Linguifex - User contributions [en]

Eḥeiθymmen Amran

2020-04-01T04:45:36Z

Deltaquebec: /* Particles */

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="float:right;" width="35%"
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffffff; font-size:1.2em;" | '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' [ɛˈçej.θym.mɛn ˈar.jad ɛçˈðej.rym.mɛː ˈam.ran]
|-
| '''Creator:''' || Daniel Quigley
|-
| '''Spoken in:''' || Amran
|-
| '''World:''' || ''Leaves'' Stories
|-
| '''Total Speakers:''' || ~ 18,000,000
|-
| '''Basic word order:''' || Strict V2
|-
| '''Morphological Type:''' || Fusional
|-
| '''Morphosyntactic Alignment:''' || Split Ergative-Absolutive
|-
| '''Inspirations:''' || Arabic, German, Finnish, Welsh, Basque, English, Menominee
|-
| '''Status:''' || In Progress
|-
| '''Link to full documentation:''' || *forthcoming*
|}

'''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' is an ''a priori'' artistic constructed language in development by Daniel Quigley, providing the framework for which the author’s creative works and worldbuilding are guided. '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''', or '''Eḥeiθymmen Amran''' or '''Eḥeiθymme''', is the dominant language of the people of Amran.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is characterized by significant word-internal sound-change, a "root-and-pattern" morphology, and strict word order. '''Eḥeiθymme''' readily accepts words of non-native origin, but tends to force said loans into its morphological paradigm.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is typologically a fusional language. Nouns, modifiers, and verbs are typically formed via a root-and-pattern triconsonantal root system, and movement between the three is highly fluid. Nouns are not inflected for number and case; these details are encoded in the definiteness marked by an article. Other modifiers, such as adverbs, are not inflected in the same way, though similarities may be found in certain contexts. Verbs entirely depend upon their construction with a positive or a negative copula, and most tenses are formed via periphrasis. Some particles are inflected for person. '''Eḥeiθymme''' is a Split Ergative-Absolutive aligned language, in which nouns tend to obey ergative-absolutive alignment rules, and person marking on the verb tends to obey nominative-accusative alignment rules. '''Eḥeiθymme''' has strict V2 word order despite the presence of extensive case marking.

==Introduction==

===Setting===

'''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' is the lingua franca of Amran. The people of Amran are exceptionally diverse in language, culture, and identity. At the time of the ''Leaves'' stories, Amran is in its twilight years and is a ghost of its former self. Amran's vast landscape follows from a temperate biome to a taiga biome, dominated by thick forests, abundant snowfall in many regions, and mountainous regions further inland. Much of the population is concentrated along the coastal regions, while inland is mostly uninhabited by humans.

===Etymology===

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is a word built from nominal form of the root '''∅-J-T''' indicating "language, speaking, articulated speech", rendered as '''ait''', which morphs to '''eiθ''', the '''ah-''' prefix, which morphs to '''eḥ-''', formulates proper nouns out of common nouns, and the suffix '''-umma''', which morphs to '''-ymme''', which is the augmentive suffix. In genitive constructions involving a proper noun fulfilling the genitive role, the possessed noun is in the construct state, sometimes unrealized morphologically, but in this case, it is indicated by '''-n'''. '''Arjad''' is from the positive copula '''R-J-D''', '''Eḥðeirymmē''' is built from the nominal form of '''D-J-R''' indicating "earth, land", rendered as '''dair''', which morphs to '''ðeir''', the '''ah-''' prefix, which morphs to '''eḥ-''', formulates proper nouns out of common nouns, and the suffix '''-umma''', which morphs to '''-ymmē''' in the absolutive case, and '''amran''' is the imperfective verbal form from the root '''M-R-N''' indicating "goodness, pleasantness, well-being". All morphing in sounds are accounted for in the section on sound change.

Taken altogether, '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' translates to “the principle language of Amran”, or, "the principal language of the good land".

===Goals===

The driving goal of '''Eḥeiθymme''' is to provide a framework for the author’s creative works and worldbuilding. To that end, '''Eḥeiθymme''' ought to be a naturalistic constructed language, and ought to be pleasant to look at and to hear (admittedly, this is wholly subjective, and others may disagree with to the extent to which this was fulfilled).

===Development, Inspiration, Forthcoming===

The history of '''Eḥeiθymme''' as a constructed language is relatively recent, and stems from the author's desire to construct a language with a Semitic style, and from the author's investigations into tense, mood, and aspect systems of world languages during his undergraduate career in linguistics. The earliest dedicated work on the language originated with the name of an individual, '''Iḥliθ''', whose meaning is yet elusive, and the now-defunct word for a ruler, '''aryad''', which has since come to be the positive copula.

Because much of the creative works and worldbuilding for which '''Eḥeiθymme''' guides concern themselves with cultural contact, exchange, and conflict, the two dominant languages of the world, [[Ahāmatya|'''Ahāmatya''']] and '''Eḥeiθymme''', are deliberately designed to be dissimilar, with regards to the make-up and feel of the language. The inspirations of the language include, but are not limited to, Arabic, German, Finnish, Welsh, Basque, English, Menominee. While some overlap exists in the inspirations for '''Ahāmatya''' and '''Eḥeiθymme''', any overt similarities are deliberately avoided.

A more in-depth and detailed documentation is forthcoming, which includes in-universe terminology for grammatical categories and descriptions. The author hopes to someday have the creative works published.

==Phonology==




===Consonants===
'''Eḥeiθymme''' has five major places of articulation and six manners of articulation, and yields twenty-three consonants in total.

{|class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=text-align:center
|+'''Consonant Inventory of Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="3" |
! Labial
! Alveolar
! Palatal
! Velar
! Glottal
|-
! colspan="3" | Nasal
| '''m''' = [m]
| '''n''' = [n]
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Stop
! {{small|''unvoiced''}}
| '''p''' = [p]
| '''t''' = [t]
|
| '''k''' = [k]
|
|-
! {{small|''voiced''}}
| '''b''' = [b]
| '''d''' = [d]
|
| '''g''' = [g]
|
|-
! rowspan="4" | Fricative
! rowspan="2" | {{small|sibilant}}
! {{small|''unvoiced''}}
|
| '''s''' = [s]
| '''ʃ''' = [ʃ]
|
|
|-
! {{small|''voiced''}}
|
|
| '''ʒ''' = [ʒ]
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | {{small|non-sibilant}}
! {{small|''unvoiced''}}
| '''f''' = [f]
| '''θ''' = [θ]
| '''ḥ''' = [ç]
| '''x''' = [x]
| '''h''' = [h]
|-
! {{small|''voiced''}}
| '''v''' = [v]
| '''ð''' = [ð]
|
| '''ɣ''' = [ɣ]
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Semi-vowel
| '''w''' = [w]
|
| '''y''' = [j]
|
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Lateral
|
| '''l''' = [l]
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Rhotic
|
| '''r''' = [r]
|
|
|
|}

===Vowels and Diphthongs===
'''Eḥeiθymme''' has five short vowels and five long vowels, a distinction manifested as the long vowels' sound being held twice as long as short vowels' sound.

The short vowels are the following: '''i''', '''e''', '''a''', '''y''', '''u'''. The long vowels are the following: '''ī''', '''ē''', '''ā''', '''ȳ''', '''ū'''. Note that, when spoken, there is some variation in the actual pronunciation of /ɛ:/, and may be more accurately pronounced as [e:].

'''Eḥeiθymme''' has three diphthongs, all of which have length equivalent to long vowels. The diphthongs are the following: '''ei''', '''ey''', '''au'''.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Vowel and Diphthong Inventory of Eḥeiθymme'''
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Front
! rowspan="2" | Back
|-
! unrounded
! rounded
|-
! Close
| '''i''' = [i] '''ī''' = [i:]
| '''y''' = [y] '''ȳ''' = [y:]
| '''u''' = [u] '''ū''' = [u:]
|-
! Mid
| '''e''' = [ɛ] ~ [e] '''ē''' = [ɛ:] ~ [e:]
|
|
|-
! Open
|
|
| '''a''' = [a] '''ā''' = [a:]
|- style="text-align: center;"
!Diphthongs
| colspan="3" |'''ei''' = [ej], '''ey''' = [eɥ], '''au''' = [aw]
|}

===Prosody and Stress===

Syllables are determined by vowel-sounds and diphthong-sounds. There is one vowel or diphthong per syllable. A syllable will tend to be closed, and tend not to contain a consonant in the onset if it can be avoided.

The determination of stress is understood within the bounds of the ultimate to antepenultimate syllable.

'''1. If the word at most contains:'''
* three syllables, then the first syllable is stressed.
* two syllables, then the first syllable is stressed.
* one syllable, then that syllable is stressed.

'''2. If the word contains:'''
* more than three syllables, then the antepenultimate syllable is stressed.
* a diphthong or a long vowel in the ultimate, penultimate, or antepenultimate syllable, then that syllable is stressed.

===Sound Change===

There exists three general rules of sound change in '''Eḥeiθymme''', one of which involves the mutation of consonants, one of which involves a harmonization of the vowels in a word, and one that turns consonants into vowels.

'''1. The consonant moves to a fricative counterpart in the environment that it follows a front vowel or a voiceless palatal fricative.'''

* t → θ
* d → ð
* p → f
* b → v
* k → x
* g → ɣ
* h → ḥ = ç
* s → h

'''2. If a close, front, unrounded vowel exists anywhere in the word, then the close, back vowel becomes the close, front, rounded vowel, and the open, back vowel becomes the mid, front, unrounded vowel.'''

* u → y / ...i...
* a → e / ...i...

'''3. A semi-vowel becomes its vowel counterpart in the environment that it preceeds immediately a non-semi-vowel consonant.'''

* j → i / _C
* w → u / _C

==Morphology==

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is characterized by a '''nonconcatenative morphology''', or "root-and-pattern" morphology. Words are constructed from an abstract consonantal root structure according to any of several templates. The roots of words tend to be made of two or three consonants, called radicals, though roots of one or four are not unheard of. Words not of an '''Eḥeiθymme''' origin are made to follow '''Eḥeiθymme''''s morphology, and so can exhibit an atypical number of consonant roots. Additionally, '''Eḥeiθymme''' is not without discrete morphemes in the form of affixes in addition to the characteristic nonconcatenative morphology.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Eḥeiθymme Inflectional and Derivational Morphology Structure'''
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Root
! colspan="9" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μv1v2v3vμ
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Constituent Parts
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μ
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | v
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 1
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | v
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 2
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | v
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 3
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | v
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μ
|-
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | morphemic prefix
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel(s) or diphthong
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | '''initial radical'''
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel(s) or diphthong
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | '''medial radical'''
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel(s) or diphthong
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | '''final radical'''
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel(s) or diphthong
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | morphemic suffix
|}

==Verbs==

Verbs in '''Eḥeiθymme''' are predominantly aspectual, and show no overt morphological distinction to reflect time. Tenses are constructed typically by periphrasis. Mood is constructed via periphrasis for moods that are not indicative, subjunctive, or imperative, with one of several modal verbs. Voice is distinguished morphologically in unison with periphrasis. Person is marked directly on the verb by distinct morphemes.

On the verb itself, the following may be marked:

* Two aspects (perfective, imperfective)
* Three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter)
* Four persons (first, second, third, indeterminate)
* Agent/subject and patient
* Three numbers (singular, plural, paucal)
* Three moods (indicative, subjunctive, imperative)

Critical to the construction of the verb and verb phrase is the '''copula''', of which there exists both a '''positive''' copula '''∅-J-D''' and a '''negative''' copula '''∅-M-N''' . Additionally, there exists an infinitive form of the verb that is used with modals.

Since verbs are constructed regularly via predictable combinatorics, it is useful to make a generalized template with which to consult. '''α''' and '''β''' are assumed to have been inflected for agent/subject and/or object person marking.

* '''α''' is a verb in the perfective aspect construction
* '''β''' is a verb in the imperfective aspect construction
* '''V''' is the full verb
* subscript "copula" means that that verb is the copula
* superscript "+" or "-" means that that verb is either the positive or the negative form (of the copula)
* subscript "modal" means that that verb is a modal verb
* subscript "infinitive" means that that verb is in the infinitive form of the verb

===Tense===

Tense is constructed combinatorially with the copula, with an explicitly defined aspectual distinction.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' distinguishes between three aspects: the '''Perfective''' aspect indicates an action completed, or an action as a whole; the '''Imperfective''' aspect indicates a continuous action; the '''Perfect''' aspect indicates a completed action prior to some event in context. Only the Perfective and the Imperfective have unique morphological templates; the Perfective aspect is formed via periphrasis.

The overt forms of the various aspects are dependent on the consonant make-up of the root. Such roots typically exhibit two or three consonants. Roots whose consonants are '''phonologically stable''' are roots whose consonants are not lateral (L-roots), rhotic (R-roots), fricative (S-roots), or semi-vowel (J-roots and W-roots), and are the so-called CCC-roots. '''Phonologically unstable''' roots exhibit minor irregularities in their construction, of which depend on the location of the unstable consonant(s) in the root: initial, medial, final. Roots consisting of two consonants, called ∅CC-roots, have variable manifestations and typically form via leveling, realized as the 2 consonant being doubled and acting as the 1 consonant.

Morpho-phonological phenomena and historical processes notwithstanding, the general structure of aspect is the following:

* The Perfective Aspect: '''-1e23i'''
* The Imperfective Aspect: '''-12a3'''

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Aspect Construction in Eḥeiθymme (Indicative Mood Shown Here)'''
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! style="text-align: center;" | Perfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Imperfective
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''e23i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''(2)2a3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e23i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12a3''' -'''1u2a3'''1
|-
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Le23i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''L2a3''' -'''i2e3'''2
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1eL3i''' -'''1ei3i'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1La3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Li'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aL'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Re23i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''R2a3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ē3i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Ra3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Ri'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12ā'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Se23i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''S2a3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1eS3i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Sa3''' -'''S1a3'''4
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Si'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aS'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Je23i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''i2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ei3i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Ja3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2ī'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aJ'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''We23i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''u2a3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ey3i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Wa3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2yi'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aW'''
|}

:<nowiki>1</nowiki> If 1 and 2 are stops
:<nowiki>2</nowiki> If 2 is a stop
:<nowiki>3</nowiki> If 3 is a stop
:<nowiki>4</nowiki> If 1 is a stop

'''Eḥeiθymme''' distinguishes two times: the '''Past''' time indicates actions in the past; the '''Non-Past''' time indicates actions not in the past, and in some contexts covers both the present and the future. Aspect and time combine to yield tense.

* The '''Perfective Past Tense''' indicates a simple completed action in the past. It is the composition of perfective aspect and past time.

* The '''Imperfective Past Tense''' indicates an ongoing or incomplete action in the past time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and past time.

* The '''Imperfective Non-Past Tense''' indicates an ongoing action in the non-past time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and non-past time. Additionally, this tense may also be used to refer to the equivalent of a future time, depending on the context.

* The '''Perfect Past Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another completed action. It is the composition of perfect aspect and past time.

* The '''Perfect Non-Past Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another action. It is the composition of perfect aspect and non-past time.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Positive and Negative Verb Construction without Modals in Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Positive
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Negative
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''ad-α'''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β''' '''β'''+''copula'' + '''β'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''β'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''β'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''β'''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''+''copula'' + '''α'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''α'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''α'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''α'''
|}

===Mood===

'''Eḥeiθymmen''' has three distinctly marked moods: the '''Indicative''' mood indicates factual statements, inquiry of simple questions, and the statement of beliefs; the '''Subjunctive''' mood indicates imaginary or hypothetical actions, conveys opinions or emotions, or conveys requests; the '''Imperative''' mood indicates a directed command.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Verb Construction in Eḥeiθymme for Morphological Mood'''
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Indicative
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Subjunctive
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Imperative
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | Perfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Imperfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Perfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Imperfective
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''e'''23'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -(2)2'''a'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''au'''23'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''(2)a23e'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''23'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''3- -1u2'''a'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''23'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a23e'''
|-
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -L'''e'''23'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -L2'''a'''3 -i2'''e'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | -L'''au'''23'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''La23e'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''L3'''i''' -1'''e'''i3'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -1L'''a'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''L3'''u''' -1'''ew'''i3'''y'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1aL3e''' -'''1ei3e'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2L'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''L
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2L'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Le'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -R'''e'''23'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -R2'''a'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | -R'''au'''23'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Ra23e'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ē'''3'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -1R'''a'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ā'''3'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ā3e'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2R'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''ā'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2R'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Re'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -S'''e'''23'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -S2'''a'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | -S'''au'''23'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Sa23e'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''S3'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -1S'''a'''3- -S1'''a'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''S3'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1aS3e'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2S'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''S
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2S'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Se'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -J'''e'''23'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -i2'''e'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | -J'''au'''23'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Ja23e'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''i3'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -1J'''a'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ew'''i3'''y'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ei3e'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2'''ī'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''J
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2J'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Je'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -W'''e'''23'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -u2'''a'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | -w'''au'''23'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Wa23e'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''y3'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -1W'''a'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''aū'''3'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1au3e'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2y'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''W
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2'''ū'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2We'''
|}

'''Eḥeiθymmen''' may also form verb constructions via periphrasis with modal verbs. There are numerous such modal verbs expressing variable meanings, shades of meanings, and overlapping of meanings. These may also be in the indicative, subjunctive, or imperative.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Positive and Negative Verb Construction with Modals in Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Positive
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Negative
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''ad-α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive'' '''β'''+''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''+''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
|}

===Voice===

Voice in '''Eḥeiθymme''' is constructed entirely morphosyntactically, and depends on the relationship between a transitive or intransitive verb with nouns in the ergative case and nouns in the absolutive case.

When constructing these voices, the copula always remains in the second position. Any modal, other inflected verb, or infinitive remains at the end. For sentences not in need of a copula construction, such as the Perfective Past tense or the Imperfective Non-past tense, then the position otherwise held by the copula is instead held by the inflected verb, and is no longer at the end of the sentence. Similarly, in those tenses are being constructed with the modal plus the infinitive, then the modal is placed in the second position, and the infinitive is at the end.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' has three distinct voice constructions:

'''1. Active voice''' indicates that the subject of the sentence performs the action of a transitive or an intransitive verb, or causes the happening denoted by the verb.
* N''ergative'' + V''transitive'' + N''absolutive''
* N''ergative'' + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''transitive''
* N''ergative'' + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''modal'' + V''infinitive''
* N''ergative'' + V''modal'' + N''absolutive'' + V''infinitive''

* ∅ + V''intransitive'' + N''absolutive''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''intransitive''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''modal'' + V''infinitive''
* ∅ + V''modal'' + N''absolutive'' + V''infinitive''

'''2. Anti-passive voice''' takes the transitive verb and make it "less transitive" (read, more intransitive) by retaining that verb but putting the ergative noun into an absolutive or oblique construct, and thus conveys prominence of the agent and what they did, while the patient is left not as important (and thus demoted to oblique).
* N''absolutive'' + V''transitive'' + N''oblique''
* N''absolutive'' + V''copula'' + N''oblique'' + V''transitive''
* N''absolutive'' + V''copula'' + N''oblique'' + V''modal'' + V''infinitive''
* N''absolutive'' + V''modal'' + N''oblique'' + V''infinitive''

'''3. Anti-active voice''' takes the intransitive verb and make it "less intransitive" (read, more transitive) by taking a null space object (the oblique or absolutive) and realizing it with an actual argument, and thus conveys prominence to an object. Admittedly, there are very few instances of the anti-active voice.
* ∅ + V''intransitive'' + N''ergative''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''ergative'' + V''intransitive''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''ergative'' + V''modal''+ V''infinitive''
* ∅ + V''modal'' + N''ergative'' + V''infinitive''

In the active voice, the verb may be either transitive or intransitive. In the anti-passive voice, the verb must be transitive. In the anti-active voice, the verb must be intransitive. Finally, note that transitivity is entirely semantic; there is no overt marking to indicate if a verb is transitive or intransitive.

===Infinitive===

The infinitive form of the verb in '''Eḥeiθymme''' is used in the construction of verb tenses when the use of a modal is employed. The infinitive may be used as a verbal noun if made definite.

Morpho-phonological phenomena and historical processes notwithstanding, the general structure of the infinitive is the following:

* The Infinitive: '''1a12e3'''

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Infinitival Construction in Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! style="text-align: center;" | Infinitive
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(2)a(2)2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12e3'''
|-
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''LaL2e3''' '''Lei2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''LaL1e3''' '''Lei1e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eL'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''Rā2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1Re3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12ā'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''SaS2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1Se3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eS'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''Jei2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1Je3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eJ'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1au2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1We3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eW'''
|}

===Conjugation===

Grammatical person as agent/subject as well as object and number are designated via affixation. Mood is designated via change of vowel in the stem as well as affixation in the case of the imperative. The following table shows the paradigm of the positive copula, '''R-J-D''', with no marking made for the object.

{| class="wikitable nowrap" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Paradigm of the Positive Copula, R-J-D, with Agent/Subject Marking Only'''
! Mood
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
|-
! rowspan="9" | Indicative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ele-'''''reiði''
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rjad''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhye-'''''reiði''
| '''dhua-'''''rjad''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''reiði''
| '''ive-'''''rjeð''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''reiði''
| '''me-'''''rjad''
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ē-'''''reiði''
| '''ā-'''''rjad''
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði''
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði''
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði''
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
|-
! rowspan="9" | Subjunctive
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ele-'''''rewiðy''
| rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhye-'''''rewiðy''
|
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''rewiðy''
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''rauðu''
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ē-'''''rewiðy''
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy''
|
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy''
|
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy''
|
|-
! rowspan="9" | Imperative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | –
| rowspan="2" | –
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
| '''dhye-'''''reiðe''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| '''ive-'''''reiðe''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| '''me-'''''reiðe''
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe''
|}

==Nouns==

Nouns in '''Eḥeiθymme''' are not inflected for grammatical gender, number, or case. Neither the noun nor the adjective differentiate gender, in contrast to the obligatorily marked gender of the pronouns. An exception to this is when the noun is explicitly gendered, to reflect specifically gendered subjects. This distinction is wholly semantic. Number and case are entirely encoded in the definite article. Nouns are inflected for state.

* The structure of a '''Basic Noun''' is: '''-1v23-''', where '''-v-''' may be any vowel, but is usually '''-a-''' or '''-u-'''.

===Definiteness===

'''Eḥeiθymme''' has various definite and indefinite articles controlling the number and case of the modified noun. Proper nouns are definite by definition, and so do not require the definite article. Case for proper nouns is realized variously, by context or by adpositions.

* The '''Singular Definite Article''' is: ''' la-'''
* The '''Plural Definite Article''' is: ''' -'''
* The '''Paucal Definite Article''' is: ''' -'''

* The '''Singular Indefinite Article''' is: '''a-'''
* The '''Plural Indefinite Article''' is: ''' -'''
* The '''Paucal Indefinite Article''' is: ''' -'''

====Case====

===State===

====Absolute State====

====Construct State====

==Modifiers==

===Adjectives===

===Adverbs===

==Particles==

* '''α''' participle: '''i1e23i'''
* '''β''' participle: '''i12e3''' or '''i12i3'''

==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==

==Other resources==




[[Category:Eḥeiθymme]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Eḥeiθymmen Amran

2020-04-01T01:58:24Z

Deltaquebec: /* Sound Change */

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="float:right;" width="35%"
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffffff; font-size:1.2em;" | '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' [ɛˈçej.θym.mɛn ˈar.jad ɛçˈðej.rym.mɛː ˈam.ran]
|-
| '''Creator:''' || Daniel Quigley
|-
| '''Spoken in:''' || Amran
|-
| '''World:''' || ''Leaves'' Stories
|-
| '''Total Speakers:''' || ~ 18,000,000
|-
| '''Basic word order:''' || Strict V2
|-
| '''Morphological Type:''' || Fusional
|-
| '''Morphosyntactic Alignment:''' || Split Ergative-Absolutive
|-
| '''Inspirations:''' || Arabic, German, Finnish, Welsh, Basque, English, Menominee
|-
| '''Status:''' || In Progress
|-
| '''Link to full documentation:''' || *forthcoming*
|}

'''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' is an ''a priori'' artistic constructed language in development by Daniel Quigley, providing the framework for which the author’s creative works and worldbuilding are guided. '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''', or '''Eḥeiθymmen Amran''' or '''Eḥeiθymme''', is the dominant language of the people of Amran.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is characterized by significant word-internal sound-change, a "root-and-pattern" morphology, and strict word order. '''Eḥeiθymme''' readily accepts words of non-native origin, but tends to force said loans into its morphological paradigm.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is typologically a fusional language. Nouns, modifiers, and verbs are typically formed via a root-and-pattern triconsonantal root system, and movement between the three is highly fluid. Nouns are not inflected for number and case; these details are encoded in the definiteness marked by an article. Other modifiers, such as adverbs, are not inflected in the same way, though similarities may be found in certain contexts. Verbs entirely depend upon their construction with a positive or a negative copula, and most tenses are formed via periphrasis. Some particles are inflected for person. '''Eḥeiθymme''' is a Split Ergative-Absolutive aligned language, in which nouns tend to obey ergative-absolutive alignment rules, and person marking on the verb tends to obey nominative-accusative alignment rules. '''Eḥeiθymme''' has strict V2 word order despite the presence of extensive case marking.

==Introduction==

===Setting===

'''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' is the lingua franca of Amran. The people of Amran are exceptionally diverse in language, culture, and identity. At the time of the ''Leaves'' stories, Amran is in its twilight years and is a ghost of its former self. Amran's vast landscape follows from a temperate biome to a taiga biome, dominated by thick forests, abundant snowfall in many regions, and mountainous regions further inland. Much of the population is concentrated along the coastal regions, while inland is mostly uninhabited by humans.

===Etymology===

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is a word built from nominal form of the root '''∅-J-T''' indicating "language, speaking, articulated speech", rendered as '''ait''', which morphs to '''eiθ''', the '''ah-''' prefix, which morphs to '''eḥ-''', formulates proper nouns out of common nouns, and the suffix '''-umma''', which morphs to '''-ymme''', which is the augmentive suffix. In genitive constructions involving a proper noun fulfilling the genitive role, the possessed noun is in the construct state, sometimes unrealized morphologically, but in this case, it is indicated by '''-n'''. '''Arjad''' is from the positive copula '''R-J-D''', '''Eḥðeirymmē''' is built from the nominal form of '''D-J-R''' indicating "earth, land", rendered as '''dair''', which morphs to '''ðeir''', the '''ah-''' prefix, which morphs to '''eḥ-''', formulates proper nouns out of common nouns, and the suffix '''-umma''', which morphs to '''-ymmē''' in the absolutive case, and '''amran''' is the imperfective verbal form from the root '''M-R-N''' indicating "goodness, pleasantness, well-being". All morphing in sounds are accounted for in the section on sound change.

Taken altogether, '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' translates to “the principle language of Amran”, or, "the principal language of the good land".

===Goals===

The driving goal of '''Eḥeiθymme''' is to provide a framework for the author’s creative works and worldbuilding. To that end, '''Eḥeiθymme''' ought to be a naturalistic constructed language, and ought to be pleasant to look at and to hear (admittedly, this is wholly subjective, and others may disagree with to the extent to which this was fulfilled).

===Development, Inspiration, Forthcoming===

The history of '''Eḥeiθymme''' as a constructed language is relatively recent, and stems from the author's desire to construct a language with a Semitic style, and from the author's investigations into tense, mood, and aspect systems of world languages during his undergraduate career in linguistics. The earliest dedicated work on the language originated with the name of an individual, '''Iḥliθ''', whose meaning is yet elusive, and the now-defunct word for a ruler, '''aryad''', which has since come to be the positive copula.

Because much of the creative works and worldbuilding for which '''Eḥeiθymme''' guides concern themselves with cultural contact, exchange, and conflict, the two dominant languages of the world, [[Ahāmatya|'''Ahāmatya''']] and '''Eḥeiθymme''', are deliberately designed to be dissimilar, with regards to the make-up and feel of the language. The inspirations of the language include, but are not limited to, Arabic, German, Finnish, Welsh, Basque, English, Menominee. While some overlap exists in the inspirations for '''Ahāmatya''' and '''Eḥeiθymme''', any overt similarities are deliberately avoided.

A more in-depth and detailed documentation is forthcoming, which includes in-universe terminology for grammatical categories and descriptions. The author hopes to someday have the creative works published.

==Phonology==




===Consonants===
'''Eḥeiθymme''' has five major places of articulation and six manners of articulation, and yields twenty-three consonants in total.

{|class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=text-align:center
|+'''Consonant Inventory of Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="3" |
! Labial
! Alveolar
! Palatal
! Velar
! Glottal
|-
! colspan="3" | Nasal
| '''m''' = [m]
| '''n''' = [n]
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Stop
! {{small|''unvoiced''}}
| '''p''' = [p]
| '''t''' = [t]
|
| '''k''' = [k]
|
|-
! {{small|''voiced''}}
| '''b''' = [b]
| '''d''' = [d]
|
| '''g''' = [g]
|
|-
! rowspan="4" | Fricative
! rowspan="2" | {{small|sibilant}}
! {{small|''unvoiced''}}
|
| '''s''' = [s]
| '''ʃ''' = [ʃ]
|
|
|-
! {{small|''voiced''}}
|
|
| '''ʒ''' = [ʒ]
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | {{small|non-sibilant}}
! {{small|''unvoiced''}}
| '''f''' = [f]
| '''θ''' = [θ]
| '''ḥ''' = [ç]
| '''x''' = [x]
| '''h''' = [h]
|-
! {{small|''voiced''}}
| '''v''' = [v]
| '''ð''' = [ð]
|
| '''ɣ''' = [ɣ]
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Semi-vowel
| '''w''' = [w]
|
| '''y''' = [j]
|
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Lateral
|
| '''l''' = [l]
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Rhotic
|
| '''r''' = [r]
|
|
|
|}

===Vowels and Diphthongs===
'''Eḥeiθymme''' has five short vowels and five long vowels, a distinction manifested as the long vowels' sound being held twice as long as short vowels' sound.

The short vowels are the following: '''i''', '''e''', '''a''', '''y''', '''u'''. The long vowels are the following: '''ī''', '''ē''', '''ā''', '''ȳ''', '''ū'''. Note that, when spoken, there is some variation in the actual pronunciation of /ɛ:/, and may be more accurately pronounced as [e:].

'''Eḥeiθymme''' has three diphthongs, all of which have length equivalent to long vowels. The diphthongs are the following: '''ei''', '''ey''', '''au'''.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Vowel and Diphthong Inventory of Eḥeiθymme'''
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Front
! rowspan="2" | Back
|-
! unrounded
! rounded
|-
! Close
| '''i''' = [i] '''ī''' = [i:]
| '''y''' = [y] '''ȳ''' = [y:]
| '''u''' = [u] '''ū''' = [u:]
|-
! Mid
| '''e''' = [ɛ] ~ [e] '''ē''' = [ɛ:] ~ [e:]
|
|
|-
! Open
|
|
| '''a''' = [a] '''ā''' = [a:]
|- style="text-align: center;"
!Diphthongs
| colspan="3" |'''ei''' = [ej], '''ey''' = [eɥ], '''au''' = [aw]
|}

===Prosody and Stress===

Syllables are determined by vowel-sounds and diphthong-sounds. There is one vowel or diphthong per syllable. A syllable will tend to be closed, and tend not to contain a consonant in the onset if it can be avoided.

