (''to live'') but 'ic leaf' (''I live'').

===Comparative===

The higher degree comparative is formed with the suffix '-or, -rX'. The second term of comparation is introduced by ''thon'' and is in the same case of the first, ex.:

* ''Ean yebow hoyor thon ean trie'' - A building higher than a tree.

Just like in English and somtimes in Dutch, long adjectives form their comparative by adding the word 'mear' before the adjective. It corresponds to the 'more' formation in English.

====Adjectives with an irregular higher degree comparative====

Some adjectives have got an irregular form of higher degree comparative:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Positive'''
|'''Strong comparative'''
|'''Weak comparative'''
|-
|gœd
|betor
|betre
|-
|uvol (bad)
|wierse
|wierse
|-
|uvol (inferior)
|sambor (rare)
|sambre (rare)
|-
|luttol
|smallor
|smallre
|-
|weney
|mindor
|mindre
|-
|ald
|eldor
|eldre
|-
|yung
|yongor
|yongre
|-
|strong (strict)
|strengor
|strengre
|-
|long
|lengor
|lengre
|-
|foar (fore)
|furmor
|furmre
|-
|fer (far)
|ferthor
|ferthre
|-
|mæney/micol (many, much)
|mear
|mere
|}

===Superlative===

The superlative degree is formed with the suffix '-ost, -stX' (some irregular adjectives form it with '-st').

* ''Thie sconste blœm in thie werold'' - The most beautiful flower in the world.

====Adjectives with an irregular superlative====

The same adjectives that have an irregular higher degree comparative have got also an irregular superlative form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Positive'''
|'''Strong superlative'''
|'''Weak superlative'''
|-
|gœd
|best
|beste
|-
|uvol (bad)
|wierst
|wierste
|-
|uvol (inferior)
|sambost (rare)
|sambste (rare)
|-
|luttol
|smallost
|smalste
|-
|weney
|minst
|minste
|-
|ald
|eldost
|eldste
|-
|yung
|yongost
|yongste
|-
|fer
|ferthost
|ferthste
|-
|strong
|strengost
|stengste
|-
|long
|lengost
|lengste
|-
|foar
|furmost
|furmste
|-
|mæney/micol (many, much)
|meast
|measte
|}

===Numerals===

Numerals don't inflect. Here are the numerals from 0 to 100:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Number'''
|'''Cardinal'''
|'''Ordinal'''
|-
|0
|nieght
| -
|-
|1
|ene
|earst (time), furst (place)
|-
|2
|twea
|tweathe
|-
|3
|thrie
|therde
|-
|4
|fier
|fierthe
|-
|5
|faif
|fifthe
|-
|6
|sex
|sexthe
|-
|7
|sevon
|sevonthe
|-
|8
|aght
|aghtthe
|-
|9
|neyon
|neyonthe
|-
|10
|tien
|tenthe
|-
|11
|elvon
|elfthe
|-
|12
|twelf
|twelfthe
|-
|13
|thertien
|thertenthe
|-
|14
|fiertien
|fiertenthe
|-
|15
|fiftien
|fiftenthe
|-
|16
|sextien
|sextenthe
|-
|17
|sevontien
|sevontenthe
|-
|18
|aghttien
|aghttenthe
|-
|19
|neyontien
|neyontenthe
|-
|20
|twintey
|twinteythe
|-
|21
|ean-ond-twintey
|ean-ond-twinteythe
|-
|22
|twea-ond-twintey
|twea-ond-twinteythe
|-
|30
|thertey
|therteythe
|-
|40
|fiertey
|fierteythe
|-
|50
|fiftey
|fifteythe
|-
|60
|sextey
|sexteythe
|-
|70
|sevontey
|sevonteythe
|-
|80
|aghttey
|aghtteythe
|-
|90
|neyontey
|neyonteythe
|-
|100
|hundrod
|hundrodthe
|}

===Personal pronouns===

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''1st person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Subject'''
|colspan=2|ic
|colspan="2"|wie
|-
!'''Object 1'''
|colspan="2"|my
|colspan="2"|us
|-
!'''Object 2'''
|colspan="2"|mye
|colspan="2"|us
|-
!'''Possessive'''
|colspan="2"|main
|colspan="2"|ure
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''2nd person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Subject'''
|colspan="2"|thu
|colspan="2"|yie
|-
!'''Object 1'''
|colspan="2"|thy
|colspan="2"|yow, yiew*
|-
!'''Object 2'''
|colspan="2"|thye
|colspan="2"|yow, yiew*
|-
!'''Possessive'''
|colspan="2"|thain
|colspan="2"|yore, yiere*
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''3rd person'''
|-
!'''Masculine'''
!'''Feminine'''
!'''Neuter'''
!'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Subject'''
|hie
|sie
|hit
|hea
|-
!'''Object 1'''
|hine, him**
|sie, hir**
|him, hit**
|hea, heam**
|-
!'''Object 2'''
|him
|hir
|hit
|heam
|-
!'''Genitive'''
|his
|hir
|his
|hiere
|}
* Dialectal or archaic forms.
** Common errors, often found in vulgar language

== Verbs ==

===Inflections===

Here are some very important verbs, their auxiliary verb for compound tenses and their meaning:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Infinitive'''
|'''1st person'''
|'''2nd person'''
|'''3rd person'''
|'''plural persons'''
|'''singular preterit'''
|'''plural preterit'''
|'''past participle'''
|'''Auxiliary'''
|'''Meaning'''
|-
|hebbe
|heb
|hæst
|hæth
|hebbeth
|had
|hadden
|ehad
|hebbe
|''to have''
|-
|wese
|bie
|bist
|is
|sind
|was
|waren
|ewesen
|wese
|''to be''
|-
|dœ
|dœ
|dost
|doth
|dœth
|dead
|deden
|edæn
|hebbe
|''to do''
|-
|gæ
|gæ
|gast
|gath
|gæth
|iede
|ieden
|egæn, egongen
|wese
|''to go''
|-
|fære
|fær
|farst
|farth
|færeth
|fœr
|fœren
|efæren
|wese
|''to go''
|-
|flieye
|fliey
|flieyst
|flieyth
|flieyeth
|floay
|floyen
|efloyen
|wese
|''to fly''
|-
|sie
|sie
|siest
|sieth
|sieth
|say
|sayen
|esien
|hebbe
|''to see''
|-
|leye
|ley
|leyst
|leyth
|leyeth
|leide
|leiden
|eleid
|hebbe
|''to lay''
|-
|mœte
|mœt
|mœst
|mœt
|mœteth
|mœste
|mœsten
|—
|hebbe
|''to may, must''
|-
|kume
|kum
|komst
|komth
|kumeth
|quam
|quamen
|ekumen
|wese
|''to come''
|-
|kunne
|kan
|kanst
|kan
|kunneth
|kuthe
|kuthen
|ekuth
|hebbe
|''can''
|-
|seye
|sey
|seyst
|seyth
|seyeth
|seide
|seiden
|eseid
|hebbe
|''to say''
|-
|fortelle
|fortell
|fortelst
|fortelth
|fortelleth
|fortelde
|fortelden
|forteld
|hebbe
|''to tell''
|-
|wite
|weat
|weast
|weat
|witeth
|wiste
|wisten
|ewiten
|hebbe
|''to know''
|-
|knæwe
|knæw
|knawst
|knawth
|knæweth
|kniew
|kniewen
|eknowen
|hebbe
|''to recognise''
|-
|wille
|will
|wilt
|will
|willeth
|wolde
|wolden
|ewild
|hebbe
|''to want to''
|-
|sculle
|scall
|scalt
|scall
|sculleth
|scolde
|scolden
| —
|hebbe
|''to shall, must''
|-
|sterve
|sterf
|stirfst
|stirfth
|sterveth
|storf
|storven
|estorven
|wese
|''to die''
|-
|mæke
|mæk
|mækst
|mækth
|mæketh
|mækte
|mækten
|emækod
|hebbe
|''to make''
|-
|ete
|eat
|eatst (older itst)
|eatth (older itth)
|eteth
|at
|aten
|eëten
|hebbe
|''to eat''
|-
|muye
|may
|maist
|may
|muyeth
|moghte
|moghten
| — (emoght)
|hebbe
|''to may''
|}

===Indefinites===

Indefinites give us incomplete informations, because they don't define the precise quantity or the identity:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Indefinite'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
|evenman
|somebody
|-
|evenean
|someone
|-
|evending
|something/anything
|-
|evenwær
|somewhere
|-
|neaman
|nobody
|-
|newær
|nowhere
|-
|nene (also neëne)
|none
|-
|neding
|nothing
|-
|enyman
|anybody
|-
|enyene
|anyone
|-
|enyding
|anything
|-
|enywær
|anywhere
|-
|theyene
|the one (who)
|-
|thatean
|that one (which)
|-
|elc
|each
|-
|all
|all
|-
|othor
|other
|}

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

[[Category:West Germanic languages]]

Oxman

2013-09-11T18:00:42Z

Ealdwimor: /* Inflections */

{{private}}

{{ClassMeter
|Name = Oxman
|NativeName = Oxmansc
|Type = Mixed
|Alignment = Nominative-Accusative

|adjective = final
|adposition = final
|adverb= initial
|article= initial
|relativeclause = final
|nounclause = final
|order = SVO

|Tonal = yes
|Declined = no
|Conjugated = yes
|Genders = 2
|NCase = no
|NNumber = yes
|NDefiniteness = no
|NGender = yes
|VVoice = yes
|VMood = yes
|VPerson = yes
|VNumber = yes
|VTense = yes
|VAspect = yes

|Phonology=100
|NounCases=100
|NounDef=100
|NounNumbers=100
|NounGender=100
|VerbPerson=100
|VerbNumber=100
|VerbAspect=100
|VerbTense=100
|VerbMood=80
|VerbVoice=50
|AdjCase=100
|AdjNumber=100
|AdjDef=100
|AdjGen=100
|AdjComparative=100
|AdjSuperlative=100
|AdjGen=100
|Supine=100
|Gerund=100
|Participle=100
|Infinitive=100
|Modality=70
|Words=0}}

=General informations=

[[File:oxman speaking-area.png|365px|thumb|right|''Oxmansc-sprekend raum - Oxman speaking area'']]

'''Oxman''' is a Germanic language spoken in the ''Duché du Héron'' (= Shire of Le Héron), a shire that corresponds to the eastern region of Seine-Marirtime in France.
This language has evolved from [[Old Oxman]] which evolved from [[Old Auregan]] which is the first recorded form of Auregan language. Auregan language area corresponds to the "Vexin Normand" (a region situated just south to "Duché du héron"). A Oxman speaking colony also exists near the city of Coventry, Warwickshire, Midlands, England.
Oxman is a West-Germanic language that is strongly linked to Dutch, Modern English, Low German and Modern German.

Here is a table which sums up the main characteristics of this language:

{{agreement
|VerbGender =
|VerbCases =
|VerbNumber = yes
|VerbTenses = yes
|VerbPerson = yes
|VerbMoods = yes
|VerbVoices = yes
|VerbAspect = yes

|NounGender = yes
|NounCases =
|NounNumber = yes
|NounTenses =
|NounPerson =
|NounMoods =
|NounVoices =

|AdjectiveGender =
|AdjectiveCases =
|AdjectiveNumber = yes
|AdjectiveTenses =
|AdjectivePerson =
|AdjectiveMoods =
|AdjectiveVoices =

|NumberGender =
|NumberCases =
|NumberNumber =
|NumberTenses =
|NumberPerson =
|NumberMoods =
|NumberVoices =

|ParticipleGender =
|ParticipleCases =
|ParticipleNumber = yes
|ParticipleTenses =
|ParticiplePerson =
|ParticipleMoods =
|ParticipleVoices = yes

|AdverbGender =
|AdverbCases =
|AdverbNumber =
|AdverbTenses =
|AdverbPerson =
|AdverbMoods =
|AdverbVoices =

|PronounGender = yes
|PronounCases = yes
|PronounNumber = yes
|PronounTenses =
|PronounPerson = yes
|PronounMoods =
|PronounVoices =

|AdpositionGender = yes
|AdpositionCases =
|AdpositionNumber = yes
|AdpositionTenses =
|AdpositionPerson =
|AdpositionMoods =
|AdpositionVoices =

|ArticleGender = yes
|ArticleCases = yes
|ArticleNumber = yes
|ArticleTenses =
|ArticlePerson =
|ArticleMoods =
|ArticleVoices =

|ParticleGender =
|ParticleCases =
|ParticleNumber =
|ParticleTenses =
|ParticlePerson =
|ParticleMoods =
|ParticleVoices =
}}

=Phonology=

==Alphabet==

Oxman alphabet uses letters from Latin alphabet and contains 25 characters:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Letters'''
|'''Pronunciation'''
|'''Further information'''
|-
|a
|[a]
|short 'a'
|-
|b
|[b]
|like in English
|-
|c
|[tʃ]
|like the English 'ch' in 'church'
|-
|d
|[d]
|like in English
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e:]
|in plural cluster -es it is not pronounced
|-
|f
|[f]
|like in English
|-
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronunced as in the English word "get"
|-
|h
|[h]
|like in English
|-
|i
|[ɪ]
|short 'i'
|-
|j
|[j]
|like English 'y'
|-
|k
|[k]
|like in English
|-
|l
|[l]
|like in English
|-
|m
|[m]
|like in English
|-
|n
|[n]
|like in English
|-
|o
|[ɔ] / [oʊ:]
|like in English
|-
|p
|[p]
|like in English
|-
|q
|[k]
|often followed by 'u', in latin words beginning with 'qu'
|-
|r
|[r]
|trilled just as in Dutch or in Italian
|-
|s
|[s]
|can be either voiced or voiceless
|-
|t
|[t]
|like in English
|-
|u
|[œ]
|short 'u' in 'but'
|-
|v
|[v]
|like in English
|-
|w
|[ʋ]
|between 'v' and 'w', just as in Dutch
|-
|y
|[j]
|between French letter 'j' in 'jouer' and English 'y' in 'year', as a vowel like a French 'u' or as English 'y' in 'why' when at the end of a word followed by a 'e' (cf. Oxman 'wye?' meaning 'why?' pronounced as in English);
|-
|æ
|[ɑ:]
|long 'a'
|-
|œ
|[u]
|as 'oo' in 'boot'
|}

==Consonantic phonemes==

Oxman language has the following consonantic phonemes:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" {{Table/bluetable}} style="width: 860px; "
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; "|
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Bilabial
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Labio-dental
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Dental
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Alveolar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Post-alveolar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Palatal
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Labio-Velar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Velar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Glottal
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Nasal
| style="text-align: center;"|m
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|n
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ŋ
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Plosive
| style="text-align: center;"|p b
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|t d
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|k g
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Fricative
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|f v
| style="text-align: center;"|θ ð
| style="text-align: center;"|s z
| style="text-align: center;"|ʃ
| style="text-align: center;"|ç
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|χ
| style="text-align: center;"|h
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Affricate
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ts dz
| style="text-align: center;"|tʃ dʒ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Approximant
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|r ɹ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|j
| style="text-align: center;"|w
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Lateral
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|l
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|}

==Vocalic phonemes==

Oxman shows the following vowels:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! rowspan="2" colspan="1"|'''Phonemes'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Short'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Long'''
|-
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-
!'''Closed'''
|ɪ
|ʊ
|i:
|y: u:
|-
!'''Mid-closed'''
|
|
|e:
|o:
|-
!'''Mid-open'''
|ɛ
|ɔ
|
|
|-
!'''Open'''
|a
|
|
|ɑ:
|}

==Diphthongs and digraphs==

Oxman has also twenty diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Diphthongs'''
|'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|ai
|[ɑ:ɪ]
|-
|au
|[ɑ:ʊ]
|-
|ea
|[e:ɪ]
|-
|eo
|[e:ʊ]
|-
|ei
|[ɛɪ]
|-
|uo, ue
|[y:ə]
|-
|ou
|[o:ʊ]
|}

==Stress==

The position of stress in this language is quite regular, because it falls on the root and thus there are few rules to observe:

* In substantives (and in adjectives and adverbs) the stress generally falls on the first syllable, but if they are compound nouns / adjectives, formed by prefix + noun / adjective, the stress falls on the root syllable of the noun / adjective. In compounds which are formed by noun / adjective + noun / adjective, the various words are read as if they were written separately;

* In verbs the stress falls always on the root, even if they are compounds, ex.: ''emæke'', "to make up", is read as [ə'ma:kə].

=Grammar=

==Nouns, gender and number==

Oxman language has got only two genders: common gender and neuter gender. The previously masculine and feminine words have merged into the common gender, whereas neuter words have remained neuter, even if in some cases there has been a gender switch.

Nouns can be both singular (denoting just one object) and plural (denoting more than one object). The formation of plural is simple, because there is only one ways to form it:

* All nouns take -es suffix (-s if the nouns ends with 'r' or 'l'), the <e> in this suffix is generally not pronounced;

However a few nouns show irregular endings.

==Articles==

Two kinds of article exist in Oxman: indefinite and definite article.

The indefinite article has got no plural form and the singular one is the same for all the genders: '''ean'''. This article is used to talk about things, facts, beings that are introduces for the first time into the conversation, that is we use the indefinite article to talk about new and not known informations, to talk about undetermined informations.

The definite article is '''thie''' for common nouns and for all genders at plural forms, but for singular neuter it is '''that'''. The definite article is used to talk about well known things, facts, beings instead.

==Adjectives==

The adjectives always precede the noun to whom they refer. Adjectives take a single '''-e''' ending when the noun it refers to is common, or at plural form. Singular neuter nouns don't cause endings on the adjectives.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Strong singular'''
|'''Strong plural / Weak'''
|'''Meaning'''
|-
|gœd
|gœde
|good
|-
|ald
|alde
|old
|-
|yung
|yunge
|young
|-
|road
|rode*
|red
|-
|long
|longe
|long
|-
|heat
|hete*
|hot
|}

* long vowels 'ea' and 'oa' shrink when an ending is added into 'e' and 'o'. Example: 'leve' (''to live'') but 'ic leaf' (''I live'').

===Comparative===

The higher degree comparative is formed with the suffix '-or, -rX'. The second term of comparation is introduced by ''thon'' and is in the same case of the first, ex.:

* ''Ean yebow hoyor thon ean trie'' - A building higher than a tree.

Just like in English and somtimes in Dutch, long adjectives form their comparative by adding the word 'mear' before the adjective. It corresponds to the 'more' formation in English.

====Adjectives with an irregular higher degree comparative====

Some adjectives have got an irregular form of higher degree comparative:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Positive'''
|'''Strong comparative'''
|'''Weak comparative'''
|-
|gœd
|betor
|betre
|-
|uvol (bad)
|wierse
|wierse
|-
|uvol (inferior)
|sambor (rare)
|sambre (rare)
|-
|luttol
|smallor
|smallre
|-
|weney
|mindor
|mindre
|-
|ald
|eldor
|eldre
|-
|yung
|yongor
|yongre
|-
|strong (strict)
|strengor
|strengre
|-
|long
|lengor
|lengre
|-
|foar (fore)
|furmor
|furmre
|-
|fer (far)
|ferthor
|ferthre
|-
|mæney/micol (many, much)
|mear
|mere
|}

===Superlative===

The superlative degree is formed with the suffix '-ost, -stX' (some irregular adjectives form it with '-st').

* ''Thie sconste blœm in thie werold'' - The most beautiful flower in the world.

====Adjectives with an irregular superlative====

The same adjectives that have an irregular higher degree comparative have got also an irregular superlative form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Positive'''
|'''Strong superlative'''
|'''Weak superlative'''
|-
|gœd
|best
|beste
|-
|uvol (bad)
|wierst
|wierste
|-
|uvol (inferior)
|sambost (rare)
|sambste (rare)
|-
|luttol
|smallost
|smalste
|-
|weney
|minst
|minste
|-
|ald
|eldost
|eldste
|-
|yung
|yongost
|yongste
|-
|fer
|ferthost
|ferthste
|-
|strong
|strengost
|stengste
|-
|long
|lengost
|lengste
|-
|foar
|furmost
|furmste
|-
|mæney/micol (many, much)
|meast
|measte
|}

===Numerals===

Numerals don't inflect. Here are the numerals from 0 to 100:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Number'''
|'''Cardinal'''
|'''Ordinal'''
|-
|0
|nieght
| -
|-
|1
|ene
|earst (time), furst (place)
|-
|2
|twea
|tweathe
|-
|3
|thrie
|therde
|-
|4
|fier
|fierthe
|-
|5
|faif
|fifthe
|-
|6
|sex
|sexthe
|-
|7
|sevon
|sevonthe
|-
|8
|aght
|aghtthe
|-
|9
|neyon
|neyonthe
|-
|10
|tien
|tenthe
|-
|11
|elvon
|elfthe
|-
|12
|twelf
|twelfthe
|-
|13
|thertien
|thertenthe
|-
|14
|fiertien
|fiertenthe
|-
|15
|fiftien
|fiftenthe
|-
|16
|sextien
|sextenthe
|-
|17
|sevontien
|sevontenthe
|-
|18
|aghttien
|aghttenthe
|-
|19
|neyontien
|neyontenthe
|-
|20
|twintey
|twinteythe
|-
|21
|ean-ond-twintey
|ean-ond-twinteythe
|-
|22
|twea-ond-twintey
|twea-ond-twinteythe
|-
|30
|thertey
|therteythe
|-
|40
|fiertey
|fierteythe
|-
|50
|fiftey
|fifteythe
|-
|60
|sextey
|sexteythe
|-
|70
|sevontey
|sevonteythe
|-
|80
|aghttey
|aghtteythe
|-
|90
|neyontey
|neyonteythe
|-
|100
|hundrod
|hundrodthe
|}

===Personal pronouns===

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''1st person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Subject'''
|colspan=2|ic
|colspan="2"|wie
|-
!'''Object 1'''
|colspan="2"|my
|colspan="2"|us
|-
!'''Object 2'''
|colspan="2"|mye
|colspan="2"|us
|-
!'''Possessive'''
|colspan="2"|main
|colspan="2"|ure
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''2nd person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Subject'''
|colspan="2"|thu
|colspan="2"|yie
|-
!'''Object 1'''
|colspan="2"|thy
|colspan="2"|yow, yiew*
|-
!'''Object 2'''
|colspan="2"|thye
|colspan="2"|yow, yiew*
|-
!'''Possessive'''
|colspan="2"|thain
|colspan="2"|yore, yiere*
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''3rd person'''
|-
!'''Masculine'''
!'''Feminine'''
!'''Neuter'''
!'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Subject'''
|hie
|sie
|hit
|hea
|-
!'''Object 1'''
|hine, him**
|sie, hir**
|him, hit**
|hea, heam**
|-
!'''Object 2'''
|him
|hir
|hit
|heam
|-
!'''Genitive'''
|his
|hir
|his
|hiere
|}
* Dialectal or archaic forms.
** Common errors, often found in vulgar language

== Verbs ==

===Inflections===

Here are some very important verbs, their auxiliary verb for compound tenses and their meaning:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Infinitive'''
|'''1st person'''
|'''2nd person'''
|'''3rd person'''
|'''plural persons'''
|'''singular preterit'''
|'''plural preterit'''
|'''past participle'''
|'''Auxiliary'''
|'''Meaning'''
|-
|hebbe
|heb
|hæst
|hæth
|hebbeth
|had
|hadden
|ehad
|hebbe
|''to have''
|-
|wese
|bie
|bist
|is
|sind
|was
|waren
|ewesen
|wese
|''to be''
|-
|dœ
|dœ
|dost
|doth
|dœth
|dead
|deden
|edæn
|hebbe
|''to do''
|-
|gæ
|gæ
|gast
|gath
|gæth
|iede
|ieden
|egæn, egongen
|wese
|''to go''
|-
|fære
|fær
|farst
|farth
|færeth
|fœr
|fœren
|efæren
|wese
|''to go''
|-
|flieye
|fliey
|flieyst
|flieyth
|flieyeth
|floay
|floyen
|efloyen
|wese
|''to fly''
|-
|sie
|sie
|siest
|sieth
|sieth
|say
|sayen
|esien
|hebbe
|''to see''
|-
|leye
|ley
|leyst
|leyth
|leyeth
|leide
|leiden
|eleid
|hebbe
|''to lay''
|-
|mœte
|mœt
|mœst
|mœt
|mœteth
|mœste
|mœsten
|—
|hebbe
|''to may, must''
|-
|kume
|kum
|komst
|komth
|kumeth
|quam
|quamen
|ekumen
|wese
|''to come''
|-
|kunne
|kan
|kanst
|kan
|kunneth
|kuthe
|kuthen
|ekuth
|hebbe
|''can''
|-
|seye
|sey
|seyst
|seyth
|seyeth
|seide
|seiden
|eseid
|hebbe
|''to say''
|-
|fortelle
|fortell
|fortelst
|fortelth
|fortelleth
|fortelde
|fortelden
|forteld
|hebbe
|''to tell''
|-
|wite
|weat
|weast
|weat
|witeth
|wiste
|wisten
|ewiten
|hebbe
|''to know''
|-
|knæwe
|knæw
|knawst
|knawth
|knæweth
|kniew
|kniewen
|eknowen
|hebbe
|''to recognise''
|-
|wille
|will
|wilt
|will
|willeth
|wolde
|wolden
|ewild
|hebbe
|''to want to''
|-
|sculle
|scall
|scalt
|scall
|sculleth
|scolde
|scolden
|—
|hebbe
|''to shall, must''
|-
|sterve
|sterf
|stirfst
|stirfth
|sterveth
|storf
|storven
|estorven
|wese
|''to die''
|-
|mæke
|mæk
|mækst
|mækth
|mæketh
|mækte
|mækten
|emækod
|hebbe
|''to make''
|-
|ete
|eat
|eatst (older itst)
|eatth (older itth)
|eteth
|at
|aten
|eëten
|hebbe
|''to eat''
|-
|muye
|may
|maist
|may
|muyeth
|moghte
|moghten
|emuyen
|hebbe
|''to may''
|}

===Indefinites===

Indefinites give us incomplete informations, because they don't define the precise quantity or the identity:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Indefinite'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
|evenman
|somebody
|-
|evenean
|someone
|-
|evending
|something/anything
|-
|evenwær
|somewhere
|-
|neaman
|nobody
|-
|newær
|nowhere
|-
|nene (also neëne)
|none
|-
|neding
|nothing
|-
|enyman
|anybody
|-
|enyene
|anyone
|-
|enyding
|anything
|-
|enywær
|anywhere
|-
|theyene
|the one (who)
|-
|thatean
|that one (which)
|-
|elc
|each
|-
|all
|all
|-
|othor
|other
|}

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

[[Category:West Germanic languages]]

Oxman

2013-09-11T17:57:39Z

Ealdwimor: /* Comparative */

{{private}}

{{ClassMeter
|Name = Oxman
|NativeName = Oxmansc
|Type = Mixed
|Alignment = Nominative-Accusative

|adjective = final
|adposition = final
|adverb= initial
|article= initial
|relativeclause = final
|nounclause = final
|order = SVO

|Tonal = yes
|Declined = no
|Conjugated = yes
|Genders = 2
|NCase = no
|NNumber = yes
|NDefiniteness = no
|NGender = yes
|VVoice = yes
|VMood = yes
|VPerson = yes
|VNumber = yes
|VTense = yes
|VAspect = yes

|Phonology=100
|NounCases=100
|NounDef=100
|NounNumbers=100
|NounGender=100
|VerbPerson=100
|VerbNumber=100
|VerbAspect=100
|VerbTense=100
|VerbMood=80
|VerbVoice=50
|AdjCase=100
|AdjNumber=100
|AdjDef=100
|AdjGen=100
|AdjComparative=100
|AdjSuperlative=100
|AdjGen=100
|Supine=100
|Gerund=100
|Participle=100
|Infinitive=100
|Modality=70
|Words=0}}

=General informations=

[[File:oxman speaking-area.png|365px|thumb|right|''Oxmansc-sprekend raum - Oxman speaking area'']]

'''Oxman''' is a Germanic language spoken in the ''Duché du Héron'' (= Shire of Le Héron), a shire that corresponds to the eastern region of Seine-Marirtime in France.
This language has evolved from [[Old Oxman]] which evolved from [[Old Auregan]] which is the first recorded form of Auregan language. Auregan language area corresponds to the "Vexin Normand" (a region situated just south to "Duché du héron"). A Oxman speaking colony also exists near the city of Coventry, Warwickshire, Midlands, England.
Oxman is a West-Germanic language that is strongly linked to Dutch, Modern English, Low German and Modern German.

Here is a table which sums up the main characteristics of this language:

{{agreement
|VerbGender =
|VerbCases =
|VerbNumber = yes
|VerbTenses = yes
|VerbPerson = yes
|VerbMoods = yes
|VerbVoices = yes
|VerbAspect = yes

|NounGender = yes
|NounCases =
|NounNumber = yes
|NounTenses =
|NounPerson =
|NounMoods =
|NounVoices =

|AdjectiveGender =
|AdjectiveCases =
|AdjectiveNumber = yes
|AdjectiveTenses =
|AdjectivePerson =
|AdjectiveMoods =
|AdjectiveVoices =

|NumberGender =
|NumberCases =
|NumberNumber =
|NumberTenses =
|NumberPerson =
|NumberMoods =
|NumberVoices =

|ParticipleGender =
|ParticipleCases =
|ParticipleNumber = yes
|ParticipleTenses =
|ParticiplePerson =
|ParticipleMoods =
|ParticipleVoices = yes

|AdverbGender =
|AdverbCases =
|AdverbNumber =
|AdverbTenses =
|AdverbPerson =
|AdverbMoods =
|AdverbVoices =

|PronounGender = yes
|PronounCases = yes
|PronounNumber = yes
|PronounTenses =
|PronounPerson = yes
|PronounMoods =
|PronounVoices =

|AdpositionGender = yes
|AdpositionCases =
|AdpositionNumber = yes
|AdpositionTenses =
|AdpositionPerson =
|AdpositionMoods =
|AdpositionVoices =

|ArticleGender = yes
|ArticleCases = yes
|ArticleNumber = yes
|ArticleTenses =
|ArticlePerson =
|ArticleMoods =
|ArticleVoices =

|ParticleGender =
|ParticleCases =
|ParticleNumber =
|ParticleTenses =
|ParticlePerson =
|ParticleMoods =
|ParticleVoices =
}}

=Phonology=

==Alphabet==

Oxman alphabet uses letters from Latin alphabet and contains 25 characters:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Letters'''
|'''Pronunciation'''
|'''Further information'''
|-
|a
|[a]
|short 'a'
|-
|b
|[b]
|like in English
|-
|c
|[tʃ]
|like the English 'ch' in 'church'
|-
|d
|[d]
|like in English
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e:]
|in plural cluster -es it is not pronounced
|-
|f
|[f]
|like in English
|-
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronunced as in the English word "get"
|-
|h
|[h]
|like in English
|-
|i
|[ɪ]
|short 'i'
|-
|j
|[j]
|like English 'y'
|-
|k
|[k]
|like in English
|-
|l
|[l]
|like in English
|-
|m
|[m]
|like in English
|-
|n
|[n]
|like in English
|-
|o
|[ɔ] / [oʊ:]
|like in English
|-
|p
|[p]
|like in English
|-
|q
|[k]
|often followed by 'u', in latin words beginning with 'qu'
|-
|r
|[r]
|trilled just as in Dutch or in Italian
|-
|s
|[s]
|can be either voiced or voiceless
|-
|t
|[t]
|like in English
|-
|u
|[œ]
|short 'u' in 'but'
|-
|v
|[v]
|like in English
|-
|w
|[ʋ]
|between 'v' and 'w', just as in Dutch
|-
|y
|[j]
|between French letter 'j' in 'jouer' and English 'y' in 'year', as a vowel like a French 'u' or as English 'y' in 'why' when at the end of a word followed by a 'e' (cf. Oxman 'wye?' meaning 'why?' pronounced as in English);
|-
|æ
|[ɑ:]
|long 'a'
|-
|œ
|[u]
|as 'oo' in 'boot'
|}

==Consonantic phonemes==

Oxman language has the following consonantic phonemes:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" {{Table/bluetable}} style="width: 860px; "
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; "|
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Bilabial
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Labio-dental
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Dental
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Alveolar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Post-alveolar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Palatal
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Labio-Velar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Velar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Glottal
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Nasal
| style="text-align: center;"|m
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|n
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ŋ
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Plosive
| style="text-align: center;"|p b
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|t d
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|k g
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Fricative
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|f v
| style="text-align: center;"|θ ð
| style="text-align: center;"|s z
| style="text-align: center;"|ʃ
| style="text-align: center;"|ç
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|χ
| style="text-align: center;"|h
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Affricate
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ts dz
| style="text-align: center;"|tʃ dʒ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Approximant
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|r ɹ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|j
| style="text-align: center;"|w
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Lateral
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|l
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|}

==Vocalic phonemes==

Oxman shows the following vowels:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! rowspan="2" colspan="1"|'''Phonemes'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Short'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Long'''
|-
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-
!'''Closed'''
|ɪ
|ʊ
|i:
|y: u:
|-
!'''Mid-closed'''
|
|
|e:
|o:
|-
!'''Mid-open'''
|ɛ
|ɔ
|
|
|-
!'''Open'''
|a
|
|
|ɑ:
|}

==Diphthongs and digraphs==

Oxman has also twenty diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Diphthongs'''
|'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|ai
|[ɑ:ɪ]
|-
|au
|[ɑ:ʊ]
|-
|ea
|[e:ɪ]
|-
|eo
|[e:ʊ]
|-
|ei
|[ɛɪ]
|-
|uo, ue
|[y:ə]
|-
|ou
|[o:ʊ]
|}

==Stress==

The position of stress in this language is quite regular, because it falls on the root and thus there are few rules to observe:

* In substantives (and in adjectives and adverbs) the stress generally falls on the first syllable, but if they are compound nouns / adjectives, formed by prefix + noun / adjective, the stress falls on the root syllable of the noun / adjective. In compounds which are formed by noun / adjective + noun / adjective, the various words are read as if they were written separately;

* In verbs the stress falls always on the root, even if they are compounds, ex.: ''emæke'', "to make up", is read as [ə'ma:kə].

=Grammar=

==Nouns, gender and number==

Oxman language has got only two genders: common gender and neuter gender. The previously masculine and feminine words have merged into the common gender, whereas neuter words have remained neuter, even if in some cases there has been a gender switch.

Nouns can be both singular (denoting just one object) and plural (denoting more than one object). The formation of plural is simple, because there is only one ways to form it:

* All nouns take -es suffix (-s if the nouns ends with 'r' or 'l'), the <e> in this suffix is generally not pronounced;

However a few nouns show irregular endings.

==Articles==

Two kinds of article exist in Oxman: indefinite and definite article.

The indefinite article has got no plural form and the singular one is the same for all the genders: '''ean'''. This article is used to talk about things, facts, beings that are introduces for the first time into the conversation, that is we use the indefinite article to talk about new and not known informations, to talk about undetermined informations.

The definite article is '''thie''' for common nouns and for all genders at plural forms, but for singular neuter it is '''that'''. The definite article is used to talk about well known things, facts, beings instead.

==Adjectives==

The adjectives always precede the noun to whom they refer. Adjectives take a single '''-e''' ending when the noun it refers to is common, or at plural form. Singular neuter nouns don't cause endings on the adjectives.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Strong singular'''
|'''Strong plural / Weak'''
|'''Meaning'''
|-
|gœd
|gœde
|good
|-
|ald
|alde
|old
|-
|yung
|yunge
|young
|-
|road
|rode*
|red
|-
|long
|longe
|long
|-
|heat
|hete*
|hot
|}

* long vowels 'ea' and 'oa' shrink when an ending is added into 'e' and 'o'. Example: 'leve' (''to live'') but 'ic leaf' (''I live'').

===Comparative===

The higher degree comparative is formed with the suffix '-or, -rX'. The second term of comparation is introduced by ''thon'' and is in the same case of the first, ex.:

* ''Ean yebow hoyor thon ean trie'' - A building higher than a tree.

Just like in English and somtimes in Dutch, long adjectives form their comparative by adding the word 'mear' before the adjective. It corresponds to the 'more' formation in English.

====Adjectives with an irregular higher degree comparative====

Some adjectives have got an irregular form of higher degree comparative:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Positive'''
|'''Strong comparative'''
|'''Weak comparative'''
|-
|gœd
|betor
|betre
|-
|uvol (bad)
|wierse
|wierse
|-
|uvol (inferior)
|sambor (rare)
|sambre (rare)
|-
|luttol
|smallor
|smallre
|-
|weney
|mindor
|mindre
|-
|ald
|eldor
|eldre
|-
|yung
|yongor
|yongre
|-
|strong (strict)
|strengor
|strengre
|-
|long
|lengor
|lengre
|-
|foar (fore)
|furmor
|furmre
|-
|fer (far)
|ferthor
|ferthre
|-
|mæney/micol (many, much)
|mear
|mere
|}

===Superlative===

The superlative degree is formed with the suffix '-ost, -stX' (some irregular adjectives form it with '-st').

* ''Thie sconste blœm in thie werold'' - The most beautiful flower in the world.

====Adjectives with an irregular superlative====

The same adjectives that have an irregular higher degree comparative have got also an irregular superlative form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Positive'''
|'''Strong superlative'''
|'''Weak superlative'''
|-
|gœd
|best
|beste
|-
|uvol (bad)
|wierst
|wierste
|-
|uvol (inferior)
|sambost (rare)
|sambste (rare)
|-
|luttol
|smallost
|smalste
|-
|weney
|minst
|minste
|-
|ald
|eldost
|eldste
|-
|yung
|yongost
|yongste
|-
|fer
|ferthost
|ferthste
|-
|strong
|strengost
|stengste
|-
|long
|lengost
|lengste
|-
|foar
|furmost
|furmste
|-
|mæney/micol (many, much)
|meast
|measte
|}

===Numerals===

Numerals don't inflect. Here are the numerals from 0 to 100:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Number'''
|'''Cardinal'''
|'''Ordinal'''
|-
|0
|nieght
| -
|-
|1
|ene
|earst (time), furst (place)
|-
|2
|twea
|tweathe
|-
|3
|thrie
|therde
|-
|4
|fier
|fierthe
|-
|5
|faif
|fifthe
|-
|6
|sex
|sexthe
|-
|7
|sevon
|sevonthe
|-
|8
|aght
|aghtthe
|-
|9
|neyon
|neyonthe
|-
|10
|tien
|tenthe
|-
|11
|elvon
|elfthe
|-
|12
|twelf
|twelfthe
|-
|13
|thertien
|thertenthe
|-
|14
|fiertien
|fiertenthe
|-
|15
|fiftien
|fiftenthe
|-
|16
|sextien
|sextenthe
|-
|17
|sevontien
|sevontenthe
|-
|18
|aghttien
|aghttenthe
|-
|19
|neyontien
|neyontenthe
|-
|20
|twintey
|twinteythe
|-
|21
|ean-ond-twintey
|ean-ond-twinteythe
|-
|22
|twea-ond-twintey
|twea-ond-twinteythe
|-
|30
|thertey
|therteythe
|-
|40
|fiertey
|fierteythe
|-
|50
|fiftey
|fifteythe
|-
|60
|sextey
|sexteythe
|-
|70
|sevontey
|sevonteythe
|-
|80
|aghttey
|aghtteythe
|-
|90
|neyontey
|neyonteythe
|-
|100
|hundrod
|hundrodthe
|}

===Personal pronouns===

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''1st person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Subject'''
|colspan=2|ic
|colspan="2"|wie
|-
!'''Object 1'''
|colspan="2"|my
|colspan="2"|us
|-
!'''Object 2'''
|colspan="2"|mye
|colspan="2"|us
|-
!'''Possessive'''
|colspan="2"|main
|colspan="2"|ure
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''2nd person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Subject'''
|colspan="2"|thu
|colspan="2"|yie
|-
!'''Object 1'''
|colspan="2"|thy
|colspan="2"|yow, yiew*
|-
!'''Object 2'''
|colspan="2"|thye
|colspan="2"|yow, yiew*
|-
!'''Possessive'''
|colspan="2"|thain
|colspan="2"|yore, yiere*
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''3rd person'''
|-
!'''Masculine'''
!'''Feminine'''
!'''Neuter'''
!'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Subject'''
|hie
|sie
|hit
|hea
|-
!'''Object 1'''
|hine, him**
|sie, hir**
|him, hit**
|hea, heam**
|-
!'''Object 2'''
|him
|hir
|hit
|heam
|-
!'''Genitive'''
|his
|hir
|his
|hiere
|}
* Dialectal or archaic forms.
** Common errors, often found in vulgar language

== Verbs ==

===Inflections===

Here are some very important verbs, their auxiliary verb for compound tenses and their meaning:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Infinitive'''
|'''1st person'''
|'''2nd person'''
|'''3rd person'''
|'''plural persons'''
|'''singular preterit'''
|'''plural preterit'''
|'''past participle'''
|'''Auxiliary'''
|'''Meaning'''
|-
|hebbe
|heb
|hæst
|hæth
|hebbeth
|had
|hadden
|ehad
|hebbe
|''to have''
|-
|wese
|bie
|bist
|is
|sind
|was
|waren
|ewesen
|wese
|''to be''
|-
|dœ
|dœ
|dost
|doth
|dœth
|dead
|deden
|edæn
|hebbe
|''to do''
|-
|gæ
|gæ
|gast
|gath
|gæth
|iede
|ieden
|egæn, egongen
|wese
|''to go''
|-
|fære
|fær
|farst
|farth
|færeth
|fœr
|fœren
|efæren
|wese
|''to go''
|-
|flieye
|fliey
|flieyst
|flieyth
|flieyeth
|floay
|floyen
|efloyen
|wese
|''to fly''
|-
|sie
|sie
|siest
|sieth
|sieth
|say
|sayen
|esien
|hebbe
|''to see''
|-
|leye
|ley
|leyst
|leyth
|leyeth
|leide
|leiden
|eleid
|hebbe
|''to lay''
|-
|mœte
|mœt
|mœst
|mœt
|mœteth
|mœste
|mœsten
|—
|hebbe
|''to may, must''
|-
|kume
|kum
|komst
|komth
|kumeth
|quam
|quamen
|ekumen
|wese
|''to come''
|-
|kunne
|kan
|kanst
|kan
|kunneth
|kuthe
|kuthen
|ekuth
|hebbe
|''can''
|-
|seye
|sey
|seyst
|seyth
|seyeth
|seide
|seiden
|eseid
|hebbe
|''to say''
|-
|fortelle
|fortell
|fortelst
|fortelth
|fortelleth
|fortelde
|fortelden
|forteld
|hebbe
|''to tell''
|-
|wite
|weat
|weast
|weat
|witeth
|wiste
|wisten
|ewiten
|hebbe
|''to know''
|-
|knæwe
|knæw
|knawst
|knawth
|knæweth
|kniew
|kniewen
|eknowen
|hebbe
|''to recognise''
|-
|wille
|will
|wilt
|will
|willeth
|wolde
|wolden
|ewild
|hebbe
|''to want to''
|-
|sculle
|scall
|scalt
|scall
|sculleth
|scolde
|scolden
|—
|hebbe
|''to shall, must''
|-
|sterve
|sterf
|stirfst
|stirfth
|sterveth
|storf
|storven
|estorven
|wese
|''to die''
|-
|mæke
|mæk
|mækst
|mækth
|mæketh
|mækte
|mækten
|emækod
|hebbe
|''to make''
|-
|ete
|eat
|eatst (older itst)
|eatth (older itth)
|eteth
|at
|aten
|eyeten
|hebbe
|''to eat''
|-
|muye
|may
|maist
|may
|muyeth
|moghte
|moghten
|emuyen
|hebbe
|''to may''
|}

===Indefinites===

Indefinites give us incomplete informations, because they don't define the precise quantity or the identity:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Indefinite'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
|evenman
|somebody
|-
|evenean
|someone
|-
|evending
|something/anything
|-
|evenwær
|somewhere
|-
|neaman
|nobody
|-
|newær
|nowhere
|-
|nene (also neëne)
|none
|-
|neding
|nothing
|-
|enyman
|anybody
|-
|enyene
|anyone
|-
|enyding
|anything
|-
|enywær
|anywhere
|-
|theyene
|the one (who)
|-
|thatean
|that one (which)
|-
|elc
|each
|-
|all
|all
|-
|othor
|other
|}

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

[[Category:West Germanic languages]]

Oxman

2013-09-11T17:56:57Z

Ealdwimor: /* Superlative */

{{private}}

{{ClassMeter
|Name = Oxman
|NativeName = Oxmansc
|Type = Mixed
|Alignment = Nominative-Accusative

|adjective = final
|adposition = final
|adverb= initial
|article= initial
|relativeclause = final
|nounclause = final
|order = SVO

|Tonal = yes
|Declined = no
|Conjugated = yes
|Genders = 2
|NCase = no
|NNumber = yes
|NDefiniteness = no
|NGender = yes
|VVoice = yes
|VMood = yes
|VPerson = yes
|VNumber = yes
|VTense = yes
|VAspect = yes

|Phonology=100
|NounCases=100
|NounDef=100
|NounNumbers=100
|NounGender=100
|VerbPerson=100
|VerbNumber=100
|VerbAspect=100
|VerbTense=100
|VerbMood=80
|VerbVoice=50
|AdjCase=100
|AdjNumber=100
|AdjDef=100
|AdjGen=100
|AdjComparative=100
|AdjSuperlative=100
|AdjGen=100
|Supine=100
|Gerund=100
|Participle=100
|Infinitive=100
|Modality=70
|Words=0}}

=General informations=

[[File:oxman speaking-area.png|365px|thumb|right|''Oxmansc-sprekend raum - Oxman speaking area'']]

'''Oxman''' is a Germanic language spoken in the ''Duché du Héron'' (= Shire of Le Héron), a shire that corresponds to the eastern region of Seine-Marirtime in France.
This language has evolved from [[Old Oxman]] which evolved from [[Old Auregan]] which is the first recorded form of Auregan language. Auregan language area corresponds to the "Vexin Normand" (a region situated just south to "Duché du héron"). A Oxman speaking colony also exists near the city of Coventry, Warwickshire, Midlands, England.
Oxman is a West-Germanic language that is strongly linked to Dutch, Modern English, Low German and Modern German.

Here is a table which sums up the main characteristics of this language:

{{agreement
|VerbGender =
|VerbCases =
|VerbNumber = yes
|VerbTenses = yes
|VerbPerson = yes
|VerbMoods = yes
|VerbVoices = yes
|VerbAspect = yes

|NounGender = yes
|NounCases =
|NounNumber = yes
|NounTenses =
|NounPerson =
|NounMoods =
|NounVoices =

|AdjectiveGender =
|AdjectiveCases =
|AdjectiveNumber = yes
|AdjectiveTenses =
|AdjectivePerson =
|AdjectiveMoods =
|AdjectiveVoices =

|NumberGender =
|NumberCases =
|NumberNumber =
|NumberTenses =
|NumberPerson =
|NumberMoods =
|NumberVoices =

|ParticipleGender =
|ParticipleCases =
|ParticipleNumber = yes
|ParticipleTenses =
|ParticiplePerson =
|ParticipleMoods =
|ParticipleVoices = yes

|AdverbGender =
|AdverbCases =
|AdverbNumber =
|AdverbTenses =
|AdverbPerson =
|AdverbMoods =
|AdverbVoices =

|PronounGender = yes
|PronounCases = yes
|PronounNumber = yes
|PronounTenses =
|PronounPerson = yes
|PronounMoods =
|PronounVoices =

|AdpositionGender = yes
|AdpositionCases =
|AdpositionNumber = yes
|AdpositionTenses =
|AdpositionPerson =
|AdpositionMoods =
|AdpositionVoices =

|ArticleGender = yes
|ArticleCases = yes
|ArticleNumber = yes
|ArticleTenses =
|ArticlePerson =
|ArticleMoods =
|ArticleVoices =

|ParticleGender =
|ParticleCases =
|ParticleNumber =
|ParticleTenses =
|ParticlePerson =
|ParticleMoods =
|ParticleVoices =
}}

=Phonology=

==Alphabet==

Oxman alphabet uses letters from Latin alphabet and contains 25 characters:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Letters'''
|'''Pronunciation'''
|'''Further information'''
|-
|a
|[a]
|short 'a'
|-
|b
|[b]
|like in English
|-
|c
|[tʃ]
|like the English 'ch' in 'church'
|-
|d
|[d]
|like in English
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e:]
|in plural cluster -es it is not pronounced
|-
|f
|[f]
|like in English
|-
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronunced as in the English word "get"
|-
|h
|[h]
|like in English
|-
|i
|[ɪ]
|short 'i'
|-
|j
|[j]
|like English 'y'
|-
|k
|[k]
|like in English
|-
|l
|[l]
|like in English
|-
|m
|[m]
|like in English
|-
|n
|[n]
|like in English
|-
|o
|[ɔ] / [oʊ:]
|like in English
|-
|p
|[p]
|like in English
|-
|q
|[k]
|often followed by 'u', in latin words beginning with 'qu'
|-
|r
|[r]
|trilled just as in Dutch or in Italian
|-
|s
|[s]
|can be either voiced or voiceless
|-
|t
|[t]
|like in English
|-
|u
|[œ]
|short 'u' in 'but'
|-
|v
|[v]
|like in English
|-
|w
|[ʋ]
|between 'v' and 'w', just as in Dutch
|-
|y
|[j]
|between French letter 'j' in 'jouer' and English 'y' in 'year', as a vowel like a French 'u' or as English 'y' in 'why' when at the end of a word followed by a 'e' (cf. Oxman 'wye?' meaning 'why?' pronounced as in English);
|-
|æ
|[ɑ:]
|long 'a'
|-
|œ
|[u]
|as 'oo' in 'boot'
|}

==Consonantic phonemes==

Oxman language has the following consonantic phonemes:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" {{Table/bluetable}} style="width: 860px; "
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; "|
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Bilabial
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Labio-dental
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Dental
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Alveolar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Post-alveolar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Palatal
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Labio-Velar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Velar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Glottal
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Nasal
| style="text-align: center;"|m
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|n
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ŋ
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Plosive
| style="text-align: center;"|p b
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|t d
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|k g
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Fricative
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|f v
| style="text-align: center;"|θ ð
| style="text-align: center;"|s z
| style="text-align: center;"|ʃ
| style="text-align: center;"|ç
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|χ
| style="text-align: center;"|h
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Affricate
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ts dz
| style="text-align: center;"|tʃ dʒ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Approximant
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|r ɹ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|j
| style="text-align: center;"|w
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Lateral
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|l
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|}

==Vocalic phonemes==

Oxman shows the following vowels:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! rowspan="2" colspan="1"|'''Phonemes'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Short'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Long'''
|-
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-
!'''Closed'''
|ɪ
|ʊ
|i:
|y: u:
|-
!'''Mid-closed'''
|
|
|e:
|o:
|-
!'''Mid-open'''
|ɛ
|ɔ
|
|
|-
!'''Open'''
|a
|
|
|ɑ:
|}

==Diphthongs and digraphs==

Oxman has also twenty diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Diphthongs'''
|'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|ai
|[ɑ:ɪ]
|-
|au
|[ɑ:ʊ]
|-
|ea
|[e:ɪ]
|-
|eo
|[e:ʊ]
|-
|ei
|[ɛɪ]
|-
|uo, ue
|[y:ə]
|-
|ou
|[o:ʊ]
|}

==Stress==

The position of stress in this language is quite regular, because it falls on the root and thus there are few rules to observe:

* In substantives (and in adjectives and adverbs) the stress generally falls on the first syllable, but if they are compound nouns / adjectives, formed by prefix + noun / adjective, the stress falls on the root syllable of the noun / adjective. In compounds which are formed by noun / adjective + noun / adjective, the various words are read as if they were written separately;

* In verbs the stress falls always on the root, even if they are compounds, ex.: ''emæke'', "to make up", is read as [ə'ma:kə].

=Grammar=

==Nouns, gender and number==

Oxman language has got only two genders: common gender and neuter gender. The previously masculine and feminine words have merged into the common gender, whereas neuter words have remained neuter, even if in some cases there has been a gender switch.

Nouns can be both singular (denoting just one object) and plural (denoting more than one object). The formation of plural is simple, because there is only one ways to form it:

* All nouns take -es suffix (-s if the nouns ends with 'r' or 'l'), the <e> in this suffix is generally not pronounced;

However a few nouns show irregular endings.

==Articles==

Two kinds of article exist in Oxman: indefinite and definite article.

The indefinite article has got no plural form and the singular one is the same for all the genders: '''ean'''. This article is used to talk about things, facts, beings that are introduces for the first time into the conversation, that is we use the indefinite article to talk about new and not known informations, to talk about undetermined informations.

The definite article is '''thie''' for common nouns and for all genders at plural forms, but for singular neuter it is '''that'''. The definite article is used to talk about well known things, facts, beings instead.

==Adjectives==

The adjectives always precede the noun to whom they refer. Adjectives take a single '''-e''' ending when the noun it refers to is common, or at plural form. Singular neuter nouns don't cause endings on the adjectives.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Strong singular'''
|'''Strong plural / Weak'''
|'''Meaning'''
|-
|gœd
|gœde
|good
|-
|ald
|alde
|old
|-
|yung
|yunge
|young
|-
|road
|rode*
|red
|-
|long
|longe
|long
|-
|heat
|hete*
|hot
|}

* long vowels 'ea' and 'oa' shrink when an ending is added into 'e' and 'o'. Example: 'leve' (''to live'') but 'ic leaf' (''I live'').

===Comparative===

The higher degree comparative is formed with the suffix '-or'. The second term of comparation is introduced by ''thon'' and is in the same case of the first, ex.:

* ''Ean ebowod hoyor thon ean trie'' - A building higher than a tree.

Just like in English and somtimes in Dutch, long adjectives form their comparative by adding the word 'mear' before the adjective. It corresponds to the 'more' formation in English.

====Adjectives with an irregular higher degree comparative====

Some adjectives have got an irregular form of higher degree comparative:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Positive'''
|'''Strong comparative'''
|'''Weak comparative'''
|-
|gœd
|betor
|betre
|-
|uvol (bad)
|wierse
|wierse
|-
|uvol (inferior)
|sambor (rare)
|sambre (rare)
|-
|luttol
|smallor
|smallre
|-
|weney
|mindor
|mindre
|-
|ald
|eldor
|eldre
|-
|yung
|yongor
|yongre
|-
|strong (strict)
|strengor
|strengre
|-
|long
|lengor
|lengre
|-
|foar (fore)
|furmor
|furmre
|-
|fer (far)
|ferthor
|ferthre
|-
|mæney/micol (many, much)
|mear
|mere
|}

===Superlative===

The superlative degree is formed with the suffix '-ost, -stX' (some irregular adjectives form it with '-st').

* ''Thie sconste blœm in thie werold'' - The most beautiful flower in the world.

====Adjectives with an irregular superlative====

The same adjectives that have an irregular higher degree comparative have got also an irregular superlative form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Positive'''
|'''Strong superlative'''
|'''Weak superlative'''
|-
|gœd
|best
|beste
|-
|uvol (bad)
|wierst
|wierste
|-
|uvol (inferior)
|sambost (rare)
|sambste (rare)
|-
|luttol
|smallost
|smalste
|-
|weney
|minst
|minste
|-
|ald
|eldost
|eldste
|-
|yung
|yongost
|yongste
|-
|fer
|ferthost
|ferthste
|-
|strong
|strengost
|stengste
|-
|long
|lengost
|lengste
|-
|foar
|furmost
|furmste
|-
|mæney/micol (many, much)
|meast
|measte
|}

===Numerals===

Numerals don't inflect. Here are the numerals from 0 to 100:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Number'''
|'''Cardinal'''
|'''Ordinal'''
|-
|0
|nieght
| -
|-
|1
|ene
|earst (time), furst (place)
|-
|2
|twea
|tweathe
|-
|3
|thrie
|therde
|-
|4
|fier
|fierthe
|-
|5
|faif
|fifthe
|-
|6
|sex
|sexthe
|-
|7
|sevon
|sevonthe
|-
|8
|aght
|aghtthe
|-
|9
|neyon
|neyonthe
|-
|10
|tien
|tenthe
|-
|11
|elvon
|elfthe
|-
|12
|twelf
|twelfthe
|-
|13
|thertien
|thertenthe
|-
|14
|fiertien
|fiertenthe
|-
|15
|fiftien
|fiftenthe
|-
|16
|sextien
|sextenthe
|-
|17
|sevontien
|sevontenthe
|-
|18
|aghttien
|aghttenthe
|-
|19
|neyontien
|neyontenthe
|-
|20
|twintey
|twinteythe
|-
|21
|ean-ond-twintey
|ean-ond-twinteythe
|-
|22
|twea-ond-twintey
|twea-ond-twinteythe
|-
|30
|thertey
|therteythe
|-
|40
|fiertey
|fierteythe
|-
|50
|fiftey
|fifteythe
|-
|60
|sextey
|sexteythe
|-
|70
|sevontey
|sevonteythe
|-
|80
|aghttey
|aghtteythe
|-
|90
|neyontey
|neyonteythe
|-
|100
|hundrod
|hundrodthe
|}

===Personal pronouns===

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''1st person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Subject'''
|colspan=2|ic
|colspan="2"|wie
|-
!'''Object 1'''
|colspan="2"|my
|colspan="2"|us
|-
!'''Object 2'''
|colspan="2"|mye
|colspan="2"|us
|-
!'''Possessive'''
|colspan="2"|main
|colspan="2"|ure
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''2nd person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Subject'''
|colspan="2"|thu
|colspan="2"|yie
|-
!'''Object 1'''
|colspan="2"|thy
|colspan="2"|yow, yiew*
|-
!'''Object 2'''
|colspan="2"|thye
|colspan="2"|yow, yiew*
|-
!'''Possessive'''
|colspan="2"|thain
|colspan="2"|yore, yiere*
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''3rd person'''
|-
!'''Masculine'''
!'''Feminine'''
!'''Neuter'''
!'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Subject'''
|hie
|sie
|hit
|hea
|-
!'''Object 1'''
|hine, him**
|sie, hir**
|him, hit**
|hea, heam**
|-
!'''Object 2'''
|him
|hir
|hit
|heam
|-
!'''Genitive'''
|his
|hir
|his
|hiere
|}
* Dialectal or archaic forms.
** Common errors, often found in vulgar language

== Verbs ==

===Inflections===

Here are some very important verbs, their auxiliary verb for compound tenses and their meaning:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Infinitive'''
|'''1st person'''
|'''2nd person'''
|'''3rd person'''
|'''plural persons'''
|'''singular preterit'''
|'''plural preterit'''
|'''past participle'''
|'''Auxiliary'''
|'''Meaning'''
|-
|hebbe
|heb
|hæst
|hæth
|hebbeth
|had
|hadden
|ehad
|hebbe
|''to have''
|-
|wese
|bie
|bist
|is
|sind
|was
|waren
|ewesen
|wese
|''to be''
|-
|dœ
|dœ
|dost
|doth
|dœth
|dead
|deden
|edæn
|hebbe
|''to do''
|-
|gæ
|gæ
|gast
|gath
|gæth
|iede
|ieden
|egæn, egongen
|wese
|''to go''
|-
|fære
|fær
|farst
|farth
|færeth
|fœr
|fœren
|efæren
|wese
|''to go''
|-
|flieye
|fliey
|flieyst
|flieyth
|flieyeth
|floay
|floyen
|efloyen
|wese
|''to fly''
|-
|sie
|sie
|siest
|sieth
|sieth
|say
|sayen
|esien
|hebbe
|''to see''
|-
|leye
|ley
|leyst
|leyth
|leyeth
|leide
|leiden
|eleid
|hebbe
|''to lay''
|-
|mœte
|mœt
|mœst
|mœt
|mœteth
|mœste
|mœsten
|—
|hebbe
|''to may, must''
|-
|kume
|kum
|komst
|komth
|kumeth
|quam
|quamen
|ekumen
|wese
|''to come''
|-
|kunne
|kan
|kanst
|kan
|kunneth
|kuthe
|kuthen
|ekuth
|hebbe
|''can''
|-
|seye
|sey
|seyst
|seyth
|seyeth
|seide
|seiden
|eseid
|hebbe
|''to say''
|-
|fortelle
|fortell
|fortelst
|fortelth
|fortelleth
|fortelde
|fortelden
|forteld
|hebbe
|''to tell''
|-
|wite
|weat
|weast
|weat
|witeth
|wiste
|wisten
|ewiten
|hebbe
|''to know''
|-
|knæwe
|knæw
|knawst
|knawth
|knæweth
|kniew
|kniewen
|eknowen
|hebbe
|''to recognise''
|-
|wille
|will
|wilt
|will
|willeth
|wolde
|wolden
|ewild
|hebbe
|''to want to''
|-
|sculle
|scall
|scalt
|scall
|sculleth
|scolde
|scolden
|—
|hebbe
|''to shall, must''
|-
|sterve
|sterf
|stirfst
|stirfth
|sterveth
|storf
|storven
|estorven
|wese
|''to die''
|-
|mæke
|mæk
|mækst
|mækth
|mæketh
|mækte
|mækten
|emækod
|hebbe
|''to make''
|-
|ete
|eat
|eatst (older itst)
|eatth (older itth)
|eteth
|at
|aten
|eyeten
|hebbe
|''to eat''
|-
|muye
|may
|maist
|may
|muyeth
|moghte
|moghten
|emuyen
|hebbe
|''to may''
|}

===Indefinites===

Indefinites give us incomplete informations, because they don't define the precise quantity or the identity:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Indefinite'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
|evenman
|somebody
|-
|evenean
|someone
|-
|evending
|something/anything
|-
|evenwær
|somewhere
|-
|neaman
|nobody
|-
|newær
|nowhere
|-
|nene (also neëne)
|none
|-
|neding
|nothing
|-
|enyman
|anybody
|-
|enyene
|anyone
|-
|enyding
|anything
|-
|enywær
|anywhere
|-
|theyene
|the one (who)
|-
|thatean
|that one (which)
|-
|elc
|each
|-
|all
|all
|-
|othor
|other
|}

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

[[Category:West Germanic languages]]

Oxman

2013-09-11T17:50:26Z

Ealdwimor: /* Adjectives with an irregular higher degree comparative */

{{private}}

{{ClassMeter
|Name = Oxman
|NativeName = Oxmansc
|Type = Mixed
|Alignment = Nominative-Accusative

|adjective = final
|adposition = final
|adverb= initial
|article= initial
|relativeclause = final
|nounclause = final
|order = SVO

|Tonal = yes
|Declined = no
|Conjugated = yes
|Genders = 2
|NCase = no
|NNumber = yes
|NDefiniteness = no
|NGender = yes
|VVoice = yes
|VMood = yes
|VPerson = yes
|VNumber = yes
|VTense = yes
|VAspect = yes

|Phonology=100
|NounCases=100
|NounDef=100
|NounNumbers=100
|NounGender=100
|VerbPerson=100
|VerbNumber=100
|VerbAspect=100
|VerbTense=100
|VerbMood=80
|VerbVoice=50
|AdjCase=100
|AdjNumber=100
|AdjDef=100
|AdjGen=100
|AdjComparative=100
|AdjSuperlative=100
|AdjGen=100
|Supine=100
|Gerund=100
|Participle=100
|Infinitive=100
|Modality=70
|Words=0}}

=General informations=

[[File:oxman speaking-area.png|365px|thumb|right|''Oxmansc-sprekend raum - Oxman speaking area'']]

'''Oxman''' is a Germanic language spoken in the ''Duché du Héron'' (= Shire of Le Héron), a shire that corresponds to the eastern region of Seine-Marirtime in France.
This language has evolved from [[Old Oxman]] which evolved from [[Old Auregan]] which is the first recorded form of Auregan language. Auregan language area corresponds to the "Vexin Normand" (a region situated just south to "Duché du héron"). A Oxman speaking colony also exists near the city of Coventry, Warwickshire, Midlands, England.
Oxman is a West-Germanic language that is strongly linked to Dutch, Modern English, Low German and Modern German.

Here is a table which sums up the main characteristics of this language:

{{agreement
|VerbGender =
|VerbCases =
|VerbNumber = yes
|VerbTenses = yes
|VerbPerson = yes
|VerbMoods = yes
|VerbVoices = yes
|VerbAspect = yes

|NounGender = yes
|NounCases =
|NounNumber = yes
|NounTenses =
|NounPerson =
|NounMoods =
|NounVoices =

|AdjectiveGender =
|AdjectiveCases =
|AdjectiveNumber = yes
|AdjectiveTenses =
|AdjectivePerson =
|AdjectiveMoods =
|AdjectiveVoices =

|NumberGender =
|NumberCases =
|NumberNumber =
|NumberTenses =
|NumberPerson =
|NumberMoods =
|NumberVoices =

|ParticipleGender =
|ParticipleCases =
|ParticipleNumber = yes
|ParticipleTenses =
|ParticiplePerson =
|ParticipleMoods =
|ParticipleVoices = yes

|AdverbGender =
|AdverbCases =
|AdverbNumber =
|AdverbTenses =
|AdverbPerson =
|AdverbMoods =
|AdverbVoices =

|PronounGender = yes
|PronounCases = yes
|PronounNumber = yes
|PronounTenses =
|PronounPerson = yes
|PronounMoods =
|PronounVoices =

|AdpositionGender = yes
|AdpositionCases =
|AdpositionNumber = yes
|AdpositionTenses =
|AdpositionPerson =
|AdpositionMoods =
|AdpositionVoices =

|ArticleGender = yes
|ArticleCases = yes
|ArticleNumber = yes
|ArticleTenses =
|ArticlePerson =
|ArticleMoods =
|ArticleVoices =

|ParticleGender =
|ParticleCases =
|ParticleNumber =
|ParticleTenses =
|ParticlePerson =
|ParticleMoods =
|ParticleVoices =
}}

=Phonology=

==Alphabet==

Oxman alphabet uses letters from Latin alphabet and contains 25 characters:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Letters'''
|'''Pronunciation'''
|'''Further information'''
|-
|a
|[a]
|short 'a'
|-
|b
|[b]
|like in English
|-
|c
|[tʃ]
|like the English 'ch' in 'church'
|-
|d
|[d]
|like in English
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e:]
|in plural cluster -es it is not pronounced
|-
|f
|[f]
|like in English
|-
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronunced as in the English word "get"
|-
|h
|[h]
|like in English
|-
|i
|[ɪ]
|short 'i'
|-
|j
|[j]
|like English 'y'
|-
|k
|[k]
|like in English
|-
|l
|[l]
|like in English
|-
|m
|[m]
|like in English
|-
|n
|[n]
|like in English
|-
|o
|[ɔ] / [oʊ:]
|like in English
|-
|p
|[p]
|like in English
|-
|q
|[k]
|often followed by 'u', in latin words beginning with 'qu'
|-
|r
|[r]
|trilled just as in Dutch or in Italian
|-
|s
|[s]
|can be either voiced or voiceless
|-
|t
|[t]
|like in English
|-
|u
|[œ]
|short 'u' in 'but'
|-
|v
|[v]
|like in English
|-
|w
|[ʋ]
|between 'v' and 'w', just as in Dutch
|-
|y
|[j]
|between French letter 'j' in 'jouer' and English 'y' in 'year', as a vowel like a French 'u' or as English 'y' in 'why' when at the end of a word followed by a 'e' (cf. Oxman 'wye?' meaning 'why?' pronounced as in English);
|-
|æ
|[ɑ:]
|long 'a'
|-
|œ
|[u]
|as 'oo' in 'boot'
|}

==Consonantic phonemes==

Oxman language has the following consonantic phonemes:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" {{Table/bluetable}} style="width: 860px; "
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; "|
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Bilabial
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Labio-dental
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Dental
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Alveolar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Post-alveolar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Palatal
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Labio-Velar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Velar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Glottal
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Nasal
| style="text-align: center;"|m
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|n
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ŋ
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Plosive
| style="text-align: center;"|p b
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|t d
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|k g
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Fricative
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|f v
| style="text-align: center;"|θ ð
| style="text-align: center;"|s z
| style="text-align: center;"|ʃ
| style="text-align: center;"|ç
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|χ
| style="text-align: center;"|h
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Affricate
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ts dz
| style="text-align: center;"|tʃ dʒ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Approximant
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|r ɹ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|j
| style="text-align: center;"|w
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Lateral
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|l
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|}

==Vocalic phonemes==

Oxman shows the following vowels:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! rowspan="2" colspan="1"|'''Phonemes'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Short'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Long'''
|-
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-
!'''Closed'''
|ɪ
|ʊ
|i:
|y: u:
|-
!'''Mid-closed'''
|
|
|e:
|o:
|-
!'''Mid-open'''
|ɛ
|ɔ
|
|
|-
!'''Open'''
|a
|
|
|ɑ:
|}

==Diphthongs and digraphs==

Oxman has also twenty diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Diphthongs'''
|'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|ai
|[ɑ:ɪ]
|-
|au
|[ɑ:ʊ]
|-
|ea
|[e:ɪ]
|-
|eo
|[e:ʊ]
|-
|ei
|[ɛɪ]
|-
|uo, ue
|[y:ə]
|-
|ou
|[o:ʊ]
|}

==Stress==

The position of stress in this language is quite regular, because it falls on the root and thus there are few rules to observe:

* In substantives (and in adjectives and adverbs) the stress generally falls on the first syllable, but if they are compound nouns / adjectives, formed by prefix + noun / adjective, the stress falls on the root syllable of the noun / adjective. In compounds which are formed by noun / adjective + noun / adjective, the various words are read as if they were written separately;

* In verbs the stress falls always on the root, even if they are compounds, ex.: ''emæke'', "to make up", is read as [ə'ma:kə].

=Grammar=

==Nouns, gender and number==

Oxman language has got only two genders: common gender and neuter gender. The previously masculine and feminine words have merged into the common gender, whereas neuter words have remained neuter, even if in some cases there has been a gender switch.

Nouns can be both singular (denoting just one object) and plural (denoting more than one object). The formation of plural is simple, because there is only one ways to form it:

* All nouns take -es suffix (-s if the nouns ends with 'r' or 'l'), the <e> in this suffix is generally not pronounced;

However a few nouns show irregular endings.

==Articles==

Two kinds of article exist in Oxman: indefinite and definite article.

The indefinite article has got no plural form and the singular one is the same for all the genders: '''ean'''. This article is used to talk about things, facts, beings that are introduces for the first time into the conversation, that is we use the indefinite article to talk about new and not known informations, to talk about undetermined informations.

The definite article is '''thie''' for common nouns and for all genders at plural forms, but for singular neuter it is '''that'''. The definite article is used to talk about well known things, facts, beings instead.

==Adjectives==

The adjectives always precede the noun to whom they refer. Adjectives take a single '''-e''' ending when the noun it refers to is common, or at plural form. Singular neuter nouns don't cause endings on the adjectives.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Strong singular'''
|'''Strong plural / Weak'''
|'''Meaning'''
|-
|gœd
|gœde
|good
|-
|ald
|alde
|old
|-
|yung
|yunge
|young
|-
|road
|rode*
|red
|-
|long
|longe
|long
|-
|heat
|hete*
|hot
|}

* long vowels 'ea' and 'oa' shrink when an ending is added into 'e' and 'o'. Example: 'leve' (''to live'') but 'ic leaf' (''I live'').

===Comparative===

The higher degree comparative is formed with the suffix '-or'. The second term of comparation is introduced by ''thon'' and is in the same case of the first, ex.:

* ''Ean ebowod hoyor thon ean trie'' - A building higher than a tree.

Just like in English and somtimes in Dutch, long adjectives form their comparative by adding the word 'mear' before the adjective. It corresponds to the 'more' formation in English.

====Adjectives with an irregular higher degree comparative====

Some adjectives have got an irregular form of higher degree comparative:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Positive'''
|'''Strong comparative'''
|'''Weak comparative'''
|-
|gœd
|betor
|betre
|-
|uvol (bad)
|wierse
|wierse
|-
|uvol (inferior)
|sambor (rare)
|sambre (rare)
|-
|luttol
|smallor
|smallre
|-
|weney
|mindor
|mindre
|-
|ald
|eldor
|eldre
|-
|yung
|yongor
|yongre
|-
|strong (strict)
|strengor
|strengre
|-
|long
|lengor
|lengre
|-
|foar (fore)
|furmor
|furmre
|-
|fer (far)
|ferthor
|ferthre
|-
|mæney/micol (many, much)
|mear
|mere
|}

===Superlative===

The superlative degree is formed with the suffix '-ost' (some irregular adjectives form it with '-st').

* ''Thie sconost blœm in thie werold'' - The most beautiful flower in the world.

====Adjectives with an irregular superlative====

The same adjectives that have an irregular higher degree comparative have got also an irregular superlative form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Positive'''
|'''Strong superlative'''
|'''Weak superlative'''
|-
|gœd
|best
|beste
|-
|uvol (bad)
|wierst
|wierste
|-
|uvol (inferior)
|sambost (rare)
|sambste (rare)
|-
|luttol
|smallost
|smalste
|-
|weney
|minst
|minste
|-
|ald
|eldost
|eldste
|-
|yung
|yongost
|yongste
|-
|fer
|ferthost
|ferthste
|-
|strong
|strengost
|stengste
|-
|long
|lengost
|lengste
|-
|foar
|furmost
|furmste
|-
|mæney/micol (many, much)
|meast
|measte
|}

===Numerals===

Numerals don't inflect. Here are the numerals from 0 to 100:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Number'''
|'''Cardinal'''
|'''Ordinal'''
|-
|0
|nieght
| -
|-
|1
|ene
|earst (time), furst (place)
|-
|2
|twea
|tweathe
|-
|3
|thrie
|therde
|-
|4
|fier
|fierthe
|-
|5
|faif
|fifthe
|-
|6
|sex
|sexthe
|-
|7
|sevon
|sevonthe
|-
|8
|aght
|aghtthe
|-
|9
|neyon
|neyonthe
|-
|10
|tien
|tenthe
|-
|11
|elvon
|elfthe
|-
|12
|twelf
|twelfthe
|-
|13
|thertien
|thertenthe
|-
|14
|fiertien
|fiertenthe
|-
|15
|fiftien
|fiftenthe
|-
|16
|sextien
|sextenthe
|-
|17
|sevontien
|sevontenthe
|-
|18
|aghttien
|aghttenthe
|-
|19
|neyontien
|neyontenthe
|-
|20
|twintey
|twinteythe
|-
|21
|ean-ond-twintey
|ean-ond-twinteythe
|-
|22
|twea-ond-twintey
|twea-ond-twinteythe
|-
|30
|thertey
|therteythe
|-
|40
|fiertey
|fierteythe
|-
|50
|fiftey
|fifteythe
|-
|60
|sextey
|sexteythe
|-
|70
|sevontey
|sevonteythe
|-
|80
|aghttey
|aghtteythe
|-
|90
|neyontey
|neyonteythe
|-
|100
|hundrod
|hundrodthe
|}

===Personal pronouns===

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''1st person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Subject'''
|colspan=2|ic
|colspan="2"|wie
|-
!'''Object 1'''
|colspan="2"|my
|colspan="2"|us
|-
!'''Object 2'''
|colspan="2"|mye
|colspan="2"|us
|-
!'''Possessive'''
|colspan="2"|main
|colspan="2"|ure
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''2nd person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Subject'''
|colspan="2"|thu
|colspan="2"|yie
|-
!'''Object 1'''
|colspan="2"|thy
|colspan="2"|yow, yiew*
|-
!'''Object 2'''
|colspan="2"|thye
|colspan="2"|yow, yiew*
|-
!'''Possessive'''
|colspan="2"|thain
|colspan="2"|yore, yiere*
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''3rd person'''
|-
!'''Masculine'''
!'''Feminine'''
!'''Neuter'''
!'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Subject'''
|hie
|sie
|hit
|hea
|-
!'''Object 1'''
|hine, him**
|sie, hir**
|him, hit**
|hea, heam**
|-
!'''Object 2'''
|him
|hir
|hit
|heam
|-
!'''Genitive'''
|his
|hir
|his
|hiere
|}
* Dialectal or archaic forms.
** Common errors, often found in vulgar language

== Verbs ==

===Inflections===

Here are some very important verbs, their auxiliary verb for compound tenses and their meaning:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Infinitive'''
|'''1st person'''
|'''2nd person'''
|'''3rd person'''
|'''plural persons'''
|'''singular preterit'''
|'''plural preterit'''
|'''past participle'''
|'''Auxiliary'''
|'''Meaning'''
|-
|hebbe
|heb
|hæst
|hæth
|hebbeth
|had
|hadden
|ehad
|hebbe
|''to have''
|-
|wese
|bie
|bist
|is
|sind
|was
|waren
|ewesen
|wese
|''to be''
|-
|dœ
|dœ
|dost
|doth
|dœth
|dead
|deden
|edæn
|hebbe
|''to do''
|-
|gæ
|gæ
|gast
|gath
|gæth
|iede
|ieden
|egæn, egongen
|wese
|''to go''
|-
|fære
|fær
|farst
|farth
|færeth
|fœr
|fœren
|efæren
|wese
|''to go''
|-
|flieye
|fliey
|flieyst
|flieyth
|flieyeth
|floay
|floyen
|efloyen
|wese
|''to fly''
|-
|sie
|sie
|siest
|sieth
|sieth
|say
|sayen
|esien
|hebbe
|''to see''
|-
|leye
|ley
|leyst
|leyth
|leyeth
|leide
|leiden
|eleid
|hebbe
|''to lay''
|-
|mœte
|mœt
|mœst
|mœt
|mœteth
|mœste
|mœsten
|—
|hebbe
|''to may, must''
|-
|kume
|kum
|komst
|komth
|kumeth
|quam
|quamen
|ekumen
|wese
|''to come''
|-
|kunne
|kan
|kanst
|kan
|kunneth
|kuthe
|kuthen
|ekuth
|hebbe
|''can''
|-
|seye
|sey
|seyst
|seyth
|seyeth
|seide
|seiden
|eseid
|hebbe
|''to say''
|-
|fortelle
|fortell
|fortelst
|fortelth
|fortelleth
|fortelde
|fortelden
|forteld
|hebbe
|''to tell''
|-
|wite
|weat
|weast
|weat
|witeth
|wiste
|wisten
|ewiten
|hebbe
|''to know''
|-
|knæwe
|knæw
|knawst
|knawth
|knæweth
|kniew
|kniewen
|eknowen
|hebbe
|''to recognise''
|-
|wille
|will
|wilt
|will
|willeth
|wolde
|wolden
|ewild
|hebbe
|''to want to''
|-
|sculle
|scall
|scalt
|scall
|sculleth
|scolde
|scolden
|—
|hebbe
|''to shall, must''
|-
|sterve
|sterf
|stirfst
|stirfth
|sterveth
|storf
|storven
|estorven
|wese
|''to die''
|-
|mæke
|mæk
|mækst
|mækth
|mæketh
|mækte
|mækten
|emækod
|hebbe
|''to make''
|-
|ete
|eat
|eatst (older itst)
|eatth (older itth)
|eteth
|at
|aten
|eyeten
|hebbe
|''to eat''
|-
|muye
|may
|maist
|may
|muyeth
|moghte
|moghten
|emuyen
|hebbe
|''to may''
|}

===Indefinites===

Indefinites give us incomplete informations, because they don't define the precise quantity or the identity:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Indefinite'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
|evenman
|somebody
|-
|evenean
|someone
|-
|evending
|something/anything
|-
|evenwær
|somewhere
|-
|neaman
|nobody
|-
|newær
|nowhere
|-
|nene (also neëne)
|none
|-
|neding
|nothing
|-
|enyman
|anybody
|-
|enyene
|anyone
|-
|enyding
|anything
|-
|enywær
|anywhere
|-
|theyene
|the one (who)
|-
|thatean
|that one (which)
|-
|elc
|each
|-
|all
|all
|-
|othor
|other
|}

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

[[Category:West Germanic languages]]

Oxman

2013-06-26T12:31:41Z

Ealdwimor: /* Comparative */

{{private}}

{{ClassMeter
|Name = Oxman
|NativeName = Oxmansc
|Type = Mixed
|Alignment = Nominative-Accusative

|adjective = final
|adposition = final
|adverb= initial
|article= initial
|relativeclause = final
|nounclause = final
|order = SVO

|Tonal = yes
|Declined = no
|Conjugated = yes
|Genders = 2
|NCase = no
|NNumber = yes
|NDefiniteness = no
|NGender = yes
|VVoice = yes
|VMood = yes
|VPerson = yes
|VNumber = yes
|VTense = yes
|VAspect = yes

|Phonology=100
|NounCases=100
|NounDef=100
|NounNumbers=100
|NounGender=100
|VerbPerson=100
|VerbNumber=100
|VerbAspect=100
|VerbTense=100
|VerbMood=80
|VerbVoice=50
|AdjCase=100
|AdjNumber=100
|AdjDef=100
|AdjGen=100
|AdjComparative=100
|AdjSuperlative=100
|AdjGen=100
|Supine=100
|Gerund=100
|Participle=100
|Infinitive=100
|Modality=70
|Words=0}}

=General informations=

[[File:oxman speaking-area.png|365px|thumb|right|''Oxmansc-sprekend raum - Oxman speaking area'']]

'''Oxman''' is a Germanic language spoken in the ''Duché du Héron'' (= Shire of Le Héron), a shire that corresponds to the eastern region of Seine-Marirtime in France.
This language has evolved from [[Old Oxman]] which evolved from [[Old Auregan]] which is the first recorded form of Auregan language. Auregan language area corresponds to the "Vexin Normand" (a region situated just south to "Duché du héron"). A Oxman speaking colony also exists near the city of Coventry, Warwickshire, Midlands, England.
Oxman is a West-Germanic language that is strongly linked to Dutch, Modern English, Low German and Modern German.

Here is a table which sums up the main characteristics of this language:

{{agreement
|VerbGender =
|VerbCases =
|VerbNumber = yes
|VerbTenses = yes
|VerbPerson = yes
|VerbMoods = yes
|VerbVoices = yes
|VerbAspect = yes

|NounGender = yes
|NounCases =
|NounNumber = yes
|NounTenses =
|NounPerson =
|NounMoods =
|NounVoices =

|AdjectiveGender =
|AdjectiveCases =
|AdjectiveNumber = yes
|AdjectiveTenses =
|AdjectivePerson =
|AdjectiveMoods =
|AdjectiveVoices =

|NumberGender =
|NumberCases =
|NumberNumber =
|NumberTenses =
|NumberPerson =
|NumberMoods =
|NumberVoices =

|ParticipleGender =
|ParticipleCases =
|ParticipleNumber = yes
|ParticipleTenses =
|ParticiplePerson =
|ParticipleMoods =
|ParticipleVoices = yes

|AdverbGender =
|AdverbCases =
|AdverbNumber =
|AdverbTenses =
|AdverbPerson =
|AdverbMoods =
|AdverbVoices =

|PronounGender = yes
|PronounCases = yes
|PronounNumber = yes
|PronounTenses =
|PronounPerson = yes
|PronounMoods =
|PronounVoices =

|AdpositionGender = yes
|AdpositionCases =
|AdpositionNumber = yes
|AdpositionTenses =
|AdpositionPerson =
|AdpositionMoods =
|AdpositionVoices =

|ArticleGender = yes
|ArticleCases = yes
|ArticleNumber = yes
|ArticleTenses =
|ArticlePerson =
|ArticleMoods =
|ArticleVoices =

|ParticleGender =
|ParticleCases =
|ParticleNumber =
|ParticleTenses =
|ParticlePerson =
|ParticleMoods =
|ParticleVoices =
}}

=Phonology=

==Alphabet==

Oxman alphabet uses letters from Latin alphabet and contains 25 characters:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Letters'''
|'''Pronunciation'''
|'''Further information'''
|-
|a
|[a]
|short 'a'
|-
|b
|[b]
|like in English
|-
|c
|[tʃ]
|like the English 'ch' in 'church'
|-
|d
|[d]
|like in English
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e:]
|in plural cluster -es it is not pronounced
|-
|f
|[f]
|like in English
|-
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronunced as in the English word "get"
|-
|h
|[h]
|like in English
|-
|i
|[ɪ]
|short 'i'
|-
|j
|[j]
|like English 'y'
|-
|k
|[k]
|like in English
|-
|l
|[l]
|like in English
|-
|m
|[m]
|like in English
|-
|n
|[n]
|like in English
|-
|o
|[ɔ] / [oʊ:]
|like in English
|-
|p
|[p]
|like in English
|-
|q
|[k]
|often followed by 'u', in latin words beginning with 'qu'
|-
|r
|[r]
|trilled just as in Dutch or in Italian
|-
|s
|[s]
|can be either voiced or voiceless
|-
|t
|[t]
|like in English
|-
|u
|[œ]
|short 'u' in 'but'
|-
|v
|[v]
|like in English
|-
|w
|[ʋ]
|between 'v' and 'w', just as in Dutch
|-
|y
|[j]
|between French letter 'j' in 'jouer' and English 'y' in 'year', as a vowel like a French 'u' or as English 'y' in 'why' when at the end of a word followed by a 'e' (cf. Oxman 'wye?' meaning 'why?' pronounced as in English);
|-
|æ
|[ɑ:]
|long 'a'
|-
|œ
|[u]
|as 'oo' in 'boot'
|}

==Consonantic phonemes==

Oxman language has the following consonantic phonemes:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" {{Table/bluetable}} style="width: 860px; "
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; "|
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Bilabial
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Labio-dental
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Dental
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Alveolar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Post-alveolar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Palatal
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Labio-Velar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Velar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Glottal
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Nasal
| style="text-align: center;"|m
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|n
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ŋ
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Plosive
| style="text-align: center;"|p b
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|t d
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|k g
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Fricative
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|f v
| style="text-align: center;"|θ ð
| style="text-align: center;"|s z
| style="text-align: center;"|ʃ
| style="text-align: center;"|ç
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|χ
| style="text-align: center;"|h
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Affricate
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ts dz
| style="text-align: center;"|tʃ dʒ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Approximant
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|r ɹ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|j
| style="text-align: center;"|w
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Lateral
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|l
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|}

==Vocalic phonemes==

Oxman shows the following vowels:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! rowspan="2" colspan="1"|'''Phonemes'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Short'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Long'''
|-
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-
!'''Closed'''
|ɪ
|ʊ
|i:
|y: u:
|-
!'''Mid-closed'''
|
|
|e:
|o:
|-
!'''Mid-open'''
|ɛ
|ɔ
|
|
|-
!'''Open'''
|a
|
|
|ɑ:
|}

==Diphthongs and digraphs==

Oxman has also twenty diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Diphthongs'''
|'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|ai
|[ɑ:ɪ]
|-
|au
|[ɑ:ʊ]
|-
|ea
|[e:ɪ]
|-
|eo
|[e:ʊ]
|-
|ei
|[ɛɪ]
|-
|uo, ue
|[y:ə]
|-
|ou
|[o:ʊ]
|}

==Stress==

The position of stress in this language is quite regular, because it falls on the root and thus there are few rules to observe:

* In substantives (and in adjectives and adverbs) the stress generally falls on the first syllable, but if they are compound nouns / adjectives, formed by prefix + noun / adjective, the stress falls on the root syllable of the noun / adjective. In compounds which are formed by noun / adjective + noun / adjective, the various words are read as if they were written separately;

* In verbs the stress falls always on the root, even if they are compounds, ex.: ''emæke'', "to make up", is read as [ə'ma:kə].

=Grammar=

==Nouns, gender and number==

Oxman language has got only two genders: common gender and neuter gender. The previously masculine and feminine words have merged into the common gender, whereas neuter words have remained neuter, even if in some cases there has been a gender switch.

Nouns can be both singular (denoting just one object) and plural (denoting more than one object). The formation of plural is simple, because there is only one ways to form it:

* All nouns take -es suffix (-s if the nouns ends with 'r' or 'l'), the <e> in this suffix is generally not pronounced;

However a few nouns show irregular endings.

==Articles==

Two kinds of article exist in Oxman: indefinite and definite article.

The indefinite article has got no plural form and the singular one is the same for all the genders: '''ean'''. This article is used to talk about things, facts, beings that are introduces for the first time into the conversation, that is we use the indefinite article to talk about new and not known informations, to talk about undetermined informations.

The definite article is '''thie''' for common nouns and for all genders at plural forms, but for singular neuter it is '''that'''. The definite article is used to talk about well known things, facts, beings instead.

==Adjectives==

The adjectives always precede the noun to whom they refer. Adjectives take a single '''-e''' ending when the noun it refers to is common, or at plural form. Singular neuter nouns don't cause endings on the adjectives.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Strong singular'''
|'''Strong plural / Weak'''
|'''Meaning'''
|-
|gœd
|gœde
|good
|-
|ald
|alde
|old
|-
|yung
|yunge
|young
|-
|road
|rode*
|red
|-
|long
|longe
|long
|-
|heat
|hete*
|hot
|}

* long vowels 'ea' and 'oa' shrink when an ending is added into 'e' and 'o'. Example: 'leve' (''to live'') but 'ic leaf' (''I live'').

===Comparative===

The higher degree comparative is formed with the suffix '-or'. The second term of comparation is introduced by ''thon'' and is in the same case of the first, ex.:

* ''Ean ebowod hoyor thon ean trie'' - A building higher than a tree.

Just like in English and somtimes in Dutch, long adjectives form their comparative by adding the word 'mear' before the adjective. It corresponds to the 'more' formation in English.

====Adjectives with an irregular higher degree comparative====

Some adjectives have got an irregular form of higher degree comparative:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Positive'''
|'''Strong comparative'''
|'''Weak comparative'''
|-
|gœd
|betor
|betre
|-
|uvol (bad)
|wierse
|wierse
|-
|uvol (inferior)
|sambor (rare)
|sambre (rare)
|-
|luttol
|smallor
|smalre
|-
|weney
|mindor
|mindre
|-
|ald
|eldor
|eldre
|-
|yung
|yongor
|yongre
|-
|strong (strict)
|strengor
|strengre
|-
|long
|lengor
|lengre
|-
|foar (fore)
|furmor
|furmre
|-
|fer (far)
|ferthor
|ferthre
|-
|mæney/micol (many, much)
|mear
|mere
|}

===Superlative===

The superlative degree is formed with the suffix '-ost' (some irregular adjectives form it with '-st').

* ''Thie sconost blœm in thie werold'' - The most beautiful flower in the world.