The determination of stress is understood within the bounds of the ultimate to antepenultimate syllable.

'''1. If the word at most contains:'''
* three syllables, then the first syllable is stressed.
* two syllables, then the first syllable is stressed.
* one syllable, then that syllable is stressed.

'''2. If the word contains:'''
* more than three syllables, then the antepenultimate syllable is stressed.
* a diphthong or a long vowel in the ultimate, penultimate, or antepenultimate syllable, then that syllable is stressed.

===Sound Change===

There exists three general rules of sound change in '''Eḥeiθymme''', one of which involves the mutation of consonants, one of which involves a harmonization of the vowels in a word, and one that turns consonants into vowels.

'''1. The consonant moves to a fricative counterpart in the environment that it follows a front vowel or a voiceless palatal fricative.'''

* t → θ
* d → ð
* p → f
* b → v
* k → x
* g → ɣ
* h → ḥ = ç
* s → h

'''2. If a close, front, unrounded vowel exists anywhere in the word, then the close, back vowel becomes the close, front, rounded vowel, and the open, back vowel becomes the mid, front, unrounded vowel.'''

* u → y / ...i...
* a → e / ...i...

'''3. A semi-vowel becomes its vowel counterpart in the environment that it preceeds immediately a non-semi-vowel consonant.'''

* j → i / _C
* w → u / _C

==Morphology==

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is characterized by a '''nonconcatenative morphology''', or "root-and-pattern" morphology. Words are constructed from an abstract consonantal root structure according to any of several templates. The roots of words tend to be made of two or three consonants, called radicals, though roots of one or four are not unheard of. Words not of an '''Eḥeiθymme''' origin are made to follow '''Eḥeiθymme''''s morphology, and so can exhibit an atypical number of consonant roots. Additionally, '''Eḥeiθymme''' is not without discrete morphemes in the form of affixes in addition to the characteristic nonconcatenative morphology.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Eḥeiθymme Inflectional and Derivational Morphology Structure'''
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Root
! colspan="9" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μv1v2v3vμ
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Constituent Parts
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μ
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | v
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 1
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | v
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 2
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | v
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 3
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | v
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μ
|-
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | morphemic prefix
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel(s) or diphthong
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | '''initial radical'''
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel(s) or diphthong
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | '''medial radical'''
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel(s) or diphthong
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | '''final radical'''
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel(s) or diphthong
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | morphemic suffix
|}

==Verbs==

Verbs in '''Eḥeiθymme''' are predominantly aspectual, and show no overt morphological distinction to reflect time. Tenses are constructed typically by periphrasis. Mood is constructed via periphrasis for moods that are not indicative, subjunctive, or imperative, with one of several modal verbs. Voice is distinguished morphologically in unison with periphrasis. Person is marked directly on the verb by distinct morphemes.

On the verb itself, the following may be marked:

* Two aspects (perfective, imperfective)
* Three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter)
* Four persons (first, second, third, indeterminate)
* Agent/subject and patient
* Three numbers (singular, plural, paucal)
* Three moods (indicative, subjunctive, imperative)

Critical to the construction of the verb and verb phrase is the '''copula''', of which there exists both a '''positive''' copula '''∅-J-D''' and a '''negative''' copula '''∅-M-N''' . Additionally, there exists an infinitive form of the verb that is used with modals.

Since verbs are constructed regularly via predictable combinatorics, it is useful to make a generalized template with which to consult. '''α''' and '''β''' are assumed to have been inflected for agent/subject and/or object person marking.

* '''α''' is a verb in the perfective aspect construction
* '''β''' is a verb in the imperfective aspect construction
* '''V''' is the full verb
* subscript "copula" means that that verb is the copula
* superscript "+" or "-" means that that verb is either the positive or the negative form (of the copula)
* subscript "modal" means that that verb is a modal verb
* subscript "infinitive" means that that verb is in the infinitive form of the verb

===Tense===

Tense is constructed combinatorially with the copula, with an explicitly defined aspectual distinction.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' distinguishes between three aspects: the '''Perfective''' aspect indicates an action completed, or an action as a whole; the '''Imperfective''' aspect indicates a continuous action; the '''Perfect''' aspect indicates a completed action prior to some event in context. Only the Perfective and the Imperfective have unique morphological templates; the Perfective aspect is formed via periphrasis.

The overt forms of the various aspects are dependent on the consonant make-up of the root. Such roots typically exhibit two or three consonants. Roots whose consonants are '''phonologically stable''' are roots whose consonants are not lateral (L-roots), rhotic (R-roots), fricative (S-roots), or semi-vowel (J-roots and W-roots), and are the so-called CCC-roots. '''Phonologically unstable''' roots exhibit minor irregularities in their construction, of which depend on the location of the unstable consonant(s) in the root: initial, medial, final. Roots consisting of two consonants, called ∅CC-roots, have variable manifestations and typically form via leveling, realized as the 2 consonant being doubled and acting as the 1 consonant.

Morpho-phonological phenomena and historical processes notwithstanding, the general structure of aspect is the following:

* The Perfective Aspect: '''-1e23i'''
* The Imperfective Aspect: '''-12a3'''

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Aspect Construction in Eḥeiθymme (Indicative Mood Shown Here)'''
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! style="text-align: center;" | Perfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Imperfective
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''e23i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''(2)2a3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e23i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12a3''' -'''1u2a3'''1
|-
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Le23i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''L2a3''' -'''i2e3'''2
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1eL3i''' -'''1ei3i'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1La3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Li'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aL'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Re23i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''R2a3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ē3i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Ra3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Ri'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12ā'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Se23i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''S2a3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1eS3i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Sa3''' -'''S1a3'''4
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Si'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aS'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Je23i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''i2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ei3i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Ja3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2ī'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aJ'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''We23i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''u2a3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ey3i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Wa3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2yi'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aW'''
|}

:<nowiki>1</nowiki> If 1 and 2 are stops
:<nowiki>2</nowiki> If 2 is a stop
:<nowiki>3</nowiki> If 3 is a stop
:<nowiki>4</nowiki> If 1 is a stop

'''Eḥeiθymme''' distinguishes two times: the '''Past''' time indicates actions in the past; the '''Non-Past''' time indicates actions not in the past, and in some contexts covers both the present and the future. Aspect and time combine to yield tense.

* The '''Perfective Past Tense''' indicates a simple completed action in the past. It is the composition of perfective aspect and past time.

* The '''Imperfective Past Tense''' indicates an ongoing or incomplete action in the past time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and past time.

* The '''Imperfective Non-Past Tense''' indicates an ongoing action in the non-past time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and non-past time. Additionally, this tense may also be used to refer to the equivalent of a future time, depending on the context.

* The '''Perfect Past Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another completed action. It is the composition of perfect aspect and past time.

* The '''Perfect Non-Past Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another action. It is the composition of perfect aspect and non-past time.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Positive and Negative Verb Construction without Modals in Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Positive
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Negative
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''ad-α'''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β''' '''β'''+''copula'' + '''β'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''β'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''β'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''β'''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''+''copula'' + '''α'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''α'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''α'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''α'''
|}

===Mood===

'''Eḥeiθymmen''' has three distinctly marked moods: the '''Indicative''' mood indicates factual statements, inquiry of simple questions, and the statement of beliefs; the '''Subjunctive''' mood indicates imaginary or hypothetical actions, conveys opinions or emotions, or conveys requests; the '''Imperative''' mood indicates a directed command.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Verb Construction in Eḥeiθymme for Morphological Mood'''
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Indicative
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Subjunctive
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Imperative
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | Perfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Imperfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Perfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Imperfective
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''e'''23'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -(2)2'''a'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''au'''23'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''(2)a23e'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''23'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''3- -1u2'''a'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''23'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a23e'''
|-
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -L'''e'''23'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -L2'''a'''3 -i2'''e'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | -L'''au'''23'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''La23e'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''L3'''i''' -1'''e'''i3'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -1L'''a'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''L3'''u''' -1'''ew'''i3'''y'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1aL3e''' -'''1ei3e'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2L'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''L
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2L'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Le'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -R'''e'''23'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -R2'''a'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | -R'''au'''23'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Ra23e'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ē'''3'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -1R'''a'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ā'''3'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ā3e'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2R'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''ā'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2R'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Re'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -S'''e'''23'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -S2'''a'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | -S'''au'''23'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Sa23e'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''S3'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -1S'''a'''3- -S1'''a'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''S3'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1aS3e'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2S'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''S
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2S'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Se'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -J'''e'''23'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -i2'''e'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | -J'''au'''23'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Ja23e'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''i3'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -1J'''a'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ew'''i3'''y'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ei3e'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2'''ī'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''J
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2J'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Je'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -W'''e'''23'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -u2'''a'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | -w'''au'''23'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Wa23e'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''y3'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -1W'''a'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''aū'''3'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1au3e'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2y'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''W
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2'''ū'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2We'''
|}

'''Eḥeiθymmen''' may also form verb constructions via periphrasis with modal verbs. There are numerous such modal verbs expressing variable meanings, shades of meanings, and overlapping of meanings. These may also be in the indicative, subjunctive, or imperative.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Positive and Negative Verb Construction with Modals in Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Positive
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Negative
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''ad-α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive'' '''β'''+''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''+''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
|}

===Voice===

Voice in '''Eḥeiθymme''' is constructed entirely morphosyntactically, and depends on the relationship between a transitive or intransitive verb with nouns in the ergative case and nouns in the absolutive case.

When constructing these voices, the copula always remains in the second position. Any modal, other inflected verb, or infinitive remains at the end. For sentences not in need of a copula construction, such as the Perfective Past tense or the Imperfective Non-past tense, then the position otherwise held by the copula is instead held by the inflected verb, and is no longer at the end of the sentence. Similarly, in those tenses are being constructed with the modal plus the infinitive, then the modal is placed in the second position, and the infinitive is at the end.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' has three distinct voice constructions:

'''1. Active voice''' indicates that the subject of the sentence performs the action of a transitive or an intransitive verb, or causes the happening denoted by the verb.
* N''ergative'' + V''transitive'' + N''absolutive''
* N''ergative'' + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''transitive''
* N''ergative'' + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''modal'' + V''infinitive''
* N''ergative'' + V''modal'' + N''absolutive'' + V''infinitive''

* ∅ + V''intransitive'' + N''absolutive''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''intransitive''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''modal'' + V''infinitive''
* ∅ + V''modal'' + N''absolutive'' + V''infinitive''

'''2. Anti-passive voice''' takes the transitive verb and make it "less transitive" (read, more intransitive) by retaining that verb but putting the ergative noun into an absolutive or oblique construct, and thus conveys prominence of the agent and what they did, while the patient is left not as important (and thus demoted to oblique).
* N''absolutive'' + V''transitive'' + N''oblique''
* N''absolutive'' + V''copula'' + N''oblique'' + V''transitive''
* N''absolutive'' + V''copula'' + N''oblique'' + V''modal'' + V''infinitive''
* N''absolutive'' + V''modal'' + N''oblique'' + V''infinitive''

'''3. Anti-active voice''' takes the intransitive verb and make it "less intransitive" (read, more transitive) by taking a null space object (the oblique or absolutive) and realizing it with an actual argument, and thus conveys prominence to an object. Admittedly, there are very few instances of the anti-active voice.
* ∅ + V''intransitive'' + N''ergative''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''ergative'' + V''intransitive''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''ergative'' + V''modal''+ V''infinitive''
* ∅ + V''modal'' + N''ergative'' + V''infinitive''

In the active voice, the verb may be either transitive or intransitive. In the anti-passive voice, the verb must be transitive. In the anti-active voice, the verb must be intransitive. Finally, note that transitivity is entirely semantic; there is no overt marking to indicate if a verb is transitive or intransitive.

===Infinitive===

The infinitive form of the verb in '''Eḥeiθymme''' is used in the construction of verb tenses when the use of a modal is employed. The infinitive may be used as a verbal noun if made definite.

Morpho-phonological phenomena and historical processes notwithstanding, the general structure of the infinitive is the following:

* The Infinitive: '''1a12e3'''

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Infinitival Construction in Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! style="text-align: center;" | Infinitive
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(2)a(2)2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12e3'''
|-
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''LaL2e3''' '''Lei2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''LaL1e3''' '''Lei1e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eL'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''Rā2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1Re3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12ā'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''SaS2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1Se3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eS'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''Jei2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1Je3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eJ'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1au2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1We3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eW'''
|}

===Conjugation===

Grammatical person as agent/subject as well as object and number are designated via affixation. Mood is designated via change of vowel in the stem as well as affixation in the case of the imperative. The following table shows the paradigm of the positive copula, '''R-J-D''', with no marking made for the object.

{| class="wikitable nowrap" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Paradigm of the Positive Copula, R-J-D, with Agent/Subject Marking Only'''
! Mood
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
|-
! rowspan="9" | Indicative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ele-'''''reiði''
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rjad''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhye-'''''reiði''
| '''dhua-'''''rjad''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''reiði''
| '''ive-'''''rjeð''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''reiði''
| '''me-'''''rjad''
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ē-'''''reiði''
| '''ā-'''''rjad''
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði''
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði''
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði''
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
|-
! rowspan="9" | Subjunctive
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ele-'''''rewiðy''
| rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhye-'''''rewiðy''
|
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''rewiðy''
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''rauðu''
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ē-'''''rewiðy''
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy''
|
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy''
|
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy''
|
|-
! rowspan="9" | Imperative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | –
| rowspan="2" | –
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
| '''dhye-'''''reiðe''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| '''ive-'''''reiðe''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| '''me-'''''reiðe''
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe''
|}

==Nouns==

Nouns in '''Eḥeiθymme''' are not inflected for grammatical gender, number, or case. Neither the noun nor the adjective differentiate gender, in contrast to the obligatorily marked gender of the pronouns. An exception to this is when the noun is explicitly gendered, to reflect specifically gendered subjects. This distinction is wholly semantic. Number and case are entirely encoded in the definite article. Nouns are inflected for state.

* The structure of a '''Basic Noun''' is: '''-1v23-''', where '''-v-''' may be any vowel, but is usually '''-a-''' or '''-u-'''.

===Definiteness===

'''Eḥeiθymme''' has various definite and indefinite articles controlling the number and case of the modified noun. Proper nouns are definite by definition, and so do not require the definite article. Case for proper nouns is realized variously, by context or by adpositions.

* The '''Singular Definite Article''' is: ''' la-'''
* The '''Plural Definite Article''' is: ''' -'''
* The '''Paucal Definite Article''' is: ''' -'''

* The '''Singular Indefinite Article''' is: '''a-'''
* The '''Plural Indefinite Article''' is: ''' -'''
* The '''Paucal Indefinite Article''' is: ''' -'''

====Case====

===State===

====Absolute State====

====Construct State====

==Modifiers==

===Adjectives===

===Adverbs===

==Particles==

==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==

==Other resources==




[[Category:Eḥeiθymme]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Eḥeiθymmen Amran

2020-04-01T00:29:15Z

Deltaquebec: /* Verbs */

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="float:right;" width="35%"
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffffff; font-size:1.2em;" | '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' [ɛˈçej.θym.mɛn ˈar.jad ɛçˈðej.rym.mɛː ˈam.ran]
|-
| '''Creator:''' || Daniel Quigley
|-
| '''Spoken in:''' || Amran
|-
| '''World:''' || ''Leaves'' Stories
|-
| '''Total Speakers:''' || ~ 18,000,000
|-
| '''Basic word order:''' || Strict V2
|-
| '''Morphological Type:''' || Fusional
|-
| '''Morphosyntactic Alignment:''' || Split Ergative-Absolutive
|-
| '''Inspirations:''' || Arabic, German, Finnish, Welsh, Basque, English, Menominee
|-
| '''Status:''' || In Progress
|-
| '''Link to full documentation:''' || *forthcoming*
|}

'''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' is an ''a priori'' artistic constructed language in development by Daniel Quigley, providing the framework for which the author’s creative works and worldbuilding are guided. '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''', or '''Eḥeiθymmen Amran''' or '''Eḥeiθymme''', is the dominant language of the people of Amran.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is characterized by significant word-internal sound-change, a "root-and-pattern" morphology, and strict word order. '''Eḥeiθymme''' readily accepts words of non-native origin, but tends to force said loans into its morphological paradigm.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is typologically a fusional language. Nouns, modifiers, and verbs are typically formed via a root-and-pattern triconsonantal root system, and movement between the three is highly fluid. Nouns are not inflected for number and case; these details are encoded in the definiteness marked by an article. Other modifiers, such as adverbs, are not inflected in the same way, though similarities may be found in certain contexts. Verbs entirely depend upon their construction with a positive or a negative copula, and most tenses are formed via periphrasis. Some particles are inflected for person. '''Eḥeiθymme''' is a Split Ergative-Absolutive aligned language, in which nouns tend to obey ergative-absolutive alignment rules, and person marking on the verb tends to obey nominative-accusative alignment rules. '''Eḥeiθymme''' has strict V2 word order despite the presence of extensive case marking.

==Introduction==

===Setting===

'''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' is the lingua franca of Amran. The people of Amran are exceptionally diverse in language, culture, and identity. At the time of the ''Leaves'' stories, Amran is in its twilight years and is a ghost of its former self. Amran's vast landscape follows from a temperate biome to a taiga biome, dominated by thick forests, abundant snowfall in many regions, and mountainous regions further inland. Much of the population is concentrated along the coastal regions, while inland is mostly uninhabited by humans.

===Etymology===

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is a word built from nominal form of the root '''∅-J-T''' indicating "language, speaking, articulated speech", rendered as '''ait''', which morphs to '''eiθ''', the '''ah-''' prefix, which morphs to '''eḥ-''', formulates proper nouns out of common nouns, and the suffix '''-umma''', which morphs to '''-ymme''', which is the augmentive suffix. In genitive constructions involving a proper noun fulfilling the genitive role, the possessed noun is in the construct state, sometimes unrealized morphologically, but in this case, it is indicated by '''-n'''. '''Arjad''' is from the positive copula '''R-J-D''', '''Eḥðeirymmē''' is built from the nominal form of '''D-J-R''' indicating "earth, land", rendered as '''dair''', which morphs to '''ðeir''', the '''ah-''' prefix, which morphs to '''eḥ-''', formulates proper nouns out of common nouns, and the suffix '''-umma''', which morphs to '''-ymmē''' in the absolutive case, and '''amran''' is the imperfective verbal form from the root '''M-R-N''' indicating "goodness, pleasantness, well-being". All morphing in sounds are accounted for in the section on sound change.

Taken altogether, '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' translates to “the principle language of Amran”, or, "the principal language of the good land".

===Goals===

The driving goal of '''Eḥeiθymme''' is to provide a framework for the author’s creative works and worldbuilding. To that end, '''Eḥeiθymme''' ought to be a naturalistic constructed language, and ought to be pleasant to look at and to hear (admittedly, this is wholly subjective, and others may disagree with to the extent to which this was fulfilled).

===Development, Inspiration, Forthcoming===

The history of '''Eḥeiθymme''' as a constructed language is relatively recent, and stems from the author's desire to construct a language with a Semitic style, and from the author's investigations into tense, mood, and aspect systems of world languages during his undergraduate career in linguistics. The earliest dedicated work on the language originated with the name of an individual, '''Iḥliθ''', whose meaning is yet elusive, and the now-defunct word for a ruler, '''aryad''', which has since come to be the positive copula.

Because much of the creative works and worldbuilding for which '''Eḥeiθymme''' guides concern themselves with cultural contact, exchange, and conflict, the two dominant languages of the world, [[Ahāmatya|'''Ahāmatya''']] and '''Eḥeiθymme''', are deliberately designed to be dissimilar, with regards to the make-up and feel of the language. The inspirations of the language include, but are not limited to, Arabic, German, Finnish, Welsh, Basque, English, Menominee. While some overlap exists in the inspirations for '''Ahāmatya''' and '''Eḥeiθymme''', any overt similarities are deliberately avoided.

A more in-depth and detailed documentation is forthcoming, which includes in-universe terminology for grammatical categories and descriptions. The author hopes to someday have the creative works published.

==Phonology==




===Consonants===
'''Eḥeiθymme''' has five major places of articulation and six manners of articulation, and yields twenty-three consonants in total.

{|class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=text-align:center
|+'''Consonant Inventory of Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="3" |
! Labial
! Alveolar
! Palatal
! Velar
! Glottal
|-
! colspan="3" | Nasal
| '''m''' = [m]
| '''n''' = [n]
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Stop
! {{small|''unvoiced''}}
| '''p''' = [p]
| '''t''' = [t]
|
| '''k''' = [k]
|
|-
! {{small|''voiced''}}
| '''b''' = [b]
| '''d''' = [d]
|
| '''g''' = [g]
|
|-
! rowspan="4" | Fricative
! rowspan="2" | {{small|sibilant}}
! {{small|''unvoiced''}}
|
| '''s''' = [s]
| '''ʃ''' = [ʃ]
|
|
|-
! {{small|''voiced''}}
|
|
| '''ʒ''' = [ʒ]
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | {{small|non-sibilant}}
! {{small|''unvoiced''}}
| '''f''' = [f]
| '''θ''' = [θ]
| '''ḥ''' = [ç]
| '''x''' = [x]
| '''h''' = [h]
|-
! {{small|''voiced''}}
| '''v''' = [v]
| '''ð''' = [ð]
|
| '''ɣ''' = [ɣ]
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Semi-vowel
| '''w''' = [w]
|
| '''y''' = [j]
|
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Lateral
|
| '''l''' = [l]
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Rhotic
|
| '''r''' = [r]
|
|
|
|}

===Vowels and Diphthongs===
'''Eḥeiθymme''' has five short vowels and five long vowels, a distinction manifested as the long vowels' sound being held twice as long as short vowels' sound.

The short vowels are the following: '''i''', '''e''', '''a''', '''y''', '''u'''. The long vowels are the following: '''ī''', '''ē''', '''ā''', '''ȳ''', '''ū'''. Note that, when spoken, there is some variation in the actual pronunciation of /ɛ:/, and may be more accurately pronounced as [e:].

'''Eḥeiθymme''' has three diphthongs, all of which have length equivalent to long vowels. The diphthongs are the following: '''ei''', '''ey''', '''au'''.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Vowel and Diphthong Inventory of Eḥeiθymme'''
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Front
! rowspan="2" | Back
|-
! unrounded
! rounded
|-
! Close
| '''i''' = [i] '''ī''' = [i:]
| '''y''' = [y] '''ȳ''' = [y:]
| '''u''' = [u] '''ū''' = [u:]
|-
! Mid
| '''e''' = [ɛ] ~ [e] '''ē''' = [ɛ:] ~ [e:]
|
|
|-
! Open
|
|
| '''a''' = [a] '''ā''' = [a:]
|- style="text-align: center;"
!Diphthongs
| colspan="3" |'''ei''' = [ej], '''ey''' = [eɥ], '''au''' = [aw]
|}

===Prosody and Stress===

Syllables are determined by vowel-sounds and diphthong-sounds. There is one vowel or diphthong per syllable. A syllable will tend to be closed, and tend not to contain a consonant in the onset if it can be avoided.

The determination of stress is understood within the bounds of the ultimate to antepenultimate syllable.

'''1. If the word at most contains:'''
* three syllables, then the first syllable is stressed.
* two syllables, then the first syllable is stressed.
* one syllable, then that syllable is stressed.

'''2. If the word contains:'''
* more than three syllables, then the antepenultimate syllable is stressed.
* a diphthong or a long vowel in the ultimate, penultimate, or antepenultimate syllable, then that syllable is stressed.

===Sound Change===

There exists three general rules of sound change in '''Eḥeiθymme''', one of which involves the mutation of consonants, one of which involves a harmonization of the vowels in a word, and one that turns consonants into vowels.

'''1. The consonant moves to its fricative counterpart in the environment that it follows a front vowel or a voiceless palatal fricative.'''

* t → θ
* d → ð
* p → f
* b → v
* k → x
* g → ɣ
* h → ḥ = ç

'''2. If a close, front, unrounded vowel exists anywhere in the word, then the close, back vowel becomes the close, front, rounded vowel, and the open, back vowel becomes the mid, front, unrounded vowel.'''

* u → y / ...i...
* a → e / ...i...

'''3. A semi-vowel becomes its vowel counterpart in the environment that it preceeds immediately a non-semi-vowel consonant.'''

* j → i / _C
* w → u / _C

==Morphology==

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is characterized by a '''nonconcatenative morphology''', or "root-and-pattern" morphology. Words are constructed from an abstract consonantal root structure according to any of several templates. The roots of words tend to be made of two or three consonants, called radicals, though roots of one or four are not unheard of. Words not of an '''Eḥeiθymme''' origin are made to follow '''Eḥeiθymme''''s morphology, and so can exhibit an atypical number of consonant roots. Additionally, '''Eḥeiθymme''' is not without discrete morphemes in the form of affixes in addition to the characteristic nonconcatenative morphology.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Eḥeiθymme Inflectional and Derivational Morphology Structure'''
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Root
! colspan="9" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μv1v2v3vμ
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Constituent Parts
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μ
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | v
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 1
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | v
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 2
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | v
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 3
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | v
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μ
|-
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | morphemic prefix
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel(s) or diphthong
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | '''initial radical'''
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel(s) or diphthong
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | '''medial radical'''
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel(s) or diphthong
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | '''final radical'''
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel(s) or diphthong
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | morphemic suffix
|}

==Verbs==

Verbs in '''Eḥeiθymme''' are predominantly aspectual, and show no overt morphological distinction to reflect time. Tenses are constructed typically by periphrasis. Mood is constructed via periphrasis for moods that are not indicative, subjunctive, or imperative, with one of several modal verbs. Voice is distinguished morphologically in unison with periphrasis. Person is marked directly on the verb by distinct morphemes.

On the verb itself, the following may be marked:

* Two aspects (perfective, imperfective)
* Three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter)
* Four persons (first, second, third, indeterminate)
* Agent/subject and patient
* Three numbers (singular, plural, paucal)
* Three moods (indicative, subjunctive, imperative)

Critical to the construction of the verb and verb phrase is the '''copula''', of which there exists both a '''positive''' copula '''∅-J-D''' and a '''negative''' copula '''∅-M-N''' . Additionally, there exists an infinitive form of the verb that is used with modals.

Since verbs are constructed regularly via predictable combinatorics, it is useful to make a generalized template with which to consult. '''α''' and '''β''' are assumed to have been inflected for agent/subject and/or object person marking.

* '''α''' is a verb in the perfective aspect construction
* '''β''' is a verb in the imperfective aspect construction
* '''V''' is the full verb
* subscript "copula" means that that verb is the copula
* superscript "+" or "-" means that that verb is either the positive or the negative form (of the copula)
* subscript "modal" means that that verb is a modal verb
* subscript "infinitive" means that that verb is in the infinitive form of the verb

===Tense===

Tense is constructed combinatorially with the copula, with an explicitly defined aspectual distinction.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' distinguishes between three aspects: the '''Perfective''' aspect indicates an action completed, or an action as a whole; the '''Imperfective''' aspect indicates a continuous action; the '''Perfect''' aspect indicates a completed action prior to some event in context. Only the Perfective and the Imperfective have unique morphological templates; the Perfective aspect is formed via periphrasis.

The overt forms of the various aspects are dependent on the consonant make-up of the root. Such roots typically exhibit two or three consonants. Roots whose consonants are '''phonologically stable''' are roots whose consonants are not lateral (L-roots), rhotic (R-roots), fricative (S-roots), or semi-vowel (J-roots and W-roots), and are the so-called CCC-roots. '''Phonologically unstable''' roots exhibit minor irregularities in their construction, of which depend on the location of the unstable consonant(s) in the root: initial, medial, final. Roots consisting of two consonants, called ∅CC-roots, have variable manifestations and typically form via leveling, realized as the 2 consonant being doubled and acting as the 1 consonant.

Morpho-phonological phenomena and historical processes notwithstanding, the general structure of aspect is the following:

* The Perfective Aspect: '''-1e23i'''
* The Imperfective Aspect: '''-12a3'''

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Aspect Construction in Eḥeiθymme (Indicative Mood Shown Here)'''
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! style="text-align: center;" | Perfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Imperfective
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''e23i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''(2)2a3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e23i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12a3''' -'''1u2a3'''1
|-
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Le23i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''L2a3''' -'''i2e3'''2
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1eL3i''' -'''1ei3i'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1La3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Li'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aL'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Re23i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''R2a3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ē3i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Ra3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Ri'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12ā'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Se23i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''S2a3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1eS3i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Sa3''' -'''S1a3'''4
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Si'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aS'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Je23i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''i2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ei3i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Ja3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2ī'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aJ'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''We23i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''u2a3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ey3i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Wa3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2yi'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aW'''
|}

:<nowiki>1</nowiki> If 1 and 2 are stops
:<nowiki>2</nowiki> If 2 is a stop
:<nowiki>3</nowiki> If 3 is a stop
:<nowiki>4</nowiki> If 1 is a stop

'''Eḥeiθymme''' distinguishes two times: the '''Past''' time indicates actions in the past; the '''Non-Past''' time indicates actions not in the past, and in some contexts covers both the present and the future. Aspect and time combine to yield tense.

* The '''Perfective Past Tense''' indicates a simple completed action in the past. It is the composition of perfective aspect and past time.

* The '''Imperfective Past Tense''' indicates an ongoing or incomplete action in the past time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and past time.

* The '''Imperfective Non-Past Tense''' indicates an ongoing action in the non-past time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and non-past time. Additionally, this tense may also be used to refer to the equivalent of a future time, depending on the context.

* The '''Perfect Past Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another completed action. It is the composition of perfect aspect and past time.

* The '''Perfect Non-Past Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another action. It is the composition of perfect aspect and non-past time.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Positive and Negative Verb Construction without Modals in Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Positive
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Negative
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''ad-α'''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β''' '''β'''+''copula'' + '''β'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''β'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''β'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''β'''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''+''copula'' + '''α'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''α'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''α'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''α'''
|}

===Mood===

'''Eḥeiθymmen''' has three distinctly marked moods: the '''Indicative''' mood indicates factual statements, inquiry of simple questions, and the statement of beliefs; the '''Subjunctive''' mood indicates imaginary or hypothetical actions, conveys opinions or emotions, or conveys requests; the '''Imperative''' mood indicates a directed command.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Verb Construction in Eḥeiθymme for Morphological Mood'''
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Indicative
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Subjunctive
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Imperative
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | Perfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Imperfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Perfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Imperfective
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''e'''23'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -(2)2'''a'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''au'''23'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''(2)a23e'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''23'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''3- -1u2'''a'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''23'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a23e'''
|-
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -L'''e'''23'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -L2'''a'''3 -i2'''e'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | -L'''au'''23'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''La23e'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''L3'''i''' -1'''e'''i3'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -1L'''a'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''L3'''u''' -1'''ew'''i3'''y'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1aL3e''' -'''1ei3e'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2L'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''L
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2L'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Le'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -R'''e'''23'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -R2'''a'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | -R'''au'''23'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Ra23e'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ē'''3'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -1R'''a'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ā'''3'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ā3e'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2R'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''ā'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2R'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Re'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -S'''e'''23'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -S2'''a'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | -S'''au'''23'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Sa23e'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''S3'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -1S'''a'''3- -S1'''a'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''S3'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1aS3e'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2S'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''S
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2S'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Se'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -J'''e'''23'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -i2'''e'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | -J'''au'''23'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Ja23e'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''i3'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -1J'''a'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ew'''i3'''y'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ei3e'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2'''ī'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''J
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2J'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Je'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -W'''e'''23'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -u2'''a'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | -w'''au'''23'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Wa23e'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''y3'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -1W'''a'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''aū'''3'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1au3e'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2y'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''W
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2'''ū'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2We'''
|}

'''Eḥeiθymmen''' may also form verb constructions via periphrasis with modal verbs. There are numerous such modal verbs expressing variable meanings, shades of meanings, and overlapping of meanings. These may also be in the indicative, subjunctive, or imperative.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Positive and Negative Verb Construction with Modals in Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Positive
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Negative
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''ad-α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive'' '''β'''+''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''+''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
|}

===Voice===

Voice in '''Eḥeiθymme''' is constructed entirely morphosyntactically, and depends on the relationship between a transitive or intransitive verb with nouns in the ergative case and nouns in the absolutive case.