====Adjectives with an irregular superlative====

The same adjectives that have an irregular higher degree comparative have got also an irregular superlative form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Positive'''
|'''Strong superlative'''
|'''Weak superlative'''
|-
|gœd
|best
|beste
|-
|uvol (bad)
|wierst
|wierste
|-
|uvol (inferior)
|sambost (rare)
|sambste (rare)
|-
|luttol
|smallost
|smalste
|-
|weney
|minst
|minste
|-
|ald
|eldost
|eldste
|-
|yung
|yongost
|yongste
|-
|fer
|ferthost
|ferthste
|-
|strong
|strengost
|stengste
|-
|long
|lengost
|lengste
|-
|foar
|furmost
|furmste
|-
|mæney/micol (many, much)
|meast
|measte
|}

===Numerals===

Numerals don't inflect. Here are the numerals from 0 to 100:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Number'''
|'''Cardinal'''
|'''Ordinal'''
|-
|0
|nieght
| -
|-
|1
|ene
|earst (time), furst (place)
|-
|2
|twea
|tweathe
|-
|3
|thrie
|therde
|-
|4
|fier
|fierthe
|-
|5
|faif
|fifthe
|-
|6
|sex
|sexthe
|-
|7
|sevon
|sevonthe
|-
|8
|aght
|aghtthe
|-
|9
|neyon
|neyonthe
|-
|10
|tien
|tenthe
|-
|11
|elvon
|elfthe
|-
|12
|twelf
|twelfthe
|-
|13
|thertien
|thertenthe
|-
|14
|fiertien
|fiertenthe
|-
|15
|fiftien
|fiftenthe
|-
|16
|sextien
|sextenthe
|-
|17
|sevontien
|sevontenthe
|-
|18
|aghttien
|aghttenthe
|-
|19
|neyontien
|neyontenthe
|-
|20
|twintey
|twinteythe
|-
|21
|ean-ond-twintey
|ean-ond-twinteythe
|-
|22
|twea-ond-twintey
|twea-ond-twinteythe
|-
|30
|thertey
|therteythe
|-
|40
|fiertey
|fierteythe
|-
|50
|fiftey
|fifteythe
|-
|60
|sextey
|sexteythe
|-
|70
|sevontey
|sevonteythe
|-
|80
|aghttey
|aghtteythe
|-
|90
|neyontey
|neyonteythe
|-
|100
|hundrod
|hundrodthe
|}

===Personal pronouns===

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''1st person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Subject'''
|colspan=2|ic
|colspan="2"|wie
|-
!'''Object 1'''
|colspan="2"|my
|colspan="2"|us
|-
!'''Object 2'''
|colspan="2"|mye
|colspan="2"|us
|-
!'''Possessive'''
|colspan="2"|main
|colspan="2"|ure
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''2nd person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Subject'''
|colspan="2"|thu
|colspan="2"|yie
|-
!'''Object 1'''
|colspan="2"|thy
|colspan="2"|yow, yiew*
|-
!'''Object 2'''
|colspan="2"|thye
|colspan="2"|yow, yiew*
|-
!'''Possessive'''
|colspan="2"|thain
|colspan="2"|yore, yiere*
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''3rd person'''
|-
!'''Masculine'''
!'''Feminine'''
!'''Neuter'''
!'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Subject'''
|hie
|sie
|hit
|hea
|-
!'''Object 1'''
|hine, him**
|sie, hir**
|him, hit**
|hea, heam**
|-
!'''Object 2'''
|him
|hir
|hit
|heam
|-
!'''Genitive'''
|his
|hir
|his
|hiere
|}
* Dialectal or archaic forms.
** Common errors, often found in vulgar language

== Verbs ==

===Inflections===

Here are some very important verbs, their auxiliary verb for compound tenses and their meaning:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Infinitive'''
|'''1st person'''
|'''2nd person'''
|'''3rd person'''
|'''plural persons'''
|'''singular preterit'''
|'''plural preterit'''
|'''past participle'''
|'''Auxiliary'''
|'''Meaning'''
|-
|hebbe
|heb
|hæst
|hæth
|hebbeth
|had
|hadden
|ehad
|hebbe
|''to have''
|-
|wese
|bie
|bist
|is
|sind
|was
|waren
|ewesen
|wese
|''to be''
|-
|dœ
|dœ
|dost
|doth
|dœth
|dead
|deden
|edæn
|hebbe
|''to do''
|-
|gæ
|gæ
|gast
|gath
|gæth
|iede
|ieden
|egæn, egongen
|wese
|''to go''
|-
|fære
|fær
|farst
|farth
|færeth
|fœr
|fœren
|efæren
|wese
|''to go''
|-
|flieye
|fliey
|flieyst
|flieyth
|flieyeth
|floay
|floyen
|efloyen
|wese
|''to fly''
|-
|sie
|sie
|siest
|sieth
|sieth
|say
|sayen
|esien
|hebbe
|''to see''
|-
|leye
|ley
|leyst
|leyth
|leyeth
|leide
|leiden
|eleid
|hebbe
|''to lay''
|-
|mœte
|mœt
|mœst
|mœt
|mœteth
|mœste
|mœsten
|—
|hebbe
|''to may, must''
|-
|kume
|kum
|komst
|komth
|kumeth
|quam
|quamen
|ekumen
|wese
|''to come''
|-
|kunne
|kan
|kanst
|kan
|kunneth
|kuthe
|kuthen
|ekuth
|hebbe
|''can''
|-
|seye
|sey
|seyst
|seyth
|seyeth
|seide
|seiden
|eseid
|hebbe
|''to say''
|-
|fortelle
|fortell
|fortelst
|fortelth
|fortelleth
|fortelde
|fortelden
|forteld
|hebbe
|''to tell''
|-
|wite
|weat
|weast
|weat
|witeth
|wiste
|wisten
|ewiten
|hebbe
|''to know''
|-
|knæwe
|knæw
|knawst
|knawth
|knæweth
|kniew
|kniewen
|eknowen
|hebbe
|''to recognise''
|-
|wille
|will
|wilt
|will
|willeth
|wolde
|wolden
|ewild
|hebbe
|''to want to''
|-
|sculle
|scall
|scalt
|scall
|sculleth
|scolde
|scolden
|—
|hebbe
|''to shall, must''
|-
|sterve
|sterf
|stirfst
|stirfth
|sterveth
|storf
|storven
|estorven
|wese
|''to die''
|-
|mæke
|mæk
|mækst
|mækth
|mæketh
|mækte
|mækten
|emækod
|hebbe
|''to make''
|-
|ete
|eat
|eatst (older itst)
|eatth (older itth)
|eteth
|at
|aten
|eyeten
|hebbe
|''to eat''
|-
|muye
|may
|maist
|may
|muyeth
|moghte
|moghten
|emuyen
|hebbe
|''to may''
|}

===Indefinites===

Indefinites give us incomplete informations, because they don't define the precise quantity or the identity:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Indefinite'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
|evenman
|somebody
|-
|evenean
|someone
|-
|evending
|something/anything
|-
|evenwær
|somewhere
|-
|neaman
|nobody
|-
|newær
|nowhere
|-
|nene (also neëne)
|none
|-
|neding
|nothing
|-
|enyman
|anybody
|-
|enyene
|anyone
|-
|enyding
|anything
|-
|enywær
|anywhere
|-
|theyene
|the one (who)
|-
|thatean
|that one (which)
|-
|elc
|each
|-
|all
|all
|-
|othor
|other
|}

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

[[Category:Germanic]]

Oxman

2013-06-26T12:31:25Z

Ealdwimor: /* Comparative */

{{private}}

{{ClassMeter
|Name = Oxman
|NativeName = Oxmansc
|Type = Mixed
|Alignment = Nominative-Accusative

|adjective = final
|adposition = final
|adverb= initial
|article= initial
|relativeclause = final
|nounclause = final
|order = SVO

|Tonal = yes
|Declined = no
|Conjugated = yes
|Genders = 2
|NCase = no
|NNumber = yes
|NDefiniteness = no
|NGender = yes
|VVoice = yes
|VMood = yes
|VPerson = yes
|VNumber = yes
|VTense = yes
|VAspect = yes

|Phonology=100
|NounCases=100
|NounDef=100
|NounNumbers=100
|NounGender=100
|VerbPerson=100
|VerbNumber=100
|VerbAspect=100
|VerbTense=100
|VerbMood=80
|VerbVoice=50
|AdjCase=100
|AdjNumber=100
|AdjDef=100
|AdjGen=100
|AdjComparative=100
|AdjSuperlative=100
|AdjGen=100
|Supine=100
|Gerund=100
|Participle=100
|Infinitive=100
|Modality=70
|Words=0}}

=General informations=

[[File:oxman speaking-area.png|365px|thumb|right|''Oxmansc-sprekend raum - Oxman speaking area'']]

'''Oxman''' is a Germanic language spoken in the ''Duché du Héron'' (= Shire of Le Héron), a shire that corresponds to the eastern region of Seine-Marirtime in France.
This language has evolved from [[Old Oxman]] which evolved from [[Old Auregan]] which is the first recorded form of Auregan language. Auregan language area corresponds to the "Vexin Normand" (a region situated just south to "Duché du héron"). A Oxman speaking colony also exists near the city of Coventry, Warwickshire, Midlands, England.
Oxman is a West-Germanic language that is strongly linked to Dutch, Modern English, Low German and Modern German.

Here is a table which sums up the main characteristics of this language:

{{agreement
|VerbGender =
|VerbCases =
|VerbNumber = yes
|VerbTenses = yes
|VerbPerson = yes
|VerbMoods = yes
|VerbVoices = yes
|VerbAspect = yes

|NounGender = yes
|NounCases =
|NounNumber = yes
|NounTenses =
|NounPerson =
|NounMoods =
|NounVoices =

|AdjectiveGender =
|AdjectiveCases =
|AdjectiveNumber = yes
|AdjectiveTenses =
|AdjectivePerson =
|AdjectiveMoods =
|AdjectiveVoices =

|NumberGender =
|NumberCases =
|NumberNumber =
|NumberTenses =
|NumberPerson =
|NumberMoods =
|NumberVoices =

|ParticipleGender =
|ParticipleCases =
|ParticipleNumber = yes
|ParticipleTenses =
|ParticiplePerson =
|ParticipleMoods =
|ParticipleVoices = yes

|AdverbGender =
|AdverbCases =
|AdverbNumber =
|AdverbTenses =
|AdverbPerson =
|AdverbMoods =
|AdverbVoices =

|PronounGender = yes
|PronounCases = yes
|PronounNumber = yes
|PronounTenses =
|PronounPerson = yes
|PronounMoods =
|PronounVoices =

|AdpositionGender = yes
|AdpositionCases =
|AdpositionNumber = yes
|AdpositionTenses =
|AdpositionPerson =
|AdpositionMoods =
|AdpositionVoices =

|ArticleGender = yes
|ArticleCases = yes
|ArticleNumber = yes
|ArticleTenses =
|ArticlePerson =
|ArticleMoods =
|ArticleVoices =

|ParticleGender =
|ParticleCases =
|ParticleNumber =
|ParticleTenses =
|ParticlePerson =
|ParticleMoods =
|ParticleVoices =
}}

=Phonology=

==Alphabet==

Oxman alphabet uses letters from Latin alphabet and contains 25 characters:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Letters'''
|'''Pronunciation'''
|'''Further information'''
|-
|a
|[a]
|short 'a'
|-
|b
|[b]
|like in English
|-
|c
|[tʃ]
|like the English 'ch' in 'church'
|-
|d
|[d]
|like in English
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e:]
|in plural cluster -es it is not pronounced
|-
|f
|[f]
|like in English
|-
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronunced as in the English word "get"
|-
|h
|[h]
|like in English
|-
|i
|[ɪ]
|short 'i'
|-
|j
|[j]
|like English 'y'
|-
|k
|[k]
|like in English
|-
|l
|[l]
|like in English
|-
|m
|[m]
|like in English
|-
|n
|[n]
|like in English
|-
|o
|[ɔ] / [oʊ:]
|like in English
|-
|p
|[p]
|like in English
|-
|q
|[k]
|often followed by 'u', in latin words beginning with 'qu'
|-
|r
|[r]
|trilled just as in Dutch or in Italian
|-
|s
|[s]
|can be either voiced or voiceless
|-
|t
|[t]
|like in English
|-
|u
|[œ]
|short 'u' in 'but'
|-
|v
|[v]
|like in English
|-
|w
|[ʋ]
|between 'v' and 'w', just as in Dutch
|-
|y
|[j]
|between French letter 'j' in 'jouer' and English 'y' in 'year', as a vowel like a French 'u' or as English 'y' in 'why' when at the end of a word followed by a 'e' (cf. Oxman 'wye?' meaning 'why?' pronounced as in English);
|-
|æ
|[ɑ:]
|long 'a'
|-
|œ
|[u]
|as 'oo' in 'boot'
|}

==Consonantic phonemes==

Oxman language has the following consonantic phonemes:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" {{Table/bluetable}} style="width: 860px; "
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; "|
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Bilabial
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Labio-dental
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Dental
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Alveolar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Post-alveolar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Palatal
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Labio-Velar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Velar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Glottal
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Nasal
| style="text-align: center;"|m
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|n
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ŋ
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Plosive
| style="text-align: center;"|p b
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|t d
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|k g
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Fricative
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|f v
| style="text-align: center;"|θ ð
| style="text-align: center;"|s z
| style="text-align: center;"|ʃ
| style="text-align: center;"|ç
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|χ
| style="text-align: center;"|h
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Affricate
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ts dz
| style="text-align: center;"|tʃ dʒ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Approximant
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|r ɹ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|j
| style="text-align: center;"|w
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Lateral
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|l
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|}

==Vocalic phonemes==

Oxman shows the following vowels:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! rowspan="2" colspan="1"|'''Phonemes'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Short'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Long'''
|-
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-
!'''Closed'''
|ɪ
|ʊ
|i:
|y: u:
|-
!'''Mid-closed'''
|
|
|e:
|o:
|-
!'''Mid-open'''
|ɛ
|ɔ
|
|
|-
!'''Open'''
|a
|
|
|ɑ:
|}

==Diphthongs and digraphs==

Oxman has also twenty diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Diphthongs'''
|'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|ai
|[ɑ:ɪ]
|-
|au
|[ɑ:ʊ]
|-
|ea
|[e:ɪ]
|-
|eo
|[e:ʊ]
|-
|ei
|[ɛɪ]
|-
|uo, ue
|[y:ə]
|-
|ou
|[o:ʊ]
|}

==Stress==

The position of stress in this language is quite regular, because it falls on the root and thus there are few rules to observe:

* In substantives (and in adjectives and adverbs) the stress generally falls on the first syllable, but if they are compound nouns / adjectives, formed by prefix + noun / adjective, the stress falls on the root syllable of the noun / adjective. In compounds which are formed by noun / adjective + noun / adjective, the various words are read as if they were written separately;

* In verbs the stress falls always on the root, even if they are compounds, ex.: ''emæke'', "to make up", is read as [ə'ma:kə].

=Grammar=

==Nouns, gender and number==

Oxman language has got only two genders: common gender and neuter gender. The previously masculine and feminine words have merged into the common gender, whereas neuter words have remained neuter, even if in some cases there has been a gender switch.

Nouns can be both singular (denoting just one object) and plural (denoting more than one object). The formation of plural is simple, because there is only one ways to form it:

* All nouns take -es suffix (-s if the nouns ends with 'r' or 'l'), the <e> in this suffix is generally not pronounced;

However a few nouns show irregular endings.

==Articles==

Two kinds of article exist in Oxman: indefinite and definite article.

The indefinite article has got no plural form and the singular one is the same for all the genders: '''ean'''. This article is used to talk about things, facts, beings that are introduces for the first time into the conversation, that is we use the indefinite article to talk about new and not known informations, to talk about undetermined informations.

The definite article is '''thie''' for common nouns and for all genders at plural forms, but for singular neuter it is '''that'''. The definite article is used to talk about well known things, facts, beings instead.

==Adjectives==

The adjectives always precede the noun to whom they refer. Adjectives take a single '''-e''' ending when the noun it refers to is common, or at plural form. Singular neuter nouns don't cause endings on the adjectives.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Strong singular'''
|'''Strong plural / Weak'''
|'''Meaning'''
|-
|gœd
|gœde
|good
|-
|ald
|alde
|old
|-
|yung
|yunge
|young
|-
|road
|rode*
|red
|-
|long
|longe
|long
|-
|heat
|hete*
|hot
|}

* long vowels 'ea' and 'oa' shrink when an ending is added into 'e' and 'o'. Example: 'leve' (''to live'') but 'ic leaf' (''I live'').

===Comparative===

The higher degree comparative is formed with the suffix '-or'. The second term of comparation is introduced by ''thon'' and is in the same case of the first, ex.:

* ''Ean ebowod hoyor* thon ean trie'' - A building higher than a tree.

*the form heoyor is also found.

Just like in English and somtimes in Dutch, long adjectives form their comparative by adding the word 'mear' before the adjective. It corresponds to the 'more' formation in English.

====Adjectives with an irregular higher degree comparative====

Some adjectives have got an irregular form of higher degree comparative:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Positive'''
|'''Strong comparative'''
|'''Weak comparative'''
|-
|gœd
|betor
|betre
|-
|uvol (bad)
|wierse
|wierse
|-
|uvol (inferior)
|sambor (rare)
|sambre (rare)
|-
|luttol
|smallor
|smalre
|-
|weney
|mindor
|mindre
|-
|ald
|eldor
|eldre
|-
|yung
|yongor
|yongre
|-
|strong (strict)
|strengor
|strengre
|-
|long
|lengor
|lengre
|-
|foar (fore)
|furmor
|furmre
|-
|fer (far)
|ferthor
|ferthre
|-
|mæney/micol (many, much)
|mear
|mere
|}

===Superlative===

The superlative degree is formed with the suffix '-ost' (some irregular adjectives form it with '-st').

* ''Thie sconost blœm in thie werold'' - The most beautiful flower in the world.

====Adjectives with an irregular superlative====

The same adjectives that have an irregular higher degree comparative have got also an irregular superlative form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Positive'''
|'''Strong superlative'''
|'''Weak superlative'''
|-
|gœd
|best
|beste
|-
|uvol (bad)
|wierst
|wierste
|-
|uvol (inferior)
|sambost (rare)
|sambste (rare)
|-
|luttol
|smallost
|smalste
|-
|weney
|minst
|minste
|-
|ald
|eldost
|eldste
|-
|yung
|yongost
|yongste
|-
|fer
|ferthost
|ferthste
|-
|strong
|strengost
|stengste
|-
|long
|lengost
|lengste
|-
|foar
|furmost
|furmste
|-
|mæney/micol (many, much)
|meast
|measte
|}

===Numerals===

Numerals don't inflect. Here are the numerals from 0 to 100:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Number'''
|'''Cardinal'''
|'''Ordinal'''
|-
|0
|nieght
| -
|-
|1
|ene
|earst (time), furst (place)
|-
|2
|twea
|tweathe
|-
|3
|thrie
|therde
|-
|4
|fier
|fierthe
|-
|5
|faif
|fifthe
|-
|6
|sex
|sexthe
|-
|7
|sevon
|sevonthe
|-
|8
|aght
|aghtthe
|-
|9
|neyon
|neyonthe
|-
|10
|tien
|tenthe
|-
|11
|elvon
|elfthe
|-
|12
|twelf
|twelfthe
|-
|13
|thertien
|thertenthe
|-
|14
|fiertien
|fiertenthe
|-
|15
|fiftien
|fiftenthe
|-
|16
|sextien
|sextenthe
|-
|17
|sevontien
|sevontenthe
|-
|18
|aghttien
|aghttenthe
|-
|19
|neyontien
|neyontenthe
|-
|20
|twintey
|twinteythe
|-
|21
|ean-ond-twintey
|ean-ond-twinteythe
|-
|22
|twea-ond-twintey
|twea-ond-twinteythe
|-
|30
|thertey
|therteythe
|-
|40
|fiertey
|fierteythe
|-
|50
|fiftey
|fifteythe
|-
|60
|sextey
|sexteythe
|-
|70
|sevontey
|sevonteythe
|-
|80
|aghttey
|aghtteythe
|-
|90
|neyontey
|neyonteythe
|-
|100
|hundrod
|hundrodthe
|}

===Personal pronouns===

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''1st person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Subject'''
|colspan=2|ic
|colspan="2"|wie
|-
!'''Object 1'''
|colspan="2"|my
|colspan="2"|us
|-
!'''Object 2'''
|colspan="2"|mye
|colspan="2"|us
|-
!'''Possessive'''
|colspan="2"|main
|colspan="2"|ure
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''2nd person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Subject'''
|colspan="2"|thu
|colspan="2"|yie
|-
!'''Object 1'''
|colspan="2"|thy
|colspan="2"|yow, yiew*
|-
!'''Object 2'''
|colspan="2"|thye
|colspan="2"|yow, yiew*
|-
!'''Possessive'''
|colspan="2"|thain
|colspan="2"|yore, yiere*
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''3rd person'''
|-
!'''Masculine'''
!'''Feminine'''
!'''Neuter'''
!'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Subject'''
|hie
|sie
|hit
|hea
|-
!'''Object 1'''
|hine, him**
|sie, hir**
|him, hit**
|hea, heam**
|-
!'''Object 2'''
|him
|hir
|hit
|heam
|-
!'''Genitive'''
|his
|hir
|his
|hiere
|}
* Dialectal or archaic forms.
** Common errors, often found in vulgar language

== Verbs ==

===Inflections===

Here are some very important verbs, their auxiliary verb for compound tenses and their meaning:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Infinitive'''
|'''1st person'''
|'''2nd person'''
|'''3rd person'''
|'''plural persons'''
|'''singular preterit'''
|'''plural preterit'''
|'''past participle'''
|'''Auxiliary'''
|'''Meaning'''
|-
|hebbe
|heb
|hæst
|hæth
|hebbeth
|had
|hadden
|ehad
|hebbe
|''to have''
|-
|wese
|bie
|bist
|is
|sind
|was
|waren
|ewesen
|wese
|''to be''
|-
|dœ
|dœ
|dost
|doth
|dœth
|dead
|deden
|edæn
|hebbe
|''to do''
|-
|gæ
|gæ
|gast
|gath
|gæth
|iede
|ieden
|egæn, egongen
|wese
|''to go''
|-
|fære
|fær
|farst
|farth
|færeth
|fœr
|fœren
|efæren
|wese
|''to go''
|-
|flieye
|fliey
|flieyst
|flieyth
|flieyeth
|floay
|floyen
|efloyen
|wese
|''to fly''
|-
|sie
|sie
|siest
|sieth
|sieth
|say
|sayen
|esien
|hebbe
|''to see''
|-
|leye
|ley
|leyst
|leyth
|leyeth
|leide
|leiden
|eleid
|hebbe
|''to lay''
|-
|mœte
|mœt
|mœst
|mœt
|mœteth
|mœste
|mœsten
|—
|hebbe
|''to may, must''
|-
|kume
|kum
|komst
|komth
|kumeth
|quam
|quamen
|ekumen
|wese
|''to come''
|-
|kunne
|kan
|kanst
|kan
|kunneth
|kuthe
|kuthen
|ekuth
|hebbe
|''can''
|-
|seye
|sey
|seyst
|seyth
|seyeth
|seide
|seiden
|eseid
|hebbe
|''to say''
|-
|fortelle
|fortell
|fortelst
|fortelth
|fortelleth
|fortelde
|fortelden
|forteld
|hebbe
|''to tell''
|-
|wite
|weat
|weast
|weat
|witeth
|wiste
|wisten
|ewiten
|hebbe
|''to know''
|-
|knæwe
|knæw
|knawst
|knawth
|knæweth
|kniew
|kniewen
|eknowen
|hebbe
|''to recognise''
|-
|wille
|will
|wilt
|will
|willeth
|wolde
|wolden
|ewild
|hebbe
|''to want to''
|-
|sculle
|scall
|scalt
|scall
|sculleth
|scolde
|scolden
|—
|hebbe
|''to shall, must''
|-
|sterve
|sterf
|stirfst
|stirfth
|sterveth
|storf
|storven
|estorven
|wese
|''to die''
|-
|mæke
|mæk
|mækst
|mækth
|mæketh
|mækte
|mækten
|emækod
|hebbe
|''to make''
|-
|ete
|eat
|eatst (older itst)
|eatth (older itth)
|eteth
|at
|aten
|eyeten
|hebbe
|''to eat''
|-
|muye
|may
|maist
|may
|muyeth
|moghte
|moghten
|emuyen
|hebbe
|''to may''
|}

===Indefinites===

Indefinites give us incomplete informations, because they don't define the precise quantity or the identity:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Indefinite'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
|evenman
|somebody
|-
|evenean
|someone
|-
|evending
|something/anything
|-
|evenwær
|somewhere
|-
|neaman
|nobody
|-
|newær
|nowhere
|-
|nene (also neëne)
|none
|-
|neding
|nothing
|-
|enyman
|anybody
|-
|enyene
|anyone
|-
|enyding
|anything
|-
|enywær
|anywhere
|-
|theyene
|the one (who)
|-
|thatean
|that one (which)
|-
|elc
|each
|-
|all
|all
|-
|othor
|other
|}

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

[[Category:Germanic]]

Oxman

2013-06-18T16:24:42Z

Ealdwimor: /* Inflections */

{{private}}

{{ClassMeter
|Name = Oxman
|NativeName = Oxmansc
|Type = Mixed
|Alignment = Nominative-Accusative

|adjective = final
|adposition = final
|adverb= initial
|article= initial
|relativeclause = final
|nounclause = final
|order = SVO

|Tonal = yes
|Declined = no
|Conjugated = yes
|Genders = 2
|NCase = no
|NNumber = yes
|NDefiniteness = no
|NGender = yes
|VVoice = yes
|VMood = yes
|VPerson = yes
|VNumber = yes
|VTense = yes
|VAspect = yes

|Phonology=100
|NounCases=100
|NounDef=100
|NounNumbers=100
|NounGender=100
|VerbPerson=100
|VerbNumber=100
|VerbAspect=100
|VerbTense=100
|VerbMood=80
|VerbVoice=50
|AdjCase=100
|AdjNumber=100
|AdjDef=100
|AdjGen=100
|AdjComparative=100
|AdjSuperlative=100
|AdjGen=100
|Supine=100
|Gerund=100
|Participle=100
|Infinitive=100
|Modality=70
|Words=0}}

=General informations=

[[File:oxman speaking-area.png|365px|thumb|right|''Oxmansc-sprekend raum - Oxman speaking area'']]

'''Oxman''' is a Germanic language spoken in the ''Duché du Héron'' (= Shire of Le Héron), a shire that corresponds to the eastern region of Seine-Marirtime in France.
This language has evolved from [[Old Oxman]] which evolved from [[Old Auregan]] which is the first recorded form of Auregan language. Auregan language area corresponds to the "Vexin Normand" (a region situated just south to "Duché du héron"). A Oxman speaking colony also exists near the city of Coventry, Warwickshire, Midlands, England.
Oxman is a West-Germanic language that is strongly linked to Dutch, Modern English, Low German and Modern German.

Here is a table which sums up the main characteristics of this language:

{{agreement
|VerbGender =
|VerbCases =
|VerbNumber = yes
|VerbTenses = yes
|VerbPerson = yes
|VerbMoods = yes
|VerbVoices = yes
|VerbAspect = yes

|NounGender = yes
|NounCases =
|NounNumber = yes
|NounTenses =
|NounPerson =
|NounMoods =
|NounVoices =

|AdjectiveGender =
|AdjectiveCases =
|AdjectiveNumber = yes
|AdjectiveTenses =
|AdjectivePerson =
|AdjectiveMoods =
|AdjectiveVoices =

|NumberGender =
|NumberCases =
|NumberNumber =
|NumberTenses =
|NumberPerson =
|NumberMoods =
|NumberVoices =

|ParticipleGender =
|ParticipleCases =
|ParticipleNumber = yes
|ParticipleTenses =
|ParticiplePerson =
|ParticipleMoods =
|ParticipleVoices = yes

|AdverbGender =
|AdverbCases =
|AdverbNumber =
|AdverbTenses =
|AdverbPerson =
|AdverbMoods =
|AdverbVoices =

|PronounGender = yes
|PronounCases = yes
|PronounNumber = yes
|PronounTenses =
|PronounPerson = yes
|PronounMoods =
|PronounVoices =

|AdpositionGender = yes
|AdpositionCases =
|AdpositionNumber = yes
|AdpositionTenses =
|AdpositionPerson =
|AdpositionMoods =
|AdpositionVoices =

|ArticleGender = yes
|ArticleCases = yes
|ArticleNumber = yes
|ArticleTenses =
|ArticlePerson =
|ArticleMoods =
|ArticleVoices =

|ParticleGender =
|ParticleCases =
|ParticleNumber =
|ParticleTenses =
|ParticlePerson =
|ParticleMoods =
|ParticleVoices =
}}

=Phonology=

==Alphabet==

Oxman alphabet uses letters from Latin alphabet and contains 25 characters:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Letters'''
|'''Pronunciation'''
|'''Further information'''
|-
|a
|[a]
|short 'a'
|-
|b
|[b]
|like in English
|-
|c
|[tʃ]
|like the English 'ch' in 'church'
|-
|d
|[d]
|like in English
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e:]
|in plural cluster -es it is not pronounced
|-
|f
|[f]
|like in English
|-
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronunced as in the English word "get"
|-
|h
|[h]
|like in English
|-
|i
|[ɪ]
|short 'i'
|-
|j
|[j]
|like English 'y'
|-
|k
|[k]
|like in English
|-
|l
|[l]
|like in English
|-
|m
|[m]
|like in English
|-
|n
|[n]
|like in English
|-
|o
|[ɔ] / [oʊ:]
|like in English
|-
|p
|[p]
|like in English
|-
|q
|[k]
|often followed by 'u', in latin words beginning with 'qu'
|-
|r
|[r]
|trilled just as in Dutch or in Italian
|-
|s
|[s]
|can be either voiced or voiceless
|-
|t
|[t]
|like in English
|-
|u
|[œ]
|short 'u' in 'but'
|-
|v
|[v]
|like in English
|-
|w
|[ʋ]
|between 'v' and 'w', just as in Dutch
|-
|y
|[j]
|between French letter 'j' in 'jouer' and English 'y' in 'year', as a vowel like a French 'u' or as English 'y' in 'why' when at the end of a word followed by a 'e' (cf. Oxman 'wye?' meaning 'why?' pronounced as in English);
|-
|æ
|[ɑ:]
|long 'a'
|-
|œ
|[u]
|as 'oo' in 'boot'
|}

==Consonantic phonemes==

Oxman language has the following consonantic phonemes:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" {{Table/bluetable}} style="width: 860px; "
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; "|
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Bilabial
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Labio-dental
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Dental
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Alveolar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Post-alveolar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Palatal
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Labio-Velar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Velar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Glottal
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Nasal
| style="text-align: center;"|m
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|n
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ŋ
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Plosive
| style="text-align: center;"|p b
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|t d
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|k g
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Fricative
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|f v
| style="text-align: center;"|θ ð
| style="text-align: center;"|s z
| style="text-align: center;"|ʃ
| style="text-align: center;"|ç
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|χ
| style="text-align: center;"|h
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Affricate
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ts dz
| style="text-align: center;"|tʃ dʒ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Approximant
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|r ɹ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|j
| style="text-align: center;"|w
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Lateral
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|l
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|}

==Vocalic phonemes==

Oxman shows the following vowels:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! rowspan="2" colspan="1"|'''Phonemes'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Short'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Long'''
|-
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-
!'''Closed'''
|ɪ
|ʊ
|i:
|y: u:
|-
!'''Mid-closed'''
|
|
|e:
|o:
|-
!'''Mid-open'''
|ɛ
|ɔ
|
|
|-
!'''Open'''
|a
|
|
|ɑ:
|}

==Diphthongs and digraphs==

Oxman has also twenty diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Diphthongs'''
|'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|ai
|[ɑ:ɪ]
|-
|au
|[ɑ:ʊ]
|-
|ea
|[e:ɪ]
|-
|eo
|[e:ʊ]
|-
|ei
|[ɛɪ]
|-
|uo, ue
|[y:ə]
|-
|ou
|[o:ʊ]
|}

==Stress==

The position of stress in this language is quite regular, because it falls on the root and thus there are few rules to observe:

* In substantives (and in adjectives and adverbs) the stress generally falls on the first syllable, but if they are compound nouns / adjectives, formed by prefix + noun / adjective, the stress falls on the root syllable of the noun / adjective. In compounds which are formed by noun / adjective + noun / adjective, the various words are read as if they were written separately;

* In verbs the stress falls always on the root, even if they are compounds, ex.: ''emæke'', "to make up", is read as [ə'ma:kə].

=Grammar=

==Nouns, gender and number==

Oxman language has got only two genders: common gender and neuter gender. The previously masculine and feminine words have merged into the common gender, whereas neuter words have remained neuter, even if in some cases there has been a gender switch.

Nouns can be both singular (denoting just one object) and plural (denoting more than one object). The formation of plural is simple, because there is only one ways to form it:

* All nouns take -es suffix (-s if the nouns ends with 'r' or 'l'), the <e> in this suffix is generally not pronounced;

However a few nouns show irregular endings.

==Articles==

Two kinds of article exist in Oxman: indefinite and definite article.

The indefinite article has got no plural form and the singular one is the same for all the genders: '''ean'''. This article is used to talk about things, facts, beings that are introduces for the first time into the conversation, that is we use the indefinite article to talk about new and not known informations, to talk about undetermined informations.

The definite article is '''thie''' for common nouns and for all genders at plural forms, but for singular neuter it is '''that'''. The definite article is used to talk about well known things, facts, beings instead.

==Adjectives==

The adjectives always precede the noun to whom they refer. Adjectives take a single '''-e''' ending when the noun it refers to is common, or at plural form. Singular neuter nouns don't cause endings on the adjectives.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Strong singular'''
|'''Strong plural / Weak'''
|'''Meaning'''
|-
|gœd
|gœde
|good
|-
|ald
|alde
|old
|-
|yung
|yunge
|young
|-
|road
|rode*
|red
|-
|long
|longe
|long
|-
|heat
|hete*
|hot
|}

* long vowels 'ea' and 'oa' shrink when an ending is added into 'e' and 'o'. Example: 'leve' (''to live'') but 'ic leaf' (''I live'').

===Comparative===

The higher degree comparative is formed with the suffix '-or'. The second term of comparation is introduced by ''thon'' and is in the same case of the first, ex.:

* ''Ean ebowod hoyor thon ean trie'' - A building higher than a tree.

Just like in English and somtimes in Dutch, long adjectives form their comparative by adding the word 'mear' before the adjective. It corresponds to the 'more' formation in English.

====Adjectives with an irregular higher degree comparative====

Some adjectives have got an irregular form of higher degree comparative:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Positive'''
|'''Strong comparative'''
|'''Weak comparative'''
|-
|gœd
|betor
|betre
|-
|uvol (bad)
|wierse
|wierse
|-
|uvol (inferior)
|sambor (rare)
|sambre (rare)
|-
|luttol
|smallor
|smalre
|-
|weney
|mindor
|mindre
|-
|ald
|eldor
|eldre
|-
|yung
|yongor
|yongre
|-
|strong (strict)
|strengor
|strengre
|-
|long
|lengor
|lengre
|-
|foar (fore)
|furmor
|furmre
|-
|fer (far)
|ferthor
|ferthre
|-
|mæney/micol (many, much)
|mear
|mere
|}

===Superlative===

The superlative degree is formed with the suffix '-ost' (some irregular adjectives form it with '-st').

* ''Thie sconost blœm in thie werold'' - The most beautiful flower in the world.

====Adjectives with an irregular superlative====

The same adjectives that have an irregular higher degree comparative have got also an irregular superlative form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Positive'''
|'''Strong superlative'''
|'''Weak superlative'''
|-
|gœd
|best
|beste
|-
|uvol (bad)
|wierst
|wierste
|-
|uvol (inferior)
|sambost (rare)
|sambste (rare)
|-
|luttol
|smallost
|smalste
|-
|weney
|minst
|minste
|-
|ald
|eldost
|eldste
|-
|yung
|yongost
|yongste
|-
|fer
|ferthost
|ferthste
|-
|strong
|strengost
|stengste
|-
|long
|lengost
|lengste
|-
|foar
|furmost
|furmste
|-
|mæney/micol (many, much)
|meast
|measte
|}

===Numerals===

Numerals don't inflect. Here are the numerals from 0 to 100:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Number'''
|'''Cardinal'''
|'''Ordinal'''
|-
|0
|nieght
| -
|-
|1
|ene
|earst (time), furst (place)
|-
|2
|twea
|tweathe
|-
|3
|thrie
|therde
|-
|4
|fier
|fierthe
|-
|5
|faif
|fifthe
|-
|6
|sex
|sexthe
|-
|7
|sevon
|sevonthe
|-
|8
|aght
|aghtthe
|-
|9
|neyon
|neyonthe
|-
|10
|tien
|tenthe
|-
|11
|elvon
|elfthe
|-
|12
|twelf
|twelfthe
|-
|13
|thertien
|thertenthe
|-
|14
|fiertien
|fiertenthe
|-
|15
|fiftien
|fiftenthe
|-
|16
|sextien
|sextenthe
|-
|17
|sevontien
|sevontenthe
|-
|18
|aghttien
|aghttenthe
|-
|19
|neyontien
|neyontenthe
|-
|20
|twintey
|twinteythe
|-
|21
|ean-ond-twintey
|ean-ond-twinteythe
|-
|22
|twea-ond-twintey
|twea-ond-twinteythe
|-
|30
|thertey
|therteythe
|-
|40
|fiertey
|fierteythe
|-
|50
|fiftey
|fifteythe
|-
|60
|sextey
|sexteythe
|-
|70
|sevontey
|sevonteythe
|-
|80
|aghttey
|aghtteythe
|-
|90
|neyontey
|neyonteythe
|-
|100
|hundrod
|hundrodthe
|}

===Personal pronouns===

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''1st person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Subject'''
|colspan=2|ic
|colspan="2"|wie
|-
!'''Object 1'''
|colspan="2"|my
|colspan="2"|us
|-
!'''Object 2'''
|colspan="2"|mye
|colspan="2"|us
|-
!'''Possessive'''
|colspan="2"|main
|colspan="2"|ure
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''2nd person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Subject'''
|colspan="2"|thu
|colspan="2"|yie
|-
!'''Object 1'''
|colspan="2"|thy
|colspan="2"|yow, yiew*
|-
!'''Object 2'''
|colspan="2"|thye
|colspan="2"|yow, yiew*
|-
!'''Possessive'''
|colspan="2"|thain
|colspan="2"|yore, yiere*
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''3rd person'''
|-
!'''Masculine'''
!'''Feminine'''
!'''Neuter'''
!'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Subject'''
|hie
|sie
|hit
|hea
|-
!'''Object 1'''
|hine, him**
|sie, hir**
|him, hit**
|hea, heam**
|-
!'''Object 2'''
|him
|hir
|hit
|heam
|-
!'''Genitive'''
|his
|hir
|his
|hiere
|}
* Dialectal or archaic forms.
** Common errors, often found in vulgar language

== Verbs ==

===Inflections===

Here are some very important verbs, their auxiliary verb for compound tenses and their meaning:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Infinitive'''
|'''1st person'''
|'''2nd person'''
|'''3rd person'''
|'''plural persons'''
|'''singular preterit'''
|'''plural preterit'''
|'''past participle'''
|'''Auxiliary'''
|'''Meaning'''
|-
|hebbe
|heb
|hæst
|hæth
|hebbeth
|had
|hadden
|ehad
|hebbe
|''to have''
|-
|wese
|bie
|bist
|is
|sind
|was
|waren
|ewesen
|wese
|''to be''
|-
|dœ
|dœ
|dost
|doth
|dœth
|dead
|deden
|edæn
|hebbe
|''to do''
|-
|gæ
|gæ
|gast
|gath
|gæth
|iede
|ieden
|egæn, egongen
|wese
|''to go''
|-
|fære
|fær
|farst
|farth
|færeth
|fœr
|fœren
|efæren
|wese
|''to go''
|-
|flieye
|fliey
|flieyst
|flieyth
|flieyeth
|floay
|floyen
|efloyen
|wese
|''to fly''
|-
|sie
|sie
|siest
|sieth
|sieth
|say
|sayen
|esien
|hebbe
|''to see''
|-
|leye
|ley
|leyst
|leyth
|leyeth
|leide
|leiden
|eleid
|hebbe
|''to lay''
|-
|mœte
|mœt
|mœst
|mœt
|mœteth
|mœste
|mœsten
|—
|hebbe
|''to may, must''
|-
|kume
|kum
|komst
|komth
|kumeth
|quam
|quamen
|ekumen
|wese
|''to come''
|-
|kunne
|kan
|kanst
|kan
|kunneth
|kuthe
|kuthen
|ekuth
|hebbe
|''can''
|-
|seye
|sey
|seyst
|seyth
|seyeth
|seide
|seiden
|eseid
|hebbe
|''to say''
|-
|fortelle
|fortell
|fortelst
|fortelth
|fortelleth
|fortelde
|fortelden
|forteld
|hebbe
|''to tell''
|-
|wite
|weat
|weast
|weat
|witeth
|wiste
|wisten
|ewiten
|hebbe
|''to know''
|-
|knæwe
|knæw
|knawst
|knawth
|knæweth
|kniew
|kniewen
|eknowen
|hebbe
|''to recognise''
|-
|wille
|will
|wilt
|will
|willeth
|wolde
|wolden
|ewild
|hebbe
|''to want to''
|-
|sculle
|scall
|scalt
|scall
|sculleth
|scolde
|scolden
|—
|hebbe
|''to shall, must''
|-
|sterve
|sterf
|stirfst
|stirfth
|sterveth
|storf
|storven
|estorven
|wese
|''to die''
|-
|mæke
|mæk
|mækst
|mækth
|mæketh
|mækte
|mækten
|emækod
|hebbe
|''to make''
|-
|ete
|eat
|eatst (older itst)
|eatth (older itth)
|eteth
|at
|aten
|eyeten
|hebbe
|''to eat''
|-
|muye
|may
|maist
|may
|muyeth
|moghte
|moghten
|emuyen
|hebbe
|''to may''
|}

===Indefinites===

Indefinites give us incomplete informations, because they don't define the precise quantity or the identity:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Indefinite'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
|evenman
|somebody
|-
|evenean
|someone
|-
|evending
|something/anything
|-
|evenwær
|somewhere
|-
|neaman
|nobody
|-
|newær
|nowhere
|-
|nene (also neëne)
|none
|-
|neding
|nothing
|-
|enyman
|anybody
|-
|enyene
|anyone
|-
|enyding
|anything
|-
|enywær
|anywhere
|-
|theyene
|the one (who)
|-
|thatean
|that one (which)
|-
|elc
|each
|-
|all
|all
|-
|othor
|other
|}

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

[[Category:Germanic]]

Oxman

2013-06-18T16:22:13Z

Ealdwimor: /* Diphthongs and digraphs */

{{private}}

{{ClassMeter
|Name = Oxman
|NativeName = Oxmansc
|Type = Mixed
|Alignment = Nominative-Accusative

|adjective = final
|adposition = final
|adverb= initial
|article= initial
|relativeclause = final
|nounclause = final
|order = SVO

|Tonal = yes
|Declined = no
|Conjugated = yes
|Genders = 2
|NCase = no
|NNumber = yes
|NDefiniteness = no
|NGender = yes
|VVoice = yes
|VMood = yes
|VPerson = yes
|VNumber = yes
|VTense = yes
|VAspect = yes

|Phonology=100
|NounCases=100
|NounDef=100
|NounNumbers=100
|NounGender=100
|VerbPerson=100
|VerbNumber=100
|VerbAspect=100
|VerbTense=100
|VerbMood=80
|VerbVoice=50
|AdjCase=100
|AdjNumber=100
|AdjDef=100
|AdjGen=100
|AdjComparative=100
|AdjSuperlative=100
|AdjGen=100
|Supine=100
|Gerund=100
|Participle=100
|Infinitive=100
|Modality=70
|Words=0}}

=General informations=

[[File:oxman speaking-area.png|365px|thumb|right|''Oxmansc-sprekend raum - Oxman speaking area'']]

'''Oxman''' is a Germanic language spoken in the ''Duché du Héron'' (= Shire of Le Héron), a shire that corresponds to the eastern region of Seine-Marirtime in France.
This language has evolved from [[Old Oxman]] which evolved from [[Old Auregan]] which is the first recorded form of Auregan language. Auregan language area corresponds to the "Vexin Normand" (a region situated just south to "Duché du héron"). A Oxman speaking colony also exists near the city of Coventry, Warwickshire, Midlands, England.
Oxman is a West-Germanic language that is strongly linked to Dutch, Modern English, Low German and Modern German.

Here is a table which sums up the main characteristics of this language:

{{agreement
|VerbGender =
|VerbCases =
|VerbNumber = yes
|VerbTenses = yes
|VerbPerson = yes
|VerbMoods = yes
|VerbVoices = yes
|VerbAspect = yes

|NounGender = yes
|NounCases =
|NounNumber = yes
|NounTenses =
|NounPerson =
|NounMoods =
|NounVoices =

|AdjectiveGender =
|AdjectiveCases =
|AdjectiveNumber = yes
|AdjectiveTenses =
|AdjectivePerson =
|AdjectiveMoods =
|AdjectiveVoices =

|NumberGender =
|NumberCases =
|NumberNumber =
|NumberTenses =
|NumberPerson =
|NumberMoods =
|NumberVoices =

|ParticipleGender =
|ParticipleCases =
|ParticipleNumber = yes
|ParticipleTenses =
|ParticiplePerson =
|ParticipleMoods =
|ParticipleVoices = yes

|AdverbGender =
|AdverbCases =
|AdverbNumber =
|AdverbTenses =
|AdverbPerson =
|AdverbMoods =
|AdverbVoices =

|PronounGender = yes
|PronounCases = yes
|PronounNumber = yes
|PronounTenses =
|PronounPerson = yes
|PronounMoods =
|PronounVoices =

|AdpositionGender = yes
|AdpositionCases =
|AdpositionNumber = yes
|AdpositionTenses =
|AdpositionPerson =
|AdpositionMoods =
|AdpositionVoices =

|ArticleGender = yes
|ArticleCases = yes
|ArticleNumber = yes
|ArticleTenses =
|ArticlePerson =
|ArticleMoods =
|ArticleVoices =

|ParticleGender =
|ParticleCases =
|ParticleNumber =
|ParticleTenses =
|ParticlePerson =
|ParticleMoods =
|ParticleVoices =
}}

=Phonology=

==Alphabet==

Oxman alphabet uses letters from Latin alphabet and contains 25 characters:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Letters'''
|'''Pronunciation'''
|'''Further information'''
|-
|a
|[a]
|short 'a'
|-
|b
|[b]
|like in English
|-
|c
|[tʃ]
|like the English 'ch' in 'church'
|-
|d
|[d]
|like in English
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e:]
|in plural cluster -es it is not pronounced
|-
|f
|[f]
|like in English
|-
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronunced as in the English word "get"
|-
|h
|[h]
|like in English
|-
|i
|[ɪ]
|short 'i'
|-
|j
|[j]
|like English 'y'
|-
|k
|[k]
|like in English
|-
|l
|[l]
|like in English
|-
|m
|[m]
|like in English
|-
|n
|[n]
|like in English
|-
|o
|[ɔ] / [oʊ:]
|like in English
|-
|p
|[p]
|like in English
|-
|q
|[k]
|often followed by 'u', in latin words beginning with 'qu'
|-
|r
|[r]
|trilled just as in Dutch or in Italian
|-
|s
|[s]
|can be either voiced or voiceless
|-
|t
|[t]
|like in English
|-
|u
|[œ]
|short 'u' in 'but'
|-
|v
|[v]
|like in English
|-
|w
|[ʋ]
|between 'v' and 'w', just as in Dutch
|-
|y
|[j]
|between French letter 'j' in 'jouer' and English 'y' in 'year', as a vowel like a French 'u' or as English 'y' in 'why' when at the end of a word followed by a 'e' (cf. Oxman 'wye?' meaning 'why?' pronounced as in English);
|-
|æ
|[ɑ:]
|long 'a'
|-
|œ
|[u]
|as 'oo' in 'boot'
|}

==Consonantic phonemes==

Oxman language has the following consonantic phonemes:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" {{Table/bluetable}} style="width: 860px; "
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; "|
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Bilabial
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Labio-dental
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Dental
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Alveolar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Post-alveolar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Palatal
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Labio-Velar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Velar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Glottal
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Nasal
| style="text-align: center;"|m
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|n
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ŋ
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Plosive
| style="text-align: center;"|p b
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|t d
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|k g
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Fricative
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|f v
| style="text-align: center;"|θ ð
| style="text-align: center;"|s z
| style="text-align: center;"|ʃ
| style="text-align: center;"|ç
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|χ
| style="text-align: center;"|h
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Affricate
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ts dz
| style="text-align: center;"|tʃ dʒ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Approximant
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|r ɹ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|j
| style="text-align: center;"|w
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Lateral
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|l
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|}

==Vocalic phonemes==

Oxman shows the following vowels:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! rowspan="2" colspan="1"|'''Phonemes'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Short'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Long'''
|-
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-
!'''Closed'''
|ɪ
|ʊ
|i:
|y: u:
|-
!'''Mid-closed'''
|
|
|e:
|o:
|-
!'''Mid-open'''
|ɛ
|ɔ
|
|
|-
!'''Open'''
|a
|
|
|ɑ:
|}

==Diphthongs and digraphs==

Oxman has also twenty diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Diphthongs'''
|'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|ai
|[ɑ:ɪ]
|-
|au
|[ɑ:ʊ]
|-
|ea
|[e:ɪ]
|-
|eo
|[e:ʊ]
|-
|ei
|[ɛɪ]
|-
|uo, ue
|[y:ə]
|-
|ou
|[o:ʊ]
|}

==Stress==

The position of stress in this language is quite regular, because it falls on the root and thus there are few rules to observe:

* In substantives (and in adjectives and adverbs) the stress generally falls on the first syllable, but if they are compound nouns / adjectives, formed by prefix + noun / adjective, the stress falls on the root syllable of the noun / adjective. In compounds which are formed by noun / adjective + noun / adjective, the various words are read as if they were written separately;

* In verbs the stress falls always on the root, even if they are compounds, ex.: ''emæke'', "to make up", is read as [ə'ma:kə].

=Grammar=

==Nouns, gender and number==

Oxman language has got only two genders: common gender and neuter gender. The previously masculine and feminine words have merged into the common gender, whereas neuter words have remained neuter, even if in some cases there has been a gender switch.

Nouns can be both singular (denoting just one object) and plural (denoting more than one object). The formation of plural is simple, because there is only one ways to form it:

* All nouns take -es suffix (-s if the nouns ends with 'r' or 'l'), the <e> in this suffix is generally not pronounced;

However a few nouns show irregular endings.

==Articles==

Two kinds of article exist in Oxman: indefinite and definite article.

The indefinite article has got no plural form and the singular one is the same for all the genders: '''ean'''. This article is used to talk about things, facts, beings that are introduces for the first time into the conversation, that is we use the indefinite article to talk about new and not known informations, to talk about undetermined informations.

The definite article is '''thie''' for common nouns and for all genders at plural forms, but for singular neuter it is '''that'''. The definite article is used to talk about well known things, facts, beings instead.

==Adjectives==

The adjectives always precede the noun to whom they refer. Adjectives take a single '''-e''' ending when the noun it refers to is common, or at plural form. Singular neuter nouns don't cause endings on the adjectives.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Strong singular'''
|'''Strong plural / Weak'''
|'''Meaning'''
|-
|gœd
|gœde
|good
|-
|ald
|alde
|old
|-
|yung
|yunge
|young
|-
|road
|rode*
|red
|-
|long
|longe
|long
|-
|heat
|hete*
|hot
|}

* long vowels 'ea' and 'oa' shrink when an ending is added into 'e' and 'o'. Example: 'leve' (''to live'') but 'ic leaf' (''I live'').

===Comparative===

The higher degree comparative is formed with the suffix '-or'. The second term of comparation is introduced by ''thon'' and is in the same case of the first, ex.:

* ''Ean ebowod hoyor thon ean trie'' - A building higher than a tree.

Just like in English and somtimes in Dutch, long adjectives form their comparative by adding the word 'mear' before the adjective. It corresponds to the 'more' formation in English.

====Adjectives with an irregular higher degree comparative====

Some adjectives have got an irregular form of higher degree comparative:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Positive'''
|'''Strong comparative'''
|'''Weak comparative'''
|-
|gœd
|betor
|betre
|-
|uvol (bad)
|wierse
|wierse
|-
|uvol (inferior)
|sambor (rare)
|sambre (rare)
|-
|luttol
|smallor
|smalre
|-
|weney
|mindor
|mindre
|-
|ald
|eldor
|eldre
|-
|yung
|yongor
|yongre
|-
|strong (strict)
|strengor
|strengre
|-
|long
|lengor
|lengre
|-
|foar (fore)
|furmor
|furmre
|-
|fer (far)
|ferthor
|ferthre
|-
|mæney/micol (many, much)
|mear
|mere
|}

===Superlative===

The superlative degree is formed with the suffix '-ost' (some irregular adjectives form it with '-st').

* ''Thie sconost blœm in thie werold'' - The most beautiful flower in the world.

====Adjectives with an irregular superlative====

The same adjectives that have an irregular higher degree comparative have got also an irregular superlative form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Positive'''
|'''Strong superlative'''
|'''Weak superlative'''
|-
|gœd
|best
|beste
|-
|uvol (bad)
|wierst
|wierste
|-
|uvol (inferior)
|sambost (rare)
|sambste (rare)
|-
|luttol
|smallost
|smalste
|-
|weney
|minst
|minste
|-
|ald
|eldost
|eldste
|-
|yung
|yongost
|yongste
|-
|fer
|ferthost
|ferthste
|-
|strong
|strengost
|stengste
|-
|long
|lengost
|lengste
|-
|foar
|furmost
|furmste
|-
|mæney/micol (many, much)
|meast
|measte
|}

===Numerals===

Numerals don't inflect. Here are the numerals from 0 to 100:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Number'''
|'''Cardinal'''
|'''Ordinal'''
|-
|0
|nieght
| -
|-
|1
|ene
|earst (time), furst (place)
|-
|2
|twea
|tweathe
|-
|3
|thrie
|therde
|-
|4
|fier
|fierthe
|-
|5
|faif
|fifthe
|-
|6
|sex
|sexthe
|-
|7
|sevon
|sevonthe
|-
|8
|aght
|aghtthe
|-
|9
|neyon
|neyonthe
|-
|10
|tien
|tenthe
|-
|11
|elvon
|elfthe
|-
|12
|twelf
|twelfthe
|-
|13
|thertien
|thertenthe
|-
|14
|fiertien
|fiertenthe
|-
|15
|fiftien
|fiftenthe
|-
|16
|sextien
|sextenthe
|-
|17
|sevontien
|sevontenthe
|-
|18
|aghttien
|aghttenthe
|-
|19
|neyontien
|neyontenthe
|-
|20
|twintey
|twinteythe
|-
|21
|ean-ond-twintey
|ean-ond-twinteythe
|-
|22
|twea-ond-twintey
|twea-ond-twinteythe
|-
|30
|thertey
|therteythe
|-
|40
|fiertey
|fierteythe
|-
|50
|fiftey
|fifteythe
|-
|60
|sextey
|sexteythe
|-
|70
|sevontey
|sevonteythe
|-
|80
|aghttey
|aghtteythe
|-
|90
|neyontey
|neyonteythe
|-
|100
|hundrod
|hundrodthe
|}

===Personal pronouns===

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''1st person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Subject'''
|colspan=2|ic
|colspan="2"|wie
|-
!'''Object 1'''
|colspan="2"|my
|colspan="2"|us
|-
!'''Object 2'''
|colspan="2"|mye
|colspan="2"|us
|-
!'''Possessive'''
|colspan="2"|main
|colspan="2"|ure
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''2nd person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Subject'''
|colspan="2"|thu
|colspan="2"|yie
|-
!'''Object 1'''
|colspan="2"|thy
|colspan="2"|yow, yiew*
|-
!'''Object 2'''
|colspan="2"|thye
|colspan="2"|yow, yiew*
|-
!'''Possessive'''
|colspan="2"|thain
|colspan="2"|yore, yiere*
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''3rd person'''
|-
!'''Masculine'''
!'''Feminine'''
!'''Neuter'''
!'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Subject'''
|hie
|sie
|hit
|hea
|-
!'''Object 1'''
|hine, him**
|sie, hir**
|him, hit**
|hea, heam**
|-
!'''Object 2'''
|him
|hir
|hit
|heam
|-
!'''Genitive'''
|his
|hir
|his
|hiere
|}
* Dialectal or archaic forms.
** Common errors, often found in vulgar language

== Verbs ==

===Inflections===

Here are some very important verbs, their auxiliary verb for compound tenses and their meaning:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Infinitive'''
|'''1st person'''
|'''2nd person'''
|'''3rd person'''
|'''plural persons'''
|'''singular preterit'''
|'''plural preterit'''
|'''past participle'''
|'''Auxiliary'''
|'''Meaning'''
|-
|hebbe
|heb
|hæst
|hæth
|hebbeth
|had
|hadden
|ehad
|hebbe
|''to have''
|-
|wese
|bie
|bist
|is
|sind
|was
|waren
|ewesen
|wese
|''to be''
|-
|dœ
|dœ
|dost
|doth
|dœth
|dead
|deden
|edæn
|hebbe
|''to do''
|-
|gæ
|gæ
|gast
|gath
|gæth
|iede
|ieden
|egæn, egongen
|wese
|''to go''
|-
|fære
|fær
|farst
|farth
|færeth
|fœr
|fœren
|efæren
|wese
|''to go''
|-
|flieye
|fliey
|flieyst
|flieyth
|flieyeth
|floay
|floyen
|efloyen
|wese
|''to fly''
|-
|sie
|sie
|siest
|sieth
|sieth
|say
|sayen
|esien
|hebbe
|''to see''
|-
|leye
|ley
|leyst
|leyth
|leyeth
|leide
|leiden
|eleid
|hebbe
|''to lay''
|-
|mœte
|mœt
|mœst
|mœt
|mœteth
|mœste
|mœsten
|—
|hebbe
|''to may, must''
|-
|kume
|kum
|komst
|komth
|kumeth
|kwam
|kwamen
|ekomen
|wese
|''to come''
|-
|kunne
|kan
|kanst
|kan
|kunneth
|kuthe
|kuthen
|ekuth
|hebbe
|''can''
|-
|seye
|sey
|seyst
|seyth
|seyeth
|seide
|seiden
|eseid
|hebbe
|''to say''
|-
|fortelle
|fortell
|fortelst
|fortelth
|fortelleth
|fortelde
|fortelden
|forteld
|hebbe
|''to tell''
|-
|wite
|weat
|weast
|weat
|witeth
|wiste
|wisten
|ewiten
|hebbe
|''to know''
|-
|knæwe
|knæw
|knawst
|knawth
|knæweth
|kniew
|kniewen
|eknowen
|hebbe
|''to recognise''
|-
|wille
|will
|wilt
|will
|willeth
|wolde
|wolden
|ewild
|hebbe
|''to want to''
|-
|sculle
|scall
|scalt
|scall
|sculleth
|scolde
|scolden
|—
|hebbe
|''to shall, must''
|-
|sterve
|sterf
|stirfst
|stirfth
|sterveth
|starf
|starven
|estorven
|wese
|''to die''
|-
|mæke
|mæk
|mækst
|mækth
|mæketh
|mækte
|mækten
|emækod
|hebbe
|''to make''
|-
|ete
|eat
|eatst (older itst)
|eatth (older itth)
|eteth
|at
|aten
|eyeten
|hebbe
|''to eat''
|-
|muye
|may
|maist
|may
|muyeth
|moghte
|moghten
|emuyen
|hebbe
|''to may''
|}

===Indefinites===

Indefinites give us incomplete informations, because they don't define the precise quantity or the identity:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Indefinite'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
|evenman
|somebody
|-
|evenean
|someone
|-
|evending
|something/anything
|-
|evenwær
|somewhere
|-
|neaman
|nobody
|-
|newær
|nowhere
|-
|nene (also neëne)
|none
|-
|neding
|nothing
|-
|enyman
|anybody
|-
|enyene
|anyone
|-
|enyding
|anything
|-
|enywær
|anywhere
|-
|theyene
|the one (who)
|-
|thatean
|that one (which)
|-
|elc
|each
|-
|all
|all
|-
|othor
|other
|}

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

[[Category:Germanic]]

Oxman

2013-06-18T16:21:37Z

Ealdwimor: /* Vocalic phonemes */

{{private}}

{{ClassMeter
|Name = Oxman
|NativeName = Oxmansc
|Type = Mixed
|Alignment = Nominative-Accusative

|adjective = final
|adposition = final
|adverb= initial
|article= initial
|relativeclause = final
|nounclause = final
|order = SVO

|Tonal = yes
|Declined = no
|Conjugated = yes
|Genders = 2
|NCase = no
|NNumber = yes
|NDefiniteness = no
|NGender = yes
|VVoice = yes
|VMood = yes
|VPerson = yes
|VNumber = yes
|VTense = yes
|VAspect = yes

|Phonology=100
|NounCases=100
|NounDef=100
|NounNumbers=100
|NounGender=100
|VerbPerson=100
|VerbNumber=100
|VerbAspect=100
|VerbTense=100
|VerbMood=80
|VerbVoice=50
|AdjCase=100
|AdjNumber=100
|AdjDef=100
|AdjGen=100
|AdjComparative=100
|AdjSuperlative=100
|AdjGen=100
|Supine=100
|Gerund=100
|Participle=100
|Infinitive=100
|Modality=70
|Words=0}}

=General informations=

[[File:oxman speaking-area.png|365px|thumb|right|''Oxmansc-sprekend raum - Oxman speaking area'']]

'''Oxman''' is a Germanic language spoken in the ''Duché du Héron'' (= Shire of Le Héron), a shire that corresponds to the eastern region of Seine-Marirtime in France.
This language has evolved from [[Old Oxman]] which evolved from [[Old Auregan]] which is the first recorded form of Auregan language. Auregan language area corresponds to the "Vexin Normand" (a region situated just south to "Duché du héron"). A Oxman speaking colony also exists near the city of Coventry, Warwickshire, Midlands, England.
Oxman is a West-Germanic language that is strongly linked to Dutch, Modern English, Low German and Modern German.

Here is a table which sums up the main characteristics of this language:

{{agreement
|VerbGender =
|VerbCases =
|VerbNumber = yes
|VerbTenses = yes
|VerbPerson = yes
|VerbMoods = yes
|VerbVoices = yes
|VerbAspect = yes

|NounGender = yes
|NounCases =
|NounNumber = yes
|NounTenses =
|NounPerson =
|NounMoods =
|NounVoices =

|AdjectiveGender =
|AdjectiveCases =
|AdjectiveNumber = yes
|AdjectiveTenses =
|AdjectivePerson =
|AdjectiveMoods =
|AdjectiveVoices =

|NumberGender =
|NumberCases =
|NumberNumber =
|NumberTenses =
|NumberPerson =
|NumberMoods =
|NumberVoices =

|ParticipleGender =
|ParticipleCases =
|ParticipleNumber = yes
|ParticipleTenses =
|ParticiplePerson =
|ParticipleMoods =
|ParticipleVoices = yes

|AdverbGender =
|AdverbCases =
|AdverbNumber =
|AdverbTenses =
|AdverbPerson =
|AdverbMoods =
|AdverbVoices =

|PronounGender = yes
|PronounCases = yes
|PronounNumber = yes
|PronounTenses =
|PronounPerson = yes
|PronounMoods =
|PronounVoices =

|AdpositionGender = yes
|AdpositionCases =
|AdpositionNumber = yes
|AdpositionTenses =
|AdpositionPerson =
|AdpositionMoods =
|AdpositionVoices =

|ArticleGender = yes
|ArticleCases = yes
|ArticleNumber = yes
|ArticleTenses =
|ArticlePerson =
|ArticleMoods =
|ArticleVoices =

|ParticleGender =
|ParticleCases =
|ParticleNumber =
|ParticleTenses =
|ParticlePerson =
|ParticleMoods =
|ParticleVoices =
}}

=Phonology=

==Alphabet==

Oxman alphabet uses letters from Latin alphabet and contains 25 characters:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Letters'''
|'''Pronunciation'''
|'''Further information'''
|-
|a
|[a]
|short 'a'
|-
|b
|[b]
|like in English
|-
|c
|[tʃ]
|like the English 'ch' in 'church'
|-
|d
|[d]
|like in English
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e:]
|in plural cluster -es it is not pronounced
|-
|f
|[f]
|like in English
|-
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronunced as in the English word "get"
|-
|h
|[h]
|like in English
|-
|i
|[ɪ]
|short 'i'
|-
|j
|[j]
|like English 'y'
|-
|k
|[k]
|like in English
|-
|l
|[l]
|like in English
|-
|m
|[m]
|like in English
|-
|n
|[n]
|like in English
|-
|o
|[ɔ] / [oʊ:]
|like in English
|-
|p
|[p]
|like in English
|-
|q
|[k]
|often followed by 'u', in latin words beginning with 'qu'
|-
|r
|[r]
|trilled just as in Dutch or in Italian
|-
|s
|[s]
|can be either voiced or voiceless
|-
|t
|[t]
|like in English
|-
|u
|[œ]
|short 'u' in 'but'
|-
|v
|[v]
|like in English
|-
|w
|[ʋ]
|between 'v' and 'w', just as in Dutch
|-
|y
|[j]
|between French letter 'j' in 'jouer' and English 'y' in 'year', as a vowel like a French 'u' or as English 'y' in 'why' when at the end of a word followed by a 'e' (cf. Oxman 'wye?' meaning 'why?' pronounced as in English);
|-
|æ
|[ɑ:]
|long 'a'
|-
|œ
|[u]
|as 'oo' in 'boot'
|}

==Consonantic phonemes==

Oxman language has the following consonantic phonemes:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" {{Table/bluetable}} style="width: 860px; "
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; "|
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Bilabial
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Labio-dental
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Dental
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Alveolar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Post-alveolar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Palatal
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Labio-Velar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Velar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Glottal
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Nasal
| style="text-align: center;"|m
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|n
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ŋ
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Plosive
| style="text-align: center;"|p b
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|t d
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|k g
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Fricative
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|f v
| style="text-align: center;"|θ ð
| style="text-align: center;"|s z
| style="text-align: center;"|ʃ
| style="text-align: center;"|ç
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|χ
| style="text-align: center;"|h
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Affricate
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ts dz
| style="text-align: center;"|tʃ dʒ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Approximant
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|r ɹ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|j
| style="text-align: center;"|w
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Lateral
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|l
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|}

==Vocalic phonemes==

Oxman shows the following vowels:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! rowspan="2" colspan="1"|'''Phonemes'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Short'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Long'''
|-
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-
!'''Closed'''
|ɪ
|ʊ
|i:
|y: u:
|-
!'''Mid-closed'''
|
|
|e:
|o:
|-
!'''Mid-open'''
|ɛ
|ɔ
|
|
|-
!'''Open'''
|a
|
|
|ɑ:
|}

==Diphthongs and digraphs==

Oxman has also twenty diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Diphthongs'''
|'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|ai
|[ɑ:ɪ]
|-
|au
|[ɑ:ʊ]
|-
|ea
|[e:ɪ]
|-
|eo
|[e:ʊ]
|-
|ei
|[ɛɪ]
|-
|ue
|[y:ə]
|-
|ou
|[o:ʊ]
|}

==Stress==

The position of stress in this language is quite regular, because it falls on the root and thus there are few rules to observe:

* In substantives (and in adjectives and adverbs) the stress generally falls on the first syllable, but if they are compound nouns / adjectives, formed by prefix + noun / adjective, the stress falls on the root syllable of the noun / adjective. In compounds which are formed by noun / adjective + noun / adjective, the various words are read as if they were written separately;

* In verbs the stress falls always on the root, even if they are compounds, ex.: ''emæke'', "to make up", is read as [ə'ma:kə].

=Grammar=

==Nouns, gender and number==

Oxman language has got only two genders: common gender and neuter gender. The previously masculine and feminine words have merged into the common gender, whereas neuter words have remained neuter, even if in some cases there has been a gender switch.

Nouns can be both singular (denoting just one object) and plural (denoting more than one object). The formation of plural is simple, because there is only one ways to form it:

* All nouns take -es suffix (-s if the nouns ends with 'r' or 'l'), the <e> in this suffix is generally not pronounced;

However a few nouns show irregular endings.

==Articles==

Two kinds of article exist in Oxman: indefinite and definite article.

The indefinite article has got no plural form and the singular one is the same for all the genders: '''ean'''. This article is used to talk about things, facts, beings that are introduces for the first time into the conversation, that is we use the indefinite article to talk about new and not known informations, to talk about undetermined informations.

The definite article is '''thie''' for common nouns and for all genders at plural forms, but for singular neuter it is '''that'''. The definite article is used to talk about well known things, facts, beings instead.

==Adjectives==

The adjectives always precede the noun to whom they refer. Adjectives take a single '''-e''' ending when the noun it refers to is common, or at plural form. Singular neuter nouns don't cause endings on the adjectives.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Strong singular'''
|'''Strong plural / Weak'''
|'''Meaning'''
|-
|gœd
|gœde
|good
|-
|ald
|alde
|old
|-
|yung
|yunge
|young
|-
|road
|rode*
|red
|-
|long
|longe
|long
|-
|heat
|hete*
|hot
|}

* long vowels 'ea' and 'oa' shrink when an ending is added into 'e' and 'o'. Example: 'leve' (''to live'') but 'ic leaf' (''I live'').

===Comparative===

The higher degree comparative is formed with the suffix '-or'. The second term of comparation is introduced by ''thon'' and is in the same case of the first, ex.:

* ''Ean ebowod hoyor thon ean trie'' - A building higher than a tree.

Just like in English and somtimes in Dutch, long adjectives form their comparative by adding the word 'mear' before the adjective. It corresponds to the 'more' formation in English.

====Adjectives with an irregular higher degree comparative====

Some adjectives have got an irregular form of higher degree comparative:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Positive'''
|'''Strong comparative'''
|'''Weak comparative'''
|-
|gœd
|betor
|betre
|-
|uvol (bad)
|wierse
|wierse
|-
|uvol (inferior)
|sambor (rare)
|sambre (rare)
|-
|luttol
|smallor
|smalre
|-
|weney
|mindor
|mindre
|-
|ald
|eldor
|eldre
|-
|yung
|yongor
|yongre
|-
|strong (strict)
|strengor
|strengre
|-
|long
|lengor
|lengre
|-
|foar (fore)
|furmor
|furmre
|-
|fer (far)
|ferthor
|ferthre
|-
|mæney/micol (many, much)
|mear
|mere
|}

===Superlative===

The superlative degree is formed with the suffix '-ost' (some irregular adjectives form it with '-st').

* ''Thie sconost blœm in thie werold'' - The most beautiful flower in the world.

====Adjectives with an irregular superlative====

The same adjectives that have an irregular higher degree comparative have got also an irregular superlative form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Positive'''
|'''Strong superlative'''
|'''Weak superlative'''
|-
|gœd
|best
|beste
|-
|uvol (bad)
|wierst
|wierste
|-
|uvol (inferior)
|sambost (rare)
|sambste (rare)
|-
|luttol
|smallost
|smalste
|-
|weney
|minst
|minste
|-
|ald
|eldost
|eldste
|-
|yung
|yongost
|yongste
|-
|fer
|ferthost
|ferthste
|-
|strong
|strengost
|stengste
|-
|long
|lengost
|lengste
|-
|foar
|furmost
|furmste
|-
|mæney/micol (many, much)
|meast
|measte
|}

===Numerals===

Numerals don't inflect. Here are the numerals from 0 to 100:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Number'''
|'''Cardinal'''
|'''Ordinal'''
|-
|0
|nieght
| -
|-
|1
|ene
|earst (time), furst (place)
|-
|2
|twea
|tweathe
|-
|3
|thrie
|therde
|-
|4
|fier
|fierthe
|-
|5
|faif
|fifthe
|-
|6
|sex
|sexthe
|-
|7
|sevon
|sevonthe
|-
|8
|aght
|aghtthe
|-
|9
|neyon
|neyonthe
|-
|10
|tien
|tenthe
|-
|11
|elvon
|elfthe
|-
|12
|twelf
|twelfthe
|-
|13
|thertien
|thertenthe
|-
|14
|fiertien
|fiertenthe
|-
|15
|fiftien
|fiftenthe
|-
|16
|sextien
|sextenthe
|-
|17
|sevontien
|sevontenthe
|-
|18
|aghttien
|aghttenthe
|-
|19
|neyontien
|neyontenthe
|-
|20
|twintey
|twinteythe
|-
|21
|ean-ond-twintey
|ean-ond-twinteythe
|-
|22
|twea-ond-twintey
|twea-ond-twinteythe
|-
|30
|thertey
|therteythe
|-
|40
|fiertey
|fierteythe
|-
|50
|fiftey
|fifteythe
|-
|60
|sextey
|sexteythe
|-
|70
|sevontey
|sevonteythe
|-
|80
|aghttey
|aghtteythe
|-
|90
|neyontey
|neyonteythe
|-
|100
|hundrod
|hundrodthe
|}

===Personal pronouns===

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''1st person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Subject'''
|colspan=2|ic
|colspan="2"|wie
|-
!'''Object 1'''
|colspan="2"|my
|colspan="2"|us
|-
!'''Object 2'''
|colspan="2"|mye
|colspan="2"|us
|-
!'''Possessive'''
|colspan="2"|main
|colspan="2"|ure
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''2nd person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Subject'''
|colspan="2"|thu
|colspan="2"|yie
|-
!'''Object 1'''
|colspan="2"|thy
|colspan="2"|yow, yiew*
|-
!'''Object 2'''
|colspan="2"|thye
|colspan="2"|yow, yiew*
|-
!'''Possessive'''
|colspan="2"|thain
|colspan="2"|yore, yiere*
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''3rd person'''
|-
!'''Masculine'''
!'''Feminine'''
!'''Neuter'''
!'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Subject'''
|hie
|sie
|hit
|hea
|-
!'''Object 1'''
|hine, him**
|sie, hir**
|him, hit**
|hea, heam**
|-
!'''Object 2'''
|him
|hir
|hit
|heam
|-
!'''Genitive'''
|his
|hir
|his
|hiere
|}
* Dialectal or archaic forms.
** Common errors, often found in vulgar language

== Verbs ==

===Inflections===

Here are some very important verbs, their auxiliary verb for compound tenses and their meaning:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Infinitive'''
|'''1st person'''
|'''2nd person'''
|'''3rd person'''
|'''plural persons'''
|'''singular preterit'''
|'''plural preterit'''
|'''past participle'''
|'''Auxiliary'''
|'''Meaning'''
|-
|hebbe
|heb
|hæst
|hæth
|hebbeth
|had
|hadden
|ehad
|hebbe
|''to have''
|-
|wese
|bie
|bist
|is
|sind
|was
|waren
|ewesen
|wese
|''to be''
|-
|dœ
|dœ
|dost
|doth
|dœth
|dead
|deden
|edæn
|hebbe
|''to do''
|-
|gæ
|gæ
|gast
|gath
|gæth
|iede
|ieden
|egæn, egongen
|wese
|''to go''
|-
|fære
|fær
|farst
|farth
|færeth
|fœr
|fœren
|efæren
|wese
|''to go''
|-
|flieye
|fliey
|flieyst
|flieyth
|flieyeth
|floay
|floyen
|efloyen
|wese
|''to fly''
|-
|sie
|sie
|siest
|sieth
|sieth
|say
|sayen
|esien
|hebbe
|''to see''
|-
|leye
|ley
|leyst
|leyth
|leyeth
|leide
|leiden
|eleid
|hebbe
|''to lay''
|-
|mœte
|mœt
|mœst
|mœt
|mœteth
|mœste
|mœsten
|—
|hebbe
|''to may, must''
|-
|kume
|kum
|komst
|komth
|kumeth
|kwam
|kwamen
|ekomen
|wese
|''to come''
|-
|kunne
|kan
|kanst
|kan
|kunneth
|kuthe
|kuthen
|ekuth
|hebbe
|''can''
|-
|seye
|sey
|seyst
|seyth
|seyeth
|seide
|seiden
|eseid
|hebbe
|''to say''
|-
|fortelle
|fortell
|fortelst
|fortelth
|fortelleth
|fortelde
|fortelden
|forteld
|hebbe
|''to tell''
|-
|wite
|weat
|weast
|weat
|witeth
|wiste
|wisten
|ewiten
|hebbe
|''to know''
|-
|knæwe
|knæw
|knawst
|knawth
|knæweth
|kniew
|kniewen
|eknowen
|hebbe
|''to recognise''
|-
|wille
|will
|wilt
|will
|willeth
|wolde
|wolden
|ewild
|hebbe
|''to want to''
|-
|sculle
|scall
|scalt
|scall
|sculleth
|scolde
|scolden
|—
|hebbe
|''to shall, must''
|-
|sterve
|sterf
|stirfst
|stirfth
|sterveth
|starf
|starven
|estorven
|wese
|''to die''
|-
|mæke
|mæk
|mækst
|mækth
|mæketh
|mækte
|mækten
|emækod
|hebbe
|''to make''
|-
|ete
|eat
|eatst (older itst)
|eatth (older itth)
|eteth
|at
|aten
|eyeten
|hebbe
|''to eat''
|-
|muye
|may
|maist
|may
|muyeth
|moghte
|moghten
|emuyen
|hebbe
|''to may''
|}

===Indefinites===

Indefinites give us incomplete informations, because they don't define the precise quantity or the identity:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Indefinite'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
|evenman
|somebody
|-
|evenean
|someone
|-
|evending
|something/anything
|-
|evenwær
|somewhere
|-
|neaman
|nobody
|-
|newær
|nowhere
|-
|nene (also neëne)
|none
|-
|neding
|nothing
|-
|enyman
|anybody
|-
|enyene
|anyone
|-
|enyding
|anything
|-
|enywær
|anywhere
|-
|theyene
|the one (who)
|-
|thatean
|that one (which)
|-
|elc
|each
|-
|all
|all
|-
|othor
|other
|}

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

[[Category:Germanic]]

Oxman

2013-06-18T16:20:29Z

Ealdwimor: /* Consonantic phonemes */

{{private}}

{{ClassMeter
|Name = Oxman
|NativeName = Oxmansc
|Type = Mixed
|Alignment = Nominative-Accusative

|adjective = final
|adposition = final
|adverb= initial
|article= initial
|relativeclause = final
|nounclause = final
|order = SVO

|Tonal = yes
|Declined = no
|Conjugated = yes
|Genders = 2
|NCase = no
|NNumber = yes
|NDefiniteness = no
|NGender = yes
|VVoice = yes
|VMood = yes
|VPerson = yes
|VNumber = yes
|VTense = yes
|VAspect = yes

|Phonology=100
|NounCases=100
|NounDef=100
|NounNumbers=100
|NounGender=100
|VerbPerson=100
|VerbNumber=100
|VerbAspect=100
|VerbTense=100
|VerbMood=80
|VerbVoice=50
|AdjCase=100
|AdjNumber=100
|AdjDef=100
|AdjGen=100
|AdjComparative=100
|AdjSuperlative=100
|AdjGen=100
|Supine=100
|Gerund=100
|Participle=100
|Infinitive=100
|Modality=70
|Words=0}}

=General informations=

[[File:oxman speaking-area.png|365px|thumb|right|''Oxmansc-sprekend raum - Oxman speaking area'']]

'''Oxman''' is a Germanic language spoken in the ''Duché du Héron'' (= Shire of Le Héron), a shire that corresponds to the eastern region of Seine-Marirtime in France.
This language has evolved from [[Old Oxman]] which evolved from [[Old Auregan]] which is the first recorded form of Auregan language. Auregan language area corresponds to the "Vexin Normand" (a region situated just south to "Duché du héron"). A Oxman speaking colony also exists near the city of Coventry, Warwickshire, Midlands, England.
Oxman is a West-Germanic language that is strongly linked to Dutch, Modern English, Low German and Modern German.

Here is a table which sums up the main characteristics of this language:

{{agreement
|VerbGender =
|VerbCases =
|VerbNumber = yes
|VerbTenses = yes
|VerbPerson = yes
|VerbMoods = yes
|VerbVoices = yes
|VerbAspect = yes

|NounGender = yes
|NounCases =
|NounNumber = yes
|NounTenses =
|NounPerson =
|NounMoods =
|NounVoices =

|AdjectiveGender =
|AdjectiveCases =
|AdjectiveNumber = yes
|AdjectiveTenses =
|AdjectivePerson =
|AdjectiveMoods =
|AdjectiveVoices =

|NumberGender =
|NumberCases =
|NumberNumber =
|NumberTenses =
|NumberPerson =
|NumberMoods =
|NumberVoices =

|ParticipleGender =
|ParticipleCases =
|ParticipleNumber = yes
|ParticipleTenses =
|ParticiplePerson =
|ParticipleMoods =
|ParticipleVoices = yes

|AdverbGender =
|AdverbCases =
|AdverbNumber =
|AdverbTenses =
|AdverbPerson =
|AdverbMoods =
|AdverbVoices =

|PronounGender = yes
|PronounCases = yes
|PronounNumber = yes
|PronounTenses =
|PronounPerson = yes
|PronounMoods =
|PronounVoices =

|AdpositionGender = yes
|AdpositionCases =
|AdpositionNumber = yes
|AdpositionTenses =
|AdpositionPerson =
|AdpositionMoods =
|AdpositionVoices =

|ArticleGender = yes
|ArticleCases = yes
|ArticleNumber = yes
|ArticleTenses =
|ArticlePerson =
|ArticleMoods =
|ArticleVoices =

|ParticleGender =
|ParticleCases =
|ParticleNumber =
|ParticleTenses =
|ParticlePerson =
|ParticleMoods =
|ParticleVoices =
}}

=Phonology=

==Alphabet==

Oxman alphabet uses letters from Latin alphabet and contains 25 characters:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Letters'''
|'''Pronunciation'''
|'''Further information'''
|-
|a
|[a]
|short 'a'
|-
|b
|[b]
|like in English
|-
|c
|[tʃ]
|like the English 'ch' in 'church'
|-
|d
|[d]
|like in English
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e:]
|in plural cluster -es it is not pronounced
|-
|f
|[f]
|like in English
|-
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronunced as in the English word "get"
|-
|h
|[h]
|like in English
|-
|i
|[ɪ]
|short 'i'
|-
|j
|[j]
|like English 'y'
|-
|k
|[k]
|like in English
|-
|l
|[l]
|like in English
|-
|m
|[m]
|like in English
|-
|n
|[n]
|like in English
|-
|o
|[ɔ] / [oʊ:]
|like in English
|-
|p
|[p]
|like in English
|-
|q
|[k]
|often followed by 'u', in latin words beginning with 'qu'
|-
|r
|[r]
|trilled just as in Dutch or in Italian
|-
|s
|[s]
|can be either voiced or voiceless
|-
|t
|[t]
|like in English
|-
|u
|[œ]
|short 'u' in 'but'
|-
|v
|[v]
|like in English
|-
|w
|[ʋ]
|between 'v' and 'w', just as in Dutch
|-
|y
|[j]
|between French letter 'j' in 'jouer' and English 'y' in 'year', as a vowel like a French 'u' or as English 'y' in 'why' when at the end of a word followed by a 'e' (cf. Oxman 'wye?' meaning 'why?' pronounced as in English);
|-
|æ
|[ɑ:]
|long 'a'
|-
|œ
|[u]
|as 'oo' in 'boot'
|}

==Consonantic phonemes==

Oxman language has the following consonantic phonemes:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" {{Table/bluetable}} style="width: 860px; "
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; "|
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Bilabial
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Labio-dental
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Dental
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Alveolar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Post-alveolar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Palatal
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Labio-Velar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Velar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Glottal
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Nasal
| style="text-align: center;"|m
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|n
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ŋ
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Plosive
| style="text-align: center;"|p b
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|t d
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|k g
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Fricative
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|f v
| style="text-align: center;"|θ ð
| style="text-align: center;"|s z
| style="text-align: center;"|ʃ
| style="text-align: center;"|ç
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|χ
| style="text-align: center;"|h
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Affricate
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ts dz
| style="text-align: center;"|tʃ dʒ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Approximant
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|r ɹ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|j
| style="text-align: center;"|w
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Lateral
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|l
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|}

==Vocalic phonemes==

Oxman shows the following vowels:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! rowspan="2" colspan="1"|'''Phonemes'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Short'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Long'''
|-
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-
!'''Closed'''
|ɪ
|ʊ
|i:
|u:
|-
!'''Mid-closed'''
|
|
|e:
|o:
|-
!'''Mid-open'''
|ɛ
|ɔ
|
|
|-
!'''Open'''
|a
|
|
|ɑ:
|}

==Diphthongs and digraphs==

Oxman has also twenty diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Diphthongs'''
|'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|ai
|[ɑ:ɪ]
|-
|au
|[ɑ:ʊ]
|-
|ea
|[e:ɪ]
|-
|eo
|[e:ʊ]
|-
|ei
|[ɛɪ]
|-
|ue
|[y:ə]
|-
|ou
|[o:ʊ]
|}

==Stress==

The position of stress in this language is quite regular, because it falls on the root and thus there are few rules to observe:

* In substantives (and in adjectives and adverbs) the stress generally falls on the first syllable, but if they are compound nouns / adjectives, formed by prefix + noun / adjective, the stress falls on the root syllable of the noun / adjective. In compounds which are formed by noun / adjective + noun / adjective, the various words are read as if they were written separately;

* In verbs the stress falls always on the root, even if they are compounds, ex.: ''emæke'', "to make up", is read as [ə'ma:kə].

=Grammar=

==Nouns, gender and number==

Oxman language has got only two genders: common gender and neuter gender. The previously masculine and feminine words have merged into the common gender, whereas neuter words have remained neuter, even if in some cases there has been a gender switch.

Nouns can be both singular (denoting just one object) and plural (denoting more than one object). The formation of plural is simple, because there is only one ways to form it:

* All nouns take -es suffix (-s if the nouns ends with 'r' or 'l'), the <e> in this suffix is generally not pronounced;

However a few nouns show irregular endings.

==Articles==

Two kinds of article exist in Oxman: indefinite and definite article.

The indefinite article has got no plural form and the singular one is the same for all the genders: '''ean'''. This article is used to talk about things, facts, beings that are introduces for the first time into the conversation, that is we use the indefinite article to talk about new and not known informations, to talk about undetermined informations.

The definite article is '''thie''' for common nouns and for all genders at plural forms, but for singular neuter it is '''that'''. The definite article is used to talk about well known things, facts, beings instead.

==Adjectives==

The adjectives always precede the noun to whom they refer. Adjectives take a single '''-e''' ending when the noun it refers to is common, or at plural form. Singular neuter nouns don't cause endings on the adjectives.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Strong singular'''
|'''Strong plural / Weak'''
|'''Meaning'''
|-
|gœd
|gœde
|good
|-
|ald
|alde
|old
|-
|yung
|yunge
|young
|-
|road
|rode*
|red
|-
|long
|longe
|long
|-
|heat
|hete*
|hot
|}

* long vowels 'ea' and 'oa' shrink when an ending is added into 'e' and 'o'. Example: 'leve' (''to live'') but 'ic leaf' (''I live'').

===Comparative===

The higher degree comparative is formed with the suffix '-or'. The second term of comparation is introduced by ''thon'' and is in the same case of the first, ex.:

* ''Ean ebowod hoyor thon ean trie'' - A building higher than a tree.

Just like in English and somtimes in Dutch, long adjectives form their comparative by adding the word 'mear' before the adjective. It corresponds to the 'more' formation in English.

====Adjectives with an irregular higher degree comparative====

Some adjectives have got an irregular form of higher degree comparative:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Positive'''
|'''Strong comparative'''
|'''Weak comparative'''
|-
|gœd
|betor
|betre
|-
|uvol (bad)
|wierse
|wierse
|-
|uvol (inferior)
|sambor (rare)
|sambre (rare)
|-
|luttol
|smallor
|smalre
|-
|weney
|mindor
|mindre
|-
|ald
|eldor
|eldre
|-
|yung
|yongor
|yongre
|-
|strong (strict)
|strengor
|strengre
|-
|long
|lengor
|lengre
|-
|foar (fore)
|furmor
|furmre
|-
|fer (far)
|ferthor
|ferthre
|-
|mæney/micol (many, much)
|mear
|mere
|}

===Superlative===

The superlative degree is formed with the suffix '-ost' (some irregular adjectives form it with '-st').

* ''Thie sconost blœm in thie werold'' - The most beautiful flower in the world.

====Adjectives with an irregular superlative====

The same adjectives that have an irregular higher degree comparative have got also an irregular superlative form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Positive'''
|'''Strong superlative'''
|'''Weak superlative'''
|-
|gœd
|best
|beste
|-
|uvol (bad)
|wierst
|wierste
|-
|uvol (inferior)
|sambost (rare)
|sambste (rare)
|-
|luttol
|smallost
|smalste
|-
|weney
|minst
|minste
|-
|ald
|eldost
|eldste
|-
|yung
|yongost
|yongste
|-
|fer
|ferthost
|ferthste
|-
|strong
|strengost
|stengste
|-
|long
|lengost
|lengste
|-
|foar
|furmost
|furmste
|-
|mæney/micol (many, much)
|meast
|measte
|}

===Numerals===

Numerals don't inflect. Here are the numerals from 0 to 100:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Number'''
|'''Cardinal'''
|'''Ordinal'''
|-
|0
|nieght
| -
|-
|1
|ene
|earst (time), furst (place)
|-
|2
|twea
|tweathe
|-
|3
|thrie
|therde
|-
|4
|fier
|fierthe
|-
|5
|faif
|fifthe
|-
|6
|sex
|sexthe
|-
|7
|sevon
|sevonthe
|-
|8
|aght
|aghtthe
|-
|9
|neyon
|neyonthe
|-
|10
|tien
|tenthe
|-
|11
|elvon
|elfthe
|-
|12
|twelf
|twelfthe
|-
|13
|thertien
|thertenthe
|-
|14
|fiertien
|fiertenthe
|-
|15
|fiftien
|fiftenthe
|-
|16
|sextien
|sextenthe
|-
|17
|sevontien
|sevontenthe
|-
|18
|aghttien
|aghttenthe
|-
|19
|neyontien
|neyontenthe
|-
|20
|twintey
|twinteythe
|-
|21
|ean-ond-twintey
|ean-ond-twinteythe
|-
|22
|twea-ond-twintey
|twea-ond-twinteythe
|-
|30
|thertey
|therteythe
|-
|40
|fiertey
|fierteythe
|-
|50
|fiftey
|fifteythe
|-
|60
|sextey
|sexteythe
|-
|70
|sevontey
|sevonteythe
|-
|80
|aghttey
|aghtteythe
|-
|90
|neyontey
|neyonteythe
|-
|100
|hundrod
|hundrodthe
|}

===Personal pronouns===

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''1st person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Subject'''
|colspan=2|ic
|colspan="2"|wie
|-
!'''Object 1'''
|colspan="2"|my
|colspan="2"|us
|-
!'''Object 2'''
|colspan="2"|mye
|colspan="2"|us
|-
!'''Possessive'''
|colspan="2"|main
|colspan="2"|ure
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''2nd person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Subject'''
|colspan="2"|thu
|colspan="2"|yie
|-
!'''Object 1'''
|colspan="2"|thy
|colspan="2"|yow, yiew*
|-
!'''Object 2'''
|colspan="2"|thye
|colspan="2"|yow, yiew*
|-
!'''Possessive'''
|colspan="2"|thain
|colspan="2"|yore, yiere*
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''3rd person'''
|-
!'''Masculine'''
!'''Feminine'''
!'''Neuter'''
!'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Subject'''
|hie
|sie
|hit
|hea
|-
!'''Object 1'''
|hine, him**
|sie, hir**
|him, hit**
|hea, heam**
|-
!'''Object 2'''
|him
|hir
|hit
|heam
|-
!'''Genitive'''
|his
|hir
|his
|hiere
|}
* Dialectal or archaic forms.
** Common errors, often found in vulgar language

== Verbs ==

===Inflections===

Here are some very important verbs, their auxiliary verb for compound tenses and their meaning:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Infinitive'''
|'''1st person'''
|'''2nd person'''
|'''3rd person'''
|'''plural persons'''
|'''singular preterit'''
|'''plural preterit'''
|'''past participle'''
|'''Auxiliary'''
|'''Meaning'''
|-
|hebbe
|heb
|hæst
|hæth
|hebbeth
|had
|hadden
|ehad
|hebbe
|''to have''
|-
|wese
|bie
|bist
|is
|sind
|was
|waren
|ewesen
|wese
|''to be''
|-
|dœ
|dœ
|dost
|doth
|dœth
|dead
|deden
|edæn
|hebbe
|''to do''
|-
|gæ
|gæ
|gast
|gath
|gæth
|iede
|ieden
|egæn, egongen
|wese
|''to go''
|-
|fære
|fær
|farst
|farth
|færeth
|fœr
|fœren
|efæren
|wese
|''to go''
|-
|flieye
|fliey
|flieyst
|flieyth
|flieyeth
|floay
|floyen
|efloyen
|wese
|''to fly''
|-
|sie
|sie
|siest
|sieth
|sieth
|say
|sayen
|esien
|hebbe
|''to see''
|-
|leye
|ley
|leyst
|leyth
|leyeth
|leide
|leiden
|eleid
|hebbe
|''to lay''
|-
|mœte
|mœt
|mœst
|mœt
|mœteth
|mœste
|mœsten
|—
|hebbe
|''to may, must''
|-
|kume
|kum
|komst
|komth
|kumeth
|kwam
|kwamen
|ekomen
|wese
|''to come''
|-
|kunne
|kan
|kanst
|kan
|kunneth
|kuthe
|kuthen
|ekuth
|hebbe
|''can''
|-
|seye
|sey
|seyst
|seyth
|seyeth
|seide
|seiden
|eseid
|hebbe
|''to say''
|-
|fortelle
|fortell
|fortelst
|fortelth
|fortelleth
|fortelde
|fortelden
|forteld
|hebbe
|''to tell''
|-
|wite
|weat
|weast
|weat
|witeth
|wiste
|wisten
|ewiten
|hebbe
|''to know''
|-
|knæwe
|knæw
|knawst
|knawth
|knæweth
|kniew
|kniewen
|eknowen
|hebbe
|''to recognise''
|-
|wille
|will
|wilt
|will
|willeth
|wolde
|wolden
|ewild
|hebbe
|''to want to''
|-
|sculle
|scall
|scalt
|scall
|sculleth
|scolde
|scolden
|—
|hebbe
|''to shall, must''
|-
|sterve
|sterf
|stirfst
|stirfth
|sterveth
|starf
|starven
|estorven
|wese
|''to die''
|-
|mæke
|mæk
|mækst
|mækth
|mæketh
|mækte
|mækten
|emækod
|hebbe
|''to make''
|-
|ete
|eat
|eatst (older itst)
|eatth (older itth)
|eteth
|at
|aten
|eyeten
|hebbe
|''to eat''
|-
|muye
|may
|maist
|may
|muyeth
|moghte
|moghten
|emuyen
|hebbe
|''to may''
|}

===Indefinites===

Indefinites give us incomplete informations, because they don't define the precise quantity or the identity:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Indefinite'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
|evenman
|somebody
|-
|evenean
|someone
|-
|evending
|something/anything
|-
|evenwær
|somewhere
|-
|neaman
|nobody
|-
|newær
|nowhere
|-
|nene (also neëne)
|none
|-
|neding
|nothing
|-
|enyman
|anybody
|-
|enyene
|anyone
|-
|enyding
|anything
|-
|enywær
|anywhere
|-
|theyene
|the one (who)
|-
|thatean
|that one (which)
|-
|elc
|each
|-
|all
|all
|-
|othor
|other
|}

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

[[Category:Germanic]]

Oxman

2013-06-02T11:23:37Z

Ealdwimor: /* Inflections */

{{private}}

{{ClassMeter
|Name = Oxman
|NativeName = Oxmansc
|Type = Mixed
|Alignment = Nominative-Accusative

|adjective = final
|adposition = final
|adverb= initial
|article= initial
|relativeclause = final
|nounclause = final
|order = SVO

|Tonal = yes
|Declined = no
|Conjugated = yes
|Genders = 2
|NCase = no
|NNumber = yes
|NDefiniteness = no
|NGender = yes
|VVoice = yes
|VMood = yes
|VPerson = yes
|VNumber = yes
|VTense = yes
|VAspect = yes

|Phonology=100
|NounCases=100
|NounDef=100
|NounNumbers=100
|NounGender=100
|VerbPerson=100
|VerbNumber=100
|VerbAspect=100
|VerbTense=100
|VerbMood=80
|VerbVoice=50
|AdjCase=100
|AdjNumber=100
|AdjDef=100
|AdjGen=100
|AdjComparative=100
|AdjSuperlative=100
|AdjGen=100
|Supine=100
|Gerund=100
|Participle=100
|Infinitive=100
|Modality=70
|Words=0}}

=General informations=

[[File:oxman speaking-area.png|365px|thumb|right|''Oxmansc-sprekend raum - Oxman speaking area'']]

'''Oxman''' is a Germanic language spoken in the ''Duché du Héron'' (= Shire of Le Héron), a shire that corresponds to the eastern region of Seine-Marirtime in France.
This language has evolved from [[Old Oxman]] which evolved from [[Old Auregan]] which is the first recorded form of Auregan language. Auregan language area corresponds to the "Vexin Normand" (a region situated just south to "Duché du héron"). A Oxman speaking colony also exists near the city of Coventry, Warwickshire, Midlands, England.
Oxman is a West-Germanic language that is strongly linked to Dutch, Modern English, Low German and Modern German.