When constructing these voices, the copula always remains in the second position. Any modal, other inflected verb, or infinitive remains at the end. For sentences not in need of a copula construction, such as the Perfective Past tense or the Imperfective Non-past tense, then the position otherwise held by the copula is instead held by the inflected verb, and is no longer at the end of the sentence. Similarly, in those tenses are being constructed with the modal plus the infinitive, then the modal is placed in the second position, and the infinitive is at the end.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' has three distinct voice constructions:

'''1. Active voice''' indicates that the subject of the sentence performs the action of a transitive or an intransitive verb, or causes the happening denoted by the verb.
* N''ergative'' + V''transitive'' + N''absolutive''
* N''ergative'' + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''transitive''
* N''ergative'' + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''modal'' + V''infinitive''
* N''ergative'' + V''modal'' + N''absolutive'' + V''infinitive''

* ∅ + V''intransitive'' + N''absolutive''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''intransitive''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''modal'' + V''infinitive''
* ∅ + V''modal'' + N''absolutive'' + V''infinitive''

'''2. Anti-passive voice''' takes the transitive verb and make it "less transitive" (read, more intransitive) by retaining that verb but putting the ergative noun into an absolutive or oblique construct, and thus conveys prominence of the agent and what they did, while the patient is left not as important (and thus demoted to oblique).
* N''absolutive'' + V''transitive'' + N''oblique''
* N''absolutive'' + V''copula'' + N''oblique'' + V''transitive''
* N''absolutive'' + V''copula'' + N''oblique'' + V''modal'' + V''infinitive''
* N''absolutive'' + V''modal'' + N''oblique'' + V''infinitive''

'''3. Anti-active voice''' takes the intransitive verb and make it "less intransitive" (read, more transitive) by taking a null space object (the oblique or absolutive) and realizing it with an actual argument, and thus conveys prominence to an object. Admittedly, there are very few instances of the anti-active voice.
* ∅ + V''intransitive'' + N''ergative''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''ergative'' + V''intransitive''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''ergative'' + V''modal''+ V''infinitive''
* ∅ + V''modal'' + N''ergative'' + V''infinitive''

In the active voice, the verb may be either transitive or intransitive. In the anti-passive voice, the verb must be transitive. In the anti-active voice, the verb must be intransitive. Finally, note that transitivity is entirely semantic; there is no overt marking to indicate if a verb is transitive or intransitive.

===Infinitive===

The infinitive form of the verb in '''Eḥeiθymme''' is used in the construction of verb tenses when the use of a modal is employed. The infinitive may be used as a verbal noun if made definite.

Morpho-phonological phenomena and historical processes notwithstanding, the general structure of the infinitive is the following:

* The Infinitive: '''1a12e3'''

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Infinitival Construction in Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! style="text-align: center;" | Infinitive
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(2)a(2)2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12e3'''
|-
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''LaL2e3''' '''Lei2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''LaL1e3''' '''Lei1e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eL'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''Rā2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1Re3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12ā'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''SaS2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1Se3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eS'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''Jei2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1Je3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eJ'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1au2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1We3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eW'''
|}

===Conjugation===

Grammatical person as agent/subject as well as object and number are designated via affixation. Mood is designated via change of vowel in the stem as well as affixation in the case of the imperative. The following table shows the paradigm of the positive copula, '''R-J-D''', with no marking made for the object.

{| class="wikitable nowrap" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Paradigm of the Positive Copula, R-J-D, with Agent/Subject Marking Only'''
! Mood
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
|-
! rowspan="9" | Indicative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ele-'''''reiði''
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rjad''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhye-'''''reiði''
| '''dhua-'''''rjad''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''reiði''
| '''ive-'''''rjeð''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''reiði''
| '''me-'''''rjad''
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ē-'''''reiði''
| '''ā-'''''rjad''
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði''
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði''
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði''
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
|-
! rowspan="9" | Subjunctive
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ele-'''''rewiðy''
| rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhye-'''''rewiðy''
|
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''rewiðy''
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''rauðu''
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ē-'''''rewiðy''
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy''
|
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy''
|
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy''
|
|-
! rowspan="9" | Imperative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | –
| rowspan="2" | –
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
| '''dhye-'''''reiðe''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| '''ive-'''''reiðe''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| '''me-'''''reiðe''
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe''
|}

==Nouns==

Nouns in '''Eḥeiθymme''' are not inflected for grammatical gender, number, or case. Neither the noun nor the adjective differentiate gender, in contrast to the obligatorily marked gender of the pronouns. An exception to this is when the noun is explicitly gendered, to reflect specifically gendered subjects. This distinction is wholly semantic. Number and case are entirely encoded in the definite article. Nouns are inflected for state.

* The structure of a '''Basic Noun''' is: '''-1v23-''', where '''-v-''' may be any vowel, but is usually '''-a-''' or '''-u-'''.

===Definiteness===

'''Eḥeiθymme''' has various definite and indefinite articles controlling the number and case of the modified noun. Proper nouns are definite by definition, and so do not require the definite article. Case for proper nouns is realized variously, by context or by adpositions.

* The '''Singular Definite Article''' is: ''' la-'''
* The '''Plural Definite Article''' is: ''' -'''
* The '''Paucal Definite Article''' is: ''' -'''

* The '''Singular Indefinite Article''' is: '''a-'''
* The '''Plural Indefinite Article''' is: ''' -'''
* The '''Paucal Indefinite Article''' is: ''' -'''

====Case====

===State===

====Absolute State====

====Construct State====

==Modifiers==

===Adjectives===

===Adverbs===

==Particles==

==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==

==Other resources==




[[Category:Eḥeiθymme]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Ahāmatya

2020-03-23T04:48:04Z

Deltaquebec:

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="float:right;" width="35%"
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffffff; font-size:1.2em;" | '''Vasa Ahāmatya Manan Etjelletyandaljan''' [ˈva.sa a.haːˈmat.ja ˈma.nan ɛˌtjɛl.lɛt.janˈda.ljan]
|-
| '''Creator:''' || Daniel Quigley
|-
| '''Spoken in:''' || Mana Etjelletyandalja
|-
| '''World:''' || ''Leaves'' Stories
|-
| '''Total Speakers:''' || ~ 10,000,000
|-
| '''Basic word order:''' || Subject-Object-Verb
|-
| '''Morphological Type:''' || Synthetic
|-
| '''Morphosyntactic Alignment:''' || Nominative-Accusative
|-
| '''Inspirations:''' || Sanskrit, Finnish, Russian, Latin, English, Quenya, Ancient Greek, Classical Persian
|-
| '''Status:''' || In Progress
|-
| '''Link to full documentation:''' || *forthcoming*
|}

'''Vasa Ahāmatya Manan Etjelletyandaljan''' is an ''a priori'' artistic constructed language in development by Daniel Quigley, providing the framework for which the author’s creative works and worldbuilding are guided. '''Vasa Ahāmatya Manan Etjelletyandaljan''' or just '''Ahāmatya''' is the standardized, formal, and literary register of language of Mana Etjelletyandalja, in contrast to the variable dialects collectively referred to as '''Vasa Vrjāmatya Manan Etjelletyandaljan''' or just '''Vrjāmatya'''.

'''Ahāmatya''' is a relatively conservative language. Loan words have found their way into '''Vrjāmatya''', but are mostly deliberately avoided in '''Ahāmatya'''. If one were to use a non-native word, then one would do so either indirectly via some periphrastic construction, or by simply employing the nearest approximation available in the language.

'''Ahāmatya''' is typologically a synthetic, fusional language. Nouns and modifiers are inflected for number and case. Other modifiers, such as adverbs, are not inflected in the same way, though similarities may be found in certain contexts. Nouns exhibit a class distinction, of which may be determined either by the phonology or the morphology. Verbs are inflected for aspect, time, valency, and mood. Some particles are inflected for number and case. '''Ahāmatya''' is a Nominative-Accusative aligned language, and has relatively free word order because of its case-marking, though word order tends towards S-O-V.

==Introduction==

===Setting===

The people of Mana Etjelletyandalja are rather homogeneous in language, culture, and identity, though there exists a gradient of such things in a north-south direction, running along the length of the land. '''Ahāmatya''' is the formal language, used in official capacities and as the literary language. The spoken languages of Mana Etjelletyandalja are collectively referred to as '''Vrjāmatya'''.

'''Ahāmatya''' and '''Vrjāmatya''' are related, both having descended from a parent language, often referred to as '''Vasa Ururya Manan Etjelletyandaljan'''. This is a little misleading, however, in that '''Vasa Ururya Manan Etjelletyandaljan''' was actually a loose collection of highly related dialects, which over time enveloped Mana Etjelletyandalja, displacing the various native languages and dialects. There is little differentiation between '''Ahāmatya''' and '''Vasa Ururya Manan Etjelletyandaljan'''. Most speakers of '''Vrjāmatya''' do not readily distinguish the one from the other, and consider them to be a continuous entity.

===Etymology===

The perfective participle '''ahāmatya''' is a compound consisting of '''aha-''' “together deliberately, bring together with intent, an indication of a union of things thought as one” and '''amatya''' “made, built”. The former is a prefix that may be appended to verbs or nouns, and the latter is the perfective participle of the verb '''mat-''' “do, make, form”. Therefore, the meaning may be interpreted as “well prepared, refined, put together”. Since participle forms may act either as nominals or as modifiers, it is common to see '''ahāmatya''' stand alone, in which case it is thought of as a nominal, with the implication of “(that which is) well prepared, refined, put together”, where the items in parentheses are understood.

The full form, '''Vasa Ahāmatya Manan Etjelletyandaljan''' is built from '''vasa''' “language, speech”, '''manan''' is the genitive form of '''mana''' "land". '''Etjelletyandaljan''' is a more difficult word to analyze. It is composed of '''etjellet-''' which is the perfective form of the transitive
verb '''tjellet-''', itself derived from the noun '''tjelle''' “sky, heaven”. '''tjellet-''', then, has the meaning “to sky someone, to adore someone or something, to put someone or something on high”. '''etjelletya''', then, is the participle form “(that which is) adored, put on high”. The '''-nda-''' element is the augmentive, and the '''-lja-''' is a morpheme used to convert nouns into adjectives. '''Mana Etjelletyandalja''' is the full, poetic name for the land, meaning “the most adored or most favored land”. The final '''-n''', with the lengthened vowel, is the genitive case marker. Besides being a poetic form, the notion of putting something or someone up on high, with connotations of putting them to the sky, works in a literal sense and refers to the magnificent mountains that dominate the skies and run the length of the land. These mountains are an important cultural and historical agent.

Taken altogether, '''Vasa Ahāmatya Manan Etjelletyandaljan''' translates to “the refined language of the most revered land”.

===Goals===

The driving goal of '''Ahāmatya''' is to provide a framework for the author’s creative works and worldbuilding. To that end, '''Ahāmatya''' ought to be a naturalistic constructed language, and ought to be pleasant to look at and to hear (admittedly, this is wholly subjective, and others may disagree with to the extent to which this was fulfilled).

===Development, Inspiration, Forthcoming===

The history of '''Ahāmatya''' as a constructed language is traceable to its earliest incarnations some ten or so years, the oldest, unchanged words being '''ive''' "bird", '''mana''' "land", and '''tura''' "strong". Since the development of the language has been a continuous evolution, with starts and stops, it is difficult to put an exact timeline of evolution. It is an on-going process, and will likely remain so.

Because much of the creative works and worldbuilding for which '''Ahāmatya''' guides concern themselves with cultural contact, exchange, and conflict, the two dominant languages of the world, '''Ahāmatya''' and [[Eḥeiθymmen Amran|'''Eḥeiθymme''']], are deliberately designed to be dissimilar, with regards to the make-up and feel of the language. The inspirations of the language include, but are not limited to, Sanskrit, Finnish, Russian, Latin, English, Quenya, Ancient Greek, and Classical Persian. While some overlap exists in the inspirations for '''Ahāmatya''' and '''Eḥeiθymme''', any overt similarities are deliberately avoided.

A more in-depth and detailed documentation is forthcoming, which includes in-universe terminology for grammatical categories and descriptions. The author hopes to someday have the creative works published.

==Phonology==




===Consonants===
'''Ahāmatya''' has five major places of articulation and six manners of articulation. Furthermore, there exists a distinction between palatalized consonants and non-palatalized consonants, and in the context of labial nasals and stops, aspirated consonants and non-aspirated consonants. '''Ahāmatya''', then, has thirty-three consonants in total, seven of which exist as allophones. Consonants in parentheses are allophones of their unvoiced counterparts.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Consonant Inventory of Ahāmatya'''
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Labial
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Alveolar
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Palatal
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Velar
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Glottal
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|hard}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|soft}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|hard}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|soft}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|soft}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|hard}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|soft}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|hard}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|soft}}
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Nasal
| style="text-align: center;" | '''m''' = [m]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''mh''' = [mh]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''n''' = [n]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''nj''' = [nj]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''ŋ''' = [ŋ]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''ŋj''' = [ŋj]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Stop
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|unvoiced}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''p''' = [p]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''ph''' = [ph]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''t''' = [t]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''tj''' = [tj]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''k''' = [k]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''kj''' = [kj]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|voiced}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(b)''' = [b]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(bh)''' = [bh]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(d)''' = [d]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(dj)''' = [dj]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(g)''' = [g]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(gj)''' = [gj]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Fricative
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|unvoiced}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''f''' = [f]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''s''' = [s]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''sj''' = [sj]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''x''' = [x]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''h''' = [h]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''hj''' = [hj]
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|voiced}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''v''' = [v]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''vj''' = [vj]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(ɣ)''' = [ɣ]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Trill
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''r''' = [r]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''rj''' = [rj]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Semi-Vowel
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | '''w''' = [w]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''y''' = [j]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Liquid
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''l''' = [l]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''lj''' = [lj]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|}

===Vowels and Diphthongs===

'''Ahāmatya''' has four short vowels and four long vowels, a distinction manifested as the long vowels' sound being held twice as long as short vowels' sound.

The short vowels are following: '''i''', '''e''', '''a''', '''u'''. The long vowels are following: '''ī''', '''ē''', '''ā''', '''ū'''. Note that, when spoken, there is some variation in the actual pronunciation of /ɛ:/, and may be more accurately pronounced as [e:].

'''Ahāmatya''' has six diphthongs, all of which have length equivalent to long vowels. The diphthongs are the following: '''ei''', '''ai''', '''ui''', '''iu''', '''eu''', '''au'''.

{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" border="1" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Vowel and Diphthong Inventory of Ahāmatya'''
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Short
! colspan="2" |Long
|-
! {{small|Front}}
! {{small|Back}}
! {{small|Front}}
! {{small|Back}}
|- style="text-align: center;"
!High
| '''i''' = [i]
| '''u''' = [u]
| '''ī''' = [i:]
| '''ū''' = [u:]
|- style="text-align: center;"
!Mid
| '''e''' = [ɛ] ~ [e]
|
| '''ē''' = [ɛ:] ~ [e:]
|
|- style="text-align: center;"
!Low
| colspan="2" |'''a''' = [a]
| colspan="2" |'''ā''' = [a:]
|- style="text-align: center;"
!Diphthongs
| colspan="4" |'''ei''' = [ej], '''ai''' = [aj], '''ui''' = [uj], '''iu''' = [ju] , '''eu''' = [ew], '''au''' = [aw]
|}

There are some contexts in which a vowel sequence is not a diphthong. This usually occurs when a long vowel is then appended to by a short vowel. This is represented by an acute diacritic replacing the macron over the long vowel. This has an effect of reducing the length of the long vowel to a short vowel, and both vowels in the sequence carry their own distinct syllabification. This may be seen in the following:

* '''āi''' → '''ái''' = '''a-i'''

* '''āu''' → '''áu''' = '''a-u'''

===Prosody and Stress===
There are as many syllables in an '''Ahāmatya''' word as there are separate vowels and diphthongs. Additionally, a cliticized '''[m, n, v, l, s]''' may carry its own syllable weight.

Stress is predictable, and manifests as primary and secondary stress. Secondary stress is placed upon the first syllable of a word, provided that that syllable is not a prefix, clitic, a reduplicated element, or augment. In that case, the secondary stress finds where the first syllable of the word is that is not one of those items, i.e., the root, and then provides the stress at that location. Primary stress falls upon the penultimate syllable.

Syllable structure generally follows two explicit rules, which themselves are detailed on various levels.

'''1. A consonant before a vowel, or a consonant cluster at the beginning of a word, forms the syllable onset.'''
* A singular consonant forms the onset of the syllable.
'''tjelle''' [ˈtjɛl.lɛ] CVC.CV "sky"
'''tala''' [ˈta.la] CV.CV "high"
'''ive''' [ˈi.vɛ] V.CV "bird"
* A consonant cluster of arbitrary length (maximum four) at the beginning of a word forms the onset of the syllable.
'''vrjāmatya''' [vrja:ˈmat.ja] CCVV.CVC.CV "original, natural"
'''mrja''' [ˈmrja] CCV "spirit"
* A word affixed with an arbitrary number of prefixes retains its syllabic structure independent of those syllables appended to it, and the affix retains its own syllabic structure.
'''epprja''' [ɛpˈprja] VC.CCV "in front of a cat"
'''phelarya''' [phɛlˈar.ja] CVC.VC.CV "beside the friend"
* Word initial clusters formed via the cliticization of '''[m, n, v, l, s]''' may either meld into that consonant cluster, forming the coda of the word initial syllable, or may carry syllabic weight themselves.
'''v-mrja''' [ˈvmrja] CCCV "in the spirit"
'''v-mrja''' [vˈmrja] C.CCV "in the spirit"
'''s-vlja''' [ˈsvlja] CCCV "as the wolf"
'''s-vlja''' [sˈvlja] C.CCV "as the wolf"

'''2. Consonant clusters tend to be broken word internally.'''
* Lengthened consonants are always separated, with the first consonant joined with the preceding vowel forming the coda of that syllable, and the second consonant joined to the following vowel, forming the onset of that syllable.
'''tjelle''' [ˈtjɛl.lɛ] CVC.CV "sky"
'''anna''' [ˈan.na] VC.CV "beneficial"
'''emmatta''' [ˌɛmˈmat.ta] VC.CVC.CV "dear flower"
* Word internal clusters are regularly separated, and the first consonant of the combination is joined with the preceding vowel, forming the coda of that syllable.
'''mandrya''' [ˈman.drja] CVC.CCV "power"
* Cluster onsets in syllables of the form CrV, CrjV, ClV, CljV are considered a single unit, and are not separated, and are thus exempt from the above rule.
'''atamrjamma''' [a.taˈmrjam.ma] V.CV.CCVC.CV "in the company of a (dear) spirit"
'''epprja''' [ɛpˈprja] VC.CCV "in front of a cat"
'''yavendra''' [ˌjaˈvɛn.dra] VC.CCV "and of vowels"

Finally, of note, is that there exist two diphthongs that, if they were to exist in a non-stressed syllable, they will then collapse into a long vowel (or short vowel, in the context of plurality, see below). Which diphthong collapses into which vowel is shown here:

* '''ei''' → '''ī'''

* '''ai''' → '''ē'''

==Morphology==


==Nouns==
'''Ahāmatya''' nouns can be declined into six cases, three numbers, and four classes.

===Class===
'''Ahāmatya''' nouns exhibit a kind of noun class system. Nouns have four classes: '''Class I''' nouns, called "a-theme" nouns; '''Class II''' nouns, called "e-theme" nouns; '''Class III''' nouns, called "u-theme" nouns; '''Class IV''' nouns, called "other" nouns. "a-theme", "e-theme", and "u-theme" are so-named because the vowels "a", "e", and "u" that appear as the final sound in their respective nouns in the singular root. "other" is so-named as a catch-all for words that are not "a-theme", "e-theme", or "u-theme". The phonological environment determines whether a noun is Class I or Class II, and is readily predictable. Class III nouns tend to be derived. Class IV nouns are almost always derived, and feature variable endings.

The thematic vowel in the ultimate syllable is determined by the vowel in the penultimate syllable and the consonants in the coda of that syllable and/or the onset of the ultimate syllable. Barring a few exceptions, this is a predictable machination. The consonants at the boundary of the penultimate and the ultimate vowel can be divided into four categories: '''continuative short''', '''continuative long''', '''terminative short''', and '''terminative long'''.
* '''Continuative short''' consonants are: '''m''', '''f''', '''n''', '''s''', '''ŋ''', '''x''', '''l''', '''h'''
* '''Continuative long''' consonants are: '''mm''', '''v''', '''nn''', '''ss''', '''ɤ''', '''ll'''
* '''Terminative short''' consonants are: '''p''', '''t''', '''k''', '''y''', '''w''', '''r'''
* '''Terminative long''' consonants are: '''pp''', '''b''', '''t''', '''tt''', '''d''', '''k''', '''kk''', '''g''', '''rr''', palatalized consonants, aspirated consonants, non-geminate consonant clusters.

The penultimate vowel, followed by one of the above mentioned boundary consonants, will determine the ultimate vowel, and thus, its class. This is illustrated in the table below. Vowels listed along the leftmost column are penultimate vowels. If one of these is followed by one of the four consonant boundary types, then the ultimate vowel, i.e., the theme vowel, is given.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Determination of Noun Class I and Noun Class II'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Penultimate Vowel
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Continuative Short
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Continuative Long
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Terminative Short
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Terminative Long
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | i
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | e
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | u
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ī
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | e
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ē
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ā
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ū
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ei
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ai
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ui
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | iu
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | eu
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | au
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|}

===Number===
Number in '''Ahāmatya''' nouns is represented by the noun root existing as a '''singular stem''', a '''comprehensive plural stem''', or a '''paucal plural stem'''. These are appended to by the case marker.

The '''singular''' is the unmarked form of the noun.

* '''ive-''' "bird"

* '''mana-''' "land"

* '''vrunnu-''' "robin"

The '''comprehensive plural''' is marked by '''-i'''. If the stem ends in a diphthong which would collapse into a long vowel in non-stressed syllables, then it does so, but into a short vowel. The comprehensive plural has an intrinsic meaning of "all of that about which I am speaking in this context".

* '''ivei-''' → '''ivi-''' "birds"

* '''manai-''' → '''mane-''' "lands"

* '''vrunnui-''' "robins"

The '''paucal plural''' is marked by '''-u'''. The paucal plural has an intrinsic meaning of "some or a few of that about which I am speaking in this context".

* '''iveu-''' "some birds"

* '''manau-''' "some lands"

* '''vrunnuu-''' → '''vrunnū-''' "some robins"

There are some nouns in '''Ahāmatya''' which are lexically plural. To form the singular, the suffix '''-ela''' is used.

* '''emma''' → '''emmela''' "flower"
* '''ahhra''' → '''ahhrela''' "star"
* '''epha''' → '''ephela''' "eye"
* '''ŋrā''' → '''ŋrela''' "frog"

===Case===

There are six cases in '''Ahāmatya'''. Many cases are also used as objects of the preposition, most of which are predictable.

==== Nominative Case ====

The nominative case indicates the '''subject''' of a transitive and intransitive verb, the '''predicate''' (this is variably marked also by an additional morpheme), and the '''object''' of some prepositions The nominative case is marked by '''-a'''.

* '''''Ivea''' nenna''. "The bird is sleeping."
* '''''Ivea''' henelān vuhra''. "The bird is eating the pig."

The nominative case indicates a number of objects of the preposition, usually in some relationship independent of motion or physical location.

* '''aphra-ljā''' "against the water"
* '''aha-lavraidea''' "with, together with, the rings"
* '''an-atalaiyea''' "as the king"
* '''hai-vamelā''' "via the shore"
* '''san-mwā''' "like the butterfly"
* '''v-eimea''' "in (a state of) love"
* '''vrja-mettā''' "with, together with the trees"

==== Accusative1 Case ====

The accusative1 case is one of two accusative cases in '''Ahāmatya''', and indicates the '''object''' of an '''imperfective aspect verb''', and the '''object''' of some prepositions. The accusative1 case is marked by '''-i'''. This may cause additional vowel sound change in the usual way where applicable.

* ''Iven '''henele''' vuhra''. "The bird is eating the pig."
* ''Ljumruran ''' vrunnui''' eta''. "The cormorant was speaking to the robin."

The accusative1 case indicates objects of the preposition involving motion with respect to some region.

* '''i-mette''' "into the forest"
* '''ehda-sridde''' "toward, prior to the summer"
* '''phel-kjele''' "after, beside the mountain"
* '''le-ljái''' "out of, from the water"

==== Accusative2 Case ====

The accusative2 case is one of two accusative cases in '''Ahāmatya''', and indicates the '''object''' of a '''perfect aspect verb''', and the '''object''' of some prepositions. The accusative2 case is marked by '''-s'''.

* ''Iven '''henelas''' uvuhna''. "The bird had eaten the pig."
* ''Ljumruran ''' vrunnus''' ēta''. "The cormorant had eaten the robin."

The accusative2 case indicates objects of the preposition involving motion or location with respect to some boundary of a region.

* '''ehda-luimes''' "until first spring"
* '''ui-embas''' "upon the face"
* '''lu-ljās''' "under the water"
* '''ar-manas''' "around, surrounding the land"
* '''nai-manas''' "over the land"

==== Dative Case ====

The dative case indicates the '''indirect object''' of a verb, and the '''object''' of some prepositions. The dative case is marked by '''-ya'''.

* ''Vrunnua '''ljumruraya''' eveya''. "The robin had mourned for the cormorant."
* ''Atalairdā lavraides '''iveya''' avra''. "The emperor is giving the ring to the bird."

The dative case indicates objects of the preposition involving motion or location with respect to the surrounding of some boundary of a region.

* '''nur-sriddaya''' "through/during the summer"
* '''mal-Elyaya''' "on behalf of Elya"

==== Genitive Case ====

The genitive case indicates '''ownership''' irrespective of time, '''origin''' of/from a location, '''partitive''', '''topic''' of/about, some '''predicativity''', '''composition''' or '''substance''', and the '''object''' of some prepositions. The genitive case is by'''-n''' or '''-r'''.

When describing that something is composed of a substance, the Genitive is used in concert with the suffix '''-uda'''.

* '''lavraide kaludan''' "stone ring; ring of stone"
* '''kavra memudan''' "wool cloth; cloth made of wool"

The genitive case indicates objects of the preposition involving relationships between nouns.

* '''ehba-idur''' "without light"
* '''amha-aryen''' "with/having friends"

==== Vocative Case ====

The vocative case indicates that which is '''directly addressed'''. A noun in the vocative case is the '''citation form''' of the word in a reference. The vocative case is unmarked, or, to be more precise, is marked with '''-∅'''.

==== Summary Table ====

Class I, Class II, and Class III nouns have a fairly regular and predictable declination.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Class I, Class II, and Class III Nouns in Ahāmatya '''
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ive- "bird"
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | mana- "land"
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | vrunnu- "robin"
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Singular}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Comprehensive Plural}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Paucal Plural}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Singular}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Comprehensive Plural}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Paucal Plural}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Singular}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Comprehensive Plural}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Paucal Plural}}
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Nominative
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivea''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivia''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''iveva''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manā''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manea''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manava''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnua''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnuya''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnúa''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Accusative1
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivi''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivī''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivevi''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mane''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mani''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manavi''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnui''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnuí''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnúi''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Accusative2
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ives''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivis''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''iveus''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manas''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manes''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manaus''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnus''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnuis''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnūs''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Dative
| style="text-align: center;" | ''iveya''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''iviye''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivevya''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manaya''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''maneya''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manavya''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnuya''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnuiye''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnūya''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Genitive
| style="text-align: center;" | ''iven''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivir''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''iveur''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manan''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manen''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manaur''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnur''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnuir''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnūr''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Vocative
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ive''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivi''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''iveu''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mana''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mane''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manau''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnu''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnui''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnū''
|}

Class IV nouns are variable in their form, but nouns ending in '''-ā''' or in '''-i''' are the most represented of this class.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Class IV Nouns in Ahāmatya '''
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ljā- "water"
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | aili- "jay"
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Singular}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Comprehensive Plural}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Paucal Plural}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Singular}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Comprehensive Plural}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Paucal Plural}}
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Nominative
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljā''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljaya''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljava''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailie''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailīe''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailive''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Accusative1
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljái''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljái''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljavi''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailī''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailī''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailivi''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Accusative2
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljās''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljáis''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljáus''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailis''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailīs''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailius''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Dative
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljāya''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljaiye''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljavya''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailiye''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailīye''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailivye''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Genitive
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljān''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljáir''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljáur''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailir''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailīr''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailiur''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Vocative
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljā''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljái''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljáu''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''aili''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailī''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailiu''
|}

===Prepositions===

Prepositions in '''Ahāmatya''' are enclitics with respect to nouns, of which are their objects of the preposition. Such enclitics are syntactic words, but are dependent entirely on their host word and the host word's case.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Prepositions with Respect to Noun Cases in Ahāmatya '''
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Case
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Nominative
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Accusative1
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Accusative2
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Dative
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Genitive
|-
! rowspan="10" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Preposition
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''aphra-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | against
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''i-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | into
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''ehda-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | until
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''nur-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | through, during
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''ehba-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | without
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''aha-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | with, together with
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''ehda-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | toward, prior to
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''ui-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | upon
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''mal-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | on behalf of
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''amha-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | with, having
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''n-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | as
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''phel-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | beside, by
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''lu-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | under
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''hai-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | via, by way of
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''le-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | out of, after
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''ar-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | around
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''san-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | like, as
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''nai-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | over
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''v-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | in (a state of)
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''vrja-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | with, together with
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|}

==Verbs==

Verbs in '''Ahāmatya''' are inflected for aspect, time, mood, person, direction of transitivity, and assertor's involvement. Aspect and time combine to yield eight tenses. Verbs may be derived from nouns and adjectives into either transitive or intransitive verbs.