Here is a table which sums up the main characteristics of this language:

{{agreement
|VerbGender =
|VerbCases =
|VerbNumber = yes
|VerbTenses = yes
|VerbPerson = yes
|VerbMoods = yes
|VerbVoices = yes
|VerbAspect = yes

|NounGender = yes
|NounCases =
|NounNumber = yes
|NounTenses =
|NounPerson =
|NounMoods =
|NounVoices =

|AdjectiveGender =
|AdjectiveCases =
|AdjectiveNumber = yes
|AdjectiveTenses =
|AdjectivePerson =
|AdjectiveMoods =
|AdjectiveVoices =

|NumberGender =
|NumberCases =
|NumberNumber =
|NumberTenses =
|NumberPerson =
|NumberMoods =
|NumberVoices =

|ParticipleGender =
|ParticipleCases =
|ParticipleNumber = yes
|ParticipleTenses =
|ParticiplePerson =
|ParticipleMoods =
|ParticipleVoices = yes

|AdverbGender =
|AdverbCases =
|AdverbNumber =
|AdverbTenses =
|AdverbPerson =
|AdverbMoods =
|AdverbVoices =

|PronounGender = yes
|PronounCases = yes
|PronounNumber = yes
|PronounTenses =
|PronounPerson = yes
|PronounMoods =
|PronounVoices =

|AdpositionGender = yes
|AdpositionCases =
|AdpositionNumber = yes
|AdpositionTenses =
|AdpositionPerson =
|AdpositionMoods =
|AdpositionVoices =

|ArticleGender = yes
|ArticleCases = yes
|ArticleNumber = yes
|ArticleTenses =
|ArticlePerson =
|ArticleMoods =
|ArticleVoices =

|ParticleGender =
|ParticleCases =
|ParticleNumber =
|ParticleTenses =
|ParticlePerson =
|ParticleMoods =
|ParticleVoices =
}}

=Phonology=

==Alphabet==

Oxman alphabet uses letters from Latin alphabet and contains 25 characters:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Letters'''
|'''Pronunciation'''
|'''Further information'''
|-
|a
|[a]
|short 'a'
|-
|b
|[b]
|like in English
|-
|c
|[tʃ]
|like the English 'ch' in 'church'
|-
|d
|[d]
|like in English
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e:]
|in plural cluster -es it is not pronounced
|-
|f
|[f]
|like in English
|-
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronunced as in the English word "get"
|-
|h
|[h]
|like in English
|-
|i
|[ɪ]
|short 'i'
|-
|j
|[j]
|like English 'y'
|-
|k
|[k]
|like in English
|-
|l
|[l]
|like in English
|-
|m
|[m]
|like in English
|-
|n
|[n]
|like in English
|-
|o
|[ɔ] / [oʊ:]
|like in English
|-
|p
|[p]
|like in English
|-
|q
|[k]
|often followed by 'u', in latin words beginning with 'qu'
|-
|r
|[r]
|trilled just as in Dutch or in Italian
|-
|s
|[s]
|can be either voiced or voiceless
|-
|t
|[t]
|like in English
|-
|u
|[œ]
|short 'u' in 'but'
|-
|v
|[v]
|like in English
|-
|w
|[ʋ]
|between 'v' and 'w', just as in Dutch
|-
|y
|[j]
|between French letter 'j' in 'jouer' and English 'y' in 'year', as a vowel like a French 'u' or as English 'y' in 'why' when at the end of a word followed by a 'e' (cf. Oxman 'wye?' meaning 'why?' pronounced as in English);
|-
|æ
|[ɑ:]
|long 'a'
|-
|œ
|[u]
|as 'oo' in 'boot'
|}

==Consonantic phonemes==

Oxman language has the following consonantic phonemes:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" {{Table/bluetable}} style="width: 860px; "
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; "|
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Bilabial
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Labio-dental
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Dental
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Alveolar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Post-alveolar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Palatal
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Labio-Velar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Velar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Glottal
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Nasal
| style="text-align: center;"|m
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|n
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|(ŋ)
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Plosive
| style="text-align: center;"|p b
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|t d
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|k g
| style="text-align: center;"|ʔ
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Fricative
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|f v
| style="text-align: center;"|θ ð
| style="text-align: center;"|s z
| style="text-align: center;"|ʃ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|x
| style="text-align: center;"|h
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Affricate
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ts dz
| style="text-align: center;"|tʃ dʒ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Approximant
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ɹ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|j
| style="text-align: center;"|ʍ w
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Lateral
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|l
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|}

==Vocalic phonemes==

Oxman shows the following vowels:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! rowspan="2" colspan="1"|'''Phonemes'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Short'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Long'''
|-
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-
!'''Closed'''
|ɪ
|ʊ
|i:
|u:
|-
!'''Mid-closed'''
|
|
|e:
|o:
|-
!'''Mid-open'''
|ɛ
|ɔ
|
|
|-
!'''Open'''
|a
|
|
|ɑ:
|}

==Diphthongs and digraphs==

Oxman has also twenty diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Diphthongs'''
|'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|ai
|[ɑ:ɪ]
|-
|au
|[ɑ:ʊ]
|-
|ea
|[e:ɪ]
|-
|eo
|[e:ʊ]
|-
|ei
|[ɛɪ]
|-
|ue
|[y:ə]
|-
|ou
|[o:ʊ]
|}

==Stress==

The position of stress in this language is quite regular, because it falls on the root and thus there are few rules to observe:

* In substantives (and in adjectives and adverbs) the stress generally falls on the first syllable, but if they are compound nouns / adjectives, formed by prefix + noun / adjective, the stress falls on the root syllable of the noun / adjective. In compounds which are formed by noun / adjective + noun / adjective, the various words are read as if they were written separately;

* In verbs the stress falls always on the root, even if they are compounds, ex.: ''emæke'', "to make up", is read as [ə'ma:kə].

=Grammar=

==Nouns, gender and number==

Oxman language has got only two genders: common gender and neuter gender. The previously masculine and feminine words have merged into the common gender, whereas neuter words have remained neuter, even if in some cases there has been a gender switch.

Nouns can be both singular (denoting just one object) and plural (denoting more than one object). The formation of plural is simple, because there is only one ways to form it:

* All nouns take -es suffix (-s if the nouns ends with 'r' or 'l'), the <e> in this suffix is generally not pronounced;

However a few nouns show irregular endings.

==Articles==

Two kinds of article exist in Oxman: indefinite and definite article.

The indefinite article has got no plural form and the singular one is the same for all the genders: '''ean'''. This article is used to talk about things, facts, beings that are introduces for the first time into the conversation, that is we use the indefinite article to talk about new and not known informations, to talk about undetermined informations.

The definite article is '''thie''' for common nouns and for all genders at plural forms, but for singular neuter it is '''that'''. The definite article is used to talk about well known things, facts, beings instead.

==Adjectives==

The adjectives always precede the noun to whom they refer. Adjectives take a single '''-e''' ending when the noun it refers to is common, or at plural form. Singular neuter nouns don't cause endings on the adjectives.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Strong singular'''
|'''Strong plural / Weak'''
|'''Meaning'''
|-
|gœd
|gœde
|good
|-
|ald
|alde
|old
|-
|yung
|yunge
|young
|-
|road
|rode*
|red
|-
|long
|longe
|long
|-
|heat
|hete*
|hot
|}

* long vowels 'ea' and 'oa' shrink when an ending is added into 'e' and 'o'. Example: 'leve' (''to live'') but 'ic leaf' (''I live'').

===Comparative===

The higher degree comparative is formed with the suffix '-or'. The second term of comparation is introduced by ''thon'' and is in the same case of the first, ex.:

* ''Ean ebowod hoyor thon ean trie'' - A building higher than a tree.

Just like in English and somtimes in Dutch, long adjectives form their comparative by adding the word 'mear' before the adjective. It corresponds to the 'more' formation in English.

====Adjectives with an irregular higher degree comparative====

Some adjectives have got an irregular form of higher degree comparative:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Positive'''
|'''Strong comparative'''
|'''Weak comparative'''
|-
|gœd
|betor
|betre
|-
|uvol (bad)
|wierse
|wierse
|-
|uvol (inferior)
|sambor (rare)
|sambre (rare)
|-
|luttol
|smallor
|smalre
|-
|weney
|mindor
|mindre
|-
|ald
|eldor
|eldre
|-
|yung
|yongor
|yongre
|-
|strong (strict)
|strengor
|strengre
|-
|long
|lengor
|lengre
|-
|foar (fore)
|furmor
|furmre
|-
|fer (far)
|ferthor
|ferthre
|-
|mæney/micol (many, much)
|mear
|mere
|}

===Superlative===

The superlative degree is formed with the suffix '-ost' (some irregular adjectives form it with '-st').

* ''Thie sconost blœm in thie werold'' - The most beautiful flower in the world.

====Adjectives with an irregular superlative====

The same adjectives that have an irregular higher degree comparative have got also an irregular superlative form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Positive'''
|'''Strong superlative'''
|'''Weak superlative'''
|-
|gœd
|best
|beste
|-
|uvol (bad)
|wierst
|wierste
|-
|uvol (inferior)
|sambost (rare)
|sambste (rare)
|-
|luttol
|smallost
|smalste
|-
|weney
|minst
|minste
|-
|ald
|eldost
|eldste
|-
|yung
|yongost
|yongste
|-
|fer
|ferthost
|ferthste
|-
|strong
|strengost
|stengste
|-
|long
|lengost
|lengste
|-
|foar
|furmost
|furmste
|-
|mæney/micol (many, much)
|meast
|measte
|}

===Numerals===

Numerals don't inflect. Here are the numerals from 0 to 100:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Number'''
|'''Cardinal'''
|'''Ordinal'''
|-
|0
|nieght
| -
|-
|1
|ene
|earst (time), furst (place)
|-
|2
|twea
|tweathe
|-
|3
|thrie
|therde
|-
|4
|fier
|fierthe
|-
|5
|faif
|fifthe
|-
|6
|sex
|sexthe
|-
|7
|sevon
|sevonthe
|-
|8
|aght
|aghtthe
|-
|9
|neyon
|neyonthe
|-
|10
|tien
|tenthe
|-
|11
|elvon
|elfthe
|-
|12
|twelf
|twelfthe
|-
|13
|thertien
|thertenthe
|-
|14
|fiertien
|fiertenthe
|-
|15
|fiftien
|fiftenthe
|-
|16
|sextien
|sextenthe
|-
|17
|sevontien
|sevontenthe
|-
|18
|aghttien
|aghttenthe
|-
|19
|neyontien
|neyontenthe
|-
|20
|twintey
|twinteythe
|-
|21
|ean-ond-twintey
|ean-ond-twinteythe
|-
|22
|twea-ond-twintey
|twea-ond-twinteythe
|-
|30
|thertey
|therteythe
|-
|40
|fiertey
|fierteythe
|-
|50
|fiftey
|fifteythe
|-
|60
|sextey
|sexteythe
|-
|70
|sevontey
|sevonteythe
|-
|80
|aghttey
|aghtteythe
|-
|90
|neyontey
|neyonteythe
|-
|100
|hundrod
|hundrodthe
|}

===Personal pronouns===

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''1st person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Subject'''
|colspan=2|ic
|colspan="2"|wie
|-
!'''Object 1'''
|colspan="2"|my
|colspan="2"|us
|-
!'''Object 2'''
|colspan="2"|mye
|colspan="2"|us
|-
!'''Possessive'''
|colspan="2"|main
|colspan="2"|ure
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''2nd person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Subject'''
|colspan="2"|thu
|colspan="2"|yie
|-
!'''Object 1'''
|colspan="2"|thy
|colspan="2"|yow, yiew*
|-
!'''Object 2'''
|colspan="2"|thye
|colspan="2"|yow, yiew*
|-
!'''Possessive'''
|colspan="2"|thain
|colspan="2"|yore, yiere*
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''3rd person'''
|-
!'''Masculine'''
!'''Feminine'''
!'''Neuter'''
!'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Subject'''
|hie
|sie
|hit
|hea
|-
!'''Object 1'''
|hine, him**
|sie, hir**
|him, hit**
|hea, heam**
|-
!'''Object 2'''
|him
|hir
|hit
|heam
|-
!'''Genitive'''
|his
|hir
|his
|hiere
|}
* Dialectal or archaic forms.
** Common errors, often found in vulgar language

== Verbs ==

===Inflections===

Here are some very important verbs, their auxiliary verb for compound tenses and their meaning:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Infinitive'''
|'''1st person'''
|'''2nd person'''
|'''3rd person'''
|'''plural persons'''
|'''singular preterit'''
|'''plural preterit'''
|'''past participle'''
|'''Auxiliary'''
|'''Meaning'''
|-
|hebbe
|heb
|hæst
|hæth
|hebbeth
|had
|hadden
|ehad
|hebbe
|''to have''
|-
|wese
|bie
|bist
|is
|sind
|was
|waren
|ewesen
|wese
|''to be''
|-
|dœ
|dœ
|dost
|doth
|dœth
|dead
|deden
|edæn
|hebbe
|''to do''
|-
|gæ
|gæ
|gast
|gath
|gæth
|iede
|ieden
|egæn, egongen
|wese
|''to go''
|-
|fære
|fær
|farst
|farth
|færeth
|fœr
|fœren
|efæren
|wese
|''to go''
|-
|flieye
|fliey
|flieyst
|flieyth
|flieyeth
|floay
|floyen
|efloyen
|wese
|''to fly''
|-
|sie
|sie
|siest
|sieth
|sieth
|say
|sayen
|esien
|hebbe
|''to see''
|-
|leye
|ley
|leyst
|leyth
|leyeth
|leide
|leiden
|eleid
|hebbe
|''to lay''
|-
|mœte
|mœt
|mœst
|mœt
|mœteth
|mœste
|mœsten
|—
|hebbe
|''to may, must''
|-
|kume
|kum
|komst
|komth
|kumeth
|kwam
|kwamen
|ekomen
|wese
|''to come''
|-
|kunne
|kan
|kanst
|kan
|kunneth
|kuthe
|kuthen
|ekuth
|hebbe
|''can''
|-
|seye
|sey
|seyst
|seyth
|seyeth
|seide
|seiden
|eseid
|hebbe
|''to say''
|-
|fortelle
|fortell
|fortelst
|fortelth
|fortelleth
|fortelde
|fortelden
|forteld
|hebbe
|''to tell''
|-
|wite
|weat
|weast
|weat
|witeth
|wiste
|wisten
|ewiten
|hebbe
|''to know''
|-
|knæwe
|knæw
|knawst
|knawth
|knæweth
|kniew
|kniewen
|eknowen
|hebbe
|''to recognise''
|-
|wille
|will
|wilt
|will
|willeth
|wolde
|wolden
|ewild
|hebbe
|''to want to''
|-
|sculle
|scall
|scalt
|scall
|sculleth
|scolde
|scolden
|—
|hebbe
|''to shall, must''
|-
|sterve
|sterf
|stirfst
|stirfth
|sterveth
|starf
|starven
|estorven
|wese
|''to die''
|-
|mæke
|mæk
|mækst
|mækth
|mæketh
|mækte
|mækten
|emækod
|hebbe
|''to make''
|-
|ete
|eat
|eatst (older itst)
|eatth (older itth)
|eteth
|at
|aten
|eyeten
|hebbe
|''to eat''
|-
|muye
|may
|maist
|may
|muyeth
|moghte
|moghten
|emuyen
|hebbe
|''to may''
|}

===Indefinites===

Indefinites give us incomplete informations, because they don't define the precise quantity or the identity:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Indefinite'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
|evenman
|somebody
|-
|evenean
|someone
|-
|evending
|something/anything
|-
|evenwær
|somewhere
|-
|neaman
|nobody
|-
|newær
|nowhere
|-
|nene (also neëne)
|none
|-
|neding
|nothing
|-
|enyman
|anybody
|-
|enyene
|anyone
|-
|enyding
|anything
|-
|enywær
|anywhere
|-
|theyene
|the one (who)
|-
|thatean
|that one (which)
|-
|elc
|each
|-
|all
|all
|-
|othor
|other
|}

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

[[Category:Germanic]]

Oxman

2013-06-02T11:18:07Z

Ealdwimor: /* Inflections */

{{private}}

{{ClassMeter
|Name = Oxman
|NativeName = Oxmansc
|Type = Mixed
|Alignment = Nominative-Accusative

|adjective = final
|adposition = final
|adverb= initial
|article= initial
|relativeclause = final
|nounclause = final
|order = SVO

|Tonal = yes
|Declined = no
|Conjugated = yes
|Genders = 2
|NCase = no
|NNumber = yes
|NDefiniteness = no
|NGender = yes
|VVoice = yes
|VMood = yes
|VPerson = yes
|VNumber = yes
|VTense = yes
|VAspect = yes

|Phonology=100
|NounCases=100
|NounDef=100
|NounNumbers=100
|NounGender=100
|VerbPerson=100
|VerbNumber=100
|VerbAspect=100
|VerbTense=100
|VerbMood=80
|VerbVoice=50
|AdjCase=100
|AdjNumber=100
|AdjDef=100
|AdjGen=100
|AdjComparative=100
|AdjSuperlative=100
|AdjGen=100
|Supine=100
|Gerund=100
|Participle=100
|Infinitive=100
|Modality=70
|Words=0}}

=General informations=

[[File:oxman speaking-area.png|365px|thumb|right|''Oxmansc-sprekend raum - Oxman speaking area'']]

'''Oxman''' is a Germanic language spoken in the ''Duché du Héron'' (= Shire of Le Héron), a shire that corresponds to the eastern region of Seine-Marirtime in France.
This language has evolved from [[Old Oxman]] which evolved from [[Old Auregan]] which is the first recorded form of Auregan language. Auregan language area corresponds to the "Vexin Normand" (a region situated just south to "Duché du héron"). A Oxman speaking colony also exists near the city of Coventry, Warwickshire, Midlands, England.
Oxman is a West-Germanic language that is strongly linked to Dutch, Modern English, Low German and Modern German.

Here is a table which sums up the main characteristics of this language:

{{agreement
|VerbGender =
|VerbCases =
|VerbNumber = yes
|VerbTenses = yes
|VerbPerson = yes
|VerbMoods = yes
|VerbVoices = yes
|VerbAspect = yes

|NounGender = yes
|NounCases =
|NounNumber = yes
|NounTenses =
|NounPerson =
|NounMoods =
|NounVoices =

|AdjectiveGender =
|AdjectiveCases =
|AdjectiveNumber = yes
|AdjectiveTenses =
|AdjectivePerson =
|AdjectiveMoods =
|AdjectiveVoices =

|NumberGender =
|NumberCases =
|NumberNumber =
|NumberTenses =
|NumberPerson =
|NumberMoods =
|NumberVoices =

|ParticipleGender =
|ParticipleCases =
|ParticipleNumber = yes
|ParticipleTenses =
|ParticiplePerson =
|ParticipleMoods =
|ParticipleVoices = yes

|AdverbGender =
|AdverbCases =
|AdverbNumber =
|AdverbTenses =
|AdverbPerson =
|AdverbMoods =
|AdverbVoices =

|PronounGender = yes
|PronounCases = yes
|PronounNumber = yes
|PronounTenses =
|PronounPerson = yes
|PronounMoods =
|PronounVoices =

|AdpositionGender = yes
|AdpositionCases =
|AdpositionNumber = yes
|AdpositionTenses =
|AdpositionPerson =
|AdpositionMoods =
|AdpositionVoices =

|ArticleGender = yes
|ArticleCases = yes
|ArticleNumber = yes
|ArticleTenses =
|ArticlePerson =
|ArticleMoods =
|ArticleVoices =

|ParticleGender =
|ParticleCases =
|ParticleNumber =
|ParticleTenses =
|ParticlePerson =
|ParticleMoods =
|ParticleVoices =
}}

=Phonology=

==Alphabet==

Oxman alphabet uses letters from Latin alphabet and contains 25 characters:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Letters'''
|'''Pronunciation'''
|'''Further information'''
|-
|a
|[a]
|short 'a'
|-
|b
|[b]
|like in English
|-
|c
|[tʃ]
|like the English 'ch' in 'church'
|-
|d
|[d]
|like in English
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e:]
|in plural cluster -es it is not pronounced
|-
|f
|[f]
|like in English
|-
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronunced as in the English word "get"
|-
|h
|[h]
|like in English
|-
|i
|[ɪ]
|short 'i'
|-
|j
|[j]
|like English 'y'
|-
|k
|[k]
|like in English
|-
|l
|[l]
|like in English
|-
|m
|[m]
|like in English
|-
|n
|[n]
|like in English
|-
|o
|[ɔ] / [oʊ:]
|like in English
|-
|p
|[p]
|like in English
|-
|q
|[k]
|often followed by 'u', in latin words beginning with 'qu'
|-
|r
|[r]
|trilled just as in Dutch or in Italian
|-
|s
|[s]
|can be either voiced or voiceless
|-
|t
|[t]
|like in English
|-
|u
|[œ]
|short 'u' in 'but'
|-
|v
|[v]
|like in English
|-
|w
|[ʋ]
|between 'v' and 'w', just as in Dutch
|-
|y
|[j]
|between French letter 'j' in 'jouer' and English 'y' in 'year', as a vowel like a French 'u' or as English 'y' in 'why' when at the end of a word followed by a 'e' (cf. Oxman 'wye?' meaning 'why?' pronounced as in English);
|-
|æ
|[ɑ:]
|long 'a'
|-
|œ
|[u]
|as 'oo' in 'boot'
|}

==Consonantic phonemes==

Oxman language has the following consonantic phonemes:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" {{Table/bluetable}} style="width: 860px; "
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; "|
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Bilabial
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Labio-dental
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Dental
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Alveolar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Post-alveolar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Palatal
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Labio-Velar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Velar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Glottal
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Nasal
| style="text-align: center;"|m
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|n
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|(ŋ)
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Plosive
| style="text-align: center;"|p b
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|t d
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|k g
| style="text-align: center;"|ʔ
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Fricative
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|f v
| style="text-align: center;"|θ ð
| style="text-align: center;"|s z
| style="text-align: center;"|ʃ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|x
| style="text-align: center;"|h
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Affricate
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ts dz
| style="text-align: center;"|tʃ dʒ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Approximant
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ɹ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|j
| style="text-align: center;"|ʍ w
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Lateral
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|l
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|}

==Vocalic phonemes==

Oxman shows the following vowels:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! rowspan="2" colspan="1"|'''Phonemes'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Short'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Long'''
|-
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-
!'''Closed'''
|ɪ
|ʊ
|i:
|u:
|-
!'''Mid-closed'''
|
|
|e:
|o:
|-
!'''Mid-open'''
|ɛ
|ɔ
|
|
|-
!'''Open'''
|a
|
|
|ɑ:
|}

==Diphthongs and digraphs==

Oxman has also twenty diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Diphthongs'''
|'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|ai
|[ɑ:ɪ]
|-
|au
|[ɑ:ʊ]
|-
|ea
|[e:ɪ]
|-
|eo
|[e:ʊ]
|-
|ei
|[ɛɪ]
|-
|ue
|[y:ə]
|-
|ou
|[o:ʊ]
|}

==Stress==

The position of stress in this language is quite regular, because it falls on the root and thus there are few rules to observe:

* In substantives (and in adjectives and adverbs) the stress generally falls on the first syllable, but if they are compound nouns / adjectives, formed by prefix + noun / adjective, the stress falls on the root syllable of the noun / adjective. In compounds which are formed by noun / adjective + noun / adjective, the various words are read as if they were written separately;

* In verbs the stress falls always on the root, even if they are compounds, ex.: ''emæke'', "to make up", is read as [ə'ma:kə].

=Grammar=

==Nouns, gender and number==

Oxman language has got only two genders: common gender and neuter gender. The previously masculine and feminine words have merged into the common gender, whereas neuter words have remained neuter, even if in some cases there has been a gender switch.

Nouns can be both singular (denoting just one object) and plural (denoting more than one object). The formation of plural is simple, because there is only one ways to form it:

* All nouns take -es suffix (-s if the nouns ends with 'r' or 'l'), the <e> in this suffix is generally not pronounced;

However a few nouns show irregular endings.

==Articles==

Two kinds of article exist in Oxman: indefinite and definite article.

The indefinite article has got no plural form and the singular one is the same for all the genders: '''ean'''. This article is used to talk about things, facts, beings that are introduces for the first time into the conversation, that is we use the indefinite article to talk about new and not known informations, to talk about undetermined informations.

The definite article is '''thie''' for common nouns and for all genders at plural forms, but for singular neuter it is '''that'''. The definite article is used to talk about well known things, facts, beings instead.

==Adjectives==

The adjectives always precede the noun to whom they refer. Adjectives take a single '''-e''' ending when the noun it refers to is common, or at plural form. Singular neuter nouns don't cause endings on the adjectives.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Strong singular'''
|'''Strong plural / Weak'''
|'''Meaning'''
|-
|gœd
|gœde
|good
|-
|ald
|alde
|old
|-
|yung
|yunge
|young
|-
|road
|rode*
|red
|-
|long
|longe
|long
|-
|heat
|hete*
|hot
|}

* long vowels 'ea' and 'oa' shrink when an ending is added into 'e' and 'o'. Example: 'leve' (''to live'') but 'ic leaf' (''I live'').

===Comparative===

The higher degree comparative is formed with the suffix '-or'. The second term of comparation is introduced by ''thon'' and is in the same case of the first, ex.:

* ''Ean ebowod hoyor thon ean trie'' - A building higher than a tree.

Just like in English and somtimes in Dutch, long adjectives form their comparative by adding the word 'mear' before the adjective. It corresponds to the 'more' formation in English.

====Adjectives with an irregular higher degree comparative====

Some adjectives have got an irregular form of higher degree comparative:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Positive'''
|'''Strong comparative'''
|'''Weak comparative'''
|-
|gœd
|betor
|betre
|-
|uvol (bad)
|wierse
|wierse
|-
|uvol (inferior)
|sambor (rare)
|sambre (rare)
|-
|luttol
|smallor
|smalre
|-
|weney
|mindor
|mindre
|-
|ald
|eldor
|eldre
|-
|yung
|yongor
|yongre
|-
|strong (strict)
|strengor
|strengre
|-
|long
|lengor
|lengre
|-
|foar (fore)
|furmor
|furmre
|-
|fer (far)
|ferthor
|ferthre
|-
|mæney/micol (many, much)
|mear
|mere
|}

===Superlative===

The superlative degree is formed with the suffix '-ost' (some irregular adjectives form it with '-st').

* ''Thie sconost blœm in thie werold'' - The most beautiful flower in the world.

====Adjectives with an irregular superlative====

The same adjectives that have an irregular higher degree comparative have got also an irregular superlative form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Positive'''
|'''Strong superlative'''
|'''Weak superlative'''
|-
|gœd
|best
|beste
|-
|uvol (bad)
|wierst
|wierste
|-
|uvol (inferior)
|sambost (rare)
|sambste (rare)
|-
|luttol
|smallost
|smalste
|-
|weney
|minst
|minste
|-
|ald
|eldost
|eldste
|-
|yung
|yongost
|yongste
|-
|fer
|ferthost
|ferthste
|-
|strong
|strengost
|stengste
|-
|long
|lengost
|lengste
|-
|foar
|furmost
|furmste
|-
|mæney/micol (many, much)
|meast
|measte
|}

===Numerals===

Numerals don't inflect. Here are the numerals from 0 to 100:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Number'''
|'''Cardinal'''
|'''Ordinal'''
|-
|0
|nieght
| -
|-
|1
|ene
|earst (time), furst (place)
|-
|2
|twea
|tweathe
|-
|3
|thrie
|therde
|-
|4
|fier
|fierthe
|-
|5
|faif
|fifthe
|-
|6
|sex
|sexthe
|-
|7
|sevon
|sevonthe
|-
|8
|aght
|aghtthe
|-
|9
|neyon
|neyonthe
|-
|10
|tien
|tenthe
|-
|11
|elvon
|elfthe
|-
|12
|twelf
|twelfthe
|-
|13
|thertien
|thertenthe
|-
|14
|fiertien
|fiertenthe
|-
|15
|fiftien
|fiftenthe
|-
|16
|sextien
|sextenthe
|-
|17
|sevontien
|sevontenthe
|-
|18
|aghttien
|aghttenthe
|-
|19
|neyontien
|neyontenthe
|-
|20
|twintey
|twinteythe
|-
|21
|ean-ond-twintey
|ean-ond-twinteythe
|-
|22
|twea-ond-twintey
|twea-ond-twinteythe
|-
|30
|thertey
|therteythe
|-
|40
|fiertey
|fierteythe
|-
|50
|fiftey
|fifteythe
|-
|60
|sextey
|sexteythe
|-
|70
|sevontey
|sevonteythe
|-
|80
|aghttey
|aghtteythe
|-
|90
|neyontey
|neyonteythe
|-
|100
|hundrod
|hundrodthe
|}

===Personal pronouns===

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''1st person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Subject'''
|colspan=2|ic
|colspan="2"|wie
|-
!'''Object 1'''
|colspan="2"|my
|colspan="2"|us
|-
!'''Object 2'''
|colspan="2"|mye
|colspan="2"|us
|-
!'''Possessive'''
|colspan="2"|main
|colspan="2"|ure
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''2nd person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Subject'''
|colspan="2"|thu
|colspan="2"|yie
|-
!'''Object 1'''
|colspan="2"|thy
|colspan="2"|yow, yiew*
|-
!'''Object 2'''
|colspan="2"|thye
|colspan="2"|yow, yiew*
|-
!'''Possessive'''
|colspan="2"|thain
|colspan="2"|yore, yiere*
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''3rd person'''
|-
!'''Masculine'''
!'''Feminine'''
!'''Neuter'''
!'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Subject'''
|hie
|sie
|hit
|hea
|-
!'''Object 1'''
|hine, him**
|sie, hir**
|him, hit**
|hea, heam**
|-
!'''Object 2'''
|him
|hir
|hit
|heam
|-
!'''Genitive'''
|his
|hir
|his
|hiere
|}
* Dialectal or archaic forms.
** Common errors, often found in vulgar language

== Verbs ==

===Inflections===

Here are some very important verbs, their auxiliary verb for compound tenses and their meaning:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Infinitive'''
|'''1st person'''
|'''2nd person'''
|'''3rd person'''
|'''plural persons'''
|'''singular preterit'''
|'''plural preterit'''
|'''past participle'''
|'''Auxiliary'''
|'''Meaning'''
|-
|hebbe
|heb
|hæst
|hæth
|hebbeth
|had
|hadden
|ehad
|hebbe
|''to have''
|-
|wese
|bie
|bist
|is
|sind
|was
|waren
|ewesen
|wese
|''to be''
|-
|dœ
|dœ
|dost
|doth
|dœth
|dead
|deden
|edæn
|hebbe
|''to do''
|-
|gæ
|gæ
|gast
|gath
|gæth
|iede
|ieden
|egæn, egongen
|wese
|''to go''
|-
|fære
|fær
|farst
|farth
|færeth
|fœr
|fœren
|efæren
|wese
|''to go''
|-
|flieye
|fliey
|flieyst
|flieyth
|flieyeth
|floay
|floyen
|efloyen
|wese
|''to fly''
|-
|sie
|sie
|siest
|sieth
|sieth
|say
|sayen
|esien
|hebbe
|''to see''
|-
|leye
|ley
|leyst
|leyth
|leyeth
|leide
|leiden
|eleid
|hebbe
|''to lay''
|-
|mœte
|mœt
|mœst
|mœt
|mœteth
|mœste
|mœsten
|--
|hebbe
|''to may, must''
|-
|kume
|kum
|komst
|komth
|kometh
|kwam
|kwamen
|ekomen
|wese
|''to come''
|-
|kunne
|kan
|kanst
|kan
|kunneth
|kuthe
|kuthen
|ekuth
|hebbe
|''can''
|-
|seye
|sey
|seyst
|seyth
|seyeth
|seide
|seiden
|eseid
|hebbe
|''to say''
|-
|fortelle
|fortell
|fortelst
|fortelth
|fortelleth
|fortelde
|fortelden
|forteld
|hebbe
|''to tell''
|-
|wite
|weat
|weast
|weat
|witeth
|wiste
|wisten
|ewiten
|hebbe
|''to know''
|-
|knæwe
|knæw
|knawst
|knawth
|knæweth
|kniew
|kniewen
|eknowen
|hebbe
|''to recognise''
|-
|wille
|will
|wilt
|will
|willeth
|wolde
|wolden
|ewild
|hebbe
|''to want to''
|-
|sculle
|scall
|scalt
|scall
|sculleth
|scolde
|scolden
|--
|hebbe
|''to shall, must''
|-
|sterve
|sterf
|stirfst
|stirfth
|sterveth
|starf
|starven
|estorven
|wese
|''to die''
|-
|mæke
|mæk
|mækst
|mækth
|mæketh
|mækte
|mækten
|emækod
|hebbe
|''to make''
|-
|ete
|eat
|eatst (older itst)
|eatth (older itth)
|eteth
|at
|aten
|eyeten
|hebbe
|''to eat''
|-
|muye
|may
|maist
|may
|muyeth
|moghte
|moghten
|emuyen
|hebbe
|''to may''
|}

===Indefinites===

Indefinites give us incomplete informations, because they don't define the precise quantity or the identity:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Indefinite'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
|evenman
|somebody
|-
|evenean
|someone
|-
|evending
|something/anything
|-
|evenwær
|somewhere
|-
|neaman
|nobody
|-
|newær
|nowhere
|-
|nene (also neëne)
|none
|-
|neding
|nothing
|-
|enyman
|anybody
|-
|enyene
|anyone
|-
|enyding
|anything
|-
|enywær
|anywhere
|-
|theyene
|the one (who)
|-
|thatean
|that one (which)
|-
|elc
|each
|-
|all
|all
|-
|othor
|other
|}

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

[[Category:Germanic]]

Oxman

2013-06-01T11:47:10Z

Ealdwimor: /* Personal pronouns */

{{private}}

{{ClassMeter
|Name = Oxman
|NativeName = Oxmansc
|Type = Mixed
|Alignment = Nominative-Accusative

|adjective = final
|adposition = final
|adverb= initial
|article= initial
|relativeclause = final
|nounclause = final
|order = SVO

|Tonal = yes
|Declined = no
|Conjugated = yes
|Genders = 2
|NCase = no
|NNumber = yes
|NDefiniteness = no
|NGender = yes
|VVoice = yes
|VMood = yes
|VPerson = yes
|VNumber = yes
|VTense = yes
|VAspect = yes

|Phonology=100
|NounCases=100
|NounDef=100
|NounNumbers=100
|NounGender=100
|VerbPerson=100
|VerbNumber=100
|VerbAspect=100
|VerbTense=100
|VerbMood=80
|VerbVoice=50
|AdjCase=100
|AdjNumber=100
|AdjDef=100
|AdjGen=100
|AdjComparative=100
|AdjSuperlative=100
|AdjGen=100
|Supine=100
|Gerund=100
|Participle=100
|Infinitive=100
|Modality=70
|Words=0}}

=General informations=

[[File:oxman speaking-area.png|365px|thumb|right|''Oxmansc-sprekend raum - Oxman speaking area'']]

'''Oxman''' is a Germanic language spoken in the ''Duché du Héron'' (= Shire of Le Héron), a shire that corresponds to the eastern region of Seine-Marirtime in France.
This language has evolved from [[Old Oxman]] which evolved from [[Old Auregan]] which is the first recorded form of Auregan language. Auregan language area corresponds to the "Vexin Normand" (a region situated just south to "Duché du héron"). A Oxman speaking colony also exists near the city of Coventry, Warwickshire, Midlands, England.
Oxman is a West-Germanic language that is strongly linked to Dutch, Modern English, Low German and Modern German.

Here is a table which sums up the main characteristics of this language:

{{agreement
|VerbGender =
|VerbCases =
|VerbNumber = yes
|VerbTenses = yes
|VerbPerson = yes
|VerbMoods = yes
|VerbVoices = yes
|VerbAspect = yes

|NounGender = yes
|NounCases =
|NounNumber = yes
|NounTenses =
|NounPerson =
|NounMoods =
|NounVoices =

|AdjectiveGender =
|AdjectiveCases =
|AdjectiveNumber = yes
|AdjectiveTenses =
|AdjectivePerson =
|AdjectiveMoods =
|AdjectiveVoices =

|NumberGender =
|NumberCases =
|NumberNumber =
|NumberTenses =
|NumberPerson =
|NumberMoods =
|NumberVoices =

|ParticipleGender =
|ParticipleCases =
|ParticipleNumber = yes
|ParticipleTenses =
|ParticiplePerson =
|ParticipleMoods =
|ParticipleVoices = yes

|AdverbGender =
|AdverbCases =
|AdverbNumber =
|AdverbTenses =
|AdverbPerson =
|AdverbMoods =
|AdverbVoices =

|PronounGender = yes
|PronounCases = yes
|PronounNumber = yes
|PronounTenses =
|PronounPerson = yes
|PronounMoods =
|PronounVoices =

|AdpositionGender = yes
|AdpositionCases =
|AdpositionNumber = yes
|AdpositionTenses =
|AdpositionPerson =
|AdpositionMoods =
|AdpositionVoices =

|ArticleGender = yes
|ArticleCases = yes
|ArticleNumber = yes
|ArticleTenses =
|ArticlePerson =
|ArticleMoods =
|ArticleVoices =

|ParticleGender =
|ParticleCases =
|ParticleNumber =
|ParticleTenses =
|ParticlePerson =
|ParticleMoods =
|ParticleVoices =
}}

=Phonology=

==Alphabet==

Oxman alphabet uses letters from Latin alphabet and contains 25 characters:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Letters'''
|'''Pronunciation'''
|'''Further information'''
|-
|a
|[a]
|short 'a'
|-
|b
|[b]
|like in English
|-
|c
|[tʃ]
|like the English 'ch' in 'church'
|-
|d
|[d]
|like in English
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e:]
|in plural cluster -es it is not pronounced
|-
|f
|[f]
|like in English
|-
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronunced as in the English word "get"
|-
|h
|[h]
|like in English
|-
|i
|[ɪ]
|short 'i'
|-
|j
|[j]
|like English 'y'
|-
|k
|[k]
|like in English
|-
|l
|[l]
|like in English
|-
|m
|[m]
|like in English
|-
|n
|[n]
|like in English
|-
|o
|[ɔ] / [oʊ:]
|like in English
|-
|p
|[p]
|like in English
|-
|q
|[k]
|often followed by 'u', in latin words beginning with 'qu'
|-
|r
|[r]
|trilled just as in Dutch or in Italian
|-
|s
|[s]
|can be either voiced or voiceless
|-
|t
|[t]
|like in English
|-
|u
|[œ]
|short 'u' in 'but'
|-
|v
|[v]
|like in English
|-
|w
|[ʋ]
|between 'v' and 'w', just as in Dutch
|-
|y
|[j]
|between French letter 'j' in 'jouer' and English 'y' in 'year', as a vowel like a French 'u' or as English 'y' in 'why' when at the end of a word followed by a 'e' (cf. Oxman 'wye?' meaning 'why?' pronounced as in English);
|-
|æ
|[ɑ:]
|long 'a'
|-
|œ
|[u]
|as 'oo' in 'boot'
|}

==Consonantic phonemes==

Oxman language has the following consonantic phonemes:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" {{Table/bluetable}} style="width: 860px; "
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; "|
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Bilabial
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Labio-dental
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Dental
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Alveolar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Post-alveolar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Palatal
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Labio-Velar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Velar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Glottal
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Nasal
| style="text-align: center;"|m
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|n
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|(ŋ)
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Plosive
| style="text-align: center;"|p b
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|t d
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|k g
| style="text-align: center;"|ʔ
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Fricative
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|f v
| style="text-align: center;"|θ ð
| style="text-align: center;"|s z
| style="text-align: center;"|ʃ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|x
| style="text-align: center;"|h
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Affricate
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ts dz
| style="text-align: center;"|tʃ dʒ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Approximant
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ɹ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|j
| style="text-align: center;"|ʍ w
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Lateral
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|l
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|}

==Vocalic phonemes==

Oxman shows the following vowels:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! rowspan="2" colspan="1"|'''Phonemes'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Short'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Long'''
|-
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-
!'''Closed'''
|ɪ
|ʊ
|i:
|u:
|-
!'''Mid-closed'''
|
|
|e:
|o:
|-
!'''Mid-open'''
|ɛ
|ɔ
|
|
|-
!'''Open'''
|a
|
|
|ɑ:
|}

==Diphthongs and digraphs==

Oxman has also twenty diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Diphthongs'''
|'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|ai
|[ɑ:ɪ]
|-
|au
|[ɑ:ʊ]
|-
|ea
|[e:ɪ]
|-
|eo
|[e:ʊ]
|-
|ei
|[ɛɪ]
|-
|ue
|[y:ə]
|-
|ou
|[o:ʊ]
|}

==Stress==

The position of stress in this language is quite regular, because it falls on the root and thus there are few rules to observe:

* In substantives (and in adjectives and adverbs) the stress generally falls on the first syllable, but if they are compound nouns / adjectives, formed by prefix + noun / adjective, the stress falls on the root syllable of the noun / adjective. In compounds which are formed by noun / adjective + noun / adjective, the various words are read as if they were written separately;

* In verbs the stress falls always on the root, even if they are compounds, ex.: ''emæke'', "to make up", is read as [ə'ma:kə].

=Grammar=

==Nouns, gender and number==

Oxman language has got only two genders: common gender and neuter gender. The previously masculine and feminine words have merged into the common gender, whereas neuter words have remained neuter, even if in some cases there has been a gender switch.

Nouns can be both singular (denoting just one object) and plural (denoting more than one object). The formation of plural is simple, because there is only one ways to form it:

* All nouns take -es suffix (-s if the nouns ends with 'r' or 'l'), the <e> in this suffix is generally not pronounced;

However a few nouns show irregular endings.

==Articles==

Two kinds of article exist in Oxman: indefinite and definite article.

The indefinite article has got no plural form and the singular one is the same for all the genders: '''ean'''. This article is used to talk about things, facts, beings that are introduces for the first time into the conversation, that is we use the indefinite article to talk about new and not known informations, to talk about undetermined informations.

The definite article is '''thie''' for common nouns and for all genders at plural forms, but for singular neuter it is '''that'''. The definite article is used to talk about well known things, facts, beings instead.

==Adjectives==

The adjectives always precede the noun to whom they refer. Adjectives take a single '''-e''' ending when the noun it refers to is common, or at plural form. Singular neuter nouns don't cause endings on the adjectives.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Strong singular'''
|'''Strong plural / Weak'''
|'''Meaning'''
|-
|gœd
|gœde
|good
|-
|ald
|alde
|old
|-
|yung
|yunge
|young
|-
|road
|rode*
|red
|-
|long
|longe
|long
|-
|heat
|hete*
|hot
|}

* long vowels 'ea' and 'oa' shrink when an ending is added into 'e' and 'o'. Example: 'leve' (''to live'') but 'ic leaf' (''I live'').

===Comparative===

The higher degree comparative is formed with the suffix '-or'. The second term of comparation is introduced by ''thon'' and is in the same case of the first, ex.:

* ''Ean ebowod hoyor thon ean trie'' - A building higher than a tree.

Just like in English and somtimes in Dutch, long adjectives form their comparative by adding the word 'mear' before the adjective. It corresponds to the 'more' formation in English.

====Adjectives with an irregular higher degree comparative====

Some adjectives have got an irregular form of higher degree comparative:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Positive'''
|'''Strong comparative'''
|'''Weak comparative'''
|-
|gœd
|betor
|betre
|-
|uvol (bad)
|wierse
|wierse
|-
|uvol (inferior)
|sambor (rare)
|sambre (rare)
|-
|luttol
|smallor
|smalre
|-
|weney
|mindor
|mindre
|-
|ald
|eldor
|eldre
|-
|yung
|yongor
|yongre
|-
|strong (strict)
|strengor
|strengre
|-
|long
|lengor
|lengre
|-
|foar (fore)
|furmor
|furmre
|-
|fer (far)
|ferthor
|ferthre
|-
|mæney/micol (many, much)
|mear
|mere
|}

===Superlative===

The superlative degree is formed with the suffix '-ost' (some irregular adjectives form it with '-st').

* ''Thie sconost blœm in thie werold'' - The most beautiful flower in the world.

====Adjectives with an irregular superlative====

The same adjectives that have an irregular higher degree comparative have got also an irregular superlative form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Positive'''
|'''Strong superlative'''
|'''Weak superlative'''
|-
|gœd
|best
|beste
|-
|uvol (bad)
|wierst
|wierste
|-
|uvol (inferior)
|sambost (rare)
|sambste (rare)
|-
|luttol
|smallost
|smalste
|-
|weney
|minst
|minste
|-
|ald
|eldost
|eldste
|-
|yung
|yongost
|yongste
|-
|fer
|ferthost
|ferthste
|-
|strong
|strengost
|stengste
|-
|long
|lengost
|lengste
|-
|foar
|furmost
|furmste
|-
|mæney/micol (many, much)
|meast
|measte
|}

===Numerals===

Numerals don't inflect. Here are the numerals from 0 to 100:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Number'''
|'''Cardinal'''
|'''Ordinal'''
|-
|0
|nieght
| -
|-
|1
|ene
|earst (time), furst (place)
|-
|2
|twea
|tweathe
|-
|3
|thrie
|therde
|-
|4
|fier
|fierthe
|-
|5
|faif
|fifthe
|-
|6
|sex
|sexthe
|-
|7
|sevon
|sevonthe
|-
|8
|aght
|aghtthe
|-
|9
|neyon
|neyonthe
|-
|10
|tien
|tenthe
|-
|11
|elvon
|elfthe
|-
|12
|twelf
|twelfthe
|-
|13
|thertien
|thertenthe
|-
|14
|fiertien
|fiertenthe
|-
|15
|fiftien
|fiftenthe
|-
|16
|sextien
|sextenthe
|-
|17
|sevontien
|sevontenthe
|-
|18
|aghttien
|aghttenthe
|-
|19
|neyontien
|neyontenthe
|-
|20
|twintey
|twinteythe
|-
|21
|ean-ond-twintey
|ean-ond-twinteythe
|-
|22
|twea-ond-twintey
|twea-ond-twinteythe
|-
|30
|thertey
|therteythe
|-
|40
|fiertey
|fierteythe
|-
|50
|fiftey
|fifteythe
|-
|60
|sextey
|sexteythe
|-
|70
|sevontey
|sevonteythe
|-
|80
|aghttey
|aghtteythe
|-
|90
|neyontey
|neyonteythe
|-
|100
|hundrod
|hundrodthe
|}

===Personal pronouns===

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''1st person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Subject'''
|colspan=2|ic
|colspan="2"|wie
|-
!'''Object 1'''
|colspan="2"|my
|colspan="2"|us
|-
!'''Object 2'''
|colspan="2"|mye
|colspan="2"|us
|-
!'''Possessive'''
|colspan="2"|main
|colspan="2"|ure
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''2nd person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Subject'''
|colspan="2"|thu
|colspan="2"|yie
|-
!'''Object 1'''
|colspan="2"|thy
|colspan="2"|yow, yiew*
|-
!'''Object 2'''
|colspan="2"|thye
|colspan="2"|yow, yiew*
|-
!'''Possessive'''
|colspan="2"|thain
|colspan="2"|yore, yiere*
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''3rd person'''
|-
!'''Masculine'''
!'''Feminine'''
!'''Neuter'''
!'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Subject'''
|hie
|sie
|hit
|hea
|-
!'''Object 1'''
|hine, him**
|sie, hir**
|him, hit**
|hea, heam**
|-
!'''Object 2'''
|him
|hir
|hit
|heam
|-
!'''Genitive'''
|his
|hir
|his
|hiere
|}
* Dialectal or archaic forms.
** Common errors, often found in vulgar language

== Verbs ==

===Inflections===

Here are some very important verbs, their auxiliary verb for compound tenses and their meaning:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Infinitive'''
|'''1st person'''
|'''2nd person'''
|'''3rd person'''
|'''plural persons'''
|'''singular preterit'''
|'''plural preterit'''
|'''past participle'''
|'''Auxiliary'''
|'''Meaning'''
|-
|hebbe
|heb
|hæst
|hæth
|hebbeth
|had
|hadden
|ehad
|hebbe
|''to have''
|-
|wese
|bie
|bist
|is
|sind
|was
|wæren
|ewesen
|wese
|''to be''
|-
|dœ
|dœ
|dost
|doth
|dœth
|dead
|deden
|edæn
|hebbe
|''to do''
|-
|gæ
|gæ
|gast
|gath
|gæth
|iede
|ieden
|egæn
|wese
|''to go''
|-
|fære
|fær
|farst
|farth
|færeth
|fœr
|fœren
|efæren
|wese
|''to go''
|-
|flieye
|fliey
|flieyst
|flieyth
|flieyeth
|floay
|floyen
|efloyen
|wese
|''to fly''
|-
|sie
|sie
|siest
|sieth
|sieth
|say
|sæyen
|esien
|hebbe
|''to see''
|-
|leye
|ley
|leyst
|leyth
|leyeth
|leide
|leiden
|eleid
|hebbe
|''to lay''
|-
|mœte
|mœt
|mœst
|mœt
|mœten
|mœste
|mœsten
|emœten
|hebbe
|''to may, must''
|-
|kume
|kum
|komst
|komth
|kometh
|quam, kam
|quæmen, kæmen
|ekomen
|wese
|''to come''
|-
|kunne
|kan
|kanst
|kan
|kunnen
|kuthe
|kuthen
|ekuth
|hebbe
|''can''
|-
|seye
|sey
|seyst
|seyth
|seyeth
|seide
|seiden
|eseid
|hebbe
|''to say''
|-
|fortelle
|fortell
|fortelst
|fortelth
|fortelleth
|fortelde
|fortelden
|forteld
|hebbe
|''to tell''
|-
|wite
|weat
|weast
|weat
|witen
|wiste
|wisten
|ewiten
|hebbe
|''to know''
|-
|knæwe
|knæw
|knawst
|knawth
|knæweth
|kniew
|kniewen
|eknowen
|hebbe
|''to recognise''
|-
|wille
|will
|wilt
|will
|willeth
|wolde
|wolden
|ewild
|hebbe
|''to want to''
|-
|sculle
|scall
|scalt
|scall
|scullen
|scolde
|scolden
|escullen
|hebbe
|''to shall, must''
|-
|sterve
|sterf
|stirfst
|stirfth
|sterveth
|starf
|starven
|estorven
|wese
|''to die''
|-
|mæke
|mæk
|mækst
|mækth
|mæketh
|mækte
|mækten
|emækt
|hebbe
|''to make''
|-
|ete
|eat
|eatst (older itst)
|eatth (older itth)
|eteth
|at
|æten
|eyeten
|hebbe
|''to eat''
|-
|muye
|may
|mayst
|may
|muyen
|moghte
|moghten
|emuyen
|hebbe
|''to may''
|}

===Indefinites===

Indefinites give us incomplete informations, because they don't define the precise quantity or the identity:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Indefinite'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
|evenman
|somebody
|-
|evenean
|someone
|-
|evending
|something/anything
|-
|evenwær
|somewhere
|-
|neaman
|nobody
|-
|newær
|nowhere
|-
|nene (also neëne)
|none
|-
|neding
|nothing
|-
|enyman
|anybody
|-
|enyene
|anyone
|-
|enyding
|anything
|-
|enywær
|anywhere
|-
|theyene
|the one (who)
|-
|thatean
|that one (which)
|-
|elc
|each
|-
|all
|all
|-
|othor
|other
|}

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

[[Category:Germanic]]

Old Auregan/strong verbs

2013-01-29T15:12:10Z

Ealdwimor: /* Strong verbs */

==== Strong verbs ====
There are several strong verbs. The most important ones are noted here:

'''class one'''
* beswîcan - beswêac - beswicon - beswicon (to collapse)
* bîtan - bêat - biton - gebiton (to bite)
* blîcan - blêac - blicon - geblicon (to seem)
* belîƀan - belêaf - beliƀon - beliƀon (to stay)
* drîƀan - drêaf - driƀon - gedriƀon (to drive, go)
* glîdan - glêad - glidon - geglidon (to glide)
* grîpan - grêap - gripon - gegripon (to grasp)
* lîþan - lêaþ - lidon - gelidon (to sail)
* lîcan - lêac - licon - gelicon (to resemble)
* rîdan - rêad - ridon - geridon (to drive, to ride)
* rîsan - rêas - rison - gerison (to rise)
* scînan - scêan - scinon - gescinon (to shine)
* scîtan - scêat - sciton - gesciton (to shit)
* scrîƀan - scrêaf - scriƀon - gescriƀon (to write)
* slîpan - slêap - slipon - geslipon (to grind)
* slîtan - slêat - sliton - gesliton (to tear, to wear down)
* smîtan - smêat - smiton - gesmiton (to smite)
* snîþan - snêaþ - snidon - gesnidon (to cut)
* splîtan - splêat - spliton - gespliton (to split)
* strîdan - strêad - stridon - gestridon (to fight)
* swîgan - swêag - swigon - geswigon (to be silent)
* wîcan - wêac - wicon - gewicon (to yield, to recede, to disappear)
* wîtan - wêat - witon - gewiton (to blame)
* wîsan - wêas - wison - gewison (to point)

'''class two'''
* bîodan - bôad - budon - gebodon (to offer)
* beran - bar - bâron - geboron (to bear, to carry)
* befelan - befal - befâlon - befolon (to order)
* brecan - brac - brâcon - gebrocon (to break)
* bûgan - bôag - bugon - gebogon (to bend)
* bewegan - bewag - bewâgon - bewogon (to move)
* cîosan - côas - curon - gecoron (to chose)
* drûpan - drôap - drupon - gedropon (to drip)
* dûcan - dôac - ducon - gedocon (to dive)
* forlîosan - forlôas - forluron - forloron (to lose)
* flîogan - flôag - geflogon (to fly)
* frîosan - frôas - fruron - gefroron (to freeze)
* getan - gat - gâton - gegoton (to pour)
* ginêtan - ginât - ginôtan (to enjoy)
* lêgan - lâg - gilôgan (to lie)
* scêtan - scât - giscôtan (to shoot)
* sêdan - sâd - gisôdan (to sow)
* slûtan - slât - gislôtan (to close)
* sprêcan - sprâc- gisprôcan (to speak)
* stêcan - stâc - gistôcan (to prick, to sting)
* stêlan - stâl - gistôlan (to steal)
* sûpan - sâp - gisôpan (to swig)
* sûgan - sâg - gisôgan (to suck)
* swêran - swâr - giswôran (to swear)
* tûnan - tân - gitônan (to show)
* wêgan - wâg - giwôgan (to weigh)
* weggan - wâg - giwôgan (to blow, to flutter, to fan)

'''class three'''
* biginnan - bigan - bigôs (to begin)
* bindan - band - gibôndan (to bind)
* cinnan
** côn: côs - gicôs (to know)
** can: can - gicôs (to be able to)
* clincan - clanc - giclôncan (to sound)
* climman - clam - giclômman (to climb)
* crimpan - cramp - gicrômpan (to shrink)
* dirfan - darf - gidôrs (to dare)
* drincan - dranc - gidrôncan (to drink)
* dwingan - dwang - gidwôngan (to force)
* hilpan - halp - gihôlpan (to help)
* milcan - malc - gimôlcan (to milk)
* môgan - mah - gimôgan (to may)
* môtan - mat - gimôs (to have to)
* nimman - nam - ginômman (to take)
* sincan - sanc - gisôncan (to sink)
* sindan - sand - gisôndan (to send)
* singan - sang - gisôngan (to sing)
* smiltan - smalt - gismôltan (to melt)
* spinnan - span - gispônnan (to spin)
* springan - sprang - gisprôngan (to jump)
* stincan - stanc - gistôncan (to smell bad)
* stirfan - starf - gistôrfan (to die)
* swillan - swal - giswôllan (to swell)
* swimman - swam - giswômman (to swim)
* tincan - tanc - gitôncan (to appear)
* fihtan - faht - gifôhtan (to fight)
* findan - fand - gifôndan (to find)
* flihtan - flaht - giflôhtan (to fleed)
* willan - wal - giwôllan (to want)
* windan - wand - giwôndan (to wind)
* winnan - wan - giwônnan (to win)
* wirpan - warp - giwôrpan (to throw)

'''class four'''
* êtan - ât - ginêtan (to eat)
* bêdan - bâd - gibêdan (to pray)
* firgêtan - firgât - firgêtan (to forget)
* firêtan - firât - firêtan (to fret, to grub)
* gêfan - gâf - gigêfan (to give, to donate)
* ginêsan - ginâs - ginêsan (to heal)
* lêsan - lâs - gilêsan (to read)
* mêtan - mât - gimêtan (to measure)

'''class five'''
* bikôman - bikôm/biquam - bikôman (to get, to receive)
* drâgan - drôg - gidrâgan (to carry)
* fâran - fôr - gifâran (to sail, to fare)
* frâgan - frôg - gifrâgan (to ask)
* gâgan - gôg - gigâgan (to hunt)
* grâfan - grôf - gigrâfan (to dig)
* kôman - kôm/quam - gikôman (to come)
* lâdan - lôd - gilâdan (to load)
* râdan - rôd - girâdan (to guess)

'''class six'''
* baccan - bêc - gibaccan (to bake)
* blâsan - blês - giblâsan (to blow)
* briwwan - brêw - gibriwwan (to brew)
* dôn - dêd - gidôn (to do)
* fallan - fêl - gifallan (to fall)
* fangan - fêng - gifangan (to catch)
* hâldan - hêld - gihâldan (to make it, to keep)
* hangan - hêng - gihangan (to hang)
* heitan - hêt - giheitan (to be named)
* lâtan - lêt - gilâtan (to let)
* lôupan - lêp - gilôupan (to walk)
* mâlan - mêl - gimâlan (to grind)
* rôpan - rêp - girôpan (to scream, to yell)
* slâpan - slêp - gislâpan (to sleep)
* spîdan - spêd - gispîdan (to vomit)
* stôtan - stêt - gistôtan (to push)
* wascan - wêsc - giwascan (to wash)

'''class seven'''
* bringan - braht - gibrôht (to bring)
* côupan - caht - gicôht (to buy)
* plêgan - plaht - giplôht (to commit)
* sûcan - saht - gisôht (to search)
* thincan - thaht - githôht (to think)
* triccan - traht - gitrôht (to pull)

'''irregular'''
* gân - gông - gigangan (to go)
* hâban - hat - gihâban (to have)
* liggan - lâg - gilêngan (to lay, to put)
* rûcan - rôc - girôucan (to smell)
* scillan - scôw - giscillat (shall, will)
* sên - wôr - giwêst (to be)
* siggan - sâg - gisêgan (to say)
* sittan - sât - gisêtan (to sit, to set, to put)
* slân - slôh - gislâgan (to hit, to beat)
* stân - stông - gistân (to stand)
* witan - wiste - gewiton (to know)

Old Auregan/strong verbs

2013-01-29T15:01:22Z

Ealdwimor: Created page with "==== Strong verbs ==== There are several strong verbs. The most important ones are noted here: '''class one''' * beswîcan - beswêac - beswicon - beswicon (to collapse) * b..."

==== Strong verbs ====
There are several strong verbs. The most important ones are noted here:

'''class one'''
* beswîcan - beswêac - beswicon - beswicon (to collapse)
* bîtan - bêat - biton - gebiton (to bite)
* blîcan - blêac - blicon - geblicon (to seem)
* belîƀan - belêaf - beliƀon - beliƀon (to stay)
* drîƀan - drêaf - driƀon - gedriƀon (to drive, go)
* glîdan - glêad - glidon - geglidon (to glide)
* grîpan - grêap - gripon - gegripon (to grasp)
* lîþan - lêaþ - lidon - gelidon (to sail)
* lîcan - lêac - licon - gelicon (to resemble)
* rîdan - rêad - ridon - geridon (to drive, to ride)
* rîsan - rêas - rison - gerison (to rise)
* scînan - scêan - scinon - gescinon (to shine)
* scîtan - scêat - sciton - gesciton (to shit)
* scrîƀan - scrêaf - scriƀon - gescriƀon (to write)
* slîpan - slêap - slipon - geslipon (to grind)
* slîtan - slêat - sliton - gesliton (to tear, to wear down)
* smîtan - smêat - smiton - gesmiton (to smite)
* snîþan - snêaþ - snidon - gesnidon (to cut)
* splîtan - splêat - spliton - gespliton (to split)
* strîdan - strêad - stridon - gestridon (to fight)
* swîgan - swêag - swigon - geswigon (to be silent)
* wîcan - wêac - wicon - gewicon (to yield, to recede, to disappear)
* wîtan - wêat - witon - gewiton (to blame)
* wîsan - wêas - wison - gewison (to point)

'''class two'''
* bêdan - bâd - gibôdan (to offer)
* bêran - bâr - gibôran (to bear, to carry)
* bifêlan - befâl - bifôlan (to order)
* brêcan - brâc - gibrôcan (to break)
* bûgan - bâg - gibôgan (to bend)
* bwêgan - bwâg - bwôgan (to move)
* cêsan - câs - gicôsan (to chose)
* drûpan - drâp - gidrôpan (to drip)
* dûcan - dâc - gidôcan (to dive)
* firlêran - firlâr - firlôran (to lose)
* flêgan - flâg - giflôgan (to fly)
* frêran - frâr - gifrôran (to freeze)
* gêtan - gât - gigôtan (to pour)
* ginêtan - ginât - ginôtan (to enjoy)
* lêgan - lâg - gilôgan (to lie)
* scêtan - scât - giscôtan (to shoot)
* sêdan - sâd - gisôdan (to sow)
* slûtan - slât - gislôtan (to close)
* sprêcan - sprâc- gisprôcan (to speak)
* stêcan - stâc - gistôcan (to prick, to sting)
* stêlan - stâl - gistôlan (to steal)
* sûpan - sâp - gisôpan (to swig)
* sûgan - sâg - gisôgan (to suck)
* swêran - swâr - giswôran (to swear)
* tûnan - tân - gitônan (to show)
* wêgan - wâg - giwôgan (to weigh)
* weggan - wâg - giwôgan (to blow, to flutter, to fan)

'''class three'''
* biginnan - bigan - bigôs (to begin)
* bindan - band - gibôndan (to bind)
* cinnan
** côn: côs - gicôs (to know)
** can: can - gicôs (to be able to)
* clincan - clanc - giclôncan (to sound)
* climman - clam - giclômman (to climb)
* crimpan - cramp - gicrômpan (to shrink)
* dirfan - darf - gidôrs (to dare)
* drincan - dranc - gidrôncan (to drink)
* dwingan - dwang - gidwôngan (to force)
* hilpan - halp - gihôlpan (to help)
* milcan - malc - gimôlcan (to milk)
* môgan - mah - gimôgan (to may)
* môtan - mat - gimôs (to have to)
* nimman - nam - ginômman (to take)
* sincan - sanc - gisôncan (to sink)
* sindan - sand - gisôndan (to send)
* singan - sang - gisôngan (to sing)
* smiltan - smalt - gismôltan (to melt)
* spinnan - span - gispônnan (to spin)
* springan - sprang - gisprôngan (to jump)
* stincan - stanc - gistôncan (to smell bad)
* stirfan - starf - gistôrfan (to die)
* swillan - swal - giswôllan (to swell)
* swimman - swam - giswômman (to swim)
* tincan - tanc - gitôncan (to appear)
* fihtan - faht - gifôhtan (to fight)
* findan - fand - gifôndan (to find)
* flihtan - flaht - giflôhtan (to fleed)
* willan - wal - giwôllan (to want)
* windan - wand - giwôndan (to wind)
* winnan - wan - giwônnan (to win)
* wirpan - warp - giwôrpan (to throw)

'''class four'''
* êtan - ât - ginêtan (to eat)
* bêdan - bâd - gibêdan (to pray)
* firgêtan - firgât - firgêtan (to forget)
* firêtan - firât - firêtan (to fret, to grub)
* gêfan - gâf - gigêfan (to give, to donate)
* ginêsan - ginâs - ginêsan (to heal)
* lêsan - lâs - gilêsan (to read)
* mêtan - mât - gimêtan (to measure)

'''class five'''
* bikôman - bikôm/biquam - bikôman (to get, to receive)
* drâgan - drôg - gidrâgan (to carry)
* fâran - fôr - gifâran (to sail, to fare)
* frâgan - frôg - gifrâgan (to ask)
* gâgan - gôg - gigâgan (to hunt)
* grâfan - grôf - gigrâfan (to dig)
* kôman - kôm/quam - gikôman (to come)
* lâdan - lôd - gilâdan (to load)
* râdan - rôd - girâdan (to guess)

'''class six'''
* baccan - bêc - gibaccan (to bake)
* blâsan - blês - giblâsan (to blow)
* briwwan - brêw - gibriwwan (to brew)
* dôn - dêd - gidôn (to do)
* fallan - fêl - gifallan (to fall)
* fangan - fêng - gifangan (to catch)
* hâldan - hêld - gihâldan (to make it, to keep)
* hangan - hêng - gihangan (to hang)
* heitan - hêt - giheitan (to be named)
* lâtan - lêt - gilâtan (to let)
* lôupan - lêp - gilôupan (to walk)
* mâlan - mêl - gimâlan (to grind)
* rôpan - rêp - girôpan (to scream, to yell)
* slâpan - slêp - gislâpan (to sleep)
* spîdan - spêd - gispîdan (to vomit)
* stôtan - stêt - gistôtan (to push)
* wascan - wêsc - giwascan (to wash)

'''class seven'''
* bringan - braht - gibrôht (to bring)
* côupan - caht - gicôht (to buy)
* plêgan - plaht - giplôht (to commit)
* sûcan - saht - gisôht (to search)
* thincan - thaht - githôht (to think)
* triccan - traht - gitrôht (to pull)

'''irregular'''
* gân - gông - gigangan (to go)
* hâban - hat - gihâban (to have)
* liggan - lâg - gilêngan (to lay, to put)
* rûcan - rôc - girôucan (to smell)
* scillan - scôw - giscillat (shall, will)
* sên - wôr - giwêst (to be)
* siggan - sâg - gisêgan (to say)
* sittan - sât - gisêtan (to sit, to set, to put)
* slân - slôh - gislâgan (to hit, to beat)
* stân - stông - gistân (to stand)
* witan - wiste - gewiton (to know)

Old Auregan

2013-01-28T18:02:12Z

Ealdwimor: /* Anomalous verbs */

{{private}}

{{ClassMeter
|Name = Old Auregan
|NativeName = Auregisc, Wexisc
|Type = Mixed
|Alignment = Nominative-Accusative

|adjective = final
|adposition = final
|adverb= initial
|article= initial
|relativeclause = final
|nounclause = final
|order = SVO

|Tonal = yes
|Declined = yes
|Conjugated = yes
|Genders = 3
|NCase = yes
|NNumber = yes
|NDefiniteness = no
|NGender = yes
|VVoice = yes
|VMood = yes
|VPerson = yes
|VNumber = yes
|VTense = yes
|VAspect = yes

|Phonology=100
|NounCases=100
|NounDef=100
|NounNumbers=100
|NounGender=100
|VerbPerson=100
|VerbNumber=100
|VerbAspect=100
|VerbTense=100
|VerbMood=80
|VerbVoice=50
|AdjCase=100
|AdjNumber=100
|AdjDef=100
|AdjGen=100
|AdjComparative=100
|AdjSuperlative=100
|AdjGen=100
|Supine=100
|Gerund=100
|Participle=100
|Infinitive=100
|Modality=70
|Words=0}}

=General informations=

'''Oxman''' is a Germanic language spoken in the ''Duché du Héron'' (= Shire of Le Héron), a shire that corresponds to the eastern region of Seine-Marirtime in France.
This language has evolved from [[Old Oxman]] which evolved from [[Old Auregan]] which is the first recorded form of Auregan language. Auregan language area corresponds to the "Vexin Normand" (a region situated just south to "Duché du héron"). A Oxman speaking colony also exists near the city of Coventry, Warwickshire, Midlands, England.
Oxman is a West-Germanic language that is strongly linked to Dutch, Modern English, Low German and Modern German.

Here is a table which sums up the main characteristics of this language:

{{agreement
|VerbGender =
|VerbCases =
|VerbNumber = yes
|VerbTenses = yes
|VerbPerson = yes
|VerbMoods = yes
|VerbVoices = yes
|VerbAspect = yes

|NounGender = yes
|NounCases =
|NounNumber = yes
|NounTenses =
|NounPerson =
|NounMoods =
|NounVoices =

|AdjectiveGender =
|AdjectiveCases =
|AdjectiveNumber = yes
|AdjectiveTenses =
|AdjectivePerson =
|AdjectiveMoods =
|AdjectiveVoices =

|NumberGender =
|NumberCases =
|NumberNumber =
|NumberTenses =
|NumberPerson =
|NumberMoods =
|NumberVoices =

|ParticipleGender =
|ParticipleCases =
|ParticipleNumber = yes
|ParticipleTenses =
|ParticiplePerson =
|ParticipleMoods =
|ParticipleVoices = yes

|AdverbGender =
|AdverbCases =
|AdverbNumber =
|AdverbTenses =
|AdverbPerson =
|AdverbMoods =
|AdverbVoices =

|PronounGender = yes
|PronounCases = yes
|PronounNumber = yes
|PronounTenses =
|PronounPerson = yes
|PronounMoods =
|PronounVoices =

|AdpositionGender = yes
|AdpositionCases =
|AdpositionNumber = yes
|AdpositionTenses =
|AdpositionPerson =
|AdpositionMoods =
|AdpositionVoices =

|ArticleGender = yes
|ArticleCases = yes
|ArticleNumber = yes
|ArticleTenses =
|ArticlePerson =
|ArticleMoods =
|ArticleVoices =

|ParticleGender =
|ParticleCases =
|ParticleNumber =
|ParticleTenses =
|ParticlePerson =
|ParticleMoods =
|ParticleVoices =
}}

=Phonology=

==Alphabet==

Oxman alphabet uses letters from Latin alphabet and contains 25 characters:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!Letters
!Pronunciation
!Further information
|-
|a
|[a]
|short 'a'
|-
|b
|[b]
|like in English
|-
|c
|[tʃ]
|like the English 'ch' in 'church'
|-
|d
|[d]
|like in English
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e:]
|in plural cluster -es it is not pronounced
|-
|f
|[f]
|like in English
|-
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronunced as in the English word "get"
|-
|h
|[h]
|like in English
|-
|i
|[ɪ]
|short 'i'
|-
|j
|[j]
|like English 'y'
|-
|k
|[k]
|like in English
|-
|l
|[l]
|like in English
|-
|m
|[m]
|like in English
|-
|n
|[n]
|like in English
|-
|o
|[ɔ] / [oʊ:]
|like in English
|-
|p
|[p]
|like in English
|-
|q
|[k]
|often followed by 'u', in latin words beginning with 'qu'
|-
|r
|[r]
|trilled just as in Dutch or in Italian
|-
|s
|[s]
|can be either voiced or voiceless
|-
|t
|[t]
|like in English
|-
|u
|[œ]
|short 'u' in 'but'
|-
|v
|[v]
|like in English
|-
|w
|[ʋ]
|between 'v' and 'w', just as in Dutch
|-
|y
|[j]
|between French letter 'j' in 'jouer' and English 'y' in 'year', as a vowel like a French 'u' or as English 'y' in 'why' when at the end of a word followed by a 'e' (cf. Oxman 'wye?' meaning 'why?' pronounced as in English);
|-
|æ
|[ɑ:]
|long 'a'
|-
|œ
|[u]
|as 'oo' in 'boot'
|}

==Consonantic phonemes==

Old Auregan language had the following consonantic phonemes:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" {{Table/bluetable}} style="width: 860px; "
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; "|
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Bilabial
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Labio-dental
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Dental
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Alveolar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Post-alveolar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Palatal
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Labio-Velar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Velar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Glottal
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Nasal
| style="text-align: center;"|m
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|n
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|(ŋ)
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Plosive
| style="text-align: center;"|p b
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|t d
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|k g
| style="text-align: center;"|ʔ
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Fricative
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|f v
| style="text-align: center;"|θ ð
| style="text-align: center;"|s z
| style="text-align: center;"|ʃ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|x
| style="text-align: center;"|h
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Affricate
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ts dz
| style="text-align: center;"|tʃ dʒ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Approximant
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ɹ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|j
| style="text-align: center;"|ʍ w
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Lateral
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|l
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|}

==Vocalic phonemes==

Oxman shows the following vowels:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! rowspan="2" colspan="1"|'''Phonemes'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Short'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Long'''
|-
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-
!'''Closed'''
|ɪ
|ʊ
|i:
|u:
|-
!'''Mid-closed'''
|
|
|e:
|o:
|-
!'''Mid-open'''
|ɛ
|ɔ
|
|
|-
!'''Open'''
|a
|
|
|ɑ:
|}

==Diphthongs and digraphs==

Old Auregan had also twenty diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Diphthongs'''
|'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|īo
|[i:eɪ]
|-
|īa
|[i:a]
|-
|ēa
|[e:aɪ]
|}

==Stress==

The position of stress in this language is quite regular, because it falls on the root and thus there are few rules to observe:

* In substantives (and in adjectives and adverbs) the stress generally falls on the first syllable, but if they are compound nouns / adjectives, formed by prefix + noun / adjective, the stress falls on the root syllable of the noun / adjective. In compounds which are formed by noun / adjective + noun / adjective, the various words are read as if they were written separately;

* In verbs the stress falls always on the root, even if they are compounds, ex.: ''emæke'', "to make up", is read as [ə''''ma:'''kə].

=Grammar=
==Morphology==
===Verbs===
Verbs in Old Auregan are divided into [[strong inflection|strong]] or [[weak inflection|weak]] verbs. Strong verbs indicate tense by a change in the quality of a [[vowel]], while weak verbs indicate tense by the addition of an ending.

====Strong verbs====
Strong verbs use the Germanic form of [[grammatical conjugation|conjugation]] known as [[Indo-European ablaut|''ablaut'']]. In this form of conjugation, the stem of the word changes to indicate the tense. Verbs like this persist in modern Oxman; for example ''singe, song, esungen'' is a strong verb, as are ''swimbe, swomb, eswumben'' and ''ciese, coas, ecosen''. The root portion of the word changes rather than its ending. In Old Auregan, there were seven major classes of strong verb; each class has its own pattern of stem changes. Learning these is often a challenge for students of the language, though English speakers may see connections between the old verb classes and their modern forms.

The classes had the following distinguishing features to their infinitive stems:
<ol type="I">
<li>ī + one consonant.
<li>īo or ū + one consonant.
<li>e + two consonants.
<li>e + 1 consonant (usually l or r, plus the verb ''brecan'' 'to break').
<li>e + 1 consonant (usually a stop or a fricative).
<li>a + 1 consonant.
<li>Other than the above.
</ol>
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="6"|'''Stem changes in strong verbs'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Class'''
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Root weight'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Infinitive'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''First preterite'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Second preterite'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Past participle'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''I''' || heavy || ī || ēa || i || i
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''II''' || heavy || īo ''or'' ū || ōa || u || o
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''III''' || heavy || colspan=4|''see table below''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''IV''' || light|| e(+r/l) || a || ā (originally ǣ) || o
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''V''' || light|| e(+''other'') || a || ā (originally ǣ) || e
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''VI''' || light || a || ō || ō || a
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''VII''' || heavy || ō, ēa, ōa, æ, ǣ, ō|| colspan=2|e, ǣ ''or'' īo || same as infinitive
|}

The first [[preterite]] stem is used in the preterite, for the [[grammatical person|first-]] and third-person [[Grammatical number|singular]]. The second preterite stem is used for second-person singular, and all persons in the [[plural]] (as well as the preterite [[Subjunctive mood|subjunctive]]). Strong verbs also exhibit [[I-mutation#I-mutation in Old Auregan|i-mutation]] of the stem in the second- and third-person singular in the [[present tense]].

The second sound change to affect it was the influence of palatal sounds <g>, <k>, and <sc>. These turned preceding <e> and <a> to and <æ>, respectively.

The third sound change turned <e> to , <æ> to <a>, and <o> to before nasals.

Altogether, this split the third class into five sub-classes:
<ol type="a">
<li>e + two consonants (apart from clusters beginning with l).
<li>e + r or h + another consonant.
<li>e + l + another consonant.
<li>g, c, or sc + i + two consonants.
<li>i + nasal + another consonant.
</ol>
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="5"|'''Stem changes in Class III'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Sub-class'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Infinitive'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''First preterite'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Second preterite'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Past participle'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''a''' || e || a || u || o
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''b''' || e || a || u || o
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''c''' || e || e || u || o
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''d''' || i || e || u || o
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''e''' || i || a || u || u
|}

Regular strong verbs were all conjugated roughly the same, with the main differences being in the stem vowel. Thus ''stelan'' 'to steal' represents the strong verb conjugation paradigm.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Conjugation'''
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Pronoun'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'steal'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2" colspan="2"|'''Infinitives'''
| stelan
|-
| te stelenne
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Present indicative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic''' || stelo
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þû''' || stilst
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hî/hit/sîo''' || stilþ
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || stelað
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="4"|'''Past indicative'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic''' || stal
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þû''' || stāli
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hî/hit/sîo''' || stal
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || stālon
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2"|'''Present subjunctive'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic/þû/hî/hit/sîo''' || stele
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|''' wî/gî/hêa ''' || stelen
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2"|'''Past subjunctive'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic/þû/hî/hit/sîo''' || stāle
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || stālin
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2"|'''Imperative'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular''' || stel
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural''' || stelað
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"| '''Present participle''' || stelendi
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Past participle''' || gestolon
|}

====Weak verbs====

Weak verbs are formed by adding alveolar (''t'' or ''d'') endings to the stem for the past and past-participle tenses. Some examples are ''love, loved'' or ''look, looked''.

Originally, the weak ending was used to form the preterite of informal, noun-derived verbs such as often emerge in conversation and which have no established system of stem-change. By nature, these verbs were almost always transitive, and even today, most weak verbs are transitive verbs formed in the same way.

The linguistic trends of borrowing foreign verbs and verbalizing nouns have greatly increased the number of weak verbs over the last 1,200 years. Some verbs that were originally strong (for example ''helpe, holp, eholpen'' is now more and more replaced by ''helpe, helpte, ehelpt'') have become weak by analogy; most foreign verbs are adopted as weak verbs; and when verbs are made from nouns (for example "to scroll" or "to water") the resulting verb is weak. Additionally, conjugation of weak verbs is easier to teach, since there are fewer classes of variation. In combination, these factors have drastically increased the number of weak verbs, so that in modern Oxman weak verbs are the most numerous and productive form.

There are three major classes of weak verbs in Old Auregan. The first class displays i-mutation in the root, and the second class none. There is also a third class explained below.

Class-one verbs with short roots exhibit [[West Germanic gemination|gemination]] of the final stem consonant in certain forms. With verbs in <r>, this appears as <ri>. Geminated <ƀ> appears as <bb>, and that of <ġ> appears as <dġ>. Class-one verbs may receive an [[Epenthesis|epenthetic]] vowel before endings beginning in a consonant.

Where class-one verbs have gemination, class-two verbs have , which is a separate syllable pronounced [i]. All class-two verbs have an epenthetic vowel, which appears as <a> or <o>.

In the following table, three verbs are conjugated. ''Swebban'' 'to put to sleep' is a class-one verb exhibiting gemination and an epenthetic vowel. ''Hêalean'' 'to heal' is a class-one verb exhibiting neither gemination nor an epenthetic vowel. ''Sîðeon'' 'to travel' is a class-two verb.
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Conjugation'''
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Pronoun'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'put to sleep'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'heal'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'travel'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2" colspan="2"|'''Infinitives'''
| swebbean || hêalean || sîþeon
|-
| te swebbeanne || te hêaleanne || te sîþeonne
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Present indicative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic''' || swebbeo || hêaleo || sîþeo
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þû''' || sweƀest || hêalest || sîþest
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hî/hit/îo''' || sweƀeð || hêaleþ || sîþeð
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || swebbeað || hêaleað || sîþeoð
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="4"|'''Past indicative'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic''' || sweƀoda || hêalda || sîþoda
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þû''' || sweƀodest || hêaldest || sîþodest
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hî/hit/sîo''' || sweƀoda || hêalda || sîþoda
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || sweƀodon || hêaldon || sîþodon
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2"|'''Present subjunctive'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic/þû/hî/hit/sîo''' || swebbe || hêale || sîþe
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|''' wî/gî/hêa ''' || swebben || hêalen || sîþen
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2"|'''Past subjunctive'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic/þû/hî/hit/sîo''' || sweƀodi || hêaldi || sîþodi
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || sweƀodin || hêaldin || sîþodin
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2"|'''Imperative'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular''' || sweƀe || hêale || sîþe
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural''' || swebbeað || hêaleað || sîþeað
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"| '''Present participle''' || sweƀendi || hêalendi || sîþende
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Past participle''' || gesweƀed || gehêaled || gesîþeod
|}

During the Old Auregan period, the third class was significantly reduced; only four verbs belonged to this group: ''hebbean'' 'have', ''libbean'' 'live', ''sedgean'' 'say', and ''hudġean'' 'think'. Each of these verbs is distinctly irregular, though they share some commonalities.
{|{{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Conjugation'''
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Pronoun'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'have'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'live'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'say'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'think'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Infinitive''' || hebbean || libbean || sedgean || hudġean
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Present indicative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic''' || hebbeo || libbeo || sedġeo || hudġeo
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þû''' || haƀest || liƀest || sagest || hogest
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hî/hit/sîo''' || haƀeþ || liƀeþ || sageþ || hogeþ
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || habbeað || libbeað || sedgeað || hudgeað
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" |'''Past indicative'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''(all persons)''' || hafda || lifda || sagda || hogda
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" |'''Present subjunctive'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''(all persons)''' || hebbe || libbe || sedge || hudge
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" |'''Past subjunctive'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''(all persons)''' || hafdi || lifdi || sagdi || hogdi
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2"|'''Imperative'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular''' || haƀe || liƀe || sage || hoge
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural''' || hebbeað || libbeað || sedgeað || hudgeað
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"| '''Present participle''' || hebbendi || libbendi || sedgendi || hudgendi
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Past participle''' || gehafd || gelifd ||gesagd || gehogd
|}

====Preterite-present verbs====
The preterite-present verbs are a class of verbs which have a present tense in the form of a strong preterite and a past tense like the past of a weak verb. These verbs derive from the subjunctive or optative use of preterite forms to refer to present or future time. For example, ''witan'', "to know" comes from a verb which originally meant "to have seen" (cf. OA '''wīsa''' "manner, mode, appearance"; Latin '''videre''' "to see" from the same root). The present singular is formed from the original singular preterite stem and the present plural from the original plural preterite stem. As a result of this history, the first-person singular and third-person singular are the same in the present.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Conjugation'''
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Pronoun'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'know how to'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'be able to, can'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'be obliged to'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'know'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'own'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'avail'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'dare'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'remember'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'need'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'be allowed to'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'grant, allow'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'use, enjoy'
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" colspan="2"|'''Modern Descendant'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'kunne'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'muye'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'sculle'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'wite'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'eye'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'*duye'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'durre'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'*mune'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'thurve'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'mœte’
! style="background:#efefef;"|'*unne'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'enuye'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Infinitives'''
| cunnan, kunnan || mugan || sculan || witan || êagan || dugan || durran || munan || þurƀan || môtan || unnan || genugan
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Present Indicative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic, ik, ick''' || can, kan || mag || scal || wêat || êah || dôag || dar || man || þarf || môt || an || genah
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þû''' || canst, kanst || maht || scalt || wêast || êahst || dôahst || darst || manst || þarft || môst || anst || genaht
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hî/hit/sîo''' || can, kan || mag || scal || wêat || êah || dôah || dar || man || þarf || môt || an || genah
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || cunnon, kunnon || mugon || sculon || witon || êagon || dugon || durron || munon || þurƀon || môton || unnon || genugon
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Past Indicative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic''' || cûða, kûða || mæhta, mahta || scolda || wista || êahta || dohta || dorsta || munda || þorfta || môsta || ûða || genohta
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þû''' || cûðest, kûðest || mæhtest, mahtest || scoldest || wistest || êahtest || dohtest || dorstest || mundest || þorftest || môstest || ûðest || genohtest
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hî/hit/sîo''' || cûða, kûða || mæhta, mahta || scolda || wista || ēahta || dohta || dorsta || munda || þorfta || môsta || ôða || ġinohta
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || cûðon, kûðon || mæhton, mahton || scoldon || wiston || ēahton || dohton || dorston || mundon || þorfton || mōston || ūðon || ġinohton
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="3"|'''Present Subjunctive'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic/þû/hî/hit/sîo''' || cunni, kunni || mugi || sculi || witi || êagi || dugi || durri || muni || þurƀi || môti || unni || genugi
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|''' wî/gî/hêa ''' || cunnin, kunnin || mugin || sculin || witin || êagin || dugin || durrin || munin || þurƀin || môtin || unnin || genugin
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="3"|'''Past Subjunctive'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic/þû/hî/hit/sîo''' || cûði, kûði || mæhti, mahti || scoldi || wisti || êahti || dohti || dorsti || mundi || þorfti || môsti || ûði || genohti
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || cûðin, kûðin || mæhtin, mahtin || scoldin || wistin || êahtin || dohtin || dorstin || mundin || þorftin || môstin || ûðin || genohtin
|}

[Forms above with asterisk (*) rare, archaic or dialectal.]

==== Anomalous verbs ====
Additionally there is a further group of four verbs which are anomalous, the verbs "want" (modern "will"), "do", "go" and "be". These four have their own conjugation schemes which differ significantly from all the other classes of verb. This is not especially unusual: "want", "do", "go", and "be" are the most commonly used verbs in the language, and are very important to the meaning of the sentences in which they are used. Idiosyncratic patterns of inflection are much more common with important items of vocabulary than with rarely-used ones.

''Dōn'' 'to do' and ''gān'' 'to go' are conjugated alike; ''willan'' 'to want' is similar outside of the present tense.
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Conjugation'''
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Pronoun'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'do'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'go'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'will'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Infinitive''' || style="background:#efefef;"|– || dôn || gân || willean
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Present Indicative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic''' || dô(m) || gâ || will, wil(l)e
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þū''' || dêst || gêst || wilt, wilest
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hē/hit/hēo''' || dêþ || gêþ || will, wil(l)e
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wē/gē/hīe''' || dôð || gâð || willeað
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="4"|'''Past Indicative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic/hē/hit/hēo''' || deda || igda || wolda
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þū''' || dedest || igdest || woldest
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wē/gē/hīe''' || dedon || igdon || woldon
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Present Subjunctive''' || style="background:#efefef;"|'''(all persons)''' || dô || gâ || wille
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Past Subjunctive''' || style="background:#efefef;"|'''(all persons)''' || deda || igda || wolda
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"| '''Present Participle''' || dōndi || – || willeandi
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Past Participle''' || gedōn || gegān / gegangon || -
|}

The verb 'to be' is actually composed of three different stems:
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Conjugation'''
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Pronoun'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''sīn'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''bīon'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''wesan'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Infinitive''' || style="background:#efefef;"|– || sîn || *bîon || wesan
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Present Indicative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''iḳ, ic''' || em || bîom || *weso
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þû''' || art || bist || *wesest
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hî/hit/sîo''' || is || *biþ || *west
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || âron, sind(on) || *bîoð || wesað
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Past Indicative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''iḳ, ic, ick''' || – || – || was
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þû''' || – || – || wâri
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hî/hit/sîo''' || – || – || was
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || – || – || wâron
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="3"|'''Present Subjunctive'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''iḳ/þû/hî/hit/sîo''' || sîe || *bîe || wese
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || sîen || *bîen || wesen
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="3"|'''Past Subjunctive'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''iḳ/þû/hî/hit/sîo''' || – || – || wâri
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || – || – || wârin
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="3"|'''Imperative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''(singular)''' || – || *bîo || wes
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''(plural)''' || – || *bîoð || wesað
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Present Participle''' || – || *bîondi || wesendi
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Past Participle''' || – || *gebîon || geweson
|}
The present forms of ''wesan'' are almost never used. Therefore, ''wesan'' is used as the past, imperative, and present participle versions of ''sindon'', and does not have a separate meaning. The ''bēon'' forms are usually used in reference to future actions. Only the present forms of ''bēon'' contrast with the present forms of ''sindon''/''wesan'' in that ''bēon'' tends to be used to refer to eternal or permanent truths, while ''sindon''/''wesan'' is used more commonly to refer to temporary or subjective facts. This semantic distinction was lost as Old English developed into modern English, so that the modern verb 'to be' is a single verb which takes its present indicative forms from ''sindon,'' its past indicative forms from ''wesan,'' its present subjunctive forms from ''bēon,'' its past subjunctive forms from ''wesan,'' and its imperative and participle forms from ''bēon.'' In late OE and ME, the form earon/earun, from the [[Old Norse]] erun, replaced bēoþ and sind (See also [[List of English words of Old Norse origin]]).

===Nouns===
Old English is an [[inflection|inflected]] language, and as such its [[noun]]s, [[pronoun]]s, [[adjective]]s and [[determiner (linguistics)|determiners]] must be [[Declension|declined]] in order to serve a grammatical function. A set of declined forms of the same word pattern is called a declension. As in several other ancient [[Germanic languages]], there are five major [[Grammatical case|cases]]: [[nominative]], [[accusative]], [[dative]], [[genitive]] and [[Instrumental case|instrumental]].

*The '''nominative''' case indicated the subject of the sentence, for example ''se cyning'' means 'the king'. It was also used for direct address. Adjectives in the predicate (qualifying a noun on the other side of 'to be') were also in the nominative.
*The '''accusative''' case indicated the direct object of the sentence, for example ''Æþelbald lufode þone cyning'' means "Æþelbald loved the king", where Æþelbald is the subject and the king is the object. Already the accusative had begun to merge with the nominative; it was never distinguished in the plural, or in a neuter noun.
*The '''genitive''' case indicated possession, for example the ''þæs cyninges scip'' is "the ship of the king" or "the king's ship". It also indicated [[partitive]] nouns.
*The '''dative''' case indicated the indirect object of the sentence, for example ''hringas þæm cyninge'' means "rings for the king" or "rings to the king". There were also several verbs that took direct objects in the dative.
*The '''instrumental''' case indicated an instrument used to achieve something, for example, ''lifde sweorde'', "he lived by the sword", where ''sweorde'' is the instrumental form of ''sweord''. During the Old English period, the instrumental was falling out of use, having largely merged with the dative. Only pronouns and strong adjectives retained separate forms for the instrumental.

The small body of evidence we have for [[Runic alphabet|Runic]] texts suggests that there may also have a been a separate [[locative]] case in early or Northumbrian forms of the language (e.g., {{script|Runr|ᚩᚾ ᚱᚩᛞᛁ}} ''on rodi'' "on the Cross").<ref>Page, ''An Introduction to English Runes'', Boydell 1999, p. 230</ref>

In addition to inflection for case, nouns take different endings depending on whether the noun was in the singular (for example, ''hring'' 'one ring') or plural (for example, ''hringas'' 'many rings'). Also, some nouns pluralize by way of [[Germanic umlaut|Umlaut]], and some undergo no pluralizing change in certain cases.

Nouns are also categorized by [[grammatical gender]] – masculine, feminine, or neuter. In general, masculine and neuter words share their endings. Feminine words have their own subset of endings. The plural of some declension types distinguishes between genders, e.g., a-stem masculine nominative plural ''stanas'' "stones" vs. neuter nominative plural ''scipu'' "ships" and ''word'' "words"; or i-stem masculine nominative plural ''sige(as)'' "victories" vs. neuter nominative plural ''sifu'' "sieves" and ''hilt'' "hilts".

Furthermore, Old English nouns are divided as either strong or weak. Weak nouns have their own endings. In general, weak nouns are easier than strong nouns, since they had begun to lose their declensional system. However, there is a great deal of overlap between the various classes of noun: they are not totally distinct from one another.

Old English language grammars often follow the common NOM-ACC-GEN-DAT-INST order used for the Germanic languages.

====Strong nouns====
Here are the strong declensional endings and examples for each gender:
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''The Strong Noun Declension'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || – || -os || – || -u/– || -u/– || -e
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || – || -os || – || -u/– || -e || -e
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || -es || -ō || -es || -ō || -e || -ō
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || -e || -um || -e || -um || -e || -um
|}
For the '-u/–' forms above, the '-u' is used with a root consisting of a single short syllable or ending in a long syllable followed by a short syllable, while roots ending in a long syllable or two short syllables are not inflected. (A long syllable contains a long vowel or is followed by two consonants. Note also that there are some exceptions; for example, feminine nouns ending in -þu such as ''strengþu'' 'strength'.)

{| border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Strong Noun Declension for each Gender'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' engel 'angel'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter''' scip 'ship'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine''' sorg 'sorrow'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || engol || englos || scip || scipu || sorġa || sorġa
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || engol || englos || scip || scipu || sorġa || sorġa
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || engles || englō || scipes || scipō || sorġō || sorġanō
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || engle || englum || scipe || scipum || sorġe || sorġum
|}
Note the [[syncope (phonetics)|syncope]] of the second ''e'' in ''engel'' when an ending follows. This syncope of the vowel in the second syllable occurs with two-syllable strong nouns, which have a long vowel in the first syllable and a second syllable consisting of a short vowel and single consonant (for example, ''engel'', ''wuldor'' 'glory', and ''hēafod'' 'head'). However, this syncope is not always present, so forms such as ''engelas'' may be seen.

====Weak nouns====
Here are the weak declensional endings and examples for each gender:
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''The Weak Noun Declension'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || -e || -on || -a || -on || -a || -a
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || -on || -on || -a || -on || -a || -a
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || -on || -anō || -on || -anō || -ō || -anō
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || -on || -um || -on || -um || -e || -um
|}
{| border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Weak Noun Declension for each Gender'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' name 'name'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter''' oage 'eye'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine''' tunga 'tongue'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || name || namon || ōaġa || ōaġon || tunga || tunga
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || namon || namon || ōaġa || ōaġon || tunga || tunga
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || namon || namanō || ōaġon || ōaġanō || tungō || tunganō
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || namon || namum || ōaġon || ōaġum || tunge || tungum
|}

====Irregular strong nouns====
In addition, masculine and neuter nouns whose main vowel is short 'æ' and end with a single consonant change the vowel to 'a' in the plural (a result of the phonological phenomenon known as [[Anglo-Frisian brightening]]):
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
| style="background:#afefef;" colspan="5"|'''Dæg''' 'day' ''m.''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;"|Case
! style="background:#efefef;"|Singular
! style="background:#efefef;"|Plural
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || dæg || dagas
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || dæg || dagas
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || dæges || daga
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || dæge || dagum
|}

Some masculine and neuter nouns end in -e in their base form. These drop the -e and add normal endings. Note that neuter nouns in -e always have -u in the plural, even with a long vowel:
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Strong Noun Declensions ending in -e'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' ende 'end'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter''' stȳle 'steel'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || ende || endas || stȳle || stȳlu
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || ende || endas || stȳle || stȳlu
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || endes || enda || stȳles || stȳla
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || ende || endum || stȳle || stȳlum
|}

Nouns ending in -h lose this when an ending is added, and lengthen the vowel in compensation (this can result in compression of the ending as well):
{| border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Strong Noun Declensions ending in -h'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' mearh 'horse'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter''' feorh 'life'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' scōh 'shoe'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || mearh || mēaras || feorh || feorh || scōh || scōs
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || mearh || mēaras || feorh || feorh || scōh || scōs
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || mēares || mēara || fēores || fēora || scōs || scōna
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || mēare || mēarum || fēore || fēorum || scō || scōm
|}

Nouns whose stem ends in -w change this to -u or drop it in the nominative singular. (Note that this '-u/–' distinction depends on [[syllable weight]], as for strong nouns, above.)

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Strong Noun Declensions ending in -w'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter''' smeoru 'grease'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine''' sinu 'sinew'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine''' lǣs 'pasture'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || smeoru || smeoru || sinu || sinwa || lǣs || lǣswa}}
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || smeoru || smeoru || sinwe || sinwa, -e || lǣswe || lǣswa, -e
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || smeorwes || smeorwa || sinwe || sinwa || lǣswe || lǣswa
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || smeorwe || smeorwum || sinwe || sinwum || lǣswe || lǣswum
|}

A few nouns follow the -u declension, with an entirely different set of endings. The following examples are both masculine, although feminines also exist, with the same endings (for example ''duru'' 'door' and ''hand'' 'hand'). Note that the '-u/–' distinction in the singular depends on syllable weight, as for strong nouns, above.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the -u Declension'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' sunu 'son'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' feld 'field'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || sunu || suna || feld || felda
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || sunu || suna || feld || felda
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || suna || suna || felda || felda
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || suna || sunum || felda || feldum
|}

====Mutating strong nouns====
There are also some nouns of the consonant declension, which show i-umlaut in some forms.

{| border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Strong Noun Declensions with i-shift'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' fōt 'foot'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine''' hnutu 'nut'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine''' bōc 'book'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || fōt || fēt || hnutu || hnyte || bōc || bēc
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || fōt || fēt || hnutu || hnyte || bōc || bēc
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || fōtes || fōta || hnyte, hnute || hnuta || bēc, bōce || bōca
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || fēt, fōte || fōtum || hnyte, hnute || hnutum || bēc, bōc || bōcum
|}

Other such nouns include (with singular and plural nominative forms given):

Masculine: ''tōþ'', ''tēþ'' 'tooth'; ''mann'', ''menn'' 'man'; ''frēond'', ''frīend'' 'friend'; ''fēond'', ''fīend'' 'enemy' (cf. 'fiend')

Feminine: ''studu'', ''styde'' 'post' (cf. 'stud'); ''hnitu'', ''hnite'' 'nit'; ''āc'', ''ǣc'' 'oak'; ''gāt'', ''gǣt'' 'goat'; ''brōc'', ''brēc'' 'leg covering' (cf. 'breeches'); ''gōs'', ''gēs'' 'goose'; ''burg'', ''byrg'' 'city' (cf. 'borough', '-bury' and German cities in -burg); ''dung'', ''dyng'' 'prison' (cf. 'dungeon' by way of French and Frankish); ''turf'', ''tyrf'' 'turf'; ''grūt'', ''grȳt'' 'meal' (cf. 'grout'); ''lūs'', ''lȳs'' 'louse'; ''mūs'', ''mȳs'' 'mouse'; ''neaht'', ''niht'' 'night'
Feminine with loss of -h in some forms: ''furh'', ''fyrh'' 'furrow' or 'fir'; ''sulh'', ''sylh'' 'plough'; ''þrūh'', ''þrȳh'' 'trough'; ''wlōh'', ''wlēh'' 'fringe'.
Feminine with compression of endings: ''cū'', ''cȳ'' 'cow' (cf. dialectal plural 'kine')

Neuter: In addition, ''scrūd'' 'clothing, garment' has the umlauted dative-singular form ''scrȳd''.

====Nouns of relationship====

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="11"|'''Nouns of Relationship'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' fæder 'father'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' brōðor 'brother'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine''' mōdor 'mother'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine''' sweostor 'sister'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine''' dohtor 'daughter'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || fæder || fæd(e)ras || brōðor || (ge)brōðor || mōdor || mōdra/mōdru || sweostor || (ge)sweostor, -tru, -tra || dohtor || dohtor
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || fæder || fæd(e)ras || brōðor || (ge)brōðor || mōdor || mōdra/mōdru || sweostor || (ge)sweostor, -tru, -tra || dohtor || dohtor
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || fæder || fæd(e)ra || brōðor || (ge)brōðra || mōdor || mōdra || sweostor || (ge)sweostra || dohtor || dohtra
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || fæder || fæderum || brēðer || (ge)brōðrum || mēder || mōdrum || sweostor || (ge)sweostrum || dehter || dohtrum
|}

====Neuter nouns with -r- in the plural====

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
| style="background:#afefef;" colspan="5"|'''Lamb''' 'lamb' ''n.''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;"|Case
! style="background:#efefef;"|Singular
! style="background:#efefef;"|Plural
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || lamb || lambru
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || lamb || lambru
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || lambes || lambra
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || lambe || lambrum
|}

Other such nouns: ''ǣg'', ''ǣgru'' 'egg' (ancestor of the archaic/dialectical form 'ey', plural 'eyren'; the form 'egg' is a borrowing from Old Norse); ''bread'', ''breadru'' 'crumb'; ''cealf'', ''cealfru'' 'calf'; ''cild'' 'child' has either the normal plural ''cild'' or ''cildru'' (cf. 'children', with -en from the weak nouns); ''hǣmed'', ''hǣmedru'' 'cohabitation'; ''speld'', ''speldru'' 'torch'.

===Adjectives===
Adjectives in Old English are declined using the same categories as nouns: five cases (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, and instrumental), three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter), and two numbers (singular, plural). In addition, they can be declined either strong or weak. The weak forms are used in the presence of a definite or possessive determiner, while the strong ones are used in other situations. The weak forms are identical to those for nouns, while the strong forms use a combination of noun and pronoun endings:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''The Strong Adjective Declension'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || – || -e || – || -u/– || -u/– || -e, -a
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || -ne || -e || – || -u/– || -e || -e, -a
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || -es || -ra || -es || -ra || -re || -ra
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || -um || -um || -um || -um || -re || -um
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Instrumental''' || -e || -um || -e || -um || -re || -um
|}
For the '-u/–' forms above, the distinction is the same as for strong nouns.
{| border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Strong Adjective Declension: gōd 'good' '''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || gōd || gōde || gōd || gōd || gōd || gōde, -a
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || gōdne || gōde || gōd || gōd || gōde || gōde, -a
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || gōdes || gōdra || gōdes || gōdra || gōdre || gōdra
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || gōdum || gōdum || gōdum || gōdum || gōdre || gōdum
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Instrumental''' || gōde || gōdum || gōde || gōdum || gōdre || gōdum
|}

{| border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Weak Adjective Declension: gōd 'good' '''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || gōda || gōdan || gōde || gōdan || gōde || gōdan
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || gōdan || gōdan || gōde || gōdan || gōdan || gōdan
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || gōdan || gōdena || gōdan || gōdena || gōdan || gōdena
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || gōdan || gōdum || gōdan || gōdum || gōdan || gōdum
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Instrumental''' || gōdan || gōdum || gōdan || gōdum || gōdan || gōdum
|}

Note that the same variants described above for nouns also exist for adjectives. The following example shows both the æ/a variation and the -u forms in the feminine singular and neuter plural:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Strong Adjective Declension: glæd 'glad' '''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || glæd || glade || glæd || gladu || gladu || glade
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || glædne || glade || glæd || gladu || glade || glade
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || glades || glædra || glades || glædra || glædre || glædra
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || gladum || gladum || gladum || gladum || glædre || gladum
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Instrumental''' || glade || gladum || glade || gladum || glædre || gladum
|}

The following shows an example of an adjective ending with -h:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Strong Adjective Declension: hēah 'high' '''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || hēah || hēa || hēah || hēa || hēa || hēa
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || hēane || hēa || hēah || hēa || hēa || hēa
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || hēas || hēara || hēas || hēara || hēare || hēara
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || hēam || hēam || hēam || hēam || hēare || hēam
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Instrumental''' || hēa || hēam || hēa || hēam || hēare || hēam
|}

The following shows an example of an adjective ending with -w:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Strong Adjective Declension: gearu 'ready' '''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || gearu || gearwe || gearu || gearu || gearu || gearwe
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || gearone || gearwe || gearu || gearu || gearwe || gearwe
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || gearwes || gearora || gearwes || gearora || gearore || gearora
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || gearwum || gearwum || gearwum || gearwum || gearore || gearwum
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Instrumental''' || gearwe || gearwum || gearwe || gearwum || gearore || gearwum
|}

===Determiners===
Old English had two main determiners: ''se'', which could function as both 'the' or 'that', and ''þes'' for 'this'.
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''the/that'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" |'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" |'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" |'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" |'''Feminine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" |'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || se || þæt || sēo || þā
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || þone || þæt || þā || þā
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || þæs || þæs || þǣre || þāra, þǣra
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || þǣm || þǣm || þǣre || þǣm, þām
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Instrumental''' || þȳ, þon || þȳ, þon || – || –
|}

Modern English 'that' descends from the neuter nominative/accusative form,<ref>{{cite web|title=That|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=that|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary|accessdate=28 June 2010}}</ref> and 'the' from the masculine nominative form, with 's' replaced analogously by the 'th' of the other forms.<ref>{{cite web|title=The|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=the|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary|accessdate=28 June 2010}}</ref> The feminine nominative form was probably the source of Modern English 'she.'<ref>{{cite web|title=She|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=she|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary|accessdate=28 June 2010}}</ref>
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''this'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" |'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" |'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" |'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" |'''Feminine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" |'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || þes || þis || þēos || þās
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || þisne || þis || þās || þās
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || þisses || þisses || þisse, þisre || þisra
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || þissum || þissum || þisse, þisre || þissum
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Instrumental''' || þȳs || þȳs || – || –
|}

===Pronouns===
Most pronouns are declined by number, case and gender; in the plural form most pronouns have only one form for all genders. Additionally, Old English pronouns preserve the [[Dual (grammatical number)|dual form]] (which is specifically for talking about groups of two things, for example "we two" or "you two" or "they two"). These were uncommon even then, but remained in use throughout the period.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="4"|'''First Person'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dual'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || icḳ || wit || wī
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || mī, micḳ || unk || ūs
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || mīn || unkore || ūsor
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || mī || unk|| ūs
|}
{| border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="4"|'''Second Person'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dual'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || þū || ġit || ġī
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || þī, þicḳ || inḳ || īow
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || þīn || inḳore || īowor
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || þī || inḳ || īow
|}
{| border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Third Person'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="3"|'''Singular'''
! style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Masc.'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Neut.'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Fem.'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || hī || hit || sīo, hīo || hēa (older ''hīea'') ''m.'', hīo ''f.''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || hina || hit || sīa, hīa || hēa (older ''hīea'') ''m.'', hīe ''f.''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || his || his || hira || hire ''m.'', here ''f.''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || him || him || hire || him, hem
|}

Many of the forms above bear strong resemblances to their contemporary English language equivalents: for instance in the genitive case ''ēower'' became "your", ''ūre'' became "our", ''mīn'' became "mine".

===Prepositions===
Prepositions often follow the word which they govern, in which case they are called ''[[postposition]]s''. Also, so that the object of a preposition was marked in the dative case, a preposition may conceivably be located anywhere in the sentence, even appended to the verb. The infinitive is not declined.

The following is a list of prepositions in the Old Auregan. Many of them, particularly
those marked "etc.", are found in other variant spellings. [[Prepositions]] may govern the
[[accusative case|accusative]], [[genitive case|genitive]], [[dative case|dative]] or [[instrumental case|instrumental]]
[[Declension|cases]] - the question of which is beyond the scope of this article.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border="1" cellpadding="3"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|Prepositions
|-
! style="background:#efefef;"| Old Auregan || Definition ||| Notes
|-
|æftor||after; along, through, during; according to, by means of; about.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''aftor''', Related to [[Dutch language|Dutch]] '''achter''' = behind, after
|-
|êar||before||Related to Old English '''ær''', modern [[German language|German]] '''eher''' and [[Dutch language|Dutch]] '''eer''', ancestor of Oxman '''ear-'''
|-
|at||at, to|| Ancestor of Oxman '''at-''' (only in compounds)
|-
|ond||against, before, on.|| Ancestor of oxman '''ond-''', related to Dutch '''ont-'''
|-
|ondlæng||along|| Ancestor of modern '''along'''
|-
|bæftan||after, behind; without.|| From '''bi-''' and '''*æft''' (found in '''æftor''')
|-
|bî||by, near to, to, at, in, on, upon, about, with|| Related to modern Oxman '''bie''', Dutch '''bij''', German '''bei''', ancestor of modern '''by'''
|-
|befôran||before.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''befoar''' and '''beforn'''
|-
|begiendan||beyond.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''beyendon'''
|-
|behindor||behind.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''behindor'''
|-
|binnan||in, within|| Ancestor of Oxman '''binnon''', from '''bi-''' + '''innan'''
|-
|beneðan||beneath|| Ancestor of Oxman '''benethon'''
|-
|betwisc||between, among, amid, in the midst|| Ancestors of Oxman '''betwisc'''
|-
|bîrihte||straight into||| Ancestor of Oxman '''bieright''' (also aright from '''*anrihte''')
|-
|bûƀan||above.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''bovon'''
|-
|bûtan||out of, against; without, except.|| Ancestor of '''bauton''', from '''bi-''' + '''auton'''
|-
|ôac||with, in addition to, besides.||Related to modern Dutch '''ook'''
|-
|fan||by|| Ancestor of Oxman '''fan''', Related to Dutch '''van''' and German '''von''', corresponds to a compound of '''af''' and '''an'''
|-
|fur||for, on account of, because of, with, by; according to; instead of.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''fur'''
|-
|fôra||before|| Ancestor of Oxman '''foar'''
|-
|fram||from; concerning, about, of|| Ancestor of Oxman '''fram'''
|-
|gemæng, gemang, gemong||among|| Ancestor of Oxman '''emong'''
|-
|giend||through, throughout, over, as far as, among, in, after, beyond.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''yends''' and '''yendor'''
|-
|in||in, into, to|| Ancestor of modern '''in'''
|-
|innan||in, into, within, from within || Ancestor of Oxman '''innon'''
|-
|mid||with, against|| Ancestor of modern '''mid'''
|-
|nâh||near|| Ancestor of Oxman '''nagh-''' (only in compounds)
|-
|nefne||except|| Ancestor of Oxman '''nevon''' (unless)
|-
|af||of, from, out of, off|| Ancestor of modern '''af'''
|-
|oƀor||above, over; upon, on, more than|| Ancestor of modern '''ovor'''
|-
|an||at, to, in|| Ancestor of Oxman '''an''' and '''a-'''
|-
|anbûtan||concerning|| Ancestor of Dialectal Oxman '''abauton'''
|-
|angegin||opposite, against; towards; in reply to.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''ayeyon''' (towards)
|-
|sæmt, sæmd||together with, at.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''samt''' (only used in '''samt mid''' or in compounds)
|-
|tô||to, at.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''tœ'''
|-
|tegegnes||towards, against|| Ancestor of Oxman '''teyons'''
|-
|tômiddes||in the midst of, amidst|| Ancestor of Oxman '''tœmids'''
|-
|tôward(es)||toward|| Ancestor of modern tœwards
|-
|þurh||through||Ancestor of Oxman '''thurgh''', Related to modern Dutch '''door''', German '''durch''', English '''through'''
|-
|undor||under|| Ancestor of modern '''undor'''
|-
|undorneðan||underneath|| Ancestor of modern '''undornethon'''
|-
|uppan||upon, on|| Ancestor of dialectical Oxman '''uppon'''.
|-
|ûtan||without, outside of||Ancestor of '''auton''', related to modern German '''außen, außer''' and Swedish '''utan'''
|-
|wiðor||towards, to; with, against; opposite to; by, near.|| Ancestor of modern '''withor-'''. Related to modern German '''wider'''
|-
|umb(i)||about, by|| Ancestor of Oxman '''umb''' (around, about); Related to German '''um''' and Latin '''ambi'''
|-
|umbûtan||about, around; concerning|| Ancestor of archaic Oxman '''umbbauton''' (concerning, around)
|}

[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Germanic]]

Old Auregan

2013-01-28T18:01:18Z

Ealdwimor: /* Anomalous verbs */

{{private}}

{{ClassMeter
|Name = Old Auregan
|NativeName = Auregisc, Wexisc
|Type = Mixed
|Alignment = Nominative-Accusative

|adjective = final
|adposition = final
|adverb= initial
|article= initial
|relativeclause = final
|nounclause = final
|order = SVO

|Tonal = yes
|Declined = yes
|Conjugated = yes
|Genders = 3
|NCase = yes
|NNumber = yes
|NDefiniteness = no
|NGender = yes
|VVoice = yes
|VMood = yes
|VPerson = yes
|VNumber = yes
|VTense = yes
|VAspect = yes

|Phonology=100
|NounCases=100
|NounDef=100
|NounNumbers=100
|NounGender=100
|VerbPerson=100
|VerbNumber=100
|VerbAspect=100
|VerbTense=100
|VerbMood=80
|VerbVoice=50
|AdjCase=100
|AdjNumber=100
|AdjDef=100
|AdjGen=100
|AdjComparative=100
|AdjSuperlative=100
|AdjGen=100
|Supine=100
|Gerund=100
|Participle=100
|Infinitive=100
|Modality=70
|Words=0}}

=General informations=

'''Oxman''' is a Germanic language spoken in the ''Duché du Héron'' (= Shire of Le Héron), a shire that corresponds to the eastern region of Seine-Marirtime in France.
This language has evolved from [[Old Oxman]] which evolved from [[Old Auregan]] which is the first recorded form of Auregan language. Auregan language area corresponds to the "Vexin Normand" (a region situated just south to "Duché du héron"). A Oxman speaking colony also exists near the city of Coventry, Warwickshire, Midlands, England.
Oxman is a West-Germanic language that is strongly linked to Dutch, Modern English, Low German and Modern German.

Here is a table which sums up the main characteristics of this language:

{{agreement
|VerbGender =
|VerbCases =
|VerbNumber = yes
|VerbTenses = yes
|VerbPerson = yes
|VerbMoods = yes
|VerbVoices = yes
|VerbAspect = yes

|NounGender = yes
|NounCases =
|NounNumber = yes
|NounTenses =
|NounPerson =
|NounMoods =
|NounVoices =

|AdjectiveGender =
|AdjectiveCases =
|AdjectiveNumber = yes
|AdjectiveTenses =
|AdjectivePerson =
|AdjectiveMoods =
|AdjectiveVoices =

|NumberGender =
|NumberCases =
|NumberNumber =
|NumberTenses =
|NumberPerson =
|NumberMoods =
|NumberVoices =

|ParticipleGender =
|ParticipleCases =
|ParticipleNumber = yes
|ParticipleTenses =
|ParticiplePerson =
|ParticipleMoods =
|ParticipleVoices = yes

|AdverbGender =
|AdverbCases =
|AdverbNumber =
|AdverbTenses =
|AdverbPerson =
|AdverbMoods =
|AdverbVoices =

|PronounGender = yes
|PronounCases = yes
|PronounNumber = yes
|PronounTenses =
|PronounPerson = yes
|PronounMoods =
|PronounVoices =

|AdpositionGender = yes
|AdpositionCases =
|AdpositionNumber = yes
|AdpositionTenses =
|AdpositionPerson =
|AdpositionMoods =
|AdpositionVoices =

|ArticleGender = yes
|ArticleCases = yes
|ArticleNumber = yes
|ArticleTenses =
|ArticlePerson =
|ArticleMoods =
|ArticleVoices =

|ParticleGender =
|ParticleCases =
|ParticleNumber =
|ParticleTenses =
|ParticlePerson =
|ParticleMoods =
|ParticleVoices =
}}

=Phonology=

==Alphabet==

Oxman alphabet uses letters from Latin alphabet and contains 25 characters:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!Letters
!Pronunciation
!Further information
|-
|a
|[a]
|short 'a'
|-
|b
|[b]
|like in English
|-
|c
|[tʃ]
|like the English 'ch' in 'church'
|-
|d
|[d]
|like in English
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e:]
|in plural cluster -es it is not pronounced
|-
|f
|[f]
|like in English
|-
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronunced as in the English word "get"
|-
|h
|[h]
|like in English
|-
|i
|[ɪ]
|short 'i'
|-
|j
|[j]
|like English 'y'
|-
|k
|[k]
|like in English
|-
|l
|[l]
|like in English
|-
|m
|[m]
|like in English
|-
|n
|[n]
|like in English
|-
|o
|[ɔ] / [oʊ:]
|like in English
|-
|p
|[p]
|like in English
|-
|q
|[k]
|often followed by 'u', in latin words beginning with 'qu'
|-
|r
|[r]
|trilled just as in Dutch or in Italian
|-
|s
|[s]
|can be either voiced or voiceless
|-
|t
|[t]
|like in English
|-
|u
|[œ]
|short 'u' in 'but'
|-
|v
|[v]
|like in English
|-
|w
|[ʋ]
|between 'v' and 'w', just as in Dutch
|-
|y
|[j]
|between French letter 'j' in 'jouer' and English 'y' in 'year', as a vowel like a French 'u' or as English 'y' in 'why' when at the end of a word followed by a 'e' (cf. Oxman 'wye?' meaning 'why?' pronounced as in English);
|-
|æ
|[ɑ:]
|long 'a'
|-
|œ
|[u]
|as 'oo' in 'boot'
|}

==Consonantic phonemes==

Old Auregan language had the following consonantic phonemes:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" {{Table/bluetable}} style="width: 860px; "
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; "|
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Bilabial
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Labio-dental
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Dental
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Alveolar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Post-alveolar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Palatal
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Labio-Velar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Velar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Glottal
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Nasal
| style="text-align: center;"|m
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|n
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|(ŋ)
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Plosive
| style="text-align: center;"|p b
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|t d
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|k g
| style="text-align: center;"|ʔ
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Fricative
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|f v
| style="text-align: center;"|θ ð
| style="text-align: center;"|s z
| style="text-align: center;"|ʃ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|x
| style="text-align: center;"|h
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Affricate
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ts dz
| style="text-align: center;"|tʃ dʒ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Approximant
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ɹ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|j
| style="text-align: center;"|ʍ w
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Lateral
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|l
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|}

==Vocalic phonemes==

Oxman shows the following vowels:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! rowspan="2" colspan="1"|'''Phonemes'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Short'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Long'''
|-
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-
!'''Closed'''
|ɪ
|ʊ
|i:
|u:
|-
!'''Mid-closed'''
|
|
|e:
|o:
|-
!'''Mid-open'''
|ɛ
|ɔ
|
|
|-
!'''Open'''
|a
|
|
|ɑ:
|}

==Diphthongs and digraphs==

Old Auregan had also twenty diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Diphthongs'''
|'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|īo
|[i:eɪ]
|-
|īa
|[i:a]
|-
|ēa
|[e:aɪ]
|}

==Stress==

The position of stress in this language is quite regular, because it falls on the root and thus there are few rules to observe:

* In substantives (and in adjectives and adverbs) the stress generally falls on the first syllable, but if they are compound nouns / adjectives, formed by prefix + noun / adjective, the stress falls on the root syllable of the noun / adjective. In compounds which are formed by noun / adjective + noun / adjective, the various words are read as if they were written separately;

* In verbs the stress falls always on the root, even if they are compounds, ex.: ''emæke'', "to make up", is read as [ə''''ma:'''kə].

=Grammar=
==Morphology==
===Verbs===
Verbs in Old Auregan are divided into [[strong inflection|strong]] or [[weak inflection|weak]] verbs. Strong verbs indicate tense by a change in the quality of a [[vowel]], while weak verbs indicate tense by the addition of an ending.

====Strong verbs====
Strong verbs use the Germanic form of [[grammatical conjugation|conjugation]] known as [[Indo-European ablaut|''ablaut'']]. In this form of conjugation, the stem of the word changes to indicate the tense. Verbs like this persist in modern Oxman; for example ''singe, song, esungen'' is a strong verb, as are ''swimbe, swomb, eswumben'' and ''ciese, coas, ecosen''. The root portion of the word changes rather than its ending. In Old Auregan, there were seven major classes of strong verb; each class has its own pattern of stem changes. Learning these is often a challenge for students of the language, though English speakers may see connections between the old verb classes and their modern forms.

The classes had the following distinguishing features to their infinitive stems:
<ol type="I">
<li>ī + one consonant.
<li>īo or ū + one consonant.
<li>e + two consonants.
<li>e + 1 consonant (usually l or r, plus the verb ''brecan'' 'to break').
<li>e + 1 consonant (usually a stop or a fricative).
<li>a + 1 consonant.
<li>Other than the above.
</ol>
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="6"|'''Stem changes in strong verbs'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Class'''
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Root weight'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Infinitive'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''First preterite'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Second preterite'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Past participle'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''I''' || heavy || ī || ēa || i || i
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''II''' || heavy || īo ''or'' ū || ōa || u || o
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''III''' || heavy || colspan=4|''see table below''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''IV''' || light|| e(+r/l) || a || ā (originally ǣ) || o
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''V''' || light|| e(+''other'') || a || ā (originally ǣ) || e
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''VI''' || light || a || ō || ō || a
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''VII''' || heavy || ō, ēa, ōa, æ, ǣ, ō|| colspan=2|e, ǣ ''or'' īo || same as infinitive
|}

The first [[preterite]] stem is used in the preterite, for the [[grammatical person|first-]] and third-person [[Grammatical number|singular]]. The second preterite stem is used for second-person singular, and all persons in the [[plural]] (as well as the preterite [[Subjunctive mood|subjunctive]]). Strong verbs also exhibit [[I-mutation#I-mutation in Old Auregan|i-mutation]] of the stem in the second- and third-person singular in the [[present tense]].

The second sound change to affect it was the influence of palatal sounds <g>, <k>, and <sc>. These turned preceding <e> and <a> to and <æ>, respectively.

The third sound change turned <e> to , <æ> to <a>, and <o> to before nasals.

Altogether, this split the third class into five sub-classes:
<ol type="a">
<li>e + two consonants (apart from clusters beginning with l).
<li>e + r or h + another consonant.
<li>e + l + another consonant.
<li>g, c, or sc + i + two consonants.
<li>i + nasal + another consonant.
</ol>
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="5"|'''Stem changes in Class III'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Sub-class'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Infinitive'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''First preterite'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Second preterite'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Past participle'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''a''' || e || a || u || o
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''b''' || e || a || u || o
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''c''' || e || e || u || o
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''d''' || i || e || u || o
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''e''' || i || a || u || u
|}

Regular strong verbs were all conjugated roughly the same, with the main differences being in the stem vowel. Thus ''stelan'' 'to steal' represents the strong verb conjugation paradigm.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Conjugation'''
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Pronoun'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'steal'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2" colspan="2"|'''Infinitives'''
| stelan
|-
| te stelenne
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Present indicative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic''' || stelo
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þû''' || stilst
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hî/hit/sîo''' || stilþ
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || stelað
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="4"|'''Past indicative'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic''' || stal
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þû''' || stāli
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hî/hit/sîo''' || stal
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || stālon
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2"|'''Present subjunctive'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic/þû/hî/hit/sîo''' || stele
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|''' wî/gî/hêa ''' || stelen
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2"|'''Past subjunctive'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic/þû/hî/hit/sîo''' || stāle
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || stālin
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2"|'''Imperative'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular''' || stel
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural''' || stelað
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"| '''Present participle''' || stelendi
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Past participle''' || gestolon
|}

====Weak verbs====

Weak verbs are formed by adding alveolar (''t'' or ''d'') endings to the stem for the past and past-participle tenses. Some examples are ''love, loved'' or ''look, looked''.

Originally, the weak ending was used to form the preterite of informal, noun-derived verbs such as often emerge in conversation and which have no established system of stem-change. By nature, these verbs were almost always transitive, and even today, most weak verbs are transitive verbs formed in the same way.

The linguistic trends of borrowing foreign verbs and verbalizing nouns have greatly increased the number of weak verbs over the last 1,200 years. Some verbs that were originally strong (for example ''helpe, holp, eholpen'' is now more and more replaced by ''helpe, helpte, ehelpt'') have become weak by analogy; most foreign verbs are adopted as weak verbs; and when verbs are made from nouns (for example "to scroll" or "to water") the resulting verb is weak. Additionally, conjugation of weak verbs is easier to teach, since there are fewer classes of variation. In combination, these factors have drastically increased the number of weak verbs, so that in modern Oxman weak verbs are the most numerous and productive form.

There are three major classes of weak verbs in Old Auregan. The first class displays i-mutation in the root, and the second class none. There is also a third class explained below.

Class-one verbs with short roots exhibit [[West Germanic gemination|gemination]] of the final stem consonant in certain forms. With verbs in <r>, this appears as <ri>. Geminated <ƀ> appears as <bb>, and that of <ġ> appears as <dġ>. Class-one verbs may receive an [[Epenthesis|epenthetic]] vowel before endings beginning in a consonant.

Where class-one verbs have gemination, class-two verbs have , which is a separate syllable pronounced [i]. All class-two verbs have an epenthetic vowel, which appears as <a> or <o>.

In the following table, three verbs are conjugated. ''Swebban'' 'to put to sleep' is a class-one verb exhibiting gemination and an epenthetic vowel. ''Hêalean'' 'to heal' is a class-one verb exhibiting neither gemination nor an epenthetic vowel. ''Sîðeon'' 'to travel' is a class-two verb.
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Conjugation'''
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Pronoun'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'put to sleep'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'heal'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'travel'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2" colspan="2"|'''Infinitives'''
| swebbean || hêalean || sîþeon
|-
| te swebbeanne || te hêaleanne || te sîþeonne
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Present indicative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic''' || swebbeo || hêaleo || sîþeo
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þû''' || sweƀest || hêalest || sîþest
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hî/hit/îo''' || sweƀeð || hêaleþ || sîþeð
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || swebbeað || hêaleað || sîþeoð
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="4"|'''Past indicative'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic''' || sweƀoda || hêalda || sîþoda
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þû''' || sweƀodest || hêaldest || sîþodest
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hî/hit/sîo''' || sweƀoda || hêalda || sîþoda
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || sweƀodon || hêaldon || sîþodon
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2"|'''Present subjunctive'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic/þû/hî/hit/sîo''' || swebbe || hêale || sîþe
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|''' wî/gî/hêa ''' || swebben || hêalen || sîþen
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2"|'''Past subjunctive'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic/þû/hî/hit/sîo''' || sweƀodi || hêaldi || sîþodi
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || sweƀodin || hêaldin || sîþodin
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2"|'''Imperative'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular''' || sweƀe || hêale || sîþe
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural''' || swebbeað || hêaleað || sîþeað
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"| '''Present participle''' || sweƀendi || hêalendi || sîþende
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Past participle''' || gesweƀed || gehêaled || gesîþeod
|}

During the Old Auregan period, the third class was significantly reduced; only four verbs belonged to this group: ''hebbean'' 'have', ''libbean'' 'live', ''sedgean'' 'say', and ''hudġean'' 'think'. Each of these verbs is distinctly irregular, though they share some commonalities.
{|{{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Conjugation'''
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Pronoun'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'have'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'live'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'say'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'think'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Infinitive''' || hebbean || libbean || sedgean || hudġean
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Present indicative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic''' || hebbeo || libbeo || sedġeo || hudġeo
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þû''' || haƀest || liƀest || sagest || hogest
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hî/hit/sîo''' || haƀeþ || liƀeþ || sageþ || hogeþ
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || habbeað || libbeað || sedgeað || hudgeað
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" |'''Past indicative'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''(all persons)''' || hafda || lifda || sagda || hogda
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" |'''Present subjunctive'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''(all persons)''' || hebbe || libbe || sedge || hudge
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" |'''Past subjunctive'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''(all persons)''' || hafdi || lifdi || sagdi || hogdi
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2"|'''Imperative'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular''' || haƀe || liƀe || sage || hoge
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural''' || hebbeað || libbeað || sedgeað || hudgeað
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"| '''Present participle''' || hebbendi || libbendi || sedgendi || hudgendi
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Past participle''' || gehafd || gelifd ||gesagd || gehogd
|}

====Preterite-present verbs====
The preterite-present verbs are a class of verbs which have a present tense in the form of a strong preterite and a past tense like the past of a weak verb. These verbs derive from the subjunctive or optative use of preterite forms to refer to present or future time. For example, ''witan'', "to know" comes from a verb which originally meant "to have seen" (cf. OA '''wīsa''' "manner, mode, appearance"; Latin '''videre''' "to see" from the same root). The present singular is formed from the original singular preterite stem and the present plural from the original plural preterite stem. As a result of this history, the first-person singular and third-person singular are the same in the present.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Conjugation'''
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Pronoun'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'know how to'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'be able to, can'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'be obliged to'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'know'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'own'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'avail'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'dare'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'remember'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'need'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'be allowed to'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'grant, allow'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'use, enjoy'
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" colspan="2"|'''Modern Descendant'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'kunne'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'muye'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'sculle'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'wite'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'eye'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'*duye'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'durre'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'*mune'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'thurve'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'mœte’
! style="background:#efefef;"|'*unne'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'enuye'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Infinitives'''
| cunnan, kunnan || mugan || sculan || witan || êagan || dugan || durran || munan || þurƀan || môtan || unnan || genugan
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Present Indicative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic, ik, ick''' || can, kan || mag || scal || wêat || êah || dôag || dar || man || þarf || môt || an || genah
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þû''' || canst, kanst || maht || scalt || wêast || êahst || dôahst || darst || manst || þarft || môst || anst || genaht
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hî/hit/sîo''' || can, kan || mag || scal || wêat || êah || dôah || dar || man || þarf || môt || an || genah
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || cunnon, kunnon || mugon || sculon || witon || êagon || dugon || durron || munon || þurƀon || môton || unnon || genugon
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Past Indicative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic''' || cûða, kûða || mæhta, mahta || scolda || wista || êahta || dohta || dorsta || munda || þorfta || môsta || ûða || genohta
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þû''' || cûðest, kûðest || mæhtest, mahtest || scoldest || wistest || êahtest || dohtest || dorstest || mundest || þorftest || môstest || ûðest || genohtest
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hî/hit/sîo''' || cûða, kûða || mæhta, mahta || scolda || wista || ēahta || dohta || dorsta || munda || þorfta || môsta || ôða || ġinohta
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || cûðon, kûðon || mæhton, mahton || scoldon || wiston || ēahton || dohton || dorston || mundon || þorfton || mōston || ūðon || ġinohton
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="3"|'''Present Subjunctive'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic/þû/hî/hit/sîo''' || cunni, kunni || mugi || sculi || witi || êagi || dugi || durri || muni || þurƀi || môti || unni || genugi
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|''' wî/gî/hêa ''' || cunnin, kunnin || mugin || sculin || witin || êagin || dugin || durrin || munin || þurƀin || môtin || unnin || genugin
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="3"|'''Past Subjunctive'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic/þû/hî/hit/sîo''' || cûði, kûði || mæhti, mahti || scoldi || wisti || êahti || dohti || dorsti || mundi || þorfti || môsti || ûði || genohti
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || cûðin, kûðin || mæhtin, mahtin || scoldin || wistin || êahtin || dohtin || dorstin || mundin || þorftin || môstin || ûðin || genohtin
|}

[Forms above with asterisk (*) rare, archaic or dialectal.]

==== Anomalous verbs ====
Additionally there is a further group of four verbs which are anomalous, the verbs "want" (modern "will"), "do", "go" and "be". These four have their own conjugation schemes which differ significantly from all the other classes of verb. This is not especially unusual: "want", "do", "go", and "be" are the most commonly used verbs in the language, and are very important to the meaning of the sentences in which they are used. Idiosyncratic patterns of inflection are much more common with important items of vocabulary than with rarely-used ones.

''Dōn'' 'to do' and ''gān'' 'to go' are conjugated alike; ''willan'' 'to want' is similar outside of the present tense.
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Conjugation'''
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Pronoun'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'do'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'go'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'will'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Infinitive''' || style="background:#efefef;"|– || dōn || gān || willean
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Present Indicative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic''' || dô(m) || gâ || will, wil(l)e
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þū''' || dêst || gêst || wilt, wilest
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hē/hit/hēo''' || dêþ || gêþ || will, wil(l)e
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wē/gē/hīe''' || dôð || gâð || willeað
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="4"|'''Past Indicative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic/hē/hit/hēo''' || deda || igda || wolda
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þū''' || dedest || igdest || woldest
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wē/gē/hīe''' || dedon || igdon || woldon
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Present Subjunctive''' || style="background:#efefef;"|'''(all persons)''' || dô || gâ || wille
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Past Subjunctive''' || style="background:#efefef;"|'''(all persons)''' || deda || igda || wolda
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"| '''Present Participle''' || dōndi || – || willeandi
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Past Participle''' || gedōn || gegān / gegangon || -
|}

The verb 'to be' is actually composed of three different stems:
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Conjugation'''
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Pronoun'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''sīn'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''bīon'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''wesan'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Infinitive''' || style="background:#efefef;"|– || sîn || *bîon || wesan
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Present Indicative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''iḳ, ic''' || em || bîom || *weso
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þû''' || art || bist || *wesest
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hî/hit/sîo''' || is || *biþ || *west
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || âron, sind(on) || *bîoð || wesað
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Past Indicative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''iḳ, ic, ick''' || – || – || was
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þû''' || – || – || wâri
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hî/hit/sîo''' || – || – || was
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || – || – || wâron
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="3"|'''Present Subjunctive'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''iḳ/þû/hî/hit/sîo''' || sîe || *bîe || wese
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || sîen || *bîen || wesen
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="3"|'''Past Subjunctive'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''iḳ/þû/hî/hit/sîo''' || – || – || wâri
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || – || – || wârin
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="3"|'''Imperative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''(singular)''' || – || *bîo || wes
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''(plural)''' || – || *bîoð || wesað
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Present Participle''' || – || *bîondi || wesendi
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Past Participle''' || – || *gebîon || geweson
|}
The present forms of ''wesan'' are almost never used. Therefore, ''wesan'' is used as the past, imperative, and present participle versions of ''sindon'', and does not have a separate meaning. The ''bēon'' forms are usually used in reference to future actions. Only the present forms of ''bēon'' contrast with the present forms of ''sindon''/''wesan'' in that ''bēon'' tends to be used to refer to eternal or permanent truths, while ''sindon''/''wesan'' is used more commonly to refer to temporary or subjective facts. This semantic distinction was lost as Old English developed into modern English, so that the modern verb 'to be' is a single verb which takes its present indicative forms from ''sindon,'' its past indicative forms from ''wesan,'' its present subjunctive forms from ''bēon,'' its past subjunctive forms from ''wesan,'' and its imperative and participle forms from ''bēon.'' In late OE and ME, the form earon/earun, from the [[Old Norse]] erun, replaced bēoþ and sind (See also [[List of English words of Old Norse origin]]).

===Nouns===
Old English is an [[inflection|inflected]] language, and as such its [[noun]]s, [[pronoun]]s, [[adjective]]s and [[determiner (linguistics)|determiners]] must be [[Declension|declined]] in order to serve a grammatical function. A set of declined forms of the same word pattern is called a declension. As in several other ancient [[Germanic languages]], there are five major [[Grammatical case|cases]]: [[nominative]], [[accusative]], [[dative]], [[genitive]] and [[Instrumental case|instrumental]].

*The '''nominative''' case indicated the subject of the sentence, for example ''se cyning'' means 'the king'. It was also used for direct address. Adjectives in the predicate (qualifying a noun on the other side of 'to be') were also in the nominative.
*The '''accusative''' case indicated the direct object of the sentence, for example ''Æþelbald lufode þone cyning'' means "Æþelbald loved the king", where Æþelbald is the subject and the king is the object. Already the accusative had begun to merge with the nominative; it was never distinguished in the plural, or in a neuter noun.
*The '''genitive''' case indicated possession, for example the ''þæs cyninges scip'' is "the ship of the king" or "the king's ship". It also indicated [[partitive]] nouns.
*The '''dative''' case indicated the indirect object of the sentence, for example ''hringas þæm cyninge'' means "rings for the king" or "rings to the king". There were also several verbs that took direct objects in the dative.
*The '''instrumental''' case indicated an instrument used to achieve something, for example, ''lifde sweorde'', "he lived by the sword", where ''sweorde'' is the instrumental form of ''sweord''. During the Old English period, the instrumental was falling out of use, having largely merged with the dative. Only pronouns and strong adjectives retained separate forms for the instrumental.

The small body of evidence we have for [[Runic alphabet|Runic]] texts suggests that there may also have a been a separate [[locative]] case in early or Northumbrian forms of the language (e.g., {{script|Runr|ᚩᚾ ᚱᚩᛞᛁ}} ''on rodi'' "on the Cross").<ref>Page, ''An Introduction to English Runes'', Boydell 1999, p. 230</ref>

In addition to inflection for case, nouns take different endings depending on whether the noun was in the singular (for example, ''hring'' 'one ring') or plural (for example, ''hringas'' 'many rings'). Also, some nouns pluralize by way of [[Germanic umlaut|Umlaut]], and some undergo no pluralizing change in certain cases.

Nouns are also categorized by [[grammatical gender]] – masculine, feminine, or neuter. In general, masculine and neuter words share their endings. Feminine words have their own subset of endings. The plural of some declension types distinguishes between genders, e.g., a-stem masculine nominative plural ''stanas'' "stones" vs. neuter nominative plural ''scipu'' "ships" and ''word'' "words"; or i-stem masculine nominative plural ''sige(as)'' "victories" vs. neuter nominative plural ''sifu'' "sieves" and ''hilt'' "hilts".

Furthermore, Old English nouns are divided as either strong or weak. Weak nouns have their own endings. In general, weak nouns are easier than strong nouns, since they had begun to lose their declensional system. However, there is a great deal of overlap between the various classes of noun: they are not totally distinct from one another.

Old English language grammars often follow the common NOM-ACC-GEN-DAT-INST order used for the Germanic languages.

====Strong nouns====
Here are the strong declensional endings and examples for each gender:
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''The Strong Noun Declension'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || – || -os || – || -u/– || -u/– || -e
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || – || -os || – || -u/– || -e || -e
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || -es || -ō || -es || -ō || -e || -ō
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || -e || -um || -e || -um || -e || -um
|}
For the '-u/–' forms above, the '-u' is used with a root consisting of a single short syllable or ending in a long syllable followed by a short syllable, while roots ending in a long syllable or two short syllables are not inflected. (A long syllable contains a long vowel or is followed by two consonants. Note also that there are some exceptions; for example, feminine nouns ending in -þu such as ''strengþu'' 'strength'.)

{| border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Strong Noun Declension for each Gender'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' engel 'angel'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter''' scip 'ship'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine''' sorg 'sorrow'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || engol || englos || scip || scipu || sorġa || sorġa
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || engol || englos || scip || scipu || sorġa || sorġa
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || engles || englō || scipes || scipō || sorġō || sorġanō
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || engle || englum || scipe || scipum || sorġe || sorġum
|}
Note the [[syncope (phonetics)|syncope]] of the second ''e'' in ''engel'' when an ending follows. This syncope of the vowel in the second syllable occurs with two-syllable strong nouns, which have a long vowel in the first syllable and a second syllable consisting of a short vowel and single consonant (for example, ''engel'', ''wuldor'' 'glory', and ''hēafod'' 'head'). However, this syncope is not always present, so forms such as ''engelas'' may be seen.

====Weak nouns====
Here are the weak declensional endings and examples for each gender:
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''The Weak Noun Declension'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || -e || -on || -a || -on || -a || -a
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || -on || -on || -a || -on || -a || -a
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || -on || -anō || -on || -anō || -ō || -anō
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || -on || -um || -on || -um || -e || -um
|}
{| border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Weak Noun Declension for each Gender'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' name 'name'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter''' oage 'eye'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine''' tunga 'tongue'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || name || namon || ōaġa || ōaġon || tunga || tunga
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || namon || namon || ōaġa || ōaġon || tunga || tunga
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || namon || namanō || ōaġon || ōaġanō || tungō || tunganō
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || namon || namum || ōaġon || ōaġum || tunge || tungum
|}

====Irregular strong nouns====
In addition, masculine and neuter nouns whose main vowel is short 'æ' and end with a single consonant change the vowel to 'a' in the plural (a result of the phonological phenomenon known as [[Anglo-Frisian brightening]]):
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
| style="background:#afefef;" colspan="5"|'''Dæg''' 'day' ''m.''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;"|Case
! style="background:#efefef;"|Singular
! style="background:#efefef;"|Plural
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || dæg || dagas
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || dæg || dagas
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || dæges || daga
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || dæge || dagum
|}

Some masculine and neuter nouns end in -e in their base form. These drop the -e and add normal endings. Note that neuter nouns in -e always have -u in the plural, even with a long vowel:
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Strong Noun Declensions ending in -e'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' ende 'end'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter''' stȳle 'steel'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || ende || endas || stȳle || stȳlu
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || ende || endas || stȳle || stȳlu
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || endes || enda || stȳles || stȳla
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || ende || endum || stȳle || stȳlum
|}

Nouns ending in -h lose this when an ending is added, and lengthen the vowel in compensation (this can result in compression of the ending as well):
{| border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Strong Noun Declensions ending in -h'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' mearh 'horse'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter''' feorh 'life'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' scōh 'shoe'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || mearh || mēaras || feorh || feorh || scōh || scōs
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || mearh || mēaras || feorh || feorh || scōh || scōs
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || mēares || mēara || fēores || fēora || scōs || scōna
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || mēare || mēarum || fēore || fēorum || scō || scōm
|}

Nouns whose stem ends in -w change this to -u or drop it in the nominative singular. (Note that this '-u/–' distinction depends on [[syllable weight]], as for strong nouns, above.)

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Strong Noun Declensions ending in -w'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter''' smeoru 'grease'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine''' sinu 'sinew'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine''' lǣs 'pasture'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || smeoru || smeoru || sinu || sinwa || lǣs || lǣswa}}
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || smeoru || smeoru || sinwe || sinwa, -e || lǣswe || lǣswa, -e
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || smeorwes || smeorwa || sinwe || sinwa || lǣswe || lǣswa
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || smeorwe || smeorwum || sinwe || sinwum || lǣswe || lǣswum
|}

A few nouns follow the -u declension, with an entirely different set of endings. The following examples are both masculine, although feminines also exist, with the same endings (for example ''duru'' 'door' and ''hand'' 'hand'). Note that the '-u/–' distinction in the singular depends on syllable weight, as for strong nouns, above.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the -u Declension'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' sunu 'son'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' feld 'field'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || sunu || suna || feld || felda
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || sunu || suna || feld || felda
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || suna || suna || felda || felda
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || suna || sunum || felda || feldum
|}

====Mutating strong nouns====
There are also some nouns of the consonant declension, which show i-umlaut in some forms.

{| border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Strong Noun Declensions with i-shift'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' fōt 'foot'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine''' hnutu 'nut'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine''' bōc 'book'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || fōt || fēt || hnutu || hnyte || bōc || bēc
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || fōt || fēt || hnutu || hnyte || bōc || bēc
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || fōtes || fōta || hnyte, hnute || hnuta || bēc, bōce || bōca
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || fēt, fōte || fōtum || hnyte, hnute || hnutum || bēc, bōc || bōcum
|}

Other such nouns include (with singular and plural nominative forms given):

Masculine: ''tōþ'', ''tēþ'' 'tooth'; ''mann'', ''menn'' 'man'; ''frēond'', ''frīend'' 'friend'; ''fēond'', ''fīend'' 'enemy' (cf. 'fiend')

Feminine: ''studu'', ''styde'' 'post' (cf. 'stud'); ''hnitu'', ''hnite'' 'nit'; ''āc'', ''ǣc'' 'oak'; ''gāt'', ''gǣt'' 'goat'; ''brōc'', ''brēc'' 'leg covering' (cf. 'breeches'); ''gōs'', ''gēs'' 'goose'; ''burg'', ''byrg'' 'city' (cf. 'borough', '-bury' and German cities in -burg); ''dung'', ''dyng'' 'prison' (cf. 'dungeon' by way of French and Frankish); ''turf'', ''tyrf'' 'turf'; ''grūt'', ''grȳt'' 'meal' (cf. 'grout'); ''lūs'', ''lȳs'' 'louse'; ''mūs'', ''mȳs'' 'mouse'; ''neaht'', ''niht'' 'night'
Feminine with loss of -h in some forms: ''furh'', ''fyrh'' 'furrow' or 'fir'; ''sulh'', ''sylh'' 'plough'; ''þrūh'', ''þrȳh'' 'trough'; ''wlōh'', ''wlēh'' 'fringe'.
Feminine with compression of endings: ''cū'', ''cȳ'' 'cow' (cf. dialectal plural 'kine')

Neuter: In addition, ''scrūd'' 'clothing, garment' has the umlauted dative-singular form ''scrȳd''.

====Nouns of relationship====

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="11"|'''Nouns of Relationship'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' fæder 'father'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' brōðor 'brother'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine''' mōdor 'mother'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine''' sweostor 'sister'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine''' dohtor 'daughter'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || fæder || fæd(e)ras || brōðor || (ge)brōðor || mōdor || mōdra/mōdru || sweostor || (ge)sweostor, -tru, -tra || dohtor || dohtor
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || fæder || fæd(e)ras || brōðor || (ge)brōðor || mōdor || mōdra/mōdru || sweostor || (ge)sweostor, -tru, -tra || dohtor || dohtor
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || fæder || fæd(e)ra || brōðor || (ge)brōðra || mōdor || mōdra || sweostor || (ge)sweostra || dohtor || dohtra
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || fæder || fæderum || brēðer || (ge)brōðrum || mēder || mōdrum || sweostor || (ge)sweostrum || dehter || dohtrum
|}

====Neuter nouns with -r- in the plural====

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
| style="background:#afefef;" colspan="5"|'''Lamb''' 'lamb' ''n.''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;"|Case
! style="background:#efefef;"|Singular
! style="background:#efefef;"|Plural
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || lamb || lambru
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || lamb || lambru
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || lambes || lambra
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || lambe || lambrum
|}

Other such nouns: ''ǣg'', ''ǣgru'' 'egg' (ancestor of the archaic/dialectical form 'ey', plural 'eyren'; the form 'egg' is a borrowing from Old Norse); ''bread'', ''breadru'' 'crumb'; ''cealf'', ''cealfru'' 'calf'; ''cild'' 'child' has either the normal plural ''cild'' or ''cildru'' (cf. 'children', with -en from the weak nouns); ''hǣmed'', ''hǣmedru'' 'cohabitation'; ''speld'', ''speldru'' 'torch'.

===Adjectives===
Adjectives in Old English are declined using the same categories as nouns: five cases (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, and instrumental), three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter), and two numbers (singular, plural). In addition, they can be declined either strong or weak. The weak forms are used in the presence of a definite or possessive determiner, while the strong ones are used in other situations. The weak forms are identical to those for nouns, while the strong forms use a combination of noun and pronoun endings:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''The Strong Adjective Declension'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || – || -e || – || -u/– || -u/– || -e, -a
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || -ne || -e || – || -u/– || -e || -e, -a
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || -es || -ra || -es || -ra || -re || -ra
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || -um || -um || -um || -um || -re || -um
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Instrumental''' || -e || -um || -e || -um || -re || -um
|}
For the '-u/–' forms above, the distinction is the same as for strong nouns.
{| border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Strong Adjective Declension: gōd 'good' '''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || gōd || gōde || gōd || gōd || gōd || gōde, -a
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || gōdne || gōde || gōd || gōd || gōde || gōde, -a
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || gōdes || gōdra || gōdes || gōdra || gōdre || gōdra
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || gōdum || gōdum || gōdum || gōdum || gōdre || gōdum
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Instrumental''' || gōde || gōdum || gōde || gōdum || gōdre || gōdum
|}

{| border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Weak Adjective Declension: gōd 'good' '''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || gōda || gōdan || gōde || gōdan || gōde || gōdan
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || gōdan || gōdan || gōde || gōdan || gōdan || gōdan
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || gōdan || gōdena || gōdan || gōdena || gōdan || gōdena
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || gōdan || gōdum || gōdan || gōdum || gōdan || gōdum
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Instrumental''' || gōdan || gōdum || gōdan || gōdum || gōdan || gōdum
|}

Note that the same variants described above for nouns also exist for adjectives. The following example shows both the æ/a variation and the -u forms in the feminine singular and neuter plural:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Strong Adjective Declension: glæd 'glad' '''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || glæd || glade || glæd || gladu || gladu || glade
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || glædne || glade || glæd || gladu || glade || glade
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || glades || glædra || glades || glædra || glædre || glædra
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || gladum || gladum || gladum || gladum || glædre || gladum
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Instrumental''' || glade || gladum || glade || gladum || glædre || gladum
|}

The following shows an example of an adjective ending with -h:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Strong Adjective Declension: hēah 'high' '''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || hēah || hēa || hēah || hēa || hēa || hēa
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || hēane || hēa || hēah || hēa || hēa || hēa
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || hēas || hēara || hēas || hēara || hēare || hēara
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || hēam || hēam || hēam || hēam || hēare || hēam
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Instrumental''' || hēa || hēam || hēa || hēam || hēare || hēam
|}

The following shows an example of an adjective ending with -w:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Strong Adjective Declension: gearu 'ready' '''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || gearu || gearwe || gearu || gearu || gearu || gearwe
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || gearone || gearwe || gearu || gearu || gearwe || gearwe
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || gearwes || gearora || gearwes || gearora || gearore || gearora
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || gearwum || gearwum || gearwum || gearwum || gearore || gearwum
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Instrumental''' || gearwe || gearwum || gearwe || gearwum || gearore || gearwum
|}

===Determiners===
Old English had two main determiners: ''se'', which could function as both 'the' or 'that', and ''þes'' for 'this'.
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''the/that'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" |'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" |'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" |'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" |'''Feminine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" |'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || se || þæt || sēo || þā
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || þone || þæt || þā || þā
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || þæs || þæs || þǣre || þāra, þǣra
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || þǣm || þǣm || þǣre || þǣm, þām
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Instrumental''' || þȳ, þon || þȳ, þon || – || –
|}

Modern English 'that' descends from the neuter nominative/accusative form,<ref>{{cite web|title=That|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=that|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary|accessdate=28 June 2010}}</ref> and 'the' from the masculine nominative form, with 's' replaced analogously by the 'th' of the other forms.<ref>{{cite web|title=The|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=the|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary|accessdate=28 June 2010}}</ref> The feminine nominative form was probably the source of Modern English 'she.'<ref>{{cite web|title=She|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=she|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary|accessdate=28 June 2010}}</ref>
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''this'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" |'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" |'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" |'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" |'''Feminine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" |'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || þes || þis || þēos || þās
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || þisne || þis || þās || þās
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || þisses || þisses || þisse, þisre || þisra
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || þissum || þissum || þisse, þisre || þissum
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Instrumental''' || þȳs || þȳs || – || –
|}

===Pronouns===
Most pronouns are declined by number, case and gender; in the plural form most pronouns have only one form for all genders. Additionally, Old English pronouns preserve the [[Dual (grammatical number)|dual form]] (which is specifically for talking about groups of two things, for example "we two" or "you two" or "they two"). These were uncommon even then, but remained in use throughout the period.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="4"|'''First Person'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dual'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || icḳ || wit || wī
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || mī, micḳ || unk || ūs
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || mīn || unkore || ūsor
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || mī || unk|| ūs
|}
{| border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="4"|'''Second Person'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dual'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || þū || ġit || ġī
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || þī, þicḳ || inḳ || īow
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || þīn || inḳore || īowor
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || þī || inḳ || īow
|}
{| border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Third Person'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="3"|'''Singular'''
! style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Masc.'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Neut.'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Fem.'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || hī || hit || sīo, hīo || hēa (older ''hīea'') ''m.'', hīo ''f.''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || hina || hit || sīa, hīa || hēa (older ''hīea'') ''m.'', hīe ''f.''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || his || his || hira || hire ''m.'', here ''f.''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || him || him || hire || him, hem
|}

Many of the forms above bear strong resemblances to their contemporary English language equivalents: for instance in the genitive case ''ēower'' became "your", ''ūre'' became "our", ''mīn'' became "mine".

===Prepositions===
Prepositions often follow the word which they govern, in which case they are called ''[[postposition]]s''. Also, so that the object of a preposition was marked in the dative case, a preposition may conceivably be located anywhere in the sentence, even appended to the verb. The infinitive is not declined.

The following is a list of prepositions in the Old Auregan. Many of them, particularly
those marked "etc.", are found in other variant spellings. [[Prepositions]] may govern the
[[accusative case|accusative]], [[genitive case|genitive]], [[dative case|dative]] or [[instrumental case|instrumental]]
[[Declension|cases]] - the question of which is beyond the scope of this article.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border="1" cellpadding="3"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|Prepositions
|-
! style="background:#efefef;"| Old Auregan || Definition ||| Notes
|-
|æftor||after; along, through, during; according to, by means of; about.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''aftor''', Related to [[Dutch language|Dutch]] '''achter''' = behind, after
|-
|êar||before||Related to Old English '''ær''', modern [[German language|German]] '''eher''' and [[Dutch language|Dutch]] '''eer''', ancestor of Oxman '''ear-'''
|-
|at||at, to|| Ancestor of Oxman '''at-''' (only in compounds)
|-
|ond||against, before, on.|| Ancestor of oxman '''ond-''', related to Dutch '''ont-'''
|-
|ondlæng||along|| Ancestor of modern '''along'''
|-
|bæftan||after, behind; without.|| From '''bi-''' and '''*æft''' (found in '''æftor''')
|-
|bî||by, near to, to, at, in, on, upon, about, with|| Related to modern Oxman '''bie''', Dutch '''bij''', German '''bei''', ancestor of modern '''by'''
|-
|befôran||before.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''befoar''' and '''beforn'''
|-
|begiendan||beyond.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''beyendon'''
|-
|behindor||behind.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''behindor'''
|-
|binnan||in, within|| Ancestor of Oxman '''binnon''', from '''bi-''' + '''innan'''
|-
|beneðan||beneath|| Ancestor of Oxman '''benethon'''
|-
|betwisc||between, among, amid, in the midst|| Ancestors of Oxman '''betwisc'''
|-
|bîrihte||straight into||| Ancestor of Oxman '''bieright''' (also aright from '''*anrihte''')
|-
|bûƀan||above.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''bovon'''
|-
|bûtan||out of, against; without, except.|| Ancestor of '''bauton''', from '''bi-''' + '''auton'''
|-
|ôac||with, in addition to, besides.||Related to modern Dutch '''ook'''
|-
|fan||by|| Ancestor of Oxman '''fan''', Related to Dutch '''van''' and German '''von''', corresponds to a compound of '''af''' and '''an'''
|-
|fur||for, on account of, because of, with, by; according to; instead of.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''fur'''
|-
|fôra||before|| Ancestor of Oxman '''foar'''
|-
|fram||from; concerning, about, of|| Ancestor of Oxman '''fram'''
|-
|gemæng, gemang, gemong||among|| Ancestor of Oxman '''emong'''
|-
|giend||through, throughout, over, as far as, among, in, after, beyond.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''yends''' and '''yendor'''
|-
|in||in, into, to|| Ancestor of modern '''in'''
|-
|innan||in, into, within, from within || Ancestor of Oxman '''innon'''
|-
|mid||with, against|| Ancestor of modern '''mid'''
|-
|nâh||near|| Ancestor of Oxman '''nagh-''' (only in compounds)
|-
|nefne||except|| Ancestor of Oxman '''nevon''' (unless)
|-
|af||of, from, out of, off|| Ancestor of modern '''af'''
|-
|oƀor||above, over; upon, on, more than|| Ancestor of modern '''ovor'''
|-
|an||at, to, in|| Ancestor of Oxman '''an''' and '''a-'''
|-
|anbûtan||concerning|| Ancestor of Dialectal Oxman '''abauton'''
|-
|angegin||opposite, against; towards; in reply to.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''ayeyon''' (towards)
|-
|sæmt, sæmd||together with, at.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''samt''' (only used in '''samt mid''' or in compounds)
|-
|tô||to, at.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''tœ'''
|-
|tegegnes||towards, against|| Ancestor of Oxman '''teyons'''
|-
|tômiddes||in the midst of, amidst|| Ancestor of Oxman '''tœmids'''
|-
|tôward(es)||toward|| Ancestor of modern tœwards
|-
|þurh||through||Ancestor of Oxman '''thurgh''', Related to modern Dutch '''door''', German '''durch''', English '''through'''
|-
|undor||under|| Ancestor of modern '''undor'''
|-
|undorneðan||underneath|| Ancestor of modern '''undornethon'''
|-
|uppan||upon, on|| Ancestor of dialectical Oxman '''uppon'''.
|-
|ûtan||without, outside of||Ancestor of '''auton''', related to modern German '''außen, außer''' and Swedish '''utan'''
|-
|wiðor||towards, to; with, against; opposite to; by, near.|| Ancestor of modern '''withor-'''. Related to modern German '''wider'''
|-
|umb(i)||about, by|| Ancestor of Oxman '''umb''' (around, about); Related to German '''um''' and Latin '''ambi'''
|-
|umbûtan||about, around; concerning|| Ancestor of archaic Oxman '''umbbauton''' (concerning, around)
|}

[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Germanic]]

Oxman

2013-01-21T22:59:55Z

Ealdwimor: /* Inflections */

{{private}}

{{ClassMeter
|Name = Oxman
|NativeName = Oxmansc
|Type = Mixed
|Alignment = Nominative-Accusative

|adjective = final
|adposition = final
|adverb= initial
|article= initial
|relativeclause = final
|nounclause = final
|order = SVO

|Tonal = yes
|Declined = no
|Conjugated = yes
|Genders = 2
|NCase = no
|NNumber = yes
|NDefiniteness = no
|NGender = yes
|VVoice = yes
|VMood = yes
|VPerson = yes
|VNumber = yes
|VTense = yes
|VAspect = yes

|Phonology=100
|NounCases=100
|NounDef=100
|NounNumbers=100
|NounGender=100
|VerbPerson=100
|VerbNumber=100
|VerbAspect=100
|VerbTense=100
|VerbMood=80
|VerbVoice=50
|AdjCase=100
|AdjNumber=100
|AdjDef=100
|AdjGen=100
|AdjComparative=100
|AdjSuperlative=100
|AdjGen=100
|Supine=100
|Gerund=100
|Participle=100
|Infinitive=100
|Modality=70
|Words=0}}

=General informations=

[[File:oxman speaking-area.png|365px|thumb|right|''Oxmansc-sprekend raum - Oxman speaking area'']]

'''Oxman''' is a Germanic language spoken in the ''Duché du Héron'' (= Shire of Le Héron), a shire that corresponds to the eastern region of Seine-Marirtime in France.
This language has evolved from [[Old Oxman]] which evolved from [[Old Auregan]] which is the first recorded form of Auregan language. Auregan language area corresponds to the "Vexin Normand" (a region situated just south to "Duché du héron"). A Oxman speaking colony also exists near the city of Coventry, Warwickshire, Midlands, England.
Oxman is a West-Germanic language that is strongly linked to Dutch, Modern English, Low German and Modern German.

Here is a table which sums up the main characteristics of this language:

{{agreement
|VerbGender =
|VerbCases =
|VerbNumber = yes
|VerbTenses = yes
|VerbPerson = yes
|VerbMoods = yes
|VerbVoices = yes
|VerbAspect = yes

|NounGender = yes
|NounCases =
|NounNumber = yes
|NounTenses =
|NounPerson =
|NounMoods =
|NounVoices =

|AdjectiveGender =
|AdjectiveCases =
|AdjectiveNumber = yes
|AdjectiveTenses =
|AdjectivePerson =
|AdjectiveMoods =
|AdjectiveVoices =

|NumberGender =
|NumberCases =
|NumberNumber =
|NumberTenses =
|NumberPerson =
|NumberMoods =
|NumberVoices =

|ParticipleGender =
|ParticipleCases =
|ParticipleNumber = yes
|ParticipleTenses =
|ParticiplePerson =
|ParticipleMoods =
|ParticipleVoices = yes

|AdverbGender =
|AdverbCases =
|AdverbNumber =
|AdverbTenses =
|AdverbPerson =
|AdverbMoods =
|AdverbVoices =

|PronounGender = yes
|PronounCases = yes
|PronounNumber = yes
|PronounTenses =
|PronounPerson = yes
|PronounMoods =
|PronounVoices =

|AdpositionGender = yes
|AdpositionCases =
|AdpositionNumber = yes
|AdpositionTenses =
|AdpositionPerson =
|AdpositionMoods =
|AdpositionVoices =

|ArticleGender = yes
|ArticleCases = yes
|ArticleNumber = yes
|ArticleTenses =
|ArticlePerson =
|ArticleMoods =
|ArticleVoices =

|ParticleGender =
|ParticleCases =
|ParticleNumber =
|ParticleTenses =
|ParticlePerson =
|ParticleMoods =
|ParticleVoices =
}}

=Phonology=

==Alphabet==

Oxman alphabet uses letters from Latin alphabet and contains 25 characters:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Letters'''
|'''Pronunciation'''
|'''Further information'''
|-
|a
|[a]
|short 'a'
|-
|b
|[b]
|like in English
|-
|c
|[tʃ]
|like the English 'ch' in 'church'
|-
|d
|[d]
|like in English
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e:]
|in plural cluster -es it is not pronounced
|-
|f
|[f]
|like in English
|-
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronunced as in the English word "get"
|-
|h
|[h]
|like in English
|-
|i
|[ɪ]
|short 'i'
|-
|j
|[j]
|like English 'y'
|-
|k
|[k]
|like in English
|-
|l
|[l]
|like in English
|-
|m
|[m]
|like in English
|-
|n
|[n]
|like in English
|-
|o
|[ɔ] / [oʊ:]
|like in English
|-
|p
|[p]
|like in English
|-
|q
|[k]
|often followed by 'u', in latin words beginning with 'qu'
|-
|r
|[r]
|trilled just as in Dutch or in Italian
|-
|s
|[s]
|can be either voiced or voiceless
|-
|t
|[t]
|like in English
|-
|u
|[œ]
|short 'u' in 'but'
|-
|v
|[v]
|like in English
|-
|w
|[ʋ]
|between 'v' and 'w', just as in Dutch
|-
|y
|[j]
|between French letter 'j' in 'jouer' and English 'y' in 'year', as a vowel like a French 'u' or as English 'y' in 'why' when at the end of a word followed by a 'e' (cf. Oxman 'wye?' meaning 'why?' pronounced as in English);
|-
|æ
|[ɑ:]
|long 'a'
|-
|œ
|[u]
|as 'oo' in 'boot'
|}

==Consonantic phonemes==

Oxman language has the following consonantic phonemes:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" {{Table/bluetable}} style="width: 860px; "
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; "|
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Bilabial
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Labio-dental
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Dental
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Alveolar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Post-alveolar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Palatal
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Labio-Velar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Velar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Glottal
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Nasal
| style="text-align: center;"|m
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|n
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|(ŋ)
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Plosive
| style="text-align: center;"|p b
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|t d
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|k g
| style="text-align: center;"|ʔ
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Fricative
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|f v
| style="text-align: center;"|θ ð
| style="text-align: center;"|s z
| style="text-align: center;"|ʃ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|x
| style="text-align: center;"|h
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Affricate
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ts dz
| style="text-align: center;"|tʃ dʒ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Approximant
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ɹ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|j
| style="text-align: center;"|ʍ w
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Lateral
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|l
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|}

==Vocalic phonemes==

Oxman shows the following vowels:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! rowspan="2" colspan="1"|'''Phonemes'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Short'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Long'''
|-
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-
!'''Closed'''
|ɪ
|ʊ
|i:
|u:
|-
!'''Mid-closed'''
|
|
|e:
|o:
|-
!'''Mid-open'''
|ɛ
|ɔ
|
|
|-
!'''Open'''
|a
|
|
|ɑ:
|}

==Diphthongs and digraphs==

Oxman has also twenty diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Diphthongs'''
|'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|ai
|[ɑ:ɪ]
|-
|au
|[ɑ:ʊ]
|-
|ea
|[e:ɪ]
|-
|eo
|[e:ʊ]
|-
|ei
|[ɛɪ]
|-
|ue
|[y:ə]
|-
|ou
|[o:ʊ]
|}

==Stress==

The position of stress in this language is quite regular, because it falls on the root and thus there are few rules to observe:

* In substantives (and in adjectives and adverbs) the stress generally falls on the first syllable, but if they are compound nouns / adjectives, formed by prefix + noun / adjective, the stress falls on the root syllable of the noun / adjective. In compounds which are formed by noun / adjective + noun / adjective, the various words are read as if they were written separately;

* In verbs the stress falls always on the root, even if they are compounds, ex.: ''emæke'', "to make up", is read as [ə'ma:kə].

=Grammar=

==Nouns, gender and number==

Oxman language has got only two genders: common gender and neuter gender. The previously masculine and feminine words have merged into the common gender, whereas neuter words have remained neuter, even if in some cases there has been a gender switch.

Nouns can be both singular (denoting just one object) and plural (denoting more than one object). The formation of plural is simple, because there is only one ways to form it:

* All nouns take -es suffix (-s if the nouns ends with 'r' or 'l'), the <e> in this suffix is generally not pronounced;

However a few nouns show irregular endings.

==Articles==

Two kinds of article exist in Oxman: indefinite and definite article.

The indefinite article has got no plural form and the singular one is the same for all the genders: '''ean'''. This article is used to talk about things, facts, beings that are introduces for the first time into the conversation, that is we use the indefinite article to talk about new and not known informations, to talk about undetermined informations.

The definite article is '''thie''' for common nouns and for all genders at plural forms, but for singular neuter it is '''that'''. The definite article is used to talk about well known things, facts, beings instead.

==Adjectives==

The adjectives always precede the noun to whom they refer. Adjectives take a single '''-e''' ending when the noun it refers to is common, or at plural form. Singular neuter nouns don't cause endings on the adjectives.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Strong singular'''
|'''Strong plural / Weak'''
|'''Meaning'''
|-
|gœd
|gœde
|good
|-
|ald
|alde
|old
|-
|yung
|yunge
|young
|-
|road
|rode*
|red
|-
|long
|longe
|long
|-
|heat
|hete*
|hot
|}

* long vowels 'ea' and 'oa' shrink when an ending is added into 'e' and 'o'. Example: 'leve' (''to live'') but 'ic leaf' (''I live'').

===Comparative===

The higher degree comparative is formed with the suffix '-or'. The second term of comparation is introduced by ''thon'' and is in the same case of the first, ex.:

* ''Ean ebowod hoyor thon ean trie'' - A building higher than a tree.

Just like in English and somtimes in Dutch, long adjectives form their comparative by adding the word 'mear' before the adjective. It corresponds to the 'more' formation in English.

====Adjectives with an irregular higher degree comparative====

Some adjectives have got an irregular form of higher degree comparative:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Positive'''
|'''Strong comparative'''
|'''Weak comparative'''
|-
|gœd
|betor
|betre
|-
|uvol (bad)
|wierse
|wierse
|-
|uvol (inferior)
|sambor (rare)
|sambre (rare)
|-
|luttol
|smallor
|smalre
|-
|weney
|mindor
|mindre
|-
|ald
|eldor
|eldre
|-
|yung
|yongor
|yongre
|-
|strong (strict)
|strengor
|strengre
|-
|long
|lengor
|lengre
|-
|foar (fore)
|furmor
|furmre
|-
|fer (far)
|ferthor
|ferthre
|-
|mæney/micol (many, much)
|mear
|mere
|}

===Superlative===

The superlative degree is formed with the suffix '-ost' (some irregular adjectives form it with '-st').

* ''Thie sconost blœm in thie werold'' - The most beautiful flower in the world.

====Adjectives with an irregular superlative====

The same adjectives that have an irregular higher degree comparative have got also an irregular superlative form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Positive'''
|'''Strong superlative'''
|'''Weak superlative'''
|-
|gœd
|best
|beste
|-
|uvol (bad)
|wierst
|wierste
|-
|uvol (inferior)
|sambost (rare)
|sambste (rare)
|-
|luttol
|smallost
|smalste
|-
|weney
|minst
|minste
|-
|ald
|eldost
|eldste
|-
|yung
|yongost
|yongste
|-
|fer
|ferthost
|ferthste
|-
|strong
|strengost
|stengste
|-
|long
|lengost
|lengste
|-
|foar
|furmost
|furmste
|-
|mæney/micol (many, much)
|meast
|measte
|}

===Numerals===

Numerals don't inflect. Here are the numerals from 0 to 100:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Number'''
|'''Cardinal'''
|'''Ordinal'''
|-
|0
|nieght
| -
|-
|1
|ene
|earst (time), furst (place)
|-
|2
|twea
|tweathe
|-
|3
|thrie
|therde
|-
|4
|fier
|fierthe
|-
|5
|faif
|fifthe
|-
|6
|sex
|sexthe
|-
|7
|sevon
|sevonthe
|-
|8
|aght
|aghtthe
|-
|9
|neyon
|neyonthe
|-
|10
|tien
|tenthe
|-
|11
|elvon
|elfthe
|-
|12
|twelf
|twelfthe
|-
|13
|thertien
|thertenthe
|-
|14
|fiertien
|fiertenthe
|-
|15
|fiftien
|fiftenthe
|-
|16
|sextien
|sextenthe
|-
|17
|sevontien
|sevontenthe
|-
|18
|aghttien
|aghttenthe
|-
|19
|neyontien
|neyontenthe
|-
|20
|twintey
|twinteythe
|-
|21
|ean-ond-twintey
|ean-ond-twinteythe
|-
|22
|twea-ond-twintey
|twea-ond-twinteythe
|-
|30
|thertey
|therteythe
|-
|40
|fiertey
|fierteythe
|-
|50
|fiftey
|fifteythe
|-
|60
|sextey
|sexteythe
|-
|70
|sevontey
|sevonteythe
|-
|80
|aghttey
|aghtteythe
|-
|90
|neyontey
|neyonteythe
|-
|100
|hundrod
|hundrodthe
|}

===Personal pronouns===

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''1st person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Subject'''
|colspan=2|ic
|colspan="2"|wie
|-
!'''Object 1'''
|colspan="2"|my
|colspan="2"|us
|-
!'''Object 2'''
|colspan="2"|mye
|colspan="2"|us
|-
!'''Possessive'''
|colspan="2"|main
|colspan="2"|ure
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''2nd person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Subject'''
|colspan="2"|thu
|colspan="2"|yie
|-
!'''Object 1'''
|colspan="2"|thy
|colspan="2"|yow, yiew*
|-
!'''Object 2'''
|colspan="2"|thye
|colspan="2"|yow, yiew*
|-
!'''Possessive'''
|colspan="2"|thain
|colspan="2"|yore, yiere*
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''3rd person'''
|-
!'''Masculine'''
!'''Feminine'''
!'''Neuter'''
!'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Subject'''
|hie
|sie
|hit
|hea
|-
!'''Object 1'''
|hine, him**
|sie, hir**
|him, hit**
|hea, heam**
|-
!'''Object 2'''
|him
|hir
|hit
|heam
|-
!'''Genitive'''
|his
|hir
|his
|hiere
|}
* Dialectal or archaic forms.
** Common errors, often found in vulgar language

== Verbs ==

===Inflections===

Here are some very important verbs, their auxiliary verb for compound tenses and their meaning:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Infinitive'''
|'''1st person'''
|'''2nd person'''
|'''3rd person'''
|'''plural persons'''
|'''singular preterit'''
|'''plural preterit'''
|'''past participle'''
|'''Auxiliary'''
|'''Meaning'''
|-
|hebbe
|heb
|hæst
|hæth
|hebbeth
|had
|hadden
|ehad
|hebbe
|''to have''
|-
|wese
|bie
|bist
|is
|sind
|was
|wæren
|ewesen
|wese
|''to be''
|-
|dœ
|dœ
|dost
|doth
|dœth
|dead
|deden
|edæn
|hebbe
|''to do''
|-
|gæ
|gæ
|gast
|gath
|gæth
|iede
|ieden
|egæn
|wese
|''to go''
|-
|fære
|fær
|farst
|farth
|færeth
|fœr
|fœren
|efæren
|wese
|''to go''
|-
|flieye
|fliey
|flieyst
|flieyth
|flieyeth
|floay
|floyen
|efloyen
|wese
|''to fly''
|-
|sie
|sie
|siest
|sieth
|sieth
|say
|sæyen
|esien
|hebbe
|''to see''
|-
|leye
|ley
|leyst
|leyth
|leyeth
|leide
|leiden
|eleid
|hebbe
|''to lay''
|-
|mœte
|mœt
|mœst
|mœt
|mœten
|mœste
|mœsten
|emœten
|hebbe
|''to may, must''
|-
|kume
|kum
|komst
|komth
|kometh
|quam, kam
|quæmen, kæmen
|ekomen
|wese
|''to come''
|-
|kunne
|kan
|kanst
|kan
|kunnen
|kuthe
|kuthen
|ekuth
|hebbe
|''can''
|-
|seye
|sey
|seyst
|seyth
|seyeth
|seide
|seiden
|eseid
|hebbe
|''to say''
|-
|fortelle
|fortell
|fortelst
|fortelth
|fortelleth
|fortelde
|fortelden
|forteld
|hebbe
|''to tell''
|-
|wite
|weat
|weast
|weat
|witen
|wiste
|wisten
|ewiten
|hebbe
|''to know''
|-
|knæwe
|knæw
|knawst
|knawth
|knæweth
|kniew
|kniewen
|eknowen
|hebbe
|''to recognise''
|-
|wille
|will
|wilt
|will
|willeth
|wolde
|wolden
|ewild
|hebbe
|''to want to''
|-
|sculle
|scall
|scalt
|scall
|scullen
|scolde
|scolden
|escullen
|hebbe
|''to shall, must''
|-
|sterve
|sterf
|stirfst
|stirfth
|sterveth
|starf
|starven
|estorven
|wese
|''to die''
|-
|mæke
|mæk
|mækst
|mækth
|mæketh
|mækte
|mækten
|emækt
|hebbe
|''to make''
|-
|ete
|eat
|eatst (older itst)
|eatth (older itth)
|eteth
|at
|æten
|eyeten
|hebbe
|''to eat''
|-
|muye
|may
|mayst
|may
|muyen
|moghte
|moghten
|emuyen
|hebbe
|''to may''
|}

===Indefinites===

Indefinites give us incomplete informations, because they don't define the precise quantity or the identity:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Indefinite'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
|evenman
|somebody
|-
|evenean
|someone
|-
|evending
|something/anything
|-
|evenwær
|somewhere
|-
|neaman
|nobody
|-
|newær
|nowhere
|-
|nene (also neëne)
|none
|-
|neding
|nothing
|-
|enyman
|anybody
|-
|enyene
|anyone
|-
|enyding
|anything
|-
|enywær
|anywhere
|-
|theyene
|the one (who)
|-
|thatean
|that one (which)
|-
|elc
|each
|-
|all
|all
|-
|othor
|other
|}

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

[[Category:Germanic]]

Oxman

2013-01-21T22:57:36Z

Ealdwimor: /* Personal pronouns */

{{private}}

{{ClassMeter
|Name = Oxman
|NativeName = Oxmansc
|Type = Mixed
|Alignment = Nominative-Accusative

|adjective = final
|adposition = final
|adverb= initial
|article= initial
|relativeclause = final
|nounclause = final
|order = SVO

|Tonal = yes
|Declined = no
|Conjugated = yes
|Genders = 2
|NCase = no
|NNumber = yes
|NDefiniteness = no
|NGender = yes
|VVoice = yes
|VMood = yes
|VPerson = yes
|VNumber = yes
|VTense = yes
|VAspect = yes

|Phonology=100
|NounCases=100
|NounDef=100
|NounNumbers=100
|NounGender=100
|VerbPerson=100
|VerbNumber=100
|VerbAspect=100
|VerbTense=100
|VerbMood=80
|VerbVoice=50
|AdjCase=100
|AdjNumber=100
|AdjDef=100
|AdjGen=100
|AdjComparative=100
|AdjSuperlative=100
|AdjGen=100
|Supine=100
|Gerund=100
|Participle=100
|Infinitive=100
|Modality=70
|Words=0}}

=General informations=

[[File:oxman speaking-area.png|365px|thumb|right|''Oxmansc-sprekend raum - Oxman speaking area'']]

'''Oxman''' is a Germanic language spoken in the ''Duché du Héron'' (= Shire of Le Héron), a shire that corresponds to the eastern region of Seine-Marirtime in France.
This language has evolved from [[Old Oxman]] which evolved from [[Old Auregan]] which is the first recorded form of Auregan language. Auregan language area corresponds to the "Vexin Normand" (a region situated just south to "Duché du héron"). A Oxman speaking colony also exists near the city of Coventry, Warwickshire, Midlands, England.
Oxman is a West-Germanic language that is strongly linked to Dutch, Modern English, Low German and Modern German.