The general template of a verb in '''Ahāmatya''' is the following:

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! colspan="3" | Stem
! colspan="3" | Tense
! colspan="4" | Deixis
|-
| Preverbs
| '''Root'''
| Derivation
| Aspect
| Derivation
| Time
| Mood
| Derivation
| Voice
| Person
|}

Note that, although presented here concatenatively, components of tense may be nonconcatenative.

===Tense===

'''Ahāmatya''' distinguishes between two aspects: the '''Imperfective''' aspect indicates a continuous action, and is unmarked, or marked by '''-∅-'''; the '''Perfect''' aspect indicates a completed action prior to some event in context, and is marked by '''augmenting''' the root vowel of the verb.

Time is distinguished between '''Past''' time, marked by '''-n-''' indicating actions in the past, and '''Non-Past''' time, marked by '''-t-''', indicating actions not in the past. Within '''Non-Past''' time are present and future times, where the future is identical to the present with the addition of an explicit prefix '''le-''', itself a cliticized form of an independent word. Aspect and time combine to yield tense. Additionally, there exists a '''Gnomic''', or "timeless", time, which is used in concert with aspect to indicate general truths or aphorisms independent of a contextual time. Verbs in the gnomic are marked by lengthening the root vowel.

* The '''Imperfective Gnomic Tense''' indicates an ongoing or incomplete action independent of time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and gnomic time.

* The '''Imperfective Past Tense''' indicates an ongoing or incomplete action in the past time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and past time.

* The '''Imperfective Non-Past Present Tense''' indicates an ongoing action in the non-past present time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and non-past time.

* The '''Imperfective Non-Past Future Tense''' indicates an ongoing action in the non-past future time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and non-past time.

* The '''Perfect Gnomic Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another completed action independent of time. It is the composition of perfect aspect and gnomic time.

* The '''Perfect Past Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another completed action. It is the composition of perfect aspect and past time.

* The '''Perfect Non-Past Present Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another action in the present time. It is the composition of perfect aspect and non-past time.

* The '''Perfect Non-Past Future Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another action in the future time. It is the composition of perfect aspect and non-past time.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Tense Construction in Ahāmatya, mat- "to do"'''
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Gnomic Time
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|Present Time}}
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|Future Time}}
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | ''m'''ā'''t-''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mat'''''n-''' → ''ma'''''n'''''d-''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mat'''''t-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''le-'''''mat'''''t-'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | '''a'''''m'''ā'''t-''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''a'''''mat'''''n-''' → '''a'''''ma'''''n'''''d-''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''a'''''mat'''''t-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''le-a'''''mat'''''t-'''
|}

===Mood===

'''Ahāmatya''' has two distinctly marked moods:

* The '''Indicative''' mood indicates factual statements, inquiry of simple questions, and the statement of beliefs, and is marked by '''-a-'''
* The '''Subjunctive''' mood indicates imaginary or hypothetical actions, conveys opinions or emotions, or conveys requests, and is marked by '''-(u)ra-'''

In both the indicative and subjunctive moods for the gnomic tenses, the final '''-a''' is replaced with '''-i'''.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Tense, Mood Construction in Ahāmatya, mat- "to do"'''
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Gnomic Time
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|Present Time}}
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|Future Time}}
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|indicative}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''māt'''''i-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mand'''''a-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''matt'''''a-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-matt'''''a-'''
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|subjunctive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''māt'''''ri-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mand'''''ra-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''matt'''''ura-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-matt'''''ura-'''
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|indicative}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amāt'''''i-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amand'''''a-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amatt'''''a-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-amatt'''''a-'''
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|subjunctive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amāt'''''ri-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amand'''''ra-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amatt'''''ura-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-amatt'''''ura-'''
|}

===Voice===

'''Ahāmatya''' has two voices:

* The '''active voice''' indicates that the subject is performing the action denoted by the verb, and is unmarked, or marked by '''-∅-'''
* The '''passive voice''' indicates that the subject is acted upon by the verb, and is marked by '''-(h)ehba-''', and displaces the final vowel from the mood

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Tense, Mood, Voice Construction in Ahāmatya, mat- "to do"'''
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Gnomic Time
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|Present Time}}
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|Future Time}}
|-
! rowspan="4" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{small|indicative}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|active}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''māti'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manda'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''matta'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-matta'''''∅-'''
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|passive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''māt'''''hehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mand'''''hehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''matte'''''hehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-matte'''''hehba-'''
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{small|subjunctive}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|active}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mātri'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mandra'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mattura'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-mattura'''''∅-'''
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|passive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mātr'''''ehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mandr'''''ehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mattur'''''hehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-mattur'''''hehba-'''
|-
! rowspan="4" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{small|indicative}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|active}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amāti'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amanda'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amatta'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-amatta'''''∅-'''
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|passive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amāt'''''hehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amand'''''hehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amatt'''''ehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-amatt'''''ehba-'''
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{small|subjunctive}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|active}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amātri'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amandra'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amattura'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-amattura'''''∅-'''
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|passive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amātr'''''ehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amandr'''''ehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amattur'''''hehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-amattur'''''hehba-'''
|}

===Conjugation===

Verbs in '''Ahāmatya''' are inflected for three grammatical persons. The forms of the person marking are dependent on the aspect and transitivity of the verb, the rules governing sound change notwithstanding. Person conjugation for the gnomic tenses are unique, and are thus presented separately.

====Imperfective and Imperative Endings====

The person endings for imperfective transitive and intransitive verbs take the following form:

{| class="wikitable" border="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="1"| Singular
!colspan="1"| Comprehensive Plural
!colspan="1"| Paucal Plural
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 1st
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -n
| style="text-align: center;" | -s
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -nen
| style="text-align: center;" | -nes
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 2nd
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -va
| style="text-align: center;" | -vna
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -neva
| style="text-align: center;" | -nevna
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 3rd
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -a
| style="text-align: center;" | -a
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -na
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
|}

The imperative is not a true mood in '''Ahāmatya''', as it is only an extension of person marking, and only exists for imperfective non-past verbs. Such person endings take the following form:

{| class="wikitable" border="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="1"| Singular
!colspan="1"| Comprehensive Plural
!colspan="1"| Paucal Plural
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 1st
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -nni
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -nni
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 2nd
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -vani
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -nevani
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 3rd
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -ani
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -nani
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
|}

====Perfect Endings====

The person endings for perfect transitive and intransitive verbs take the following form:

{| class="wikitable" border="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="1"| Singular
!colspan="1"| Comprehensive Plural
!colspan="1"| Paucal Plural
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 1st
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -ra
| style="text-align: center;" | -rra
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -nera
| style="text-align: center;" | -nerra
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 2nd
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -m
| style="text-align: center;" | -mma
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -nem
| style="text-align: center;" | -nemma
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 3rd
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -ya
| style="text-align: center;" | -ya
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -neya
| style="text-align: center;" | -neya
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
|}

====Gnomic Endings====

The person endings for gnomic verbs take the following form:

{| class="wikitable" border="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="1"| Singular
!colspan="1"| Comprehensive Plural
!colspan="1"| Paucal Plural
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 1st
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 2nd
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 3rd
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
|}

====Reflexive Endings====

To account for reflexivity, '''Ahāmatya''' has person endings which have the the following forms:

{| class="wikitable" border="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="1"| Singular
!colspan="1"| Comprehensive Plural
!colspan="1"| Paucal Plural
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 1st
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 2nd
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 3rd
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
|}

===Preverbs===

===Verb Forms===

====Derivations From Verbs====

====Derivations To Verbs====

===Comprehensive Example===

==Modifiers==

===Adjectives===

===Adverbs===

==Particles==

==Derivational Morphology==



==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==

==Other resources==




[[Category:Ahāmatya]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Eḥeiθymmen Amran

2020-02-01T06:32:42Z

Deltaquebec:

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="float:right;" width="35%"
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffffff; font-size:1.2em;" | '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' [ɛˈçej.θym.mɛn ˈar.jad ɛçˈðej.rym.mɛː ˈam.ran]
|-
| '''Creator:''' || Daniel Quigley
|-
| '''Spoken in:''' || Amran
|-
| '''World:''' || ''Leaves'' Stories
|-
| '''Total Speakers:''' || ~ 18,000,000
|-
| '''Basic word order:''' || Strict V2
|-
| '''Morphological Type:''' || Fusional
|-
| '''Morphosyntactic Alignment:''' || Split Ergative-Absolutive
|-
| '''Inspirations:''' || Arabic, German, Finnish, Welsh, Basque, English, Menominee
|-
| '''Status:''' || In Progress
|-
| '''Link to full documentation:''' || *forthcoming*
|}

'''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' is an ''a priori'' artistic constructed language in development by Daniel Quigley, providing the framework for which the author’s creative works and worldbuilding are guided. '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''', or '''Eḥeiθymmen Amran''' or '''Eḥeiθymme''', is the dominant language of the people of Amran.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is characterized by significant word-internal sound-change, a "root-and-pattern" morphology, and strict word order. '''Eḥeiθymme''' readily accepts words of non-native origin, but tends to force said loans into its morphological paradigm.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is typologically a fusional language. Nouns, modifiers, and verbs are typically formed via a root-and-pattern triconsonantal root system, and movement between the three is highly fluid. Nouns are not inflected for number and case; these details are encoded in the definiteness marked by an article. Other modifiers, such as adverbs, are not inflected in the same way, though similarities may be found in certain contexts. Verbs entirely depend upon their construction with a positive or a negative copula, and most tenses are formed via periphrasis. Some particles are inflected for person. '''Eḥeiθymme''' is a Split Ergative-Absolutive aligned language, in which nouns tend to obey ergative-absolutive alignment rules, and person marking on the verb tends to obey nominative-accusative alignment rules. '''Eḥeiθymme''' has strict V2 word order despite the presence of extensive case marking.

==Introduction==

===Setting===

'''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' is the lingua franca of Amran. The people of Amran are exceptionally diverse in language, culture, and identity. At the time of the ''Leaves'' stories, Amran is in its twilight years and is a ghost of its former self. Amran's vast landscape follows from a temperate biome to a taiga biome, dominated by thick forests, abundant snowfall in many regions, and mountainous regions further inland. Much of the population is concentrated along the coastal regions, while inland is mostly uninhabited by humans.

===Etymology===

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is a word built from nominal form of the root '''∅-J-T''' indicating "language, speaking, articulated speech", rendered as '''ait''', which morphs to '''eiθ''', the '''ah-''' prefix, which morphs to '''eḥ-''', formulates proper nouns out of common nouns, and the suffix '''-umma''', which morphs to '''-ymme''', which is the augmentive suffix. In genitive constructions involving a proper noun fulfilling the genitive role, the possessed noun is in the construct state, sometimes unrealized morphologically, but in this case, it is indicated by '''-n'''. '''Arjad''' is from the positive copula '''R-J-D''', '''Eḥðeirymmē''' is built from the nominal form of '''D-J-R''' indicating "earth, land", rendered as '''dair''', which morphs to '''ðeir''', the '''ah-''' prefix, which morphs to '''eḥ-''', formulates proper nouns out of common nouns, and the suffix '''-umma''', which morphs to '''-ymmē''' in the absolutive case, and '''amran''' is the imperfective verbal form from the root '''M-R-N''' indicating "goodness, pleasantness, well-being". All morphing in sounds are accounted for in the section on sound change.

Taken altogether, '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' translates to “the principle language of Amran”, or, "the principal language of the good land".

===Goals===

The driving goal of '''Eḥeiθymme''' is to provide a framework for the author’s creative works and worldbuilding. To that end, '''Eḥeiθymme''' ought to be a naturalistic constructed language, and ought to be pleasant to look at and to hear (admittedly, this is wholly subjective, and others may disagree with to the extent to which this was fulfilled).

===Development, Inspiration, Forthcoming===

The history of '''Eḥeiθymme''' as a constructed language is relatively recent, and stems from the author's desire to construct a language with a Semitic style, and from the author's investigations into tense, mood, and aspect systems of world languages during his undergraduate career in linguistics. The earliest dedicated work on the language originated with the name of an individual, '''Iḥliθ''', whose meaning is yet elusive, and the now-defunct word for a ruler, '''aryad''', which has since come to be the positive copula.

Because much of the creative works and worldbuilding for which '''Eḥeiθymme''' guides concern themselves with cultural contact, exchange, and conflict, the two dominant languages of the world, [[Ahāmatya|'''Ahāmatya''']] and '''Eḥeiθymme''', are deliberately designed to be dissimilar, with regards to the make-up and feel of the language. The inspirations of the language include, but are not limited to, Arabic, German, Finnish, Welsh, Basque, English, Menominee. While some overlap exists in the inspirations for '''Ahāmatya''' and '''Eḥeiθymme''', any overt similarities are deliberately avoided.

A more in-depth and detailed documentation is forthcoming, which includes in-universe terminology for grammatical categories and descriptions. The author hopes to someday have the creative works published.

==Phonology==




===Consonants===
'''Eḥeiθymme''' has five major places of articulation and six manners of articulation, and yields twenty-three consonants in total.

{|class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=text-align:center
|+'''Consonant Inventory of Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="3" |
! Labial
! Alveolar
! Palatal
! Velar
! Glottal
|-
! colspan="3" | Nasal
| '''m''' = [m]
| '''n''' = [n]
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Stop
! {{small|''unvoiced''}}
| '''p''' = [p]
| '''t''' = [t]
|
| '''k''' = [k]
|
|-
! {{small|''voiced''}}
| '''b''' = [b]
| '''d''' = [d]
|
| '''g''' = [g]
|
|-
! rowspan="4" | Fricative
! rowspan="2" | {{small|sibilant}}
! {{small|''unvoiced''}}
|
| '''s''' = [s]
| '''ʃ''' = [ʃ]
|
|
|-
! {{small|''voiced''}}
|
|
| '''ʒ''' = [ʒ]
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | {{small|non-sibilant}}
! {{small|''unvoiced''}}
| '''f''' = [f]
| '''θ''' = [θ]
| '''ḥ''' = [ç]
| '''x''' = [x]
| '''h''' = [h]
|-
! {{small|''voiced''}}
| '''v''' = [v]
| '''ð''' = [ð]
|
| '''ɣ''' = [ɣ]
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Semi-vowel
| '''w''' = [w]
|
| '''y''' = [j]
|
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Lateral
|
| '''l''' = [l]
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Rhotic
|
| '''r''' = [r]
|
|
|
|}

===Vowels and Diphthongs===
'''Eḥeiθymme''' has five short vowels and five long vowels, a distinction manifested as the long vowels' sound being held twice as long as short vowels' sound.

The short vowels are the following: '''i''', '''e''', '''a''', '''y''', '''u'''. The long vowels are the following: '''ī''', '''ē''', '''ā''', '''ȳ''', '''ū'''. Note that, when spoken, there is some variation in the actual pronunciation of /ɛ:/, and may be more accurately pronounced as [e:].

'''Eḥeiθymme''' has three diphthongs, all of which have length equivalent to long vowels. The diphthongs are the following: '''ei''', '''ey''', '''au'''.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Vowel and Diphthong Inventory of Eḥeiθymme'''
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Front
! rowspan="2" | Back
|-
! unrounded
! rounded
|-
! Close
| '''i''' = [i] '''ī''' = [i:]
| '''y''' = [y] '''ȳ''' = [y:]
| '''u''' = [u] '''ū''' = [u:]
|-
! Mid
| '''e''' = [ɛ] ~ [e] '''ē''' = [ɛ:] ~ [e:]
|
|
|-
! Open
|
|
| '''a''' = [a] '''ā''' = [a:]
|- style="text-align: center;"
!Diphthongs
| colspan="3" |'''ei''' = [ej], '''ey''' = [eɥ], '''au''' = [aw]
|}

===Prosody and Stress===

Syllables are determined by vowel-sounds and diphthong-sounds. There is one vowel or diphthong per syllable. A syllable will tend to be closed, and tend not to contain a consonant in the onset if it can be avoided.

The determination of stress is understood within the bounds of the ultimate to antepenultimate syllable.

'''1. If the word at most contains:'''
* three syllables, then the first syllable is stressed.
* two syllables, then the first syllable is stressed.
* one syllable, then that syllable is stressed.

'''2. If the word contains:'''
* more than three syllables, then the antepenultimate syllable is stressed.
* a diphthong or a long vowel in the ultimate, penultimate, or antepenultimate syllable, then that syllable is stressed.

===Sound Change===

There exists three general rules of sound change in '''Eḥeiθymme''', one of which involves the mutation of consonants, one of which involves a harmonization of the vowels in a word, and one that turns consonants into vowels.

'''1. The consonant moves to its fricative counterpart in the environment that it follows a front vowel or a voiceless palatal fricative.'''

* t → θ
* d → ð
* p → f
* b → v
* k → x
* g → ɣ
* h → ḥ = ç

'''2. If a close, front, unrounded vowel exists anywhere in the word, then the close, back vowel becomes the close, front, rounded vowel, and the open, back vowel becomes the mid, front, unrounded vowel.'''

* u → y / ...i...
* a → e / ...i...

'''3. A semi-vowel becomes its vowel counterpart in the environment that it preceeds immediately a non-semi-vowel consonant.'''

* j → i / _C
* w → u / _C

==Morphology==

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is characterized by a '''nonconcatenative morphology''', or "root-and-pattern" morphology. Words are constructed from an abstract consonantal root structure according to any of several templates. The roots of words tend to be made of two or three consonants, called radicals, though roots of one or four are not unheard of. Words not of an '''Eḥeiθymme''' origin are made to follow '''Eḥeiθymme''''s morphology, and so can exhibit an atypical number of consonant roots. Additionally, '''Eḥeiθymme''' is not without discrete morphemes in the form of affixes in addition to the characteristic nonconcatenative morphology.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Eḥeiθymme Inflectional and Derivational Morphology Structure'''
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Root
! colspan="9" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μv1v2v3vμ
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Constituent Parts
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μ
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | v
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 1
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | v
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 2
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | v
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 3
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | v
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μ
|-
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | morphemic prefix
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel(s) or diphthong
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | '''initial radical'''
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel(s) or diphthong
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | '''medial radical'''
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel(s) or diphthong
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | '''final radical'''
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel(s) or diphthong
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | morphemic suffix
|}

==Verbs==

Verbs in '''Eḥeiθymme''' are predominantly aspectual, and show no overt morphological distinction to reflect time. Tenses are constructed typically by periphrasis. Mood is constructed via periphrasis for moods that are not indicative, subjunctive, or imperative, with one of several modal verbs. Voice is distinguished morphologically in unison with periphrasis. Person is marked directly on the verb by distinct morphemes.

On the verb itself, the following may be marked:

* Two aspects (perfective, imperfective)
* Three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter)
* Four persons (first, second, third, indeterminate)
* Agent/subject and patient
* Three numbers (singular, plural, paucal)
* Three moods (indicative, subjunctive, imperative)

Critical to the construction of the verb and verb phrase is the '''copula''', of which there exists both a '''positive''' copula '''R-J-D''' and a '''negative''' copula '''∅-M-N''' . Additionally, there exists an infinitive form of the verb that is used with modals.

Since verbs are constructed regularly via predictable combinatorics, it is useful to make a generalized template with which to consult. '''α''' and '''β''' are assumed to have been inflected for agent/subject and/or object person marking.

* '''α''' is a verb in the perfective aspect construction
* '''β''' is a verb in the imperfective aspect construction
* '''V''' is the full verb
* subscript "copula" means that that verb is the copula
* superscript "+" or "-" means that that verb is either the positive or the negative form (of the copula)
* subscript "modal" means that that verb is a modal verb
* subscript "infinitive" means that that verb is in the infinitive form of the verb

===Tense===

Tense is constructed combinatorially with the copula, with an explicitly defined aspectual distinction.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' distinguishes between three aspects: the '''Perfective''' aspect indicates an action completed, or an action as a whole; the '''Imperfective''' aspect indicates a continuous action; the '''Perfect''' aspect indicates a completed action prior to some event in context. Only the Perfective and the Imperfective have unique morphological templates; the Perfective aspect is formed via periphrasis.

The overt forms of the various aspects are dependent on the consonant make-up of the root. Such roots typically exhibit two or three consonants. Roots whose consonants are '''phonologically stable''' are roots whose consonants are not lateral (L-roots), rhotic (R-roots), fricative (S-roots), or semi-vowel (J-roots and W-roots), and are the so-called CCC-roots. '''Phonologically unstable''' roots exhibit minor irregularities in their construction, of which depend on the location of the unstable consonant(s) in the root: initial, medial, final. Roots consisting of two consonants, called ∅CC-roots, have variable manifestations and typically form via leveling, realized as the 2 consonant being doubled and acting as the 1 consonant.

Morpho-phonological phenomena and historical processes notwithstanding, the general structure of aspect is the following:

* The Perfective Aspect: '''-1e23i-'''
* The Imperfective Aspect: '''-12a3-'''

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Aspect Construction in Eḥeiθymme (Indicative Mood Shown Here)'''
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! style="text-align: center;" | Perfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Imperfective
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''(2)e23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''(2)2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12a3'''- -'''1u2a3'''-1
|-
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Le23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''L2a3'''- -'''i2e3'''-2
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1eL3i'''- -'''1ei3i'''-3
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1La3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Li'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aL'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Re23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''R2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ē3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Ra3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Ri'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12ā'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Se23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''S2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1eS3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Sa3'''- -'''S1a3'''-4
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Si'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aS'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Je23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''i2e3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ei3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Ja3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2ī'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aJ'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''We23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''u2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ey3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Wa3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2yi'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aW'''-
|}

:<nowiki>1</nowiki> If 1 and 2 are stops
:<nowiki>2</nowiki> If 2 is a stop
:<nowiki>3</nowiki> If 3 is a stop
:<nowiki>4</nowiki> If 1 is a stop

'''Eḥeiθymme''' distinguishes two times: the '''Past''' time indicates actions in the past; the '''Non-Past''' time indicates actions not in the past, and in some contexts covers both the present and the future. Aspect and time combine to yield tense.

* The '''Perfective Past Tense''' indicates a simple completed action in the past. It is the composition of perfective aspect and past time.

* The '''Imperfective Past Tense''' indicates an ongoing or incomplete action in the past time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and past time.

* The '''Imperfective Non-Past Tense''' indicates an ongoing action in the non-past time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and non-past time. Additionally, this tense may also be used to refer to the equivalent of a future time, depending on the context.

* The '''Perfect Past Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another completed action. It is the composition of perfect aspect and past time.

* The '''Perfect Non-Past Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another action. It is the composition of perfect aspect and non-past time.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Positive and Negative Verb Construction without Modals in Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Positive
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Negative
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''ad-α'''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β''' '''β'''+''copula'' + '''β'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''β'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''β'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''β'''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''+''copula'' + '''α'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''α'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''α'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''α'''
|}

===Mood===

'''Eḥeiθymmen''' has three distinctly marked moods: the '''Indicative''' mood indicates factual statements, inquiry of simple questions, and the statement of beliefs; the '''Subjunctive''' mood indicates imaginary or hypothetical actions, conveys opinions or emotions, or conveys requests; the '''Imperative''' mood indicates a directed command.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Verb Construction in Eḥeiθymme for Morphological Mood'''
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Indicative
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Subjunctive
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Imperative
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | Perfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Imperfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Perfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Imperfective
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -(2)'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -(2)2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -(2)'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''(2)a23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''3- -1u2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a23e'''-
|-
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -L'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -L2'''a'''3- -i2'''e'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -L'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''La23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''L3'''i'''- -1'''e'''i3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1L'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''L3'''u'''- -1'''ew'''i3'''y'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1aL3e'''- -'''1ei3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2L'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''L-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2L'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Le'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -R'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -R2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -R'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Ra23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ē'''3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1R'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ā'''3'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ā3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2R'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''ā'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2R'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Re'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -S'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -S2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -S'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Sa23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''S3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1S'''a'''3- -S1'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''S3'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1aS3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2S'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''S-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2S'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Se'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -J'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -i2'''e'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -J'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Ja23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''i3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1J'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ew'''i3'''y'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ei3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2'''ī'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''J-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2J'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Je'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -W'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -u2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -w'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Wa23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''y3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1W'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''aū'''3'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1au3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2y'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''W-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2'''ū'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2We'''-
|}

'''Eḥeiθymmen''' may also form verb constructions via periphrasis with modal verbs. There are numerous such modal verbs expressing variable meanings, shades of meanings, and overlapping of meanings. These may also be in the indicative, subjunctive, or imperative.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Positive and Negative Verb Construction with Modals in Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Positive
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Negative
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''ad-α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive'' '''β'''+''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''+''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
|}

===Voice===

Voice in '''Eḥeiθymme''' is constructed entirely morphosyntactically, and depends on the relationship between a transitive or intransitive verb with nouns in the ergative case and nouns in the absolutive case.

When constructing these voices, the copula always remains in the second position. Any modal, other inflected verb, or infinitive remains at the end. For sentences not in need of a copula construction, such as the Perfective Past tense or the Imperfective Non-past tense, then the position otherwise held by the copula is instead held by the inflected verb, and is no longer at the end of the sentence. Similarly, in those tenses are being constructed with the modal plus the infinitive, then the modal is placed in the second position, and the infinitive is at the end.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' has three distinct voice constructions:

'''1. Active voice''' indicates that the subject of the sentence performs the action of a transitive or an intransitive verb, or causes the happening denoted by the verb.
* N''ergative'' + V''transitive'' + N''absolutive''
* N''ergative'' + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''transitive''
* N''ergative'' + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''modal'' + V''infinitive''
* N''ergative'' + V''modal'' + N''absolutive'' + V''infinitive''

* ∅ + V''intransitive'' + N''absolutive''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''intransitive''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''modal'' + V''infinitive''
* ∅ + V''modal'' + N''absolutive'' + V''infinitive''

'''2. Anti-passive voice''' takes the transitive verb and make it "less transitive" (read, more intransitive) by retaining that verb but putting the ergative noun into an absolutive or oblique construct, and thus conveys prominence of the agent and what they did, while the patient is left not as important (and thus demoted to oblique).
* N''absolutive'' + V''transitive'' + N''oblique''
* N''absolutive'' + V''copula'' + N''oblique'' + V''transitive''
* N''absolutive'' + V''copula'' + N''oblique'' + V''modal'' + V''infinitive''
* N''absolutive'' + V''modal'' + N''oblique'' + V''infinitive''

'''3. Anti-active voice''' takes the intransitive verb and make it "less intransitive" (read, more transitive) by taking a null space object (the oblique or absolutive) and realizing it with an actual argument, and thus conveys prominence to an object. Admittedly, there are very few instances of the anti-active voice.
* ∅ + V''intransitive'' + N''ergative''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''ergative'' + V''intransitive''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''ergative'' + V''modal''+ V''infinitive''
* ∅ + V''modal'' + N''ergative'' + V''infinitive''

In the active voice, the verb may be either transitive or intransitive. In the anti-passive voice, the verb must be transitive. In the anti-active voice, the verb must be intransitive. Finally, note that transitivity is entirely semantic; there is no overt marking to indicate if a verb is transitive or intransitive.

===Infinitive===

The infinitive form of the verb in '''Eḥeiθymme''' is used in the construction of verb tenses when the use of a modal is employed. The infinitive may be used as a verbal noun if made definite.

Morpho-phonological phenomena and historical processes notwithstanding, the general structure of the infinitive is the following:

* The Infinitive: '''1a12e3'''

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Infinitival Construction in Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! style="text-align: center;" | Infinitive
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(2)a(2)2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12e3'''
|-
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''LaL2e3''' '''Lei2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''LaL1e3''' '''Lei1e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eL'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''Rā2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1Re3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12ā'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''SaS2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1Se3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eS'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''Jei2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1Je3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eJ'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1au2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1We3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eW'''
|}

===Conjugation===

Grammatical person as agent/subject as well as object and number are designated via affixation. Mood is designated via change of vowel in the stem as well as affixation in the case of the imperative. The following table shows the paradigm of the positive copula, '''R-J-D''', with no marking made for the object.

{| class="wikitable nowrap" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Paradigm of the Positive Copula, R-J-D, with Agent/Subject Marking Only'''
! Mood
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
|-
! rowspan="9" | Indicative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ele-'''''reiði''
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rjad''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhye-'''''reiði''
| '''dhua-'''''rjad''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''reiði''
| '''ive-'''''rjeð''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''reiði''
| '''me-'''''rjad''
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ē-'''''reiði''
| '''ā-'''''rjad''
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði''
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði''
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði''
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
|-
! rowspan="9" | Subjunctive
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ele-'''''rewiðy''
| rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhye-'''''rewiðy''
|
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''rewiðy''
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''rauðu''
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ē-'''''rewiðy''
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy''
|
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy''
|
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy''
|
|-
! rowspan="9" | Imperative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | –
| rowspan="2" | –
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
| '''dhye-'''''reiðe''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| '''ive-'''''reiðe''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| '''me-'''''reiðe''
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe''
|}

While noun marking and syntax obey the rules of ergative-absolutive alignment, person marking on verbs follows nominative-accusative alignment rules. The agent/subject person is realized as a prefix, while the object is realized as a suffix. Many of the person markers for prefixes are wholly dissimilar to their suffix counterparts, though most exhibit at least a shared thematic consonant. The following table shows the paradigm of the positive copula, '''R-Y-D''', with marking made for the object as well as the agent/subject.

{| class="wikitable nowrap" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Paradigm of the Positive Copula, R-J-D, with Agent/Subject and Object Marking'''
! Mood
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
|-
! rowspan="9" | Indicative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ele-'''''reiði'''''-el'''
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rjad'''''-al'''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhye-'''''reiði'''''-ið'''
| '''dhye-'''''rjeð'''''-ið'''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''reiði'''''-iv'''
| '''ive-'''''rjeð'''''-iv'''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''reiði'''''-em'''
| '''me-'''''rjad'''''-am'''
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ē-'''''reiði'''''-eḥ'''
| '''ā-'''''rjad'''''-ah'''
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði'''''-en'''
| '''anta-'''''rjad'''''-an'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði'''''-en'''
| '''anta-'''''rjad'''''-an'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði'''''-en'''
| '''anta-'''''rjad'''''-an'''
|-
! rowspan="9" | Subjunctive
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ele-'''''rewiðy'''''-el'''
| rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhye-'''''rewiðy'''''-ið'''
|
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''rewiðy'''''-iv'''
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''rewiðy'''''-em'''
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ē-'''''rewiðy'''''-ēḥ'''
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy'''''-en'''
|
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy'''''-en'''
|
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy'''''-en'''
|
|-
! rowspan="9" | Imperative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | –
| rowspan="2" | –
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
| '''dhye-'''''reiðe'''''-ið'''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| '''ive-'''''reiðe'''''-iv'''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| '''me-'''''reiðe'''''-em'''
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe'''''-en'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe'''''-en'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe'''''-en'''
|}

==Nouns==

Nouns in '''Eḥeiθymme''' are not inflected for grammatical gender, number, or case. Neither the noun nor the adjective differentiate gender, in contrast to the obligatorily marked gender of the pronouns. An exception to this is when the noun is explicitly gendered, to reflect specifically gendered subjects. This distinction is wholly semantic. Number and case are entirely encoded in the definite article. Nouns are inflected for state.

* The structure of a '''Basic Noun''' is: '''-1v23-''', where '''-v-''' may be any vowel, but is usually '''-a-''' or '''-u-'''.