Here is a table which sums up the main characteristics of this language:

{{agreement
|VerbGender =
|VerbCases =
|VerbNumber = yes
|VerbTenses = yes
|VerbPerson = yes
|VerbMoods = yes
|VerbVoices = yes
|VerbAspect = yes

|NounGender = yes
|NounCases =
|NounNumber = yes
|NounTenses =
|NounPerson =
|NounMoods =
|NounVoices =

|AdjectiveGender =
|AdjectiveCases =
|AdjectiveNumber = yes
|AdjectiveTenses =
|AdjectivePerson =
|AdjectiveMoods =
|AdjectiveVoices =

|NumberGender =
|NumberCases =
|NumberNumber =
|NumberTenses =
|NumberPerson =
|NumberMoods =
|NumberVoices =

|ParticipleGender =
|ParticipleCases =
|ParticipleNumber = yes
|ParticipleTenses =
|ParticiplePerson =
|ParticipleMoods =
|ParticipleVoices = yes

|AdverbGender =
|AdverbCases =
|AdverbNumber =
|AdverbTenses =
|AdverbPerson =
|AdverbMoods =
|AdverbVoices =

|PronounGender = yes
|PronounCases = yes
|PronounNumber = yes
|PronounTenses =
|PronounPerson = yes
|PronounMoods =
|PronounVoices =

|AdpositionGender = yes
|AdpositionCases =
|AdpositionNumber = yes
|AdpositionTenses =
|AdpositionPerson =
|AdpositionMoods =
|AdpositionVoices =

|ArticleGender = yes
|ArticleCases = yes
|ArticleNumber = yes
|ArticleTenses =
|ArticlePerson =
|ArticleMoods =
|ArticleVoices =

|ParticleGender =
|ParticleCases =
|ParticleNumber =
|ParticleTenses =
|ParticlePerson =
|ParticleMoods =
|ParticleVoices =
}}

=Phonology=

==Alphabet==

Oxman alphabet uses letters from Latin alphabet and contains 25 characters:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Letters'''
|'''Pronunciation'''
|'''Further information'''
|-
|a
|[a]
|short 'a'
|-
|b
|[b]
|like in English
|-
|c
|[tʃ]
|like the English 'ch' in 'church'
|-
|d
|[d]
|like in English
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e:]
|in plural cluster -es it is not pronounced
|-
|f
|[f]
|like in English
|-
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronunced as in the English word "get"
|-
|h
|[h]
|like in English
|-
|i
|[ɪ]
|short 'i'
|-
|j
|[j]
|like English 'y'
|-
|k
|[k]
|like in English
|-
|l
|[l]
|like in English
|-
|m
|[m]
|like in English
|-
|n
|[n]
|like in English
|-
|o
|[ɔ] / [oʊ:]
|like in English
|-
|p
|[p]
|like in English
|-
|q
|[k]
|often followed by 'u', in latin words beginning with 'qu'
|-
|r
|[r]
|trilled just as in Dutch or in Italian
|-
|s
|[s]
|can be either voiced or voiceless
|-
|t
|[t]
|like in English
|-
|u
|[œ]
|short 'u' in 'but'
|-
|v
|[v]
|like in English
|-
|w
|[ʋ]
|between 'v' and 'w', just as in Dutch
|-
|y
|[j]
|between French letter 'j' in 'jouer' and English 'y' in 'year', as a vowel like a French 'u' or as English 'y' in 'why' when at the end of a word followed by a 'e' (cf. Oxman 'wye?' meaning 'why?' pronounced as in English);
|-
|æ
|[ɑ:]
|long 'a'
|-
|œ
|[u]
|as 'oo' in 'boot'
|}

==Consonantic phonemes==

Oxman language has the following consonantic phonemes:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" {{Table/bluetable}} style="width: 860px; "
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; "|
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Bilabial
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Labio-dental
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Dental
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Alveolar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Post-alveolar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Palatal
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Labio-Velar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Velar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Glottal
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Nasal
| style="text-align: center;"|m
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|n
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|(ŋ)
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Plosive
| style="text-align: center;"|p b
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|t d
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|k g
| style="text-align: center;"|ʔ
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Fricative
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|f v
| style="text-align: center;"|θ ð
| style="text-align: center;"|s z
| style="text-align: center;"|ʃ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|x
| style="text-align: center;"|h
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Affricate
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ts dz
| style="text-align: center;"|tʃ dʒ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Approximant
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ɹ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|j
| style="text-align: center;"|ʍ w
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Lateral
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|l
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|}

==Vocalic phonemes==

Oxman shows the following vowels:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! rowspan="2" colspan="1"|'''Phonemes'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Short'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Long'''
|-
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-
!'''Closed'''
|ɪ
|ʊ
|i:
|u:
|-
!'''Mid-closed'''
|
|
|e:
|o:
|-
!'''Mid-open'''
|ɛ
|ɔ
|
|
|-
!'''Open'''
|a
|
|
|ɑ:
|}

==Diphthongs and digraphs==

Oxman has also twenty diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Diphthongs'''
|'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|ai
|[ɑ:ɪ]
|-
|au
|[ɑ:ʊ]
|-
|ea
|[e:ɪ]
|-
|eo
|[e:ʊ]
|-
|ei
|[ɛɪ]
|-
|ue
|[y:ə]
|-
|ou
|[o:ʊ]
|}

==Stress==

The position of stress in this language is quite regular, because it falls on the root and thus there are few rules to observe:

* In substantives (and in adjectives and adverbs) the stress generally falls on the first syllable, but if they are compound nouns / adjectives, formed by prefix + noun / adjective, the stress falls on the root syllable of the noun / adjective. In compounds which are formed by noun / adjective + noun / adjective, the various words are read as if they were written separately;

* In verbs the stress falls always on the root, even if they are compounds, ex.: ''emæke'', "to make up", is read as [ə'ma:kə].

=Grammar=

==Nouns, gender and number==

Oxman language has got only two genders: common gender and neuter gender. The previously masculine and feminine words have merged into the common gender, whereas neuter words have remained neuter, even if in some cases there has been a gender switch.

Nouns can be both singular (denoting just one object) and plural (denoting more than one object). The formation of plural is simple, because there is only one ways to form it:

* All nouns take -es suffix (-s if the nouns ends with 'r' or 'l'), the <e> in this suffix is generally not pronounced;

However a few nouns show irregular endings.

==Articles==

Two kinds of article exist in Oxman: indefinite and definite article.

The indefinite article has got no plural form and the singular one is the same for all the genders: '''ean'''. This article is used to talk about things, facts, beings that are introduces for the first time into the conversation, that is we use the indefinite article to talk about new and not known informations, to talk about undetermined informations.

The definite article is '''thie''' for common nouns and for all genders at plural forms, but for singular neuter it is '''that'''. The definite article is used to talk about well known things, facts, beings instead.

==Adjectives==

The adjectives always precede the noun to whom they refer. Adjectives take a single '''-e''' ending when the noun it refers to is common, or at plural form. Singular neuter nouns don't cause endings on the adjectives.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Strong singular'''
|'''Strong plural / Weak'''
|'''Meaning'''
|-
|gœd
|gœde
|good
|-
|ald
|alde
|old
|-
|yung
|yunge
|young
|-
|road
|rode*
|red
|-
|long
|longe
|long
|-
|heat
|hete*
|hot
|}

* long vowels 'ea' and 'oa' shrink when an ending is added into 'e' and 'o'. Example: 'leve' (''to live'') but 'ic leaf' (''I live'').

===Comparative===

The higher degree comparative is formed with the suffix '-or'. The second term of comparation is introduced by ''thon'' and is in the same case of the first, ex.:

* ''Ean ebowod hoyor thon ean trie'' - A building higher than a tree.

Just like in English and somtimes in Dutch, long adjectives form their comparative by adding the word 'mear' before the adjective. It corresponds to the 'more' formation in English.

====Adjectives with an irregular higher degree comparative====

Some adjectives have got an irregular form of higher degree comparative:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Positive'''
|'''Strong comparative'''
|'''Weak comparative'''
|-
|gœd
|betor
|betre
|-
|uvol (bad)
|wierse
|wierse
|-
|uvol (inferior)
|sambor (rare)
|sambre (rare)
|-
|luttol
|smallor
|smalre
|-
|weney
|mindor
|mindre
|-
|ald
|eldor
|eldre
|-
|yung
|yongor
|yongre
|-
|strong (strict)
|strengor
|strengre
|-
|long
|lengor
|lengre
|-
|foar (fore)
|furmor
|furmre
|-
|fer (far)
|ferthor
|ferthre
|-
|mæney/micol (many, much)
|mear
|mere
|}

===Superlative===

The superlative degree is formed with the suffix '-ost' (some irregular adjectives form it with '-st').

* ''Thie sconost blœm in thie werold'' - The most beautiful flower in the world.

====Adjectives with an irregular superlative====

The same adjectives that have an irregular higher degree comparative have got also an irregular superlative form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Positive'''
|'''Strong superlative'''
|'''Weak superlative'''
|-
|gœd
|best
|beste
|-
|uvol (bad)
|wierst
|wierste
|-
|uvol (inferior)
|sambost (rare)
|sambste (rare)
|-
|luttol
|smallost
|smalste
|-
|weney
|minst
|minste
|-
|ald
|eldost
|eldste
|-
|yung
|yongost
|yongste
|-
|fer
|ferthost
|ferthste
|-
|strong
|strengost
|stengste
|-
|long
|lengost
|lengste
|-
|foar
|furmost
|furmste
|-
|mæney/micol (many, much)
|meast
|measte
|}

===Numerals===

Numerals don't inflect. Here are the numerals from 0 to 100:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Number'''
|'''Cardinal'''
|'''Ordinal'''
|-
|0
|nieght
| -
|-
|1
|ene
|earst (time), furst (place)
|-
|2
|twea
|tweathe
|-
|3
|thrie
|therde
|-
|4
|fier
|fierthe
|-
|5
|faif
|fifthe
|-
|6
|sex
|sexthe
|-
|7
|sevon
|sevonthe
|-
|8
|aght
|aghtthe
|-
|9
|neyon
|neyonthe
|-
|10
|tien
|tenthe
|-
|11
|elvon
|elfthe
|-
|12
|twelf
|twelfthe
|-
|13
|thertien
|thertenthe
|-
|14
|fiertien
|fiertenthe
|-
|15
|fiftien
|fiftenthe
|-
|16
|sextien
|sextenthe
|-
|17
|sevontien
|sevontenthe
|-
|18
|aghttien
|aghttenthe
|-
|19
|neyontien
|neyontenthe
|-
|20
|twintey
|twinteythe
|-
|21
|ean-ond-twintey
|ean-ond-twinteythe
|-
|22
|twea-ond-twintey
|twea-ond-twinteythe
|-
|30
|thertey
|therteythe
|-
|40
|fiertey
|fierteythe
|-
|50
|fiftey
|fifteythe
|-
|60
|sextey
|sexteythe
|-
|70
|sevontey
|sevonteythe
|-
|80
|aghttey
|aghtteythe
|-
|90
|neyontey
|neyonteythe
|-
|100
|hundrod
|hundrodthe
|}

===Personal pronouns===

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''1st person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Subject'''
|colspan=2|ic
|colspan="2"|wie
|-
!'''Object 1'''
|colspan="2"|my
|colspan="2"|us
|-
!'''Object 2'''
|colspan="2"|mye
|colspan="2"|us
|-
!'''Possessive'''
|colspan="2"|main
|colspan="2"|ure
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''2nd person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Subject'''
|colspan="2"|thu
|colspan="2"|yie
|-
!'''Object 1'''
|colspan="2"|thy
|colspan="2"|yow, yiew*
|-
!'''Object 2'''
|colspan="2"|thye
|colspan="2"|yow, yiew*
|-
!'''Possessive'''
|colspan="2"|thain
|colspan="2"|yore, yiere*
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''3rd person'''
|-
!'''Masculine'''
!'''Feminine'''
!'''Neuter'''
!'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Subject'''
|hie
|sie
|hit
|hea
|-
!'''Object 1'''
|hine, him**
|sie, hir**
|him, hit**
|hea, heam**
|-
!'''Object 2'''
|him
|hir
|hit
|heam
|-
!'''Genitive'''
|his
|hir
|his
|hiere
|}
* Dialectal or archaic forms.
** Common errors, often found in vulgar language

== Verbs ==

===Inflections===

Here are some very important verbs, their auxiliary verb for compound tenses and their meaning:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Infinitive'''
|'''1st person'''
|'''2nd person'''
|'''3rd person'''
|'''plural persons'''
|'''singular preterit'''
|'''plural preterit'''
|'''past participle'''
|'''Auxiliary'''
|'''Meaning'''
|-
|hebbe
|heb (also hæf)
|hæst
|hæth
|hebbeth
|had
|hadden
|ehad
|hebbe
|''to have''
|-
|wese
|bie
|bist
|is
|sind
|was
|wæren
|ewesen
|wese
|''to be''
|-
|dœ
|dœ
|dost
|doth
|dœth
|dead
|deden
|edæn
|hebbe
|''to do''
|-
|gæ
|gæ
|gast
|gath
|gæth
|iede
|ieden
|egæn
|wese
|''to go''
|-
|fære
|fær
|farst
|farth
|færeth
|fœr
|fœren
|efæren
|wese
|''to go''
|-
|flieye
|fliey
|flieyst
|flieyth
|flieyeth
|floay
|floyen
|efloyen
|wese
|''to fly''
|-
|sie
|sie
|siest
|sieth
|sieth
|say
|sæyen
|esien
|hebbe
|''to see''
|-
|leye
|ley
|leyst
|leyth
|leyeth
|leide
|leiden
|eleid
|hebbe
|''to lay''
|-
|mœte
|mœt
|mœst
|mœt
|mœten
|mœste
|mœsten
|emœten
|hebbe
|''to may, must''
|-
|kome
|koam
|kumst
|kumth
|kometh
|quam, kam
|quæmen, kæmen
|ekomen
|wese
|''to come''
|-
|kunne
|kan
|kanst
|kan
|kunnen
|kuthe
|kuthen
|ekuth
|hebbe
|''can''
|-
|seye
|sey
|seyst
|seyth
|seyeth
|seide
|seiden
|eseid
|hebbe
|''to say''
|-
|fortelle
|fortell
|fortelst
|fortelth
|fortelleth
|fortelde
|fortelden
|forteld
|hebbe
|''to tell''
|-
|wite
|weat
|weast
|weat
|witen
|wiste
|wisten
|ewiten
|hebbe
|''to know''
|-
|knæwe
|knæw
|knawst
|knawth
|knæweth
|kniew
|kniewen
|eknowen
|hebbe
|''to recognise''
|-
|wille
|will
|wilt
|will
|willeth
|wolde
|wolden
|ewild
|hebbe
|''to want to''
|-
|sculle
|scall
|scalt
|scall
|scullen
|scolde
|scolden
|escullen
|hebbe
|''to shall, must''
|-
|sterve
|sterf
|stirfst
|stirfth
|sterveth
|starf
|starven
|estorven
|wese
|''to die''
|-
|mæke
|mæk
|mækst
|mækth
|mæketh
|mækte
|mækten
|emækt
|hebbe
|''to make''
|-
|ete
|eat
|eatst (older itst)
|eath (older ith)
|eteth
|at
|æten
|eyeten
|hebbe
|''to eat''
|-
|muye
|may
|mayst
|may
|muyen
|moghte
|moghten
|emuyen
|hebbe
|''to may''
|}

===Indefinites===

Indefinites give us incomplete informations, because they don't define the precise quantity or the identity:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Indefinite'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
|evenman
|somebody
|-
|evenean
|someone
|-
|evending
|something/anything
|-
|evenwær
|somewhere
|-
|neaman
|nobody
|-
|newær
|nowhere
|-
|nene (also neëne)
|none
|-
|neding
|nothing
|-
|enyman
|anybody
|-
|enyene
|anyone
|-
|enyding
|anything
|-
|enywær
|anywhere
|-
|theyene
|the one (who)
|-
|thatean
|that one (which)
|-
|elc
|each
|-
|all
|all
|-
|othor
|other
|}

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

[[Category:Germanic]]

Oxman

2013-01-21T22:55:50Z

Ealdwimor: /* Personal pronouns */

{{private}}

{{ClassMeter
|Name = Oxman
|NativeName = Oxmansc
|Type = Mixed
|Alignment = Nominative-Accusative

|adjective = final
|adposition = final
|adverb= initial
|article= initial
|relativeclause = final
|nounclause = final
|order = SVO

|Tonal = yes
|Declined = no
|Conjugated = yes
|Genders = 2
|NCase = no
|NNumber = yes
|NDefiniteness = no
|NGender = yes
|VVoice = yes
|VMood = yes
|VPerson = yes
|VNumber = yes
|VTense = yes
|VAspect = yes

|Phonology=100
|NounCases=100
|NounDef=100
|NounNumbers=100
|NounGender=100
|VerbPerson=100
|VerbNumber=100
|VerbAspect=100
|VerbTense=100
|VerbMood=80
|VerbVoice=50
|AdjCase=100
|AdjNumber=100
|AdjDef=100
|AdjGen=100
|AdjComparative=100
|AdjSuperlative=100
|AdjGen=100
|Supine=100
|Gerund=100
|Participle=100
|Infinitive=100
|Modality=70
|Words=0}}

=General informations=

[[File:oxman speaking-area.png|365px|thumb|right|''Oxmansc-sprekend raum - Oxman speaking area'']]

'''Oxman''' is a Germanic language spoken in the ''Duché du Héron'' (= Shire of Le Héron), a shire that corresponds to the eastern region of Seine-Marirtime in France.
This language has evolved from [[Old Oxman]] which evolved from [[Old Auregan]] which is the first recorded form of Auregan language. Auregan language area corresponds to the "Vexin Normand" (a region situated just south to "Duché du héron"). A Oxman speaking colony also exists near the city of Coventry, Warwickshire, Midlands, England.
Oxman is a West-Germanic language that is strongly linked to Dutch, Modern English, Low German and Modern German.

Here is a table which sums up the main characteristics of this language:

{{agreement
|VerbGender =
|VerbCases =
|VerbNumber = yes
|VerbTenses = yes
|VerbPerson = yes
|VerbMoods = yes
|VerbVoices = yes
|VerbAspect = yes

|NounGender = yes
|NounCases =
|NounNumber = yes
|NounTenses =
|NounPerson =
|NounMoods =
|NounVoices =

|AdjectiveGender =
|AdjectiveCases =
|AdjectiveNumber = yes
|AdjectiveTenses =
|AdjectivePerson =
|AdjectiveMoods =
|AdjectiveVoices =

|NumberGender =
|NumberCases =
|NumberNumber =
|NumberTenses =
|NumberPerson =
|NumberMoods =
|NumberVoices =

|ParticipleGender =
|ParticipleCases =
|ParticipleNumber = yes
|ParticipleTenses =
|ParticiplePerson =
|ParticipleMoods =
|ParticipleVoices = yes

|AdverbGender =
|AdverbCases =
|AdverbNumber =
|AdverbTenses =
|AdverbPerson =
|AdverbMoods =
|AdverbVoices =

|PronounGender = yes
|PronounCases = yes
|PronounNumber = yes
|PronounTenses =
|PronounPerson = yes
|PronounMoods =
|PronounVoices =

|AdpositionGender = yes
|AdpositionCases =
|AdpositionNumber = yes
|AdpositionTenses =
|AdpositionPerson =
|AdpositionMoods =
|AdpositionVoices =

|ArticleGender = yes
|ArticleCases = yes
|ArticleNumber = yes
|ArticleTenses =
|ArticlePerson =
|ArticleMoods =
|ArticleVoices =

|ParticleGender =
|ParticleCases =
|ParticleNumber =
|ParticleTenses =
|ParticlePerson =
|ParticleMoods =
|ParticleVoices =
}}

=Phonology=

==Alphabet==

Oxman alphabet uses letters from Latin alphabet and contains 25 characters:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Letters'''
|'''Pronunciation'''
|'''Further information'''
|-
|a
|[a]
|short 'a'
|-
|b
|[b]
|like in English
|-
|c
|[tʃ]
|like the English 'ch' in 'church'
|-
|d
|[d]
|like in English
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e:]
|in plural cluster -es it is not pronounced
|-
|f
|[f]
|like in English
|-
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronunced as in the English word "get"
|-
|h
|[h]
|like in English
|-
|i
|[ɪ]
|short 'i'
|-
|j
|[j]
|like English 'y'
|-
|k
|[k]
|like in English
|-
|l
|[l]
|like in English
|-
|m
|[m]
|like in English
|-
|n
|[n]
|like in English
|-
|o
|[ɔ] / [oʊ:]
|like in English
|-
|p
|[p]
|like in English
|-
|q
|[k]
|often followed by 'u', in latin words beginning with 'qu'
|-
|r
|[r]
|trilled just as in Dutch or in Italian
|-
|s
|[s]
|can be either voiced or voiceless
|-
|t
|[t]
|like in English
|-
|u
|[œ]
|short 'u' in 'but'
|-
|v
|[v]
|like in English
|-
|w
|[ʋ]
|between 'v' and 'w', just as in Dutch
|-
|y
|[j]
|between French letter 'j' in 'jouer' and English 'y' in 'year', as a vowel like a French 'u' or as English 'y' in 'why' when at the end of a word followed by a 'e' (cf. Oxman 'wye?' meaning 'why?' pronounced as in English);
|-
|æ
|[ɑ:]
|long 'a'
|-
|œ
|[u]
|as 'oo' in 'boot'
|}

==Consonantic phonemes==

Oxman language has the following consonantic phonemes:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" {{Table/bluetable}} style="width: 860px; "
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; "|
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Bilabial
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Labio-dental
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Dental
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Alveolar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Post-alveolar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Palatal
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Labio-Velar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Velar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Glottal
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Nasal
| style="text-align: center;"|m
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|n
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|(ŋ)
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Plosive
| style="text-align: center;"|p b
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|t d
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|k g
| style="text-align: center;"|ʔ
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Fricative
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|f v
| style="text-align: center;"|θ ð
| style="text-align: center;"|s z
| style="text-align: center;"|ʃ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|x
| style="text-align: center;"|h
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Affricate
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ts dz
| style="text-align: center;"|tʃ dʒ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Approximant
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ɹ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|j
| style="text-align: center;"|ʍ w
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Lateral
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|l
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|}

==Vocalic phonemes==

Oxman shows the following vowels:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! rowspan="2" colspan="1"|'''Phonemes'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Short'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Long'''
|-
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-
!'''Closed'''
|ɪ
|ʊ
|i:
|u:
|-
!'''Mid-closed'''
|
|
|e:
|o:
|-
!'''Mid-open'''
|ɛ
|ɔ
|
|
|-
!'''Open'''
|a
|
|
|ɑ:
|}

==Diphthongs and digraphs==

Oxman has also twenty diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Diphthongs'''
|'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|ai
|[ɑ:ɪ]
|-
|au
|[ɑ:ʊ]
|-
|ea
|[e:ɪ]
|-
|eo
|[e:ʊ]
|-
|ei
|[ɛɪ]
|-
|ue
|[y:ə]
|-
|ou
|[o:ʊ]
|}

==Stress==

The position of stress in this language is quite regular, because it falls on the root and thus there are few rules to observe:

* In substantives (and in adjectives and adverbs) the stress generally falls on the first syllable, but if they are compound nouns / adjectives, formed by prefix + noun / adjective, the stress falls on the root syllable of the noun / adjective. In compounds which are formed by noun / adjective + noun / adjective, the various words are read as if they were written separately;

* In verbs the stress falls always on the root, even if they are compounds, ex.: ''emæke'', "to make up", is read as [ə'ma:kə].

=Grammar=

==Nouns, gender and number==

Oxman language has got only two genders: common gender and neuter gender. The previously masculine and feminine words have merged into the common gender, whereas neuter words have remained neuter, even if in some cases there has been a gender switch.

Nouns can be both singular (denoting just one object) and plural (denoting more than one object). The formation of plural is simple, because there is only one ways to form it:

* All nouns take -es suffix (-s if the nouns ends with 'r' or 'l'), the <e> in this suffix is generally not pronounced;

However a few nouns show irregular endings.

==Articles==

Two kinds of article exist in Oxman: indefinite and definite article.

The indefinite article has got no plural form and the singular one is the same for all the genders: '''ean'''. This article is used to talk about things, facts, beings that are introduces for the first time into the conversation, that is we use the indefinite article to talk about new and not known informations, to talk about undetermined informations.

The definite article is '''thie''' for common nouns and for all genders at plural forms, but for singular neuter it is '''that'''. The definite article is used to talk about well known things, facts, beings instead.

==Adjectives==

The adjectives always precede the noun to whom they refer. Adjectives take a single '''-e''' ending when the noun it refers to is common, or at plural form. Singular neuter nouns don't cause endings on the adjectives.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Strong singular'''
|'''Strong plural / Weak'''
|'''Meaning'''
|-
|gœd
|gœde
|good
|-
|ald
|alde
|old
|-
|yung
|yunge
|young
|-
|road
|rode*
|red
|-
|long
|longe
|long
|-
|heat
|hete*
|hot
|}

* long vowels 'ea' and 'oa' shrink when an ending is added into 'e' and 'o'. Example: 'leve' (''to live'') but 'ic leaf' (''I live'').

===Comparative===

The higher degree comparative is formed with the suffix '-or'. The second term of comparation is introduced by ''thon'' and is in the same case of the first, ex.:

* ''Ean ebowod hoyor thon ean trie'' - A building higher than a tree.

Just like in English and somtimes in Dutch, long adjectives form their comparative by adding the word 'mear' before the adjective. It corresponds to the 'more' formation in English.

====Adjectives with an irregular higher degree comparative====

Some adjectives have got an irregular form of higher degree comparative:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Positive'''
|'''Strong comparative'''
|'''Weak comparative'''
|-
|gœd
|betor
|betre
|-
|uvol (bad)
|wierse
|wierse
|-
|uvol (inferior)
|sambor (rare)
|sambre (rare)
|-
|luttol
|smallor
|smalre
|-
|weney
|mindor
|mindre
|-
|ald
|eldor
|eldre
|-
|yung
|yongor
|yongre
|-
|strong (strict)
|strengor
|strengre
|-
|long
|lengor
|lengre
|-
|foar (fore)
|furmor
|furmre
|-
|fer (far)
|ferthor
|ferthre
|-
|mæney/micol (many, much)
|mear
|mere
|}

===Superlative===

The superlative degree is formed with the suffix '-ost' (some irregular adjectives form it with '-st').

* ''Thie sconost blœm in thie werold'' - The most beautiful flower in the world.

====Adjectives with an irregular superlative====

The same adjectives that have an irregular higher degree comparative have got also an irregular superlative form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Positive'''
|'''Strong superlative'''
|'''Weak superlative'''
|-
|gœd
|best
|beste
|-
|uvol (bad)
|wierst
|wierste
|-
|uvol (inferior)
|sambost (rare)
|sambste (rare)
|-
|luttol
|smallost
|smalste
|-
|weney
|minst
|minste
|-
|ald
|eldost
|eldste
|-
|yung
|yongost
|yongste
|-
|fer
|ferthost
|ferthste
|-
|strong
|strengost
|stengste
|-
|long
|lengost
|lengste
|-
|foar
|furmost
|furmste
|-
|mæney/micol (many, much)
|meast
|measte
|}

===Numerals===

Numerals don't inflect. Here are the numerals from 0 to 100:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Number'''
|'''Cardinal'''
|'''Ordinal'''
|-
|0
|nieght
| -
|-
|1
|ene
|earst (time), furst (place)
|-
|2
|twea
|tweathe
|-
|3
|thrie
|therde
|-
|4
|fier
|fierthe
|-
|5
|faif
|fifthe
|-
|6
|sex
|sexthe
|-
|7
|sevon
|sevonthe
|-
|8
|aght
|aghtthe
|-
|9
|neyon
|neyonthe
|-
|10
|tien
|tenthe
|-
|11
|elvon
|elfthe
|-
|12
|twelf
|twelfthe
|-
|13
|thertien
|thertenthe
|-
|14
|fiertien
|fiertenthe
|-
|15
|fiftien
|fiftenthe
|-
|16
|sextien
|sextenthe
|-
|17
|sevontien
|sevontenthe
|-
|18
|aghttien
|aghttenthe
|-
|19
|neyontien
|neyontenthe
|-
|20
|twintey
|twinteythe
|-
|21
|ean-ond-twintey
|ean-ond-twinteythe
|-
|22
|twea-ond-twintey
|twea-ond-twinteythe
|-
|30
|thertey
|therteythe
|-
|40
|fiertey
|fierteythe
|-
|50
|fiftey
|fifteythe
|-
|60
|sextey
|sexteythe
|-
|70
|sevontey
|sevonteythe
|-
|80
|aghttey
|aghtteythe
|-
|90
|neyontey
|neyonteythe
|-
|100
|hundrod
|hundrodthe
|}

===Personal pronouns===

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''1st person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Subject'''
|colspan=2|ic
|colspan="2"|wie
|-
!'''Object 1'''
|colspan="2"|my
|colspan="2"|us
|-
!'''Object 2'''
|colspan="2"|mye
|colspan="2"|us
|-
!'''Possessive'''
|colspan="2"|main
|colspan="2"|ure
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''2nd person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Subject'''
|colspan="2"|thu
|colspan="2"|yie
|-
!'''Object 1'''
|colspan="2"|thy
|colspan="2"|yow, yiew*
|-
!'''Object 2'''
|colspan="2"|thye
|colspan="2"|yow, yiew*
|-
!'''Possessive'''
|colspan="2"|thain
|colspan="2"|yore, yiere*
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''3rd person'''
|-
!'''Masculine'''
!'''Feminine'''
!'''Neuter'''
!'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Subject'''
|hie
|sie
|hit
|hea
|-
!'''Object 1'''
|hine, him**
|sie, hir**
|him, hit**
|hea, heam**
|-
!'''Object 2'''
|him
|hir
|hit
|heam
|-
!'''Genitive'''
|his
|hir
|his
|hiere
|}
* Dialectal or archaic forms.
** Common errors, often found in vulgar language

== Verbs ==

===Inflections===

Here are some very important verbs, their auxiliary verb for compound tenses and their meaning:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Infinitive'''
|'''1st person'''
|'''2nd person'''
|'''3rd person'''
|'''plural persons'''
|'''singular preterit'''
|'''plural preterit'''
|'''past participle'''
|'''Auxiliary'''
|'''Meaning'''
|-
|hebbe
|heb (also hæf)
|hæst
|hæth
|hebbeth
|had
|hadden
|ehad
|hebbe
|''to have''
|-
|wese
|bie
|bist
|is
|sind
|was
|wæren
|ewesen
|wese
|''to be''
|-
|dœ
|dœ
|dost
|doth
|dœth
|dead
|deden
|edæn
|hebbe
|''to do''
|-
|gæ
|gæ
|gast
|gath
|gæth
|iede
|ieden
|egæn
|wese
|''to go''
|-
|fære
|fær
|farst
|farth
|færeth
|fœr
|fœren
|efæren
|wese
|''to go''
|-
|flieye
|fliey
|flieyst
|flieyth
|flieyeth
|floay
|floyen
|efloyen
|wese
|''to fly''
|-
|sie
|sie
|siest
|sieth
|sieth
|say
|sæyen
|esien
|hebbe
|''to see''
|-
|leye
|ley
|leyst
|leyth
|leyeth
|leide
|leiden
|eleid
|hebbe
|''to lay''
|-
|mœte
|mœt
|mœst
|mœt
|mœten
|mœste
|mœsten
|emœten
|hebbe
|''to may, must''
|-
|kome
|koam
|kumst
|kumth
|kometh
|quam, kam
|quæmen, kæmen
|ekomen
|wese
|''to come''
|-
|kunne
|kan
|kanst
|kan
|kunnen
|kuthe
|kuthen
|ekuth
|hebbe
|''can''
|-
|seye
|sey
|seyst
|seyth
|seyeth
|seide
|seiden
|eseid
|hebbe
|''to say''
|-
|fortelle
|fortell
|fortelst
|fortelth
|fortelleth
|fortelde
|fortelden
|forteld
|hebbe
|''to tell''
|-
|wite
|weat
|weast
|weat
|witen
|wiste
|wisten
|ewiten
|hebbe
|''to know''
|-
|knæwe
|knæw
|knawst
|knawth
|knæweth
|kniew
|kniewen
|eknowen
|hebbe
|''to recognise''
|-
|wille
|will
|wilt
|will
|willeth
|wolde
|wolden
|ewild
|hebbe
|''to want to''
|-
|sculle
|scall
|scalt
|scall
|scullen
|scolde
|scolden
|escullen
|hebbe
|''to shall, must''
|-
|sterve
|sterf
|stirfst
|stirfth
|sterveth
|starf
|starven
|estorven
|wese
|''to die''
|-
|mæke
|mæk
|mækst
|mækth
|mæketh
|mækte
|mækten
|emækt
|hebbe
|''to make''
|-
|ete
|eat
|eatst (older itst)
|eath (older ith)
|eteth
|at
|æten
|eyeten
|hebbe
|''to eat''
|-
|muye
|may
|mayst
|may
|muyen
|moghte
|moghten
|emuyen
|hebbe
|''to may''
|}

===Indefinites===

Indefinites give us incomplete informations, because they don't define the precise quantity or the identity:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Indefinite'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
|evenman
|somebody
|-
|evenean
|someone
|-
|evending
|something/anything
|-
|evenwær
|somewhere
|-
|neaman
|nobody
|-
|newær
|nowhere
|-
|nene (also neëne)
|none
|-
|neding
|nothing
|-
|enyman
|anybody
|-
|enyene
|anyone
|-
|enyding
|anything
|-
|enywær
|anywhere
|-
|theyene
|the one (who)
|-
|thatean
|that one (which)
|-
|elc
|each
|-
|all
|all
|-
|othor
|other
|}

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

[[Category:Germanic]]

Oxman

2013-01-21T22:49:54Z

Ealdwimor: /* Comparative */

{{private}}

{{ClassMeter
|Name = Oxman
|NativeName = Oxmansc
|Type = Mixed
|Alignment = Nominative-Accusative

|adjective = final
|adposition = final
|adverb= initial
|article= initial
|relativeclause = final
|nounclause = final
|order = SVO

|Tonal = yes
|Declined = no
|Conjugated = yes
|Genders = 2
|NCase = no
|NNumber = yes
|NDefiniteness = no
|NGender = yes
|VVoice = yes
|VMood = yes
|VPerson = yes
|VNumber = yes
|VTense = yes
|VAspect = yes

|Phonology=100
|NounCases=100
|NounDef=100
|NounNumbers=100
|NounGender=100
|VerbPerson=100
|VerbNumber=100
|VerbAspect=100
|VerbTense=100
|VerbMood=80
|VerbVoice=50
|AdjCase=100
|AdjNumber=100
|AdjDef=100
|AdjGen=100
|AdjComparative=100
|AdjSuperlative=100
|AdjGen=100
|Supine=100
|Gerund=100
|Participle=100
|Infinitive=100
|Modality=70
|Words=0}}

=General informations=

[[File:oxman speaking-area.png|365px|thumb|right|''Oxmansc-sprekend raum - Oxman speaking area'']]

'''Oxman''' is a Germanic language spoken in the ''Duché du Héron'' (= Shire of Le Héron), a shire that corresponds to the eastern region of Seine-Marirtime in France.
This language has evolved from [[Old Oxman]] which evolved from [[Old Auregan]] which is the first recorded form of Auregan language. Auregan language area corresponds to the "Vexin Normand" (a region situated just south to "Duché du héron"). A Oxman speaking colony also exists near the city of Coventry, Warwickshire, Midlands, England.
Oxman is a West-Germanic language that is strongly linked to Dutch, Modern English, Low German and Modern German.

Here is a table which sums up the main characteristics of this language:

{{agreement
|VerbGender =
|VerbCases =
|VerbNumber = yes
|VerbTenses = yes
|VerbPerson = yes
|VerbMoods = yes
|VerbVoices = yes
|VerbAspect = yes

|NounGender = yes
|NounCases =
|NounNumber = yes
|NounTenses =
|NounPerson =
|NounMoods =
|NounVoices =

|AdjectiveGender =
|AdjectiveCases =
|AdjectiveNumber = yes
|AdjectiveTenses =
|AdjectivePerson =
|AdjectiveMoods =
|AdjectiveVoices =

|NumberGender =
|NumberCases =
|NumberNumber =
|NumberTenses =
|NumberPerson =
|NumberMoods =
|NumberVoices =

|ParticipleGender =
|ParticipleCases =
|ParticipleNumber = yes
|ParticipleTenses =
|ParticiplePerson =
|ParticipleMoods =
|ParticipleVoices = yes

|AdverbGender =
|AdverbCases =
|AdverbNumber =
|AdverbTenses =
|AdverbPerson =
|AdverbMoods =
|AdverbVoices =

|PronounGender = yes
|PronounCases = yes
|PronounNumber = yes
|PronounTenses =
|PronounPerson = yes
|PronounMoods =
|PronounVoices =

|AdpositionGender = yes
|AdpositionCases =
|AdpositionNumber = yes
|AdpositionTenses =
|AdpositionPerson =
|AdpositionMoods =
|AdpositionVoices =

|ArticleGender = yes
|ArticleCases = yes
|ArticleNumber = yes
|ArticleTenses =
|ArticlePerson =
|ArticleMoods =
|ArticleVoices =

|ParticleGender =
|ParticleCases =
|ParticleNumber =
|ParticleTenses =
|ParticlePerson =
|ParticleMoods =
|ParticleVoices =
}}

=Phonology=

==Alphabet==

Oxman alphabet uses letters from Latin alphabet and contains 25 characters:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Letters'''
|'''Pronunciation'''
|'''Further information'''
|-
|a
|[a]
|short 'a'
|-
|b
|[b]
|like in English
|-
|c
|[tʃ]
|like the English 'ch' in 'church'
|-
|d
|[d]
|like in English
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e:]
|in plural cluster -es it is not pronounced
|-
|f
|[f]
|like in English
|-
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronunced as in the English word "get"
|-
|h
|[h]
|like in English
|-
|i
|[ɪ]
|short 'i'
|-
|j
|[j]
|like English 'y'
|-
|k
|[k]
|like in English
|-
|l
|[l]
|like in English
|-
|m
|[m]
|like in English
|-
|n
|[n]
|like in English
|-
|o
|[ɔ] / [oʊ:]
|like in English
|-
|p
|[p]
|like in English
|-
|q
|[k]
|often followed by 'u', in latin words beginning with 'qu'
|-
|r
|[r]
|trilled just as in Dutch or in Italian
|-
|s
|[s]
|can be either voiced or voiceless
|-
|t
|[t]
|like in English
|-
|u
|[œ]
|short 'u' in 'but'
|-
|v
|[v]
|like in English
|-
|w
|[ʋ]
|between 'v' and 'w', just as in Dutch
|-
|y
|[j]
|between French letter 'j' in 'jouer' and English 'y' in 'year', as a vowel like a French 'u' or as English 'y' in 'why' when at the end of a word followed by a 'e' (cf. Oxman 'wye?' meaning 'why?' pronounced as in English);
|-
|æ
|[ɑ:]
|long 'a'
|-
|œ
|[u]
|as 'oo' in 'boot'
|}

==Consonantic phonemes==

Oxman language has the following consonantic phonemes:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" {{Table/bluetable}} style="width: 860px; "
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; "|
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Bilabial
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Labio-dental
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Dental
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Alveolar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Post-alveolar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Palatal
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Labio-Velar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Velar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Glottal
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Nasal
| style="text-align: center;"|m
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|n
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|(ŋ)
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Plosive
| style="text-align: center;"|p b
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|t d
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|k g
| style="text-align: center;"|ʔ
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Fricative
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|f v
| style="text-align: center;"|θ ð
| style="text-align: center;"|s z
| style="text-align: center;"|ʃ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|x
| style="text-align: center;"|h
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Affricate
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ts dz
| style="text-align: center;"|tʃ dʒ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Approximant
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ɹ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|j
| style="text-align: center;"|ʍ w
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Lateral
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|l
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|}

==Vocalic phonemes==

Oxman shows the following vowels:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! rowspan="2" colspan="1"|'''Phonemes'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Short'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Long'''
|-
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-
!'''Closed'''
|ɪ
|ʊ
|i:
|u:
|-
!'''Mid-closed'''
|
|
|e:
|o:
|-
!'''Mid-open'''
|ɛ
|ɔ
|
|
|-
!'''Open'''
|a
|
|
|ɑ:
|}

==Diphthongs and digraphs==

Oxman has also twenty diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Diphthongs'''
|'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|ai
|[ɑ:ɪ]
|-
|au
|[ɑ:ʊ]
|-
|ea
|[e:ɪ]
|-
|eo
|[e:ʊ]
|-
|ei
|[ɛɪ]
|-
|ue
|[y:ə]
|-
|ou
|[o:ʊ]
|}

==Stress==

The position of stress in this language is quite regular, because it falls on the root and thus there are few rules to observe:

* In substantives (and in adjectives and adverbs) the stress generally falls on the first syllable, but if they are compound nouns / adjectives, formed by prefix + noun / adjective, the stress falls on the root syllable of the noun / adjective. In compounds which are formed by noun / adjective + noun / adjective, the various words are read as if they were written separately;

* In verbs the stress falls always on the root, even if they are compounds, ex.: ''emæke'', "to make up", is read as [ə'ma:kə].

=Grammar=

==Nouns, gender and number==

Oxman language has got only two genders: common gender and neuter gender. The previously masculine and feminine words have merged into the common gender, whereas neuter words have remained neuter, even if in some cases there has been a gender switch.

Nouns can be both singular (denoting just one object) and plural (denoting more than one object). The formation of plural is simple, because there is only one ways to form it:

* All nouns take -es suffix (-s if the nouns ends with 'r' or 'l'), the <e> in this suffix is generally not pronounced;

However a few nouns show irregular endings.

==Articles==

Two kinds of article exist in Oxman: indefinite and definite article.

The indefinite article has got no plural form and the singular one is the same for all the genders: '''ean'''. This article is used to talk about things, facts, beings that are introduces for the first time into the conversation, that is we use the indefinite article to talk about new and not known informations, to talk about undetermined informations.

The definite article is '''thie''' for common nouns and for all genders at plural forms, but for singular neuter it is '''that'''. The definite article is used to talk about well known things, facts, beings instead.

==Adjectives==

The adjectives always precede the noun to whom they refer. Adjectives take a single '''-e''' ending when the noun it refers to is common, or at plural form. Singular neuter nouns don't cause endings on the adjectives.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Strong singular'''
|'''Strong plural / Weak'''
|'''Meaning'''
|-
|gœd
|gœde
|good
|-
|ald
|alde
|old
|-
|yung
|yunge
|young
|-
|road
|rode*
|red
|-
|long
|longe
|long
|-
|heat
|hete*
|hot
|}

* long vowels 'ea' and 'oa' shrink when an ending is added into 'e' and 'o'. Example: 'leve' (''to live'') but 'ic leaf' (''I live'').

===Comparative===

The higher degree comparative is formed with the suffix '-or'. The second term of comparation is introduced by ''thon'' and is in the same case of the first, ex.:

* ''Ean ebowod hoyor thon ean trie'' - A building higher than a tree.

Just like in English and somtimes in Dutch, long adjectives form their comparative by adding the word 'mear' before the adjective. It corresponds to the 'more' formation in English.

====Adjectives with an irregular higher degree comparative====

Some adjectives have got an irregular form of higher degree comparative:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Positive'''
|'''Strong comparative'''
|'''Weak comparative'''
|-
|gœd
|betor
|betre
|-
|uvol (bad)
|wierse
|wierse
|-
|uvol (inferior)
|sambor (rare)
|sambre (rare)
|-
|luttol
|smallor
|smalre
|-
|weney
|mindor
|mindre
|-
|ald
|eldor
|eldre
|-
|yung
|yongor
|yongre
|-
|strong (strict)
|strengor
|strengre
|-
|long
|lengor
|lengre
|-
|foar (fore)
|furmor
|furmre
|-
|fer (far)
|ferthor
|ferthre
|-
|mæney/micol (many, much)
|mear
|mere
|}

===Superlative===

The superlative degree is formed with the suffix '-ost' (some irregular adjectives form it with '-st').

* ''Thie sconost blœm in thie werold'' - The most beautiful flower in the world.

====Adjectives with an irregular superlative====

The same adjectives that have an irregular higher degree comparative have got also an irregular superlative form:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Positive'''
|'''Strong superlative'''
|'''Weak superlative'''
|-
|gœd
|best
|beste
|-
|uvol (bad)
|wierst
|wierste
|-
|uvol (inferior)
|sambost (rare)
|sambste (rare)
|-
|luttol
|smallost
|smalste
|-
|weney
|minst
|minste
|-
|ald
|eldost
|eldste
|-
|yung
|yongost
|yongste
|-
|fer
|ferthost
|ferthste
|-
|strong
|strengost
|stengste
|-
|long
|lengost
|lengste
|-
|foar
|furmost
|furmste
|-
|mæney/micol (many, much)
|meast
|measte
|}

===Numerals===

Numerals don't inflect. Here are the numerals from 0 to 100:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Number'''
|'''Cardinal'''
|'''Ordinal'''
|-
|0
|nieght
| -
|-
|1
|ene
|earst (time), furst (place)
|-
|2
|twea
|tweathe
|-
|3
|thrie
|therde
|-
|4
|fier
|fierthe
|-
|5
|faif
|fifthe
|-
|6
|sex
|sexthe
|-
|7
|sevon
|sevonthe
|-
|8
|aght
|aghtthe
|-
|9
|neyon
|neyonthe
|-
|10
|tien
|tenthe
|-
|11
|elvon
|elfthe
|-
|12
|twelf
|twelfthe
|-
|13
|thertien
|thertenthe
|-
|14
|fiertien
|fiertenthe
|-
|15
|fiftien
|fiftenthe
|-
|16
|sextien
|sextenthe
|-
|17
|sevontien
|sevontenthe
|-
|18
|aghttien
|aghttenthe
|-
|19
|neyontien
|neyontenthe
|-
|20
|twintey
|twinteythe
|-
|21
|ean-ond-twintey
|ean-ond-twinteythe
|-
|22
|twea-ond-twintey
|twea-ond-twinteythe
|-
|30
|thertey
|therteythe
|-
|40
|fiertey
|fierteythe
|-
|50
|fiftey
|fifteythe
|-
|60
|sextey
|sexteythe
|-
|70
|sevontey
|sevonteythe
|-
|80
|aghttey
|aghtteythe
|-
|90
|neyontey
|neyonteythe
|-
|100
|hundrod
|hundrodthe
|}

===Personal pronouns===

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''1st person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Subject'''
|colspan=2|ic
|colspan="2"|wie
|-
!'''Object'''
|colspan="2"|my
|colspan="2"|us
|-
!'''Possessive'''
|colspan="2"|main
|colspan="2"|ure
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''2nd person'''
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Singular'''
!colspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Subject'''
|colspan="2"|thu
|colspan="2"|yie
|-
!'''Object'''
|colspan="2"|thy
|colspan="2"|yow (older yiew)
|-
!'''Possessive'''
|colspan="2"|thain
|colspan="2"|yore (older yowor, yiewor)
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
!colspan="4"|'''3rd person'''
|-
!'''Masculine'''
!'''Feminine'''
!'''Neuter'''
!'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Subject'''
|hie
|sie
|hit
|hea
|-
!'''Object'''
|him
|hir
|hit
|heam
|-
!'''Genitive'''
|his
|hir
|his
|hiere
|}

== Verbs ==

===Inflections===

Here are some very important verbs, their auxiliary verb for compound tenses and their meaning:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Infinitive'''
|'''1st person'''
|'''2nd person'''
|'''3rd person'''
|'''plural persons'''
|'''singular preterit'''
|'''plural preterit'''
|'''past participle'''
|'''Auxiliary'''
|'''Meaning'''
|-
|hebbe
|heb (also hæf)
|hæst
|hæth
|hebbeth
|had
|hadden
|ehad
|hebbe
|''to have''
|-
|wese
|bie
|bist
|is
|sind
|was
|wæren
|ewesen
|wese
|''to be''
|-
|dœ
|dœ
|dost
|doth
|dœth
|dead
|deden
|edæn
|hebbe
|''to do''
|-
|gæ
|gæ
|gast
|gath
|gæth
|iede
|ieden
|egæn
|wese
|''to go''
|-
|fære
|fær
|farst
|farth
|færeth
|fœr
|fœren
|efæren
|wese
|''to go''
|-
|flieye
|fliey
|flieyst
|flieyth
|flieyeth
|floay
|floyen
|efloyen
|wese
|''to fly''
|-
|sie
|sie
|siest
|sieth
|sieth
|say
|sæyen
|esien
|hebbe
|''to see''
|-
|leye
|ley
|leyst
|leyth
|leyeth
|leide
|leiden
|eleid
|hebbe
|''to lay''
|-
|mœte
|mœt
|mœst
|mœt
|mœten
|mœste
|mœsten
|emœten
|hebbe
|''to may, must''
|-
|kome
|koam
|kumst
|kumth
|kometh
|quam, kam
|quæmen, kæmen
|ekomen
|wese
|''to come''
|-
|kunne
|kan
|kanst
|kan
|kunnen
|kuthe
|kuthen
|ekuth
|hebbe
|''can''
|-
|seye
|sey
|seyst
|seyth
|seyeth
|seide
|seiden
|eseid
|hebbe
|''to say''
|-
|fortelle
|fortell
|fortelst
|fortelth
|fortelleth
|fortelde
|fortelden
|forteld
|hebbe
|''to tell''
|-
|wite
|weat
|weast
|weat
|witen
|wiste
|wisten
|ewiten
|hebbe
|''to know''
|-
|knæwe
|knæw
|knawst
|knawth
|knæweth
|kniew
|kniewen
|eknowen
|hebbe
|''to recognise''
|-
|wille
|will
|wilt
|will
|willeth
|wolde
|wolden
|ewild
|hebbe
|''to want to''
|-
|sculle
|scall
|scalt
|scall
|scullen
|scolde
|scolden
|escullen
|hebbe
|''to shall, must''
|-
|sterve
|sterf
|stirfst
|stirfth
|sterveth
|starf
|starven
|estorven
|wese
|''to die''
|-
|mæke
|mæk
|mækst
|mækth
|mæketh
|mækte
|mækten
|emækt
|hebbe
|''to make''
|-
|ete
|eat
|eatst (older itst)
|eath (older ith)
|eteth
|at
|æten
|eyeten
|hebbe
|''to eat''
|-
|muye
|may
|mayst
|may
|muyen
|moghte
|moghten
|emuyen
|hebbe
|''to may''
|}

===Indefinites===

Indefinites give us incomplete informations, because they don't define the precise quantity or the identity:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Indefinite'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
|evenman
|somebody
|-
|evenean
|someone
|-
|evending
|something/anything
|-
|evenwær
|somewhere
|-
|neaman
|nobody
|-
|newær
|nowhere
|-
|nene (also neëne)
|none
|-
|neding
|nothing
|-
|enyman
|anybody
|-
|enyene
|anyone
|-
|enyding
|anything
|-
|enywær
|anywhere
|-
|theyene
|the one (who)
|-
|thatean
|that one (which)
|-
|elc
|each
|-
|all
|all
|-
|othor
|other
|}

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

[[Category:Germanic]]

Old Auregan

2013-01-20T14:36:44Z

Ealdwimor: /* Prepositions */

{{private}}

{{ClassMeter
|Name = Old Auregan
|NativeName = Auregisc, Wexisc
|Type = Mixed
|Alignment = Nominative-Accusative

|adjective = final
|adposition = final
|adverb= initial
|article= initial
|relativeclause = final
|nounclause = final
|order = SVO

|Tonal = yes
|Declined = yes
|Conjugated = yes
|Genders = 3
|NCase = yes
|NNumber = yes
|NDefiniteness = no
|NGender = yes
|VVoice = yes
|VMood = yes
|VPerson = yes
|VNumber = yes
|VTense = yes
|VAspect = yes

|Phonology=100
|NounCases=100
|NounDef=100
|NounNumbers=100
|NounGender=100
|VerbPerson=100
|VerbNumber=100
|VerbAspect=100
|VerbTense=100
|VerbMood=80
|VerbVoice=50
|AdjCase=100
|AdjNumber=100
|AdjDef=100
|AdjGen=100
|AdjComparative=100
|AdjSuperlative=100
|AdjGen=100
|Supine=100
|Gerund=100
|Participle=100
|Infinitive=100
|Modality=70
|Words=0}}

=General informations=

'''Oxman''' is a Germanic language spoken in the ''Duché du Héron'' (= Shire of Le Héron), a shire that corresponds to the eastern region of Seine-Marirtime in France.
This language has evolved from [[Old Oxman]] which evolved from [[Old Auregan]] which is the first recorded form of Auregan language. Auregan language area corresponds to the "Vexin Normand" (a region situated just south to "Duché du héron"). A Oxman speaking colony also exists near the city of Coventry, Warwickshire, Midlands, England.
Oxman is a West-Germanic language that is strongly linked to Dutch, Modern English, Low German and Modern German.

Here is a table which sums up the main characteristics of this language:

{{agreement
|VerbGender =
|VerbCases =
|VerbNumber = yes
|VerbTenses = yes
|VerbPerson = yes
|VerbMoods = yes
|VerbVoices = yes
|VerbAspect = yes

|NounGender = yes
|NounCases =
|NounNumber = yes
|NounTenses =
|NounPerson =
|NounMoods =
|NounVoices =

|AdjectiveGender =
|AdjectiveCases =
|AdjectiveNumber = yes
|AdjectiveTenses =
|AdjectivePerson =
|AdjectiveMoods =
|AdjectiveVoices =

|NumberGender =
|NumberCases =
|NumberNumber =
|NumberTenses =
|NumberPerson =
|NumberMoods =
|NumberVoices =

|ParticipleGender =
|ParticipleCases =
|ParticipleNumber = yes
|ParticipleTenses =
|ParticiplePerson =
|ParticipleMoods =
|ParticipleVoices = yes

|AdverbGender =
|AdverbCases =
|AdverbNumber =
|AdverbTenses =
|AdverbPerson =
|AdverbMoods =
|AdverbVoices =

|PronounGender = yes
|PronounCases = yes
|PronounNumber = yes
|PronounTenses =
|PronounPerson = yes
|PronounMoods =
|PronounVoices =

|AdpositionGender = yes
|AdpositionCases =
|AdpositionNumber = yes
|AdpositionTenses =
|AdpositionPerson =
|AdpositionMoods =
|AdpositionVoices =

|ArticleGender = yes
|ArticleCases = yes
|ArticleNumber = yes
|ArticleTenses =
|ArticlePerson =
|ArticleMoods =
|ArticleVoices =

|ParticleGender =
|ParticleCases =
|ParticleNumber =
|ParticleTenses =
|ParticlePerson =
|ParticleMoods =
|ParticleVoices =
}}

=Phonology=

==Alphabet==

Oxman alphabet uses letters from Latin alphabet and contains 25 characters:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!Letters
!Pronunciation
!Further information
|-
|a
|[a]
|short 'a'
|-
|b
|[b]
|like in English
|-
|c
|[tʃ]
|like the English 'ch' in 'church'
|-
|d
|[d]
|like in English
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e:]
|in plural cluster -es it is not pronounced
|-
|f
|[f]
|like in English
|-
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronunced as in the English word "get"
|-
|h
|[h]
|like in English
|-
|i
|[ɪ]
|short 'i'
|-
|j
|[j]
|like English 'y'
|-
|k
|[k]
|like in English
|-
|l
|[l]
|like in English
|-
|m
|[m]
|like in English
|-
|n
|[n]
|like in English
|-
|o
|[ɔ] / [oʊ:]
|like in English
|-
|p
|[p]
|like in English
|-
|q
|[k]
|often followed by 'u', in latin words beginning with 'qu'
|-
|r
|[r]
|trilled just as in Dutch or in Italian
|-
|s
|[s]
|can be either voiced or voiceless
|-
|t
|[t]
|like in English
|-
|u
|[œ]
|short 'u' in 'but'
|-
|v
|[v]
|like in English
|-
|w
|[ʋ]
|between 'v' and 'w', just as in Dutch
|-
|y
|[j]
|between French letter 'j' in 'jouer' and English 'y' in 'year', as a vowel like a French 'u' or as English 'y' in 'why' when at the end of a word followed by a 'e' (cf. Oxman 'wye?' meaning 'why?' pronounced as in English);
|-
|æ
|[ɑ:]
|long 'a'
|-
|œ
|[u]
|as 'oo' in 'boot'
|}

==Consonantic phonemes==

Old Auregan language had the following consonantic phonemes:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" {{Table/bluetable}} style="width: 860px; "
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; "|
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Bilabial
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Labio-dental
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Dental
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Alveolar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Post-alveolar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Palatal
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Labio-Velar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Velar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Glottal
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Nasal
| style="text-align: center;"|m
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|n
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|(ŋ)
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Plosive
| style="text-align: center;"|p b
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|t d
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|k g
| style="text-align: center;"|ʔ
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Fricative
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|f v
| style="text-align: center;"|θ ð
| style="text-align: center;"|s z
| style="text-align: center;"|ʃ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|x
| style="text-align: center;"|h
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Affricate
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ts dz
| style="text-align: center;"|tʃ dʒ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Approximant
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ɹ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|j
| style="text-align: center;"|ʍ w
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Lateral
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|l
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|}

==Vocalic phonemes==

Oxman shows the following vowels:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! rowspan="2" colspan="1"|'''Phonemes'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Short'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Long'''
|-
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-
!'''Closed'''
|ɪ
|ʊ
|i:
|u:
|-
!'''Mid-closed'''
|
|
|e:
|o:
|-
!'''Mid-open'''
|ɛ
|ɔ
|
|
|-
!'''Open'''
|a
|
|
|ɑ:
|}

==Diphthongs and digraphs==

Old Auregan had also twenty diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Diphthongs'''
|'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|īo
|[i:eɪ]
|-
|īa
|[i:a]
|-
|ēa
|[e:aɪ]
|}

==Stress==

The position of stress in this language is quite regular, because it falls on the root and thus there are few rules to observe:

* In substantives (and in adjectives and adverbs) the stress generally falls on the first syllable, but if they are compound nouns / adjectives, formed by prefix + noun / adjective, the stress falls on the root syllable of the noun / adjective. In compounds which are formed by noun / adjective + noun / adjective, the various words are read as if they were written separately;

* In verbs the stress falls always on the root, even if they are compounds, ex.: ''emæke'', "to make up", is read as [ə''''ma:'''kə].

=Grammar=
==Morphology==
===Verbs===
Verbs in Old Auregan are divided into [[strong inflection|strong]] or [[weak inflection|weak]] verbs. Strong verbs indicate tense by a change in the quality of a [[vowel]], while weak verbs indicate tense by the addition of an ending.

====Strong verbs====
Strong verbs use the Germanic form of [[grammatical conjugation|conjugation]] known as [[Indo-European ablaut|''ablaut'']]. In this form of conjugation, the stem of the word changes to indicate the tense. Verbs like this persist in modern Oxman; for example ''singe, song, esungen'' is a strong verb, as are ''swimbe, swomb, eswumben'' and ''ciese, coas, ecosen''. The root portion of the word changes rather than its ending. In Old Auregan, there were seven major classes of strong verb; each class has its own pattern of stem changes. Learning these is often a challenge for students of the language, though English speakers may see connections between the old verb classes and their modern forms.

The classes had the following distinguishing features to their infinitive stems:
<ol type="I">
<li>ī + one consonant.
<li>īo or ū + one consonant.
<li>e + two consonants.
<li>e + 1 consonant (usually l or r, plus the verb ''brecan'' 'to break').
<li>e + 1 consonant (usually a stop or a fricative).
<li>a + 1 consonant.
<li>Other than the above.
</ol>
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="6"|'''Stem changes in strong verbs'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Class'''
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Root weight'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Infinitive'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''First preterite'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Second preterite'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Past participle'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''I''' || heavy || ī || ēa || i || i
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''II''' || heavy || īo ''or'' ū || ōa || u || o
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''III''' || heavy || colspan=4|''see table below''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''IV''' || light|| e(+r/l) || a || ā (originally ǣ) || o
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''V''' || light|| e(+''other'') || a || ā (originally ǣ) || e
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''VI''' || light || a || ō || ō || a
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''VII''' || heavy || ō, ēa, ōa, æ, ǣ, ō|| colspan=2|e, ǣ ''or'' īo || same as infinitive
|}

The first [[preterite]] stem is used in the preterite, for the [[grammatical person|first-]] and third-person [[Grammatical number|singular]]. The second preterite stem is used for second-person singular, and all persons in the [[plural]] (as well as the preterite [[Subjunctive mood|subjunctive]]). Strong verbs also exhibit [[I-mutation#I-mutation in Old Auregan|i-mutation]] of the stem in the second- and third-person singular in the [[present tense]].

The second sound change to affect it was the influence of palatal sounds <g>, <k>, and <sc>. These turned preceding <e> and <a> to and <æ>, respectively.

The third sound change turned <e> to , <æ> to <a>, and <o> to before nasals.

Altogether, this split the third class into five sub-classes:
<ol type="a">
<li>e + two consonants (apart from clusters beginning with l).
<li>e + r or h + another consonant.
<li>e + l + another consonant.
<li>g, c, or sc + i + two consonants.
<li>i + nasal + another consonant.
</ol>
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="5"|'''Stem changes in Class III'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Sub-class'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Infinitive'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''First preterite'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Second preterite'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Past participle'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''a''' || e || a || u || o
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''b''' || e || a || u || o
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''c''' || e || e || u || o
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''d''' || i || e || u || o
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''e''' || i || a || u || u
|}

Regular strong verbs were all conjugated roughly the same, with the main differences being in the stem vowel. Thus ''stelan'' 'to steal' represents the strong verb conjugation paradigm.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Conjugation'''
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Pronoun'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'steal'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2" colspan="2"|'''Infinitives'''
| stelan
|-
| te stelenne
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Present indicative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic''' || stelo
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þû''' || stilst
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hî/hit/sîo''' || stilþ
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || stelað
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="4"|'''Past indicative'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic''' || stal
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þû''' || stāli
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hî/hit/sîo''' || stal
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || stālon
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2"|'''Present subjunctive'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic/þû/hî/hit/sîo''' || stele
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|''' wî/gî/hêa ''' || stelen
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2"|'''Past subjunctive'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic/þû/hî/hit/sîo''' || stāle
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || stālin
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2"|'''Imperative'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular''' || stel
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural''' || stelað
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"| '''Present participle''' || stelendi
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Past participle''' || gestolon
|}

====Weak verbs====

Weak verbs are formed by adding alveolar (''t'' or ''d'') endings to the stem for the past and past-participle tenses. Some examples are ''love, loved'' or ''look, looked''.

Originally, the weak ending was used to form the preterite of informal, noun-derived verbs such as often emerge in conversation and which have no established system of stem-change. By nature, these verbs were almost always transitive, and even today, most weak verbs are transitive verbs formed in the same way.

The linguistic trends of borrowing foreign verbs and verbalizing nouns have greatly increased the number of weak verbs over the last 1,200 years. Some verbs that were originally strong (for example ''helpe, holp, eholpen'' is now more and more replaced by ''helpe, helpte, ehelpt'') have become weak by analogy; most foreign verbs are adopted as weak verbs; and when verbs are made from nouns (for example "to scroll" or "to water") the resulting verb is weak. Additionally, conjugation of weak verbs is easier to teach, since there are fewer classes of variation. In combination, these factors have drastically increased the number of weak verbs, so that in modern Oxman weak verbs are the most numerous and productive form.

There are three major classes of weak verbs in Old Auregan. The first class displays i-mutation in the root, and the second class none. There is also a third class explained below.

Class-one verbs with short roots exhibit [[West Germanic gemination|gemination]] of the final stem consonant in certain forms. With verbs in <r>, this appears as <ri>. Geminated <ƀ> appears as <bb>, and that of <ġ> appears as <dġ>. Class-one verbs may receive an [[Epenthesis|epenthetic]] vowel before endings beginning in a consonant.

Where class-one verbs have gemination, class-two verbs have , which is a separate syllable pronounced [i]. All class-two verbs have an epenthetic vowel, which appears as <a> or <o>.

In the following table, three verbs are conjugated. ''Swebban'' 'to put to sleep' is a class-one verb exhibiting gemination and an epenthetic vowel. ''Hêalean'' 'to heal' is a class-one verb exhibiting neither gemination nor an epenthetic vowel. ''Sîðeon'' 'to travel' is a class-two verb.
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Conjugation'''
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Pronoun'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'put to sleep'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'heal'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'travel'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2" colspan="2"|'''Infinitives'''
| swebbean || hêalean || sîþeon
|-
| te swebbeanne || te hêaleanne || te sîþeonne
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Present indicative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic''' || swebbeo || hêaleo || sîþeo
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þû''' || sweƀest || hêalest || sîþest
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hî/hit/îo''' || sweƀeð || hêaleþ || sîþeð
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || swebbeað || hêaleað || sîþeoð
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="4"|'''Past indicative'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic''' || sweƀoda || hêalda || sîþoda
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þû''' || sweƀodest || hêaldest || sîþodest
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hî/hit/sîo''' || sweƀoda || hêalda || sîþoda
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || sweƀodon || hêaldon || sîþodon
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2"|'''Present subjunctive'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic/þû/hî/hit/sîo''' || swebbe || hêale || sîþe
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|''' wî/gî/hêa ''' || swebben || hêalen || sîþen
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2"|'''Past subjunctive'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic/þû/hî/hit/sîo''' || sweƀodi || hêaldi || sîþodi
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || sweƀodin || hêaldin || sîþodin
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2"|'''Imperative'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular''' || sweƀe || hêale || sîþe
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural''' || swebbeað || hêaleað || sîþeað
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"| '''Present participle''' || sweƀendi || hêalendi || sîþende
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Past participle''' || gesweƀed || gehêaled || gesîþeod
|}

During the Old Auregan period, the third class was significantly reduced; only four verbs belonged to this group: ''hebbean'' 'have', ''libbean'' 'live', ''sedgean'' 'say', and ''hudġean'' 'think'. Each of these verbs is distinctly irregular, though they share some commonalities.
{|{{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Conjugation'''
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Pronoun'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'have'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'live'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'say'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'think'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Infinitive''' || hebbean || libbean || sedgean || hudġean
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Present indicative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic''' || hebbeo || libbeo || sedġeo || hudġeo
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þû''' || haƀest || liƀest || sagest || hogest
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hî/hit/sîo''' || haƀeþ || liƀeþ || sageþ || hogeþ
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || habbeað || libbeað || sedgeað || hudgeað
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" |'''Past indicative'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''(all persons)''' || hafda || lifda || sagda || hogda
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" |'''Present subjunctive'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''(all persons)''' || hebbe || libbe || sedge || hudge
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" |'''Past subjunctive'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''(all persons)''' || hafdi || lifdi || sagdi || hogdi
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2"|'''Imperative'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular''' || haƀe || liƀe || sage || hoge
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural''' || hebbeað || libbeað || sedgeað || hudgeað
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"| '''Present participle''' || hebbendi || libbendi || sedgendi || hudgendi
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Past participle''' || gehafd || gelifd ||gesagd || gehogd
|}

====Preterite-present verbs====
The preterite-present verbs are a class of verbs which have a present tense in the form of a strong preterite and a past tense like the past of a weak verb. These verbs derive from the subjunctive or optative use of preterite forms to refer to present or future time. For example, ''witan'', "to know" comes from a verb which originally meant "to have seen" (cf. OA '''wīsa''' "manner, mode, appearance"; Latin '''videre''' "to see" from the same root). The present singular is formed from the original singular preterite stem and the present plural from the original plural preterite stem. As a result of this history, the first-person singular and third-person singular are the same in the present.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Conjugation'''
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Pronoun'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'know how to'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'be able to, can'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'be obliged to'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'know'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'own'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'avail'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'dare'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'remember'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'need'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'be allowed to'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'grant, allow'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'use, enjoy'
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" colspan="2"|'''Modern Descendant'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'kunne'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'muye'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'sculle'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'wite'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'eye'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'*duye'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'durre'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'*mune'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'thurve'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'mœte’
! style="background:#efefef;"|'*unne'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'enuye'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Infinitives'''
| cunnan, kunnan || mugan || sculan || witan || êagan || dugan || durran || munan || þurƀan || môtan || unnan || genugan
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Present Indicative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic, ik, ick''' || can, kan || mag || scal || wêat || êah || dôag || dar || man || þarf || môt || an || genah
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þû''' || canst, kanst || maht || scalt || wêast || êahst || dôahst || darst || manst || þarft || môst || anst || genaht
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hî/hit/sîo''' || can, kan || mag || scal || wêat || êah || dôah || dar || man || þarf || môt || an || genah
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || cunnon, kunnon || mugon || sculon || witon || êagon || dugon || durron || munon || þurƀon || môton || unnon || genugon
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Past Indicative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic''' || cûða, kûða || mæhta, mahta || scolda || wista || êahta || dohta || dorsta || munda || þorfta || môsta || ûða || genohta
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þû''' || cûðest, kûðest || mæhtest, mahtest || scoldest || wistest || êahtest || dohtest || dorstest || mundest || þorftest || môstest || ûðest || genohtest
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hî/hit/sîo''' || cûða, kûða || mæhta, mahta || scolda || wista || ēahta || dohta || dorsta || munda || þorfta || môsta || ôða || ġinohta
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || cûðon, kûðon || mæhton, mahton || scoldon || wiston || ēahton || dohton || dorston || mundon || þorfton || mōston || ūðon || ġinohton
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="3"|'''Present Subjunctive'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic/þû/hî/hit/sîo''' || cunni, kunni || mugi || sculi || witi || êagi || dugi || durri || muni || þurƀi || môti || unni || genugi
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|''' wî/gî/hêa ''' || cunnin, kunnin || mugin || sculin || witin || êagin || dugin || durrin || munin || þurƀin || môtin || unnin || genugin
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="3"|'''Past Subjunctive'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic/þû/hî/hit/sîo''' || cûði, kûði || mæhti, mahti || scoldi || wisti || êahti || dohti || dorsti || mundi || þorfti || môsti || ûði || genohti
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || cûðin, kûðin || mæhtin, mahtin || scoldin || wistin || êahtin || dohtin || dorstin || mundin || þorftin || môstin || ûðin || genohtin
|}

[Forms above with asterisk (*) rare, archaic or dialectal.]

==== Anomalous verbs ====
Additionally there is a further group of four verbs which are anomalous, the verbs "want" (modern "will"), "do", "go" and "be". These four have their own conjugation schemes which differ significantly from all the other classes of verb. This is not especially unusual: "want", "do", "go", and "be" are the most commonly used verbs in the language, and are very important to the meaning of the sentences in which they are used. Idiosyncratic patterns of inflection are much more common with important items of vocabulary than with rarely-used ones.

''Dōn'' 'to do' and ''gān'' 'to go' are conjugated alike; ''willan'' 'to want' is similar outside of the present tense.
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Conjugation'''
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Pronoun'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'do'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'go'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'will'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Infinitive''' || style="background:#efefef;"|– || dōn || gān || willan
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Present Indicative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic''' || dō(m) || gā || will
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þū''' || dēst || gǣst || wilt
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hē/hit/hēo''' || dēþ || gǣþ || will
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wē/gē/hīe''' || dōð || gāð || willað
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="4"|'''Past Indicative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic/hē/hit/hēo''' || deda || igda || wolde
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þū''' || dedest || igdest || woldest
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wē/gē/hīe''' || dedon || igdon || woldon
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Present Subjunctive''' || style="background:#efefef;"|'''(all persons)''' || dō || gā || will
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Past Subjunctive''' || style="background:#efefef;"|'''(all persons)''' || deda || igda || wolda
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"| '''Present Participle''' || dōndi || – || willendi
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Past Participle''' || gidōn || gigān / gigangon || –
|}

The verb 'to be' is actually composed of three different stems:
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Conjugation'''
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Pronoun'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''sīn'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''bīon'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''wesan'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Infinitive''' || style="background:#efefef;"|– || sīn || *bīon || wesan
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Present Indicative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''icḳ''' || em || bīom || *weso
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þū''' || art || bist || *wesest
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hī/hit/sīo''' || is || *biþ || *west
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wī/ġī/hēa''' || āron, sind(on) || *bīoð || wesað
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Past Indicative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''icḳ''' || – || – || was
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þū''' || – || – || wāri
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hī/hit/sīo''' || – || – || was
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wī/ġī/hēa''' || – || – || wāron
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="3"|'''Present Subjunctive'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''icḳ/þū/hī/hit/sīo''' || sīe || *bīe || wese
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wī/ġī/hēa''' || sīen || *bīen || wesen
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="3"|'''Past Subjunctive'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''icḳ/þū/hī/hit/sīo''' || – || – || wāri
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wī/ġī/hēa''' || – || – || wārin
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="3"|'''Imperative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''(singular)''' || – || *bīo || wes
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''(plural)''' || – || *bīoð || wesað
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Present Participle''' || – || *bīondi || wesendi
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Past Participle''' || – || *ġibīon || ġiweson
|}
The present forms of ''wesan'' are almost never used. Therefore, ''wesan'' is used as the past, imperative, and present participle versions of ''sindon'', and does not have a separate meaning. The ''bēon'' forms are usually used in reference to future actions. Only the present forms of ''bēon'' contrast with the present forms of ''sindon''/''wesan'' in that ''bēon'' tends to be used to refer to eternal or permanent truths, while ''sindon''/''wesan'' is used more commonly to refer to temporary or subjective facts. This semantic distinction was lost as Old English developed into modern English, so that the modern verb 'to be' is a single verb which takes its present indicative forms from ''sindon,'' its past indicative forms from ''wesan,'' its present subjunctive forms from ''bēon,'' its past subjunctive forms from ''wesan,'' and its imperative and participle forms from ''bēon.'' In late OE and ME, the form earon/earun, from the [[Old Norse]] erun, replaced bēoþ and sind (See also [[List of English words of Old Norse origin]]).

===Nouns===
Old English is an [[inflection|inflected]] language, and as such its [[noun]]s, [[pronoun]]s, [[adjective]]s and [[determiner (linguistics)|determiners]] must be [[Declension|declined]] in order to serve a grammatical function. A set of declined forms of the same word pattern is called a declension. As in several other ancient [[Germanic languages]], there are five major [[Grammatical case|cases]]: [[nominative]], [[accusative]], [[dative]], [[genitive]] and [[Instrumental case|instrumental]].

*The '''nominative''' case indicated the subject of the sentence, for example ''se cyning'' means 'the king'. It was also used for direct address. Adjectives in the predicate (qualifying a noun on the other side of 'to be') were also in the nominative.
*The '''accusative''' case indicated the direct object of the sentence, for example ''Æþelbald lufode þone cyning'' means "Æþelbald loved the king", where Æþelbald is the subject and the king is the object. Already the accusative had begun to merge with the nominative; it was never distinguished in the plural, or in a neuter noun.
*The '''genitive''' case indicated possession, for example the ''þæs cyninges scip'' is "the ship of the king" or "the king's ship". It also indicated [[partitive]] nouns.
*The '''dative''' case indicated the indirect object of the sentence, for example ''hringas þæm cyninge'' means "rings for the king" or "rings to the king". There were also several verbs that took direct objects in the dative.
*The '''instrumental''' case indicated an instrument used to achieve something, for example, ''lifde sweorde'', "he lived by the sword", where ''sweorde'' is the instrumental form of ''sweord''. During the Old English period, the instrumental was falling out of use, having largely merged with the dative. Only pronouns and strong adjectives retained separate forms for the instrumental.

The small body of evidence we have for [[Runic alphabet|Runic]] texts suggests that there may also have a been a separate [[locative]] case in early or Northumbrian forms of the language (e.g., {{script|Runr|ᚩᚾ ᚱᚩᛞᛁ}} ''on rodi'' "on the Cross").<ref>Page, ''An Introduction to English Runes'', Boydell 1999, p. 230</ref>

In addition to inflection for case, nouns take different endings depending on whether the noun was in the singular (for example, ''hring'' 'one ring') or plural (for example, ''hringas'' 'many rings'). Also, some nouns pluralize by way of [[Germanic umlaut|Umlaut]], and some undergo no pluralizing change in certain cases.

Nouns are also categorized by [[grammatical gender]] – masculine, feminine, or neuter. In general, masculine and neuter words share their endings. Feminine words have their own subset of endings. The plural of some declension types distinguishes between genders, e.g., a-stem masculine nominative plural ''stanas'' "stones" vs. neuter nominative plural ''scipu'' "ships" and ''word'' "words"; or i-stem masculine nominative plural ''sige(as)'' "victories" vs. neuter nominative plural ''sifu'' "sieves" and ''hilt'' "hilts".

Furthermore, Old English nouns are divided as either strong or weak. Weak nouns have their own endings. In general, weak nouns are easier than strong nouns, since they had begun to lose their declensional system. However, there is a great deal of overlap between the various classes of noun: they are not totally distinct from one another.

Old English language grammars often follow the common NOM-ACC-GEN-DAT-INST order used for the Germanic languages.

====Strong nouns====
Here are the strong declensional endings and examples for each gender:
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''The Strong Noun Declension'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || – || -os || – || -u/– || -u/– || -e
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || – || -os || – || -u/– || -e || -e
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || -es || -ō || -es || -ō || -e || -ō
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || -e || -um || -e || -um || -e || -um
|}
For the '-u/–' forms above, the '-u' is used with a root consisting of a single short syllable or ending in a long syllable followed by a short syllable, while roots ending in a long syllable or two short syllables are not inflected. (A long syllable contains a long vowel or is followed by two consonants. Note also that there are some exceptions; for example, feminine nouns ending in -þu such as ''strengþu'' 'strength'.)

{| border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Strong Noun Declension for each Gender'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' engel 'angel'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter''' scip 'ship'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine''' sorg 'sorrow'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || engol || englos || scip || scipu || sorġa || sorġa
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || engol || englos || scip || scipu || sorġa || sorġa
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || engles || englō || scipes || scipō || sorġō || sorġanō
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || engle || englum || scipe || scipum || sorġe || sorġum
|}
Note the [[syncope (phonetics)|syncope]] of the second ''e'' in ''engel'' when an ending follows. This syncope of the vowel in the second syllable occurs with two-syllable strong nouns, which have a long vowel in the first syllable and a second syllable consisting of a short vowel and single consonant (for example, ''engel'', ''wuldor'' 'glory', and ''hēafod'' 'head'). However, this syncope is not always present, so forms such as ''engelas'' may be seen.

====Weak nouns====
Here are the weak declensional endings and examples for each gender:
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''The Weak Noun Declension'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || -e || -on || -a || -on || -a || -a
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || -on || -on || -a || -on || -a || -a
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || -on || -anō || -on || -anō || -ō || -anō
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || -on || -um || -on || -um || -e || -um
|}
{| border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Weak Noun Declension for each Gender'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' name 'name'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter''' oage 'eye'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine''' tunga 'tongue'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || name || namon || ōaġa || ōaġon || tunga || tunga
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || namon || namon || ōaġa || ōaġon || tunga || tunga
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || namon || namanō || ōaġon || ōaġanō || tungō || tunganō
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || namon || namum || ōaġon || ōaġum || tunge || tungum
|}

====Irregular strong nouns====
In addition, masculine and neuter nouns whose main vowel is short 'æ' and end with a single consonant change the vowel to 'a' in the plural (a result of the phonological phenomenon known as [[Anglo-Frisian brightening]]):
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
| style="background:#afefef;" colspan="5"|'''Dæg''' 'day' ''m.''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;"|Case
! style="background:#efefef;"|Singular
! style="background:#efefef;"|Plural
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || dæg || dagas
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || dæg || dagas
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || dæges || daga
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || dæge || dagum
|}

Some masculine and neuter nouns end in -e in their base form. These drop the -e and add normal endings. Note that neuter nouns in -e always have -u in the plural, even with a long vowel:
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Strong Noun Declensions ending in -e'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' ende 'end'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter''' stȳle 'steel'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || ende || endas || stȳle || stȳlu
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || ende || endas || stȳle || stȳlu
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || endes || enda || stȳles || stȳla
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || ende || endum || stȳle || stȳlum
|}

Nouns ending in -h lose this when an ending is added, and lengthen the vowel in compensation (this can result in compression of the ending as well):
{| border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Strong Noun Declensions ending in -h'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' mearh 'horse'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter''' feorh 'life'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' scōh 'shoe'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || mearh || mēaras || feorh || feorh || scōh || scōs
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || mearh || mēaras || feorh || feorh || scōh || scōs
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || mēares || mēara || fēores || fēora || scōs || scōna
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || mēare || mēarum || fēore || fēorum || scō || scōm
|}

Nouns whose stem ends in -w change this to -u or drop it in the nominative singular. (Note that this '-u/–' distinction depends on [[syllable weight]], as for strong nouns, above.)

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Strong Noun Declensions ending in -w'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter''' smeoru 'grease'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine''' sinu 'sinew'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine''' lǣs 'pasture'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || smeoru || smeoru || sinu || sinwa || lǣs || lǣswa}}
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || smeoru || smeoru || sinwe || sinwa, -e || lǣswe || lǣswa, -e
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || smeorwes || smeorwa || sinwe || sinwa || lǣswe || lǣswa
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || smeorwe || smeorwum || sinwe || sinwum || lǣswe || lǣswum
|}

A few nouns follow the -u declension, with an entirely different set of endings. The following examples are both masculine, although feminines also exist, with the same endings (for example ''duru'' 'door' and ''hand'' 'hand'). Note that the '-u/–' distinction in the singular depends on syllable weight, as for strong nouns, above.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the -u Declension'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' sunu 'son'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' feld 'field'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || sunu || suna || feld || felda
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || sunu || suna || feld || felda
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || suna || suna || felda || felda
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || suna || sunum || felda || feldum
|}

====Mutating strong nouns====
There are also some nouns of the consonant declension, which show i-umlaut in some forms.

{| border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Strong Noun Declensions with i-shift'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' fōt 'foot'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine''' hnutu 'nut'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine''' bōc 'book'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || fōt || fēt || hnutu || hnyte || bōc || bēc
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || fōt || fēt || hnutu || hnyte || bōc || bēc
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || fōtes || fōta || hnyte, hnute || hnuta || bēc, bōce || bōca
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || fēt, fōte || fōtum || hnyte, hnute || hnutum || bēc, bōc || bōcum
|}

Other such nouns include (with singular and plural nominative forms given):

Masculine: ''tōþ'', ''tēþ'' 'tooth'; ''mann'', ''menn'' 'man'; ''frēond'', ''frīend'' 'friend'; ''fēond'', ''fīend'' 'enemy' (cf. 'fiend')

Feminine: ''studu'', ''styde'' 'post' (cf. 'stud'); ''hnitu'', ''hnite'' 'nit'; ''āc'', ''ǣc'' 'oak'; ''gāt'', ''gǣt'' 'goat'; ''brōc'', ''brēc'' 'leg covering' (cf. 'breeches'); ''gōs'', ''gēs'' 'goose'; ''burg'', ''byrg'' 'city' (cf. 'borough', '-bury' and German cities in -burg); ''dung'', ''dyng'' 'prison' (cf. 'dungeon' by way of French and Frankish); ''turf'', ''tyrf'' 'turf'; ''grūt'', ''grȳt'' 'meal' (cf. 'grout'); ''lūs'', ''lȳs'' 'louse'; ''mūs'', ''mȳs'' 'mouse'; ''neaht'', ''niht'' 'night'
Feminine with loss of -h in some forms: ''furh'', ''fyrh'' 'furrow' or 'fir'; ''sulh'', ''sylh'' 'plough'; ''þrūh'', ''þrȳh'' 'trough'; ''wlōh'', ''wlēh'' 'fringe'.
Feminine with compression of endings: ''cū'', ''cȳ'' 'cow' (cf. dialectal plural 'kine')

Neuter: In addition, ''scrūd'' 'clothing, garment' has the umlauted dative-singular form ''scrȳd''.

====Nouns of relationship====

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="11"|'''Nouns of Relationship'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' fæder 'father'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' brōðor 'brother'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine''' mōdor 'mother'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine''' sweostor 'sister'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine''' dohtor 'daughter'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || fæder || fæd(e)ras || brōðor || (ge)brōðor || mōdor || mōdra/mōdru || sweostor || (ge)sweostor, -tru, -tra || dohtor || dohtor
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || fæder || fæd(e)ras || brōðor || (ge)brōðor || mōdor || mōdra/mōdru || sweostor || (ge)sweostor, -tru, -tra || dohtor || dohtor
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || fæder || fæd(e)ra || brōðor || (ge)brōðra || mōdor || mōdra || sweostor || (ge)sweostra || dohtor || dohtra
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || fæder || fæderum || brēðer || (ge)brōðrum || mēder || mōdrum || sweostor || (ge)sweostrum || dehter || dohtrum
|}

====Neuter nouns with -r- in the plural====

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
| style="background:#afefef;" colspan="5"|'''Lamb''' 'lamb' ''n.''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;"|Case
! style="background:#efefef;"|Singular
! style="background:#efefef;"|Plural
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || lamb || lambru
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || lamb || lambru
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || lambes || lambra
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || lambe || lambrum
|}

Other such nouns: ''ǣg'', ''ǣgru'' 'egg' (ancestor of the archaic/dialectical form 'ey', plural 'eyren'; the form 'egg' is a borrowing from Old Norse); ''bread'', ''breadru'' 'crumb'; ''cealf'', ''cealfru'' 'calf'; ''cild'' 'child' has either the normal plural ''cild'' or ''cildru'' (cf. 'children', with -en from the weak nouns); ''hǣmed'', ''hǣmedru'' 'cohabitation'; ''speld'', ''speldru'' 'torch'.

===Adjectives===
Adjectives in Old English are declined using the same categories as nouns: five cases (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, and instrumental), three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter), and two numbers (singular, plural). In addition, they can be declined either strong or weak. The weak forms are used in the presence of a definite or possessive determiner, while the strong ones are used in other situations. The weak forms are identical to those for nouns, while the strong forms use a combination of noun and pronoun endings:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''The Strong Adjective Declension'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || – || -e || – || -u/– || -u/– || -e, -a
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || -ne || -e || – || -u/– || -e || -e, -a
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || -es || -ra || -es || -ra || -re || -ra
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || -um || -um || -um || -um || -re || -um
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Instrumental''' || -e || -um || -e || -um || -re || -um
|}
For the '-u/–' forms above, the distinction is the same as for strong nouns.
{| border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Strong Adjective Declension: gōd 'good' '''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || gōd || gōde || gōd || gōd || gōd || gōde, -a
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || gōdne || gōde || gōd || gōd || gōde || gōde, -a
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || gōdes || gōdra || gōdes || gōdra || gōdre || gōdra
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || gōdum || gōdum || gōdum || gōdum || gōdre || gōdum
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Instrumental''' || gōde || gōdum || gōde || gōdum || gōdre || gōdum
|}

{| border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Weak Adjective Declension: gōd 'good' '''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || gōda || gōdan || gōde || gōdan || gōde || gōdan
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || gōdan || gōdan || gōde || gōdan || gōdan || gōdan
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || gōdan || gōdena || gōdan || gōdena || gōdan || gōdena
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || gōdan || gōdum || gōdan || gōdum || gōdan || gōdum
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Instrumental''' || gōdan || gōdum || gōdan || gōdum || gōdan || gōdum
|}

Note that the same variants described above for nouns also exist for adjectives. The following example shows both the æ/a variation and the -u forms in the feminine singular and neuter plural:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Strong Adjective Declension: glæd 'glad' '''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || glæd || glade || glæd || gladu || gladu || glade
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || glædne || glade || glæd || gladu || glade || glade
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || glades || glædra || glades || glædra || glædre || glædra
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || gladum || gladum || gladum || gladum || glædre || gladum
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Instrumental''' || glade || gladum || glade || gladum || glædre || gladum
|}

The following shows an example of an adjective ending with -h:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Strong Adjective Declension: hēah 'high' '''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || hēah || hēa || hēah || hēa || hēa || hēa
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || hēane || hēa || hēah || hēa || hēa || hēa
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || hēas || hēara || hēas || hēara || hēare || hēara
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || hēam || hēam || hēam || hēam || hēare || hēam
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Instrumental''' || hēa || hēam || hēa || hēam || hēare || hēam
|}

The following shows an example of an adjective ending with -w:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Strong Adjective Declension: gearu 'ready' '''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || gearu || gearwe || gearu || gearu || gearu || gearwe
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || gearone || gearwe || gearu || gearu || gearwe || gearwe
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || gearwes || gearora || gearwes || gearora || gearore || gearora
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || gearwum || gearwum || gearwum || gearwum || gearore || gearwum
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Instrumental''' || gearwe || gearwum || gearwe || gearwum || gearore || gearwum
|}

===Determiners===
Old English had two main determiners: ''se'', which could function as both 'the' or 'that', and ''þes'' for 'this'.
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''the/that'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" |'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" |'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" |'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" |'''Feminine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" |'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || se || þæt || sēo || þā
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || þone || þæt || þā || þā
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || þæs || þæs || þǣre || þāra, þǣra
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || þǣm || þǣm || þǣre || þǣm, þām
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Instrumental''' || þȳ, þon || þȳ, þon || – || –
|}

Modern English 'that' descends from the neuter nominative/accusative form,<ref>{{cite web|title=That|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=that|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary|accessdate=28 June 2010}}</ref> and 'the' from the masculine nominative form, with 's' replaced analogously by the 'th' of the other forms.<ref>{{cite web|title=The|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=the|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary|accessdate=28 June 2010}}</ref> The feminine nominative form was probably the source of Modern English 'she.'<ref>{{cite web|title=She|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=she|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary|accessdate=28 June 2010}}</ref>
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''this'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" |'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" |'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" |'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" |'''Feminine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" |'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || þes || þis || þēos || þās
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || þisne || þis || þās || þās
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || þisses || þisses || þisse, þisre || þisra
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || þissum || þissum || þisse, þisre || þissum
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Instrumental''' || þȳs || þȳs || – || –
|}

===Pronouns===
Most pronouns are declined by number, case and gender; in the plural form most pronouns have only one form for all genders. Additionally, Old English pronouns preserve the [[Dual (grammatical number)|dual form]] (which is specifically for talking about groups of two things, for example "we two" or "you two" or "they two"). These were uncommon even then, but remained in use throughout the period.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="4"|'''First Person'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dual'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || icḳ || wit || wī
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || mī, micḳ || unk || ūs
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || mīn || unkore || ūsor
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || mī || unk|| ūs
|}
{| border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="4"|'''Second Person'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dual'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || þū || ġit || ġī
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || þī, þicḳ || inḳ || īow
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || þīn || inḳore || īowor
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || þī || inḳ || īow
|}
{| border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Third Person'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="3"|'''Singular'''
! style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Masc.'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Neut.'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Fem.'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || hī || hit || sīo, hīo || hēa (older ''hīea'') ''m.'', hīo ''f.''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || hina || hit || sīa, hīa || hēa (older ''hīea'') ''m.'', hīe ''f.''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || his || his || hira || hire ''m.'', here ''f.''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || him || him || hire || him, hem
|}

Many of the forms above bear strong resemblances to their contemporary English language equivalents: for instance in the genitive case ''ēower'' became "your", ''ūre'' became "our", ''mīn'' became "mine".

===Prepositions===
Prepositions often follow the word which they govern, in which case they are called ''[[postposition]]s''. Also, so that the object of a preposition was marked in the dative case, a preposition may conceivably be located anywhere in the sentence, even appended to the verb. The infinitive is not declined.

The following is a list of prepositions in the Old Auregan. Many of them, particularly
those marked "etc.", are found in other variant spellings. [[Prepositions]] may govern the
[[accusative case|accusative]], [[genitive case|genitive]], [[dative case|dative]] or [[instrumental case|instrumental]]
[[Declension|cases]] - the question of which is beyond the scope of this article.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border="1" cellpadding="3"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|Prepositions
|-
! style="background:#efefef;"| Old Auregan || Definition ||| Notes
|-
|æftor||after; along, through, during; according to, by means of; about.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''aftor''', Related to [[Dutch language|Dutch]] '''achter''' = behind, after
|-
|êar||before||Related to Old English '''ær''', modern [[German language|German]] '''eher''' and [[Dutch language|Dutch]] '''eer''', ancestor of Oxman '''ear-'''
|-
|at||at, to|| Ancestor of Oxman '''at-''' (only in compounds)
|-
|ond||against, before, on.|| Ancestor of oxman '''ond-''', related to Dutch '''ont-'''
|-
|ondlæng||along|| Ancestor of modern '''along'''
|-
|bæftan||after, behind; without.|| From '''bi-''' and '''*æft''' (found in '''æftor''')
|-
|bî||by, near to, to, at, in, on, upon, about, with|| Related to modern Oxman '''bie''', Dutch '''bij''', German '''bei''', ancestor of modern '''by'''
|-
|befôran||before.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''befoar''' and '''beforn'''
|-
|begiendan||beyond.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''beyendon'''
|-
|behindor||behind.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''behindor'''
|-
|binnan||in, within|| Ancestor of Oxman '''binnon''', from '''bi-''' + '''innan'''
|-
|beneðan||beneath|| Ancestor of Oxman '''benethon'''
|-
|betwisc||between, among, amid, in the midst|| Ancestors of Oxman '''betwisc'''
|-
|bîrihte||straight into||| Ancestor of Oxman '''bieright''' (also aright from '''*anrihte''')
|-
|bûƀan||above.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''bovon'''
|-
|bûtan||out of, against; without, except.|| Ancestor of '''bauton''', from '''bi-''' + '''auton'''
|-
|ôac||with, in addition to, besides.||Related to modern Dutch '''ook'''
|-
|fan||by|| Ancestor of Oxman '''fan''', Related to Dutch '''van''' and German '''von''', corresponds to a compound of '''af''' and '''an'''
|-
|fur||for, on account of, because of, with, by; according to; instead of.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''fur'''
|-
|fôra||before|| Ancestor of Oxman '''foar'''
|-
|fram||from; concerning, about, of|| Ancestor of Oxman '''fram'''
|-
|gemæng, gemang, gemong||among|| Ancestor of Oxman '''emong'''
|-
|giend||through, throughout, over, as far as, among, in, after, beyond.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''yends''' and '''yendor'''
|-
|in||in, into, to|| Ancestor of modern '''in'''
|-
|innan||in, into, within, from within || Ancestor of Oxman '''innon'''
|-
|mid||with, against|| Ancestor of modern '''mid'''
|-
|nâh||near|| Ancestor of Oxman '''nagh-''' (only in compounds)
|-
|nefne||except|| Ancestor of Oxman '''nevon''' (unless)
|-
|af||of, from, out of, off|| Ancestor of modern '''af'''
|-
|oƀor||above, over; upon, on, more than|| Ancestor of modern '''ovor'''
|-
|an||at, to, in|| Ancestor of Oxman '''an''' and '''a-'''
|-
|anbûtan||concerning|| Ancestor of Dialectal Oxman '''abauton'''
|-
|angegin||opposite, against; towards; in reply to.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''ayeyon''' (towards)
|-
|sæmt, sæmd||together with, at.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''samt''' (only used in '''samt mid''' or in compounds)
|-
|tô||to, at.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''tœ'''
|-
|tegegnes||towards, against|| Ancestor of Oxman '''teyons'''
|-
|tômiddes||in the midst of, amidst|| Ancestor of Oxman '''tœmids'''
|-
|tôward(es)||toward|| Ancestor of modern tœwards
|-
|þurh||through||Ancestor of Oxman '''thurgh''', Related to modern Dutch '''door''', German '''durch''', English '''through'''
|-
|undor||under|| Ancestor of modern '''undor'''
|-
|undorneðan||underneath|| Ancestor of modern '''undornethon'''
|-
|uppan||upon, on|| Ancestor of dialectical Oxman '''uppon'''.
|-
|ûtan||without, outside of||Ancestor of '''auton''', related to modern German '''außen, außer''' and Swedish '''utan'''
|-
|wiðor||towards, to; with, against; opposite to; by, near.|| Ancestor of modern '''withor-'''. Related to modern German '''wider'''
|-
|umb(i)||about, by|| Ancestor of Oxman '''umb''' (around, about); Related to German '''um''' and Latin '''ambi'''
|-
|umbûtan||about, around; concerning|| Ancestor of archaic Oxman '''umbbauton''' (concerning, around)
|}

[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Germanic]]

Old Auregan

2013-01-20T14:31:43Z

Ealdwimor: /* Preterite-present verbs */

{{private}}

{{ClassMeter
|Name = Old Auregan
|NativeName = Auregisc, Wexisc
|Type = Mixed
|Alignment = Nominative-Accusative

|adjective = final
|adposition = final
|adverb= initial
|article= initial
|relativeclause = final
|nounclause = final
|order = SVO

|Tonal = yes
|Declined = yes
|Conjugated = yes
|Genders = 3
|NCase = yes
|NNumber = yes
|NDefiniteness = no
|NGender = yes
|VVoice = yes
|VMood = yes
|VPerson = yes
|VNumber = yes
|VTense = yes
|VAspect = yes

|Phonology=100
|NounCases=100
|NounDef=100
|NounNumbers=100
|NounGender=100
|VerbPerson=100
|VerbNumber=100
|VerbAspect=100
|VerbTense=100
|VerbMood=80
|VerbVoice=50
|AdjCase=100
|AdjNumber=100
|AdjDef=100
|AdjGen=100
|AdjComparative=100
|AdjSuperlative=100
|AdjGen=100
|Supine=100
|Gerund=100
|Participle=100
|Infinitive=100
|Modality=70
|Words=0}}

=General informations=

'''Oxman''' is a Germanic language spoken in the ''Duché du Héron'' (= Shire of Le Héron), a shire that corresponds to the eastern region of Seine-Marirtime in France.
This language has evolved from [[Old Oxman]] which evolved from [[Old Auregan]] which is the first recorded form of Auregan language. Auregan language area corresponds to the "Vexin Normand" (a region situated just south to "Duché du héron"). A Oxman speaking colony also exists near the city of Coventry, Warwickshire, Midlands, England.
Oxman is a West-Germanic language that is strongly linked to Dutch, Modern English, Low German and Modern German.

Here is a table which sums up the main characteristics of this language:

{{agreement
|VerbGender =
|VerbCases =
|VerbNumber = yes
|VerbTenses = yes
|VerbPerson = yes
|VerbMoods = yes
|VerbVoices = yes
|VerbAspect = yes

|NounGender = yes
|NounCases =
|NounNumber = yes
|NounTenses =
|NounPerson =
|NounMoods =
|NounVoices =

|AdjectiveGender =
|AdjectiveCases =
|AdjectiveNumber = yes
|AdjectiveTenses =
|AdjectivePerson =
|AdjectiveMoods =
|AdjectiveVoices =

|NumberGender =
|NumberCases =
|NumberNumber =
|NumberTenses =
|NumberPerson =
|NumberMoods =
|NumberVoices =

|ParticipleGender =
|ParticipleCases =
|ParticipleNumber = yes
|ParticipleTenses =
|ParticiplePerson =
|ParticipleMoods =
|ParticipleVoices = yes

|AdverbGender =
|AdverbCases =
|AdverbNumber =
|AdverbTenses =
|AdverbPerson =
|AdverbMoods =
|AdverbVoices =

|PronounGender = yes
|PronounCases = yes
|PronounNumber = yes
|PronounTenses =
|PronounPerson = yes
|PronounMoods =
|PronounVoices =

|AdpositionGender = yes
|AdpositionCases =
|AdpositionNumber = yes
|AdpositionTenses =
|AdpositionPerson =
|AdpositionMoods =
|AdpositionVoices =

|ArticleGender = yes
|ArticleCases = yes
|ArticleNumber = yes
|ArticleTenses =
|ArticlePerson =
|ArticleMoods =
|ArticleVoices =

|ParticleGender =
|ParticleCases =
|ParticleNumber =
|ParticleTenses =
|ParticlePerson =
|ParticleMoods =
|ParticleVoices =
}}

=Phonology=

==Alphabet==

Oxman alphabet uses letters from Latin alphabet and contains 25 characters:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!Letters
!Pronunciation
!Further information
|-
|a
|[a]
|short 'a'
|-
|b
|[b]
|like in English
|-
|c
|[tʃ]
|like the English 'ch' in 'church'
|-
|d
|[d]
|like in English
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e:]
|in plural cluster -es it is not pronounced
|-
|f
|[f]
|like in English
|-
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronunced as in the English word "get"
|-
|h
|[h]
|like in English
|-
|i
|[ɪ]
|short 'i'
|-
|j
|[j]
|like English 'y'
|-
|k
|[k]
|like in English
|-
|l
|[l]
|like in English
|-
|m
|[m]
|like in English
|-
|n
|[n]
|like in English
|-
|o
|[ɔ] / [oʊ:]
|like in English
|-
|p
|[p]
|like in English
|-
|q
|[k]
|often followed by 'u', in latin words beginning with 'qu'
|-
|r
|[r]
|trilled just as in Dutch or in Italian
|-
|s
|[s]
|can be either voiced or voiceless
|-
|t
|[t]
|like in English
|-
|u
|[œ]
|short 'u' in 'but'
|-
|v
|[v]
|like in English
|-
|w
|[ʋ]
|between 'v' and 'w', just as in Dutch
|-
|y
|[j]
|between French letter 'j' in 'jouer' and English 'y' in 'year', as a vowel like a French 'u' or as English 'y' in 'why' when at the end of a word followed by a 'e' (cf. Oxman 'wye?' meaning 'why?' pronounced as in English);
|-
|æ
|[ɑ:]
|long 'a'
|-
|œ
|[u]
|as 'oo' in 'boot'
|}

==Consonantic phonemes==

Old Auregan language had the following consonantic phonemes:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" {{Table/bluetable}} style="width: 860px; "
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; "|
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Bilabial
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Labio-dental
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Dental
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Alveolar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Post-alveolar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Palatal
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Labio-Velar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Velar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Glottal
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Nasal
| style="text-align: center;"|m
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|n
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|(ŋ)
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Plosive
| style="text-align: center;"|p b
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|t d
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|k g
| style="text-align: center;"|ʔ
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Fricative
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|f v
| style="text-align: center;"|θ ð
| style="text-align: center;"|s z
| style="text-align: center;"|ʃ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|x
| style="text-align: center;"|h
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Affricate
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ts dz
| style="text-align: center;"|tʃ dʒ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Approximant
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ɹ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|j
| style="text-align: center;"|ʍ w
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Lateral
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|l
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|}

==Vocalic phonemes==

Oxman shows the following vowels:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! rowspan="2" colspan="1"|'''Phonemes'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Short'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Long'''
|-
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-
!'''Closed'''
|ɪ
|ʊ
|i:
|u:
|-
!'''Mid-closed'''
|
|
|e:
|o:
|-
!'''Mid-open'''
|ɛ
|ɔ
|
|
|-
!'''Open'''
|a
|
|
|ɑ:
|}

==Diphthongs and digraphs==

Old Auregan had also twenty diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Diphthongs'''
|'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|īo
|[i:eɪ]
|-
|īa
|[i:a]
|-
|ēa
|[e:aɪ]
|}

==Stress==

The position of stress in this language is quite regular, because it falls on the root and thus there are few rules to observe:

* In substantives (and in adjectives and adverbs) the stress generally falls on the first syllable, but if they are compound nouns / adjectives, formed by prefix + noun / adjective, the stress falls on the root syllable of the noun / adjective. In compounds which are formed by noun / adjective + noun / adjective, the various words are read as if they were written separately;

* In verbs the stress falls always on the root, even if they are compounds, ex.: ''emæke'', "to make up", is read as [ə''''ma:'''kə].

=Grammar=
==Morphology==
===Verbs===
Verbs in Old Auregan are divided into [[strong inflection|strong]] or [[weak inflection|weak]] verbs. Strong verbs indicate tense by a change in the quality of a [[vowel]], while weak verbs indicate tense by the addition of an ending.

====Strong verbs====
Strong verbs use the Germanic form of [[grammatical conjugation|conjugation]] known as [[Indo-European ablaut|''ablaut'']]. In this form of conjugation, the stem of the word changes to indicate the tense. Verbs like this persist in modern Oxman; for example ''singe, song, esungen'' is a strong verb, as are ''swimbe, swomb, eswumben'' and ''ciese, coas, ecosen''. The root portion of the word changes rather than its ending. In Old Auregan, there were seven major classes of strong verb; each class has its own pattern of stem changes. Learning these is often a challenge for students of the language, though English speakers may see connections between the old verb classes and their modern forms.

The classes had the following distinguishing features to their infinitive stems:
<ol type="I">
<li>ī + one consonant.
<li>īo or ū + one consonant.
<li>e + two consonants.
<li>e + 1 consonant (usually l or r, plus the verb ''brecan'' 'to break').
<li>e + 1 consonant (usually a stop or a fricative).
<li>a + 1 consonant.
<li>Other than the above.
</ol>
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="6"|'''Stem changes in strong verbs'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Class'''
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Root weight'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Infinitive'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''First preterite'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Second preterite'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Past participle'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''I''' || heavy || ī || ēa || i || i
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''II''' || heavy || īo ''or'' ū || ōa || u || o
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''III''' || heavy || colspan=4|''see table below''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''IV''' || light|| e(+r/l) || a || ā (originally ǣ) || o
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''V''' || light|| e(+''other'') || a || ā (originally ǣ) || e
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''VI''' || light || a || ō || ō || a
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''VII''' || heavy || ō, ēa, ōa, æ, ǣ, ō|| colspan=2|e, ǣ ''or'' īo || same as infinitive
|}

The first [[preterite]] stem is used in the preterite, for the [[grammatical person|first-]] and third-person [[Grammatical number|singular]]. The second preterite stem is used for second-person singular, and all persons in the [[plural]] (as well as the preterite [[Subjunctive mood|subjunctive]]). Strong verbs also exhibit [[I-mutation#I-mutation in Old Auregan|i-mutation]] of the stem in the second- and third-person singular in the [[present tense]].

The second sound change to affect it was the influence of palatal sounds <g>, <k>, and <sc>. These turned preceding <e> and <a> to and <æ>, respectively.

The third sound change turned <e> to , <æ> to <a>, and <o> to before nasals.

Altogether, this split the third class into five sub-classes:
<ol type="a">
<li>e + two consonants (apart from clusters beginning with l).
<li>e + r or h + another consonant.
<li>e + l + another consonant.
<li>g, c, or sc + i + two consonants.
<li>i + nasal + another consonant.
</ol>
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="5"|'''Stem changes in Class III'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Sub-class'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Infinitive'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''First preterite'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Second preterite'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Past participle'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''a''' || e || a || u || o
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''b''' || e || a || u || o
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''c''' || e || e || u || o
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''d''' || i || e || u || o
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''e''' || i || a || u || u
|}

Regular strong verbs were all conjugated roughly the same, with the main differences being in the stem vowel. Thus ''stelan'' 'to steal' represents the strong verb conjugation paradigm.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Conjugation'''
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Pronoun'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'steal'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2" colspan="2"|'''Infinitives'''
| stelan
|-
| te stelenne
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Present indicative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic''' || stelo
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þû''' || stilst
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hî/hit/sîo''' || stilþ
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || stelað
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="4"|'''Past indicative'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic''' || stal
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þû''' || stāli
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hî/hit/sîo''' || stal
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || stālon
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2"|'''Present subjunctive'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic/þû/hî/hit/sîo''' || stele
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|''' wî/gî/hêa ''' || stelen
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2"|'''Past subjunctive'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic/þû/hî/hit/sîo''' || stāle
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || stālin
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2"|'''Imperative'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular''' || stel
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural''' || stelað
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"| '''Present participle''' || stelendi
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Past participle''' || gestolon
|}

====Weak verbs====

Weak verbs are formed by adding alveolar (''t'' or ''d'') endings to the stem for the past and past-participle tenses. Some examples are ''love, loved'' or ''look, looked''.

Originally, the weak ending was used to form the preterite of informal, noun-derived verbs such as often emerge in conversation and which have no established system of stem-change. By nature, these verbs were almost always transitive, and even today, most weak verbs are transitive verbs formed in the same way.

The linguistic trends of borrowing foreign verbs and verbalizing nouns have greatly increased the number of weak verbs over the last 1,200 years. Some verbs that were originally strong (for example ''helpe, holp, eholpen'' is now more and more replaced by ''helpe, helpte, ehelpt'') have become weak by analogy; most foreign verbs are adopted as weak verbs; and when verbs are made from nouns (for example "to scroll" or "to water") the resulting verb is weak. Additionally, conjugation of weak verbs is easier to teach, since there are fewer classes of variation. In combination, these factors have drastically increased the number of weak verbs, so that in modern Oxman weak verbs are the most numerous and productive form.

There are three major classes of weak verbs in Old Auregan. The first class displays i-mutation in the root, and the second class none. There is also a third class explained below.

Class-one verbs with short roots exhibit [[West Germanic gemination|gemination]] of the final stem consonant in certain forms. With verbs in <r>, this appears as <ri>. Geminated <ƀ> appears as <bb>, and that of <ġ> appears as <dġ>. Class-one verbs may receive an [[Epenthesis|epenthetic]] vowel before endings beginning in a consonant.

Where class-one verbs have gemination, class-two verbs have , which is a separate syllable pronounced [i]. All class-two verbs have an epenthetic vowel, which appears as <a> or <o>.

In the following table, three verbs are conjugated. ''Swebban'' 'to put to sleep' is a class-one verb exhibiting gemination and an epenthetic vowel. ''Hêalean'' 'to heal' is a class-one verb exhibiting neither gemination nor an epenthetic vowel. ''Sîðeon'' 'to travel' is a class-two verb.
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Conjugation'''
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Pronoun'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'put to sleep'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'heal'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'travel'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2" colspan="2"|'''Infinitives'''
| swebbean || hêalean || sîþeon
|-
| te swebbeanne || te hêaleanne || te sîþeonne
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Present indicative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic''' || swebbeo || hêaleo || sîþeo
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þû''' || sweƀest || hêalest || sîþest
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hî/hit/îo''' || sweƀeð || hêaleþ || sîþeð
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || swebbeað || hêaleað || sîþeoð
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="4"|'''Past indicative'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic''' || sweƀoda || hêalda || sîþoda
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þû''' || sweƀodest || hêaldest || sîþodest
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hî/hit/sîo''' || sweƀoda || hêalda || sîþoda
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || sweƀodon || hêaldon || sîþodon
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2"|'''Present subjunctive'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic/þû/hî/hit/sîo''' || swebbe || hêale || sîþe
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|''' wî/gî/hêa ''' || swebben || hêalen || sîþen
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2"|'''Past subjunctive'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic/þû/hî/hit/sîo''' || sweƀodi || hêaldi || sîþodi
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || sweƀodin || hêaldin || sîþodin
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2"|'''Imperative'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular''' || sweƀe || hêale || sîþe
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural''' || swebbeað || hêaleað || sîþeað
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"| '''Present participle''' || sweƀendi || hêalendi || sîþende
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Past participle''' || gesweƀed || gehêaled || gesîþeod
|}

During the Old Auregan period, the third class was significantly reduced; only four verbs belonged to this group: ''hebbean'' 'have', ''libbean'' 'live', ''sedgean'' 'say', and ''hudġean'' 'think'. Each of these verbs is distinctly irregular, though they share some commonalities.
{|{{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Conjugation'''
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Pronoun'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'have'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'live'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'say'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'think'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Infinitive''' || hebbean || libbean || sedgean || hudġean
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Present indicative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic''' || hebbeo || libbeo || sedġeo || hudġeo
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þû''' || haƀest || liƀest || sagest || hogest
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hî/hit/sîo''' || haƀeþ || liƀeþ || sageþ || hogeþ
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || habbeað || libbeað || sedgeað || hudgeað
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" |'''Past indicative'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''(all persons)''' || hafda || lifda || sagda || hogda
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" |'''Present subjunctive'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''(all persons)''' || hebbe || libbe || sedge || hudge
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" |'''Past subjunctive'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''(all persons)''' || hafdi || lifdi || sagdi || hogdi
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2"|'''Imperative'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular''' || haƀe || liƀe || sage || hoge
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural''' || hebbeað || libbeað || sedgeað || hudgeað
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"| '''Present participle''' || hebbendi || libbendi || sedgendi || hudgendi
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Past participle''' || gehafd || gelifd ||gesagd || gehogd
|}

====Preterite-present verbs====
The preterite-present verbs are a class of verbs which have a present tense in the form of a strong preterite and a past tense like the past of a weak verb. These verbs derive from the subjunctive or optative use of preterite forms to refer to present or future time. For example, ''witan'', "to know" comes from a verb which originally meant "to have seen" (cf. OA '''wīsa''' "manner, mode, appearance"; Latin '''videre''' "to see" from the same root). The present singular is formed from the original singular preterite stem and the present plural from the original plural preterite stem. As a result of this history, the first-person singular and third-person singular are the same in the present.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Conjugation'''
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Pronoun'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'know how to'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'be able to, can'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'be obliged to'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'know'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'own'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'avail'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'dare'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'remember'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'need'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'be allowed to'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'grant, allow'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'use, enjoy'
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" colspan="2"|'''Modern Descendant'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'kunne'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'muye'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'sculle'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'wite'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'eye'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'*duye'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'durre'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'*mune'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'thurve'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'mœte’
! style="background:#efefef;"|'*unne'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'enuye'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Infinitives'''
| cunnan, kunnan || mugan || sculan || witan || êagan || dugan || durran || munan || þurƀan || môtan || unnan || genugan
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Present Indicative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic, ik, ick''' || can, kan || mag || scal || wêat || êah || dôag || dar || man || þarf || môt || an || genah
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þû''' || canst, kanst || maht || scalt || wêast || êahst || dôahst || darst || manst || þarft || môst || anst || genaht
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hî/hit/sîo''' || can, kan || mag || scal || wêat || êah || dôah || dar || man || þarf || môt || an || genah
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || cunnon, kunnon || mugon || sculon || witon || êagon || dugon || durron || munon || þurƀon || môton || unnon || genugon
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Past Indicative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic''' || cûða, kûða || mæhta, mahta || scolda || wista || êahta || dohta || dorsta || munda || þorfta || môsta || ûða || genohta
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þû''' || cûðest, kûðest || mæhtest, mahtest || scoldest || wistest || êahtest || dohtest || dorstest || mundest || þorftest || môstest || ûðest || genohtest
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hî/hit/sîo''' || cûða, kûða || mæhta, mahta || scolda || wista || ēahta || dohta || dorsta || munda || þorfta || môsta || ôða || ġinohta
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || cûðon, kûðon || mæhton, mahton || scoldon || wiston || ēahton || dohton || dorston || mundon || þorfton || mōston || ūðon || ġinohton
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="3"|'''Present Subjunctive'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic/þû/hî/hit/sîo''' || cunni, kunni || mugi || sculi || witi || êagi || dugi || durri || muni || þurƀi || môti || unni || genugi
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|''' wî/gî/hêa ''' || cunnin, kunnin || mugin || sculin || witin || êagin || dugin || durrin || munin || þurƀin || môtin || unnin || genugin
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="3"|'''Past Subjunctive'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic/þû/hî/hit/sîo''' || cûði, kûði || mæhti, mahti || scoldi || wisti || êahti || dohti || dorsti || mundi || þorfti || môsti || ûði || genohti
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || cûðin, kûðin || mæhtin, mahtin || scoldin || wistin || êahtin || dohtin || dorstin || mundin || þorftin || môstin || ûðin || genohtin
|}

[Forms above with asterisk (*) rare, archaic or dialectal.]

==== Anomalous verbs ====
Additionally there is a further group of four verbs which are anomalous, the verbs "want" (modern "will"), "do", "go" and "be". These four have their own conjugation schemes which differ significantly from all the other classes of verb. This is not especially unusual: "want", "do", "go", and "be" are the most commonly used verbs in the language, and are very important to the meaning of the sentences in which they are used. Idiosyncratic patterns of inflection are much more common with important items of vocabulary than with rarely-used ones.

''Dōn'' 'to do' and ''gān'' 'to go' are conjugated alike; ''willan'' 'to want' is similar outside of the present tense.
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Conjugation'''
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Pronoun'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'do'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'go'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'will'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Infinitive''' || style="background:#efefef;"|– || dōn || gān || willan
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Present Indicative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic''' || dō(m) || gā || will
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þū''' || dēst || gǣst || wilt
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hē/hit/hēo''' || dēþ || gǣþ || will
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wē/gē/hīe''' || dōð || gāð || willað
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="4"|'''Past Indicative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic/hē/hit/hēo''' || deda || igda || wolde
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þū''' || dedest || igdest || woldest
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wē/gē/hīe''' || dedon || igdon || woldon
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Present Subjunctive''' || style="background:#efefef;"|'''(all persons)''' || dō || gā || will
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Past Subjunctive''' || style="background:#efefef;"|'''(all persons)''' || deda || igda || wolda
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"| '''Present Participle''' || dōndi || – || willendi
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Past Participle''' || gidōn || gigān / gigangon || –
|}

The verb 'to be' is actually composed of three different stems:
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Conjugation'''
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Pronoun'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''sīn'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''bīon'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''wesan'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Infinitive''' || style="background:#efefef;"|– || sīn || *bīon || wesan
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Present Indicative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''icḳ''' || em || bīom || *weso
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þū''' || art || bist || *wesest
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hī/hit/sīo''' || is || *biþ || *west
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wī/ġī/hēa''' || āron, sind(on) || *bīoð || wesað
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Past Indicative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''icḳ''' || – || – || was
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þū''' || – || – || wāri
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hī/hit/sīo''' || – || – || was
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wī/ġī/hēa''' || – || – || wāron
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="3"|'''Present Subjunctive'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''icḳ/þū/hī/hit/sīo''' || sīe || *bīe || wese
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wī/ġī/hēa''' || sīen || *bīen || wesen
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="3"|'''Past Subjunctive'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''icḳ/þū/hī/hit/sīo''' || – || – || wāri
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wī/ġī/hēa''' || – || – || wārin
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="3"|'''Imperative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''(singular)''' || – || *bīo || wes
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''(plural)''' || – || *bīoð || wesað
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Present Participle''' || – || *bīondi || wesendi
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Past Participle''' || – || *ġibīon || ġiweson
|}
The present forms of ''wesan'' are almost never used. Therefore, ''wesan'' is used as the past, imperative, and present participle versions of ''sindon'', and does not have a separate meaning. The ''bēon'' forms are usually used in reference to future actions. Only the present forms of ''bēon'' contrast with the present forms of ''sindon''/''wesan'' in that ''bēon'' tends to be used to refer to eternal or permanent truths, while ''sindon''/''wesan'' is used more commonly to refer to temporary or subjective facts. This semantic distinction was lost as Old English developed into modern English, so that the modern verb 'to be' is a single verb which takes its present indicative forms from ''sindon,'' its past indicative forms from ''wesan,'' its present subjunctive forms from ''bēon,'' its past subjunctive forms from ''wesan,'' and its imperative and participle forms from ''bēon.'' In late OE and ME, the form earon/earun, from the [[Old Norse]] erun, replaced bēoþ and sind (See also [[List of English words of Old Norse origin]]).

===Nouns===
Old English is an [[inflection|inflected]] language, and as such its [[noun]]s, [[pronoun]]s, [[adjective]]s and [[determiner (linguistics)|determiners]] must be [[Declension|declined]] in order to serve a grammatical function. A set of declined forms of the same word pattern is called a declension. As in several other ancient [[Germanic languages]], there are five major [[Grammatical case|cases]]: [[nominative]], [[accusative]], [[dative]], [[genitive]] and [[Instrumental case|instrumental]].

*The '''nominative''' case indicated the subject of the sentence, for example ''se cyning'' means 'the king'. It was also used for direct address. Adjectives in the predicate (qualifying a noun on the other side of 'to be') were also in the nominative.
*The '''accusative''' case indicated the direct object of the sentence, for example ''Æþelbald lufode þone cyning'' means "Æþelbald loved the king", where Æþelbald is the subject and the king is the object. Already the accusative had begun to merge with the nominative; it was never distinguished in the plural, or in a neuter noun.
*The '''genitive''' case indicated possession, for example the ''þæs cyninges scip'' is "the ship of the king" or "the king's ship". It also indicated [[partitive]] nouns.
*The '''dative''' case indicated the indirect object of the sentence, for example ''hringas þæm cyninge'' means "rings for the king" or "rings to the king". There were also several verbs that took direct objects in the dative.
*The '''instrumental''' case indicated an instrument used to achieve something, for example, ''lifde sweorde'', "he lived by the sword", where ''sweorde'' is the instrumental form of ''sweord''. During the Old English period, the instrumental was falling out of use, having largely merged with the dative. Only pronouns and strong adjectives retained separate forms for the instrumental.

The small body of evidence we have for [[Runic alphabet|Runic]] texts suggests that there may also have a been a separate [[locative]] case in early or Northumbrian forms of the language (e.g., {{script|Runr|ᚩᚾ ᚱᚩᛞᛁ}} ''on rodi'' "on the Cross").<ref>Page, ''An Introduction to English Runes'', Boydell 1999, p. 230</ref>

In addition to inflection for case, nouns take different endings depending on whether the noun was in the singular (for example, ''hring'' 'one ring') or plural (for example, ''hringas'' 'many rings'). Also, some nouns pluralize by way of [[Germanic umlaut|Umlaut]], and some undergo no pluralizing change in certain cases.

Nouns are also categorized by [[grammatical gender]] – masculine, feminine, or neuter. In general, masculine and neuter words share their endings. Feminine words have their own subset of endings. The plural of some declension types distinguishes between genders, e.g., a-stem masculine nominative plural ''stanas'' "stones" vs. neuter nominative plural ''scipu'' "ships" and ''word'' "words"; or i-stem masculine nominative plural ''sige(as)'' "victories" vs. neuter nominative plural ''sifu'' "sieves" and ''hilt'' "hilts".

Furthermore, Old English nouns are divided as either strong or weak. Weak nouns have their own endings. In general, weak nouns are easier than strong nouns, since they had begun to lose their declensional system. However, there is a great deal of overlap between the various classes of noun: they are not totally distinct from one another.

Old English language grammars often follow the common NOM-ACC-GEN-DAT-INST order used for the Germanic languages.

====Strong nouns====
Here are the strong declensional endings and examples for each gender:
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''The Strong Noun Declension'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || – || -os || – || -u/– || -u/– || -e
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || – || -os || – || -u/– || -e || -e
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || -es || -ō || -es || -ō || -e || -ō
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || -e || -um || -e || -um || -e || -um
|}
For the '-u/–' forms above, the '-u' is used with a root consisting of a single short syllable or ending in a long syllable followed by a short syllable, while roots ending in a long syllable or two short syllables are not inflected. (A long syllable contains a long vowel or is followed by two consonants. Note also that there are some exceptions; for example, feminine nouns ending in -þu such as ''strengþu'' 'strength'.)

{| border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Strong Noun Declension for each Gender'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' engel 'angel'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter''' scip 'ship'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine''' sorg 'sorrow'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || engol || englos || scip || scipu || sorġa || sorġa
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || engol || englos || scip || scipu || sorġa || sorġa
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || engles || englō || scipes || scipō || sorġō || sorġanō
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || engle || englum || scipe || scipum || sorġe || sorġum
|}
Note the [[syncope (phonetics)|syncope]] of the second ''e'' in ''engel'' when an ending follows. This syncope of the vowel in the second syllable occurs with two-syllable strong nouns, which have a long vowel in the first syllable and a second syllable consisting of a short vowel and single consonant (for example, ''engel'', ''wuldor'' 'glory', and ''hēafod'' 'head'). However, this syncope is not always present, so forms such as ''engelas'' may be seen.

====Weak nouns====
Here are the weak declensional endings and examples for each gender:
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''The Weak Noun Declension'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || -e || -on || -a || -on || -a || -a
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || -on || -on || -a || -on || -a || -a
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || -on || -anō || -on || -anō || -ō || -anō
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || -on || -um || -on || -um || -e || -um
|}
{| border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Weak Noun Declension for each Gender'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' name 'name'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter''' oage 'eye'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine''' tunga 'tongue'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || name || namon || ōaġa || ōaġon || tunga || tunga
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || namon || namon || ōaġa || ōaġon || tunga || tunga
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || namon || namanō || ōaġon || ōaġanō || tungō || tunganō
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || namon || namum || ōaġon || ōaġum || tunge || tungum
|}

====Irregular strong nouns====
In addition, masculine and neuter nouns whose main vowel is short 'æ' and end with a single consonant change the vowel to 'a' in the plural (a result of the phonological phenomenon known as [[Anglo-Frisian brightening]]):
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
| style="background:#afefef;" colspan="5"|'''Dæg''' 'day' ''m.''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;"|Case
! style="background:#efefef;"|Singular
! style="background:#efefef;"|Plural
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || dæg || dagas
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || dæg || dagas
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || dæges || daga
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || dæge || dagum
|}

Some masculine and neuter nouns end in -e in their base form. These drop the -e and add normal endings. Note that neuter nouns in -e always have -u in the plural, even with a long vowel:
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Strong Noun Declensions ending in -e'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' ende 'end'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter''' stȳle 'steel'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || ende || endas || stȳle || stȳlu
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || ende || endas || stȳle || stȳlu
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || endes || enda || stȳles || stȳla
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || ende || endum || stȳle || stȳlum
|}

Nouns ending in -h lose this when an ending is added, and lengthen the vowel in compensation (this can result in compression of the ending as well):
{| border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Strong Noun Declensions ending in -h'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' mearh 'horse'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter''' feorh 'life'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' scōh 'shoe'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || mearh || mēaras || feorh || feorh || scōh || scōs
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || mearh || mēaras || feorh || feorh || scōh || scōs
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || mēares || mēara || fēores || fēora || scōs || scōna
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || mēare || mēarum || fēore || fēorum || scō || scōm
|}

Nouns whose stem ends in -w change this to -u or drop it in the nominative singular. (Note that this '-u/–' distinction depends on [[syllable weight]], as for strong nouns, above.)

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Strong Noun Declensions ending in -w'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter''' smeoru 'grease'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine''' sinu 'sinew'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine''' lǣs 'pasture'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || smeoru || smeoru || sinu || sinwa || lǣs || lǣswa}}
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || smeoru || smeoru || sinwe || sinwa, -e || lǣswe || lǣswa, -e
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || smeorwes || smeorwa || sinwe || sinwa || lǣswe || lǣswa
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || smeorwe || smeorwum || sinwe || sinwum || lǣswe || lǣswum
|}

A few nouns follow the -u declension, with an entirely different set of endings. The following examples are both masculine, although feminines also exist, with the same endings (for example ''duru'' 'door' and ''hand'' 'hand'). Note that the '-u/–' distinction in the singular depends on syllable weight, as for strong nouns, above.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the -u Declension'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' sunu 'son'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' feld 'field'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || sunu || suna || feld || felda
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || sunu || suna || feld || felda
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || suna || suna || felda || felda
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || suna || sunum || felda || feldum
|}

====Mutating strong nouns====
There are also some nouns of the consonant declension, which show i-umlaut in some forms.

{| border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Strong Noun Declensions with i-shift'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' fōt 'foot'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine''' hnutu 'nut'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine''' bōc 'book'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || fōt || fēt || hnutu || hnyte || bōc || bēc
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || fōt || fēt || hnutu || hnyte || bōc || bēc
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || fōtes || fōta || hnyte, hnute || hnuta || bēc, bōce || bōca
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || fēt, fōte || fōtum || hnyte, hnute || hnutum || bēc, bōc || bōcum
|}

Other such nouns include (with singular and plural nominative forms given):

Masculine: ''tōþ'', ''tēþ'' 'tooth'; ''mann'', ''menn'' 'man'; ''frēond'', ''frīend'' 'friend'; ''fēond'', ''fīend'' 'enemy' (cf. 'fiend')

Feminine: ''studu'', ''styde'' 'post' (cf. 'stud'); ''hnitu'', ''hnite'' 'nit'; ''āc'', ''ǣc'' 'oak'; ''gāt'', ''gǣt'' 'goat'; ''brōc'', ''brēc'' 'leg covering' (cf. 'breeches'); ''gōs'', ''gēs'' 'goose'; ''burg'', ''byrg'' 'city' (cf. 'borough', '-bury' and German cities in -burg); ''dung'', ''dyng'' 'prison' (cf. 'dungeon' by way of French and Frankish); ''turf'', ''tyrf'' 'turf'; ''grūt'', ''grȳt'' 'meal' (cf. 'grout'); ''lūs'', ''lȳs'' 'louse'; ''mūs'', ''mȳs'' 'mouse'; ''neaht'', ''niht'' 'night'
Feminine with loss of -h in some forms: ''furh'', ''fyrh'' 'furrow' or 'fir'; ''sulh'', ''sylh'' 'plough'; ''þrūh'', ''þrȳh'' 'trough'; ''wlōh'', ''wlēh'' 'fringe'.
Feminine with compression of endings: ''cū'', ''cȳ'' 'cow' (cf. dialectal plural 'kine')

Neuter: In addition, ''scrūd'' 'clothing, garment' has the umlauted dative-singular form ''scrȳd''.

====Nouns of relationship====

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="11"|'''Nouns of Relationship'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' fæder 'father'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' brōðor 'brother'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine''' mōdor 'mother'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine''' sweostor 'sister'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine''' dohtor 'daughter'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || fæder || fæd(e)ras || brōðor || (ge)brōðor || mōdor || mōdra/mōdru || sweostor || (ge)sweostor, -tru, -tra || dohtor || dohtor
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || fæder || fæd(e)ras || brōðor || (ge)brōðor || mōdor || mōdra/mōdru || sweostor || (ge)sweostor, -tru, -tra || dohtor || dohtor
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || fæder || fæd(e)ra || brōðor || (ge)brōðra || mōdor || mōdra || sweostor || (ge)sweostra || dohtor || dohtra
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || fæder || fæderum || brēðer || (ge)brōðrum || mēder || mōdrum || sweostor || (ge)sweostrum || dehter || dohtrum
|}

====Neuter nouns with -r- in the plural====

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
| style="background:#afefef;" colspan="5"|'''Lamb''' 'lamb' ''n.''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;"|Case
! style="background:#efefef;"|Singular
! style="background:#efefef;"|Plural
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || lamb || lambru
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || lamb || lambru
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || lambes || lambra
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || lambe || lambrum
|}

Other such nouns: ''ǣg'', ''ǣgru'' 'egg' (ancestor of the archaic/dialectical form 'ey', plural 'eyren'; the form 'egg' is a borrowing from Old Norse); ''bread'', ''breadru'' 'crumb'; ''cealf'', ''cealfru'' 'calf'; ''cild'' 'child' has either the normal plural ''cild'' or ''cildru'' (cf. 'children', with -en from the weak nouns); ''hǣmed'', ''hǣmedru'' 'cohabitation'; ''speld'', ''speldru'' 'torch'.

===Adjectives===
Adjectives in Old English are declined using the same categories as nouns: five cases (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, and instrumental), three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter), and two numbers (singular, plural). In addition, they can be declined either strong or weak. The weak forms are used in the presence of a definite or possessive determiner, while the strong ones are used in other situations. The weak forms are identical to those for nouns, while the strong forms use a combination of noun and pronoun endings:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''The Strong Adjective Declension'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || – || -e || – || -u/– || -u/– || -e, -a
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || -ne || -e || – || -u/– || -e || -e, -a
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || -es || -ra || -es || -ra || -re || -ra
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || -um || -um || -um || -um || -re || -um
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Instrumental''' || -e || -um || -e || -um || -re || -um
|}
For the '-u/–' forms above, the distinction is the same as for strong nouns.
{| border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Strong Adjective Declension: gōd 'good' '''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || gōd || gōde || gōd || gōd || gōd || gōde, -a
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || gōdne || gōde || gōd || gōd || gōde || gōde, -a
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || gōdes || gōdra || gōdes || gōdra || gōdre || gōdra
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || gōdum || gōdum || gōdum || gōdum || gōdre || gōdum
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Instrumental''' || gōde || gōdum || gōde || gōdum || gōdre || gōdum
|}

{| border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Weak Adjective Declension: gōd 'good' '''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || gōda || gōdan || gōde || gōdan || gōde || gōdan
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || gōdan || gōdan || gōde || gōdan || gōdan || gōdan
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || gōdan || gōdena || gōdan || gōdena || gōdan || gōdena
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || gōdan || gōdum || gōdan || gōdum || gōdan || gōdum
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Instrumental''' || gōdan || gōdum || gōdan || gōdum || gōdan || gōdum
|}

Note that the same variants described above for nouns also exist for adjectives. The following example shows both the æ/a variation and the -u forms in the feminine singular and neuter plural:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Strong Adjective Declension: glæd 'glad' '''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || glæd || glade || glæd || gladu || gladu || glade
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || glædne || glade || glæd || gladu || glade || glade
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || glades || glædra || glades || glædra || glædre || glædra
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || gladum || gladum || gladum || gladum || glædre || gladum
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Instrumental''' || glade || gladum || glade || gladum || glædre || gladum
|}

The following shows an example of an adjective ending with -h:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Strong Adjective Declension: hēah 'high' '''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || hēah || hēa || hēah || hēa || hēa || hēa
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || hēane || hēa || hēah || hēa || hēa || hēa
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || hēas || hēara || hēas || hēara || hēare || hēara
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || hēam || hēam || hēam || hēam || hēare || hēam
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Instrumental''' || hēa || hēam || hēa || hēam || hēare || hēam
|}

The following shows an example of an adjective ending with -w:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Strong Adjective Declension: gearu 'ready' '''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || gearu || gearwe || gearu || gearu || gearu || gearwe
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || gearone || gearwe || gearu || gearu || gearwe || gearwe
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || gearwes || gearora || gearwes || gearora || gearore || gearora
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || gearwum || gearwum || gearwum || gearwum || gearore || gearwum
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Instrumental''' || gearwe || gearwum || gearwe || gearwum || gearore || gearwum
|}

===Determiners===
Old English had two main determiners: ''se'', which could function as both 'the' or 'that', and ''þes'' for 'this'.
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''the/that'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" |'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" |'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" |'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" |'''Feminine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" |'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || se || þæt || sēo || þā
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || þone || þæt || þā || þā
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || þæs || þæs || þǣre || þāra, þǣra
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || þǣm || þǣm || þǣre || þǣm, þām
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Instrumental''' || þȳ, þon || þȳ, þon || – || –
|}

Modern English 'that' descends from the neuter nominative/accusative form,<ref>{{cite web|title=That|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=that|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary|accessdate=28 June 2010}}</ref> and 'the' from the masculine nominative form, with 's' replaced analogously by the 'th' of the other forms.<ref>{{cite web|title=The|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=the|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary|accessdate=28 June 2010}}</ref> The feminine nominative form was probably the source of Modern English 'she.'<ref>{{cite web|title=She|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=she|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary|accessdate=28 June 2010}}</ref>
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''this'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" |'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" |'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" |'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" |'''Feminine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" |'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || þes || þis || þēos || þās
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || þisne || þis || þās || þās
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || þisses || þisses || þisse, þisre || þisra
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || þissum || þissum || þisse, þisre || þissum
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Instrumental''' || þȳs || þȳs || – || –
|}

===Pronouns===
Most pronouns are declined by number, case and gender; in the plural form most pronouns have only one form for all genders. Additionally, Old English pronouns preserve the [[Dual (grammatical number)|dual form]] (which is specifically for talking about groups of two things, for example "we two" or "you two" or "they two"). These were uncommon even then, but remained in use throughout the period.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="4"|'''First Person'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dual'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || icḳ || wit || wī
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || mī, micḳ || unk || ūs
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || mīn || unkore || ūsor
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || mī || unk|| ūs
|}
{| border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="4"|'''Second Person'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dual'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || þū || ġit || ġī
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || þī, þicḳ || inḳ || īow
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || þīn || inḳore || īowor
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || þī || inḳ || īow
|}
{| border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Third Person'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="3"|'''Singular'''
! style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Masc.'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Neut.'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Fem.'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || hī || hit || sīo, hīo || hēa (older ''hīea'') ''m.'', hīo ''f.''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || hina || hit || sīa, hīa || hēa (older ''hīea'') ''m.'', hīe ''f.''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || his || his || hira || hire ''m.'', here ''f.''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || him || him || hire || him, hem
|}

Many of the forms above bear strong resemblances to their contemporary English language equivalents: for instance in the genitive case ''ēower'' became "your", ''ūre'' became "our", ''mīn'' became "mine".

===Prepositions===
Prepositions often follow the word which they govern, in which case they are called ''[[postposition]]s''. Also, so that the object of a preposition was marked in the dative case, a preposition may conceivably be located anywhere in the sentence, even appended to the verb. The infinitive is not declined.

The following is a list of prepositions in the Old Auregan. Many of them, particularly
those marked "etc.", are found in other variant spellings. [[Prepositions]] may govern the
[[accusative case|accusative]], [[genitive case|genitive]], [[dative case|dative]] or [[instrumental case|instrumental]]
[[Declension|cases]] - the question of which is beyond the scope of this article.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border="1" cellpadding="3"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|Prepositions
|-
! style="background:#efefef;"| Old Auregan || Definition ||| Notes
|-
|æftor||after; along, through, during; according to, by means of; about.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''aftor''', Related to [[Dutch language|Dutch]] '''achter''' = behind, after
|-
|ēar||before||Related to Old English '''ær''', modern [[German language|German]] '''eher''' and [[Dutch language|Dutch]] '''eer''', ancestor of Oxman '''ear-'''
|-
|at||at, to|| Ancestor of Oxman '''at-''' (only in compounds)
|-
|ond||against, before, on.|| Ancestor of oxman '''ond-''', related to Dutch '''ont-'''
|-
|ondlæng||along|| Ancestor of modern '''along'''
|-
|bæftan||after, behind; without.|| From '''bi-''' and '''*æft''' (found in '''æftor''')
|-
|bī||by, near to, to, at, in, on, upon, about, with|| Related to modern Oxman '''bie''', Dutch '''bij''', German '''bei''', ancestor of modern '''by'''
|-
|bifōran||before.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''befoar''' and '''beforn'''
|-
|biġiendan||beyond.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''beyendon'''
|-
|bihindor||behind.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''behindor'''
|-
|binnan||in, within|| Ancestor of Oxman '''binnon''', from '''bi-''' + '''innan'''
|-
|bineðan||beneath|| Ancestor of Oxman '''benethon'''
|-
|bitwisc||between, among, amid, in the midst|| Ancestors of Oxman '''betwisc'''
|-
|bīrihte||straight into||| Ancestor of Oxman '''bieright''' (also aright from '''*anrihte''')
|-
|būƀan||above.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''bovon'''
|-
|būtan||out of, against; without, except.|| Ancestor of '''bauton''', from '''bi-''' + '''auton'''
|-
|ōak||with, in addition to, besides.||Related to modern Dutch '''ook'''
|-
|fan||by|| Ancestor of Oxman '''fan''', Related to Dutch '''van''' and German '''von''', corresponds to a compound of '''af''' and '''an'''
|-
|fur||for, on account of, because of, with, by; according to; instead of.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''fur'''
|-
|fōra||before|| Ancestor of Oxman '''foar'''
|-
|fram||from; concerning, about, of|| Ancestor of Oxman '''fram'''
|-
|ġimæng, ġimang, ġimong||among|| Ancestor of Oxman '''emong'''
|-
|ġiend||through, throughout, over, as far as, among, in, after, beyond.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''yends''' and '''yendor'''
|-
|in||in, into, to|| Ancestor of modern '''in'''
|-
|innan||in, into, within, from within || Ancestor of Oxman '''innon'''
|-
|mid||with, against|| Ancestor of modern '''mid'''
|-
|nāh||near|| Ancestor of Oxman '''nagh-''' (only in compounds)
|-
|nefne||except|| Ancestor of Oxman '''nevon''' (unless)
|-
|af||of, from, out of, off|| Ancestor of modern '''af'''
|-
|oƀor||above, over; upon, on, more than|| Ancestor of modern '''ovor'''
|-
|an||at, to, in|| Ancestor of Oxman '''an''' and '''a-'''
|-
|anbūtan||concerning|| Ancestor of Dialectal Oxman '''abauton'''
|-
|anġeġin||opposite, against; towards; in reply to.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''ayeyon''' (towards)
|-
|sæmt, sæmd||together with, at.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''samt''' (only used in '''samt mid''' or in compounds)
|-
|tō||to, at.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''tœ'''
|-
|teġeġines||towards, against|| Ancestor of Oxman '''teyons'''
|-
|tōmiddes||in the midst of, amidst|| Ancestor of Oxman '''tœmids'''
|-
|tōward(es)||toward|| Ancestor of modern tœwards
|-
|þurh||through||Ancestor of Oxman '''thurgh''', Related to modern Dutch '''door''', German '''durch''', English '''through'''
|-
|undor||under|| Ancestor of modern '''undor'''
|-
|undorneðan||underneath|| Ancestor of modern '''undornethon'''
|-
|uppan||upon, on|| Ancestor of dialectical Oxman '''uppon'''.
|-
|ūtan||without, outside of||Ancestor of '''auton''', related to modern German '''außen, außer''' and Swedish '''utan'''
|-
|wiðor||towards, to; with, against; opposite to; by, near.|| Ancestor of modern '''withor-'''. Related to modern German '''wider'''
|-
|umb(i)||about, by|| Ancestor of Oxman '''umb''' (around, about); Related to German '''um''' and Latin '''ambi'''
|-
|umbūtan||about, around; concerning|| Ancestor of archaic Oxman '''umbbauton''' (concerning, around)
|}

[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Germanic]]

Old Auregan

2013-01-20T14:31:14Z

Ealdwimor: /* Preterite-present verbs */

{{private}}

{{ClassMeter
|Name = Old Auregan
|NativeName = Auregisc, Wexisc
|Type = Mixed
|Alignment = Nominative-Accusative

|adjective = final
|adposition = final
|adverb= initial
|article= initial
|relativeclause = final
|nounclause = final
|order = SVO

|Tonal = yes
|Declined = yes
|Conjugated = yes
|Genders = 3
|NCase = yes
|NNumber = yes
|NDefiniteness = no
|NGender = yes
|VVoice = yes
|VMood = yes
|VPerson = yes
|VNumber = yes
|VTense = yes
|VAspect = yes

|Phonology=100
|NounCases=100
|NounDef=100
|NounNumbers=100
|NounGender=100
|VerbPerson=100
|VerbNumber=100
|VerbAspect=100
|VerbTense=100
|VerbMood=80
|VerbVoice=50
|AdjCase=100
|AdjNumber=100
|AdjDef=100
|AdjGen=100
|AdjComparative=100
|AdjSuperlative=100
|AdjGen=100
|Supine=100
|Gerund=100
|Participle=100
|Infinitive=100
|Modality=70
|Words=0}}

=General informations=

'''Oxman''' is a Germanic language spoken in the ''Duché du Héron'' (= Shire of Le Héron), a shire that corresponds to the eastern region of Seine-Marirtime in France.
This language has evolved from [[Old Oxman]] which evolved from [[Old Auregan]] which is the first recorded form of Auregan language. Auregan language area corresponds to the "Vexin Normand" (a region situated just south to "Duché du héron"). A Oxman speaking colony also exists near the city of Coventry, Warwickshire, Midlands, England.
Oxman is a West-Germanic language that is strongly linked to Dutch, Modern English, Low German and Modern German.

Here is a table which sums up the main characteristics of this language:

{{agreement
|VerbGender =
|VerbCases =
|VerbNumber = yes
|VerbTenses = yes
|VerbPerson = yes
|VerbMoods = yes
|VerbVoices = yes
|VerbAspect = yes

|NounGender = yes
|NounCases =
|NounNumber = yes
|NounTenses =
|NounPerson =
|NounMoods =
|NounVoices =

|AdjectiveGender =
|AdjectiveCases =
|AdjectiveNumber = yes
|AdjectiveTenses =
|AdjectivePerson =
|AdjectiveMoods =
|AdjectiveVoices =

|NumberGender =
|NumberCases =
|NumberNumber =
|NumberTenses =
|NumberPerson =
|NumberMoods =
|NumberVoices =

|ParticipleGender =
|ParticipleCases =
|ParticipleNumber = yes
|ParticipleTenses =
|ParticiplePerson =
|ParticipleMoods =
|ParticipleVoices = yes

|AdverbGender =
|AdverbCases =
|AdverbNumber =
|AdverbTenses =
|AdverbPerson =
|AdverbMoods =
|AdverbVoices =

|PronounGender = yes
|PronounCases = yes
|PronounNumber = yes
|PronounTenses =
|PronounPerson = yes
|PronounMoods =
|PronounVoices =

|AdpositionGender = yes
|AdpositionCases =
|AdpositionNumber = yes
|AdpositionTenses =
|AdpositionPerson =
|AdpositionMoods =
|AdpositionVoices =

|ArticleGender = yes
|ArticleCases = yes
|ArticleNumber = yes
|ArticleTenses =
|ArticlePerson =
|ArticleMoods =
|ArticleVoices =

|ParticleGender =
|ParticleCases =
|ParticleNumber =
|ParticleTenses =
|ParticlePerson =
|ParticleMoods =
|ParticleVoices =
}}

=Phonology=

==Alphabet==

Oxman alphabet uses letters from Latin alphabet and contains 25 characters:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!Letters
!Pronunciation
!Further information
|-
|a
|[a]
|short 'a'
|-
|b
|[b]
|like in English
|-
|c
|[tʃ]
|like the English 'ch' in 'church'
|-
|d
|[d]
|like in English
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e:]
|in plural cluster -es it is not pronounced
|-
|f
|[f]
|like in English
|-
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronunced as in the English word "get"
|-
|h
|[h]
|like in English
|-
|i
|[ɪ]
|short 'i'
|-
|j
|[j]
|like English 'y'
|-
|k
|[k]
|like in English
|-
|l
|[l]
|like in English
|-
|m
|[m]
|like in English
|-
|n
|[n]
|like in English
|-
|o
|[ɔ] / [oʊ:]
|like in English
|-
|p
|[p]
|like in English
|-
|q
|[k]
|often followed by 'u', in latin words beginning with 'qu'
|-
|r
|[r]
|trilled just as in Dutch or in Italian
|-
|s
|[s]
|can be either voiced or voiceless
|-
|t
|[t]
|like in English
|-
|u
|[œ]
|short 'u' in 'but'
|-
|v
|[v]
|like in English
|-
|w
|[ʋ]
|between 'v' and 'w', just as in Dutch
|-
|y
|[j]
|between French letter 'j' in 'jouer' and English 'y' in 'year', as a vowel like a French 'u' or as English 'y' in 'why' when at the end of a word followed by a 'e' (cf. Oxman 'wye?' meaning 'why?' pronounced as in English);
|-
|æ
|[ɑ:]
|long 'a'
|-
|œ
|[u]
|as 'oo' in 'boot'
|}

==Consonantic phonemes==

Old Auregan language had the following consonantic phonemes:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" {{Table/bluetable}} style="width: 860px; "
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; "|
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Bilabial
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Labio-dental
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Dental
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Alveolar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Post-alveolar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Palatal
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Labio-Velar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Velar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Glottal
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Nasal
| style="text-align: center;"|m
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|n
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|(ŋ)
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Plosive
| style="text-align: center;"|p b
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|t d
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|k g
| style="text-align: center;"|ʔ
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Fricative
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|f v
| style="text-align: center;"|θ ð
| style="text-align: center;"|s z
| style="text-align: center;"|ʃ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|x
| style="text-align: center;"|h
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Affricate
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ts dz
| style="text-align: center;"|tʃ dʒ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Approximant
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ɹ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|j
| style="text-align: center;"|ʍ w
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Lateral
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|l
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|}

==Vocalic phonemes==

Oxman shows the following vowels:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! rowspan="2" colspan="1"|'''Phonemes'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Short'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Long'''
|-
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-
!'''Closed'''
|ɪ
|ʊ
|i:
|u:
|-
!'''Mid-closed'''
|
|
|e:
|o:
|-
!'''Mid-open'''
|ɛ
|ɔ
|
|
|-
!'''Open'''
|a
|
|
|ɑ:
|}

==Diphthongs and digraphs==

Old Auregan had also twenty diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Diphthongs'''
|'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|īo
|[i:eɪ]
|-
|īa
|[i:a]
|-
|ēa
|[e:aɪ]
|}

==Stress==

The position of stress in this language is quite regular, because it falls on the root and thus there are few rules to observe:

* In substantives (and in adjectives and adverbs) the stress generally falls on the first syllable, but if they are compound nouns / adjectives, formed by prefix + noun / adjective, the stress falls on the root syllable of the noun / adjective. In compounds which are formed by noun / adjective + noun / adjective, the various words are read as if they were written separately;

* In verbs the stress falls always on the root, even if they are compounds, ex.: ''emæke'', "to make up", is read as [ə''''ma:'''kə].

=Grammar=
==Morphology==
===Verbs===
Verbs in Old Auregan are divided into [[strong inflection|strong]] or [[weak inflection|weak]] verbs. Strong verbs indicate tense by a change in the quality of a [[vowel]], while weak verbs indicate tense by the addition of an ending.

====Strong verbs====
Strong verbs use the Germanic form of [[grammatical conjugation|conjugation]] known as [[Indo-European ablaut|''ablaut'']]. In this form of conjugation, the stem of the word changes to indicate the tense. Verbs like this persist in modern Oxman; for example ''singe, song, esungen'' is a strong verb, as are ''swimbe, swomb, eswumben'' and ''ciese, coas, ecosen''. The root portion of the word changes rather than its ending. In Old Auregan, there were seven major classes of strong verb; each class has its own pattern of stem changes. Learning these is often a challenge for students of the language, though English speakers may see connections between the old verb classes and their modern forms.

The classes had the following distinguishing features to their infinitive stems:
<ol type="I">
<li>ī + one consonant.
<li>īo or ū + one consonant.
<li>e + two consonants.
<li>e + 1 consonant (usually l or r, plus the verb ''brecan'' 'to break').
<li>e + 1 consonant (usually a stop or a fricative).
<li>a + 1 consonant.
<li>Other than the above.
</ol>
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="6"|'''Stem changes in strong verbs'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Class'''
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Root weight'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Infinitive'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''First preterite'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Second preterite'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Past participle'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''I''' || heavy || ī || ēa || i || i
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''II''' || heavy || īo ''or'' ū || ōa || u || o
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''III''' || heavy || colspan=4|''see table below''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''IV''' || light|| e(+r/l) || a || ā (originally ǣ) || o
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''V''' || light|| e(+''other'') || a || ā (originally ǣ) || e
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''VI''' || light || a || ō || ō || a
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''VII''' || heavy || ō, ēa, ōa, æ, ǣ, ō|| colspan=2|e, ǣ ''or'' īo || same as infinitive
|}

The first [[preterite]] stem is used in the preterite, for the [[grammatical person|first-]] and third-person [[Grammatical number|singular]]. The second preterite stem is used for second-person singular, and all persons in the [[plural]] (as well as the preterite [[Subjunctive mood|subjunctive]]). Strong verbs also exhibit [[I-mutation#I-mutation in Old Auregan|i-mutation]] of the stem in the second- and third-person singular in the [[present tense]].

The second sound change to affect it was the influence of palatal sounds <g>, <k>, and <sc>. These turned preceding <e> and <a> to and <æ>, respectively.

The third sound change turned <e> to , <æ> to <a>, and <o> to before nasals.

Altogether, this split the third class into five sub-classes:
<ol type="a">
<li>e + two consonants (apart from clusters beginning with l).
<li>e + r or h + another consonant.
<li>e + l + another consonant.
<li>g, c, or sc + i + two consonants.
<li>i + nasal + another consonant.
</ol>
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="5"|'''Stem changes in Class III'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Sub-class'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Infinitive'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''First preterite'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Second preterite'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Past participle'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''a''' || e || a || u || o
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''b''' || e || a || u || o
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''c''' || e || e || u || o
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''d''' || i || e || u || o
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''e''' || i || a || u || u
|}

Regular strong verbs were all conjugated roughly the same, with the main differences being in the stem vowel. Thus ''stelan'' 'to steal' represents the strong verb conjugation paradigm.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Conjugation'''
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Pronoun'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'steal'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2" colspan="2"|'''Infinitives'''
| stelan
|-
| te stelenne
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Present indicative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic''' || stelo
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þû''' || stilst
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hî/hit/sîo''' || stilþ
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || stelað
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="4"|'''Past indicative'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic''' || stal
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þû''' || stāli
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hî/hit/sîo''' || stal
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || stālon
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2"|'''Present subjunctive'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic/þû/hî/hit/sîo''' || stele
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|''' wî/gî/hêa ''' || stelen
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2"|'''Past subjunctive'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic/þû/hî/hit/sîo''' || stāle
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || stālin
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2"|'''Imperative'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular''' || stel
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural''' || stelað
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"| '''Present participle''' || stelendi
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Past participle''' || gestolon
|}

====Weak verbs====

Weak verbs are formed by adding alveolar (''t'' or ''d'') endings to the stem for the past and past-participle tenses. Some examples are ''love, loved'' or ''look, looked''.

Originally, the weak ending was used to form the preterite of informal, noun-derived verbs such as often emerge in conversation and which have no established system of stem-change. By nature, these verbs were almost always transitive, and even today, most weak verbs are transitive verbs formed in the same way.

The linguistic trends of borrowing foreign verbs and verbalizing nouns have greatly increased the number of weak verbs over the last 1,200 years. Some verbs that were originally strong (for example ''helpe, holp, eholpen'' is now more and more replaced by ''helpe, helpte, ehelpt'') have become weak by analogy; most foreign verbs are adopted as weak verbs; and when verbs are made from nouns (for example "to scroll" or "to water") the resulting verb is weak. Additionally, conjugation of weak verbs is easier to teach, since there are fewer classes of variation. In combination, these factors have drastically increased the number of weak verbs, so that in modern Oxman weak verbs are the most numerous and productive form.

There are three major classes of weak verbs in Old Auregan. The first class displays i-mutation in the root, and the second class none. There is also a third class explained below.

Class-one verbs with short roots exhibit [[West Germanic gemination|gemination]] of the final stem consonant in certain forms. With verbs in <r>, this appears as <ri>. Geminated <ƀ> appears as <bb>, and that of <ġ> appears as <dġ>. Class-one verbs may receive an [[Epenthesis|epenthetic]] vowel before endings beginning in a consonant.

Where class-one verbs have gemination, class-two verbs have , which is a separate syllable pronounced [i]. All class-two verbs have an epenthetic vowel, which appears as <a> or <o>.

In the following table, three verbs are conjugated. ''Swebban'' 'to put to sleep' is a class-one verb exhibiting gemination and an epenthetic vowel. ''Hêalean'' 'to heal' is a class-one verb exhibiting neither gemination nor an epenthetic vowel. ''Sîðeon'' 'to travel' is a class-two verb.
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Conjugation'''
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Pronoun'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'put to sleep'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'heal'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'travel'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2" colspan="2"|'''Infinitives'''
| swebbean || hêalean || sîþeon
|-
| te swebbeanne || te hêaleanne || te sîþeonne
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Present indicative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic''' || swebbeo || hêaleo || sîþeo
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þû''' || sweƀest || hêalest || sîþest
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hî/hit/îo''' || sweƀeð || hêaleþ || sîþeð
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || swebbeað || hêaleað || sîþeoð
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="4"|'''Past indicative'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic''' || sweƀoda || hêalda || sîþoda
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þû''' || sweƀodest || hêaldest || sîþodest
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hî/hit/sîo''' || sweƀoda || hêalda || sîþoda
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || sweƀodon || hêaldon || sîþodon
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2"|'''Present subjunctive'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic/þû/hî/hit/sîo''' || swebbe || hêale || sîþe
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|''' wî/gî/hêa ''' || swebben || hêalen || sîþen
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2"|'''Past subjunctive'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic/þû/hî/hit/sîo''' || sweƀodi || hêaldi || sîþodi
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || sweƀodin || hêaldin || sîþodin
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2"|'''Imperative'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular''' || sweƀe || hêale || sîþe
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural''' || swebbeað || hêaleað || sîþeað
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"| '''Present participle''' || sweƀendi || hêalendi || sîþende
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Past participle''' || gesweƀed || gehêaled || gesîþeod
|}

During the Old Auregan period, the third class was significantly reduced; only four verbs belonged to this group: ''hebbean'' 'have', ''libbean'' 'live', ''sedgean'' 'say', and ''hudġean'' 'think'. Each of these verbs is distinctly irregular, though they share some commonalities.
{|{{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Conjugation'''
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Pronoun'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'have'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'live'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'say'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'think'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Infinitive''' || hebbean || libbean || sedgean || hudġean
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Present indicative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic''' || hebbeo || libbeo || sedġeo || hudġeo
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þû''' || haƀest || liƀest || sagest || hogest
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hî/hit/sîo''' || haƀeþ || liƀeþ || sageþ || hogeþ
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || habbeað || libbeað || sedgeað || hudgeað
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" |'''Past indicative'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''(all persons)''' || hafda || lifda || sagda || hogda
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" |'''Present subjunctive'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''(all persons)''' || hebbe || libbe || sedge || hudge
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" |'''Past subjunctive'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''(all persons)''' || hafdi || lifdi || sagdi || hogdi
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2"|'''Imperative'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular''' || haƀe || liƀe || sage || hoge
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural''' || hebbeað || libbeað || sedgeað || hudgeað
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"| '''Present participle''' || hebbendi || libbendi || sedgendi || hudgendi
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Past participle''' || gehafd || gelifd ||gesagd || gehogd
|}

====Preterite-present verbs====
The preterite-present verbs are a class of verbs which have a present tense in the form of a strong preterite and a past tense like the past of a weak verb. These verbs derive from the subjunctive or optative use of preterite forms to refer to present or future time. For example, ''witan'', "to know" comes from a verb which originally meant "to have seen" (cf. OA '''wīsa''' "manner, mode, appearance"; Latin '''videre''' "to see" from the same root). The present singular is formed from the original singular preterite stem and the present plural from the original plural preterite stem. As a result of this history, the first-person singular and third-person singular are the same in the present.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Conjugation'''
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Pronoun'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'know how to'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'be able to, can'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'be obliged to'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'know'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'own'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'avail'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'dare'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'remember'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'need'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'be allowed to'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'grant, allow'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'use, enjoy'
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" colspan="2"|'''Modern Descendant'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'kunne'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'muye'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'sculle'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'wite'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'eye'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'*duye'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'durre'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'*mune'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'thurve'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'mœte’
! style="background:#efefef;"|'*unne'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'enuye'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Infinitives'''
| cunnan, kunnan || mugan || sculan || witan || êagan || dugan || durran || munan || þurƀan || môtan || unnan || genugan
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Present Indicative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic''' || can, kan || mag || scal || wêat || êah || dôag || dar || man || þarf || môt || an || genah
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þû''' || canst, kanst || maht || scalt || wêast || êahst || dôahst || darst || manst || þarft || môst || anst || genaht
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hî/hit/sîo''' || can, kan || mag || scal || wêat || êah || dôah || dar || man || þarf || môt || an || genah
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || cunnon, kunnon || mugon || sculon || witon || êagon || dugon || durron || munon || þurƀon || môton || unnon || genugon
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Past Indicative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic''' || cûða, kûða || mæhta, mahta || scolda || wista || êahta || dohta || dorsta || munda || þorfta || môsta || ûða || genohta
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þû''' || cûðest, kûðest || mæhtest, mahtest || scoldest || wistest || êahtest || dohtest || dorstest || mundest || þorftest || môstest || ûðest || genohtest
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hî/hit/sîo''' || cûða, kûða || mæhta, mahta || scolda || wista || ēahta || dohta || dorsta || munda || þorfta || môsta || ôða || ġinohta
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || cûðon, kûðon || mæhton, mahton || scoldon || wiston || ēahton || dohton || dorston || mundon || þorfton || mōston || ūðon || ġinohton
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="3"|'''Present Subjunctive'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic/þû/hî/hit/sîo''' || cunni, kunni || mugi || sculi || witi || êagi || dugi || durri || muni || þurƀi || môti || unni || genugi
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|''' wî/gî/hêa ''' || cunnin, kunnin || mugin || sculin || witin || êagin || dugin || durrin || munin || þurƀin || môtin || unnin || genugin
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="3"|'''Past Subjunctive'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic/þû/hî/hit/sîo''' || cûði, kûði || mæhti, mahti || scoldi || wisti || êahti || dohti || dorsti || mundi || þorfti || môsti || ûði || genohti
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || cûðin, kûðin || mæhtin, mahtin || scoldin || wistin || êahtin || dohtin || dorstin || mundin || þorftin || môstin || ûðin || genohtin
|}

[Forms above with asterisk (*) rare, archaic or dialectal.]

==== Anomalous verbs ====
Additionally there is a further group of four verbs which are anomalous, the verbs "want" (modern "will"), "do", "go" and "be". These four have their own conjugation schemes which differ significantly from all the other classes of verb. This is not especially unusual: "want", "do", "go", and "be" are the most commonly used verbs in the language, and are very important to the meaning of the sentences in which they are used. Idiosyncratic patterns of inflection are much more common with important items of vocabulary than with rarely-used ones.

''Dōn'' 'to do' and ''gān'' 'to go' are conjugated alike; ''willan'' 'to want' is similar outside of the present tense.
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Conjugation'''
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Pronoun'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'do'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'go'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'will'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Infinitive''' || style="background:#efefef;"|– || dōn || gān || willan
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Present Indicative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic''' || dō(m) || gā || will
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þū''' || dēst || gǣst || wilt
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hē/hit/hēo''' || dēþ || gǣþ || will
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wē/gē/hīe''' || dōð || gāð || willað
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="4"|'''Past Indicative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic/hē/hit/hēo''' || deda || igda || wolde
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þū''' || dedest || igdest || woldest
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wē/gē/hīe''' || dedon || igdon || woldon
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Present Subjunctive''' || style="background:#efefef;"|'''(all persons)''' || dō || gā || will
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Past Subjunctive''' || style="background:#efefef;"|'''(all persons)''' || deda || igda || wolda
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"| '''Present Participle''' || dōndi || – || willendi
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Past Participle''' || gidōn || gigān / gigangon || –
|}

The verb 'to be' is actually composed of three different stems:
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Conjugation'''
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Pronoun'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''sīn'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''bīon'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''wesan'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Infinitive''' || style="background:#efefef;"|– || sīn || *bīon || wesan
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Present Indicative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''icḳ''' || em || bīom || *weso
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þū''' || art || bist || *wesest
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hī/hit/sīo''' || is || *biþ || *west
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wī/ġī/hēa''' || āron, sind(on) || *bīoð || wesað
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Past Indicative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''icḳ''' || – || – || was
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þū''' || – || – || wāri
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hī/hit/sīo''' || – || – || was
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wī/ġī/hēa''' || – || – || wāron
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="3"|'''Present Subjunctive'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''icḳ/þū/hī/hit/sīo''' || sīe || *bīe || wese
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wī/ġī/hēa''' || sīen || *bīen || wesen
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="3"|'''Past Subjunctive'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''icḳ/þū/hī/hit/sīo''' || – || – || wāri
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wī/ġī/hēa''' || – || – || wārin
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="3"|'''Imperative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''(singular)''' || – || *bīo || wes
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''(plural)''' || – || *bīoð || wesað
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Present Participle''' || – || *bīondi || wesendi
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Past Participle''' || – || *ġibīon || ġiweson
|}
The present forms of ''wesan'' are almost never used. Therefore, ''wesan'' is used as the past, imperative, and present participle versions of ''sindon'', and does not have a separate meaning. The ''bēon'' forms are usually used in reference to future actions. Only the present forms of ''bēon'' contrast with the present forms of ''sindon''/''wesan'' in that ''bēon'' tends to be used to refer to eternal or permanent truths, while ''sindon''/''wesan'' is used more commonly to refer to temporary or subjective facts. This semantic distinction was lost as Old English developed into modern English, so that the modern verb 'to be' is a single verb which takes its present indicative forms from ''sindon,'' its past indicative forms from ''wesan,'' its present subjunctive forms from ''bēon,'' its past subjunctive forms from ''wesan,'' and its imperative and participle forms from ''bēon.'' In late OE and ME, the form earon/earun, from the [[Old Norse]] erun, replaced bēoþ and sind (See also [[List of English words of Old Norse origin]]).

===Nouns===
Old English is an [[inflection|inflected]] language, and as such its [[noun]]s, [[pronoun]]s, [[adjective]]s and [[determiner (linguistics)|determiners]] must be [[Declension|declined]] in order to serve a grammatical function. A set of declined forms of the same word pattern is called a declension. As in several other ancient [[Germanic languages]], there are five major [[Grammatical case|cases]]: [[nominative]], [[accusative]], [[dative]], [[genitive]] and [[Instrumental case|instrumental]].

*The '''nominative''' case indicated the subject of the sentence, for example ''se cyning'' means 'the king'. It was also used for direct address. Adjectives in the predicate (qualifying a noun on the other side of 'to be') were also in the nominative.
*The '''accusative''' case indicated the direct object of the sentence, for example ''Æþelbald lufode þone cyning'' means "Æþelbald loved the king", where Æþelbald is the subject and the king is the object. Already the accusative had begun to merge with the nominative; it was never distinguished in the plural, or in a neuter noun.
*The '''genitive''' case indicated possession, for example the ''þæs cyninges scip'' is "the ship of the king" or "the king's ship". It also indicated [[partitive]] nouns.
*The '''dative''' case indicated the indirect object of the sentence, for example ''hringas þæm cyninge'' means "rings for the king" or "rings to the king". There were also several verbs that took direct objects in the dative.
*The '''instrumental''' case indicated an instrument used to achieve something, for example, ''lifde sweorde'', "he lived by the sword", where ''sweorde'' is the instrumental form of ''sweord''. During the Old English period, the instrumental was falling out of use, having largely merged with the dative. Only pronouns and strong adjectives retained separate forms for the instrumental.

The small body of evidence we have for [[Runic alphabet|Runic]] texts suggests that there may also have a been a separate [[locative]] case in early or Northumbrian forms of the language (e.g., {{script|Runr|ᚩᚾ ᚱᚩᛞᛁ}} ''on rodi'' "on the Cross").<ref>Page, ''An Introduction to English Runes'', Boydell 1999, p. 230</ref>

In addition to inflection for case, nouns take different endings depending on whether the noun was in the singular (for example, ''hring'' 'one ring') or plural (for example, ''hringas'' 'many rings'). Also, some nouns pluralize by way of [[Germanic umlaut|Umlaut]], and some undergo no pluralizing change in certain cases.

Nouns are also categorized by [[grammatical gender]] – masculine, feminine, or neuter. In general, masculine and neuter words share their endings. Feminine words have their own subset of endings. The plural of some declension types distinguishes between genders, e.g., a-stem masculine nominative plural ''stanas'' "stones" vs. neuter nominative plural ''scipu'' "ships" and ''word'' "words"; or i-stem masculine nominative plural ''sige(as)'' "victories" vs. neuter nominative plural ''sifu'' "sieves" and ''hilt'' "hilts".

Furthermore, Old English nouns are divided as either strong or weak. Weak nouns have their own endings. In general, weak nouns are easier than strong nouns, since they had begun to lose their declensional system. However, there is a great deal of overlap between the various classes of noun: they are not totally distinct from one another.

Old English language grammars often follow the common NOM-ACC-GEN-DAT-INST order used for the Germanic languages.

====Strong nouns====
Here are the strong declensional endings and examples for each gender:
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''The Strong Noun Declension'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || – || -os || – || -u/– || -u/– || -e
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || – || -os || – || -u/– || -e || -e
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || -es || -ō || -es || -ō || -e || -ō
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || -e || -um || -e || -um || -e || -um
|}
For the '-u/–' forms above, the '-u' is used with a root consisting of a single short syllable or ending in a long syllable followed by a short syllable, while roots ending in a long syllable or two short syllables are not inflected. (A long syllable contains a long vowel or is followed by two consonants. Note also that there are some exceptions; for example, feminine nouns ending in -þu such as ''strengþu'' 'strength'.)

{| border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Strong Noun Declension for each Gender'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' engel 'angel'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter''' scip 'ship'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine''' sorg 'sorrow'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || engol || englos || scip || scipu || sorġa || sorġa
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || engol || englos || scip || scipu || sorġa || sorġa
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || engles || englō || scipes || scipō || sorġō || sorġanō
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || engle || englum || scipe || scipum || sorġe || sorġum
|}
Note the [[syncope (phonetics)|syncope]] of the second ''e'' in ''engel'' when an ending follows. This syncope of the vowel in the second syllable occurs with two-syllable strong nouns, which have a long vowel in the first syllable and a second syllable consisting of a short vowel and single consonant (for example, ''engel'', ''wuldor'' 'glory', and ''hēafod'' 'head'). However, this syncope is not always present, so forms such as ''engelas'' may be seen.

====Weak nouns====
Here are the weak declensional endings and examples for each gender:
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''The Weak Noun Declension'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || -e || -on || -a || -on || -a || -a
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || -on || -on || -a || -on || -a || -a
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || -on || -anō || -on || -anō || -ō || -anō
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || -on || -um || -on || -um || -e || -um
|}
{| border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Weak Noun Declension for each Gender'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' name 'name'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter''' oage 'eye'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine''' tunga 'tongue'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || name || namon || ōaġa || ōaġon || tunga || tunga
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || namon || namon || ōaġa || ōaġon || tunga || tunga
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || namon || namanō || ōaġon || ōaġanō || tungō || tunganō
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || namon || namum || ōaġon || ōaġum || tunge || tungum
|}

====Irregular strong nouns====
In addition, masculine and neuter nouns whose main vowel is short 'æ' and end with a single consonant change the vowel to 'a' in the plural (a result of the phonological phenomenon known as [[Anglo-Frisian brightening]]):
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
| style="background:#afefef;" colspan="5"|'''Dæg''' 'day' ''m.''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;"|Case
! style="background:#efefef;"|Singular
! style="background:#efefef;"|Plural
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || dæg || dagas
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || dæg || dagas
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || dæges || daga
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || dæge || dagum
|}

Some masculine and neuter nouns end in -e in their base form. These drop the -e and add normal endings. Note that neuter nouns in -e always have -u in the plural, even with a long vowel:
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Strong Noun Declensions ending in -e'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' ende 'end'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter''' stȳle 'steel'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || ende || endas || stȳle || stȳlu
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || ende || endas || stȳle || stȳlu
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || endes || enda || stȳles || stȳla
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || ende || endum || stȳle || stȳlum
|}

Nouns ending in -h lose this when an ending is added, and lengthen the vowel in compensation (this can result in compression of the ending as well):
{| border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Strong Noun Declensions ending in -h'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' mearh 'horse'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter''' feorh 'life'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' scōh 'shoe'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || mearh || mēaras || feorh || feorh || scōh || scōs
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || mearh || mēaras || feorh || feorh || scōh || scōs
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || mēares || mēara || fēores || fēora || scōs || scōna
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || mēare || mēarum || fēore || fēorum || scō || scōm
|}

Nouns whose stem ends in -w change this to -u or drop it in the nominative singular. (Note that this '-u/–' distinction depends on [[syllable weight]], as for strong nouns, above.)

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Strong Noun Declensions ending in -w'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter''' smeoru 'grease'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine''' sinu 'sinew'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine''' lǣs 'pasture'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || smeoru || smeoru || sinu || sinwa || lǣs || lǣswa}}
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || smeoru || smeoru || sinwe || sinwa, -e || lǣswe || lǣswa, -e
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || smeorwes || smeorwa || sinwe || sinwa || lǣswe || lǣswa
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || smeorwe || smeorwum || sinwe || sinwum || lǣswe || lǣswum
|}

A few nouns follow the -u declension, with an entirely different set of endings. The following examples are both masculine, although feminines also exist, with the same endings (for example ''duru'' 'door' and ''hand'' 'hand'). Note that the '-u/–' distinction in the singular depends on syllable weight, as for strong nouns, above.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the -u Declension'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' sunu 'son'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' feld 'field'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || sunu || suna || feld || felda
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || sunu || suna || feld || felda
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || suna || suna || felda || felda
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || suna || sunum || felda || feldum
|}

====Mutating strong nouns====
There are also some nouns of the consonant declension, which show i-umlaut in some forms.

{| border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Strong Noun Declensions with i-shift'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' fōt 'foot'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine''' hnutu 'nut'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine''' bōc 'book'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || fōt || fēt || hnutu || hnyte || bōc || bēc
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || fōt || fēt || hnutu || hnyte || bōc || bēc
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || fōtes || fōta || hnyte, hnute || hnuta || bēc, bōce || bōca
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || fēt, fōte || fōtum || hnyte, hnute || hnutum || bēc, bōc || bōcum
|}

Other such nouns include (with singular and plural nominative forms given):

Masculine: ''tōþ'', ''tēþ'' 'tooth'; ''mann'', ''menn'' 'man'; ''frēond'', ''frīend'' 'friend'; ''fēond'', ''fīend'' 'enemy' (cf. 'fiend')

Feminine: ''studu'', ''styde'' 'post' (cf. 'stud'); ''hnitu'', ''hnite'' 'nit'; ''āc'', ''ǣc'' 'oak'; ''gāt'', ''gǣt'' 'goat'; ''brōc'', ''brēc'' 'leg covering' (cf. 'breeches'); ''gōs'', ''gēs'' 'goose'; ''burg'', ''byrg'' 'city' (cf. 'borough', '-bury' and German cities in -burg); ''dung'', ''dyng'' 'prison' (cf. 'dungeon' by way of French and Frankish); ''turf'', ''tyrf'' 'turf'; ''grūt'', ''grȳt'' 'meal' (cf. 'grout'); ''lūs'', ''lȳs'' 'louse'; ''mūs'', ''mȳs'' 'mouse'; ''neaht'', ''niht'' 'night'
Feminine with loss of -h in some forms: ''furh'', ''fyrh'' 'furrow' or 'fir'; ''sulh'', ''sylh'' 'plough'; ''þrūh'', ''þrȳh'' 'trough'; ''wlōh'', ''wlēh'' 'fringe'.
Feminine with compression of endings: ''cū'', ''cȳ'' 'cow' (cf. dialectal plural 'kine')

Neuter: In addition, ''scrūd'' 'clothing, garment' has the umlauted dative-singular form ''scrȳd''.

====Nouns of relationship====

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="11"|'''Nouns of Relationship'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' fæder 'father'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' brōðor 'brother'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine''' mōdor 'mother'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine''' sweostor 'sister'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine''' dohtor 'daughter'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || fæder || fæd(e)ras || brōðor || (ge)brōðor || mōdor || mōdra/mōdru || sweostor || (ge)sweostor, -tru, -tra || dohtor || dohtor
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || fæder || fæd(e)ras || brōðor || (ge)brōðor || mōdor || mōdra/mōdru || sweostor || (ge)sweostor, -tru, -tra || dohtor || dohtor
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || fæder || fæd(e)ra || brōðor || (ge)brōðra || mōdor || mōdra || sweostor || (ge)sweostra || dohtor || dohtra
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || fæder || fæderum || brēðer || (ge)brōðrum || mēder || mōdrum || sweostor || (ge)sweostrum || dehter || dohtrum
|}

====Neuter nouns with -r- in the plural====

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
| style="background:#afefef;" colspan="5"|'''Lamb''' 'lamb' ''n.''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;"|Case
! style="background:#efefef;"|Singular
! style="background:#efefef;"|Plural
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || lamb || lambru
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || lamb || lambru
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || lambes || lambra
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || lambe || lambrum
|}

Other such nouns: ''ǣg'', ''ǣgru'' 'egg' (ancestor of the archaic/dialectical form 'ey', plural 'eyren'; the form 'egg' is a borrowing from Old Norse); ''bread'', ''breadru'' 'crumb'; ''cealf'', ''cealfru'' 'calf'; ''cild'' 'child' has either the normal plural ''cild'' or ''cildru'' (cf. 'children', with -en from the weak nouns); ''hǣmed'', ''hǣmedru'' 'cohabitation'; ''speld'', ''speldru'' 'torch'.

===Adjectives===
Adjectives in Old English are declined using the same categories as nouns: five cases (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, and instrumental), three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter), and two numbers (singular, plural). In addition, they can be declined either strong or weak. The weak forms are used in the presence of a definite or possessive determiner, while the strong ones are used in other situations. The weak forms are identical to those for nouns, while the strong forms use a combination of noun and pronoun endings:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''The Strong Adjective Declension'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || – || -e || – || -u/– || -u/– || -e, -a
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || -ne || -e || – || -u/– || -e || -e, -a
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || -es || -ra || -es || -ra || -re || -ra
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || -um || -um || -um || -um || -re || -um
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Instrumental''' || -e || -um || -e || -um || -re || -um
|}
For the '-u/–' forms above, the distinction is the same as for strong nouns.
{| border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Strong Adjective Declension: gōd 'good' '''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || gōd || gōde || gōd || gōd || gōd || gōde, -a
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || gōdne || gōde || gōd || gōd || gōde || gōde, -a
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || gōdes || gōdra || gōdes || gōdra || gōdre || gōdra
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || gōdum || gōdum || gōdum || gōdum || gōdre || gōdum
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Instrumental''' || gōde || gōdum || gōde || gōdum || gōdre || gōdum
|}

{| border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Weak Adjective Declension: gōd 'good' '''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || gōda || gōdan || gōde || gōdan || gōde || gōdan
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || gōdan || gōdan || gōde || gōdan || gōdan || gōdan
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || gōdan || gōdena || gōdan || gōdena || gōdan || gōdena
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || gōdan || gōdum || gōdan || gōdum || gōdan || gōdum
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Instrumental''' || gōdan || gōdum || gōdan || gōdum || gōdan || gōdum
|}

Note that the same variants described above for nouns also exist for adjectives. The following example shows both the æ/a variation and the -u forms in the feminine singular and neuter plural:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Strong Adjective Declension: glæd 'glad' '''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || glæd || glade || glæd || gladu || gladu || glade
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || glædne || glade || glæd || gladu || glade || glade
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || glades || glædra || glades || glædra || glædre || glædra
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || gladum || gladum || gladum || gladum || glædre || gladum
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Instrumental''' || glade || gladum || glade || gladum || glædre || gladum
|}

The following shows an example of an adjective ending with -h:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Strong Adjective Declension: hēah 'high' '''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || hēah || hēa || hēah || hēa || hēa || hēa
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || hēane || hēa || hēah || hēa || hēa || hēa
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || hēas || hēara || hēas || hēara || hēare || hēara
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || hēam || hēam || hēam || hēam || hēare || hēam
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Instrumental''' || hēa || hēam || hēa || hēam || hēare || hēam
|}

The following shows an example of an adjective ending with -w:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Strong Adjective Declension: gearu 'ready' '''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || gearu || gearwe || gearu || gearu || gearu || gearwe
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || gearone || gearwe || gearu || gearu || gearwe || gearwe
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || gearwes || gearora || gearwes || gearora || gearore || gearora
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || gearwum || gearwum || gearwum || gearwum || gearore || gearwum
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Instrumental''' || gearwe || gearwum || gearwe || gearwum || gearore || gearwum
|}

===Determiners===
Old English had two main determiners: ''se'', which could function as both 'the' or 'that', and ''þes'' for 'this'.
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''the/that'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" |'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" |'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" |'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" |'''Feminine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" |'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || se || þæt || sēo || þā
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || þone || þæt || þā || þā
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || þæs || þæs || þǣre || þāra, þǣra
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || þǣm || þǣm || þǣre || þǣm, þām
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Instrumental''' || þȳ, þon || þȳ, þon || – || –
|}

Modern English 'that' descends from the neuter nominative/accusative form,<ref>{{cite web|title=That|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=that|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary|accessdate=28 June 2010}}</ref> and 'the' from the masculine nominative form, with 's' replaced analogously by the 'th' of the other forms.<ref>{{cite web|title=The|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=the|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary|accessdate=28 June 2010}}</ref> The feminine nominative form was probably the source of Modern English 'she.'<ref>{{cite web|title=She|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=she|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary|accessdate=28 June 2010}}</ref>
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''this'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" |'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" |'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" |'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" |'''Feminine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" |'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || þes || þis || þēos || þās
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || þisne || þis || þās || þās
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || þisses || þisses || þisse, þisre || þisra
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || þissum || þissum || þisse, þisre || þissum
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Instrumental''' || þȳs || þȳs || – || –
|}

===Pronouns===
Most pronouns are declined by number, case and gender; in the plural form most pronouns have only one form for all genders. Additionally, Old English pronouns preserve the [[Dual (grammatical number)|dual form]] (which is specifically for talking about groups of two things, for example "we two" or "you two" or "they two"). These were uncommon even then, but remained in use throughout the period.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="4"|'''First Person'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dual'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || icḳ || wit || wī
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || mī, micḳ || unk || ūs
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || mīn || unkore || ūsor
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || mī || unk|| ūs
|}
{| border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="4"|'''Second Person'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dual'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || þū || ġit || ġī
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || þī, þicḳ || inḳ || īow
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || þīn || inḳore || īowor
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || þī || inḳ || īow
|}
{| border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Third Person'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="3"|'''Singular'''
! style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Masc.'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Neut.'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Fem.'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || hī || hit || sīo, hīo || hēa (older ''hīea'') ''m.'', hīo ''f.''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || hina || hit || sīa, hīa || hēa (older ''hīea'') ''m.'', hīe ''f.''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || his || his || hira || hire ''m.'', here ''f.''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || him || him || hire || him, hem
|}

Many of the forms above bear strong resemblances to their contemporary English language equivalents: for instance in the genitive case ''ēower'' became "your", ''ūre'' became "our", ''mīn'' became "mine".

===Prepositions===
Prepositions often follow the word which they govern, in which case they are called ''[[postposition]]s''. Also, so that the object of a preposition was marked in the dative case, a preposition may conceivably be located anywhere in the sentence, even appended to the verb. The infinitive is not declined.

The following is a list of prepositions in the Old Auregan. Many of them, particularly
those marked "etc.", are found in other variant spellings. [[Prepositions]] may govern the
[[accusative case|accusative]], [[genitive case|genitive]], [[dative case|dative]] or [[instrumental case|instrumental]]
[[Declension|cases]] - the question of which is beyond the scope of this article.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border="1" cellpadding="3"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|Prepositions
|-
! style="background:#efefef;"| Old Auregan || Definition ||| Notes
|-
|æftor||after; along, through, during; according to, by means of; about.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''aftor''', Related to [[Dutch language|Dutch]] '''achter''' = behind, after
|-
|ēar||before||Related to Old English '''ær''', modern [[German language|German]] '''eher''' and [[Dutch language|Dutch]] '''eer''', ancestor of Oxman '''ear-'''
|-
|at||at, to|| Ancestor of Oxman '''at-''' (only in compounds)
|-
|ond||against, before, on.|| Ancestor of oxman '''ond-''', related to Dutch '''ont-'''
|-
|ondlæng||along|| Ancestor of modern '''along'''
|-
|bæftan||after, behind; without.|| From '''bi-''' and '''*æft''' (found in '''æftor''')
|-
|bī||by, near to, to, at, in, on, upon, about, with|| Related to modern Oxman '''bie''', Dutch '''bij''', German '''bei''', ancestor of modern '''by'''
|-
|bifōran||before.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''befoar''' and '''beforn'''
|-
|biġiendan||beyond.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''beyendon'''
|-
|bihindor||behind.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''behindor'''
|-
|binnan||in, within|| Ancestor of Oxman '''binnon''', from '''bi-''' + '''innan'''
|-
|bineðan||beneath|| Ancestor of Oxman '''benethon'''
|-
|bitwisc||between, among, amid, in the midst|| Ancestors of Oxman '''betwisc'''
|-
|bīrihte||straight into||| Ancestor of Oxman '''bieright''' (also aright from '''*anrihte''')
|-
|būƀan||above.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''bovon'''
|-
|būtan||out of, against; without, except.|| Ancestor of '''bauton''', from '''bi-''' + '''auton'''
|-
|ōak||with, in addition to, besides.||Related to modern Dutch '''ook'''
|-
|fan||by|| Ancestor of Oxman '''fan''', Related to Dutch '''van''' and German '''von''', corresponds to a compound of '''af''' and '''an'''
|-
|fur||for, on account of, because of, with, by; according to; instead of.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''fur'''
|-
|fōra||before|| Ancestor of Oxman '''foar'''
|-
|fram||from; concerning, about, of|| Ancestor of Oxman '''fram'''
|-
|ġimæng, ġimang, ġimong||among|| Ancestor of Oxman '''emong'''
|-
|ġiend||through, throughout, over, as far as, among, in, after, beyond.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''yends''' and '''yendor'''
|-
|in||in, into, to|| Ancestor of modern '''in'''
|-
|innan||in, into, within, from within || Ancestor of Oxman '''innon'''
|-
|mid||with, against|| Ancestor of modern '''mid'''
|-
|nāh||near|| Ancestor of Oxman '''nagh-''' (only in compounds)
|-
|nefne||except|| Ancestor of Oxman '''nevon''' (unless)
|-
|af||of, from, out of, off|| Ancestor of modern '''af'''
|-
|oƀor||above, over; upon, on, more than|| Ancestor of modern '''ovor'''
|-
|an||at, to, in|| Ancestor of Oxman '''an''' and '''a-'''
|-
|anbūtan||concerning|| Ancestor of Dialectal Oxman '''abauton'''
|-
|anġeġin||opposite, against; towards; in reply to.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''ayeyon''' (towards)
|-
|sæmt, sæmd||together with, at.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''samt''' (only used in '''samt mid''' or in compounds)
|-
|tō||to, at.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''tœ'''
|-
|teġeġines||towards, against|| Ancestor of Oxman '''teyons'''
|-
|tōmiddes||in the midst of, amidst|| Ancestor of Oxman '''tœmids'''
|-
|tōward(es)||toward|| Ancestor of modern tœwards
|-
|þurh||through||Ancestor of Oxman '''thurgh''', Related to modern Dutch '''door''', German '''durch''', English '''through'''
|-
|undor||under|| Ancestor of modern '''undor'''
|-
|undorneðan||underneath|| Ancestor of modern '''undornethon'''
|-
|uppan||upon, on|| Ancestor of dialectical Oxman '''uppon'''.
|-
|ūtan||without, outside of||Ancestor of '''auton''', related to modern German '''außen, außer''' and Swedish '''utan'''
|-
|wiðor||towards, to; with, against; opposite to; by, near.|| Ancestor of modern '''withor-'''. Related to modern German '''wider'''
|-
|umb(i)||about, by|| Ancestor of Oxman '''umb''' (around, about); Related to German '''um''' and Latin '''ambi'''
|-
|umbūtan||about, around; concerning|| Ancestor of archaic Oxman '''umbbauton''' (concerning, around)
|}

[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Germanic]]

Old Auregan

2013-01-20T14:29:16Z

Ealdwimor: /* Preterite-present verbs */

{{private}}

{{ClassMeter
|Name = Old Auregan
|NativeName = Auregisc, Wexisc
|Type = Mixed
|Alignment = Nominative-Accusative

|adjective = final
|adposition = final
|adverb= initial
|article= initial
|relativeclause = final
|nounclause = final
|order = SVO

|Tonal = yes
|Declined = yes
|Conjugated = yes
|Genders = 3
|NCase = yes
|NNumber = yes
|NDefiniteness = no
|NGender = yes
|VVoice = yes
|VMood = yes
|VPerson = yes
|VNumber = yes
|VTense = yes
|VAspect = yes

|Phonology=100
|NounCases=100
|NounDef=100
|NounNumbers=100
|NounGender=100
|VerbPerson=100
|VerbNumber=100
|VerbAspect=100
|VerbTense=100
|VerbMood=80
|VerbVoice=50
|AdjCase=100
|AdjNumber=100
|AdjDef=100
|AdjGen=100
|AdjComparative=100
|AdjSuperlative=100
|AdjGen=100
|Supine=100
|Gerund=100
|Participle=100
|Infinitive=100
|Modality=70
|Words=0}}

=General informations=

'''Oxman''' is a Germanic language spoken in the ''Duché du Héron'' (= Shire of Le Héron), a shire that corresponds to the eastern region of Seine-Marirtime in France.
This language has evolved from [[Old Oxman]] which evolved from [[Old Auregan]] which is the first recorded form of Auregan language. Auregan language area corresponds to the "Vexin Normand" (a region situated just south to "Duché du héron"). A Oxman speaking colony also exists near the city of Coventry, Warwickshire, Midlands, England.
Oxman is a West-Germanic language that is strongly linked to Dutch, Modern English, Low German and Modern German.