===Definiteness===

'''Eḥeiθymme''' has various definite and indefinite articles controlling the number and case of the modified noun. Proper nouns are definite by definition, and so do not require the definite article. Case for proper nouns is realized variously, by context or by adpositions.

* The '''Singular Definite Article''' is: ''' la-'''
* The '''Plural Definite Article''' is: ''' -'''
* The '''Paucal Definite Article''' is: ''' -'''

* The '''Singular Indefinite Article''' is: '''a-'''
* The '''Plural Indefinite Article''' is: ''' -'''
* The '''Paucal Indefinite Article''' is: ''' -'''

====Case====

===State===

====Absolute State====

====Construct State====

==Modifiers==

===Adjectives===

===Adverbs===

==Particles==

==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==

==Other resources==




[[Category:Eḥeiθymme]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Eḥeiθymmen Amran

2020-01-21T04:56:57Z

Deltaquebec: /* Tense */

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="float:right;" width="35%"
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffffff; font-size:1.2em;" | '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' [ɛˈçej.θym.mɛn ˈar.jad ɛçˈðej.θym.mɛː ˈam.ran]
|-
| '''Creator:''' || Daniel Quigley
|-
| '''Spoken in:''' || Amran
|-
| '''World:''' || ''Leaves'' Stories
|-
| '''Total Speakers:''' || ~ 18,000,000
|-
| '''Basic word order:''' || Strict V2
|-
| '''Morphological Type:''' || Fusional
|-
| '''Morphosyntactic Alignment:''' || Split Ergative-Absolutive
|-
| '''Inspirations:''' || Arabic, German, Finnish, Welsh, Basque, English, Menominee
|-
| '''Status:''' || In Progress
|-
| '''Link to full documentation:''' || *forthcoming*
|}

'''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' is an ''a priori'' artistic constructed language in development by Daniel Quigley, providing the framework for which the author’s creative works and worldbuilding are guided. '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''', or '''Eḥeiθymmen Amran''' or '''Eḥeiθymme''', is the dominant language of the people of Amran.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is characterized by significant word-internal sound-change, a "root-and-pattern" morphology, and strict word order. '''Eḥeiθymme''' readily accepts words of non-native origin, but tends to force said loans into its morphological paradigm.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is typologically a fusional language. Nouns, modifiers, and verbs are typically formed via a root-and-pattern triconsonantal root system, and movement between the three is highly fluid. Nouns are not inflected for number and case; these details are encoded in the definiteness marked by an article. Other modifiers, such as adverbs, are not inflected in the same way, though similarities may be found in certain contexts. Verbs entirely depend upon their construction with a positive or a negative copula, and most tenses are formed via periphrasis. Some particles are inflected for person. '''Eḥeiθymme''' is a Split Ergative-Absolutive aligned language, in which nouns tend to obey ergative-absolutive alignment rules, and person marking on the verb tends to obey nominative-accusative alignment rules. '''Eḥeiθymme''' has strict V2 word order despite the presence of extensive case marking.

==Introduction==

===Setting===

'''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' is the lingua franca of Amran. The people of Amran are exceptionally diverse in language, culture, and identity. At the time of the ''Leaves'' stories, Amran is in its twilight years and is a ghost of its former self. Amran's vast landscape follows from a temperate biome to a taiga biome, dominated by thick forests, abundant snowfall in many regions, and mountainous regions further inland. Much of the population is concentrated along the coastal regions, while inland is mostly uninhabited by humans.

===Etymology===

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is a word built from nominal form of the root '''∅-J-T''' indicating "language, speaking, articulated speech", rendered as '''ait''', which morphs to '''eiθ''', the '''ah-''' prefix, which morphs to '''eḥ-''', formulates proper nouns out of common nouns, and the suffix '''-umma''', which morphs to '''-ymme''', which is the augmentive suffix. In genitive constructions involving a proper noun fulfilling the genitive role, the possessed noun is in the construct state, sometimes unrealized morphologically, but in this case, it is indicated by '''-n'''. '''Arjad''' is from the positive copula '''R-J-D''', '''Eḥðeirymmē''' is built from the nominal form of '''D-J-R''' indicating "earth, land", rendered as '''dair''', which morphs to '''ðeir''', the '''ah-''' prefix, which morphs to '''eḥ-''', formulates proper nouns out of common nouns, and the suffix '''-umma''', which morphs to '''-ymmē''' in the absolutive case, and '''amran''' is the imperfective verbal form from the root '''M-R-N''' indicating "goodness, pleasantness, well-being". All morphing in sounds are accounted for in the section on sound change.

Taken altogether, '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' translates to “the principle language of Amran”, or, "the principal language of the good land".

===Goals===

The driving goal of '''Eḥeiθymme''' is to provide a framework for the author’s creative works and worldbuilding. To that end, '''Eḥeiθymme''' ought to be a naturalistic constructed language, and ought to be pleasant to look at and to hear (admittedly, this is wholly subjective, and others may disagree with to the extent to which this was fulfilled).

===Development, Inspiration, Forthcoming===

The history of '''Eḥeiθymme''' as a constructed language is relatively recent, and stems from the author's desire to construct a language with a Semitic style, and from the author's investigations into tense, mood, and aspect systems of world languages during his undergraduate career in linguistics. The earliest dedicated work on the language originated with the name of an individual, '''Iḥliθ''', whose meaning is yet elusive, and the now-defunct word for a ruler, '''aryad''', which has since come to be the positive copula.

Because much of the creative works and worldbuilding for which '''Eḥeiθymme''' guides concern themselves with cultural contact, exchange, and conflict, the two dominant languages of the world, [[Ahāmatya|'''Ahāmatya''']] and '''Eḥeiθymme''', are deliberately designed to be dissimilar, with regards to the make-up and feel of the language. The inspirations of the language include, but are not limited to, Arabic, German, Finnish, Welsh, Basque, English, Menominee. While some overlap exists in the inspirations for '''Ahāmatya''' and '''Eḥeiθymme''', any overt similarities are deliberately avoided.

A more in-depth and detailed documentation is forthcoming, which includes in-universe terminology for grammatical categories and descriptions. The author hopes to someday have the creative works published.

==Phonology==




===Consonants===
'''Eḥeiθymme''' has five major places of articulation and six manners of articulation, and yields twenty-three consonants in total.

{|class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=text-align:center
|+'''Consonant Inventory of Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="3" |
! Labial
! Alveolar
! Palatal
! Velar
! Glottal
|-
! colspan="3" | Nasal
| '''m''' = [m]
| '''n''' = [n]
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Stop
! {{small|''unvoiced''}}
| '''p''' = [p]
| '''t''' = [t]
|
| '''k''' = [k]
|
|-
! {{small|''voiced''}}
| '''b''' = [b]
| '''d''' = [d]
|
| '''g''' = [g]
|
|-
! rowspan="4" | Fricative
! rowspan="2" | {{small|sibilant}}
! {{small|''unvoiced''}}
|
| '''s''' = [s]
| '''ʃ''' = [ʃ]
|
|
|-
! {{small|''voiced''}}
|
|
| '''ʒ''' = [ʒ]
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | {{small|non-sibilant}}
! {{small|''unvoiced''}}
| '''f''' = [f]
| '''θ''' = [θ]
| '''ḥ''' = [ç]
| '''x''' = [x]
| '''h''' = [h]
|-
! {{small|''voiced''}}
| '''v''' = [v]
| '''ð''' = [ð]
|
| '''ɣ''' = [ɣ]
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Semi-vowel
| '''w''' = [w]
|
| '''y''' = [j]
|
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Lateral
|
| '''l''' = [l]
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Rhotic
|
| '''r''' = [r]
|
|
|
|}

===Vowels and Diphthongs===
'''Eḥeiθymme''' has five short vowels and five long vowels, a distinction manifested as the long vowels' sound being held twice as long as short vowels' sound.

The short vowels are the following: '''i''', '''e''', '''a''', '''y''', '''u'''. The long vowels are the following: '''ī''', '''ē''', '''ā''', '''ȳ''', '''ū'''. Note that, when spoken, there is some variation in the actual pronunciation of /ɛ:/, and may be more accurately pronounced as [e:].

'''Eḥeiθymme''' has three diphthongs, all of which have length equivalent to long vowels. The diphthongs are the following: '''ei''', '''ey''', '''au'''.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Vowel and Diphthong Inventory of Eḥeiθymme'''
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Front
! rowspan="2" | Back
|-
! unrounded
! rounded
|-
! Close
| '''i''' = [i] '''ī''' = [i:]
| '''y''' = [y] '''ȳ''' = [y:]
| '''u''' = [u] '''ū''' = [u:]
|-
! Mid
| '''e''' = [ɛ] ~ [e] '''ē''' = [ɛ:] ~ [e:]
|
|
|-
! Open
|
|
| '''a''' = [a] '''ā''' = [a:]
|- style="text-align: center;"
!Diphthongs
| colspan="3" |'''ei''' = [ej], '''ey''' = [eɥ], '''au''' = [aw]
|}

===Prosody and Stress===

Syllables are determined by vowel-sounds and diphthong-sounds. There is one vowel or diphthong per syllable. A syllable will tend to be closed, and tend not to contain a consonant in the onset if it can be avoided.

The determination of stress is understood within the bounds of the ultimate to antepenultimate syllable.

'''1. If the word at most contains:'''
* three syllables, then the first syllable is stressed.
* two syllables, then the first syllable is stressed.
* one syllable, then that syllable is stressed.

'''2. If the word contains:'''
* more than three syllables, then the antepenultimate syllable is stressed.
* a diphthong or a long vowel in the ultimate, penultimate, or antepenultimate syllable, then that syllable is stressed.

===Sound Change===

There exists three general rules of sound change in '''Eḥeiθymme''', one of which involves the mutation of consonants, one of which involves a harmonization of the vowels in a word, and one that turns consonants into vowels.

'''1. The consonant moves to its fricative counterpart in the environment that it follows a front vowel or a voiceless palatal fricative.'''

* t → θ
* d → ð
* p → f
* b → v
* k → x
* g → ɣ
* h → ḥ = ç

'''2. If a close, front, unrounded vowel exists anywhere in the word, then the close, back vowel becomes the close, front, rounded vowel, and the open, back vowel becomes the mid, front, unrounded vowel.'''

* u → y / ...i...
* a → e / ...i...

'''3. A semi-vowel becomes its vowel counterpart in the environment that it preceeds immediately a non-semi-vowel consonant.'''

* j → i / _C
* w → u / _C

==Morphology==

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is characterized by a '''nonconcatenative morphology''', or "root-and-pattern" morphology. Words are constructed from an abstract consonantal root structure according to any of several templates. The roots of words tend to be made of two or three consonants, called radicals, though roots of one or four are not unheard of. Words not of an '''Eḥeiθymme''' origin are made to follow '''Eḥeiθymme''''s morphology, and so can exhibit an atypical number of consonant roots. Additionally, '''Eḥeiθymme''' is not without discrete morphemes in the form of affixes in addition to the characteristic nonconcatenative morphology.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Eḥeiθymme Inflectional and Derivational Morphology Structure'''
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Root
! colspan="9" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μv1v2v3vμ
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Constituent Parts
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μ
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | v
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 1
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | v
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 2
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | v
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 3
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | v
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μ
|-
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | morphemic prefix
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel(s) or diphthong
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | '''initial radical'''
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel(s) or diphthong
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | '''medial radical'''
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel(s) or diphthong
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | '''final radical'''
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel(s) or diphthong
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | morphemic suffix
|}

==Verbs==

Verbs in '''Eḥeiθymme''' are predominantly aspectual, and show no overt morphological distinction to reflect time. Tenses are constructed typically by periphrasis. Mood is constructed via periphrasis for moods that are not indicative, subjunctive, or imperative, with one of several modal verbs. Voice is distinguished morphologically in unison with periphrasis. Person is marked directly on the verb by distinct morphemes.

On the verb itself, the following may be marked:

* Two aspects (perfective, imperfective)
* Three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter)
* Four persons (first, second, third, indeterminate)
* Agent/subject and patient
* Three numbers (singular, plural, paucal)
* Three moods (indicative, subjunctive, imperative)

Critical to the construction of the verb and verb phrase is the '''copula''', of which there exists both a '''positive''' copula '''R-J-D''' and a '''negative''' copula '''∅-M-N''' . Additionally, there exists an infinitive form of the verb that is used with modals.

Since verbs are constructed regularly via predictable combinatorics, it is useful to make a generalized template with which to consult. '''α''' and '''β''' are assumed to have been inflected for agent/subject and/or object person marking.

* '''α''' is a verb in the perfective aspect construction
* '''β''' is a verb in the imperfective aspect construction
* '''V''' is the full verb
* subscript "copula" means that that verb is the copula
* superscript "+" or "-" means that that verb is either the positive or the negative form (of the copula)
* subscript "modal" means that that verb is a modal verb
* subscript "infinitive" means that that verb is in the infinitive form of the verb

===Tense===

Tense is constructed combinatorially with the copula, with an explicitly defined aspectual distinction.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' distinguishes between three aspects: the '''Perfective''' aspect indicates an action completed, or an action as a whole; the '''Imperfective''' aspect indicates a continuous action; the '''Perfect''' aspect indicates a completed action prior to some event in context. Only the Perfective and the Imperfective have unique morphological templates; the Perfective aspect is formed via periphrasis.

The overt forms of the various aspects are dependent on the consonant make-up of the root. Such roots typically exhibit two or three consonants. Roots whose consonants are '''phonologically stable''' are roots whose consonants are not lateral (L-roots), rhotic (R-roots), fricative (S-roots), or semi-vowel (J-roots and W-roots), and are the so-called CCC-roots. '''Phonologically unstable''' roots exhibit minor irregularities in their construction, of which depend on the location of the unstable consonant(s) in the root: initial, medial, final. Roots consisting of two consonants, called ∅CC-roots, have variable manifestations and typically form via leveling, realized as the 2 consonant being doubled and acting as the 1 consonant.

Morpho-phonological phenomena and historical processes notwithstanding, the general structure of aspect is the following:

* The Perfective Aspect: '''-1e23i-'''
* The Imperfective Aspect: '''-12a3-'''

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Aspect Construction in Eḥeiθymme (Indicative Mood Shown Here)'''
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! style="text-align: center;" | Perfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Imperfective
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''(2)e23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''(2)2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12a3'''- -'''1u2a3'''-1
|-
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Le23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''L2a3'''- -'''i2e3'''-2
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1eL3i'''- -'''1ei3i'''-3
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1La3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Li'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aL'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Re23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''R2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ē3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Ra3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Ri'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12ā'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Se23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''S2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1eS3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Sa3'''- -'''S1a3'''-4
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Si'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aS'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Je23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''i2e3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ei3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Ja3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2ī'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aJ'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''We23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''u2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ey3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Wa3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2yi'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aW'''-
|}

:<nowiki>1</nowiki> If 1 and 2 are stops
:<nowiki>2</nowiki> If 2 is a stop
:<nowiki>3</nowiki> If 3 is a stop
:<nowiki>4</nowiki> If 1 is a stop

'''Eḥeiθymme''' distinguishes two times: the '''Past''' time indicates actions in the past; the '''Non-Past''' time indicates actions not in the past, and in some contexts covers both the present and the future. Aspect and time combine to yield tense.

* The '''Perfective Past Tense''' indicates a simple completed action in the past. It is the composition of perfective aspect and past time.

* The '''Imperfective Past Tense''' indicates an ongoing or incomplete action in the past time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and past time.

* The '''Imperfective Non-Past Tense''' indicates an ongoing action in the non-past time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and non-past time. Additionally, this tense may also be used to refer to the equivalent of a future time, depending on the context.

* The '''Perfect Past Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another completed action. It is the composition of perfect aspect and past time.

* The '''Perfect Non-Past Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another action. It is the composition of perfect aspect and non-past time.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Positive and Negative Verb Construction without Modals in Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Positive
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Negative
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''ad-α'''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β''' '''β'''+''copula'' + '''β'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''β'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''β'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''β'''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''+''copula'' + '''α'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''α'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''α'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''α'''
|}

===Mood===

'''Eḥeiθymmen''' has three distinctly marked moods: the '''Indicative''' mood indicates factual statements, inquiry of simple questions, and the statement of beliefs; the '''Subjunctive''' mood indicates imaginary or hypothetical actions, conveys opinions or emotions, or conveys requests; the '''Imperative''' mood indicates a directed command.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Verb Construction in Eḥeiθymme for Morphological Mood'''
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Indicative
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Subjunctive
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Imperative
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | Perfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Imperfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Perfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Imperfective
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -(2)'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -(2)2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -(2)'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''(2)a23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''3- -1u2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a23e'''-
|-
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -L'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -L2'''a'''3- -i2'''e'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -L'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''La23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''L3'''i'''- -1'''e'''i3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1L'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''L3'''u'''- -1'''ew'''i3'''y'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1aL3e'''- -'''1ei3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2L'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''L-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2L'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Le'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -R'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -R2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -R'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Ra23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ē'''3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1R'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ā'''3'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ā3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2R'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''ā'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2R'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Re'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -S'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -S2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -S'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Sa23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''S3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1S'''a'''3- -S1'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''S3'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1aS3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2S'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''S-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2S'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Se'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -J'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -i2'''e'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -J'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Ja23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''i3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1J'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ew'''i3'''y'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ei3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2'''ī'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''J-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2J'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Je'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -W'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -u2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -w'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Wa23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''y3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1W'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''aū'''3'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1au3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2y'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''W-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2'''ū'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2We'''-
|}

'''Eḥeiθymmen''' may also form verb constructions via periphrasis with modal verbs. There are numerous such modal verbs expressing variable meanings, shades of meanings, and overlapping of meanings. These may also be in the indicative, subjunctive, or imperative.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Positive and Negative Verb Construction with Modals in Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Positive
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Negative
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''ad-α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive'' '''β'''+''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''+''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
|}

===Voice===

Voice in '''Eḥeiθymme''' is constructed entirely morphosyntactically, and depends on the relationship between a transitive or intransitive verb with nouns in the ergative case and nouns in the absolutive case.

When constructing these voices, the copula always remains in the second position. Any modal, other inflected verb, or infinitive remains at the end. For sentences not in need of a copula construction, such as the Perfective Past tense or the Imperfective Non-past tense, then the position otherwise held by the copula is instead held by the inflected verb, and is no longer at the end of the sentence. Similarly, in those tenses are being constructed with the modal plus the infinitive, then the modal is placed in the second position, and the infinitive is at the end.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' has three distinct voice constructions:

'''1. Active voice''' indicates that the subject of the sentence performs the action of a transitive or an intransitive verb, or causes the happening denoted by the verb.
* N''ergative'' + V''transitive'' + N''absolutive''
* N''ergative'' + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''transitive''
* N''ergative'' + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''modal'' + V''infinitive''
* N''ergative'' + V''modal'' + N''absolutive'' + V''infinitive''

* ∅ + V''intransitive'' + N''absolutive''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''intransitive''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''modal'' + V''infinitive''
* ∅ + V''modal'' + N''absolutive'' + V''infinitive''

'''2. Anti-passive voice''' takes the transitive verb and make it "less transitive" (read, more intransitive) by retaining that verb but putting the ergative noun into an absolutive or oblique construct, and thus conveys prominence of the agent and what they did, while the patient is left not as important (and thus demoted to oblique).
* N''absolutive'' + V''transitive'' + N''oblique''
* N''absolutive'' + V''copula'' + N''oblique'' + V''transitive''
* N''absolutive'' + V''copula'' + N''oblique'' + V''modal'' + V''infinitive''
* N''absolutive'' + V''modal'' + N''oblique'' + V''infinitive''

'''3. Anti-active voice''' takes the intransitive verb and make it "less intransitive" (read, more transitive) by taking a null space object (the oblique or absolutive) and realizing it with an actual argument, and thus conveys prominence to an object. Admittedly, there are very few instances of the anti-active voice.
* ∅ + V''intransitive'' + N''ergative''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''ergative'' + V''intransitive''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''ergative'' + V''modal''+ V''infinitive''
* ∅ + V''modal'' + N''ergative'' + V''infinitive''

In the active voice, the verb may be either transitive or intransitive. In the anti-passive voice, the verb must be transitive. In the anti-active voice, the verb must be intransitive. Finally, note that transitivity is entirely semantic; there is no overt marking to indicate if a verb is transitive or intransitive.

===Infinitive===

The infinitive form of the verb in '''Eḥeiθymme''' is used in the construction of verb tenses when the use of a modal is employed. The infinitive may be used as a verbal noun if made definite.

Morpho-phonological phenomena and historical processes notwithstanding, the general structure of the infinitive is the following:

* The Infinitive: '''1a12e3'''

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Infinitival Construction in Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! style="text-align: center;" | Infinitive
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(2)a(2)2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12e3'''
|-
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''LaL2e3''' '''Lei2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''LaL1e3''' '''Lei1e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eL'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''Rā2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1Re3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12ā'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''SaS2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1Se3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eS'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''Jei2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1Je3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eJ'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1au2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1We3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eW'''
|}

===Conjugation===

Grammatical person as agent/subject as well as object and number are designated via affixation. Mood is designated via change of vowel in the stem as well as affixation in the case of the imperative. The following table shows the paradigm of the positive copula, '''R-J-D''', with no marking made for the object.

{| class="wikitable nowrap" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Paradigm of the Positive Copula, R-J-D, with Agent/Subject Marking Only'''
! Mood
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
|-
! rowspan="9" | Indicative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ele-'''''reiði''
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rjad''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhye-'''''reiði''
| '''dhua-'''''rjad''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''reiði''
| '''ive-'''''rjeð''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''reiði''
| '''me-'''''rjad''
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ē-'''''reiði''
| '''ā-'''''rjad''
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði''
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði''
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði''
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
|-
! rowspan="9" | Subjunctive
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ele-'''''rewiðy''
| rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhye-'''''rewiðy''
|
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''rewiðy''
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''rauðu''
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ē-'''''rewiðy''
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy''
|
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy''
|
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy''
|
|-
! rowspan="9" | Imperative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | –
| rowspan="2" | –
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
| '''dhye-'''''reiðe''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| '''ive-'''''reiðe''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| '''me-'''''reiðe''
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe''
|}

While noun marking and syntax obey the rules of ergative-absolutive alignment, person marking on verbs follows nominative-accusative alignment rules. The agent/subject person is realized as a prefix, while the object is realized as a suffix. Many of the person markers for prefixes are wholly dissimilar to their suffix counterparts, though most exhibit at least a shared thematic consonant. The following table shows the paradigm of the positive copula, '''R-Y-D''', with marking made for the object as well as the agent/subject.

{| class="wikitable nowrap" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Paradigm of the Positive Copula, R-J-D, with Agent/Subject and Object Marking'''
! Mood
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
|-
! rowspan="9" | Indicative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ele-'''''reiði'''''-el'''
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rjad'''''-al'''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhye-'''''reiði'''''-ið'''
| '''dhye-'''''rjeð'''''-ið'''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''reiði'''''-iv'''
| '''ive-'''''rjeð'''''-iv'''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''reiði'''''-em'''
| '''me-'''''rjad'''''-am'''
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ē-'''''reiði'''''-eḥ'''
| '''ā-'''''rjad'''''-ah'''
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði'''''-en'''
| '''anta-'''''rjad'''''-an'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði'''''-en'''
| '''anta-'''''rjad'''''-an'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði'''''-en'''
| '''anta-'''''rjad'''''-an'''
|-
! rowspan="9" | Subjunctive
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ele-'''''rewiðy'''''-el'''
| rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhye-'''''rewiðy'''''-ið'''
|
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''rewiðy'''''-iv'''
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''rewiðy'''''-em'''
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ē-'''''rewiðy'''''-ēḥ'''
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy'''''-en'''
|
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy'''''-en'''
|
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy'''''-en'''
|
|-
! rowspan="9" | Imperative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | –
| rowspan="2" | –
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
| '''dhye-'''''reiðe'''''-ið'''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| '''ive-'''''reiðe'''''-iv'''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| '''me-'''''reiðe'''''-em'''
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe'''''-en'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe'''''-en'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe'''''-en'''
|}

==Nouns==

Nouns in '''Eḥeiθymme''' are not inflected for grammatical gender, number, or case. Neither the noun nor the adjective differentiate gender, in contrast to the obligatorily marked gender of the pronouns. An exception to this is when the noun is explicitly gendered, to reflect specifically gendered subjects. This distinction is wholly semantic. Number and case are entirely encoded in the definite article. Nouns are inflected for state.

* The structure of a '''Basic Noun''' is: '''-1v23-''', where '''-v-''' may be any vowel, but is usually '''-a-''' or '''-u-'''.

===Definiteness===

'''Eḥeiθymme''' has various definite and indefinite articles controlling the number and case of the modified noun. Proper nouns are definite by definition, and so do not require the definite article. Case for proper nouns is realized variously, by context or by adpositions.

* The '''Singular Definite Article''' is: ''' la-'''
* The '''Plural Definite Article''' is: ''' -'''
* The '''Paucal Definite Article''' is: ''' -'''

* The '''Singular Indefinite Article''' is: '''a-'''
* The '''Plural Indefinite Article''' is: ''' -'''
* The '''Paucal Indefinite Article''' is: ''' -'''

====Case====

===State===

====Absolute State====

====Construct State====

==Modifiers==

===Adjectives===

===Adverbs===

==Particles==

==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==

==Other resources==




[[Category:Eḥeiθymme]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Ahāmatya

2019-12-12T20:25:56Z

Deltaquebec: /* Verbs */

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="float:right;" width="35%"
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffffff; font-size:1.2em;" | '''Vasa Ahāmatya Manān Etjelletyandaljān''' [ˈva.sa a.haːˈmat.ja ˈma.na:n ɛˌtjɛl.lɛt.janˈda.lja:n]
|-
| '''Creator:''' || Daniel Quigley
|-
| '''Spoken in:''' || Mana Etjelletyandalja
|-
| '''World:''' || ''Leaves'' Stories
|-
| '''Total Speakers:''' || ~ 10,000,000
|-
| '''Basic word order:''' || Subject-Object-Verb
|-
| '''Morphological Type:''' || Synthetic
|-
| '''Morphosyntactic Alignment:''' || Nominative-Accusative
|-
| '''Inspirations:''' || Sanskrit, Finnish, Russian, Latin, English, Quenya, Ancient Greek, Classical Persian
|-
| '''Status:''' || In Progress
|-
| '''Link to full documentation:''' || *forthcoming*
|}

'''Vasa Ahāmatya Manān Etjelletyandaljān''' is an ''a priori'' artistic constructed language in development by Daniel Quigley, providing the framework for which the author’s creative works and worldbuilding are guided. '''Vasa Ahāmatya Manān Etjelletyandaljān''' or just '''Ahāmatya''' is the standardized, formal, and literary register of language of Mana Etjelletyandalja, in contrast to the variable dialects collectively referred to as '''Vasa Vrjāmatya Manān Etjelletyandaljān''' or just '''Vrjāmatya'''.

'''Ahāmatya''' is a relatively conservative language. Loan words have found their way into '''Vrjāmatya''', but are mostly deliberately avoided in '''Ahāmatya'''. If one were to use a non-native word, then one would do so either indirectly via some periphrastic construction, or by simply employing the nearest approximation available in the language.

'''Ahāmatya''' is typologically a synthetic, fusional language. Nouns and modifiers are inflected for number and case. Other modifiers, such as adverbs, are not inflected in the same way, though similarities may be found in certain contexts. Nouns exhibit a class distinction, of which may be determined either by the phonology or the morphology. Verbs are inflected for aspect, time, valency, and mood. Some particles are inflected for number and case. '''Ahāmatya''' is a Nominative-Accusative aligned language, and has relatively free word order because of its case-marking, though word order tends towards S-O-V.

==Introduction==

===Setting===

The people of Mana Etjelletyandalja are rather homogeneous in language, culture, and identity, though there exists a gradient of such things in a north-south direction, running along the length of the land. '''Ahāmatya''' is the formal language, used in official capacities and as the literary language. The spoken languages of Mana Etjelletyandalja are collectively referred to as '''Vrjāmatya'''.

'''Ahāmatya''' and '''Vrjāmatya''' are related, both having descended from a parent language, often referred to as '''Vasa Ururya Manān Etjelletyandaljān'''. This is a little misleading, however, in that '''Vasa Ururya Manān Etjelletyandaljān''' was actually a loose collection of highly related dialects, which over time enveloped Mana Etjelletyandalja, displacing the various native languages and dialects. There is little differentiation between '''Ahāmatya''' and '''Vasa Ururya Manān Etjelletyandaljān'''. Most speakers of '''Vrjāmatya''' do not readily distinguish the one from the other, and consider them to be a continuous entity.

===Etymology===

The perfective participle '''ahāmatya''' is a compound consisting of '''aha-''' “together deliberately, bring together with intent, an indication of a union of things thought as one” and '''amatya''' “made, built”. The former is a prefix that may be appended to verbs or nouns, and the latter is the perfective participle of the verb '''mat-''' “do, make, form”. Therefore, the meaning may be interpreted as “well prepared, refined, put together”. Since participle forms may act either as nominals or as modifiers, it is common to see '''ahāmatya''' stand alone, in which case it is thought of as a nominal, with the implication of “(that which is) well prepared, refined, put together”, where the items in parentheses are understood.

The full form, '''Vasa Ahāmatya Manān Etjelletyandaljān''' is built from '''vasa''' “language, speech”, '''manān''' is the genitive form of '''mana''' "land". '''Etjelletyandaljān''' is a more difficult word to analyze. It is composed of '''etjellet-''' which is the perfective form of the transitive
verb '''tjellet-''', itself derived from the noun '''tjelle''' “sky, heaven”. '''tjellet-''', then, has the meaning “to sky someone, to adore someone or something, to put someone or something on high”. '''etjelletya''', then, is the participle form “(that which is) adored, put on high”. The '''-nda-''' element is the augmentive, and the '''-lja-''' is a morpheme used to convert nouns into adjectives. '''Mana Etjelletyandalja''' is the full, poetic name for the land, meaning “the most adored or most favored land”. The final '''-n''', with the lengthened vowel, is the genitive case marker. Besides being a poetic form, the notion of putting something or someone up on high, with connotations of putting them to the sky, works in a literal sense and refers to the magnificent mountains that dominate the skies and run the length of the land. These mountains are an important cultural and historical agent.

Taken altogether, '''Vasa Ahāmatya Manān Etjelletyandaljān''' translates to “the refined language of the most revered land”.

===Goals===

The driving goal of '''Ahāmatya''' is to provide a framework for the author’s creative works and worldbuilding. To that end, '''Ahāmatya''' ought to be a naturalistic constructed language, and ought to be pleasant to look at and to hear (admittedly, this is wholly subjective, and others may disagree with to the extent to which this was fulfilled).

===Development, Inspiration, Forthcoming===

The history of '''Ahāmatya''' as a constructed language is traceable to its earliest incarnations some ten or so years, the oldest, unchanged words being '''ive''' "bird", '''mana''' "land", and '''tura''' "strong". Since the development of the language has been a continuous evolution, with starts and stops, it is difficult to put an exact timeline of evolution. It is an on-going process, and will likely remain so.