Here is a table which sums up the main characteristics of this language:

{{agreement
|VerbGender =
|VerbCases =
|VerbNumber = yes
|VerbTenses = yes
|VerbPerson = yes
|VerbMoods = yes
|VerbVoices = yes
|VerbAspect = yes

|NounGender = yes
|NounCases =
|NounNumber = yes
|NounTenses =
|NounPerson =
|NounMoods =
|NounVoices =

|AdjectiveGender =
|AdjectiveCases =
|AdjectiveNumber = yes
|AdjectiveTenses =
|AdjectivePerson =
|AdjectiveMoods =
|AdjectiveVoices =

|NumberGender =
|NumberCases =
|NumberNumber =
|NumberTenses =
|NumberPerson =
|NumberMoods =
|NumberVoices =

|ParticipleGender =
|ParticipleCases =
|ParticipleNumber = yes
|ParticipleTenses =
|ParticiplePerson =
|ParticipleMoods =
|ParticipleVoices = yes

|AdverbGender =
|AdverbCases =
|AdverbNumber =
|AdverbTenses =
|AdverbPerson =
|AdverbMoods =
|AdverbVoices =

|PronounGender = yes
|PronounCases = yes
|PronounNumber = yes
|PronounTenses =
|PronounPerson = yes
|PronounMoods =
|PronounVoices =

|AdpositionGender = yes
|AdpositionCases =
|AdpositionNumber = yes
|AdpositionTenses =
|AdpositionPerson =
|AdpositionMoods =
|AdpositionVoices =

|ArticleGender = yes
|ArticleCases = yes
|ArticleNumber = yes
|ArticleTenses =
|ArticlePerson =
|ArticleMoods =
|ArticleVoices =

|ParticleGender =
|ParticleCases =
|ParticleNumber =
|ParticleTenses =
|ParticlePerson =
|ParticleMoods =
|ParticleVoices =
}}

=Phonology=

==Alphabet==

Oxman alphabet uses letters from Latin alphabet and contains 25 characters:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!Letters
!Pronunciation
!Further information
|-
|a
|[a]
|short 'a'
|-
|b
|[b]
|like in English
|-
|c
|[tʃ]
|like the English 'ch' in 'church'
|-
|d
|[d]
|like in English
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e:]
|in plural cluster -es it is not pronounced
|-
|f
|[f]
|like in English
|-
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronunced as in the English word "get"
|-
|h
|[h]
|like in English
|-
|i
|[ɪ]
|short 'i'
|-
|j
|[j]
|like English 'y'
|-
|k
|[k]
|like in English
|-
|l
|[l]
|like in English
|-
|m
|[m]
|like in English
|-
|n
|[n]
|like in English
|-
|o
|[ɔ] / [oʊ:]
|like in English
|-
|p
|[p]
|like in English
|-
|q
|[k]
|often followed by 'u', in latin words beginning with 'qu'
|-
|r
|[r]
|trilled just as in Dutch or in Italian
|-
|s
|[s]
|can be either voiced or voiceless
|-
|t
|[t]
|like in English
|-
|u
|[œ]
|short 'u' in 'but'
|-
|v
|[v]
|like in English
|-
|w
|[ʋ]
|between 'v' and 'w', just as in Dutch
|-
|y
|[j]
|between French letter 'j' in 'jouer' and English 'y' in 'year', as a vowel like a French 'u' or as English 'y' in 'why' when at the end of a word followed by a 'e' (cf. Oxman 'wye?' meaning 'why?' pronounced as in English);
|-
|æ
|[ɑ:]
|long 'a'
|-
|œ
|[u]
|as 'oo' in 'boot'
|}

==Consonantic phonemes==

Old Auregan language had the following consonantic phonemes:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" {{Table/bluetable}} style="width: 860px; "
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; "|
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Bilabial
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Labio-dental
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Dental
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Alveolar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Post-alveolar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Palatal
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Labio-Velar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Velar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Glottal
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Nasal
| style="text-align: center;"|m
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|n
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|(ŋ)
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Plosive
| style="text-align: center;"|p b
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|t d
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|k g
| style="text-align: center;"|ʔ
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Fricative
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|f v
| style="text-align: center;"|θ ð
| style="text-align: center;"|s z
| style="text-align: center;"|ʃ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|x
| style="text-align: center;"|h
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Affricate
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ts dz
| style="text-align: center;"|tʃ dʒ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Approximant
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ɹ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|j
| style="text-align: center;"|ʍ w
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Lateral
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|l
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|}

==Vocalic phonemes==

Oxman shows the following vowels:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! rowspan="2" colspan="1"|'''Phonemes'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Short'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Long'''
|-
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-
!'''Closed'''
|ɪ
|ʊ
|i:
|u:
|-
!'''Mid-closed'''
|
|
|e:
|o:
|-
!'''Mid-open'''
|ɛ
|ɔ
|
|
|-
!'''Open'''
|a
|
|
|ɑ:
|}

==Diphthongs and digraphs==

Old Auregan had also twenty diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Diphthongs'''
|'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|īo
|[i:eɪ]
|-
|īa
|[i:a]
|-
|ēa
|[e:aɪ]
|}

==Stress==

The position of stress in this language is quite regular, because it falls on the root and thus there are few rules to observe:

* In substantives (and in adjectives and adverbs) the stress generally falls on the first syllable, but if they are compound nouns / adjectives, formed by prefix + noun / adjective, the stress falls on the root syllable of the noun / adjective. In compounds which are formed by noun / adjective + noun / adjective, the various words are read as if they were written separately;

* In verbs the stress falls always on the root, even if they are compounds, ex.: ''emæke'', "to make up", is read as [ə''''ma:'''kə].

=Grammar=
==Morphology==
===Verbs===
Verbs in Old Auregan are divided into [[strong inflection|strong]] or [[weak inflection|weak]] verbs. Strong verbs indicate tense by a change in the quality of a [[vowel]], while weak verbs indicate tense by the addition of an ending.

====Strong verbs====
Strong verbs use the Germanic form of [[grammatical conjugation|conjugation]] known as [[Indo-European ablaut|''ablaut'']]. In this form of conjugation, the stem of the word changes to indicate the tense. Verbs like this persist in modern Oxman; for example ''singe, song, esungen'' is a strong verb, as are ''swimbe, swomb, eswumben'' and ''ciese, coas, ecosen''. The root portion of the word changes rather than its ending. In Old Auregan, there were seven major classes of strong verb; each class has its own pattern of stem changes. Learning these is often a challenge for students of the language, though English speakers may see connections between the old verb classes and their modern forms.

The classes had the following distinguishing features to their infinitive stems:
<ol type="I">
<li>ī + one consonant.
<li>īo or ū + one consonant.
<li>e + two consonants.
<li>e + 1 consonant (usually l or r, plus the verb ''brecan'' 'to break').
<li>e + 1 consonant (usually a stop or a fricative).
<li>a + 1 consonant.
<li>Other than the above.
</ol>
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="6"|'''Stem changes in strong verbs'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Class'''
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Root weight'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Infinitive'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''First preterite'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Second preterite'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Past participle'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''I''' || heavy || ī || ēa || i || i
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''II''' || heavy || īo ''or'' ū || ōa || u || o
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''III''' || heavy || colspan=4|''see table below''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''IV''' || light|| e(+r/l) || a || ā (originally ǣ) || o
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''V''' || light|| e(+''other'') || a || ā (originally ǣ) || e
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''VI''' || light || a || ō || ō || a
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''VII''' || heavy || ō, ēa, ōa, æ, ǣ, ō|| colspan=2|e, ǣ ''or'' īo || same as infinitive
|}

The first [[preterite]] stem is used in the preterite, for the [[grammatical person|first-]] and third-person [[Grammatical number|singular]]. The second preterite stem is used for second-person singular, and all persons in the [[plural]] (as well as the preterite [[Subjunctive mood|subjunctive]]). Strong verbs also exhibit [[I-mutation#I-mutation in Old Auregan|i-mutation]] of the stem in the second- and third-person singular in the [[present tense]].

The second sound change to affect it was the influence of palatal sounds <g>, <k>, and <sc>. These turned preceding <e> and <a> to and <æ>, respectively.

The third sound change turned <e> to , <æ> to <a>, and <o> to before nasals.

Altogether, this split the third class into five sub-classes:
<ol type="a">
<li>e + two consonants (apart from clusters beginning with l).
<li>e + r or h + another consonant.
<li>e + l + another consonant.
<li>g, c, or sc + i + two consonants.
<li>i + nasal + another consonant.
</ol>
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="5"|'''Stem changes in Class III'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Sub-class'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Infinitive'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''First preterite'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Second preterite'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Past participle'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''a''' || e || a || u || o
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''b''' || e || a || u || o
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''c''' || e || e || u || o
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''d''' || i || e || u || o
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''e''' || i || a || u || u
|}

Regular strong verbs were all conjugated roughly the same, with the main differences being in the stem vowel. Thus ''stelan'' 'to steal' represents the strong verb conjugation paradigm.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Conjugation'''
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Pronoun'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'steal'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2" colspan="2"|'''Infinitives'''
| stelan
|-
| te stelenne
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Present indicative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic''' || stelo
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þû''' || stilst
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hî/hit/sîo''' || stilþ
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || stelað
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="4"|'''Past indicative'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic''' || stal
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þû''' || stāli
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hî/hit/sîo''' || stal
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || stālon
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2"|'''Present subjunctive'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic/þû/hî/hit/sîo''' || stele
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|''' wî/gî/hêa ''' || stelen
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2"|'''Past subjunctive'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic/þû/hî/hit/sîo''' || stāle
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || stālin
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2"|'''Imperative'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular''' || stel
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural''' || stelað
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"| '''Present participle''' || stelendi
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Past participle''' || gestolon
|}

====Weak verbs====

Weak verbs are formed by adding alveolar (''t'' or ''d'') endings to the stem for the past and past-participle tenses. Some examples are ''love, loved'' or ''look, looked''.

Originally, the weak ending was used to form the preterite of informal, noun-derived verbs such as often emerge in conversation and which have no established system of stem-change. By nature, these verbs were almost always transitive, and even today, most weak verbs are transitive verbs formed in the same way.

The linguistic trends of borrowing foreign verbs and verbalizing nouns have greatly increased the number of weak verbs over the last 1,200 years. Some verbs that were originally strong (for example ''helpe, holp, eholpen'' is now more and more replaced by ''helpe, helpte, ehelpt'') have become weak by analogy; most foreign verbs are adopted as weak verbs; and when verbs are made from nouns (for example "to scroll" or "to water") the resulting verb is weak. Additionally, conjugation of weak verbs is easier to teach, since there are fewer classes of variation. In combination, these factors have drastically increased the number of weak verbs, so that in modern Oxman weak verbs are the most numerous and productive form.

There are three major classes of weak verbs in Old Auregan. The first class displays i-mutation in the root, and the second class none. There is also a third class explained below.

Class-one verbs with short roots exhibit [[West Germanic gemination|gemination]] of the final stem consonant in certain forms. With verbs in <r>, this appears as <ri>. Geminated <ƀ> appears as <bb>, and that of <ġ> appears as <dġ>. Class-one verbs may receive an [[Epenthesis|epenthetic]] vowel before endings beginning in a consonant.

Where class-one verbs have gemination, class-two verbs have , which is a separate syllable pronounced [i]. All class-two verbs have an epenthetic vowel, which appears as <a> or <o>.

In the following table, three verbs are conjugated. ''Swebban'' 'to put to sleep' is a class-one verb exhibiting gemination and an epenthetic vowel. ''Hêalean'' 'to heal' is a class-one verb exhibiting neither gemination nor an epenthetic vowel. ''Sîðeon'' 'to travel' is a class-two verb.
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Conjugation'''
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Pronoun'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'put to sleep'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'heal'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'travel'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2" colspan="2"|'''Infinitives'''
| swebbean || hêalean || sîþeon
|-
| te swebbeanne || te hêaleanne || te sîþeonne
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Present indicative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic''' || swebbeo || hêaleo || sîþeo
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þû''' || sweƀest || hêalest || sîþest
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hî/hit/îo''' || sweƀeð || hêaleþ || sîþeð
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || swebbeað || hêaleað || sîþeoð
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="4"|'''Past indicative'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic''' || sweƀoda || hêalda || sîþoda
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þû''' || sweƀodest || hêaldest || sîþodest
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hî/hit/sîo''' || sweƀoda || hêalda || sîþoda
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || sweƀodon || hêaldon || sîþodon
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2"|'''Present subjunctive'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic/þû/hî/hit/sîo''' || swebbe || hêale || sîþe
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|''' wî/gî/hêa ''' || swebben || hêalen || sîþen
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2"|'''Past subjunctive'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic/þû/hî/hit/sîo''' || sweƀodi || hêaldi || sîþodi
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || sweƀodin || hêaldin || sîþodin
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2"|'''Imperative'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular''' || sweƀe || hêale || sîþe
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural''' || swebbeað || hêaleað || sîþeað
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"| '''Present participle''' || sweƀendi || hêalendi || sîþende
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Past participle''' || gesweƀed || gehêaled || gesîþeod
|}

During the Old Auregan period, the third class was significantly reduced; only four verbs belonged to this group: ''hebbean'' 'have', ''libbean'' 'live', ''sedgean'' 'say', and ''hudġean'' 'think'. Each of these verbs is distinctly irregular, though they share some commonalities.
{|{{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Conjugation'''
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Pronoun'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'have'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'live'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'say'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'think'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Infinitive''' || hebbean || libbean || sedgean || hudġean
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Present indicative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic''' || hebbeo || libbeo || sedġeo || hudġeo
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þû''' || haƀest || liƀest || sagest || hogest
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hî/hit/sîo''' || haƀeþ || liƀeþ || sageþ || hogeþ
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || habbeað || libbeað || sedgeað || hudgeað
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" |'''Past indicative'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''(all persons)''' || hafda || lifda || sagda || hogda
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" |'''Present subjunctive'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''(all persons)''' || hebbe || libbe || sedge || hudge
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" |'''Past subjunctive'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''(all persons)''' || hafdi || lifdi || sagdi || hogdi
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2"|'''Imperative'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular''' || haƀe || liƀe || sage || hoge
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural''' || hebbeað || libbeað || sedgeað || hudgeað
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"| '''Present participle''' || hebbendi || libbendi || sedgendi || hudgendi
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Past participle''' || gehafd || gelifd ||gesagd || gehogd
|}

====Preterite-present verbs====
The preterite-present verbs are a class of verbs which have a present tense in the form of a strong preterite and a past tense like the past of a weak verb. These verbs derive from the subjunctive or optative use of preterite forms to refer to present or future time. For example, ''witan'', "to know" comes from a verb which originally meant "to have seen" (cf. OA '''wīsa''' "manner, mode, appearance"; Latin '''videre''' "to see" from the same root). The present singular is formed from the original singular preterite stem and the present plural from the original plural preterite stem. As a result of this history, the first-person singular and third-person singular are the same in the present.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Conjugation'''
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Pronoun'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'know how to'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'be able to, can'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'be obliged to'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'know'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'own'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'avail'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'dare'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'remember'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'need'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'be allowed to'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'grant, allow'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'use, enjoy'
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" colspan="2"|'''Modern Descendant'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'kunne'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'muye'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'sculle'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'wite'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'eye'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'*duye'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'durre'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'*mune'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'thurve'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'mœte’
! style="background:#efefef;"|'*unne'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'enuye'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Infinitives'''
| cunnan, kunnan || mugan || sculan || witan || êagan || dugan || durran || munan || þurƀan || môtan || unnan || genugan
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Present Indicative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic''' || can || mag || scal || wêat || êah || dôag || dar || man || þarf || môt || an || genah
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þû''' || canst || maht || scalt || wêast || êahst || dôahst || darst || manst || þarft || môst || anst || genaht
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hî/hit/sîo''' || can || mag || scal || wêat || êah || dôah || dar || man || þarf || môt || an || genah
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || cunnon || mugon || sculon || witon || êagon || dugon || durron || munon || þurƀon || môton || unnon || genugon
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Past Indicative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic''' || cûða || mæhta, mahta || scolda || wista || êahta || dohta || dorsta || munda || þorfta || môsta || ûða || genohta
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þû''' || cûðest || mæhtest, mahtest || scoldest || wistest || êahtest || dohtest || dorstest || mundest || þorftest || môstest || ûðest || genohtest
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hî/hit/sîo''' || cûða || mæhta, mahta || scolda || wista || ēahta || dohta || dorsta || munda || þorfta || môsta || ôða || ġinohta
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || cûðon || mæhton, mahton || scoldon || wiston || ēahton || dohton || dorston || mundon || þorfton || mōston || ūðon || ġinohton
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="3"|'''Present Subjunctive'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic/þû/hî/hit/sîo''' || cunni || mugi || sculi || witi || êagi || dugi || durri || muni || þurƀi || môti || unni || genugi
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|''' wî/gî/hêa ''' || cunnin || mugin || sculin || witin || êagin || dugin || durrin || munin || þurƀin || môtin || unnin || genugin
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="3"|'''Past Subjunctive'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic/þû/hî/hit/sîo''' || cûði || mæhti, mahti || scoldi || wisti || êahti || dohti || dorsti || mundi || þorfti || môsti || ûði || genohti
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || cûðin || mæhtin, mahtin || scoldin || wistin || êahtin || dohtin || dorstin || mundin || þorftin || môstin || ûðin || genohtin
|}

[Forms above with asterisk (*) rare, archaic or dialectal.]

==== Anomalous verbs ====
Additionally there is a further group of four verbs which are anomalous, the verbs "want" (modern "will"), "do", "go" and "be". These four have their own conjugation schemes which differ significantly from all the other classes of verb. This is not especially unusual: "want", "do", "go", and "be" are the most commonly used verbs in the language, and are very important to the meaning of the sentences in which they are used. Idiosyncratic patterns of inflection are much more common with important items of vocabulary than with rarely-used ones.

''Dōn'' 'to do' and ''gān'' 'to go' are conjugated alike; ''willan'' 'to want' is similar outside of the present tense.
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Conjugation'''
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Pronoun'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'do'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'go'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'will'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Infinitive''' || style="background:#efefef;"|– || dōn || gān || willan
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Present Indicative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic''' || dō(m) || gā || will
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þū''' || dēst || gǣst || wilt
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hē/hit/hēo''' || dēþ || gǣþ || will
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wē/gē/hīe''' || dōð || gāð || willað
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="4"|'''Past Indicative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic/hē/hit/hēo''' || deda || igda || wolde
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þū''' || dedest || igdest || woldest
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wē/gē/hīe''' || dedon || igdon || woldon
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Present Subjunctive''' || style="background:#efefef;"|'''(all persons)''' || dō || gā || will
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Past Subjunctive''' || style="background:#efefef;"|'''(all persons)''' || deda || igda || wolda
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"| '''Present Participle''' || dōndi || – || willendi
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Past Participle''' || gidōn || gigān / gigangon || –
|}

The verb 'to be' is actually composed of three different stems:
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Conjugation'''
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Pronoun'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''sīn'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''bīon'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''wesan'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Infinitive''' || style="background:#efefef;"|– || sīn || *bīon || wesan
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Present Indicative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''icḳ''' || em || bīom || *weso
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þū''' || art || bist || *wesest
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hī/hit/sīo''' || is || *biþ || *west
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wī/ġī/hēa''' || āron, sind(on) || *bīoð || wesað
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Past Indicative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''icḳ''' || – || – || was
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þū''' || – || – || wāri
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hī/hit/sīo''' || – || – || was
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wī/ġī/hēa''' || – || – || wāron
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="3"|'''Present Subjunctive'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''icḳ/þū/hī/hit/sīo''' || sīe || *bīe || wese
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wī/ġī/hēa''' || sīen || *bīen || wesen
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="3"|'''Past Subjunctive'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''icḳ/þū/hī/hit/sīo''' || – || – || wāri
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wī/ġī/hēa''' || – || – || wārin
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="3"|'''Imperative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''(singular)''' || – || *bīo || wes
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''(plural)''' || – || *bīoð || wesað
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Present Participle''' || – || *bīondi || wesendi
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Past Participle''' || – || *ġibīon || ġiweson
|}
The present forms of ''wesan'' are almost never used. Therefore, ''wesan'' is used as the past, imperative, and present participle versions of ''sindon'', and does not have a separate meaning. The ''bēon'' forms are usually used in reference to future actions. Only the present forms of ''bēon'' contrast with the present forms of ''sindon''/''wesan'' in that ''bēon'' tends to be used to refer to eternal or permanent truths, while ''sindon''/''wesan'' is used more commonly to refer to temporary or subjective facts. This semantic distinction was lost as Old English developed into modern English, so that the modern verb 'to be' is a single verb which takes its present indicative forms from ''sindon,'' its past indicative forms from ''wesan,'' its present subjunctive forms from ''bēon,'' its past subjunctive forms from ''wesan,'' and its imperative and participle forms from ''bēon.'' In late OE and ME, the form earon/earun, from the [[Old Norse]] erun, replaced bēoþ and sind (See also [[List of English words of Old Norse origin]]).

===Nouns===
Old English is an [[inflection|inflected]] language, and as such its [[noun]]s, [[pronoun]]s, [[adjective]]s and [[determiner (linguistics)|determiners]] must be [[Declension|declined]] in order to serve a grammatical function. A set of declined forms of the same word pattern is called a declension. As in several other ancient [[Germanic languages]], there are five major [[Grammatical case|cases]]: [[nominative]], [[accusative]], [[dative]], [[genitive]] and [[Instrumental case|instrumental]].

*The '''nominative''' case indicated the subject of the sentence, for example ''se cyning'' means 'the king'. It was also used for direct address. Adjectives in the predicate (qualifying a noun on the other side of 'to be') were also in the nominative.
*The '''accusative''' case indicated the direct object of the sentence, for example ''Æþelbald lufode þone cyning'' means "Æþelbald loved the king", where Æþelbald is the subject and the king is the object. Already the accusative had begun to merge with the nominative; it was never distinguished in the plural, or in a neuter noun.
*The '''genitive''' case indicated possession, for example the ''þæs cyninges scip'' is "the ship of the king" or "the king's ship". It also indicated [[partitive]] nouns.
*The '''dative''' case indicated the indirect object of the sentence, for example ''hringas þæm cyninge'' means "rings for the king" or "rings to the king". There were also several verbs that took direct objects in the dative.
*The '''instrumental''' case indicated an instrument used to achieve something, for example, ''lifde sweorde'', "he lived by the sword", where ''sweorde'' is the instrumental form of ''sweord''. During the Old English period, the instrumental was falling out of use, having largely merged with the dative. Only pronouns and strong adjectives retained separate forms for the instrumental.

The small body of evidence we have for [[Runic alphabet|Runic]] texts suggests that there may also have a been a separate [[locative]] case in early or Northumbrian forms of the language (e.g., {{script|Runr|ᚩᚾ ᚱᚩᛞᛁ}} ''on rodi'' "on the Cross").<ref>Page, ''An Introduction to English Runes'', Boydell 1999, p. 230</ref>

In addition to inflection for case, nouns take different endings depending on whether the noun was in the singular (for example, ''hring'' 'one ring') or plural (for example, ''hringas'' 'many rings'). Also, some nouns pluralize by way of [[Germanic umlaut|Umlaut]], and some undergo no pluralizing change in certain cases.

Nouns are also categorized by [[grammatical gender]] – masculine, feminine, or neuter. In general, masculine and neuter words share their endings. Feminine words have their own subset of endings. The plural of some declension types distinguishes between genders, e.g., a-stem masculine nominative plural ''stanas'' "stones" vs. neuter nominative plural ''scipu'' "ships" and ''word'' "words"; or i-stem masculine nominative plural ''sige(as)'' "victories" vs. neuter nominative plural ''sifu'' "sieves" and ''hilt'' "hilts".

Furthermore, Old English nouns are divided as either strong or weak. Weak nouns have their own endings. In general, weak nouns are easier than strong nouns, since they had begun to lose their declensional system. However, there is a great deal of overlap between the various classes of noun: they are not totally distinct from one another.

Old English language grammars often follow the common NOM-ACC-GEN-DAT-INST order used for the Germanic languages.

====Strong nouns====
Here are the strong declensional endings and examples for each gender:
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''The Strong Noun Declension'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || – || -os || – || -u/– || -u/– || -e
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || – || -os || – || -u/– || -e || -e
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || -es || -ō || -es || -ō || -e || -ō
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || -e || -um || -e || -um || -e || -um
|}
For the '-u/–' forms above, the '-u' is used with a root consisting of a single short syllable or ending in a long syllable followed by a short syllable, while roots ending in a long syllable or two short syllables are not inflected. (A long syllable contains a long vowel or is followed by two consonants. Note also that there are some exceptions; for example, feminine nouns ending in -þu such as ''strengþu'' 'strength'.)

{| border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Strong Noun Declension for each Gender'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' engel 'angel'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter''' scip 'ship'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine''' sorg 'sorrow'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || engol || englos || scip || scipu || sorġa || sorġa
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || engol || englos || scip || scipu || sorġa || sorġa
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || engles || englō || scipes || scipō || sorġō || sorġanō
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || engle || englum || scipe || scipum || sorġe || sorġum
|}
Note the [[syncope (phonetics)|syncope]] of the second ''e'' in ''engel'' when an ending follows. This syncope of the vowel in the second syllable occurs with two-syllable strong nouns, which have a long vowel in the first syllable and a second syllable consisting of a short vowel and single consonant (for example, ''engel'', ''wuldor'' 'glory', and ''hēafod'' 'head'). However, this syncope is not always present, so forms such as ''engelas'' may be seen.

====Weak nouns====
Here are the weak declensional endings and examples for each gender:
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''The Weak Noun Declension'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || -e || -on || -a || -on || -a || -a
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || -on || -on || -a || -on || -a || -a
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || -on || -anō || -on || -anō || -ō || -anō
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || -on || -um || -on || -um || -e || -um
|}
{| border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Weak Noun Declension for each Gender'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' name 'name'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter''' oage 'eye'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine''' tunga 'tongue'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || name || namon || ōaġa || ōaġon || tunga || tunga
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || namon || namon || ōaġa || ōaġon || tunga || tunga
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || namon || namanō || ōaġon || ōaġanō || tungō || tunganō
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || namon || namum || ōaġon || ōaġum || tunge || tungum
|}

====Irregular strong nouns====
In addition, masculine and neuter nouns whose main vowel is short 'æ' and end with a single consonant change the vowel to 'a' in the plural (a result of the phonological phenomenon known as [[Anglo-Frisian brightening]]):
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
| style="background:#afefef;" colspan="5"|'''Dæg''' 'day' ''m.''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;"|Case
! style="background:#efefef;"|Singular
! style="background:#efefef;"|Plural
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || dæg || dagas
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || dæg || dagas
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || dæges || daga
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || dæge || dagum
|}

Some masculine and neuter nouns end in -e in their base form. These drop the -e and add normal endings. Note that neuter nouns in -e always have -u in the plural, even with a long vowel:
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Strong Noun Declensions ending in -e'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' ende 'end'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter''' stȳle 'steel'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || ende || endas || stȳle || stȳlu
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || ende || endas || stȳle || stȳlu
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || endes || enda || stȳles || stȳla
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || ende || endum || stȳle || stȳlum
|}

Nouns ending in -h lose this when an ending is added, and lengthen the vowel in compensation (this can result in compression of the ending as well):
{| border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Strong Noun Declensions ending in -h'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' mearh 'horse'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter''' feorh 'life'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' scōh 'shoe'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || mearh || mēaras || feorh || feorh || scōh || scōs
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || mearh || mēaras || feorh || feorh || scōh || scōs
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || mēares || mēara || fēores || fēora || scōs || scōna
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || mēare || mēarum || fēore || fēorum || scō || scōm
|}

Nouns whose stem ends in -w change this to -u or drop it in the nominative singular. (Note that this '-u/–' distinction depends on [[syllable weight]], as for strong nouns, above.)

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Strong Noun Declensions ending in -w'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter''' smeoru 'grease'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine''' sinu 'sinew'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine''' lǣs 'pasture'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || smeoru || smeoru || sinu || sinwa || lǣs || lǣswa}}
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || smeoru || smeoru || sinwe || sinwa, -e || lǣswe || lǣswa, -e
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || smeorwes || smeorwa || sinwe || sinwa || lǣswe || lǣswa
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || smeorwe || smeorwum || sinwe || sinwum || lǣswe || lǣswum
|}

A few nouns follow the -u declension, with an entirely different set of endings. The following examples are both masculine, although feminines also exist, with the same endings (for example ''duru'' 'door' and ''hand'' 'hand'). Note that the '-u/–' distinction in the singular depends on syllable weight, as for strong nouns, above.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the -u Declension'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' sunu 'son'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' feld 'field'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || sunu || suna || feld || felda
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || sunu || suna || feld || felda
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || suna || suna || felda || felda
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || suna || sunum || felda || feldum
|}

====Mutating strong nouns====
There are also some nouns of the consonant declension, which show i-umlaut in some forms.

{| border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Strong Noun Declensions with i-shift'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' fōt 'foot'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine''' hnutu 'nut'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine''' bōc 'book'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || fōt || fēt || hnutu || hnyte || bōc || bēc
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || fōt || fēt || hnutu || hnyte || bōc || bēc
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || fōtes || fōta || hnyte, hnute || hnuta || bēc, bōce || bōca
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || fēt, fōte || fōtum || hnyte, hnute || hnutum || bēc, bōc || bōcum
|}

Other such nouns include (with singular and plural nominative forms given):

Masculine: ''tōþ'', ''tēþ'' 'tooth'; ''mann'', ''menn'' 'man'; ''frēond'', ''frīend'' 'friend'; ''fēond'', ''fīend'' 'enemy' (cf. 'fiend')

Feminine: ''studu'', ''styde'' 'post' (cf. 'stud'); ''hnitu'', ''hnite'' 'nit'; ''āc'', ''ǣc'' 'oak'; ''gāt'', ''gǣt'' 'goat'; ''brōc'', ''brēc'' 'leg covering' (cf. 'breeches'); ''gōs'', ''gēs'' 'goose'; ''burg'', ''byrg'' 'city' (cf. 'borough', '-bury' and German cities in -burg); ''dung'', ''dyng'' 'prison' (cf. 'dungeon' by way of French and Frankish); ''turf'', ''tyrf'' 'turf'; ''grūt'', ''grȳt'' 'meal' (cf. 'grout'); ''lūs'', ''lȳs'' 'louse'; ''mūs'', ''mȳs'' 'mouse'; ''neaht'', ''niht'' 'night'
Feminine with loss of -h in some forms: ''furh'', ''fyrh'' 'furrow' or 'fir'; ''sulh'', ''sylh'' 'plough'; ''þrūh'', ''þrȳh'' 'trough'; ''wlōh'', ''wlēh'' 'fringe'.
Feminine with compression of endings: ''cū'', ''cȳ'' 'cow' (cf. dialectal plural 'kine')

Neuter: In addition, ''scrūd'' 'clothing, garment' has the umlauted dative-singular form ''scrȳd''.

====Nouns of relationship====

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="11"|'''Nouns of Relationship'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' fæder 'father'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' brōðor 'brother'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine''' mōdor 'mother'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine''' sweostor 'sister'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine''' dohtor 'daughter'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || fæder || fæd(e)ras || brōðor || (ge)brōðor || mōdor || mōdra/mōdru || sweostor || (ge)sweostor, -tru, -tra || dohtor || dohtor
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || fæder || fæd(e)ras || brōðor || (ge)brōðor || mōdor || mōdra/mōdru || sweostor || (ge)sweostor, -tru, -tra || dohtor || dohtor
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || fæder || fæd(e)ra || brōðor || (ge)brōðra || mōdor || mōdra || sweostor || (ge)sweostra || dohtor || dohtra
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || fæder || fæderum || brēðer || (ge)brōðrum || mēder || mōdrum || sweostor || (ge)sweostrum || dehter || dohtrum
|}

====Neuter nouns with -r- in the plural====

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
| style="background:#afefef;" colspan="5"|'''Lamb''' 'lamb' ''n.''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;"|Case
! style="background:#efefef;"|Singular
! style="background:#efefef;"|Plural
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || lamb || lambru
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || lamb || lambru
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || lambes || lambra
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || lambe || lambrum
|}

Other such nouns: ''ǣg'', ''ǣgru'' 'egg' (ancestor of the archaic/dialectical form 'ey', plural 'eyren'; the form 'egg' is a borrowing from Old Norse); ''bread'', ''breadru'' 'crumb'; ''cealf'', ''cealfru'' 'calf'; ''cild'' 'child' has either the normal plural ''cild'' or ''cildru'' (cf. 'children', with -en from the weak nouns); ''hǣmed'', ''hǣmedru'' 'cohabitation'; ''speld'', ''speldru'' 'torch'.

===Adjectives===
Adjectives in Old English are declined using the same categories as nouns: five cases (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, and instrumental), three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter), and two numbers (singular, plural). In addition, they can be declined either strong or weak. The weak forms are used in the presence of a definite or possessive determiner, while the strong ones are used in other situations. The weak forms are identical to those for nouns, while the strong forms use a combination of noun and pronoun endings:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''The Strong Adjective Declension'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || – || -e || – || -u/– || -u/– || -e, -a
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || -ne || -e || – || -u/– || -e || -e, -a
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || -es || -ra || -es || -ra || -re || -ra
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || -um || -um || -um || -um || -re || -um
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Instrumental''' || -e || -um || -e || -um || -re || -um
|}
For the '-u/–' forms above, the distinction is the same as for strong nouns.
{| border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Strong Adjective Declension: gōd 'good' '''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || gōd || gōde || gōd || gōd || gōd || gōde, -a
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || gōdne || gōde || gōd || gōd || gōde || gōde, -a
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || gōdes || gōdra || gōdes || gōdra || gōdre || gōdra
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || gōdum || gōdum || gōdum || gōdum || gōdre || gōdum
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Instrumental''' || gōde || gōdum || gōde || gōdum || gōdre || gōdum
|}

{| border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Weak Adjective Declension: gōd 'good' '''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || gōda || gōdan || gōde || gōdan || gōde || gōdan
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || gōdan || gōdan || gōde || gōdan || gōdan || gōdan
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || gōdan || gōdena || gōdan || gōdena || gōdan || gōdena
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || gōdan || gōdum || gōdan || gōdum || gōdan || gōdum
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Instrumental''' || gōdan || gōdum || gōdan || gōdum || gōdan || gōdum
|}

Note that the same variants described above for nouns also exist for adjectives. The following example shows both the æ/a variation and the -u forms in the feminine singular and neuter plural:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Strong Adjective Declension: glæd 'glad' '''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || glæd || glade || glæd || gladu || gladu || glade
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || glædne || glade || glæd || gladu || glade || glade
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || glades || glædra || glades || glædra || glædre || glædra
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || gladum || gladum || gladum || gladum || glædre || gladum
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Instrumental''' || glade || gladum || glade || gladum || glædre || gladum
|}

The following shows an example of an adjective ending with -h:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Strong Adjective Declension: hēah 'high' '''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || hēah || hēa || hēah || hēa || hēa || hēa
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || hēane || hēa || hēah || hēa || hēa || hēa
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || hēas || hēara || hēas || hēara || hēare || hēara
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || hēam || hēam || hēam || hēam || hēare || hēam
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Instrumental''' || hēa || hēam || hēa || hēam || hēare || hēam
|}

The following shows an example of an adjective ending with -w:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Strong Adjective Declension: gearu 'ready' '''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || gearu || gearwe || gearu || gearu || gearu || gearwe
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || gearone || gearwe || gearu || gearu || gearwe || gearwe
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || gearwes || gearora || gearwes || gearora || gearore || gearora
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || gearwum || gearwum || gearwum || gearwum || gearore || gearwum
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Instrumental''' || gearwe || gearwum || gearwe || gearwum || gearore || gearwum
|}

===Determiners===
Old English had two main determiners: ''se'', which could function as both 'the' or 'that', and ''þes'' for 'this'.
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''the/that'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" |'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" |'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" |'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" |'''Feminine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" |'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || se || þæt || sēo || þā
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || þone || þæt || þā || þā
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || þæs || þæs || þǣre || þāra, þǣra
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || þǣm || þǣm || þǣre || þǣm, þām
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Instrumental''' || þȳ, þon || þȳ, þon || – || –
|}

Modern English 'that' descends from the neuter nominative/accusative form,<ref>{{cite web|title=That|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=that|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary|accessdate=28 June 2010}}</ref> and 'the' from the masculine nominative form, with 's' replaced analogously by the 'th' of the other forms.<ref>{{cite web|title=The|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=the|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary|accessdate=28 June 2010}}</ref> The feminine nominative form was probably the source of Modern English 'she.'<ref>{{cite web|title=She|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=she|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary|accessdate=28 June 2010}}</ref>
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''this'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" |'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" |'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" |'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" |'''Feminine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" |'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || þes || þis || þēos || þās
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || þisne || þis || þās || þās
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || þisses || þisses || þisse, þisre || þisra
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || þissum || þissum || þisse, þisre || þissum
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Instrumental''' || þȳs || þȳs || – || –
|}

===Pronouns===
Most pronouns are declined by number, case and gender; in the plural form most pronouns have only one form for all genders. Additionally, Old English pronouns preserve the [[Dual (grammatical number)|dual form]] (which is specifically for talking about groups of two things, for example "we two" or "you two" or "they two"). These were uncommon even then, but remained in use throughout the period.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="4"|'''First Person'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dual'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || icḳ || wit || wī
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || mī, micḳ || unk || ūs
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || mīn || unkore || ūsor
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || mī || unk|| ūs
|}
{| border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="4"|'''Second Person'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dual'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || þū || ġit || ġī
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || þī, þicḳ || inḳ || īow
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || þīn || inḳore || īowor
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || þī || inḳ || īow
|}
{| border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Third Person'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="3"|'''Singular'''
! style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Masc.'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Neut.'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Fem.'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || hī || hit || sīo, hīo || hēa (older ''hīea'') ''m.'', hīo ''f.''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || hina || hit || sīa, hīa || hēa (older ''hīea'') ''m.'', hīe ''f.''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || his || his || hira || hire ''m.'', here ''f.''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || him || him || hire || him, hem
|}

Many of the forms above bear strong resemblances to their contemporary English language equivalents: for instance in the genitive case ''ēower'' became "your", ''ūre'' became "our", ''mīn'' became "mine".

===Prepositions===
Prepositions often follow the word which they govern, in which case they are called ''[[postposition]]s''. Also, so that the object of a preposition was marked in the dative case, a preposition may conceivably be located anywhere in the sentence, even appended to the verb. The infinitive is not declined.

The following is a list of prepositions in the Old Auregan. Many of them, particularly
those marked "etc.", are found in other variant spellings. [[Prepositions]] may govern the
[[accusative case|accusative]], [[genitive case|genitive]], [[dative case|dative]] or [[instrumental case|instrumental]]
[[Declension|cases]] - the question of which is beyond the scope of this article.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border="1" cellpadding="3"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|Prepositions
|-
! style="background:#efefef;"| Old Auregan || Definition ||| Notes
|-
|æftor||after; along, through, during; according to, by means of; about.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''aftor''', Related to [[Dutch language|Dutch]] '''achter''' = behind, after
|-
|ēar||before||Related to Old English '''ær''', modern [[German language|German]] '''eher''' and [[Dutch language|Dutch]] '''eer''', ancestor of Oxman '''ear-'''
|-
|at||at, to|| Ancestor of Oxman '''at-''' (only in compounds)
|-
|ond||against, before, on.|| Ancestor of oxman '''ond-''', related to Dutch '''ont-'''
|-
|ondlæng||along|| Ancestor of modern '''along'''
|-
|bæftan||after, behind; without.|| From '''bi-''' and '''*æft''' (found in '''æftor''')
|-
|bī||by, near to, to, at, in, on, upon, about, with|| Related to modern Oxman '''bie''', Dutch '''bij''', German '''bei''', ancestor of modern '''by'''
|-
|bifōran||before.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''befoar''' and '''beforn'''
|-
|biġiendan||beyond.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''beyendon'''
|-
|bihindor||behind.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''behindor'''
|-
|binnan||in, within|| Ancestor of Oxman '''binnon''', from '''bi-''' + '''innan'''
|-
|bineðan||beneath|| Ancestor of Oxman '''benethon'''
|-
|bitwisc||between, among, amid, in the midst|| Ancestors of Oxman '''betwisc'''
|-
|bīrihte||straight into||| Ancestor of Oxman '''bieright''' (also aright from '''*anrihte''')
|-
|būƀan||above.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''bovon'''
|-
|būtan||out of, against; without, except.|| Ancestor of '''bauton''', from '''bi-''' + '''auton'''
|-
|ōak||with, in addition to, besides.||Related to modern Dutch '''ook'''
|-
|fan||by|| Ancestor of Oxman '''fan''', Related to Dutch '''van''' and German '''von''', corresponds to a compound of '''af''' and '''an'''
|-
|fur||for, on account of, because of, with, by; according to; instead of.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''fur'''
|-
|fōra||before|| Ancestor of Oxman '''foar'''
|-
|fram||from; concerning, about, of|| Ancestor of Oxman '''fram'''
|-
|ġimæng, ġimang, ġimong||among|| Ancestor of Oxman '''emong'''
|-
|ġiend||through, throughout, over, as far as, among, in, after, beyond.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''yends''' and '''yendor'''
|-
|in||in, into, to|| Ancestor of modern '''in'''
|-
|innan||in, into, within, from within || Ancestor of Oxman '''innon'''
|-
|mid||with, against|| Ancestor of modern '''mid'''
|-
|nāh||near|| Ancestor of Oxman '''nagh-''' (only in compounds)
|-
|nefne||except|| Ancestor of Oxman '''nevon''' (unless)
|-
|af||of, from, out of, off|| Ancestor of modern '''af'''
|-
|oƀor||above, over; upon, on, more than|| Ancestor of modern '''ovor'''
|-
|an||at, to, in|| Ancestor of Oxman '''an''' and '''a-'''
|-
|anbūtan||concerning|| Ancestor of Dialectal Oxman '''abauton'''
|-
|anġeġin||opposite, against; towards; in reply to.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''ayeyon''' (towards)
|-
|sæmt, sæmd||together with, at.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''samt''' (only used in '''samt mid''' or in compounds)
|-
|tō||to, at.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''tœ'''
|-
|teġeġines||towards, against|| Ancestor of Oxman '''teyons'''
|-
|tōmiddes||in the midst of, amidst|| Ancestor of Oxman '''tœmids'''
|-
|tōward(es)||toward|| Ancestor of modern tœwards
|-
|þurh||through||Ancestor of Oxman '''thurgh''', Related to modern Dutch '''door''', German '''durch''', English '''through'''
|-
|undor||under|| Ancestor of modern '''undor'''
|-
|undorneðan||underneath|| Ancestor of modern '''undornethon'''
|-
|uppan||upon, on|| Ancestor of dialectical Oxman '''uppon'''.
|-
|ūtan||without, outside of||Ancestor of '''auton''', related to modern German '''außen, außer''' and Swedish '''utan'''
|-
|wiðor||towards, to; with, against; opposite to; by, near.|| Ancestor of modern '''withor-'''. Related to modern German '''wider'''
|-
|umb(i)||about, by|| Ancestor of Oxman '''umb''' (around, about); Related to German '''um''' and Latin '''ambi'''
|-
|umbūtan||about, around; concerning|| Ancestor of archaic Oxman '''umbbauton''' (concerning, around)
|}

[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Germanic]]

Old Auregan

2013-01-20T14:20:35Z

Ealdwimor: /* Weak verbs */

{{private}}

{{ClassMeter
|Name = Old Auregan
|NativeName = Auregisc, Wexisc
|Type = Mixed
|Alignment = Nominative-Accusative

|adjective = final
|adposition = final
|adverb= initial
|article= initial
|relativeclause = final
|nounclause = final
|order = SVO

|Tonal = yes
|Declined = yes
|Conjugated = yes
|Genders = 3
|NCase = yes
|NNumber = yes
|NDefiniteness = no
|NGender = yes
|VVoice = yes
|VMood = yes
|VPerson = yes
|VNumber = yes
|VTense = yes
|VAspect = yes

|Phonology=100
|NounCases=100
|NounDef=100
|NounNumbers=100
|NounGender=100
|VerbPerson=100
|VerbNumber=100
|VerbAspect=100
|VerbTense=100
|VerbMood=80
|VerbVoice=50
|AdjCase=100
|AdjNumber=100
|AdjDef=100
|AdjGen=100
|AdjComparative=100
|AdjSuperlative=100
|AdjGen=100
|Supine=100
|Gerund=100
|Participle=100
|Infinitive=100
|Modality=70
|Words=0}}

=General informations=

'''Oxman''' is a Germanic language spoken in the ''Duché du Héron'' (= Shire of Le Héron), a shire that corresponds to the eastern region of Seine-Marirtime in France.
This language has evolved from [[Old Oxman]] which evolved from [[Old Auregan]] which is the first recorded form of Auregan language. Auregan language area corresponds to the "Vexin Normand" (a region situated just south to "Duché du héron"). A Oxman speaking colony also exists near the city of Coventry, Warwickshire, Midlands, England.
Oxman is a West-Germanic language that is strongly linked to Dutch, Modern English, Low German and Modern German.

Here is a table which sums up the main characteristics of this language:

{{agreement
|VerbGender =
|VerbCases =
|VerbNumber = yes
|VerbTenses = yes
|VerbPerson = yes
|VerbMoods = yes
|VerbVoices = yes
|VerbAspect = yes

|NounGender = yes
|NounCases =
|NounNumber = yes
|NounTenses =
|NounPerson =
|NounMoods =
|NounVoices =

|AdjectiveGender =
|AdjectiveCases =
|AdjectiveNumber = yes
|AdjectiveTenses =
|AdjectivePerson =
|AdjectiveMoods =
|AdjectiveVoices =

|NumberGender =
|NumberCases =
|NumberNumber =
|NumberTenses =
|NumberPerson =
|NumberMoods =
|NumberVoices =

|ParticipleGender =
|ParticipleCases =
|ParticipleNumber = yes
|ParticipleTenses =
|ParticiplePerson =
|ParticipleMoods =
|ParticipleVoices = yes

|AdverbGender =
|AdverbCases =
|AdverbNumber =
|AdverbTenses =
|AdverbPerson =
|AdverbMoods =
|AdverbVoices =

|PronounGender = yes
|PronounCases = yes
|PronounNumber = yes
|PronounTenses =
|PronounPerson = yes
|PronounMoods =
|PronounVoices =

|AdpositionGender = yes
|AdpositionCases =
|AdpositionNumber = yes
|AdpositionTenses =
|AdpositionPerson =
|AdpositionMoods =
|AdpositionVoices =

|ArticleGender = yes
|ArticleCases = yes
|ArticleNumber = yes
|ArticleTenses =
|ArticlePerson =
|ArticleMoods =
|ArticleVoices =

|ParticleGender =
|ParticleCases =
|ParticleNumber =
|ParticleTenses =
|ParticlePerson =
|ParticleMoods =
|ParticleVoices =
}}

=Phonology=

==Alphabet==

Oxman alphabet uses letters from Latin alphabet and contains 25 characters:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!Letters
!Pronunciation
!Further information
|-
|a
|[a]
|short 'a'
|-
|b
|[b]
|like in English
|-
|c
|[tʃ]
|like the English 'ch' in 'church'
|-
|d
|[d]
|like in English
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e:]
|in plural cluster -es it is not pronounced
|-
|f
|[f]
|like in English
|-
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronunced as in the English word "get"
|-
|h
|[h]
|like in English
|-
|i
|[ɪ]
|short 'i'
|-
|j
|[j]
|like English 'y'
|-
|k
|[k]
|like in English
|-
|l
|[l]
|like in English
|-
|m
|[m]
|like in English
|-
|n
|[n]
|like in English
|-
|o
|[ɔ] / [oʊ:]
|like in English
|-
|p
|[p]
|like in English
|-
|q
|[k]
|often followed by 'u', in latin words beginning with 'qu'
|-
|r
|[r]
|trilled just as in Dutch or in Italian
|-
|s
|[s]
|can be either voiced or voiceless
|-
|t
|[t]
|like in English
|-
|u
|[œ]
|short 'u' in 'but'
|-
|v
|[v]
|like in English
|-
|w
|[ʋ]
|between 'v' and 'w', just as in Dutch
|-
|y
|[j]
|between French letter 'j' in 'jouer' and English 'y' in 'year', as a vowel like a French 'u' or as English 'y' in 'why' when at the end of a word followed by a 'e' (cf. Oxman 'wye?' meaning 'why?' pronounced as in English);
|-
|æ
|[ɑ:]
|long 'a'
|-
|œ
|[u]
|as 'oo' in 'boot'
|}

==Consonantic phonemes==

Old Auregan language had the following consonantic phonemes:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" {{Table/bluetable}} style="width: 860px; "
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; "|
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Bilabial
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Labio-dental
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Dental
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Alveolar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Post-alveolar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Palatal
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Labio-Velar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Velar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Glottal
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Nasal
| style="text-align: center;"|m
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|n
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|(ŋ)
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Plosive
| style="text-align: center;"|p b
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|t d
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|k g
| style="text-align: center;"|ʔ
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Fricative
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|f v
| style="text-align: center;"|θ ð
| style="text-align: center;"|s z
| style="text-align: center;"|ʃ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|x
| style="text-align: center;"|h
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Affricate
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ts dz
| style="text-align: center;"|tʃ dʒ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Approximant
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ɹ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|j
| style="text-align: center;"|ʍ w
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Lateral
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|l
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|}

==Vocalic phonemes==

Oxman shows the following vowels:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! rowspan="2" colspan="1"|'''Phonemes'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Short'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Long'''
|-
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-
!'''Closed'''
|ɪ
|ʊ
|i:
|u:
|-
!'''Mid-closed'''
|
|
|e:
|o:
|-
!'''Mid-open'''
|ɛ
|ɔ
|
|
|-
!'''Open'''
|a
|
|
|ɑ:
|}

==Diphthongs and digraphs==

Old Auregan had also twenty diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Diphthongs'''
|'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|īo
|[i:eɪ]
|-
|īa
|[i:a]
|-
|ēa
|[e:aɪ]
|}

==Stress==

The position of stress in this language is quite regular, because it falls on the root and thus there are few rules to observe:

* In substantives (and in adjectives and adverbs) the stress generally falls on the first syllable, but if they are compound nouns / adjectives, formed by prefix + noun / adjective, the stress falls on the root syllable of the noun / adjective. In compounds which are formed by noun / adjective + noun / adjective, the various words are read as if they were written separately;

* In verbs the stress falls always on the root, even if they are compounds, ex.: ''emæke'', "to make up", is read as [ə''''ma:'''kə].

=Grammar=
==Morphology==
===Verbs===
Verbs in Old Auregan are divided into [[strong inflection|strong]] or [[weak inflection|weak]] verbs. Strong verbs indicate tense by a change in the quality of a [[vowel]], while weak verbs indicate tense by the addition of an ending.

====Strong verbs====
Strong verbs use the Germanic form of [[grammatical conjugation|conjugation]] known as [[Indo-European ablaut|''ablaut'']]. In this form of conjugation, the stem of the word changes to indicate the tense. Verbs like this persist in modern Oxman; for example ''singe, song, esungen'' is a strong verb, as are ''swimbe, swomb, eswumben'' and ''ciese, coas, ecosen''. The root portion of the word changes rather than its ending. In Old Auregan, there were seven major classes of strong verb; each class has its own pattern of stem changes. Learning these is often a challenge for students of the language, though English speakers may see connections between the old verb classes and their modern forms.

The classes had the following distinguishing features to their infinitive stems:
<ol type="I">
<li>ī + one consonant.
<li>īo or ū + one consonant.
<li>e + two consonants.
<li>e + 1 consonant (usually l or r, plus the verb ''brecan'' 'to break').
<li>e + 1 consonant (usually a stop or a fricative).
<li>a + 1 consonant.
<li>Other than the above.
</ol>
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="6"|'''Stem changes in strong verbs'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Class'''
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Root weight'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Infinitive'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''First preterite'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Second preterite'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Past participle'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''I''' || heavy || ī || ēa || i || i
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''II''' || heavy || īo ''or'' ū || ōa || u || o
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''III''' || heavy || colspan=4|''see table below''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''IV''' || light|| e(+r/l) || a || ā (originally ǣ) || o
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''V''' || light|| e(+''other'') || a || ā (originally ǣ) || e
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''VI''' || light || a || ō || ō || a
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''VII''' || heavy || ō, ēa, ōa, æ, ǣ, ō|| colspan=2|e, ǣ ''or'' īo || same as infinitive
|}

The first [[preterite]] stem is used in the preterite, for the [[grammatical person|first-]] and third-person [[Grammatical number|singular]]. The second preterite stem is used for second-person singular, and all persons in the [[plural]] (as well as the preterite [[Subjunctive mood|subjunctive]]). Strong verbs also exhibit [[I-mutation#I-mutation in Old Auregan|i-mutation]] of the stem in the second- and third-person singular in the [[present tense]].

The second sound change to affect it was the influence of palatal sounds <g>, <k>, and <sc>. These turned preceding <e> and <a> to and <æ>, respectively.

The third sound change turned <e> to , <æ> to <a>, and <o> to before nasals.

Altogether, this split the third class into five sub-classes:
<ol type="a">
<li>e + two consonants (apart from clusters beginning with l).
<li>e + r or h + another consonant.
<li>e + l + another consonant.
<li>g, c, or sc + i + two consonants.
<li>i + nasal + another consonant.
</ol>
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="5"|'''Stem changes in Class III'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Sub-class'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Infinitive'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''First preterite'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Second preterite'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Past participle'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''a''' || e || a || u || o
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''b''' || e || a || u || o
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''c''' || e || e || u || o
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''d''' || i || e || u || o
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''e''' || i || a || u || u
|}

Regular strong verbs were all conjugated roughly the same, with the main differences being in the stem vowel. Thus ''stelan'' 'to steal' represents the strong verb conjugation paradigm.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Conjugation'''
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Pronoun'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'steal'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2" colspan="2"|'''Infinitives'''
| stelan
|-
| te stelenne
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Present indicative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic''' || stelo
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þû''' || stilst
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hî/hit/sîo''' || stilþ
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || stelað
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="4"|'''Past indicative'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic''' || stal
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þû''' || stāli
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hî/hit/sîo''' || stal
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || stālon
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2"|'''Present subjunctive'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic/þû/hî/hit/sîo''' || stele
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|''' wî/gî/hêa ''' || stelen
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2"|'''Past subjunctive'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic/þû/hî/hit/sîo''' || stāle
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || stālin
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2"|'''Imperative'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular''' || stel
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural''' || stelað
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"| '''Present participle''' || stelendi
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Past participle''' || gestolon
|}

====Weak verbs====

Weak verbs are formed by adding alveolar (''t'' or ''d'') endings to the stem for the past and past-participle tenses. Some examples are ''love, loved'' or ''look, looked''.

Originally, the weak ending was used to form the preterite of informal, noun-derived verbs such as often emerge in conversation and which have no established system of stem-change. By nature, these verbs were almost always transitive, and even today, most weak verbs are transitive verbs formed in the same way.

The linguistic trends of borrowing foreign verbs and verbalizing nouns have greatly increased the number of weak verbs over the last 1,200 years. Some verbs that were originally strong (for example ''helpe, holp, eholpen'' is now more and more replaced by ''helpe, helpte, ehelpt'') have become weak by analogy; most foreign verbs are adopted as weak verbs; and when verbs are made from nouns (for example "to scroll" or "to water") the resulting verb is weak. Additionally, conjugation of weak verbs is easier to teach, since there are fewer classes of variation. In combination, these factors have drastically increased the number of weak verbs, so that in modern Oxman weak verbs are the most numerous and productive form.

There are three major classes of weak verbs in Old Auregan. The first class displays i-mutation in the root, and the second class none. There is also a third class explained below.

Class-one verbs with short roots exhibit [[West Germanic gemination|gemination]] of the final stem consonant in certain forms. With verbs in <r>, this appears as <ri>. Geminated <ƀ> appears as <bb>, and that of <ġ> appears as <dġ>. Class-one verbs may receive an [[Epenthesis|epenthetic]] vowel before endings beginning in a consonant.

Where class-one verbs have gemination, class-two verbs have , which is a separate syllable pronounced [i]. All class-two verbs have an epenthetic vowel, which appears as <a> or <o>.

In the following table, three verbs are conjugated. ''Swebban'' 'to put to sleep' is a class-one verb exhibiting gemination and an epenthetic vowel. ''Hêalean'' 'to heal' is a class-one verb exhibiting neither gemination nor an epenthetic vowel. ''Sîðeon'' 'to travel' is a class-two verb.
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Conjugation'''
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Pronoun'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'put to sleep'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'heal'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'travel'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2" colspan="2"|'''Infinitives'''
| swebbean || hêalean || sîþeon
|-
| te swebbeanne || te hêaleanne || te sîþeonne
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Present indicative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic''' || swebbeo || hêaleo || sîþeo
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þû''' || sweƀest || hêalest || sîþest
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hî/hit/îo''' || sweƀeð || hêaleþ || sîþeð
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || swebbeað || hêaleað || sîþeoð
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="4"|'''Past indicative'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic''' || sweƀoda || hêalda || sîþoda
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þû''' || sweƀodest || hêaldest || sîþodest
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hî/hit/sîo''' || sweƀoda || hêalda || sîþoda
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || sweƀodon || hêaldon || sîþodon
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2"|'''Present subjunctive'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic/þû/hî/hit/sîo''' || swebbe || hêale || sîþe
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|''' wî/gî/hêa ''' || swebben || hêalen || sîþen
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2"|'''Past subjunctive'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic/þû/hî/hit/sîo''' || sweƀodi || hêaldi || sîþodi
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || sweƀodin || hêaldin || sîþodin
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2"|'''Imperative'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular''' || sweƀe || hêale || sîþe
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural''' || swebbeað || hêaleað || sîþeað
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"| '''Present participle''' || sweƀendi || hêalendi || sîþende
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Past participle''' || gesweƀed || gehêaled || gesîþeod
|}

During the Old Auregan period, the third class was significantly reduced; only four verbs belonged to this group: ''hebbean'' 'have', ''libbean'' 'live', ''sedgean'' 'say', and ''hudġean'' 'think'. Each of these verbs is distinctly irregular, though they share some commonalities.
{|{{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Conjugation'''
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Pronoun'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'have'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'live'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'say'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'think'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Infinitive''' || hebbean || libbean || sedgean || hudġean
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Present indicative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic''' || hebbeo || libbeo || sedġeo || hudġeo
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þû''' || haƀest || liƀest || sagest || hogest
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hî/hit/sîo''' || haƀeþ || liƀeþ || sageþ || hogeþ
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || habbeað || libbeað || sedgeað || hudgeað
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" |'''Past indicative'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''(all persons)''' || hafda || lifda || sagda || hogda
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" |'''Present subjunctive'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''(all persons)''' || hebbe || libbe || sedge || hudge
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" |'''Past subjunctive'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''(all persons)''' || hafdi || lifdi || sagdi || hogdi
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2"|'''Imperative'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular''' || haƀe || liƀe || sage || hoge
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural''' || hebbeað || libbeað || sedgeað || hudgeað
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"| '''Present participle''' || hebbendi || libbendi || sedgendi || hudgendi
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Past participle''' || gehafd || gelifd ||gesagd || gehogd
|}

====Preterite-present verbs====
The preterite-present verbs are a class of verbs which have a present tense in the form of a strong preterite and a past tense like the past of a weak verb. These verbs derive from the subjunctive or optative use of preterite forms to refer to present or future time. For example, ''witan'', "to know" comes from a verb which originally meant "to have seen" (cf. OA '''wīsa''' "manner, mode, appearance"; Latin '''videre''' "to see" from the same root). The present singular is formed from the original singular preterite stem and the present plural from the original plural preterite stem. As a result of this history, the first-person singular and third-person singular are the same in the present.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Conjugation'''
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Pronoun'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'know how to'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'be able to, can'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'be obliged to'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'know'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'own'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'avail'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'dare'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'remember'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'need'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'be allowed to'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'grant, allow'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'use, enjoy'
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" colspan="2"|'''Modern Descendant'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'kunne'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'muye'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'sculle'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'wite'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'eye'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'*duye'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'durre'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'*mune'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'thurve'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'mœte’
! style="background:#efefef;"|'*unne'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'enuye'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Infinitives'''
| kunnan || mugan || sculan || witan || ēagan || dugan || durran || munan || þurƀan || mōtan || unnan || ġinugan
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Present Indicative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''icḳ''' || kan || mag || scal || wēat || ēah || dōag || dar || man || þarf || mōt || an || ġinah
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þū''' || kanst || maht || scalt || wēast || ēahst || dōahst || darst || manst || þarft || mōst || anst || ġinaht
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hī/hit/sīo''' || kan || mag || scal || wēat || ēah || deah || dar || man || þarf || mōt || an || ġinah
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wī/ġī/hēa''' || kunnon || mugon || sculon || witon || ēagon || dugon || durron || munon || þurƀon || mōton || unnon || ġinugon
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Past Indicative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''icḳ''' || kūða || mæhta || scolda || wista || ēahta || dohta || dorsta || munda || þorfta || mōsta || ūða || ġinohta
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þū''' || kūðest || mæhtest || scoldest || wistest || ēahtest || dohtest || dorstest || mundest || þorftest || mōstest || ūðest || ġinohtest
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hī/hit/sīo''' || kūða || mæhta || scolda || wista || ēahta || dohta || dorsta || munda || þorfta || mōsta || ūða || ġinohta
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wī/ġī/hēa''' || kūðon || mæhton || scoldon || wiston || ēahton || dohton || dorston || mundon || þorfton || mōston || ūðon || ġinohton
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="3"|'''Present Subjunctive'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''icḳ/þū/hī/hit/sīo''' || kunni || mugi || sculi || witi || ēagi || dugi || durri || muni || þurƀi || mōti || unni || ġinugi
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|''' wī/ġī/hēa ''' || kunnin || mugin || sculin || witin || ēagin || dugin || durrin || munin || þurƀin || mōtin || unnin || ġinugin
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="3"|'''Past Subjunctive'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''icḳ/þū/hī/hit/sīo''' || kūði || mæhti || scoldi || wisti || ēahti || dohti || dorsti || mundi || þorfti || mōsti || ūði || ġinohti
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wī/ġī/hēa''' || kūðin || mæhtin || scoldin || wistin || ēahtin || dohtin || dorstin || mundin || þorftin || mōstin || ūðin || ġinohtin
|}

[Forms above with asterisk (*) rare, archaic or dialectal.]

==== Anomalous verbs ====
Additionally there is a further group of four verbs which are anomalous, the verbs "want" (modern "will"), "do", "go" and "be". These four have their own conjugation schemes which differ significantly from all the other classes of verb. This is not especially unusual: "want", "do", "go", and "be" are the most commonly used verbs in the language, and are very important to the meaning of the sentences in which they are used. Idiosyncratic patterns of inflection are much more common with important items of vocabulary than with rarely-used ones.

''Dōn'' 'to do' and ''gān'' 'to go' are conjugated alike; ''willan'' 'to want' is similar outside of the present tense.
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Conjugation'''
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Pronoun'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'do'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'go'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'will'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Infinitive''' || style="background:#efefef;"|– || dōn || gān || willan
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Present Indicative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic''' || dō(m) || gā || will
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þū''' || dēst || gǣst || wilt
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hē/hit/hēo''' || dēþ || gǣþ || will
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wē/gē/hīe''' || dōð || gāð || willað
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="4"|'''Past Indicative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic/hē/hit/hēo''' || deda || igda || wolde
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þū''' || dedest || igdest || woldest
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wē/gē/hīe''' || dedon || igdon || woldon
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Present Subjunctive''' || style="background:#efefef;"|'''(all persons)''' || dō || gā || will
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Past Subjunctive''' || style="background:#efefef;"|'''(all persons)''' || deda || igda || wolda
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"| '''Present Participle''' || dōndi || – || willendi
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Past Participle''' || gidōn || gigān / gigangon || –
|}

The verb 'to be' is actually composed of three different stems:
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Conjugation'''
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Pronoun'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''sīn'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''bīon'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''wesan'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Infinitive''' || style="background:#efefef;"|– || sīn || *bīon || wesan
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Present Indicative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''icḳ''' || em || bīom || *weso
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þū''' || art || bist || *wesest
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hī/hit/sīo''' || is || *biþ || *west
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wī/ġī/hēa''' || āron, sind(on) || *bīoð || wesað
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Past Indicative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''icḳ''' || – || – || was
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þū''' || – || – || wāri
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hī/hit/sīo''' || – || – || was
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wī/ġī/hēa''' || – || – || wāron
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="3"|'''Present Subjunctive'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''icḳ/þū/hī/hit/sīo''' || sīe || *bīe || wese
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wī/ġī/hēa''' || sīen || *bīen || wesen
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="3"|'''Past Subjunctive'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''icḳ/þū/hī/hit/sīo''' || – || – || wāri
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wī/ġī/hēa''' || – || – || wārin
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="3"|'''Imperative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''(singular)''' || – || *bīo || wes
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''(plural)''' || – || *bīoð || wesað
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Present Participle''' || – || *bīondi || wesendi
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Past Participle''' || – || *ġibīon || ġiweson
|}
The present forms of ''wesan'' are almost never used. Therefore, ''wesan'' is used as the past, imperative, and present participle versions of ''sindon'', and does not have a separate meaning. The ''bēon'' forms are usually used in reference to future actions. Only the present forms of ''bēon'' contrast with the present forms of ''sindon''/''wesan'' in that ''bēon'' tends to be used to refer to eternal or permanent truths, while ''sindon''/''wesan'' is used more commonly to refer to temporary or subjective facts. This semantic distinction was lost as Old English developed into modern English, so that the modern verb 'to be' is a single verb which takes its present indicative forms from ''sindon,'' its past indicative forms from ''wesan,'' its present subjunctive forms from ''bēon,'' its past subjunctive forms from ''wesan,'' and its imperative and participle forms from ''bēon.'' In late OE and ME, the form earon/earun, from the [[Old Norse]] erun, replaced bēoþ and sind (See also [[List of English words of Old Norse origin]]).

===Nouns===
Old English is an [[inflection|inflected]] language, and as such its [[noun]]s, [[pronoun]]s, [[adjective]]s and [[determiner (linguistics)|determiners]] must be [[Declension|declined]] in order to serve a grammatical function. A set of declined forms of the same word pattern is called a declension. As in several other ancient [[Germanic languages]], there are five major [[Grammatical case|cases]]: [[nominative]], [[accusative]], [[dative]], [[genitive]] and [[Instrumental case|instrumental]].

*The '''nominative''' case indicated the subject of the sentence, for example ''se cyning'' means 'the king'. It was also used for direct address. Adjectives in the predicate (qualifying a noun on the other side of 'to be') were also in the nominative.
*The '''accusative''' case indicated the direct object of the sentence, for example ''Æþelbald lufode þone cyning'' means "Æþelbald loved the king", where Æþelbald is the subject and the king is the object. Already the accusative had begun to merge with the nominative; it was never distinguished in the plural, or in a neuter noun.
*The '''genitive''' case indicated possession, for example the ''þæs cyninges scip'' is "the ship of the king" or "the king's ship". It also indicated [[partitive]] nouns.
*The '''dative''' case indicated the indirect object of the sentence, for example ''hringas þæm cyninge'' means "rings for the king" or "rings to the king". There were also several verbs that took direct objects in the dative.
*The '''instrumental''' case indicated an instrument used to achieve something, for example, ''lifde sweorde'', "he lived by the sword", where ''sweorde'' is the instrumental form of ''sweord''. During the Old English period, the instrumental was falling out of use, having largely merged with the dative. Only pronouns and strong adjectives retained separate forms for the instrumental.

The small body of evidence we have for [[Runic alphabet|Runic]] texts suggests that there may also have a been a separate [[locative]] case in early or Northumbrian forms of the language (e.g., {{script|Runr|ᚩᚾ ᚱᚩᛞᛁ}} ''on rodi'' "on the Cross").<ref>Page, ''An Introduction to English Runes'', Boydell 1999, p. 230</ref>

In addition to inflection for case, nouns take different endings depending on whether the noun was in the singular (for example, ''hring'' 'one ring') or plural (for example, ''hringas'' 'many rings'). Also, some nouns pluralize by way of [[Germanic umlaut|Umlaut]], and some undergo no pluralizing change in certain cases.

Nouns are also categorized by [[grammatical gender]] – masculine, feminine, or neuter. In general, masculine and neuter words share their endings. Feminine words have their own subset of endings. The plural of some declension types distinguishes between genders, e.g., a-stem masculine nominative plural ''stanas'' "stones" vs. neuter nominative plural ''scipu'' "ships" and ''word'' "words"; or i-stem masculine nominative plural ''sige(as)'' "victories" vs. neuter nominative plural ''sifu'' "sieves" and ''hilt'' "hilts".

Furthermore, Old English nouns are divided as either strong or weak. Weak nouns have their own endings. In general, weak nouns are easier than strong nouns, since they had begun to lose their declensional system. However, there is a great deal of overlap between the various classes of noun: they are not totally distinct from one another.

Old English language grammars often follow the common NOM-ACC-GEN-DAT-INST order used for the Germanic languages.

====Strong nouns====
Here are the strong declensional endings and examples for each gender:
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''The Strong Noun Declension'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || – || -os || – || -u/– || -u/– || -e
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || – || -os || – || -u/– || -e || -e
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || -es || -ō || -es || -ō || -e || -ō
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || -e || -um || -e || -um || -e || -um
|}
For the '-u/–' forms above, the '-u' is used with a root consisting of a single short syllable or ending in a long syllable followed by a short syllable, while roots ending in a long syllable or two short syllables are not inflected. (A long syllable contains a long vowel or is followed by two consonants. Note also that there are some exceptions; for example, feminine nouns ending in -þu such as ''strengþu'' 'strength'.)

{| border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Strong Noun Declension for each Gender'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' engel 'angel'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter''' scip 'ship'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine''' sorg 'sorrow'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || engol || englos || scip || scipu || sorġa || sorġa
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || engol || englos || scip || scipu || sorġa || sorġa
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || engles || englō || scipes || scipō || sorġō || sorġanō
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || engle || englum || scipe || scipum || sorġe || sorġum
|}
Note the [[syncope (phonetics)|syncope]] of the second ''e'' in ''engel'' when an ending follows. This syncope of the vowel in the second syllable occurs with two-syllable strong nouns, which have a long vowel in the first syllable and a second syllable consisting of a short vowel and single consonant (for example, ''engel'', ''wuldor'' 'glory', and ''hēafod'' 'head'). However, this syncope is not always present, so forms such as ''engelas'' may be seen.

====Weak nouns====
Here are the weak declensional endings and examples for each gender:
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''The Weak Noun Declension'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || -e || -on || -a || -on || -a || -a
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || -on || -on || -a || -on || -a || -a
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || -on || -anō || -on || -anō || -ō || -anō
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || -on || -um || -on || -um || -e || -um
|}
{| border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Weak Noun Declension for each Gender'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' name 'name'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter''' oage 'eye'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine''' tunga 'tongue'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || name || namon || ōaġa || ōaġon || tunga || tunga
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || namon || namon || ōaġa || ōaġon || tunga || tunga
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || namon || namanō || ōaġon || ōaġanō || tungō || tunganō
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || namon || namum || ōaġon || ōaġum || tunge || tungum
|}

====Irregular strong nouns====
In addition, masculine and neuter nouns whose main vowel is short 'æ' and end with a single consonant change the vowel to 'a' in the plural (a result of the phonological phenomenon known as [[Anglo-Frisian brightening]]):
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
| style="background:#afefef;" colspan="5"|'''Dæg''' 'day' ''m.''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;"|Case
! style="background:#efefef;"|Singular
! style="background:#efefef;"|Plural
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || dæg || dagas
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || dæg || dagas
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || dæges || daga
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || dæge || dagum
|}

Some masculine and neuter nouns end in -e in their base form. These drop the -e and add normal endings. Note that neuter nouns in -e always have -u in the plural, even with a long vowel:
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Strong Noun Declensions ending in -e'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' ende 'end'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter''' stȳle 'steel'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || ende || endas || stȳle || stȳlu
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || ende || endas || stȳle || stȳlu
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || endes || enda || stȳles || stȳla
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || ende || endum || stȳle || stȳlum
|}

Nouns ending in -h lose this when an ending is added, and lengthen the vowel in compensation (this can result in compression of the ending as well):
{| border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Strong Noun Declensions ending in -h'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' mearh 'horse'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter''' feorh 'life'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' scōh 'shoe'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || mearh || mēaras || feorh || feorh || scōh || scōs
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || mearh || mēaras || feorh || feorh || scōh || scōs
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || mēares || mēara || fēores || fēora || scōs || scōna
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || mēare || mēarum || fēore || fēorum || scō || scōm
|}

Nouns whose stem ends in -w change this to -u or drop it in the nominative singular. (Note that this '-u/–' distinction depends on [[syllable weight]], as for strong nouns, above.)

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Strong Noun Declensions ending in -w'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter''' smeoru 'grease'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine''' sinu 'sinew'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine''' lǣs 'pasture'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || smeoru || smeoru || sinu || sinwa || lǣs || lǣswa}}
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || smeoru || smeoru || sinwe || sinwa, -e || lǣswe || lǣswa, -e
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || smeorwes || smeorwa || sinwe || sinwa || lǣswe || lǣswa
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || smeorwe || smeorwum || sinwe || sinwum || lǣswe || lǣswum
|}

A few nouns follow the -u declension, with an entirely different set of endings. The following examples are both masculine, although feminines also exist, with the same endings (for example ''duru'' 'door' and ''hand'' 'hand'). Note that the '-u/–' distinction in the singular depends on syllable weight, as for strong nouns, above.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the -u Declension'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' sunu 'son'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' feld 'field'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || sunu || suna || feld || felda
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || sunu || suna || feld || felda
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || suna || suna || felda || felda
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || suna || sunum || felda || feldum
|}

====Mutating strong nouns====
There are also some nouns of the consonant declension, which show i-umlaut in some forms.

{| border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Strong Noun Declensions with i-shift'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' fōt 'foot'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine''' hnutu 'nut'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine''' bōc 'book'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || fōt || fēt || hnutu || hnyte || bōc || bēc
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || fōt || fēt || hnutu || hnyte || bōc || bēc
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || fōtes || fōta || hnyte, hnute || hnuta || bēc, bōce || bōca
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || fēt, fōte || fōtum || hnyte, hnute || hnutum || bēc, bōc || bōcum
|}

Other such nouns include (with singular and plural nominative forms given):

Masculine: ''tōþ'', ''tēþ'' 'tooth'; ''mann'', ''menn'' 'man'; ''frēond'', ''frīend'' 'friend'; ''fēond'', ''fīend'' 'enemy' (cf. 'fiend')

Feminine: ''studu'', ''styde'' 'post' (cf. 'stud'); ''hnitu'', ''hnite'' 'nit'; ''āc'', ''ǣc'' 'oak'; ''gāt'', ''gǣt'' 'goat'; ''brōc'', ''brēc'' 'leg covering' (cf. 'breeches'); ''gōs'', ''gēs'' 'goose'; ''burg'', ''byrg'' 'city' (cf. 'borough', '-bury' and German cities in -burg); ''dung'', ''dyng'' 'prison' (cf. 'dungeon' by way of French and Frankish); ''turf'', ''tyrf'' 'turf'; ''grūt'', ''grȳt'' 'meal' (cf. 'grout'); ''lūs'', ''lȳs'' 'louse'; ''mūs'', ''mȳs'' 'mouse'; ''neaht'', ''niht'' 'night'
Feminine with loss of -h in some forms: ''furh'', ''fyrh'' 'furrow' or 'fir'; ''sulh'', ''sylh'' 'plough'; ''þrūh'', ''þrȳh'' 'trough'; ''wlōh'', ''wlēh'' 'fringe'.
Feminine with compression of endings: ''cū'', ''cȳ'' 'cow' (cf. dialectal plural 'kine')

Neuter: In addition, ''scrūd'' 'clothing, garment' has the umlauted dative-singular form ''scrȳd''.

====Nouns of relationship====

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="11"|'''Nouns of Relationship'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' fæder 'father'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' brōðor 'brother'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine''' mōdor 'mother'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine''' sweostor 'sister'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine''' dohtor 'daughter'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || fæder || fæd(e)ras || brōðor || (ge)brōðor || mōdor || mōdra/mōdru || sweostor || (ge)sweostor, -tru, -tra || dohtor || dohtor
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || fæder || fæd(e)ras || brōðor || (ge)brōðor || mōdor || mōdra/mōdru || sweostor || (ge)sweostor, -tru, -tra || dohtor || dohtor
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || fæder || fæd(e)ra || brōðor || (ge)brōðra || mōdor || mōdra || sweostor || (ge)sweostra || dohtor || dohtra
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || fæder || fæderum || brēðer || (ge)brōðrum || mēder || mōdrum || sweostor || (ge)sweostrum || dehter || dohtrum
|}

====Neuter nouns with -r- in the plural====

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
| style="background:#afefef;" colspan="5"|'''Lamb''' 'lamb' ''n.''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;"|Case
! style="background:#efefef;"|Singular
! style="background:#efefef;"|Plural
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || lamb || lambru
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || lamb || lambru
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || lambes || lambra
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || lambe || lambrum
|}

Other such nouns: ''ǣg'', ''ǣgru'' 'egg' (ancestor of the archaic/dialectical form 'ey', plural 'eyren'; the form 'egg' is a borrowing from Old Norse); ''bread'', ''breadru'' 'crumb'; ''cealf'', ''cealfru'' 'calf'; ''cild'' 'child' has either the normal plural ''cild'' or ''cildru'' (cf. 'children', with -en from the weak nouns); ''hǣmed'', ''hǣmedru'' 'cohabitation'; ''speld'', ''speldru'' 'torch'.

===Adjectives===
Adjectives in Old English are declined using the same categories as nouns: five cases (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, and instrumental), three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter), and two numbers (singular, plural). In addition, they can be declined either strong or weak. The weak forms are used in the presence of a definite or possessive determiner, while the strong ones are used in other situations. The weak forms are identical to those for nouns, while the strong forms use a combination of noun and pronoun endings:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''The Strong Adjective Declension'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || – || -e || – || -u/– || -u/– || -e, -a
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || -ne || -e || – || -u/– || -e || -e, -a
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || -es || -ra || -es || -ra || -re || -ra
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || -um || -um || -um || -um || -re || -um
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Instrumental''' || -e || -um || -e || -um || -re || -um
|}
For the '-u/–' forms above, the distinction is the same as for strong nouns.
{| border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Strong Adjective Declension: gōd 'good' '''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || gōd || gōde || gōd || gōd || gōd || gōde, -a
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || gōdne || gōde || gōd || gōd || gōde || gōde, -a
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || gōdes || gōdra || gōdes || gōdra || gōdre || gōdra
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || gōdum || gōdum || gōdum || gōdum || gōdre || gōdum
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Instrumental''' || gōde || gōdum || gōde || gōdum || gōdre || gōdum
|}

{| border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Weak Adjective Declension: gōd 'good' '''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || gōda || gōdan || gōde || gōdan || gōde || gōdan
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || gōdan || gōdan || gōde || gōdan || gōdan || gōdan
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || gōdan || gōdena || gōdan || gōdena || gōdan || gōdena
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || gōdan || gōdum || gōdan || gōdum || gōdan || gōdum
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Instrumental''' || gōdan || gōdum || gōdan || gōdum || gōdan || gōdum
|}

Note that the same variants described above for nouns also exist for adjectives. The following example shows both the æ/a variation and the -u forms in the feminine singular and neuter plural:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Strong Adjective Declension: glæd 'glad' '''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || glæd || glade || glæd || gladu || gladu || glade
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || glædne || glade || glæd || gladu || glade || glade
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || glades || glædra || glades || glædra || glædre || glædra
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || gladum || gladum || gladum || gladum || glædre || gladum
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Instrumental''' || glade || gladum || glade || gladum || glædre || gladum
|}

The following shows an example of an adjective ending with -h:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Strong Adjective Declension: hēah 'high' '''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || hēah || hēa || hēah || hēa || hēa || hēa
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || hēane || hēa || hēah || hēa || hēa || hēa
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || hēas || hēara || hēas || hēara || hēare || hēara
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || hēam || hēam || hēam || hēam || hēare || hēam
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Instrumental''' || hēa || hēam || hēa || hēam || hēare || hēam
|}

The following shows an example of an adjective ending with -w:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Strong Adjective Declension: gearu 'ready' '''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || gearu || gearwe || gearu || gearu || gearu || gearwe
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || gearone || gearwe || gearu || gearu || gearwe || gearwe
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || gearwes || gearora || gearwes || gearora || gearore || gearora
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || gearwum || gearwum || gearwum || gearwum || gearore || gearwum
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Instrumental''' || gearwe || gearwum || gearwe || gearwum || gearore || gearwum
|}

===Determiners===
Old English had two main determiners: ''se'', which could function as both 'the' or 'that', and ''þes'' for 'this'.
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''the/that'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" |'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" |'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" |'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" |'''Feminine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" |'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || se || þæt || sēo || þā
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || þone || þæt || þā || þā
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || þæs || þæs || þǣre || þāra, þǣra
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || þǣm || þǣm || þǣre || þǣm, þām
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Instrumental''' || þȳ, þon || þȳ, þon || – || –
|}

Modern English 'that' descends from the neuter nominative/accusative form,<ref>{{cite web|title=That|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=that|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary|accessdate=28 June 2010}}</ref> and 'the' from the masculine nominative form, with 's' replaced analogously by the 'th' of the other forms.<ref>{{cite web|title=The|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=the|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary|accessdate=28 June 2010}}</ref> The feminine nominative form was probably the source of Modern English 'she.'<ref>{{cite web|title=She|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=she|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary|accessdate=28 June 2010}}</ref>
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''this'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" |'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" |'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" |'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" |'''Feminine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" |'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || þes || þis || þēos || þās
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || þisne || þis || þās || þās
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || þisses || þisses || þisse, þisre || þisra
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || þissum || þissum || þisse, þisre || þissum
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Instrumental''' || þȳs || þȳs || – || –
|}

===Pronouns===
Most pronouns are declined by number, case and gender; in the plural form most pronouns have only one form for all genders. Additionally, Old English pronouns preserve the [[Dual (grammatical number)|dual form]] (which is specifically for talking about groups of two things, for example "we two" or "you two" or "they two"). These were uncommon even then, but remained in use throughout the period.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="4"|'''First Person'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dual'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || icḳ || wit || wī
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || mī, micḳ || unk || ūs
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || mīn || unkore || ūsor
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || mī || unk|| ūs
|}
{| border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="4"|'''Second Person'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dual'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || þū || ġit || ġī
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || þī, þicḳ || inḳ || īow
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || þīn || inḳore || īowor
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || þī || inḳ || īow
|}
{| border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Third Person'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="3"|'''Singular'''
! style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Masc.'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Neut.'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Fem.'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || hī || hit || sīo, hīo || hēa (older ''hīea'') ''m.'', hīo ''f.''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || hina || hit || sīa, hīa || hēa (older ''hīea'') ''m.'', hīe ''f.''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || his || his || hira || hire ''m.'', here ''f.''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || him || him || hire || him, hem
|}

Many of the forms above bear strong resemblances to their contemporary English language equivalents: for instance in the genitive case ''ēower'' became "your", ''ūre'' became "our", ''mīn'' became "mine".

===Prepositions===
Prepositions often follow the word which they govern, in which case they are called ''[[postposition]]s''. Also, so that the object of a preposition was marked in the dative case, a preposition may conceivably be located anywhere in the sentence, even appended to the verb. The infinitive is not declined.

The following is a list of prepositions in the Old Auregan. Many of them, particularly
those marked "etc.", are found in other variant spellings. [[Prepositions]] may govern the
[[accusative case|accusative]], [[genitive case|genitive]], [[dative case|dative]] or [[instrumental case|instrumental]]
[[Declension|cases]] - the question of which is beyond the scope of this article.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border="1" cellpadding="3"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|Prepositions
|-
! style="background:#efefef;"| Old Auregan || Definition ||| Notes
|-
|æftor||after; along, through, during; according to, by means of; about.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''aftor''', Related to [[Dutch language|Dutch]] '''achter''' = behind, after
|-
|ēar||before||Related to Old English '''ær''', modern [[German language|German]] '''eher''' and [[Dutch language|Dutch]] '''eer''', ancestor of Oxman '''ear-'''
|-
|at||at, to|| Ancestor of Oxman '''at-''' (only in compounds)
|-
|ond||against, before, on.|| Ancestor of oxman '''ond-''', related to Dutch '''ont-'''
|-
|ondlæng||along|| Ancestor of modern '''along'''
|-
|bæftan||after, behind; without.|| From '''bi-''' and '''*æft''' (found in '''æftor''')
|-
|bī||by, near to, to, at, in, on, upon, about, with|| Related to modern Oxman '''bie''', Dutch '''bij''', German '''bei''', ancestor of modern '''by'''
|-
|bifōran||before.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''befoar''' and '''beforn'''
|-
|biġiendan||beyond.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''beyendon'''
|-
|bihindor||behind.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''behindor'''
|-
|binnan||in, within|| Ancestor of Oxman '''binnon''', from '''bi-''' + '''innan'''
|-
|bineðan||beneath|| Ancestor of Oxman '''benethon'''
|-
|bitwisc||between, among, amid, in the midst|| Ancestors of Oxman '''betwisc'''
|-
|bīrihte||straight into||| Ancestor of Oxman '''bieright''' (also aright from '''*anrihte''')
|-
|būƀan||above.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''bovon'''
|-
|būtan||out of, against; without, except.|| Ancestor of '''bauton''', from '''bi-''' + '''auton'''
|-
|ōak||with, in addition to, besides.||Related to modern Dutch '''ook'''
|-
|fan||by|| Ancestor of Oxman '''fan''', Related to Dutch '''van''' and German '''von''', corresponds to a compound of '''af''' and '''an'''
|-
|fur||for, on account of, because of, with, by; according to; instead of.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''fur'''
|-
|fōra||before|| Ancestor of Oxman '''foar'''
|-
|fram||from; concerning, about, of|| Ancestor of Oxman '''fram'''
|-
|ġimæng, ġimang, ġimong||among|| Ancestor of Oxman '''emong'''
|-
|ġiend||through, throughout, over, as far as, among, in, after, beyond.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''yends''' and '''yendor'''
|-
|in||in, into, to|| Ancestor of modern '''in'''
|-
|innan||in, into, within, from within || Ancestor of Oxman '''innon'''
|-
|mid||with, against|| Ancestor of modern '''mid'''
|-
|nāh||near|| Ancestor of Oxman '''nagh-''' (only in compounds)
|-
|nefne||except|| Ancestor of Oxman '''nevon''' (unless)
|-
|af||of, from, out of, off|| Ancestor of modern '''af'''
|-
|oƀor||above, over; upon, on, more than|| Ancestor of modern '''ovor'''
|-
|an||at, to, in|| Ancestor of Oxman '''an''' and '''a-'''
|-
|anbūtan||concerning|| Ancestor of Dialectal Oxman '''abauton'''
|-
|anġeġin||opposite, against; towards; in reply to.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''ayeyon''' (towards)
|-
|sæmt, sæmd||together with, at.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''samt''' (only used in '''samt mid''' or in compounds)
|-
|tō||to, at.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''tœ'''
|-
|teġeġines||towards, against|| Ancestor of Oxman '''teyons'''
|-
|tōmiddes||in the midst of, amidst|| Ancestor of Oxman '''tœmids'''
|-
|tōward(es)||toward|| Ancestor of modern tœwards
|-
|þurh||through||Ancestor of Oxman '''thurgh''', Related to modern Dutch '''door''', German '''durch''', English '''through'''
|-
|undor||under|| Ancestor of modern '''undor'''
|-
|undorneðan||underneath|| Ancestor of modern '''undornethon'''
|-
|uppan||upon, on|| Ancestor of dialectical Oxman '''uppon'''.
|-
|ūtan||without, outside of||Ancestor of '''auton''', related to modern German '''außen, außer''' and Swedish '''utan'''
|-
|wiðor||towards, to; with, against; opposite to; by, near.|| Ancestor of modern '''withor-'''. Related to modern German '''wider'''
|-
|umb(i)||about, by|| Ancestor of Oxman '''umb''' (around, about); Related to German '''um''' and Latin '''ambi'''
|-
|umbūtan||about, around; concerning|| Ancestor of archaic Oxman '''umbbauton''' (concerning, around)
|}

[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Germanic]]

Old Auregan

2013-01-20T14:19:09Z

Ealdwimor: /* Weak verbs */

{{private}}

{{ClassMeter
|Name = Old Auregan
|NativeName = Auregisc, Wexisc
|Type = Mixed
|Alignment = Nominative-Accusative

|adjective = final
|adposition = final
|adverb= initial
|article= initial
|relativeclause = final
|nounclause = final
|order = SVO

|Tonal = yes
|Declined = yes
|Conjugated = yes
|Genders = 3
|NCase = yes
|NNumber = yes
|NDefiniteness = no
|NGender = yes
|VVoice = yes
|VMood = yes
|VPerson = yes
|VNumber = yes
|VTense = yes
|VAspect = yes

|Phonology=100
|NounCases=100
|NounDef=100
|NounNumbers=100
|NounGender=100
|VerbPerson=100
|VerbNumber=100
|VerbAspect=100
|VerbTense=100
|VerbMood=80
|VerbVoice=50
|AdjCase=100
|AdjNumber=100
|AdjDef=100
|AdjGen=100
|AdjComparative=100
|AdjSuperlative=100
|AdjGen=100
|Supine=100
|Gerund=100
|Participle=100
|Infinitive=100
|Modality=70
|Words=0}}

=General informations=

'''Oxman''' is a Germanic language spoken in the ''Duché du Héron'' (= Shire of Le Héron), a shire that corresponds to the eastern region of Seine-Marirtime in France.
This language has evolved from [[Old Oxman]] which evolved from [[Old Auregan]] which is the first recorded form of Auregan language. Auregan language area corresponds to the "Vexin Normand" (a region situated just south to "Duché du héron"). A Oxman speaking colony also exists near the city of Coventry, Warwickshire, Midlands, England.
Oxman is a West-Germanic language that is strongly linked to Dutch, Modern English, Low German and Modern German.