Because much of the creative works and worldbuilding for which '''Ahāmatya''' guides concern themselves with cultural contact, exchange, and conflict, the two dominant languages of the world, '''Ahāmatya''' and [[Eḥeiθymmen Amran|'''Eḥeiθymme''']], are deliberately designed to be dissimilar, with regards to the make-up and feel of the language. The inspirations of the language include, but are not limited to, Sanskrit, Finnish, Russian, Latin, English, Quenya, Ancient Greek, and Classical Persian. While some overlap exists in the inspirations for '''Ahāmatya''' and '''Eḥeiθymme''', any overt similarities are deliberately avoided.

A more in-depth and detailed documentation is forthcoming, which includes in-universe terminology for grammatical categories and descriptions. The author hopes to someday have the creative works published.

==Phonology==




===Consonants===
'''Ahāmatya''' has five major places of articulation and six manners of articulation. Furthermore, there exists a distinction between palatalized consonants and non-palatalized consonants, and in the context of labial nasals and stops, aspirated consonants and non-aspirated consonants. '''Ahāmatya''', then, has thirty-three consonants in total, seven of which exist as allophones. Consonants in parentheses are allophones of their unvoiced counterparts.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Consonant Inventory of Ahāmatya'''
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Labial
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Alveolar
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Palatal
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Velar
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Glottal
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|hard}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|soft}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|hard}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|soft}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|soft}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|hard}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|soft}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|hard}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|soft}}
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Nasal
| style="text-align: center;" | '''m''' = [m]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''mh''' = [mh]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''n''' = [n]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''nj''' = [nj]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''ŋ''' = [ŋ]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''ŋj''' = [ŋj]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Stop
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|unvoiced}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''p''' = [p]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''ph''' = [ph]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''t''' = [t]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''tj''' = [tj]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''k''' = [k]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''kj''' = [kj]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|voiced}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(b)''' = [b]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(bh)''' = [bh]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(d)''' = [d]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(dj)''' = [dj]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(g)''' = [g]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(gj)''' = [gj]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Fricative
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|unvoiced}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''f''' = [f]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''s''' = [s]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''sj''' = [sj]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''x''' = [x]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''h''' = [h]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''hj''' = [hj]
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|voiced}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''v''' = [v]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''vj''' = [vj]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(ɣ)''' = [ɣ]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Trill
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''r''' = [r]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''rj''' = [rj]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Semi-Vowel
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | '''w''' = [w]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''y''' = [j]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Liquid
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''l''' = [l]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''lj''' = [lj]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|}

===Vowels and Diphthongs===

'''Ahāmatya''' has four short vowels and four long vowels, a distinction manifested as the long vowels' sound being held twice as long as short vowels' sound.

The short vowels are following: '''i''', '''e''', '''a''', '''u'''. The long vowels are following: '''ī''', '''ē''', '''ā''', '''ū'''. Note that, when spoken, there is some variation in the actual pronunciation of /ɛ:/, and may be more accurately pronounced as [e:].

'''Ahāmatya''' has six diphthongs, all of which have length equivalent to long vowels. The diphthongs are the following: '''ei''', '''ai''', '''ui''', '''iu''', '''eu''', '''au'''.

{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" border="1" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Vowel and Diphthong Inventory of Ahāmatya'''
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Short
! colspan="2" |Long
|-
! {{small|Front}}
! {{small|Back}}
! {{small|Front}}
! {{small|Back}}
|- style="text-align: center;"
!High
| '''i''' = [i]
| '''u''' = [u]
| '''ī''' = [i:]
| '''ū''' = [u:]
|- style="text-align: center;"
!Mid
| '''e''' = [ɛ] ~ [e]
|
| '''ē''' = [ɛ:] ~ [e:]
|
|- style="text-align: center;"
!Low
| colspan="2" |'''a''' = [a]
| colspan="2" |'''ā''' = [a:]
|- style="text-align: center;"
!Diphthongs
| colspan="4" |'''ei''' = [ej], '''ai''' = [aj], '''ui''' = [uj], '''iu''' = [ju] , '''eu''' = [ew], '''au''' = [aw]
|}

There are some contexts in which a vowel sequence is not a diphthong. This usually occurs when a long vowel is then appended to by a short vowel. This is represented by an acute diacritic replacing the macron over the long vowel. This has an effect of reducing the length of the long vowel to a short vowel, and both vowels in the sequence carry their own distinct syllabification. This may be seen in the following:

* '''āi''' → '''ái''' = '''a-i'''

* '''āu''' → '''áu''' = '''a-u'''

===Prosody and Stress===
There are as many syllables in an '''Ahāmatya''' word as there are separate vowels and diphthongs. Additionally, a cliticized '''[m, n, v, l, s]''' may carry its own syllable weight.

Stress is predictable, and manifests as primary and secondary stress. Secondary stress is placed upon the first syllable of a word, provided that that syllable is not a prefix, clitic, a reduplicated element, or augment. In that case, the secondary stress finds where the first syllable of the word is that is not one of those items, i.e., the root, and then provides the stress at that location. Primary stress falls upon the penultimate syllable.

Syllable structure generally follows two explicit rules, which themselves are detailed on various levels.

'''1. A consonant before a vowel, or a consonant cluster at the beginning of a word, forms the syllable onset.'''
* A singular consonant forms the onset of the syllable.
'''tjelle''' [ˈtjɛl.lɛ] CVC.CV "sky"
'''tala''' [ˈta.la] CV.CV "high"
'''ive''' [ˈi.vɛ] V.CV "bird"
* A consonant cluster of arbitrary length (maximum four) at the beginning of a word forms the onset of the syllable.
'''vrjāmatya''' [vrja:ˈmat.ja] CCVV.CVC.CV "original, natural"
'''mrja''' [ˈmrja] CCV "spirit"
* A word affixed with an arbitrary number of prefixes retains its syllabic structure independent of those syllables appended to it, and the affix retains its own syllabic structure.
'''epprja''' [ɛpˈprja] VC.CCV "in front of a cat"
'''phelarya''' [phɛlˈar.ja] CVC.VC.CV "beside the friend"
* Word initial clusters formed via the cliticization of '''[m, n, v, l, s]''' may either meld into that consonant cluster, forming the coda of the word initial syllable, or may carry syllabic weight themselves.
'''v-mrja''' [ˈvmrja] CCCV "in the spirit"
'''v-mrja''' [vˈmrja] C.CCV "in the spirit"
'''s-vlja''' [ˈsvlja] CCCV "as the wolf"
'''s-vlja''' [sˈvlja] C.CCV "as the wolf"

'''2. Consonant clusters tend to be broken word internally.'''
* Lengthened consonants are always separated, with the first consonant joined with the preceding vowel forming the coda of that syllable, and the second consonant joined to the following vowel, forming the onset of that syllable.
'''tjelle''' [ˈtjɛl.lɛ] CVC.CV "sky"
'''anna''' [ˈan.na] VC.CV "beneficial"
'''emmatta''' [ˌɛmˈmat.ta] VC.CVC.CV "dear flower"
* Word internal clusters are regularly separated, and the first consonant of the combination is joined with the preceding vowel, forming the coda of that syllable.
'''mandrya''' [ˈman.drja] CVC.CCV "power"
* Cluster onsets in syllables of the form CrV, CrjV, ClV, CljV are considered a single unit, and are not separated, and are thus exempt from the above rule.
'''atamrjamma''' [a.taˈmrjam.ma] V.CV.CCVC.CV "in the company of a (dear) spirit"
'''epprja''' [ɛpˈprja] VC.CCV "in front of a cat"
'''yavendra''' [ˌjaˈvɛn.dra] VC.CCV "and of vowels"

Finally, of note, is that there exist two diphthongs that, if they were to exist in a non-stressed syllable, they will then collapse into a long vowel (or short vowel, in the context of plurality, see below). Which diphthong collapses into which vowel is shown here:

* '''ei''' → '''ī'''

* '''ai''' → '''ē'''

==Morphology==


==Nouns==
'''Ahāmatya''' nouns can be declined into six cases, three numbers, and four classes.

===Class===
'''Ahāmatya''' nouns exhibit a kind of noun class system. Nouns have four classes: '''Class I''' nouns, called "a-theme" nouns; '''Class II''' nouns, called "e-theme" nouns; '''Class III''' nouns, called "u-theme" nouns; '''Class IV''' nouns, called "other" nouns. "a-theme", "e-theme", and "u-theme" are so-named because the vowels "a", "e", and "u" that appear as the final sound in their respective nouns in the singular root. "other" is so-named as a catch-all for words that are not "a-theme", "e-theme", or "u-theme". The phonological environment determines whether a noun is Class I or Class II, and is readily predictable. Class III nouns tend to be derived. Class IV nouns are almost always derived, and feature variable endings.

The thematic vowel in the ultimate syllable is determined by the vowel in the penultimate syllable and the consonants in the coda of that syllable and/or the onset of the ultimate syllable. Barring a few exceptions, this is a predictable machination. The consonants at the boundary of the penultimate and the ultimate vowel can be divided into four categories: '''continuative short''', '''continuative long''', '''terminative short''', and '''terminative long'''.
* '''Continuative short''' consonants are: '''m''', '''f''', '''n''', '''s''', '''ŋ''', '''x''', '''l''', '''h'''
* '''Continuative long''' consonants are: '''mm''', '''v''', '''nn''', '''ss''', '''ɤ''', '''ll'''
* '''Terminative short''' consonants are: '''p''', '''t''', '''k''', '''y''', '''w''', '''r'''
* '''Terminative long''' consonants are: '''pp''', '''b''', '''t''', '''tt''', '''d''', '''k''', '''kk''', '''g''', '''rr''', palatalized consonants, aspirated consonants, non-geminate consonant clusters.

The penultimate vowel, followed by one of the above mentioned boundary consonants, will determine the ultimate vowel, and thus, its class. This is illustrated in the table below. Vowels listed along the leftmost column are penultimate vowels. If one of these is followed by one of the four consonant boundary types, then the ultimate vowel, i.e., the theme vowel, is given.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Determination of Noun Class I and Noun Class II'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Penultimate Vowel
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Continuative Short
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Continuative Long
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Terminative Short
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Terminative Long
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | i
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | e
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | u
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ī
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | e
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ē
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ā
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ū
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ei
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ai
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ui
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | iu
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | eu
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | au
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|}

===Number===
Number in '''Ahāmatya''' nouns is represented by the noun root existing as a '''singular stem''', a '''comprehensive plural stem''', or a '''paucal plural stem'''. These are appended to by the case marker.

The '''singular''' is the unmarked form of the noun.

* '''ive-''' "bird"

* '''mana-''' "land"

* '''vrunnu-''' "robin"

The '''comprehensive plural''' is marked by '''-i'''. If the stem ends in a diphthong which would collapse into a long vowel in non-stressed syllables, then it does so, but into a short vowel. The comprehensive plural has an intrinsic meaning of "all of that about which I am speaking in this context".

* '''ivei-''' → '''ivi-''' "birds"

* '''manai-''' → '''mane-''' "lands"

* '''vrunnui-''' "robins"

The '''paucal plural''' is marked by '''-u'''. The paucal plural has an intrinsic meaning of "some or a few of that about which I am speaking in this context".

* '''iveu-''' "some birds"

* '''manau-''' "some lands"

* '''vrunnuu-''' → '''vrunnū-''' "some robins"

There are some nouns in '''Ahāmatya''' which are lexically plural. To form the singular, the suffix '''-ela''' is used.

* '''emma''' → '''emmela''' "flower"
* '''ahhra''' → '''ahhrela''' "star"
* '''epha''' → '''ephela''' "eye"
* '''ŋrā''' → '''ŋrela''' "frog"

===Case===

There are six cases in '''Ahāmatya'''. Many cases are also used as objects of the preposition, most of which are predictable.

==== Nominative Case ====

The nominative case indicates the '''subject''' of a transitive and intransitive verb, the '''predicate''' (this is variably marked also by an additional morpheme), and the '''object''' of some prepositions The nominative case is marked by '''-a'''.

* '''''Ivea''' nenna''. "The bird is sleeping."
* '''''Ivea''' henelān vuhra''. "The bird is eating the pig."

The nominative case indicates a number of objects of the preposition, usually in some relationship independent of motion or physical location.

* '''aphra-ljā''' "against the water"
* '''aha-lavraidea''' "with, together with, the rings"
* '''an-atalaiyea''' "as the king"
* '''hai-vamelā''' "via the shore"
* '''san-mwā''' "like the butterfly"
* '''v-eimea''' "in (a state of) love"
* '''vrja-mettā''' "with, together with the trees"

==== Accusative1 Case ====

The accusative1 case is one of two accusative cases in '''Ahāmatya''', and indicates the '''object''' of an '''imperfective aspect verb''', and the '''object''' of some prepositions. The accusative1 case is marked by '''-i'''. This may cause additional vowel sound change in the usual way where applicable.

* ''Iven '''henele''' vuhra''. "The bird is eating the pig."
* ''Ljumruran ''' vrunnui''' eta''. "The cormorant was speaking to the robin."

The accusative1 case indicates objects of the preposition involving motion with respect to some region.

* '''i-mette''' "into the forest"
* '''ehda-sridde''' "toward, prior to the summer"
* '''phel-kjele''' "after, beside the mountain"
* '''le-ljái''' "out of, from the water"

==== Accusative2 Case ====

The accusative2 case is one of two accusative cases in '''Ahāmatya''', and indicates the '''object''' of a '''perfect aspect verb''', and the '''object''' of some prepositions. The accusative2 case is marked by '''-s'''.

* ''Iven '''henelas''' uvuhna''. "The bird had eaten the pig."
* ''Ljumruran ''' vrunnus''' ēta''. "The cormorant had eaten the robin."

The accusative2 case indicates objects of the preposition involving motion or location with respect to some boundary of a region.

* '''ehda-luimes''' "until first spring"
* '''ui-embas''' "upon the face"
* '''lu-ljās''' "under the water"
* '''ar-manas''' "around, surrounding the land"
* '''nai-manas''' "over the land"

==== Dative Case ====

The dative case indicates the '''indirect object''' of a verb, and the '''object''' of some prepositions. The dative case is marked by '''-ya'''.

* ''Vrunnua '''ljumruraya''' eveya''. "The robin had mourned for the cormorant."
* ''Atalairdā lavraides '''iveya''' avra''. "The emperor is giving the ring to the bird."

The dative case indicates objects of the preposition involving motion or location with respect to the surrounding of some boundary of a region.

* '''nur-sriddaya''' "through/during the summer"
* '''mal-Elyaya''' "on behalf of Elya"

==== Genitive Case ====

The genitive case indicates '''ownership''' irrespective of time, '''origin''' of/from a location, '''partitive''', '''topic''' of/about, some '''predicativity''', '''composition''' or '''substance''', and the '''object''' of some prepositions. The genitive case is by'''-n''' or '''-r'''.

When describing that something is composed of a substance, the Genitive is used in concert with the suffix '''-uda'''.

* '''lavraide kaludan''' "stone ring; ring of stone"
* '''kavra memudan''' "wool cloth; cloth made of wool"

The genitive case indicates objects of the preposition involving relationships between nouns.

* '''ehba-idur''' "without light"
* '''amha-aryen''' "with/having friends"

==== Vocative Case ====

The vocative case indicates that which is '''directly addressed'''. A noun in the vocative case is the '''citation form''' of the word in a reference. The vocative case is unmarked, or, to be more precise, is marked with '''-∅'''.

==== Summary Table ====

Class I, Class II, and Class III nouns have a fairly regular and predictable declination.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Class I, Class II, and Class III Nouns in Ahāmatya '''
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ive- "bird"
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | mana- "land"
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | vrunnu- "robin"
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Singular}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Comprehensive Plural}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Paucal Plural}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Singular}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Comprehensive Plural}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Paucal Plural}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Singular}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Comprehensive Plural}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Paucal Plural}}
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Nominative
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivea''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivia''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''iveva''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manā''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manea''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manava''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnua''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnuya''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnúa''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Accusative1
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivi''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivī''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivevi''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mane''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mani''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manavi''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnui''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnuí''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnúi''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Accusative2
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ives''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivis''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''iveus''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manas''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manes''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manaus''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnus''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnuis''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnūs''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Dative
| style="text-align: center;" | ''iveya''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''iviye''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivevya''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manaya''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''maneya''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manavya''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnuya''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnuiye''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnūya''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Genitive
| style="text-align: center;" | ''iven''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivir''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''iveur''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manan''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manen''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manaur''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnur''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnuir''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnūr''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Vocative
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ive''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivi''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''iveu''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mana''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mane''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manau''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnu''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnui''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnū''
|}

Class IV nouns are variable in their form, but nouns ending in '''-ā''' or in '''-i''' are the most represented of this class.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Class IV Nouns in Ahāmatya '''
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ljā- "water"
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | aili- "jay"
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Singular}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Comprehensive Plural}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Paucal Plural}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Singular}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Comprehensive Plural}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Paucal Plural}}
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Nominative
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljā''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljaya''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljava''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailie''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailīe''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailive''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Accusative1
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljái''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljái''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljavi''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailī''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailī''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailivi''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Accusative2
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljās''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljáis''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljáus''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailis''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailīs''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailius''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Dative
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljāya''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljaiye''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljavya''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailiye''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailīye''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailivye''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Genitive
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljān''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljáir''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljáur''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailir''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailīr''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailiur''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Vocative
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljā''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljái''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljáu''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''aili''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailī''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailiu''
|}

===Prepositions===

Prepositions in '''Ahāmatya''' are enclitics with respect to nouns, of which are their objects of the preposition. Such enclitics are syntactic words, but are dependent entirely on their host word and the host word's case.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Prepositions with Respect to Noun Cases in Ahāmatya '''
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Case
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Nominative
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Accusative1
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Accusative2
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Dative
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Genitive
|-
! rowspan="10" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Preposition
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''aphra-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | against
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''i-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | into
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''ehda-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | until
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''nur-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | through, during
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''ehba-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | without
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''aha-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | with, together with
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''ehda-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | toward, prior to
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''ui-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | upon
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''mal-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | on behalf of
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''amha-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | with, having
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''n-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | as
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''phel-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | beside, by
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''lu-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | under
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''hai-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | via, by way of
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''le-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | out of, after
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''ar-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | around
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''san-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | like, as
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''nai-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | over
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''v-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | in (a state of)
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''vrja-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | with, together with
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|}

==Verbs==

Verbs in '''Ahāmatya''' are inflected for aspect, time, mood, person, direction of transitivity, and assertor's involvement. Aspect and time combine to yield eight tenses. Verbs may be derived from nouns and adjectives into either transitive or intransitive verbs.

The general template of a verb in '''Ahāmatya''' is the following:

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! colspan="3" | Stem
! colspan="3" | Tense
! colspan="4" | Deixis
|-
| Preverbs
| '''Root'''
| Derivation
| Aspect
| Derivation
| Time
| Mood
| Derivation
| Voice
| Person
|}

Note that, although presented here concatenatively, components of tense may be nonconcatenative.

===Tense===

'''Ahāmatya''' distinguishes between two aspects: the '''Imperfective''' aspect indicates a continuous action, and is unmarked, or marked by '''-∅-'''; the '''Perfect''' aspect indicates a completed action prior to some event in context, and is marked by '''augmenting''' the root vowel of the verb.

Time is distinguished between '''Past''' time, marked by '''-n-''' indicating actions in the past, and '''Non-Past''' time, marked by '''-t-''', indicating actions not in the past. Within '''Non-Past''' time are present and future times, where the future is identical to the present with the addition of an explicit prefix '''le-''', itself a cliticized form of an independent word. Aspect and time combine to yield tense. Additionally, there exists a '''Gnomic''', or "timeless", time, which is used in concert with aspect to indicate general truths or aphorisms independent of a contextual time. Verbs in the gnomic are marked by lengthening the root vowel.

* The '''Imperfective Gnomic Tense''' indicates an ongoing or incomplete action independent of time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and gnomic time.

* The '''Imperfective Past Tense''' indicates an ongoing or incomplete action in the past time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and past time.

* The '''Imperfective Non-Past Present Tense''' indicates an ongoing action in the non-past present time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and non-past time.

* The '''Imperfective Non-Past Future Tense''' indicates an ongoing action in the non-past future time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and non-past time.

* The '''Perfect Gnomic Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another completed action independent of time. It is the composition of perfect aspect and gnomic time.

* The '''Perfect Past Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another completed action. It is the composition of perfect aspect and past time.

* The '''Perfect Non-Past Present Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another action in the present time. It is the composition of perfect aspect and non-past time.

* The '''Perfect Non-Past Future Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another action in the future time. It is the composition of perfect aspect and non-past time.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Tense Construction in Ahāmatya, mat- "to do"'''
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Gnomic Time
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|Present Time}}
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|Future Time}}
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | ''m'''ā'''t-''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mat'''''n-''' → ''ma'''''n'''''d-''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mat'''''t-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''le-'''''mat'''''t-'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | '''a'''''m'''ā'''t-''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''a'''''mat'''''n-''' → '''a'''''ma'''''n'''''d-''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''a'''''mat'''''t-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''le-a'''''mat'''''t-'''
|}

===Mood===

'''Ahāmatya''' has two distinctly marked moods:

* The '''Indicative''' mood indicates factual statements, inquiry of simple questions, and the statement of beliefs, and is marked by '''-a-'''
* The '''Subjunctive''' mood indicates imaginary or hypothetical actions, conveys opinions or emotions, or conveys requests, and is marked by '''-(u)ra-'''

In both the indicative and subjunctive moods for the gnomic tenses, the final '''-a''' is replaced with '''-i'''.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Tense, Mood Construction in Ahāmatya, mat- "to do"'''
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Gnomic Time
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|Present Time}}
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|Future Time}}
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|indicative}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''māt'''''i-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mand'''''a-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''matt'''''a-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-matt'''''a-'''
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|subjunctive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''māt'''''ri-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mand'''''ra-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''matt'''''ura-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-matt'''''ura-'''
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|indicative}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amāt'''''i-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amand'''''a-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amatt'''''a-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-amatt'''''a-'''
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|subjunctive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amāt'''''ri-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amand'''''ra-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amatt'''''ura-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-amatt'''''ura-'''
|}

===Voice===

'''Ahāmatya''' has two voices:

* The '''active voice''' indicates that the subject is performing the action denoted by the verb, and is unmarked, or marked by '''-∅-'''
* The '''passive voice''' indicates that the subject is acted upon by the verb, and is marked by '''-(h)ehba-''', and displaces the final vowel from the mood

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Tense, Mood, Voice Construction in Ahāmatya, mat- "to do"'''
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Gnomic Time
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|Present Time}}
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|Future Time}}
|-
! rowspan="4" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{small|indicative}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|active}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''māti'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manda'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''matta'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-matta'''''∅-'''
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|passive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''māt'''''hehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mand'''''hehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''matte'''''hehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-matte'''''hehba-'''
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{small|subjunctive}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|active}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mātri'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mandra'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mattura'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-mattura'''''∅-'''
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|passive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mātr'''''ehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mandr'''''ehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mattur'''''hehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-mattur'''''hehba-'''
|-
! rowspan="4" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{small|indicative}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|active}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amāti'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amanda'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amatta'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-amatta'''''∅-'''
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|passive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amāt'''''hehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amand'''''hehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amatt'''''ehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-amatt'''''ehba-'''
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{small|subjunctive}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|active}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amātri'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amandra'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amattura'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-amattura'''''∅-'''
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|passive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amātr'''''ehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amandr'''''ehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amattur'''''hehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-amattur'''''hehba-'''
|}

===Conjugation===

Verbs in '''Ahāmatya''' are inflected for three grammatical persons. The forms of the person marking are dependent on the aspect and transitivity of the verb, the rules governing sound change notwithstanding. Person conjugation for the gnomic tenses are unique, and are thus presented separately.

====Imperfective and Imperative Endings====

The person endings for imperfective transitive and intransitive verbs take the following form:

{| class="wikitable" border="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="1"| Singular
!colspan="1"| Comprehensive Plural
!colspan="1"| Paucal Plural
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 1st
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -n
| style="text-align: center;" | -s
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -nen
| style="text-align: center;" | -nes
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 2nd
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -va
| style="text-align: center;" | -vna
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -neva
| style="text-align: center;" | -nevna
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 3rd
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -a
| style="text-align: center;" | -a
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -na
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
|}

The imperative is not a true mood in '''Ahāmatya''', as it is only an extension of person marking, and only exists for imperfective non-past verbs. Such person endings take the following form:

{| class="wikitable" border="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="1"| Singular
!colspan="1"| Comprehensive Plural
!colspan="1"| Paucal Plural
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 1st
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -nni
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -nni
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 2nd
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -vani
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -nevani
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 3rd
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -ani
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -nani
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
|}

====Perfect Endings====

The person endings for perfect transitive and intransitive verbs take the following form:

{| class="wikitable" border="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="1"| Singular
!colspan="1"| Comprehensive Plural
!colspan="1"| Paucal Plural
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 1st
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -ra
| style="text-align: center;" | -rra
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -nera
| style="text-align: center;" | -nerra
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 2nd
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -m
| style="text-align: center;" | -mma
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -nem
| style="text-align: center;" | -nemma
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 3rd
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -ya
| style="text-align: center;" | -ya
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -neya
| style="text-align: center;" | -neya
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
|}

====Gnomic Endings====

The person endings for gnomic verbs take the following form:

{| class="wikitable" border="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="1"| Singular
!colspan="1"| Comprehensive Plural
!colspan="1"| Paucal Plural
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 1st
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 2nd
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 3rd
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
|}

====Reflexive Endings====

To account for reflexivity, '''Ahāmatya''' has person endings which have the the following forms:

{| class="wikitable" border="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="1"| Singular
!colspan="1"| Comprehensive Plural
!colspan="1"| Paucal Plural
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 1st
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 2nd
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 3rd
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
|}

===Preverbs===

===Verb Forms===

====Derivations From Verbs====

====Derivations To Verbs====

===Comprehensive Example===

==Modifiers==

===Adjectives===

===Adverbs===

==Particles==

==Derivational Morphology==



==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==

==Other resources==




[[Category:Ahāmatya]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Ahāmatya

2019-12-12T06:35:48Z

Deltaquebec: /* Case */

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="float:right;" width="35%"
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffffff; font-size:1.2em;" | '''Vasa Ahāmatya Manān Etjelletyandaljān''' [ˈva.sa a.haːˈmat.ja ˈma.na:n ɛˌtjɛl.lɛt.janˈda.lja:n]
|-
| '''Creator:''' || Daniel Quigley
|-
| '''Spoken in:''' || Mana Etjelletyandalja
|-
| '''World:''' || ''Leaves'' Stories
|-
| '''Total Speakers:''' || ~ 10,000,000
|-
| '''Basic word order:''' || Subject-Object-Verb
|-
| '''Morphological Type:''' || Synthetic
|-
| '''Morphosyntactic Alignment:''' || Nominative-Accusative
|-
| '''Inspirations:''' || Sanskrit, Finnish, Russian, Latin, English, Quenya, Ancient Greek, Classical Persian
|-
| '''Status:''' || In Progress
|-
| '''Link to full documentation:''' || *forthcoming*
|}

'''Vasa Ahāmatya Manān Etjelletyandaljān''' is an ''a priori'' artistic constructed language in development by Daniel Quigley, providing the framework for which the author’s creative works and worldbuilding are guided. '''Vasa Ahāmatya Manān Etjelletyandaljān''' or just '''Ahāmatya''' is the standardized, formal, and literary register of language of Mana Etjelletyandalja, in contrast to the variable dialects collectively referred to as '''Vasa Vrjāmatya Manān Etjelletyandaljān''' or just '''Vrjāmatya'''.

'''Ahāmatya''' is a relatively conservative language. Loan words have found their way into '''Vrjāmatya''', but are mostly deliberately avoided in '''Ahāmatya'''. If one were to use a non-native word, then one would do so either indirectly via some periphrastic construction, or by simply employing the nearest approximation available in the language.

'''Ahāmatya''' is typologically a synthetic, fusional language. Nouns and modifiers are inflected for number and case. Other modifiers, such as adverbs, are not inflected in the same way, though similarities may be found in certain contexts. Nouns exhibit a class distinction, of which may be determined either by the phonology or the morphology. Verbs are inflected for aspect, time, valency, and mood. Some particles are inflected for number and case. '''Ahāmatya''' is a Nominative-Accusative aligned language, and has relatively free word order because of its case-marking, though word order tends towards S-O-V.

==Introduction==

===Setting===

The people of Mana Etjelletyandalja are rather homogeneous in language, culture, and identity, though there exists a gradient of such things in a north-south direction, running along the length of the land. '''Ahāmatya''' is the formal language, used in official capacities and as the literary language. The spoken languages of Mana Etjelletyandalja are collectively referred to as '''Vrjāmatya'''.

'''Ahāmatya''' and '''Vrjāmatya''' are related, both having descended from a parent language, often referred to as '''Vasa Ururya Manān Etjelletyandaljān'''. This is a little misleading, however, in that '''Vasa Ururya Manān Etjelletyandaljān''' was actually a loose collection of highly related dialects, which over time enveloped Mana Etjelletyandalja, displacing the various native languages and dialects. There is little differentiation between '''Ahāmatya''' and '''Vasa Ururya Manān Etjelletyandaljān'''. Most speakers of '''Vrjāmatya''' do not readily distinguish the one from the other, and consider them to be a continuous entity.

===Etymology===

The perfective participle '''ahāmatya''' is a compound consisting of '''aha-''' “together deliberately, bring together with intent, an indication of a union of things thought as one” and '''amatya''' “made, built”. The former is a prefix that may be appended to verbs or nouns, and the latter is the perfective participle of the verb '''mat-''' “do, make, form”. Therefore, the meaning may be interpreted as “well prepared, refined, put together”. Since participle forms may act either as nominals or as modifiers, it is common to see '''ahāmatya''' stand alone, in which case it is thought of as a nominal, with the implication of “(that which is) well prepared, refined, put together”, where the items in parentheses are understood.

The full form, '''Vasa Ahāmatya Manān Etjelletyandaljān''' is built from '''vasa''' “language, speech”, '''manān''' is the genitive form of '''mana''' "land". '''Etjelletyandaljān''' is a more difficult word to analyze. It is composed of '''etjellet-''' which is the perfective form of the transitive
verb '''tjellet-''', itself derived from the noun '''tjelle''' “sky, heaven”. '''tjellet-''', then, has the meaning “to sky someone, to adore someone or something, to put someone or something on high”. '''etjelletya''', then, is the participle form “(that which is) adored, put on high”. The '''-nda-''' element is the augmentive, and the '''-lja-''' is a morpheme used to convert nouns into adjectives. '''Mana Etjelletyandalja''' is the full, poetic name for the land, meaning “the most adored or most favored land”. The final '''-n''', with the lengthened vowel, is the genitive case marker. Besides being a poetic form, the notion of putting something or someone up on high, with connotations of putting them to the sky, works in a literal sense and refers to the magnificent mountains that dominate the skies and run the length of the land. These mountains are an important cultural and historical agent.