Here is a table which sums up the main characteristics of this language:

{{agreement
|VerbGender =
|VerbCases =
|VerbNumber = yes
|VerbTenses = yes
|VerbPerson = yes
|VerbMoods = yes
|VerbVoices = yes
|VerbAspect = yes

|NounGender = yes
|NounCases =
|NounNumber = yes
|NounTenses =
|NounPerson =
|NounMoods =
|NounVoices =

|AdjectiveGender =
|AdjectiveCases =
|AdjectiveNumber = yes
|AdjectiveTenses =
|AdjectivePerson =
|AdjectiveMoods =
|AdjectiveVoices =

|NumberGender =
|NumberCases =
|NumberNumber =
|NumberTenses =
|NumberPerson =
|NumberMoods =
|NumberVoices =

|ParticipleGender =
|ParticipleCases =
|ParticipleNumber = yes
|ParticipleTenses =
|ParticiplePerson =
|ParticipleMoods =
|ParticipleVoices = yes

|AdverbGender =
|AdverbCases =
|AdverbNumber =
|AdverbTenses =
|AdverbPerson =
|AdverbMoods =
|AdverbVoices =

|PronounGender = yes
|PronounCases = yes
|PronounNumber = yes
|PronounTenses =
|PronounPerson = yes
|PronounMoods =
|PronounVoices =

|AdpositionGender = yes
|AdpositionCases =
|AdpositionNumber = yes
|AdpositionTenses =
|AdpositionPerson =
|AdpositionMoods =
|AdpositionVoices =

|ArticleGender = yes
|ArticleCases = yes
|ArticleNumber = yes
|ArticleTenses =
|ArticlePerson =
|ArticleMoods =
|ArticleVoices =

|ParticleGender =
|ParticleCases =
|ParticleNumber =
|ParticleTenses =
|ParticlePerson =
|ParticleMoods =
|ParticleVoices =
}}

=Phonology=

==Alphabet==

Oxman alphabet uses letters from Latin alphabet and contains 25 characters:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!Letters
!Pronunciation
!Further information
|-
|a
|[a]
|short 'a'
|-
|b
|[b]
|like in English
|-
|c
|[tʃ]
|like the English 'ch' in 'church'
|-
|d
|[d]
|like in English
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e:]
|in plural cluster -es it is not pronounced
|-
|f
|[f]
|like in English
|-
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronunced as in the English word "get"
|-
|h
|[h]
|like in English
|-
|i
|[ɪ]
|short 'i'
|-
|j
|[j]
|like English 'y'
|-
|k
|[k]
|like in English
|-
|l
|[l]
|like in English
|-
|m
|[m]
|like in English
|-
|n
|[n]
|like in English
|-
|o
|[ɔ] / [oʊ:]
|like in English
|-
|p
|[p]
|like in English
|-
|q
|[k]
|often followed by 'u', in latin words beginning with 'qu'
|-
|r
|[r]
|trilled just as in Dutch or in Italian
|-
|s
|[s]
|can be either voiced or voiceless
|-
|t
|[t]
|like in English
|-
|u
|[œ]
|short 'u' in 'but'
|-
|v
|[v]
|like in English
|-
|w
|[ʋ]
|between 'v' and 'w', just as in Dutch
|-
|y
|[j]
|between French letter 'j' in 'jouer' and English 'y' in 'year', as a vowel like a French 'u' or as English 'y' in 'why' when at the end of a word followed by a 'e' (cf. Oxman 'wye?' meaning 'why?' pronounced as in English);
|-
|æ
|[ɑ:]
|long 'a'
|-
|œ
|[u]
|as 'oo' in 'boot'
|}

==Consonantic phonemes==

Old Auregan language had the following consonantic phonemes:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" {{Table/bluetable}} style="width: 860px; "
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; "|
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Bilabial
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Labio-dental
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Dental
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Alveolar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Post-alveolar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Palatal
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Labio-Velar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Velar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Glottal
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Nasal
| style="text-align: center;"|m
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|n
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|(ŋ)
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Plosive
| style="text-align: center;"|p b
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|t d
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|k g
| style="text-align: center;"|ʔ
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Fricative
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|f v
| style="text-align: center;"|θ ð
| style="text-align: center;"|s z
| style="text-align: center;"|ʃ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|x
| style="text-align: center;"|h
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Affricate
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ts dz
| style="text-align: center;"|tʃ dʒ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Approximant
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ɹ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|j
| style="text-align: center;"|ʍ w
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Lateral
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|l
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|}

==Vocalic phonemes==

Oxman shows the following vowels:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! rowspan="2" colspan="1"|'''Phonemes'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Short'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Long'''
|-
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-
!'''Closed'''
|ɪ
|ʊ
|i:
|u:
|-
!'''Mid-closed'''
|
|
|e:
|o:
|-
!'''Mid-open'''
|ɛ
|ɔ
|
|
|-
!'''Open'''
|a
|
|
|ɑ:
|}

==Diphthongs and digraphs==

Old Auregan had also twenty diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Diphthongs'''
|'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|īo
|[i:eɪ]
|-
|īa
|[i:a]
|-
|ēa
|[e:aɪ]
|}

==Stress==

The position of stress in this language is quite regular, because it falls on the root and thus there are few rules to observe:

* In substantives (and in adjectives and adverbs) the stress generally falls on the first syllable, but if they are compound nouns / adjectives, formed by prefix + noun / adjective, the stress falls on the root syllable of the noun / adjective. In compounds which are formed by noun / adjective + noun / adjective, the various words are read as if they were written separately;

* In verbs the stress falls always on the root, even if they are compounds, ex.: ''emæke'', "to make up", is read as [ə''''ma:'''kə].

=Grammar=
==Morphology==
===Verbs===
Verbs in Old Auregan are divided into [[strong inflection|strong]] or [[weak inflection|weak]] verbs. Strong verbs indicate tense by a change in the quality of a [[vowel]], while weak verbs indicate tense by the addition of an ending.

====Strong verbs====
Strong verbs use the Germanic form of [[grammatical conjugation|conjugation]] known as [[Indo-European ablaut|''ablaut'']]. In this form of conjugation, the stem of the word changes to indicate the tense. Verbs like this persist in modern Oxman; for example ''singe, song, esungen'' is a strong verb, as are ''swimbe, swomb, eswumben'' and ''ciese, coas, ecosen''. The root portion of the word changes rather than its ending. In Old Auregan, there were seven major classes of strong verb; each class has its own pattern of stem changes. Learning these is often a challenge for students of the language, though English speakers may see connections between the old verb classes and their modern forms.

The classes had the following distinguishing features to their infinitive stems:
<ol type="I">
<li>ī + one consonant.
<li>īo or ū + one consonant.
<li>e + two consonants.
<li>e + 1 consonant (usually l or r, plus the verb ''brecan'' 'to break').
<li>e + 1 consonant (usually a stop or a fricative).
<li>a + 1 consonant.
<li>Other than the above.
</ol>
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="6"|'''Stem changes in strong verbs'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Class'''
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Root weight'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Infinitive'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''First preterite'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Second preterite'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Past participle'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''I''' || heavy || ī || ēa || i || i
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''II''' || heavy || īo ''or'' ū || ōa || u || o
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''III''' || heavy || colspan=4|''see table below''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''IV''' || light|| e(+r/l) || a || ā (originally ǣ) || o
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''V''' || light|| e(+''other'') || a || ā (originally ǣ) || e
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''VI''' || light || a || ō || ō || a
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''VII''' || heavy || ō, ēa, ōa, æ, ǣ, ō|| colspan=2|e, ǣ ''or'' īo || same as infinitive
|}

The first [[preterite]] stem is used in the preterite, for the [[grammatical person|first-]] and third-person [[Grammatical number|singular]]. The second preterite stem is used for second-person singular, and all persons in the [[plural]] (as well as the preterite [[Subjunctive mood|subjunctive]]). Strong verbs also exhibit [[I-mutation#I-mutation in Old Auregan|i-mutation]] of the stem in the second- and third-person singular in the [[present tense]].

The second sound change to affect it was the influence of palatal sounds <g>, <k>, and <sc>. These turned preceding <e> and <a> to and <æ>, respectively.

The third sound change turned <e> to , <æ> to <a>, and <o> to before nasals.

Altogether, this split the third class into five sub-classes:
<ol type="a">
<li>e + two consonants (apart from clusters beginning with l).
<li>e + r or h + another consonant.
<li>e + l + another consonant.
<li>g, c, or sc + i + two consonants.
<li>i + nasal + another consonant.
</ol>
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="5"|'''Stem changes in Class III'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Sub-class'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Infinitive'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''First preterite'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Second preterite'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Past participle'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''a''' || e || a || u || o
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''b''' || e || a || u || o
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''c''' || e || e || u || o
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''d''' || i || e || u || o
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''e''' || i || a || u || u
|}

Regular strong verbs were all conjugated roughly the same, with the main differences being in the stem vowel. Thus ''stelan'' 'to steal' represents the strong verb conjugation paradigm.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Conjugation'''
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Pronoun'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'steal'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2" colspan="2"|'''Infinitives'''
| stelan
|-
| te stelenne
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Present indicative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic''' || stelo
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þû''' || stilst
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hî/hit/sîo''' || stilþ
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || stelað
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="4"|'''Past indicative'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic''' || stal
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þû''' || stāli
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hî/hit/sîo''' || stal
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || stālon
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2"|'''Present subjunctive'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic/þû/hî/hit/sîo''' || stele
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|''' wî/gî/hêa ''' || stelen
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2"|'''Past subjunctive'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic/þû/hî/hit/sîo''' || stāle
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || stālin
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2"|'''Imperative'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular''' || stel
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural''' || stelað
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"| '''Present participle''' || stelendi
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Past participle''' || gestolon
|}

====Weak verbs====

Weak verbs are formed by adding alveolar (''t'' or ''d'') endings to the stem for the past and past-participle tenses. Some examples are ''love, loved'' or ''look, looked''.

Originally, the weak ending was used to form the preterite of informal, noun-derived verbs such as often emerge in conversation and which have no established system of stem-change. By nature, these verbs were almost always transitive, and even today, most weak verbs are transitive verbs formed in the same way.

The linguistic trends of borrowing foreign verbs and verbalizing nouns have greatly increased the number of weak verbs over the last 1,200 years. Some verbs that were originally strong (for example ''helpe, holp, eholpen'' is now more and more replaced by ''helpe, helpte, ehelpt'') have become weak by analogy; most foreign verbs are adopted as weak verbs; and when verbs are made from nouns (for example "to scroll" or "to water") the resulting verb is weak. Additionally, conjugation of weak verbs is easier to teach, since there are fewer classes of variation. In combination, these factors have drastically increased the number of weak verbs, so that in modern Oxman weak verbs are the most numerous and productive form.

There are three major classes of weak verbs in Old Auregan. The first class displays i-mutation in the root, and the second class none. There is also a third class explained below.

Class-one verbs with short roots exhibit [[West Germanic gemination|gemination]] of the final stem consonant in certain forms. With verbs in <r>, this appears as <ri>. Geminated <ƀ> appears as <bb>, and that of <ġ> appears as <dġ>. Class-one verbs may receive an [[Epenthesis|epenthetic]] vowel before endings beginning in a consonant.

Where class-one verbs have gemination, class-two verbs have , which is a separate syllable pronounced [i]. All class-two verbs have an epenthetic vowel, which appears as <a> or <o>.

In the following table, three verbs are conjugated. ''Swebban'' 'to put to sleep' is a class-one verb exhibiting gemination and an epenthetic vowel. ''Hêalean'' 'to heal' is a class-one verb exhibiting neither gemination nor an epenthetic vowel. ''Sîðeon'' 'to travel' is a class-two verb.
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Conjugation'''
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Pronoun'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'put to sleep'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'heal'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'travel'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2" colspan="2"|'''Infinitives'''
| swebbean || hêalean || sîþeon
|-
| te swebbeanne || te hêaleanne || te sîþeonne
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Present indicative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic''' || swebbeo || hêaleo || sîþeo
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þû''' || sweƀest || hêalest || sîþest
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hî/hit/îo''' || sweƀeð || hêaleþ || sîþeð
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || swebbeað || hêaleað || sîþeoð
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="4"|'''Past indicative'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic''' || sweƀoda || hêalda || sîþoda
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þû''' || sweƀodest || hêaldest || sîþodest
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hî/hit/sîo''' || sweƀoda || hêalda || sîþoda
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || sweƀodon || hêaldon || sîþodon
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2"|'''Present subjunctive'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic/þû/hî/hit/sîo''' || swebbe || hêale || sîþe
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|''' wî/gî/hêa ''' || swebben || hêalen || sîþen
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2"|'''Past subjunctive'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic/þû/hî/hit/sîo''' || sweƀodi || hêaldi || sîþodi
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || sweƀodin || hêaldin || sîþodin
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2"|'''Imperative'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular''' || sweƀe || hêale || sîþe
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural''' || swebbeað || hêaleað || sîþeað
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"| '''Present participle''' || sweƀendi || hêalendi || sîþende
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Past participle''' || gesweƀed || gehêaled || gesîþeod
|}

During the Old Auregan period, the third class was significantly reduced; only four verbs belonged to this group: ''hebbean'' 'have', ''libbean'' 'live', ''sedgean'' 'say', and ''hudġean'' 'think'. Each of these verbs is distinctly irregular, though they share some commonalities.
{|{{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Conjugation'''
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Pronoun'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'have'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'live'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'say'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'think'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Infinitive''' || hebbean || libbean || sedgean || hudġean
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Present indicative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''icḳ''' || hebbeo || libbeo || sedġeo || hudġeo
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þū''' || haƀest || liƀest || sagest || hogest
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hī/hit/sīo''' || haƀeþ || liƀeþ || sageþ || hogeþ
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wī/ġī/hēa''' || habbeað || libbeað || sedgeað || hudgeað
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" |'''Past indicative'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''(all persons)''' || hafda || lifda || sagda || hogda
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" |'''Present subjunctive'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''(all persons)''' || hebbe || libbe || sedge || hudge
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" |'''Past subjunctive'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''(all persons)''' || hafdi || lifdi || sagdi || hogdi
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2"|'''Imperative'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular''' || haƀe || liƀe || sage || hoge
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural''' || hebbeað || libbeað || sedgeað || hudgeað
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"| '''Present participle''' || hebbendi || libbendi || sedgendi || hudgendi
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Past participle''' || gehafd || gelifd ||gesagd || gehogd
|}

====Preterite-present verbs====
The preterite-present verbs are a class of verbs which have a present tense in the form of a strong preterite and a past tense like the past of a weak verb. These verbs derive from the subjunctive or optative use of preterite forms to refer to present or future time. For example, ''witan'', "to know" comes from a verb which originally meant "to have seen" (cf. OA '''wīsa''' "manner, mode, appearance"; Latin '''videre''' "to see" from the same root). The present singular is formed from the original singular preterite stem and the present plural from the original plural preterite stem. As a result of this history, the first-person singular and third-person singular are the same in the present.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Conjugation'''
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Pronoun'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'know how to'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'be able to, can'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'be obliged to'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'know'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'own'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'avail'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'dare'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'remember'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'need'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'be allowed to'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'grant, allow'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'use, enjoy'
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" colspan="2"|'''Modern Descendant'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'kunne'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'muye'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'sculle'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'wite'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'eye'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'*duye'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'durre'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'*mune'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'thurve'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'mœte’
! style="background:#efefef;"|'*unne'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'enuye'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Infinitives'''
| kunnan || mugan || sculan || witan || ēagan || dugan || durran || munan || þurƀan || mōtan || unnan || ġinugan
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Present Indicative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''icḳ''' || kan || mag || scal || wēat || ēah || dōag || dar || man || þarf || mōt || an || ġinah
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þū''' || kanst || maht || scalt || wēast || ēahst || dōahst || darst || manst || þarft || mōst || anst || ġinaht
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hī/hit/sīo''' || kan || mag || scal || wēat || ēah || deah || dar || man || þarf || mōt || an || ġinah
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wī/ġī/hēa''' || kunnon || mugon || sculon || witon || ēagon || dugon || durron || munon || þurƀon || mōton || unnon || ġinugon
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Past Indicative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''icḳ''' || kūða || mæhta || scolda || wista || ēahta || dohta || dorsta || munda || þorfta || mōsta || ūða || ġinohta
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þū''' || kūðest || mæhtest || scoldest || wistest || ēahtest || dohtest || dorstest || mundest || þorftest || mōstest || ūðest || ġinohtest
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hī/hit/sīo''' || kūða || mæhta || scolda || wista || ēahta || dohta || dorsta || munda || þorfta || mōsta || ūða || ġinohta
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wī/ġī/hēa''' || kūðon || mæhton || scoldon || wiston || ēahton || dohton || dorston || mundon || þorfton || mōston || ūðon || ġinohton
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="3"|'''Present Subjunctive'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''icḳ/þū/hī/hit/sīo''' || kunni || mugi || sculi || witi || ēagi || dugi || durri || muni || þurƀi || mōti || unni || ġinugi
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|''' wī/ġī/hēa ''' || kunnin || mugin || sculin || witin || ēagin || dugin || durrin || munin || þurƀin || mōtin || unnin || ġinugin
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="3"|'''Past Subjunctive'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''icḳ/þū/hī/hit/sīo''' || kūði || mæhti || scoldi || wisti || ēahti || dohti || dorsti || mundi || þorfti || mōsti || ūði || ġinohti
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wī/ġī/hēa''' || kūðin || mæhtin || scoldin || wistin || ēahtin || dohtin || dorstin || mundin || þorftin || mōstin || ūðin || ġinohtin
|}

[Forms above with asterisk (*) rare, archaic or dialectal.]

==== Anomalous verbs ====
Additionally there is a further group of four verbs which are anomalous, the verbs "want" (modern "will"), "do", "go" and "be". These four have their own conjugation schemes which differ significantly from all the other classes of verb. This is not especially unusual: "want", "do", "go", and "be" are the most commonly used verbs in the language, and are very important to the meaning of the sentences in which they are used. Idiosyncratic patterns of inflection are much more common with important items of vocabulary than with rarely-used ones.

''Dōn'' 'to do' and ''gān'' 'to go' are conjugated alike; ''willan'' 'to want' is similar outside of the present tense.
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Conjugation'''
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Pronoun'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'do'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'go'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'will'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Infinitive''' || style="background:#efefef;"|– || dōn || gān || willan
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Present Indicative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic''' || dō(m) || gā || will
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þū''' || dēst || gǣst || wilt
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hē/hit/hēo''' || dēþ || gǣþ || will
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wē/gē/hīe''' || dōð || gāð || willað
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="4"|'''Past Indicative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic/hē/hit/hēo''' || deda || igda || wolde
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þū''' || dedest || igdest || woldest
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wē/gē/hīe''' || dedon || igdon || woldon
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Present Subjunctive''' || style="background:#efefef;"|'''(all persons)''' || dō || gā || will
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Past Subjunctive''' || style="background:#efefef;"|'''(all persons)''' || deda || igda || wolda
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"| '''Present Participle''' || dōndi || – || willendi
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Past Participle''' || gidōn || gigān / gigangon || –
|}

The verb 'to be' is actually composed of three different stems:
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Conjugation'''
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Pronoun'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''sīn'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''bīon'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''wesan'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Infinitive''' || style="background:#efefef;"|– || sīn || *bīon || wesan
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Present Indicative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''icḳ''' || em || bīom || *weso
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þū''' || art || bist || *wesest
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hī/hit/sīo''' || is || *biþ || *west
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wī/ġī/hēa''' || āron, sind(on) || *bīoð || wesað
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Past Indicative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''icḳ''' || – || – || was
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þū''' || – || – || wāri
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hī/hit/sīo''' || – || – || was
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wī/ġī/hēa''' || – || – || wāron
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="3"|'''Present Subjunctive'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''icḳ/þū/hī/hit/sīo''' || sīe || *bīe || wese
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wī/ġī/hēa''' || sīen || *bīen || wesen
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="3"|'''Past Subjunctive'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''icḳ/þū/hī/hit/sīo''' || – || – || wāri
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wī/ġī/hēa''' || – || – || wārin
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="3"|'''Imperative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''(singular)''' || – || *bīo || wes
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''(plural)''' || – || *bīoð || wesað
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Present Participle''' || – || *bīondi || wesendi
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Past Participle''' || – || *ġibīon || ġiweson
|}
The present forms of ''wesan'' are almost never used. Therefore, ''wesan'' is used as the past, imperative, and present participle versions of ''sindon'', and does not have a separate meaning. The ''bēon'' forms are usually used in reference to future actions. Only the present forms of ''bēon'' contrast with the present forms of ''sindon''/''wesan'' in that ''bēon'' tends to be used to refer to eternal or permanent truths, while ''sindon''/''wesan'' is used more commonly to refer to temporary or subjective facts. This semantic distinction was lost as Old English developed into modern English, so that the modern verb 'to be' is a single verb which takes its present indicative forms from ''sindon,'' its past indicative forms from ''wesan,'' its present subjunctive forms from ''bēon,'' its past subjunctive forms from ''wesan,'' and its imperative and participle forms from ''bēon.'' In late OE and ME, the form earon/earun, from the [[Old Norse]] erun, replaced bēoþ and sind (See also [[List of English words of Old Norse origin]]).

===Nouns===
Old English is an [[inflection|inflected]] language, and as such its [[noun]]s, [[pronoun]]s, [[adjective]]s and [[determiner (linguistics)|determiners]] must be [[Declension|declined]] in order to serve a grammatical function. A set of declined forms of the same word pattern is called a declension. As in several other ancient [[Germanic languages]], there are five major [[Grammatical case|cases]]: [[nominative]], [[accusative]], [[dative]], [[genitive]] and [[Instrumental case|instrumental]].

*The '''nominative''' case indicated the subject of the sentence, for example ''se cyning'' means 'the king'. It was also used for direct address. Adjectives in the predicate (qualifying a noun on the other side of 'to be') were also in the nominative.
*The '''accusative''' case indicated the direct object of the sentence, for example ''Æþelbald lufode þone cyning'' means "Æþelbald loved the king", where Æþelbald is the subject and the king is the object. Already the accusative had begun to merge with the nominative; it was never distinguished in the plural, or in a neuter noun.
*The '''genitive''' case indicated possession, for example the ''þæs cyninges scip'' is "the ship of the king" or "the king's ship". It also indicated [[partitive]] nouns.
*The '''dative''' case indicated the indirect object of the sentence, for example ''hringas þæm cyninge'' means "rings for the king" or "rings to the king". There were also several verbs that took direct objects in the dative.
*The '''instrumental''' case indicated an instrument used to achieve something, for example, ''lifde sweorde'', "he lived by the sword", where ''sweorde'' is the instrumental form of ''sweord''. During the Old English period, the instrumental was falling out of use, having largely merged with the dative. Only pronouns and strong adjectives retained separate forms for the instrumental.

The small body of evidence we have for [[Runic alphabet|Runic]] texts suggests that there may also have a been a separate [[locative]] case in early or Northumbrian forms of the language (e.g., {{script|Runr|ᚩᚾ ᚱᚩᛞᛁ}} ''on rodi'' "on the Cross").<ref>Page, ''An Introduction to English Runes'', Boydell 1999, p. 230</ref>

In addition to inflection for case, nouns take different endings depending on whether the noun was in the singular (for example, ''hring'' 'one ring') or plural (for example, ''hringas'' 'many rings'). Also, some nouns pluralize by way of [[Germanic umlaut|Umlaut]], and some undergo no pluralizing change in certain cases.

Nouns are also categorized by [[grammatical gender]] – masculine, feminine, or neuter. In general, masculine and neuter words share their endings. Feminine words have their own subset of endings. The plural of some declension types distinguishes between genders, e.g., a-stem masculine nominative plural ''stanas'' "stones" vs. neuter nominative plural ''scipu'' "ships" and ''word'' "words"; or i-stem masculine nominative plural ''sige(as)'' "victories" vs. neuter nominative plural ''sifu'' "sieves" and ''hilt'' "hilts".

Furthermore, Old English nouns are divided as either strong or weak. Weak nouns have their own endings. In general, weak nouns are easier than strong nouns, since they had begun to lose their declensional system. However, there is a great deal of overlap between the various classes of noun: they are not totally distinct from one another.

Old English language grammars often follow the common NOM-ACC-GEN-DAT-INST order used for the Germanic languages.

====Strong nouns====
Here are the strong declensional endings and examples for each gender:
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''The Strong Noun Declension'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || – || -os || – || -u/– || -u/– || -e
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || – || -os || – || -u/– || -e || -e
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || -es || -ō || -es || -ō || -e || -ō
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || -e || -um || -e || -um || -e || -um
|}
For the '-u/–' forms above, the '-u' is used with a root consisting of a single short syllable or ending in a long syllable followed by a short syllable, while roots ending in a long syllable or two short syllables are not inflected. (A long syllable contains a long vowel or is followed by two consonants. Note also that there are some exceptions; for example, feminine nouns ending in -þu such as ''strengþu'' 'strength'.)

{| border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Strong Noun Declension for each Gender'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' engel 'angel'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter''' scip 'ship'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine''' sorg 'sorrow'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || engol || englos || scip || scipu || sorġa || sorġa
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || engol || englos || scip || scipu || sorġa || sorġa
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || engles || englō || scipes || scipō || sorġō || sorġanō
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || engle || englum || scipe || scipum || sorġe || sorġum
|}
Note the [[syncope (phonetics)|syncope]] of the second ''e'' in ''engel'' when an ending follows. This syncope of the vowel in the second syllable occurs with two-syllable strong nouns, which have a long vowel in the first syllable and a second syllable consisting of a short vowel and single consonant (for example, ''engel'', ''wuldor'' 'glory', and ''hēafod'' 'head'). However, this syncope is not always present, so forms such as ''engelas'' may be seen.

====Weak nouns====
Here are the weak declensional endings and examples for each gender:
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''The Weak Noun Declension'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || -e || -on || -a || -on || -a || -a
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || -on || -on || -a || -on || -a || -a
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || -on || -anō || -on || -anō || -ō || -anō
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || -on || -um || -on || -um || -e || -um
|}
{| border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Weak Noun Declension for each Gender'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' name 'name'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter''' oage 'eye'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine''' tunga 'tongue'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || name || namon || ōaġa || ōaġon || tunga || tunga
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || namon || namon || ōaġa || ōaġon || tunga || tunga
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || namon || namanō || ōaġon || ōaġanō || tungō || tunganō
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || namon || namum || ōaġon || ōaġum || tunge || tungum
|}

====Irregular strong nouns====
In addition, masculine and neuter nouns whose main vowel is short 'æ' and end with a single consonant change the vowel to 'a' in the plural (a result of the phonological phenomenon known as [[Anglo-Frisian brightening]]):
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
| style="background:#afefef;" colspan="5"|'''Dæg''' 'day' ''m.''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;"|Case
! style="background:#efefef;"|Singular
! style="background:#efefef;"|Plural
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || dæg || dagas
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || dæg || dagas
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || dæges || daga
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || dæge || dagum
|}

Some masculine and neuter nouns end in -e in their base form. These drop the -e and add normal endings. Note that neuter nouns in -e always have -u in the plural, even with a long vowel:
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Strong Noun Declensions ending in -e'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' ende 'end'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter''' stȳle 'steel'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || ende || endas || stȳle || stȳlu
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || ende || endas || stȳle || stȳlu
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || endes || enda || stȳles || stȳla
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || ende || endum || stȳle || stȳlum
|}

Nouns ending in -h lose this when an ending is added, and lengthen the vowel in compensation (this can result in compression of the ending as well):
{| border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Strong Noun Declensions ending in -h'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' mearh 'horse'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter''' feorh 'life'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' scōh 'shoe'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || mearh || mēaras || feorh || feorh || scōh || scōs
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || mearh || mēaras || feorh || feorh || scōh || scōs
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || mēares || mēara || fēores || fēora || scōs || scōna
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || mēare || mēarum || fēore || fēorum || scō || scōm
|}

Nouns whose stem ends in -w change this to -u or drop it in the nominative singular. (Note that this '-u/–' distinction depends on [[syllable weight]], as for strong nouns, above.)

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Strong Noun Declensions ending in -w'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter''' smeoru 'grease'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine''' sinu 'sinew'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine''' lǣs 'pasture'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || smeoru || smeoru || sinu || sinwa || lǣs || lǣswa}}
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || smeoru || smeoru || sinwe || sinwa, -e || lǣswe || lǣswa, -e
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || smeorwes || smeorwa || sinwe || sinwa || lǣswe || lǣswa
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || smeorwe || smeorwum || sinwe || sinwum || lǣswe || lǣswum
|}

A few nouns follow the -u declension, with an entirely different set of endings. The following examples are both masculine, although feminines also exist, with the same endings (for example ''duru'' 'door' and ''hand'' 'hand'). Note that the '-u/–' distinction in the singular depends on syllable weight, as for strong nouns, above.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the -u Declension'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' sunu 'son'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' feld 'field'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || sunu || suna || feld || felda
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || sunu || suna || feld || felda
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || suna || suna || felda || felda
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || suna || sunum || felda || feldum
|}

====Mutating strong nouns====
There are also some nouns of the consonant declension, which show i-umlaut in some forms.

{| border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Strong Noun Declensions with i-shift'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' fōt 'foot'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine''' hnutu 'nut'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine''' bōc 'book'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || fōt || fēt || hnutu || hnyte || bōc || bēc
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || fōt || fēt || hnutu || hnyte || bōc || bēc
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || fōtes || fōta || hnyte, hnute || hnuta || bēc, bōce || bōca
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || fēt, fōte || fōtum || hnyte, hnute || hnutum || bēc, bōc || bōcum
|}

Other such nouns include (with singular and plural nominative forms given):

Masculine: ''tōþ'', ''tēþ'' 'tooth'; ''mann'', ''menn'' 'man'; ''frēond'', ''frīend'' 'friend'; ''fēond'', ''fīend'' 'enemy' (cf. 'fiend')

Feminine: ''studu'', ''styde'' 'post' (cf. 'stud'); ''hnitu'', ''hnite'' 'nit'; ''āc'', ''ǣc'' 'oak'; ''gāt'', ''gǣt'' 'goat'; ''brōc'', ''brēc'' 'leg covering' (cf. 'breeches'); ''gōs'', ''gēs'' 'goose'; ''burg'', ''byrg'' 'city' (cf. 'borough', '-bury' and German cities in -burg); ''dung'', ''dyng'' 'prison' (cf. 'dungeon' by way of French and Frankish); ''turf'', ''tyrf'' 'turf'; ''grūt'', ''grȳt'' 'meal' (cf. 'grout'); ''lūs'', ''lȳs'' 'louse'; ''mūs'', ''mȳs'' 'mouse'; ''neaht'', ''niht'' 'night'
Feminine with loss of -h in some forms: ''furh'', ''fyrh'' 'furrow' or 'fir'; ''sulh'', ''sylh'' 'plough'; ''þrūh'', ''þrȳh'' 'trough'; ''wlōh'', ''wlēh'' 'fringe'.
Feminine with compression of endings: ''cū'', ''cȳ'' 'cow' (cf. dialectal plural 'kine')

Neuter: In addition, ''scrūd'' 'clothing, garment' has the umlauted dative-singular form ''scrȳd''.

====Nouns of relationship====

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="11"|'''Nouns of Relationship'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' fæder 'father'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' brōðor 'brother'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine''' mōdor 'mother'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine''' sweostor 'sister'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine''' dohtor 'daughter'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || fæder || fæd(e)ras || brōðor || (ge)brōðor || mōdor || mōdra/mōdru || sweostor || (ge)sweostor, -tru, -tra || dohtor || dohtor
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || fæder || fæd(e)ras || brōðor || (ge)brōðor || mōdor || mōdra/mōdru || sweostor || (ge)sweostor, -tru, -tra || dohtor || dohtor
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || fæder || fæd(e)ra || brōðor || (ge)brōðra || mōdor || mōdra || sweostor || (ge)sweostra || dohtor || dohtra
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || fæder || fæderum || brēðer || (ge)brōðrum || mēder || mōdrum || sweostor || (ge)sweostrum || dehter || dohtrum
|}

====Neuter nouns with -r- in the plural====

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
| style="background:#afefef;" colspan="5"|'''Lamb''' 'lamb' ''n.''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;"|Case
! style="background:#efefef;"|Singular
! style="background:#efefef;"|Plural
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || lamb || lambru
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || lamb || lambru
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || lambes || lambra
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || lambe || lambrum
|}

Other such nouns: ''ǣg'', ''ǣgru'' 'egg' (ancestor of the archaic/dialectical form 'ey', plural 'eyren'; the form 'egg' is a borrowing from Old Norse); ''bread'', ''breadru'' 'crumb'; ''cealf'', ''cealfru'' 'calf'; ''cild'' 'child' has either the normal plural ''cild'' or ''cildru'' (cf. 'children', with -en from the weak nouns); ''hǣmed'', ''hǣmedru'' 'cohabitation'; ''speld'', ''speldru'' 'torch'.

===Adjectives===
Adjectives in Old English are declined using the same categories as nouns: five cases (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, and instrumental), three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter), and two numbers (singular, plural). In addition, they can be declined either strong or weak. The weak forms are used in the presence of a definite or possessive determiner, while the strong ones are used in other situations. The weak forms are identical to those for nouns, while the strong forms use a combination of noun and pronoun endings:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''The Strong Adjective Declension'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || – || -e || – || -u/– || -u/– || -e, -a
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || -ne || -e || – || -u/– || -e || -e, -a
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || -es || -ra || -es || -ra || -re || -ra
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || -um || -um || -um || -um || -re || -um
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Instrumental''' || -e || -um || -e || -um || -re || -um
|}
For the '-u/–' forms above, the distinction is the same as for strong nouns.
{| border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Strong Adjective Declension: gōd 'good' '''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || gōd || gōde || gōd || gōd || gōd || gōde, -a
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || gōdne || gōde || gōd || gōd || gōde || gōde, -a
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || gōdes || gōdra || gōdes || gōdra || gōdre || gōdra
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || gōdum || gōdum || gōdum || gōdum || gōdre || gōdum
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Instrumental''' || gōde || gōdum || gōde || gōdum || gōdre || gōdum
|}

{| border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Weak Adjective Declension: gōd 'good' '''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || gōda || gōdan || gōde || gōdan || gōde || gōdan
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || gōdan || gōdan || gōde || gōdan || gōdan || gōdan
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || gōdan || gōdena || gōdan || gōdena || gōdan || gōdena
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || gōdan || gōdum || gōdan || gōdum || gōdan || gōdum
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Instrumental''' || gōdan || gōdum || gōdan || gōdum || gōdan || gōdum
|}

Note that the same variants described above for nouns also exist for adjectives. The following example shows both the æ/a variation and the -u forms in the feminine singular and neuter plural:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Strong Adjective Declension: glæd 'glad' '''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || glæd || glade || glæd || gladu || gladu || glade
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || glædne || glade || glæd || gladu || glade || glade
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || glades || glædra || glades || glædra || glædre || glædra
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || gladum || gladum || gladum || gladum || glædre || gladum
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Instrumental''' || glade || gladum || glade || gladum || glædre || gladum
|}

The following shows an example of an adjective ending with -h:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Strong Adjective Declension: hēah 'high' '''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || hēah || hēa || hēah || hēa || hēa || hēa
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || hēane || hēa || hēah || hēa || hēa || hēa
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || hēas || hēara || hēas || hēara || hēare || hēara
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || hēam || hēam || hēam || hēam || hēare || hēam
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Instrumental''' || hēa || hēam || hēa || hēam || hēare || hēam
|}

The following shows an example of an adjective ending with -w:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Strong Adjective Declension: gearu 'ready' '''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || gearu || gearwe || gearu || gearu || gearu || gearwe
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || gearone || gearwe || gearu || gearu || gearwe || gearwe
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || gearwes || gearora || gearwes || gearora || gearore || gearora
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || gearwum || gearwum || gearwum || gearwum || gearore || gearwum
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Instrumental''' || gearwe || gearwum || gearwe || gearwum || gearore || gearwum
|}

===Determiners===
Old English had two main determiners: ''se'', which could function as both 'the' or 'that', and ''þes'' for 'this'.
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''the/that'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" |'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" |'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" |'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" |'''Feminine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" |'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || se || þæt || sēo || þā
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || þone || þæt || þā || þā
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || þæs || þæs || þǣre || þāra, þǣra
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || þǣm || þǣm || þǣre || þǣm, þām
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Instrumental''' || þȳ, þon || þȳ, þon || – || –
|}

Modern English 'that' descends from the neuter nominative/accusative form,<ref>{{cite web|title=That|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=that|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary|accessdate=28 June 2010}}</ref> and 'the' from the masculine nominative form, with 's' replaced analogously by the 'th' of the other forms.<ref>{{cite web|title=The|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=the|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary|accessdate=28 June 2010}}</ref> The feminine nominative form was probably the source of Modern English 'she.'<ref>{{cite web|title=She|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=she|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary|accessdate=28 June 2010}}</ref>
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''this'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" |'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" |'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" |'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" |'''Feminine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" |'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || þes || þis || þēos || þās
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || þisne || þis || þās || þās
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || þisses || þisses || þisse, þisre || þisra
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || þissum || þissum || þisse, þisre || þissum
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Instrumental''' || þȳs || þȳs || – || –
|}

===Pronouns===
Most pronouns are declined by number, case and gender; in the plural form most pronouns have only one form for all genders. Additionally, Old English pronouns preserve the [[Dual (grammatical number)|dual form]] (which is specifically for talking about groups of two things, for example "we two" or "you two" or "they two"). These were uncommon even then, but remained in use throughout the period.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="4"|'''First Person'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dual'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || icḳ || wit || wī
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || mī, micḳ || unk || ūs
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || mīn || unkore || ūsor
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || mī || unk|| ūs
|}
{| border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="4"|'''Second Person'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dual'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || þū || ġit || ġī
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || þī, þicḳ || inḳ || īow
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || þīn || inḳore || īowor
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || þī || inḳ || īow
|}
{| border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Third Person'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="3"|'''Singular'''
! style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Masc.'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Neut.'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Fem.'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || hī || hit || sīo, hīo || hēa (older ''hīea'') ''m.'', hīo ''f.''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || hina || hit || sīa, hīa || hēa (older ''hīea'') ''m.'', hīe ''f.''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || his || his || hira || hire ''m.'', here ''f.''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || him || him || hire || him, hem
|}

Many of the forms above bear strong resemblances to their contemporary English language equivalents: for instance in the genitive case ''ēower'' became "your", ''ūre'' became "our", ''mīn'' became "mine".

===Prepositions===
Prepositions often follow the word which they govern, in which case they are called ''[[postposition]]s''. Also, so that the object of a preposition was marked in the dative case, a preposition may conceivably be located anywhere in the sentence, even appended to the verb. The infinitive is not declined.

The following is a list of prepositions in the Old Auregan. Many of them, particularly
those marked "etc.", are found in other variant spellings. [[Prepositions]] may govern the
[[accusative case|accusative]], [[genitive case|genitive]], [[dative case|dative]] or [[instrumental case|instrumental]]
[[Declension|cases]] - the question of which is beyond the scope of this article.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border="1" cellpadding="3"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|Prepositions
|-
! style="background:#efefef;"| Old Auregan || Definition ||| Notes
|-
|æftor||after; along, through, during; according to, by means of; about.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''aftor''', Related to [[Dutch language|Dutch]] '''achter''' = behind, after
|-
|ēar||before||Related to Old English '''ær''', modern [[German language|German]] '''eher''' and [[Dutch language|Dutch]] '''eer''', ancestor of Oxman '''ear-'''
|-
|at||at, to|| Ancestor of Oxman '''at-''' (only in compounds)
|-
|ond||against, before, on.|| Ancestor of oxman '''ond-''', related to Dutch '''ont-'''
|-
|ondlæng||along|| Ancestor of modern '''along'''
|-
|bæftan||after, behind; without.|| From '''bi-''' and '''*æft''' (found in '''æftor''')
|-
|bī||by, near to, to, at, in, on, upon, about, with|| Related to modern Oxman '''bie''', Dutch '''bij''', German '''bei''', ancestor of modern '''by'''
|-
|bifōran||before.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''befoar''' and '''beforn'''
|-
|biġiendan||beyond.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''beyendon'''
|-
|bihindor||behind.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''behindor'''
|-
|binnan||in, within|| Ancestor of Oxman '''binnon''', from '''bi-''' + '''innan'''
|-
|bineðan||beneath|| Ancestor of Oxman '''benethon'''
|-
|bitwisc||between, among, amid, in the midst|| Ancestors of Oxman '''betwisc'''
|-
|bīrihte||straight into||| Ancestor of Oxman '''bieright''' (also aright from '''*anrihte''')
|-
|būƀan||above.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''bovon'''
|-
|būtan||out of, against; without, except.|| Ancestor of '''bauton''', from '''bi-''' + '''auton'''
|-
|ōak||with, in addition to, besides.||Related to modern Dutch '''ook'''
|-
|fan||by|| Ancestor of Oxman '''fan''', Related to Dutch '''van''' and German '''von''', corresponds to a compound of '''af''' and '''an'''
|-
|fur||for, on account of, because of, with, by; according to; instead of.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''fur'''
|-
|fōra||before|| Ancestor of Oxman '''foar'''
|-
|fram||from; concerning, about, of|| Ancestor of Oxman '''fram'''
|-
|ġimæng, ġimang, ġimong||among|| Ancestor of Oxman '''emong'''
|-
|ġiend||through, throughout, over, as far as, among, in, after, beyond.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''yends''' and '''yendor'''
|-
|in||in, into, to|| Ancestor of modern '''in'''
|-
|innan||in, into, within, from within || Ancestor of Oxman '''innon'''
|-
|mid||with, against|| Ancestor of modern '''mid'''
|-
|nāh||near|| Ancestor of Oxman '''nagh-''' (only in compounds)
|-
|nefne||except|| Ancestor of Oxman '''nevon''' (unless)
|-
|af||of, from, out of, off|| Ancestor of modern '''af'''
|-
|oƀor||above, over; upon, on, more than|| Ancestor of modern '''ovor'''
|-
|an||at, to, in|| Ancestor of Oxman '''an''' and '''a-'''
|-
|anbūtan||concerning|| Ancestor of Dialectal Oxman '''abauton'''
|-
|anġeġin||opposite, against; towards; in reply to.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''ayeyon''' (towards)
|-
|sæmt, sæmd||together with, at.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''samt''' (only used in '''samt mid''' or in compounds)
|-
|tō||to, at.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''tœ'''
|-
|teġeġines||towards, against|| Ancestor of Oxman '''teyons'''
|-
|tōmiddes||in the midst of, amidst|| Ancestor of Oxman '''tœmids'''
|-
|tōward(es)||toward|| Ancestor of modern tœwards
|-
|þurh||through||Ancestor of Oxman '''thurgh''', Related to modern Dutch '''door''', German '''durch''', English '''through'''
|-
|undor||under|| Ancestor of modern '''undor'''
|-
|undorneðan||underneath|| Ancestor of modern '''undornethon'''
|-
|uppan||upon, on|| Ancestor of dialectical Oxman '''uppon'''.
|-
|ūtan||without, outside of||Ancestor of '''auton''', related to modern German '''außen, außer''' and Swedish '''utan'''
|-
|wiðor||towards, to; with, against; opposite to; by, near.|| Ancestor of modern '''withor-'''. Related to modern German '''wider'''
|-
|umb(i)||about, by|| Ancestor of Oxman '''umb''' (around, about); Related to German '''um''' and Latin '''ambi'''
|-
|umbūtan||about, around; concerning|| Ancestor of archaic Oxman '''umbbauton''' (concerning, around)
|}

[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Germanic]]

Old Auregan

2013-01-20T14:07:08Z

Ealdwimor: /* Strong verbs */

{{private}}

{{ClassMeter
|Name = Old Auregan
|NativeName = Auregisc, Wexisc
|Type = Mixed
|Alignment = Nominative-Accusative

|adjective = final
|adposition = final
|adverb= initial
|article= initial
|relativeclause = final
|nounclause = final
|order = SVO

|Tonal = yes
|Declined = yes
|Conjugated = yes
|Genders = 3
|NCase = yes
|NNumber = yes
|NDefiniteness = no
|NGender = yes
|VVoice = yes
|VMood = yes
|VPerson = yes
|VNumber = yes
|VTense = yes
|VAspect = yes

|Phonology=100
|NounCases=100
|NounDef=100
|NounNumbers=100
|NounGender=100
|VerbPerson=100
|VerbNumber=100
|VerbAspect=100
|VerbTense=100
|VerbMood=80
|VerbVoice=50
|AdjCase=100
|AdjNumber=100
|AdjDef=100
|AdjGen=100
|AdjComparative=100
|AdjSuperlative=100
|AdjGen=100
|Supine=100
|Gerund=100
|Participle=100
|Infinitive=100
|Modality=70
|Words=0}}

=General informations=

'''Oxman''' is a Germanic language spoken in the ''Duché du Héron'' (= Shire of Le Héron), a shire that corresponds to the eastern region of Seine-Marirtime in France.
This language has evolved from [[Old Oxman]] which evolved from [[Old Auregan]] which is the first recorded form of Auregan language. Auregan language area corresponds to the "Vexin Normand" (a region situated just south to "Duché du héron"). A Oxman speaking colony also exists near the city of Coventry, Warwickshire, Midlands, England.
Oxman is a West-Germanic language that is strongly linked to Dutch, Modern English, Low German and Modern German.

Here is a table which sums up the main characteristics of this language:

{{agreement
|VerbGender =
|VerbCases =
|VerbNumber = yes
|VerbTenses = yes
|VerbPerson = yes
|VerbMoods = yes
|VerbVoices = yes
|VerbAspect = yes

|NounGender = yes
|NounCases =
|NounNumber = yes
|NounTenses =
|NounPerson =
|NounMoods =
|NounVoices =

|AdjectiveGender =
|AdjectiveCases =
|AdjectiveNumber = yes
|AdjectiveTenses =
|AdjectivePerson =
|AdjectiveMoods =
|AdjectiveVoices =

|NumberGender =
|NumberCases =
|NumberNumber =
|NumberTenses =
|NumberPerson =
|NumberMoods =
|NumberVoices =

|ParticipleGender =
|ParticipleCases =
|ParticipleNumber = yes
|ParticipleTenses =
|ParticiplePerson =
|ParticipleMoods =
|ParticipleVoices = yes

|AdverbGender =
|AdverbCases =
|AdverbNumber =
|AdverbTenses =
|AdverbPerson =
|AdverbMoods =
|AdverbVoices =

|PronounGender = yes
|PronounCases = yes
|PronounNumber = yes
|PronounTenses =
|PronounPerson = yes
|PronounMoods =
|PronounVoices =

|AdpositionGender = yes
|AdpositionCases =
|AdpositionNumber = yes
|AdpositionTenses =
|AdpositionPerson =
|AdpositionMoods =
|AdpositionVoices =

|ArticleGender = yes
|ArticleCases = yes
|ArticleNumber = yes
|ArticleTenses =
|ArticlePerson =
|ArticleMoods =
|ArticleVoices =

|ParticleGender =
|ParticleCases =
|ParticleNumber =
|ParticleTenses =
|ParticlePerson =
|ParticleMoods =
|ParticleVoices =
}}

=Phonology=

==Alphabet==

Oxman alphabet uses letters from Latin alphabet and contains 25 characters:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!Letters
!Pronunciation
!Further information
|-
|a
|[a]
|short 'a'
|-
|b
|[b]
|like in English
|-
|c
|[tʃ]
|like the English 'ch' in 'church'
|-
|d
|[d]
|like in English
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e:]
|in plural cluster -es it is not pronounced
|-
|f
|[f]
|like in English
|-
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronunced as in the English word "get"
|-
|h
|[h]
|like in English
|-
|i
|[ɪ]
|short 'i'
|-
|j
|[j]
|like English 'y'
|-
|k
|[k]
|like in English
|-
|l
|[l]
|like in English
|-
|m
|[m]
|like in English
|-
|n
|[n]
|like in English
|-
|o
|[ɔ] / [oʊ:]
|like in English
|-
|p
|[p]
|like in English
|-
|q
|[k]
|often followed by 'u', in latin words beginning with 'qu'
|-
|r
|[r]
|trilled just as in Dutch or in Italian
|-
|s
|[s]
|can be either voiced or voiceless
|-
|t
|[t]
|like in English
|-
|u
|[œ]
|short 'u' in 'but'
|-
|v
|[v]
|like in English
|-
|w
|[ʋ]
|between 'v' and 'w', just as in Dutch
|-
|y
|[j]
|between French letter 'j' in 'jouer' and English 'y' in 'year', as a vowel like a French 'u' or as English 'y' in 'why' when at the end of a word followed by a 'e' (cf. Oxman 'wye?' meaning 'why?' pronounced as in English);
|-
|æ
|[ɑ:]
|long 'a'
|-
|œ
|[u]
|as 'oo' in 'boot'
|}

==Consonantic phonemes==

Old Auregan language had the following consonantic phonemes:

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" {{Table/bluetable}} style="width: 860px; "
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; "|
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Bilabial
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Labio-dental
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Dental
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Alveolar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Post-alveolar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Palatal
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Labio-Velar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Velar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Glottal
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Nasal
| style="text-align: center;"|m
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|n
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|(ŋ)
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Plosive
| style="text-align: center;"|p b
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|t d
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|k g
| style="text-align: center;"|ʔ
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Fricative
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|f v
| style="text-align: center;"|θ ð
| style="text-align: center;"|s z
| style="text-align: center;"|ʃ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|x
| style="text-align: center;"|h
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Affricate
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ts dz
| style="text-align: center;"|tʃ dʒ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Approximant
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ɹ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|j
| style="text-align: center;"|ʍ w
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Lateral
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|l
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
|}

==Vocalic phonemes==

Oxman shows the following vowels:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! rowspan="2" colspan="1"|'''Phonemes'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Short'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Long'''
|-
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-
!'''Closed'''
|ɪ
|ʊ
|i:
|u:
|-
!'''Mid-closed'''
|
|
|e:
|o:
|-
!'''Mid-open'''
|ɛ
|ɔ
|
|
|-
!'''Open'''
|a
|
|
|ɑ:
|}

==Diphthongs and digraphs==

Old Auregan had also twenty diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Diphthongs'''
|'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|īo
|[i:eɪ]
|-
|īa
|[i:a]
|-
|ēa
|[e:aɪ]
|}

==Stress==

The position of stress in this language is quite regular, because it falls on the root and thus there are few rules to observe:

* In substantives (and in adjectives and adverbs) the stress generally falls on the first syllable, but if they are compound nouns / adjectives, formed by prefix + noun / adjective, the stress falls on the root syllable of the noun / adjective. In compounds which are formed by noun / adjective + noun / adjective, the various words are read as if they were written separately;

* In verbs the stress falls always on the root, even if they are compounds, ex.: ''emæke'', "to make up", is read as [ə''''ma:'''kə].

=Grammar=
==Morphology==
===Verbs===
Verbs in Old Auregan are divided into [[strong inflection|strong]] or [[weak inflection|weak]] verbs. Strong verbs indicate tense by a change in the quality of a [[vowel]], while weak verbs indicate tense by the addition of an ending.

====Strong verbs====
Strong verbs use the Germanic form of [[grammatical conjugation|conjugation]] known as [[Indo-European ablaut|''ablaut'']]. In this form of conjugation, the stem of the word changes to indicate the tense. Verbs like this persist in modern Oxman; for example ''singe, song, esungen'' is a strong verb, as are ''swimbe, swomb, eswumben'' and ''ciese, coas, ecosen''. The root portion of the word changes rather than its ending. In Old Auregan, there were seven major classes of strong verb; each class has its own pattern of stem changes. Learning these is often a challenge for students of the language, though English speakers may see connections between the old verb classes and their modern forms.

The classes had the following distinguishing features to their infinitive stems:
<ol type="I">
<li>ī + one consonant.
<li>īo or ū + one consonant.
<li>e + two consonants.
<li>e + 1 consonant (usually l or r, plus the verb ''brecan'' 'to break').
<li>e + 1 consonant (usually a stop or a fricative).
<li>a + 1 consonant.
<li>Other than the above.
</ol>
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="6"|'''Stem changes in strong verbs'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Class'''
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Root weight'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Infinitive'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''First preterite'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Second preterite'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Past participle'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''I''' || heavy || ī || ēa || i || i
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''II''' || heavy || īo ''or'' ū || ōa || u || o
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''III''' || heavy || colspan=4|''see table below''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''IV''' || light|| e(+r/l) || a || ā (originally ǣ) || o
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''V''' || light|| e(+''other'') || a || ā (originally ǣ) || e
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''VI''' || light || a || ō || ō || a
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''VII''' || heavy || ō, ēa, ōa, æ, ǣ, ō|| colspan=2|e, ǣ ''or'' īo || same as infinitive
|}

The first [[preterite]] stem is used in the preterite, for the [[grammatical person|first-]] and third-person [[Grammatical number|singular]]. The second preterite stem is used for second-person singular, and all persons in the [[plural]] (as well as the preterite [[Subjunctive mood|subjunctive]]). Strong verbs also exhibit [[I-mutation#I-mutation in Old Auregan|i-mutation]] of the stem in the second- and third-person singular in the [[present tense]].

The second sound change to affect it was the influence of palatal sounds <g>, <k>, and <sc>. These turned preceding <e> and <a> to and <æ>, respectively.

The third sound change turned <e> to , <æ> to <a>, and <o> to before nasals.

Altogether, this split the third class into five sub-classes:
<ol type="a">
<li>e + two consonants (apart from clusters beginning with l).
<li>e + r or h + another consonant.
<li>e + l + another consonant.
<li>g, c, or sc + i + two consonants.
<li>i + nasal + another consonant.
</ol>
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="5"|'''Stem changes in Class III'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Sub-class'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Infinitive'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''First preterite'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Second preterite'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Past participle'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''a''' || e || a || u || o
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''b''' || e || a || u || o
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''c''' || e || e || u || o
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''d''' || i || e || u || o
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''e''' || i || a || u || u
|}

Regular strong verbs were all conjugated roughly the same, with the main differences being in the stem vowel. Thus ''stelan'' 'to steal' represents the strong verb conjugation paradigm.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Conjugation'''
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Pronoun'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'steal'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2" colspan="2"|'''Infinitives'''
| stelan
|-
| te stelenne
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Present indicative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic''' || stelo
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þû''' || stilst
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hî/hit/sîo''' || stilþ
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || stelað
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="4"|'''Past indicative'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic''' || stal
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þû''' || stāli
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hî/hit/sîo''' || stal
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || stālon
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2"|'''Present subjunctive'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic/þû/hî/hit/sîo''' || stele
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|''' wî/gî/hêa ''' || stelen
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2"|'''Past subjunctive'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic/þû/hî/hit/sîo''' || stāle
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wî/gî/hêa''' || stālin
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2"|'''Imperative'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular''' || stel
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural''' || stelað
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"| '''Present participle''' || stelendi
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Past participle''' || gestolon
|}

====Weak verbs====

Weak verbs are formed by adding alveolar (''t'' or ''d'') endings to the stem for the past and past-participle tenses. Some examples are ''love, loved'' or ''look, looked''.

Originally, the weak ending was used to form the preterite of informal, noun-derived verbs such as often emerge in conversation and which have no established system of stem-change. By nature, these verbs were almost always transitive, and even today, most weak verbs are transitive verbs formed in the same way.

The linguistic trends of borrowing foreign verbs and verbalizing nouns have greatly increased the number of weak verbs over the last 1,200 years. Some verbs that were originally strong (for example ''helpe, holp, eholpen'' is now more and more replaced by ''helpe, helpte, ehelpt'') have become weak by analogy; most foreign verbs are adopted as weak verbs; and when verbs are made from nouns (for example "to scroll" or "to water") the resulting verb is weak. Additionally, conjugation of weak verbs is easier to teach, since there are fewer classes of variation. In combination, these factors have drastically increased the number of weak verbs, so that in modern Oxman weak verbs are the most numerous and productive form.

There are three major classes of weak verbs in Old Auregan. The first class displays i-mutation in the root, and the second class none. There is also a third class explained below.

Class-one verbs with short roots exhibit [[West Germanic gemination|gemination]] of the final stem consonant in certain forms. With verbs in <r>, this appears as <ri>. Geminated <ƀ> appears as <bb>, and that of <ġ> appears as <dġ>. Class-one verbs may receive an [[Epenthesis|epenthetic]] vowel before endings beginning in a consonant.

Where class-one verbs have gemination, class-two verbs have , which is a separate syllable pronounced [i]. All class-two verbs have an epenthetic vowel, which appears as <a> or <o>.

In the following table, three verbs are conjugated. ''Swebban'' 'to put to sleep' is a class-one verb exhibiting gemination and an epenthetic vowel. ''Hēalan'' 'to heal' is a class-one verb exhibiting neither gemination nor an epenthetic vowel. ''Sīðion'' 'to travel' is a class-two verb.
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Conjugation'''
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Pronoun'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'put to sleep'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'heal'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'travel'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2" colspan="2"|'''Infinitives'''
| swebban || hēalan || sīðion
|-
| te swebbenne || te hēalenne || te sīðionne
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Present indicative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''icḳ''' || swebbo || hēalo || sīðio
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þū''' || sweƀest || hēalst || sīðost
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hī/hit/sīo''' || sweƀeð || hēalþ || sīðoð
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wī/ġī/hēa''' || swebbað || hēalað || sīðiað
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="4"|'''Past indicative'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''icḳ''' || sweƀoda || hēalda || sīðoda
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þū''' || sweƀodest || hēaldest || sīðodest
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hī/hit/sīo''' || sweƀoda || hēalda || sīðoda
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wī/ġī/hēa''' || sweƀodon || hēaldon || sīðodon
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2"|'''Present subjunctive'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''icḳ/þū/hī/hit/sīo''' || swebbe || hēale || sīðie
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|''' wī/ġī/hēa ''' || swebben || hēalen || sīðien
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2"|'''Past subjunctive'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''icḳ/þū/hī/hit/sīo''' || sweƀodi || hēaldi || sīðodi
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wī/ġī/hēa''' || sweƀodin || hēaldin || sīðodin
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2"|'''Imperative'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular''' || sweƀe || hēale || sīðie
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural''' || swebbað || hēalað || sīðiað
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"| '''Present participle''' || sweƀendi || hēalendi || sīðiende
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Past participle''' || ġisweƀod || ġihēald || ġisīðod
|}

During the Old Auregan period, the third class was significantly reduced; only four verbs belonged to this group: ''hebban'' 'have', ''libban'' 'live', ''sedġan'' 'say', and ''hudġan'' 'think'. Each of these verbs is distinctly irregular, though they share some commonalities.
{|{{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Conjugation'''
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Pronoun'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'have'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'live'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'say'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'think'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Infinitive''' || hebban || libban || sedġan || hudġan
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Present indicative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''icḳ''' || hebbo || libbo || sedġo || hudġo
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þū''' || haƀest || liƀest || sagest || hogest
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hī/hit/sīo''' || haƀeð || liƀeð || sageð || hogeð
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wī/ġī/hēa''' || habbað || libbað || sedġað || hudġað
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" |'''Past indicative'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''(all persons)''' || hafda || lifda || sagda || hogda
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" |'''Present subjunctive'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''(all persons)''' || hebbe || libbe || sedġe || hudġe
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" |'''Past subjunctive'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''(all persons)''' || hafdi || lifdi || sagdi || hogdi
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2"|'''Imperative'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular''' || haƀe || liƀe || sage || hoge
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural''' || habbað || libbað || sedġað || hudġað
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"| '''Present participle''' || hebbendi || libbendi || sedġendi || hudġendi
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Past participle''' || ġihafd || ġilifd ||ġisagd || ġihogd
|}

====Preterite-present verbs====
The preterite-present verbs are a class of verbs which have a present tense in the form of a strong preterite and a past tense like the past of a weak verb. These verbs derive from the subjunctive or optative use of preterite forms to refer to present or future time. For example, ''witan'', "to know" comes from a verb which originally meant "to have seen" (cf. OA '''wīsa''' "manner, mode, appearance"; Latin '''videre''' "to see" from the same root). The present singular is formed from the original singular preterite stem and the present plural from the original plural preterite stem. As a result of this history, the first-person singular and third-person singular are the same in the present.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Conjugation'''
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Pronoun'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'know how to'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'be able to, can'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'be obliged to'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'know'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'own'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'avail'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'dare'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'remember'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'need'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'be allowed to'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'grant, allow'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'use, enjoy'
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" colspan="2"|'''Modern Descendant'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'kunne'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'muye'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'sculle'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'wite'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'eye'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'*duye'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'durre'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'*mune'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'thurve'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'mœte’
! style="background:#efefef;"|'*unne'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'enuye'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Infinitives'''
| kunnan || mugan || sculan || witan || ēagan || dugan || durran || munan || þurƀan || mōtan || unnan || ġinugan
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Present Indicative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''icḳ''' || kan || mag || scal || wēat || ēah || dōag || dar || man || þarf || mōt || an || ġinah
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þū''' || kanst || maht || scalt || wēast || ēahst || dōahst || darst || manst || þarft || mōst || anst || ġinaht
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hī/hit/sīo''' || kan || mag || scal || wēat || ēah || deah || dar || man || þarf || mōt || an || ġinah
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wī/ġī/hēa''' || kunnon || mugon || sculon || witon || ēagon || dugon || durron || munon || þurƀon || mōton || unnon || ġinugon
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Past Indicative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''icḳ''' || kūða || mæhta || scolda || wista || ēahta || dohta || dorsta || munda || þorfta || mōsta || ūða || ġinohta
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þū''' || kūðest || mæhtest || scoldest || wistest || ēahtest || dohtest || dorstest || mundest || þorftest || mōstest || ūðest || ġinohtest
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hī/hit/sīo''' || kūða || mæhta || scolda || wista || ēahta || dohta || dorsta || munda || þorfta || mōsta || ūða || ġinohta
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wī/ġī/hēa''' || kūðon || mæhton || scoldon || wiston || ēahton || dohton || dorston || mundon || þorfton || mōston || ūðon || ġinohton
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="3"|'''Present Subjunctive'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''icḳ/þū/hī/hit/sīo''' || kunni || mugi || sculi || witi || ēagi || dugi || durri || muni || þurƀi || mōti || unni || ġinugi
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|''' wī/ġī/hēa ''' || kunnin || mugin || sculin || witin || ēagin || dugin || durrin || munin || þurƀin || mōtin || unnin || ġinugin
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="3"|'''Past Subjunctive'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''icḳ/þū/hī/hit/sīo''' || kūði || mæhti || scoldi || wisti || ēahti || dohti || dorsti || mundi || þorfti || mōsti || ūði || ġinohti
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wī/ġī/hēa''' || kūðin || mæhtin || scoldin || wistin || ēahtin || dohtin || dorstin || mundin || þorftin || mōstin || ūðin || ġinohtin
|}

[Forms above with asterisk (*) rare, archaic or dialectal.]

==== Anomalous verbs ====
Additionally there is a further group of four verbs which are anomalous, the verbs "want" (modern "will"), "do", "go" and "be". These four have their own conjugation schemes which differ significantly from all the other classes of verb. This is not especially unusual: "want", "do", "go", and "be" are the most commonly used verbs in the language, and are very important to the meaning of the sentences in which they are used. Idiosyncratic patterns of inflection are much more common with important items of vocabulary than with rarely-used ones.

''Dōn'' 'to do' and ''gān'' 'to go' are conjugated alike; ''willan'' 'to want' is similar outside of the present tense.
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Conjugation'''
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Pronoun'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'do'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'go'
! style="background:#efefef;"|'will'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Infinitive''' || style="background:#efefef;"|– || dōn || gān || willan
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Present Indicative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic''' || dō(m) || gā || will
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þū''' || dēst || gǣst || wilt
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hē/hit/hēo''' || dēþ || gǣþ || will
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wē/gē/hīe''' || dōð || gāð || willað
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="4"|'''Past Indicative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''ic/hē/hit/hēo''' || deda || igda || wolde
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þū''' || dedest || igdest || woldest
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wē/gē/hīe''' || dedon || igdon || woldon
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Present Subjunctive''' || style="background:#efefef;"|'''(all persons)''' || dō || gā || will
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Past Subjunctive''' || style="background:#efefef;"|'''(all persons)''' || deda || igda || wolda
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"| '''Present Participle''' || dōndi || – || willendi
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Past Participle''' || gidōn || gigān / gigangon || –
|}

The verb 'to be' is actually composed of three different stems:
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Conjugation'''
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Pronoun'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''sīn'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''bīon'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''wesan'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Infinitive''' || style="background:#efefef;"|– || sīn || *bīon || wesan
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Present Indicative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''icḳ''' || em || bīom || *weso
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þū''' || art || bist || *wesest
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hī/hit/sīo''' || is || *biþ || *west
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wī/ġī/hēa''' || āron, sind(on) || *bīoð || wesað
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="5"|'''Past Indicative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''icḳ''' || – || – || was
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''þū''' || – || – || wāri
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''hī/hit/sīo''' || – || – || was
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wī/ġī/hēa''' || – || – || wāron
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="3"|'''Present Subjunctive'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''icḳ/þū/hī/hit/sīo''' || sīe || *bīe || wese
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wī/ġī/hēa''' || sīen || *bīen || wesen
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="3"|'''Past Subjunctive'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''icḳ/þū/hī/hit/sīo''' || – || – || wāri
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''wī/ġī/hēa''' || – || – || wārin
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="3"|'''Imperative'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''(singular)''' || – || *bīo || wes
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''(plural)''' || – || *bīoð || wesað
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Present Participle''' || – || *bīondi || wesendi
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Past Participle''' || – || *ġibīon || ġiweson
|}
The present forms of ''wesan'' are almost never used. Therefore, ''wesan'' is used as the past, imperative, and present participle versions of ''sindon'', and does not have a separate meaning. The ''bēon'' forms are usually used in reference to future actions. Only the present forms of ''bēon'' contrast with the present forms of ''sindon''/''wesan'' in that ''bēon'' tends to be used to refer to eternal or permanent truths, while ''sindon''/''wesan'' is used more commonly to refer to temporary or subjective facts. This semantic distinction was lost as Old English developed into modern English, so that the modern verb 'to be' is a single verb which takes its present indicative forms from ''sindon,'' its past indicative forms from ''wesan,'' its present subjunctive forms from ''bēon,'' its past subjunctive forms from ''wesan,'' and its imperative and participle forms from ''bēon.'' In late OE and ME, the form earon/earun, from the [[Old Norse]] erun, replaced bēoþ and sind (See also [[List of English words of Old Norse origin]]).

===Nouns===
Old English is an [[inflection|inflected]] language, and as such its [[noun]]s, [[pronoun]]s, [[adjective]]s and [[determiner (linguistics)|determiners]] must be [[Declension|declined]] in order to serve a grammatical function. A set of declined forms of the same word pattern is called a declension. As in several other ancient [[Germanic languages]], there are five major [[Grammatical case|cases]]: [[nominative]], [[accusative]], [[dative]], [[genitive]] and [[Instrumental case|instrumental]].

*The '''nominative''' case indicated the subject of the sentence, for example ''se cyning'' means 'the king'. It was also used for direct address. Adjectives in the predicate (qualifying a noun on the other side of 'to be') were also in the nominative.
*The '''accusative''' case indicated the direct object of the sentence, for example ''Æþelbald lufode þone cyning'' means "Æþelbald loved the king", where Æþelbald is the subject and the king is the object. Already the accusative had begun to merge with the nominative; it was never distinguished in the plural, or in a neuter noun.
*The '''genitive''' case indicated possession, for example the ''þæs cyninges scip'' is "the ship of the king" or "the king's ship". It also indicated [[partitive]] nouns.
*The '''dative''' case indicated the indirect object of the sentence, for example ''hringas þæm cyninge'' means "rings for the king" or "rings to the king". There were also several verbs that took direct objects in the dative.
*The '''instrumental''' case indicated an instrument used to achieve something, for example, ''lifde sweorde'', "he lived by the sword", where ''sweorde'' is the instrumental form of ''sweord''. During the Old English period, the instrumental was falling out of use, having largely merged with the dative. Only pronouns and strong adjectives retained separate forms for the instrumental.

The small body of evidence we have for [[Runic alphabet|Runic]] texts suggests that there may also have a been a separate [[locative]] case in early or Northumbrian forms of the language (e.g., {{script|Runr|ᚩᚾ ᚱᚩᛞᛁ}} ''on rodi'' "on the Cross").<ref>Page, ''An Introduction to English Runes'', Boydell 1999, p. 230</ref>

In addition to inflection for case, nouns take different endings depending on whether the noun was in the singular (for example, ''hring'' 'one ring') or plural (for example, ''hringas'' 'many rings'). Also, some nouns pluralize by way of [[Germanic umlaut|Umlaut]], and some undergo no pluralizing change in certain cases.

Nouns are also categorized by [[grammatical gender]] – masculine, feminine, or neuter. In general, masculine and neuter words share their endings. Feminine words have their own subset of endings. The plural of some declension types distinguishes between genders, e.g., a-stem masculine nominative plural ''stanas'' "stones" vs. neuter nominative plural ''scipu'' "ships" and ''word'' "words"; or i-stem masculine nominative plural ''sige(as)'' "victories" vs. neuter nominative plural ''sifu'' "sieves" and ''hilt'' "hilts".

Furthermore, Old English nouns are divided as either strong or weak. Weak nouns have their own endings. In general, weak nouns are easier than strong nouns, since they had begun to lose their declensional system. However, there is a great deal of overlap between the various classes of noun: they are not totally distinct from one another.

Old English language grammars often follow the common NOM-ACC-GEN-DAT-INST order used for the Germanic languages.

====Strong nouns====
Here are the strong declensional endings and examples for each gender:
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''The Strong Noun Declension'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || – || -os || – || -u/– || -u/– || -e
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || – || -os || – || -u/– || -e || -e
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || -es || -ō || -es || -ō || -e || -ō
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || -e || -um || -e || -um || -e || -um
|}
For the '-u/–' forms above, the '-u' is used with a root consisting of a single short syllable or ending in a long syllable followed by a short syllable, while roots ending in a long syllable or two short syllables are not inflected. (A long syllable contains a long vowel or is followed by two consonants. Note also that there are some exceptions; for example, feminine nouns ending in -þu such as ''strengþu'' 'strength'.)

{| border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Strong Noun Declension for each Gender'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' engel 'angel'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter''' scip 'ship'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine''' sorg 'sorrow'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || engol || englos || scip || scipu || sorġa || sorġa
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || engol || englos || scip || scipu || sorġa || sorġa
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || engles || englō || scipes || scipō || sorġō || sorġanō
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || engle || englum || scipe || scipum || sorġe || sorġum
|}
Note the [[syncope (phonetics)|syncope]] of the second ''e'' in ''engel'' when an ending follows. This syncope of the vowel in the second syllable occurs with two-syllable strong nouns, which have a long vowel in the first syllable and a second syllable consisting of a short vowel and single consonant (for example, ''engel'', ''wuldor'' 'glory', and ''hēafod'' 'head'). However, this syncope is not always present, so forms such as ''engelas'' may be seen.

====Weak nouns====
Here are the weak declensional endings and examples for each gender:
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''The Weak Noun Declension'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || -e || -on || -a || -on || -a || -a
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || -on || -on || -a || -on || -a || -a
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || -on || -anō || -on || -anō || -ō || -anō
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || -on || -um || -on || -um || -e || -um
|}
{| border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Weak Noun Declension for each Gender'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' name 'name'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter''' oage 'eye'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine''' tunga 'tongue'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || name || namon || ōaġa || ōaġon || tunga || tunga
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || namon || namon || ōaġa || ōaġon || tunga || tunga
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || namon || namanō || ōaġon || ōaġanō || tungō || tunganō
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || namon || namum || ōaġon || ōaġum || tunge || tungum
|}

====Irregular strong nouns====
In addition, masculine and neuter nouns whose main vowel is short 'æ' and end with a single consonant change the vowel to 'a' in the plural (a result of the phonological phenomenon known as [[Anglo-Frisian brightening]]):
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
| style="background:#afefef;" colspan="5"|'''Dæg''' 'day' ''m.''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;"|Case
! style="background:#efefef;"|Singular
! style="background:#efefef;"|Plural
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || dæg || dagas
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || dæg || dagas
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || dæges || daga
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || dæge || dagum
|}

Some masculine and neuter nouns end in -e in their base form. These drop the -e and add normal endings. Note that neuter nouns in -e always have -u in the plural, even with a long vowel:
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Strong Noun Declensions ending in -e'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' ende 'end'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter''' stȳle 'steel'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || ende || endas || stȳle || stȳlu
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || ende || endas || stȳle || stȳlu
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || endes || enda || stȳles || stȳla
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || ende || endum || stȳle || stȳlum
|}

Nouns ending in -h lose this when an ending is added, and lengthen the vowel in compensation (this can result in compression of the ending as well):
{| border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Strong Noun Declensions ending in -h'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' mearh 'horse'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter''' feorh 'life'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' scōh 'shoe'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || mearh || mēaras || feorh || feorh || scōh || scōs
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || mearh || mēaras || feorh || feorh || scōh || scōs
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || mēares || mēara || fēores || fēora || scōs || scōna
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || mēare || mēarum || fēore || fēorum || scō || scōm
|}

Nouns whose stem ends in -w change this to -u or drop it in the nominative singular. (Note that this '-u/–' distinction depends on [[syllable weight]], as for strong nouns, above.)

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Strong Noun Declensions ending in -w'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter''' smeoru 'grease'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine''' sinu 'sinew'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine''' lǣs 'pasture'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || smeoru || smeoru || sinu || sinwa || lǣs || lǣswa}}
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || smeoru || smeoru || sinwe || sinwa, -e || lǣswe || lǣswa, -e
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || smeorwes || smeorwa || sinwe || sinwa || lǣswe || lǣswa
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || smeorwe || smeorwum || sinwe || sinwum || lǣswe || lǣswum
|}

A few nouns follow the -u declension, with an entirely different set of endings. The following examples are both masculine, although feminines also exist, with the same endings (for example ''duru'' 'door' and ''hand'' 'hand'). Note that the '-u/–' distinction in the singular depends on syllable weight, as for strong nouns, above.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the -u Declension'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' sunu 'son'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' feld 'field'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || sunu || suna || feld || felda
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || sunu || suna || feld || felda
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || suna || suna || felda || felda
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || suna || sunum || felda || feldum
|}

====Mutating strong nouns====
There are also some nouns of the consonant declension, which show i-umlaut in some forms.

{| border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Strong Noun Declensions with i-shift'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' fōt 'foot'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine''' hnutu 'nut'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine''' bōc 'book'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || fōt || fēt || hnutu || hnyte || bōc || bēc
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || fōt || fēt || hnutu || hnyte || bōc || bēc
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || fōtes || fōta || hnyte, hnute || hnuta || bēc, bōce || bōca
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || fēt, fōte || fōtum || hnyte, hnute || hnutum || bēc, bōc || bōcum
|}

Other such nouns include (with singular and plural nominative forms given):

Masculine: ''tōþ'', ''tēþ'' 'tooth'; ''mann'', ''menn'' 'man'; ''frēond'', ''frīend'' 'friend'; ''fēond'', ''fīend'' 'enemy' (cf. 'fiend')

Feminine: ''studu'', ''styde'' 'post' (cf. 'stud'); ''hnitu'', ''hnite'' 'nit'; ''āc'', ''ǣc'' 'oak'; ''gāt'', ''gǣt'' 'goat'; ''brōc'', ''brēc'' 'leg covering' (cf. 'breeches'); ''gōs'', ''gēs'' 'goose'; ''burg'', ''byrg'' 'city' (cf. 'borough', '-bury' and German cities in -burg); ''dung'', ''dyng'' 'prison' (cf. 'dungeon' by way of French and Frankish); ''turf'', ''tyrf'' 'turf'; ''grūt'', ''grȳt'' 'meal' (cf. 'grout'); ''lūs'', ''lȳs'' 'louse'; ''mūs'', ''mȳs'' 'mouse'; ''neaht'', ''niht'' 'night'
Feminine with loss of -h in some forms: ''furh'', ''fyrh'' 'furrow' or 'fir'; ''sulh'', ''sylh'' 'plough'; ''þrūh'', ''þrȳh'' 'trough'; ''wlōh'', ''wlēh'' 'fringe'.
Feminine with compression of endings: ''cū'', ''cȳ'' 'cow' (cf. dialectal plural 'kine')

Neuter: In addition, ''scrūd'' 'clothing, garment' has the umlauted dative-singular form ''scrȳd''.

====Nouns of relationship====

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="11"|'''Nouns of Relationship'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' fæder 'father'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine''' brōðor 'brother'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine''' mōdor 'mother'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine''' sweostor 'sister'
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine''' dohtor 'daughter'
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || fæder || fæd(e)ras || brōðor || (ge)brōðor || mōdor || mōdra/mōdru || sweostor || (ge)sweostor, -tru, -tra || dohtor || dohtor
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || fæder || fæd(e)ras || brōðor || (ge)brōðor || mōdor || mōdra/mōdru || sweostor || (ge)sweostor, -tru, -tra || dohtor || dohtor
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || fæder || fæd(e)ra || brōðor || (ge)brōðra || mōdor || mōdra || sweostor || (ge)sweostra || dohtor || dohtra
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || fæder || fæderum || brēðer || (ge)brōðrum || mēder || mōdrum || sweostor || (ge)sweostrum || dehter || dohtrum
|}

====Neuter nouns with -r- in the plural====

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
| style="background:#afefef;" colspan="5"|'''Lamb''' 'lamb' ''n.''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;"|Case
! style="background:#efefef;"|Singular
! style="background:#efefef;"|Plural
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || lamb || lambru
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || lamb || lambru
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || lambes || lambra
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || lambe || lambrum
|}

Other such nouns: ''ǣg'', ''ǣgru'' 'egg' (ancestor of the archaic/dialectical form 'ey', plural 'eyren'; the form 'egg' is a borrowing from Old Norse); ''bread'', ''breadru'' 'crumb'; ''cealf'', ''cealfru'' 'calf'; ''cild'' 'child' has either the normal plural ''cild'' or ''cildru'' (cf. 'children', with -en from the weak nouns); ''hǣmed'', ''hǣmedru'' 'cohabitation'; ''speld'', ''speldru'' 'torch'.

===Adjectives===
Adjectives in Old English are declined using the same categories as nouns: five cases (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, and instrumental), three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter), and two numbers (singular, plural). In addition, they can be declined either strong or weak. The weak forms are used in the presence of a definite or possessive determiner, while the strong ones are used in other situations. The weak forms are identical to those for nouns, while the strong forms use a combination of noun and pronoun endings:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''The Strong Adjective Declension'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || – || -e || – || -u/– || -u/– || -e, -a
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || -ne || -e || – || -u/– || -e || -e, -a
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || -es || -ra || -es || -ra || -re || -ra
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || -um || -um || -um || -um || -re || -um
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Instrumental''' || -e || -um || -e || -um || -re || -um
|}
For the '-u/–' forms above, the distinction is the same as for strong nouns.
{| border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Strong Adjective Declension: gōd 'good' '''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || gōd || gōde || gōd || gōd || gōd || gōde, -a
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || gōdne || gōde || gōd || gōd || gōde || gōde, -a
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || gōdes || gōdra || gōdes || gōdra || gōdre || gōdra
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || gōdum || gōdum || gōdum || gōdum || gōdre || gōdum
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Instrumental''' || gōde || gōdum || gōde || gōdum || gōdre || gōdum
|}

{| border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Weak Adjective Declension: gōd 'good' '''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || gōda || gōdan || gōde || gōdan || gōde || gōdan
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || gōdan || gōdan || gōde || gōdan || gōdan || gōdan
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || gōdan || gōdena || gōdan || gōdena || gōdan || gōdena
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || gōdan || gōdum || gōdan || gōdum || gōdan || gōdum
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Instrumental''' || gōdan || gōdum || gōdan || gōdum || gōdan || gōdum
|}

Note that the same variants described above for nouns also exist for adjectives. The following example shows both the æ/a variation and the -u forms in the feminine singular and neuter plural:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Strong Adjective Declension: glæd 'glad' '''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || glæd || glade || glæd || gladu || gladu || glade
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || glædne || glade || glæd || gladu || glade || glade
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || glades || glædra || glades || glædra || glædre || glædra
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || gladum || gladum || gladum || gladum || glædre || gladum
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Instrumental''' || glade || gladum || glade || gladum || glædre || gladum
|}

The following shows an example of an adjective ending with -h:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Strong Adjective Declension: hēah 'high' '''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || hēah || hēa || hēah || hēa || hēa || hēa
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || hēane || hēa || hēah || hēa || hēa || hēa
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || hēas || hēara || hēas || hēara || hēare || hēara
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || hēam || hēam || hēam || hēam || hēare || hēam
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Instrumental''' || hēa || hēam || hēa || hēam || hēare || hēam
|}

The following shows an example of an adjective ending with -w:

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Example of the Strong Adjective Declension: gearu 'ready' '''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="2"|'''Feminine'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || gearu || gearwe || gearu || gearu || gearu || gearwe
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || gearone || gearwe || gearu || gearu || gearwe || gearwe
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || gearwes || gearora || gearwes || gearora || gearore || gearora
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || gearwum || gearwum || gearwum || gearwum || gearore || gearwum
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Instrumental''' || gearwe || gearwum || gearwe || gearwum || gearore || gearwum
|}

===Determiners===
Old English had two main determiners: ''se'', which could function as both 'the' or 'that', and ''þes'' for 'this'.
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''the/that'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" |'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" |'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" |'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" |'''Feminine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" |'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || se || þæt || sēo || þā
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || þone || þæt || þā || þā
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || þæs || þæs || þǣre || þāra, þǣra
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || þǣm || þǣm || þǣre || þǣm, þām
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Instrumental''' || þȳ, þon || þȳ, þon || – || –
|}

Modern English 'that' descends from the neuter nominative/accusative form,<ref>{{cite web|title=That|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=that|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary|accessdate=28 June 2010}}</ref> and 'the' from the masculine nominative form, with 's' replaced analogously by the 'th' of the other forms.<ref>{{cite web|title=The|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=the|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary|accessdate=28 June 2010}}</ref> The feminine nominative form was probably the source of Modern English 'she.'<ref>{{cite web|title=She|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=she|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary|accessdate=28 June 2010}}</ref>
{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''this'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" |'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" |'''Masculine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" |'''Neuter'''
! style="background:#efefef;" |'''Feminine'''
! style="background:#efefef;" |'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || þes || þis || þēos || þās
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || þisne || þis || þās || þās
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || þisses || þisses || þisse, þisre || þisra
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || þissum || þissum || þisse, þisre || þissum
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Instrumental''' || þȳs || þȳs || – || –
|}

===Pronouns===
Most pronouns are declined by number, case and gender; in the plural form most pronouns have only one form for all genders. Additionally, Old English pronouns preserve the [[Dual (grammatical number)|dual form]] (which is specifically for talking about groups of two things, for example "we two" or "you two" or "they two"). These were uncommon even then, but remained in use throughout the period.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="4"|'''First Person'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dual'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || icḳ || wit || wī
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || mī, micḳ || unk || ūs
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || mīn || unkore || ūsor
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || mī || unk|| ūs
|}
{| border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="4"|'''Second Person'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Singular'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Plural'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dual'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || þū || ġit || ġī
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || þī, þicḳ || inḳ || īow
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || þīn || inḳore || īowor
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || þī || inḳ || īow
|}
{| border=1 style="text-align:center; margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:1px #333 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|'''Third Person'''
|-
! style="background:#efafef;" rowspan="2"|'''Case'''
! style="background:#efefef;" colspan="3"|'''Singular'''
! style="background:#efefef;" rowspan="2"|'''Plural'''
|-
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Masc.'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Neut.'''
! style="background:#efefef;"|'''Fem.'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Nominative''' || hī || hit || sīo, hīo || hēa (older ''hīea'') ''m.'', hīo ''f.''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Accusative''' || hina || hit || sīa, hīa || hēa (older ''hīea'') ''m.'', hīe ''f.''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Genitive''' || his || his || hira || hire ''m.'', here ''f.''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;"|'''Dative''' || him || him || hire || him, hem
|}

Many of the forms above bear strong resemblances to their contemporary English language equivalents: for instance in the genitive case ''ēower'' became "your", ''ūre'' became "our", ''mīn'' became "mine".

===Prepositions===
Prepositions often follow the word which they govern, in which case they are called ''[[postposition]]s''. Also, so that the object of a preposition was marked in the dative case, a preposition may conceivably be located anywhere in the sentence, even appended to the verb. The infinitive is not declined.

The following is a list of prepositions in the Old Auregan. Many of them, particularly
those marked "etc.", are found in other variant spellings. [[Prepositions]] may govern the
[[accusative case|accusative]], [[genitive case|genitive]], [[dative case|dative]] or [[instrumental case|instrumental]]
[[Declension|cases]] - the question of which is beyond the scope of this article.

{| {{Table/bluetable}} border="1" cellpadding="3"
! style="background:#afefef;" colspan="7"|Prepositions
|-
! style="background:#efefef;"| Old Auregan || Definition ||| Notes
|-
|æftor||after; along, through, during; according to, by means of; about.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''aftor''', Related to [[Dutch language|Dutch]] '''achter''' = behind, after
|-
|ēar||before||Related to Old English '''ær''', modern [[German language|German]] '''eher''' and [[Dutch language|Dutch]] '''eer''', ancestor of Oxman '''ear-'''
|-
|at||at, to|| Ancestor of Oxman '''at-''' (only in compounds)
|-
|ond||against, before, on.|| Ancestor of oxman '''ond-''', related to Dutch '''ont-'''
|-
|ondlæng||along|| Ancestor of modern '''along'''
|-
|bæftan||after, behind; without.|| From '''bi-''' and '''*æft''' (found in '''æftor''')
|-
|bī||by, near to, to, at, in, on, upon, about, with|| Related to modern Oxman '''bie''', Dutch '''bij''', German '''bei''', ancestor of modern '''by'''
|-
|bifōran||before.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''befoar''' and '''beforn'''
|-
|biġiendan||beyond.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''beyendon'''
|-
|bihindor||behind.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''behindor'''
|-
|binnan||in, within|| Ancestor of Oxman '''binnon''', from '''bi-''' + '''innan'''
|-
|bineðan||beneath|| Ancestor of Oxman '''benethon'''
|-
|bitwisc||between, among, amid, in the midst|| Ancestors of Oxman '''betwisc'''
|-
|bīrihte||straight into||| Ancestor of Oxman '''bieright''' (also aright from '''*anrihte''')
|-
|būƀan||above.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''bovon'''
|-
|būtan||out of, against; without, except.|| Ancestor of '''bauton''', from '''bi-''' + '''auton'''
|-
|ōak||with, in addition to, besides.||Related to modern Dutch '''ook'''
|-
|fan||by|| Ancestor of Oxman '''fan''', Related to Dutch '''van''' and German '''von''', corresponds to a compound of '''af''' and '''an'''
|-
|fur||for, on account of, because of, with, by; according to; instead of.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''fur'''
|-
|fōra||before|| Ancestor of Oxman '''foar'''
|-
|fram||from; concerning, about, of|| Ancestor of Oxman '''fram'''
|-
|ġimæng, ġimang, ġimong||among|| Ancestor of Oxman '''emong'''
|-
|ġiend||through, throughout, over, as far as, among, in, after, beyond.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''yends''' and '''yendor'''
|-
|in||in, into, to|| Ancestor of modern '''in'''
|-
|innan||in, into, within, from within || Ancestor of Oxman '''innon'''
|-
|mid||with, against|| Ancestor of modern '''mid'''
|-
|nāh||near|| Ancestor of Oxman '''nagh-''' (only in compounds)
|-
|nefne||except|| Ancestor of Oxman '''nevon''' (unless)
|-
|af||of, from, out of, off|| Ancestor of modern '''af'''
|-
|oƀor||above, over; upon, on, more than|| Ancestor of modern '''ovor'''
|-
|an||at, to, in|| Ancestor of Oxman '''an''' and '''a-'''
|-
|anbūtan||concerning|| Ancestor of Dialectal Oxman '''abauton'''
|-
|anġeġin||opposite, against; towards; in reply to.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''ayeyon''' (towards)
|-
|sæmt, sæmd||together with, at.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''samt''' (only used in '''samt mid''' or in compounds)
|-
|tō||to, at.|| Ancestor of Oxman '''tœ'''
|-
|teġeġines||towards, against|| Ancestor of Oxman '''teyons'''
|-
|tōmiddes||in the midst of, amidst|| Ancestor of Oxman '''tœmids'''
|-
|tōward(es)||toward|| Ancestor of modern tœwards
|-
|þurh||through||Ancestor of Oxman '''thurgh''', Related to modern Dutch '''door''', German '''durch''', English '''through'''
|-
|undor||under|| Ancestor of modern '''undor'''
|-
|undorneðan||underneath|| Ancestor of modern '''undornethon'''
|-
|uppan||upon, on|| Ancestor of dialectical Oxman '''uppon'''.
|-
|ūtan||without, outside of||Ancestor of '''auton''', related to modern German '''außen, außer''' and Swedish '''utan'''
|-
|wiðor||towards, to; with, against; opposite to; by, near.|| Ancestor of modern '''withor-'''. Related to modern German '''wider'''
|-
|umb(i)||about, by|| Ancestor of Oxman '''umb''' (around, about); Related to German '''um''' and Latin '''ambi'''
|-
|umbūtan||about, around; concerning|| Ancestor of archaic Oxman '''umbbauton''' (concerning, around)
|}

[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Germanic]]