Taken altogether, '''Vasa Ahāmatya Manān Etjelletyandaljān''' translates to “the refined language of the most revered land”.

===Goals===

The driving goal of '''Ahāmatya''' is to provide a framework for the author’s creative works and worldbuilding. To that end, '''Ahāmatya''' ought to be a naturalistic constructed language, and ought to be pleasant to look at and to hear (admittedly, this is wholly subjective, and others may disagree with to the extent to which this was fulfilled).

===Development, Inspiration, Forthcoming===

The history of '''Ahāmatya''' as a constructed language is traceable to its earliest incarnations some ten or so years, the oldest, unchanged words being '''ive''' "bird", '''mana''' "land", and '''tura''' "strong". Since the development of the language has been a continuous evolution, with starts and stops, it is difficult to put an exact timeline of evolution. It is an on-going process, and will likely remain so.

Because much of the creative works and worldbuilding for which '''Ahāmatya''' guides concern themselves with cultural contact, exchange, and conflict, the two dominant languages of the world, '''Ahāmatya''' and [[Eḥeiθymmen Amran|'''Eḥeiθymme''']], are deliberately designed to be dissimilar, with regards to the make-up and feel of the language. The inspirations of the language include, but are not limited to, Sanskrit, Finnish, Russian, Latin, English, Quenya, Ancient Greek, and Classical Persian. While some overlap exists in the inspirations for '''Ahāmatya''' and '''Eḥeiθymme''', any overt similarities are deliberately avoided.

A more in-depth and detailed documentation is forthcoming, which includes in-universe terminology for grammatical categories and descriptions. The author hopes to someday have the creative works published.

==Phonology==




===Consonants===
'''Ahāmatya''' has five major places of articulation and six manners of articulation. Furthermore, there exists a distinction between palatalized consonants and non-palatalized consonants, and in the context of labial nasals and stops, aspirated consonants and non-aspirated consonants. '''Ahāmatya''', then, has thirty-three consonants in total, seven of which exist as allophones. Consonants in parentheses are allophones of their unvoiced counterparts.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Consonant Inventory of Ahāmatya'''
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Labial
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Alveolar
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Palatal
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Velar
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Glottal
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|hard}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|soft}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|hard}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|soft}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|soft}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|hard}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|soft}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|hard}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|soft}}
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Nasal
| style="text-align: center;" | '''m''' = [m]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''mh''' = [mh]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''n''' = [n]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''nj''' = [nj]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''ŋ''' = [ŋ]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''ŋj''' = [ŋj]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Stop
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|unvoiced}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''p''' = [p]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''ph''' = [ph]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''t''' = [t]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''tj''' = [tj]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''k''' = [k]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''kj''' = [kj]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|voiced}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(b)''' = [b]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(bh)''' = [bh]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(d)''' = [d]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(dj)''' = [dj]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(g)''' = [g]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(gj)''' = [gj]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Fricative
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|unvoiced}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''f''' = [f]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''s''' = [s]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''sj''' = [sj]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''x''' = [x]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''h''' = [h]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''hj''' = [hj]
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|voiced}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''v''' = [v]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''vj''' = [vj]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(ɣ)''' = [ɣ]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Trill
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''r''' = [r]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''rj''' = [rj]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Semi-Vowel
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | '''w''' = [w]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''y''' = [j]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Liquid
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''l''' = [l]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''lj''' = [lj]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|}

===Vowels and Diphthongs===

'''Ahāmatya''' has four short vowels and four long vowels, a distinction manifested as the long vowels' sound being held twice as long as short vowels' sound.

The short vowels are following: '''i''', '''e''', '''a''', '''u'''. The long vowels are following: '''ī''', '''ē''', '''ā''', '''ū'''. Note that, when spoken, there is some variation in the actual pronunciation of /ɛ:/, and may be more accurately pronounced as [e:].

'''Ahāmatya''' has six diphthongs, all of which have length equivalent to long vowels. The diphthongs are the following: '''ei''', '''ai''', '''ui''', '''iu''', '''eu''', '''au'''.

{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" border="1" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Vowel and Diphthong Inventory of Ahāmatya'''
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Short
! colspan="2" |Long
|-
! {{small|Front}}
! {{small|Back}}
! {{small|Front}}
! {{small|Back}}
|- style="text-align: center;"
!High
| '''i''' = [i]
| '''u''' = [u]
| '''ī''' = [i:]
| '''ū''' = [u:]
|- style="text-align: center;"
!Mid
| '''e''' = [ɛ] ~ [e]
|
| '''ē''' = [ɛ:] ~ [e:]
|
|- style="text-align: center;"
!Low
| colspan="2" |'''a''' = [a]
| colspan="2" |'''ā''' = [a:]
|- style="text-align: center;"
!Diphthongs
| colspan="4" |'''ei''' = [ej], '''ai''' = [aj], '''ui''' = [uj], '''iu''' = [ju] , '''eu''' = [ew], '''au''' = [aw]
|}

There are some contexts in which a vowel sequence is not a diphthong. This usually occurs when a long vowel is then appended to by a short vowel. This is represented by an acute diacritic replacing the macron over the long vowel. This has an effect of reducing the length of the long vowel to a short vowel, and both vowels in the sequence carry their own distinct syllabification. This may be seen in the following:

* '''āi''' → '''ái''' = '''a-i'''

* '''āu''' → '''áu''' = '''a-u'''

===Prosody and Stress===
There are as many syllables in an '''Ahāmatya''' word as there are separate vowels and diphthongs. Additionally, a cliticized '''[m, n, v, l, s]''' may carry its own syllable weight.

Stress is predictable, and manifests as primary and secondary stress. Secondary stress is placed upon the first syllable of a word, provided that that syllable is not a prefix, clitic, a reduplicated element, or augment. In that case, the secondary stress finds where the first syllable of the word is that is not one of those items, i.e., the root, and then provides the stress at that location. Primary stress falls upon the penultimate syllable.

Syllable structure generally follows two explicit rules, which themselves are detailed on various levels.

'''1. A consonant before a vowel, or a consonant cluster at the beginning of a word, forms the syllable onset.'''
* A singular consonant forms the onset of the syllable.
'''tjelle''' [ˈtjɛl.lɛ] CVC.CV "sky"
'''tala''' [ˈta.la] CV.CV "high"
'''ive''' [ˈi.vɛ] V.CV "bird"
* A consonant cluster of arbitrary length (maximum four) at the beginning of a word forms the onset of the syllable.
'''vrjāmatya''' [vrja:ˈmat.ja] CCVV.CVC.CV "original, natural"
'''mrja''' [ˈmrja] CCV "spirit"
* A word affixed with an arbitrary number of prefixes retains its syllabic structure independent of those syllables appended to it, and the affix retains its own syllabic structure.
'''epprja''' [ɛpˈprja] VC.CCV "in front of a cat"
'''phelarya''' [phɛlˈar.ja] CVC.VC.CV "beside the friend"
* Word initial clusters formed via the cliticization of '''[m, n, v, l, s]''' may either meld into that consonant cluster, forming the coda of the word initial syllable, or may carry syllabic weight themselves.
'''v-mrja''' [ˈvmrja] CCCV "in the spirit"
'''v-mrja''' [vˈmrja] C.CCV "in the spirit"
'''s-vlja''' [ˈsvlja] CCCV "as the wolf"
'''s-vlja''' [sˈvlja] C.CCV "as the wolf"

'''2. Consonant clusters tend to be broken word internally.'''
* Lengthened consonants are always separated, with the first consonant joined with the preceding vowel forming the coda of that syllable, and the second consonant joined to the following vowel, forming the onset of that syllable.
'''tjelle''' [ˈtjɛl.lɛ] CVC.CV "sky"
'''anna''' [ˈan.na] VC.CV "beneficial"
'''emmatta''' [ˌɛmˈmat.ta] VC.CVC.CV "dear flower"
* Word internal clusters are regularly separated, and the first consonant of the combination is joined with the preceding vowel, forming the coda of that syllable.
'''mandrya''' [ˈman.drja] CVC.CCV "power"
* Cluster onsets in syllables of the form CrV, CrjV, ClV, CljV are considered a single unit, and are not separated, and are thus exempt from the above rule.
'''atamrjamma''' [a.taˈmrjam.ma] V.CV.CCVC.CV "in the company of a (dear) spirit"
'''epprja''' [ɛpˈprja] VC.CCV "in front of a cat"
'''yavendra''' [ˌjaˈvɛn.dra] VC.CCV "and of vowels"

Finally, of note, is that there exist two diphthongs that, if they were to exist in a non-stressed syllable, they will then collapse into a long vowel (or short vowel, in the context of plurality, see below). Which diphthong collapses into which vowel is shown here:

* '''ei''' → '''ī'''

* '''ai''' → '''ē'''

==Morphology==


==Nouns==
'''Ahāmatya''' nouns can be declined into six cases, three numbers, and four classes.

===Class===
'''Ahāmatya''' nouns exhibit a kind of noun class system. Nouns have four classes: '''Class I''' nouns, called "a-theme" nouns; '''Class II''' nouns, called "e-theme" nouns; '''Class III''' nouns, called "u-theme" nouns; '''Class IV''' nouns, called "other" nouns. "a-theme", "e-theme", and "u-theme" are so-named because the vowels "a", "e", and "u" that appear as the final sound in their respective nouns in the singular root. "other" is so-named as a catch-all for words that are not "a-theme", "e-theme", or "u-theme". The phonological environment determines whether a noun is Class I or Class II, and is readily predictable. Class III nouns tend to be derived. Class IV nouns are almost always derived, and feature variable endings.

The thematic vowel in the ultimate syllable is determined by the vowel in the penultimate syllable and the consonants in the coda of that syllable and/or the onset of the ultimate syllable. Barring a few exceptions, this is a predictable machination. The consonants at the boundary of the penultimate and the ultimate vowel can be divided into four categories: '''continuative short''', '''continuative long''', '''terminative short''', and '''terminative long'''.
* '''Continuative short''' consonants are: '''m''', '''f''', '''n''', '''s''', '''ŋ''', '''x''', '''l''', '''h'''
* '''Continuative long''' consonants are: '''mm''', '''v''', '''nn''', '''ss''', '''ɤ''', '''ll'''
* '''Terminative short''' consonants are: '''p''', '''t''', '''k''', '''y''', '''w''', '''r'''
* '''Terminative long''' consonants are: '''pp''', '''b''', '''t''', '''tt''', '''d''', '''k''', '''kk''', '''g''', '''rr''', palatalized consonants, aspirated consonants, non-geminate consonant clusters.

The penultimate vowel, followed by one of the above mentioned boundary consonants, will determine the ultimate vowel, and thus, its class. This is illustrated in the table below. Vowels listed along the leftmost column are penultimate vowels. If one of these is followed by one of the four consonant boundary types, then the ultimate vowel, i.e., the theme vowel, is given.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Determination of Noun Class I and Noun Class II'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Penultimate Vowel
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Continuative Short
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Continuative Long
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Terminative Short
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Terminative Long
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | i
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | e
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | u
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ī
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | e
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ē
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ā
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ū
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ei
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ai
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ui
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | iu
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | eu
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | au
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|}

===Number===
Number in '''Ahāmatya''' nouns is represented by the noun root existing as a '''singular stem''', a '''comprehensive plural stem''', or a '''paucal plural stem'''. These are appended to by the case marker.

The '''singular''' is the unmarked form of the noun.

* '''ive-''' "bird"

* '''mana-''' "land"

* '''vrunnu-''' "robin"

The '''comprehensive plural''' is marked by '''-i'''. If the stem ends in a diphthong which would collapse into a long vowel in non-stressed syllables, then it does so, but into a short vowel. The comprehensive plural has an intrinsic meaning of "all of that about which I am speaking in this context".

* '''ivei-''' → '''ivi-''' "birds"

* '''manai-''' → '''mane-''' "lands"

* '''vrunnui-''' "robins"

The '''paucal plural''' is marked by '''-u'''. The paucal plural has an intrinsic meaning of "some or a few of that about which I am speaking in this context".

* '''iveu-''' "some birds"

* '''manau-''' "some lands"

* '''vrunnuu-''' → '''vrunnū-''' "some robins"

There are some nouns in '''Ahāmatya''' which are lexically plural. To form the singular, the suffix '''-ela''' is used.

* '''emma''' → '''emmela''' "flower"
* '''ahhra''' → '''ahhrela''' "star"
* '''epha''' → '''ephela''' "eye"
* '''ŋrā''' → '''ŋrela''' "frog"

===Case===

There are six cases in '''Ahāmatya'''. Many cases are also used as objects of the preposition, most of which are predictable.

==== Nominative Case ====

The nominative case indicates the '''subject''' of a transitive and intransitive verb, the '''predicate''' (this is variably marked also by an additional morpheme), and the '''object''' of some prepositions The nominative case is marked by '''-a'''.

* '''''Ivea''' nenna''. "The bird is sleeping."
* '''''Ivea''' henelān vuhra''. "The bird is eating the pig."

The nominative case indicates a number of objects of the preposition, usually in some relationship independent of motion or physical location.

* '''aphra-ljā''' "against the water"
* '''aha-lavraidea''' "with, together with, the rings"
* '''an-atalaiyea''' "as the king"
* '''hai-vamelā''' "via the shore"
* '''san-mwā''' "like the butterfly"
* '''v-eimea''' "in (a state of) love"
* '''vrja-mettā''' "with, together with the trees"

==== Accusative1 Case ====

The accusative1 case is one of two accusative cases in '''Ahāmatya''', and indicates the '''object''' of an '''imperfective aspect verb''', and the '''object''' of some prepositions. The accusative1 case is marked by '''-i'''. This may cause additional vowel sound change in the usual way where applicable.

* ''Iven '''henele''' vuhra''. "The bird is eating the pig."
* ''Ljumruran ''' vrunnui''' eta''. "The cormorant was speaking to the robin."

The accusative1 case indicates objects of the preposition involving motion with respect to some region.

* '''i-mette''' "into the forest"
* '''ehda-sridde''' "toward, prior to the summer"
* '''phel-kjele''' "after, beside the mountain"
* '''le-ljái''' "out of, from the water"

==== Accusative2 Case ====

The accusative2 case is one of two accusative cases in '''Ahāmatya''', and indicates the '''object''' of a '''perfect aspect verb''', and the '''object''' of some prepositions. The accusative2 case is marked by '''-s'''.

* ''Iven '''henelas''' uvuhna''. "The bird had eaten the pig."
* ''Ljumruran ''' vrunnus''' ēta''. "The cormorant had eaten the robin."

The accusative2 case indicates objects of the preposition involving motion or location with respect to some boundary of a region.

* '''ehda-luimes''' "until first spring"
* '''ui-embas''' "upon the face"
* '''lu-ljās''' "under the water"
* '''ar-manas''' "around, surrounding the land"
* '''nai-manas''' "over the land"

==== Dative Case ====

The dative case indicates the '''indirect object''' of a verb, and the '''object''' of some prepositions. The dative case is marked by '''-ya'''.

* ''Vrunnua '''ljumruraya''' eveya''. "The robin had mourned for the cormorant."
* ''Atalairdā lavraides '''iveya''' avra''. "The emperor is giving the ring to the bird."

The dative case indicates objects of the preposition involving motion or location with respect to the surrounding of some boundary of a region.

* '''nur-sriddaya''' "through/during the summer"
* '''mal-Elyaya''' "on behalf of Elya"

==== Genitive Case ====

The genitive case indicates '''ownership''' irrespective of time, '''origin''' of/from a location, '''partitive''', '''topic''' of/about, some '''predicativity''', '''composition''' or '''substance''', and the '''object''' of some prepositions. The genitive case is by'''-n''' or '''-r'''.

When describing that something is composed of a substance, the Genitive is used in concert with the suffix '''-uda'''.

* '''lavraide kaludan''' "stone ring; ring of stone"
* '''kavra memudan''' "wool cloth; cloth made of wool"

The genitive case indicates objects of the preposition involving relationships between nouns.

* '''ehba-idur''' "without light"
* '''amha-aryen''' "with/having friends"

==== Vocative Case ====

The vocative case indicates that which is '''directly addressed'''. A noun in the vocative case is the '''citation form''' of the word in a reference. The vocative case is unmarked, or, to be more precise, is marked with '''-∅'''.

==== Summary Table ====

Class I, Class II, and Class III nouns have a fairly regular and predictable declination.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Class I, Class II, and Class III Nouns in Ahāmatya '''
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ive- "bird"
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | mana- "land"
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | vrunnu- "robin"
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Singular}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Comprehensive Plural}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Paucal Plural}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Singular}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Comprehensive Plural}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Paucal Plural}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Singular}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Comprehensive Plural}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Paucal Plural}}
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Nominative
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivea''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivia''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''iveva''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manā''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manea''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manava''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnua''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnuya''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnúa''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Accusative1
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivi''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivī''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivevi''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mane''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mani''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manavi''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnui''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnuí''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnúi''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Accusative2
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ives''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivis''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''iveus''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manas''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manes''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manaus''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnus''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnuis''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnūs''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Dative
| style="text-align: center;" | ''iveya''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''iviye''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivevya''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manaya''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''maneya''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manavya''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnuya''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnuiye''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnūya''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Genitive
| style="text-align: center;" | ''iven''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivir''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''iveur''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manan''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manen''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manaur''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnur''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnuir''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnūr''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Vocative
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ive''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivi''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''iveu''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mana''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mane''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manau''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnu''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnui''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnū''
|}

Class IV nouns are variable in their form, but nouns ending in '''-ā''' or in '''-i''' are the most represented of this class.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Class IV Nouns in Ahāmatya '''
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ljā- "water"
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | aili- "jay"
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Singular}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Comprehensive Plural}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Paucal Plural}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Singular}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Comprehensive Plural}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Paucal Plural}}
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Nominative
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljā''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljaya''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljava''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailie''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailīe''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailive''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Accusative1
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljái''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljái''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljavi''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailī''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailī''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailivi''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Accusative2
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljās''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljáis''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljáus''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailis''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailīs''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailius''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Dative
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljāya''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljaiye''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljavya''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailiye''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailīye''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailivye''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Genitive
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljān''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljáir''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljáur''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailir''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailīr''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailiur''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Vocative
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljā''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljái''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljáu''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''aili''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailī''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailiu''
|}

===Prepositions===

Prepositions in '''Ahāmatya''' are enclitics with respect to nouns, of which are their objects of the preposition. Such enclitics are syntactic words, but are dependent entirely on their host word and the host word's case.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Prepositions with Respect to Noun Cases in Ahāmatya '''
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Case
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Nominative
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Accusative1
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Accusative2
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Dative
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Genitive
|-
! rowspan="10" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Preposition
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''aphra-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | against
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''i-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | into
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''ehda-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | until
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''nur-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | through, during
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''ehba-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | without
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''aha-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | with, together with
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''ehda-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | toward, prior to
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''ui-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | upon
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''mal-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | on behalf of
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''amha-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | with, having
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''n-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | as
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''phel-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | beside, by
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''lu-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | under
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''hai-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | via, by way of
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''le-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | out of, after
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''ar-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | around
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''san-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | like, as
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''nai-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | over
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''v-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | in (a state of)
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''vrja-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | with, together with
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|}

==Verbs==

Verbs in '''Ahāmatya''' are inflected for aspect, time, mood, voice, and person. Aspect and time combine to yield eight tenses. Verbs may be derived from nouns and adjectives into either transitive or intransitive verbs.

The general template of a verb in '''Ahāmatya''' is the following:

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! colspan="3" | Stem
! colspan="3" | Tense
! colspan="4" | Deixis
|-
| Preverbs
| '''Root'''
| Derivation
| Aspect
| Derivation
| Time
| Mood
| Derivation
| Voice
| Person
|}

Note that, although presented here concatenatively, components of tense may be nonconcatenative.

===Tense===

'''Ahāmatya''' distinguishes between two aspects: the '''Imperfective''' aspect indicates a continuous action, and is unmarked, or marked by '''-∅-'''; the '''Perfect''' aspect indicates a completed action prior to some event in context, and is marked by '''augmenting''' the root vowel of the verb.

Time is distinguished between '''Past''' time, marked by '''-n-''' indicating actions in the past, and '''Non-Past''' time, marked by '''-t-''', indicating actions not in the past. Within '''Non-Past''' time are present and future times, where the future is identical to the present with the addition of an explicit prefix '''le-''', itself a cliticized form of an independent word. Aspect and time combine to yield tense. Additionally, there exists a '''Gnomic''', or "timeless", time, which is used in concert with aspect to indicate general truths or aphorisms independent of a contextual time. Verbs in the gnomic are marked by lengthening the root vowel.

* The '''Imperfective Gnomic Tense''' indicates an ongoing or incomplete action independent of time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and gnomic time.

* The '''Imperfective Past Tense''' indicates an ongoing or incomplete action in the past time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and past time.

* The '''Imperfective Non-Past Present Tense''' indicates an ongoing action in the non-past present time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and non-past time.

* The '''Imperfective Non-Past Future Tense''' indicates an ongoing action in the non-past future time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and non-past time.

* The '''Perfect Gnomic Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another completed action independent of time. It is the composition of perfect aspect and gnomic time.

* The '''Perfect Past Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another completed action. It is the composition of perfect aspect and past time.

* The '''Perfect Non-Past Present Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another action in the present time. It is the composition of perfect aspect and non-past time.

* The '''Perfect Non-Past Future Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another action in the future time. It is the composition of perfect aspect and non-past time.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Tense Construction in Ahāmatya, mat- "to do"'''
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Gnomic Time
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|Present Time}}
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|Future Time}}
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | ''m'''ā'''t-''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mat'''''n-''' → ''ma'''''n'''''d-''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mat'''''t-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''le-'''''mat'''''t-'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | '''a'''''m'''ā'''t-''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''a'''''mat'''''n-''' → '''a'''''ma'''''n'''''d-''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''a'''''mat'''''t-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''le-a'''''mat'''''t-'''
|}

===Mood===

'''Ahāmatya''' has two distinctly marked moods:

* The '''Indicative''' mood indicates factual statements, inquiry of simple questions, and the statement of beliefs, and is marked by '''-a-'''
* The '''Subjunctive''' mood indicates imaginary or hypothetical actions, conveys opinions or emotions, or conveys requests, and is marked by '''-(u)ra-'''

In both the indicative and subjunctive moods for the gnomic tenses, the final '''-a''' is replaced with '''-i'''.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Tense, Mood Construction in Ahāmatya, mat- "to do"'''
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Gnomic Time
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|Present Time}}
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|Future Time}}
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|indicative}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''māt'''''i-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mand'''''a-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''matt'''''a-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-matt'''''a-'''
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|subjunctive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''māt'''''ri-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mand'''''ra-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''matt'''''ura-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-matt'''''ura-'''
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|indicative}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amāt'''''i-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amand'''''a-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amatt'''''a-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-amatt'''''a-'''
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|subjunctive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amāt'''''ri-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amand'''''ra-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amatt'''''ura-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-amatt'''''ura-'''
|}

===Voice===

'''Ahāmatya''' has two voices:

* The '''active voice''' indicates that the subject is performing the action denoted by the verb, and is unmarked, or marked by '''-∅-'''
* The '''passive voice''' indicates that the subject is acted upon by the verb, and is marked by '''-(h)ehba-''', and displaces the final vowel from the mood

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Tense, Mood, Voice Construction in Ahāmatya, mat- "to do"'''
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Gnomic Time
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|Present Time}}
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|Future Time}}
|-
! rowspan="4" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{small|indicative}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|active}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''māti'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manda'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''matta'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-matta'''''∅-'''
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|passive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''māt'''''hehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mand'''''hehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''matte'''''hehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-matte'''''hehba-'''
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{small|subjunctive}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|active}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mātri'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mandra'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mattura'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-mattura'''''∅-'''
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|passive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mātr'''''ehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mandr'''''ehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mattur'''''hehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-mattur'''''hehba-'''
|-
! rowspan="4" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{small|indicative}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|active}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amāti'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amanda'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amatta'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-amatta'''''∅-'''
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|passive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amāt'''''hehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amand'''''hehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amatt'''''ehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-amatt'''''ehba-'''
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{small|subjunctive}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|active}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amātri'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amandra'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amattura'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-amattura'''''∅-'''
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|passive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amātr'''''ehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amandr'''''ehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amattur'''''hehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-amattur'''''hehba-'''
|}

===Conjugation===

Verbs in '''Ahāmatya''' are inflected for three grammatical persons. The forms of the person marking are dependent on the aspect and transitivity of the verb, the rules governing sound change notwithstanding. Person conjugation for the gnomic tenses are unique, and are thus presented separately.

====Imperfective and Imperative Endings====

The person endings for imperfective transitive and intransitive verbs take the following form:

{| class="wikitable" border="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="1"| Singular
!colspan="1"| Comprehensive Plural
!colspan="1"| Paucal Plural
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 1st
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -n
| style="text-align: center;" | -s
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -nen
| style="text-align: center;" | -nes
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 2nd
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -va
| style="text-align: center;" | -vna
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -neva
| style="text-align: center;" | -nevna
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 3rd
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -a
| style="text-align: center;" | -a
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -na
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
|}

The imperative is not a true mood in '''Ahāmatya''', as it is only an extension of person marking, and only exists for imperfective non-past verbs. Such person endings take the following form:

{| class="wikitable" border="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="1"| Singular
!colspan="1"| Comprehensive Plural
!colspan="1"| Paucal Plural
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 1st
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -nni
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -nni
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 2nd
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -vani
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -nevani
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 3rd
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -ani
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -nani
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
|}

====Perfect Endings====

The person endings for perfect transitive and intransitive verbs take the following form:

{| class="wikitable" border="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="1"| Singular
!colspan="1"| Comprehensive Plural
!colspan="1"| Paucal Plural
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 1st
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -ra
| style="text-align: center;" | -rra
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -nera
| style="text-align: center;" | -nerra
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 2nd
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -m
| style="text-align: center;" | -mma
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -nem
| style="text-align: center;" | -nemma
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 3rd
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -ya
| style="text-align: center;" | -ya
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -neya
| style="text-align: center;" | -neya
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
|}

====Gnomic Endings====

The person endings for gnomic verbs take the following form:

{| class="wikitable" border="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="1"| Singular
!colspan="1"| Comprehensive Plural
!colspan="1"| Paucal Plural
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 1st
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 2nd
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 3rd
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
|}

====Reflexive Endings====

To account for reflexivity, '''Ahāmatya''' has person endings which have the the following forms:

{| class="wikitable" border="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="1"| Singular
!colspan="1"| Comprehensive Plural
!colspan="1"| Paucal Plural
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 1st
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 2nd
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 3rd
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
|}

===Preverbs===

===Verb Forms===

====Derivations From Verbs====

====Derivations To Verbs====

===Comprehensive Example===

==Modifiers==

===Adjectives===

===Adverbs===

==Particles==

==Derivational Morphology==



==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==

==Other resources==




[[Category:Ahāmatya]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Ahāmatya

2019-11-04T05:17:45Z

Deltaquebec: /* Middle Voice Endings */

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="float:right;" width="35%"
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffffff; font-size:1.2em;" | '''Vasa Ahāmatya Manān Etjelletyandaljān''' [ˈva.sa a.haːˈmat.ja ˈma.na:n ɛˌtjɛl.lɛt.janˈda.lja:n]
|-
| '''Creator:''' || Daniel Quigley
|-
| '''Spoken in:''' || Mana Etjelletyandalja
|-
| '''World:''' || ''Leaves'' Stories
|-
| '''Total Speakers:''' || ~ 10,000,000
|-
| '''Basic word order:''' || Subject-Object-Verb
|-
| '''Morphological Type:''' || Synthetic
|-
| '''Morphosyntactic Alignment:''' || Nominative-Accusative
|-
| '''Inspirations:''' || Sanskrit, Finnish, Russian, Latin, English, Quenya, Ancient Greek, Classical Persian
|-
| '''Status:''' || In Progress
|-
| '''Link to full documentation:''' || *forthcoming*
|}

'''Vasa Ahāmatya Manān Etjelletyandaljān''' is an ''a priori'' artistic constructed language in development by Daniel Quigley, providing the framework for which the author’s creative works and worldbuilding are guided. '''Vasa Ahāmatya Manān Etjelletyandaljān''' or just '''Ahāmatya''' is the standardized, formal, and literary register of language of Mana Etjelletyandalja, in contrast to the variable dialects collectively referred to as '''Vasa Vrjāmatya Manān Etjelletyandaljān''' or just '''Vrjāmatya'''.

'''Ahāmatya''' is a relatively conservative language. Loan words have found their way into '''Vrjāmatya''', but are mostly deliberately avoided in '''Ahāmatya'''. If one were to use a non-native word, then one would do so either indirectly via some periphrastic construction, or by simply employing the nearest approximation available in the language.

'''Ahāmatya''' is typologically a synthetic, fusional language. Nouns and modifiers are inflected for number and case. Other modifiers, such as adverbs, are not inflected in the same way, though similarities may be found in certain contexts. Nouns exhibit a class distinction, of which may be determined either by the phonology or the morphology. Verbs are inflected for aspect, time, valency, and mood. Some particles are inflected for number and case. '''Ahāmatya''' is a Nominative-Accusative aligned language, and has relatively free word order because of its case-marking, though word order tends towards S-O-V.

==Introduction==

===Setting===

The people of Mana Etjelletyandalja are rather homogeneous in language, culture, and identity, though there exists a gradient of such things in a north-south direction, running along the length of the land. '''Ahāmatya''' is the formal language, used in official capacities and as the literary language. The spoken languages of Mana Etjelletyandalja are collectively referred to as '''Vrjāmatya'''.

'''Ahāmatya''' and '''Vrjāmatya''' are related, both having descended from a parent language, often referred to as '''Vasa Ururya Manān Etjelletyandaljān'''. This is a little misleading, however, in that '''Vasa Ururya Manān Etjelletyandaljān''' was actually a loose collection of highly related dialects, which over time enveloped Mana Etjelletyandalja, displacing the various native languages and dialects. There is little differentiation between '''Ahāmatya''' and '''Vasa Ururya Manān Etjelletyandaljān'''. Most speakers of '''Vrjāmatya''' do not readily distinguish the one from the other, and consider them to be a continuous entity.

===Etymology===

The perfective participle '''ahāmatya''' is a compound consisting of '''aha-''' “together deliberately, bring together with intent, an indication of a union of things thought as one” and '''amatya''' “made, built”. The former is a prefix that may be appended to verbs or nouns, and the latter is the perfective participle of the verb '''mat-''' “do, make, form”. Therefore, the meaning may be interpreted as “well prepared, refined, put together”. Since participle forms may act either as nominals or as modifiers, it is common to see '''ahāmatya''' stand alone, in which case it is thought of as a nominal, with the implication of “(that which is) well prepared, refined, put together”, where the items in parentheses are understood.

The full form, '''Vasa Ahāmatya Manān Etjelletyandaljān''' is built from '''vasa''' “language, speech”, '''manān''' is the genitive form of '''mana''' "land". '''Etjelletyandaljān''' is a more difficult word to analyze. It is composed of '''etjellet-''' which is the perfective form of the transitive
verb '''tjellet-''', itself derived from the noun '''tjelle''' “sky, heaven”. '''tjellet-''', then, has the meaning “to sky someone, to adore someone or something, to put someone or something on high”. '''etjelletya''', then, is the participle form “(that which is) adored, put on high”. The '''-nda-''' element is the augmentive, and the '''-lja-''' is a morpheme used to convert nouns into adjectives. '''Mana Etjelletyandalja''' is the full, poetic name for the land, meaning “the most adored or most favored land”. The final '''-n''', with the lengthened vowel, is the genitive case marker. Besides being a poetic form, the notion of putting something or someone up on high, with connotations of putting them to the sky, works in a literal sense and refers to the magnificent mountains that dominate the skies and run the length of the land. These mountains are an important cultural and historical agent.

Taken altogether, '''Vasa Ahāmatya Manān Etjelletyandaljān''' translates to “the refined language of the most revered land”.

===Goals===

The driving goal of '''Ahāmatya''' is to provide a framework for the author’s creative works and worldbuilding. To that end, '''Ahāmatya''' ought to be a naturalistic constructed language, and ought to be pleasant to look at and to hear (admittedly, this is wholly subjective, and others may disagree with to the extent to which this was fulfilled).

===Development, Inspiration, Forthcoming===

The history of '''Ahāmatya''' as a constructed language is traceable to its earliest incarnations some ten or so years, the oldest, unchanged words being '''ive''' "bird", '''mana''' "land", and '''tura''' "strong". Since the development of the language has been a continuous evolution, with starts and stops, it is difficult to put an exact timeline of evolution. It is an on-going process, and will likely remain so.

Because much of the creative works and worldbuilding for which '''Ahāmatya''' guides concern themselves with cultural contact, exchange, and conflict, the two dominant languages of the world, '''Ahāmatya''' and [[Eḥeiθymmen Amran|'''Eḥeiθymme''']], are deliberately designed to be dissimilar, with regards to the make-up and feel of the language. The inspirations of the language include, but are not limited to, Sanskrit, Finnish, Russian, Latin, English, Quenya, Ancient Greek, and Classical Persian. While some overlap exists in the inspirations for '''Ahāmatya''' and '''Eḥeiθymme''', any overt similarities are deliberately avoided.

A more in-depth and detailed documentation is forthcoming, which includes in-universe terminology for grammatical categories and descriptions. The author hopes to someday have the creative works published.

==Phonology==




===Consonants===
'''Ahāmatya''' has five major places of articulation and six manners of articulation. Furthermore, there exists a distinction between palatalized consonants and non-palatalized consonants, and in the context of labial nasals and stops, aspirated consonants and non-aspirated consonants. '''Ahāmatya''', then, has thirty-three consonants in total, seven of which exist as allophones. Consonants in parentheses are allophones of their unvoiced counterparts.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Consonant Inventory of Ahāmatya'''
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Labial
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Alveolar
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Palatal
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Velar
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Glottal
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|hard}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|soft}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|hard}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|soft}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|soft}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|hard}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|soft}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|hard}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|soft}}
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Nasal
| style="text-align: center;" | '''m''' = [m]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''mh''' = [mh]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''n''' = [n]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''nj''' = [nj]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''ŋ''' = [ŋ]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''ŋj''' = [ŋj]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Stop
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|unvoiced}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''p''' = [p]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''ph''' = [ph]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''t''' = [t]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''tj''' = [tj]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''k''' = [k]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''kj''' = [kj]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|voiced}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(b)''' = [b]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(bh)''' = [bh]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(d)''' = [d]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(dj)''' = [dj]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(g)''' = [g]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(gj)''' = [gj]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Fricative
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|unvoiced}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''f''' = [f]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''s''' = [s]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''sj''' = [sj]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''x''' = [x]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''h''' = [h]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''hj''' = [hj]
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|voiced}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''v''' = [v]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''vj''' = [vj]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(ɣ)''' = [ɣ]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Trill
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''r''' = [r]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''rj''' = [rj]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Semi-Vowel
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | '''w''' = [w]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''y''' = [j]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Liquid
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''l''' = [l]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''lj''' = [lj]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|}

===Vowels and Diphthongs===

'''Ahāmatya''' has four short vowels and four long vowels, a distinction manifested as the long vowels' sound being held twice as long as short vowels' sound.

The short vowels are following: '''i''', '''e''', '''a''', '''u'''. The long vowels are following: '''ī''', '''ē''', '''ā''', '''ū'''. Note that, when spoken, there is some variation in the actual pronunciation of /ɛ:/, and may be more accurately pronounced as [e:].

'''Ahāmatya''' has six diphthongs, all of which have length equivalent to long vowels. The diphthongs are the following: '''ei''', '''ai''', '''ui''', '''iu''', '''eu''', '''au'''.

{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" border="1" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Vowel and Diphthong Inventory of Ahāmatya'''
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Short
! colspan="2" |Long
|-
! {{small|Front}}
! {{small|Back}}
! {{small|Front}}
! {{small|Back}}
|- style="text-align: center;"
!High
| '''i''' = [i]
| '''u''' = [u]
| '''ī''' = [i:]
| '''ū''' = [u:]
|- style="text-align: center;"
!Mid
| '''e''' = [ɛ] ~ [e]
|
| '''ē''' = [ɛ:] ~ [e:]
|
|- style="text-align: center;"
!Low
| colspan="2" |'''a''' = [a]
| colspan="2" |'''ā''' = [a:]
|- style="text-align: center;"
!Diphthongs
| colspan="4" |'''ei''' = [ej], '''ai''' = [aj], '''ui''' = [uj], '''iu''' = [ju] , '''eu''' = [ew], '''au''' = [aw]
|}

There are some contexts in which a vowel sequence is not a diphthong. This usually occurs when a long vowel is then appended to by a short vowel. This is represented by an acute diacritic replacing the macron over the long vowel. This has an effect of reducing the length of the long vowel to a short vowel, and both vowels in the sequence carry their own distinct syllabification. This may be seen in the following:

* '''āi''' → '''ái''' = '''a-i'''

* '''āu''' → '''áu''' = '''a-u'''

===Prosody and Stress===
There are as many syllables in an '''Ahāmatya''' word as there are separate vowels and diphthongs. Additionally, a cliticized '''[m, n, v, l, s]''' may carry its own syllable weight.

Stress is predictable, and manifests as primary and secondary stress. Secondary stress is placed upon the first syllable of a word, provided that that syllable is not a prefix, clitic, a reduplicated element, or augment. In that case, the secondary stress finds where the first syllable of the word is that is not one of those items, i.e., the root, and then provides the stress at that location. Primary stress falls upon the penultimate syllable.

Syllable structure generally follows two explicit rules, which themselves are detailed on various levels.

'''1. A consonant before a vowel, or a consonant cluster at the beginning of a word, forms the syllable onset.'''
* A singular consonant forms the onset of the syllable.
'''tjelle''' [ˈtjɛl.lɛ] CVC.CV "sky"
'''tala''' [ˈta.la] CV.CV "high"
'''ive''' [ˈi.vɛ] V.CV "bird"
* A consonant cluster of arbitrary length (maximum four) at the beginning of a word forms the onset of the syllable.
'''vrjāmatya''' [vrja:ˈmat.ja] CCVV.CVC.CV "original, natural"
'''mrja''' [ˈmrja] CCV "spirit"
* A word affixed with an arbitrary number of prefixes retains its syllabic structure independent of those syllables appended to it, and the affix retains its own syllabic structure.
'''epprja''' [ɛpˈprja] VC.CCV "in front of a cat"
'''phelarya''' [phɛlˈar.ja] CVC.VC.CV "beside the friend"
* Word initial clusters formed via the cliticization of '''[m, n, v, l, s]''' may either meld into that consonant cluster, forming the coda of the word initial syllable, or may carry syllabic weight themselves.
'''v-mrja''' [ˈvmrja] CCCV "in the spirit"
'''v-mrja''' [vˈmrja] C.CCV "in the spirit"
'''s-vlja''' [ˈsvlja] CCCV "as the wolf"
'''s-vlja''' [sˈvlja] C.CCV "as the wolf"

'''2. Consonant clusters tend to be broken word internally.'''
* Lengthened consonants are always separated, with the first consonant joined with the preceding vowel forming the coda of that syllable, and the second consonant joined to the following vowel, forming the onset of that syllable.
'''tjelle''' [ˈtjɛl.lɛ] CVC.CV "sky"
'''anna''' [ˈan.na] VC.CV "beneficial"
'''emmatta''' [ˌɛmˈmat.ta] VC.CVC.CV "dear flower"
* Word internal clusters are regularly separated, and the first consonant of the combination is joined with the preceding vowel, forming the coda of that syllable.
'''mandrya''' [ˈman.drja] CVC.CCV "power"
* Cluster onsets in syllables of the form CrV, CrjV, ClV, CljV are considered a single unit, and are not separated, and are thus exempt from the above rule.
'''atamrjamma''' [a.taˈmrjam.ma] V.CV.CCVC.CV "in the company of a (dear) spirit"
'''epprja''' [ɛpˈprja] VC.CCV "in front of a cat"
'''yavendra''' [ˌjaˈvɛn.dra] VC.CCV "and of vowels"

Finally, of note, is that there exist two diphthongs that, if they were to exist in a non-stressed syllable, they will then collapse into a long vowel (or short vowel, in the context of plurality, see below). Which diphthong collapses into which vowel is shown here:

* '''ei''' → '''ī'''

* '''ai''' → '''ē'''

==Morphology==


==Nouns==
'''Ahāmatya''' nouns can be declined into six cases, three numbers, and four classes.

===Class===
'''Ahāmatya''' nouns exhibit a kind of noun class system. Nouns have four classes: '''Class I''' nouns, called "a-theme" nouns; '''Class II''' nouns, called "e-theme" nouns; '''Class III''' nouns, called "u-theme" nouns; '''Class IV''' nouns, called "other" nouns. "a-theme", "e-theme", and "u-theme" are so-named because the vowels "a", "e", and "u" that appear as the final sound in their respective nouns in the singular root. "other" is so-named as a catch-all for words that are not "a-theme", "e-theme", or "u-theme". The phonological environment determines whether a noun is Class I or Class II, and is readily predictable. Class III nouns tend to be derived. Class IV nouns are almost always derived, and feature variable endings.

The thematic vowel in the ultimate syllable is determined by the vowel in the penultimate syllable and the consonants in the coda of that syllable and/or the onset of the ultimate syllable. Barring a few exceptions, this is a predictable machination. The consonants at the boundary of the penultimate and the ultimate vowel can be divided into four categories: '''continuative short''', '''continuative long''', '''terminative short''', and '''terminative long'''.
* '''Continuative short''' consonants are: '''m''', '''f''', '''n''', '''s''', '''ŋ''', '''x''', '''l''', '''h'''
* '''Continuative long''' consonants are: '''mm''', '''v''', '''nn''', '''ss''', '''ɤ''', '''ll'''
* '''Terminative short''' consonants are: '''p''', '''t''', '''k''', '''y''', '''w''', '''r'''
* '''Terminative long''' consonants are: '''pp''', '''b''', '''t''', '''tt''', '''d''', '''k''', '''kk''', '''g''', '''rr''', palatalized consonants, aspirated consonants, non-geminate consonant clusters.

The penultimate vowel, followed by one of the above mentioned boundary consonants, will determine the ultimate vowel, and thus, its class. This is illustrated in the table below. Vowels listed along the leftmost column are penultimate vowels. If one of these is followed by one of the four consonant boundary types, then the ultimate vowel, i.e., the theme vowel, is given.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Determination of Noun Class I and Noun Class II'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Penultimate Vowel
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Continuative Short
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Continuative Long
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Terminative Short
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Terminative Long
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | i
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | e
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | u
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ī
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | e
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ē
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ā
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ū
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ei
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ai
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ui
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | iu
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | eu
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | au
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|}

===Number===
Number in '''Ahāmatya''' nouns is represented by the noun root existing as a '''singular stem''', a '''comprehensive plural stem''', or a '''paucal plural stem'''. These are appended to by the case marker.

The '''singular''' is the unmarked form of the noun.

* '''ive-''' "bird"

* '''mana-''' "land"

* '''vrunnu-''' "robin"

The '''comprehensive plural''' is marked by '''-i'''. If the stem ends in a diphthong which would collapse into a long vowel in non-stressed syllables, then it does so, but into a short vowel. The comprehensive plural has an intrinsic meaning of "all of that about which I am speaking in this context".

* '''ivei-''' → '''ivi-''' "birds"

* '''manai-''' → '''mane-''' "lands"

* '''vrunnui-''' "robins"

The '''paucal plural''' is marked by '''-u'''. The paucal plural has an intrinsic meaning of "some or a few of that about which I am speaking in this context".

* '''iveu-''' "some birds"

* '''manau-''' "some lands"

* '''vrunnuu-''' → '''vrunnū-''' "some robins"

There are some nouns in '''Ahāmatya''' which are lexically plural. To form the singular, the suffix '''-ela''' is used.

* '''emma''' → '''emmela''' "flower"
* '''ahhra''' → '''ahhrela''' "star"
* '''epha''' → '''ephela''' "eye"
* '''ŋrā''' → '''ŋrela''' "frog"

===Case===

There are six cases in '''Ahāmatya'''. Many cases are also used as objects of the preposition, most of which are predictable.

==== Nominative Case ====

The nominative case indicates the '''subject''' of a transitive and intransitive verb, the '''predicate''' (this is variably marked also by an additional morpheme), and the '''object''' of some prepositions The nominative case is marked by '''-n''', and has an allomorph in '''-r''', which manifests in the usual way.

* '''''Iven''' nenna''. "The bird is sleeping."
* '''''Iven''' henelān vuhra''. "The bird is eating the pig."

In the instance of a predicate-like construction of the form '''X is Y''', the X and Y are marked by the nominative, but X has an additional affix '''-avjas''' after the nominative marking. This may be understood as an additional nominative case in full as '''-navjas''' or '''-ravjas'''.

* '''''Ivenavjas''' ururyandan''. "The bird is old."
* '''''Iudēravjas''' ettan ururyanden''. Those birds are old ducks.

The nominative case indicates a number of objects of the preposition, usually in some relationship independent of motion or physical location.

* '''aphra-ljān''' "against the water"
* '''aha-lavraiden''' "with, together with, the rings"
* '''an-atalaiyen''' "as the king"
* '''hai-vamelan''' "via the shore"
* '''san-mwān''' "like the butterfly"
* '''v-eimen''' "in (a state of) love"
* '''vrja-mettan''' "with, together with the trees"

==== Accusative1 Case ====

The accusative1 case is one of two accusative cases in '''Ahāmatya''', and indicates the '''object''' of an '''imperfective aspect verb''', and the '''object''' of some prepositions. The accusative1 case is marked by '''-i'''. This may cause additional vowel sound change in the usual way where applicable.

* ''Iven '''henele''' vuhra''. "The bird is eating the pig."
* ''Ljumruran ''' vrunnui''' eta''. "The cormorant was speaking to the robin."

The accusative1 case indicates objects of the preposition involving motion with respect to some region.

* '''i-mette''' "into the forest"
* '''ehda-sridde''' "toward, prior to the summer"
* '''phel-kjele''' "after, beside the mountain"
* '''le-ljái''' "out of, from the water"

==== Accusative2 Case ====

The accusative2 case is one of two accusative cases in '''Ahāmatya''', and indicates the '''object''' of a '''perfect aspect verb''', and the '''object''' of some prepositions. The accusative2 case is marked by '''-ir'''. This may cause additional vowel sound change in the usual way where applicable.

* ''Iven '''heneler''' uvuxa''. "The bird had eaten the pig."
* ''Ljumruran ''' vrunnuir''' ēta''. "The cormorant had eaten the robin."

The accusative2 case indicates objects of the preposition involving motion or location with respect to some boundary of a region.

* '''ehda-luimir''' "until first spring"
* '''ui-ember''' "upon the face"
* '''lu-ljáir''' "under the water"
* '''ar-maner''' "around, surrounding the land"
* '''nai-maner''' "over the land"

==== Dative Case ====

The dative case indicates the '''indirect object''' of a verb, and the '''object''' of some prepositions. The dative case is marked by '''-a'''.

* ''Vrunnur '''ljumrurā''' eveya''. "The robin had mourned for the cormorant."
* ''Atalairdan lavraidi '''ivea''' avra''. "The emperor is giving the ring to the bird."

The dative case indicates objects of the preposition involving motion or location with respect to the surrounding of some boundary of a region.

* '''nur-sriddā''' "through/during the summer"
* '''mal-Elyā''' "on behalf of Elya"

==== Genitive Case ====

The genitive case indicates '''ownership''' irrespective of time, '''origin''' of/from a location, '''partitive''', '''topic''' of/about, some '''predicativity''', '''composition''' or '''substance''', and the '''object''' of some prepositions. The genitive case is marked similarly to the nominative case, with the exception of lengthening the final vowel before the '''-n''' or '''-r'''.

When describing that something is composed of a substance, the Genitive is used in concert with the suffix '''-uda'''.

* '''lavraide kaludān''' "stone ring; ring of stone"
* '''kavra memudān''' "wool cloth; cloth made of wool"

The genitive case indicates objects of the preposition involving relationships between nouns.

* '''ehba-idūr''' "without light"
* '''amha-aryēn''' "with/having friends"

==== Vocative Case ====

The vocative case indicates that which is '''directly addressed'''. A noun in the vocative case is the '''citation form''' of the word in a reference. The vocative case is unmarked, or, to be more precise, is marked with '''-∅'''.

==== Summary Table ====

Class I, Class II, and Class III nouns have a fairly regular and predictable declination.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Class I, Class II, and Class III Nouns in Ahāmatya '''
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ive- "bird"
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | mana- "land"
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | vrunnu- "robin"
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Singular}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Comprehensive Plural}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Paucal Plural}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Singular}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Comprehensive Plural}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Paucal Plural}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Singular}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Comprehensive Plural}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Paucal Plural}}
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Nominative
| style="text-align: center;" | ''iven''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivir''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''iveur''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manan''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manen''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manaur''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnur''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnuir''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnūr''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Accusative1
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivi''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivī''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivevi''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mane''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mani''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manavi''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnui''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnuí''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnúi''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Accusative2
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivir''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivīr''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivevir''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''maner''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manīr''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manavir''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnuir''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnuír''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnúir''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Dative
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivea''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivia''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''iveva''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manā''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manea''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manava''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnua''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnuya''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnúa''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Genitive
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivēn''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivīr''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''iveúr''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manān''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manēn''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manaúr''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnūr''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnuír''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnūr''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Vocative
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ive''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivi''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''iveu''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mana''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mane''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manau''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnu''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnui''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnū''
|}

Class IV nouns are variable in their form, but nouns ending in '''-ā''' or in '''-i''' are the most represented of this class.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Class IV Nouns in Ahāmatya '''
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ljā- "water"
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | aili- "jay"
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Singular}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Comprehensive Plural}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Paucal Plural}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Singular}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Comprehensive Plural}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Paucal Plural}}
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Nominative
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljān''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljáir''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljáur''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailir''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailīr''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailiur''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Accusative1
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljái''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljái''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljavi''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailī''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailī''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailivi''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Accusative2
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljáir''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljēr''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljavir''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailīr''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailīr''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailivir''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Dative
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljā''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljáiya''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljava''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailia''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailía''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailiva''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Genitive
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljān''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljēr''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljaúr''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailīr''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailīr''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailíur''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Vocative
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljā''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljái''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljáu''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''aili''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailī''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailiu''
|}

===Prepositions===

Prepositions in '''Ahāmatya''' are enclitics with respect to nouns, of which are their objects of the preposition. Such enclitics are syntactic words, but are dependent entirely on their host word and the host word's case.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Prepositions with Respect to Noun Cases in Ahāmatya '''
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Case
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Nominative
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Accusative1
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Accusative2
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Dative
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Genitive
|-
! rowspan="10" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Preposition
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''aphra-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | against
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''i-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | into
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''ehda-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | until
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''nur-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | through, during
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''ehba-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | without
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''aha-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | with, together with
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''ehda-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | toward, prior to
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''ui-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | upon
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''mal-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | on behalf of
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''amha-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | with, having
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''n-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | as
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''phel-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | beside, by
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''lu-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | under
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''hai-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | via, by way of
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''le-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | out of, after
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''ar-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | around
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''san-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | like, as
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''nai-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | over
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''v-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | in (a state of)
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''vrja-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | with, together with
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|}

==Verbs==

Verbs in '''Ahāmatya''' are inflected for aspect, time, mood, voice, and person. Aspect and time combine to yield eight tenses. Verbs may be derived from nouns and adjectives into either transitive or intransitive verbs.

The general template of a verb in '''Ahāmatya''' is the following:

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! colspan="3" | Stem
! colspan="3" | Tense
! colspan="4" | Deixis
|-
| Preverbs
| '''Root'''
| Derivation
| Aspect
| Derivation
| Time
| Mood
| Derivation
| Voice
| Person
|}

Note that, although presented here concatenatively, components of tense may be nonconcatenative.

===Tense===

'''Ahāmatya''' distinguishes between two aspects: the '''Imperfective''' aspect indicates a continuous action, and is unmarked, or marked by '''-∅-'''; the '''Perfect''' aspect indicates a completed action prior to some event in context, and is marked by '''augmenting''' the root vowel of the verb.

Time is distinguished between '''Past''' time, marked by '''-n-''' indicating actions in the past, and '''Non-Past''' time, marked by '''-t-''', indicating actions not in the past. Within '''Non-Past''' time are present and future times, where the future is identical to the present with the addition of an explicit prefix '''le-''', itself a cliticized form of an independent word. Aspect and time combine to yield tense. Additionally, there exists a '''Gnomic''', or "timeless", time, which is used in concert with aspect to indicate general truths or aphorisms independent of a contextual time. Verbs in the gnomic are marked by lengthening the root vowel.

* The '''Imperfective Gnomic Tense''' indicates an ongoing or incomplete action independent of time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and gnomic time.

* The '''Imperfective Past Tense''' indicates an ongoing or incomplete action in the past time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and past time.

* The '''Imperfective Non-Past Present Tense''' indicates an ongoing action in the non-past present time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and non-past time.

* The '''Imperfective Non-Past Future Tense''' indicates an ongoing action in the non-past future time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and non-past time.

* The '''Perfect Gnomic Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another completed action independent of time. It is the composition of perfect aspect and gnomic time.

* The '''Perfect Past Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another completed action. It is the composition of perfect aspect and past time.

* The '''Perfect Non-Past Present Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another action in the present time. It is the composition of perfect aspect and non-past time.

* The '''Perfect Non-Past Future Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another action in the future time. It is the composition of perfect aspect and non-past time.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Tense Construction in Ahāmatya, mat- "to do"'''
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Gnomic Time
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|Present Time}}
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|Future Time}}
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | ''m'''ā'''t-''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mat'''''n-''' → ''ma'''''n'''''d-''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mat'''''t-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''le-'''''mat'''''t-'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | '''a'''''m'''ā'''t-''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''a'''''mat'''''n-''' → '''a'''''ma'''''n'''''d-''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''a'''''mat'''''t-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''le-a'''''mat'''''t-'''
|}

===Mood===

'''Ahāmatya''' has two distinctly marked moods:

* The '''Indicative''' mood indicates factual statements, inquiry of simple questions, and the statement of beliefs, and is marked by '''-a-'''
* The '''Subjunctive''' mood indicates imaginary or hypothetical actions, conveys opinions or emotions, or conveys requests, and is marked by '''-(u)ra-'''

In both the indicative and subjunctive moods for the gnomic tenses, the final '''-a''' is replaced with '''-i'''.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Tense, Mood Construction in Ahāmatya, mat- "to do"'''
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Gnomic Time
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|Present Time}}
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|Future Time}}
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|indicative}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''māt'''''i-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mand'''''a-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''matt'''''a-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-matt'''''a-'''
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|subjunctive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''māt'''''ri-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mand'''''ra-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''matt'''''ura-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-matt'''''ura-'''
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|indicative}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amāt'''''i-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amand'''''a-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amatt'''''a-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-amatt'''''a-'''
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|subjunctive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amāt'''''ri-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amand'''''ra-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amatt'''''ura-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-amatt'''''ura-'''
|}

===Voice===

'''Ahāmatya''' has two voices:

* The '''active voice''' indicates that the subject is performing the action denoted by the verb, and is unmarked, or marked by '''-∅-'''
* The '''passive voice''' indicates that the subject is acted upon by the verb, and is marked by '''-(h)ehba-''', and displaces the final vowel from the mood

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Tense, Mood, Voice Construction in Ahāmatya, mat- "to do"'''
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Gnomic Time
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|Present Time}}
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|Future Time}}
|-
! rowspan="4" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{small|indicative}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|active}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''māti'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manda'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''matta'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-matta'''''∅-'''
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|passive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''māt'''''hehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mand'''''hehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''matte'''''hehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-matte'''''hehba-'''
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{small|subjunctive}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|active}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mātri'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mandra'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mattura'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-mattura'''''∅-'''
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|passive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mātr'''''ehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mandr'''''ehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mattur'''''hehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-mattur'''''hehba-'''
|-
! rowspan="4" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{small|indicative}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|active}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amāti'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amanda'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amatta'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-amatta'''''∅-'''
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|passive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amāt'''''hehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amand'''''hehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amatt'''''ehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-amatt'''''ehba-'''
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{small|subjunctive}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|active}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amātri'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amandra'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amattura'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-amattura'''''∅-'''
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|passive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amātr'''''ehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amandr'''''ehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amattur'''''hehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-amattur'''''hehba-'''
|}

===Conjugation===

Verbs in '''Ahāmatya''' are inflected for three grammatical persons. The forms of the person marking are dependent on the aspect and transitivity of the verb, the rules governing sound change notwithstanding. Person conjugation for the gnomic tenses are unique, and are thus presented separately.

====Imperfective and Imperative Endings====

The person endings for imperfective transitive and intransitive verbs take the following form:

{| class="wikitable" border="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="1"| Singular
!colspan="1"| Comprehensive Plural
!colspan="1"| Paucal Plural
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 1st
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -n
| style="text-align: center;" | -s
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -nen
| style="text-align: center;" | -nes
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 2nd
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -va
| style="text-align: center;" | -vna
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -neva
| style="text-align: center;" | -nevna
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 3rd
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -a
| style="text-align: center;" | -a
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -na
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
|}

The imperative is not a true mood in '''Ahāmatya''', as it is only an extension of person marking, and only exists for imperfective non-past verbs. Such person endings take the following form:

{| class="wikitable" border="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="1"| Singular
!colspan="1"| Comprehensive Plural
!colspan="1"| Paucal Plural
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 1st
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -nni
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -nni
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 2nd
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -vani
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -nevani
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 3rd
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -ani
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -nani
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
|}

====Perfect Endings====

The person endings for perfect transitive and intransitive verbs take the following form:

{| class="wikitable" border="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="1"| Singular
!colspan="1"| Comprehensive Plural
!colspan="1"| Paucal Plural
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 1st
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -ra
| style="text-align: center;" | -rra
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -nera
| style="text-align: center;" | -nerra
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 2nd
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -m
| style="text-align: center;" | -mma
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -nem
| style="text-align: center;" | -nemma
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 3rd
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -ya
| style="text-align: center;" | -ya
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -neya
| style="text-align: center;" | -neya
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
|}

====Gnomic Endings====

The person endings for gnomic verbs take the following form:

{| class="wikitable" border="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="1"| Singular
!colspan="1"| Comprehensive Plural
!colspan="1"| Paucal Plural
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 1st
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 2nd
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 3rd
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
|}

====Reflexive Endings====

To account for reflexivity, '''Ahāmatya''' has person endings which have the the following forms:

{| class="wikitable" border="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="1"| Singular
!colspan="1"| Comprehensive Plural
!colspan="1"| Paucal Plural
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 1st
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 2nd
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 3rd
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
|}

===Preverbs===

===Verb Forms===

====Derivations From Verbs====

====Derivations To Verbs====

===Comprehensive Example===

==Modifiers==

===Adjectives===

===Adverbs===

==Particles==

==Derivational Morphology==



==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==

==Other resources==




[[Category:Ahāmatya]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Eḥeiθymmen Amran

2019-10-30T06:26:24Z

Deltaquebec: /* Conjugation */

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="float:right;" width="35%"
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffffff; font-size:1.2em;" | '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' [ɛˈçej.θym.mɛn ˈar.jad ɛçˈðej.θym.mɛː ˈam.ran]
|-
| '''Creator:''' || Daniel Quigley
|-
| '''Spoken in:''' || Amran
|-
| '''World:''' || ''Leaves'' Stories
|-
| '''Total Speakers:''' || ~ 18,000,000
|-
| '''Basic word order:''' || Strict V2
|-
| '''Morphological Type:''' || Fusional
|-
| '''Morphosyntactic Alignment:''' || Split Ergative-Absolutive
|-
| '''Inspirations:''' || Arabic, German, Finnish, Welsh, Basque, English, Menominee
|-
| '''Status:''' || In Progress
|-
| '''Link to full documentation:''' || *forthcoming*
|}

'''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' is an ''a priori'' artistic constructed language in development by Daniel Quigley, providing the framework for which the author’s creative works and worldbuilding are guided. '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''', or '''Eḥeiθymmen Amran''' or '''Eḥeiθymme''', is the dominant language of the people of Amran.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is characterized by significant word-internal sound-change, a "root-and-pattern" morphology, and strict word order. '''Eḥeiθymme''' readily accepts words of non-native origin, but tends to force said loans into its morphological paradigm.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is typologically a fusional language. Nouns, modifiers, and verbs are typically formed via a root-and-pattern triconsonantal root system, and movement between the three is highly fluid. Nouns are not inflected for number and case; these details are encoded in the definiteness marked by an article. Other modifiers, such as adverbs, are not inflected in the same way, though similarities may be found in certain contexts. Verbs entirely depend upon their construction with a positive or a negative copula, and most tenses are formed via periphrasis. Some particles are inflected for person. '''Eḥeiθymme''' is a Split Ergative-Absolutive aligned language, in which nouns tend to obey ergative-absolutive alignment rules, and person marking on the verb tends to obey nominative-accusative alignment rules. '''Eḥeiθymme''' has strict V2 word order despite the presence of extensive case marking.

==Introduction==

===Setting===

'''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' is the lingua franca of Amran. The people of Amran are exceptionally diverse in language, culture, and identity. At the time of the ''Leaves'' stories, Amran is in its twilight years and is a ghost of its former self. Amran's vast landscape follows from a temperate biome to a taiga biome, dominated by thick forests, abundant snowfall in many regions, and mountainous regions further inland. Much of the population is concentrated along the coastal regions, while inland is mostly uninhabited by humans.

===Etymology===

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is a word built from nominal form of the root '''∅-J-T''' indicating "language, speaking, articulated speech", rendered as '''ait''', which morphs to '''eiθ''', the '''ah-''' prefix, which morphs to '''eḥ-''', formulates proper nouns out of common nouns, and the suffix '''-umma''', which morphs to '''-ymme''', which is the augmentive suffix. In genitive constructions involving a proper noun fulfilling the genitive role, the possessed noun is in the construct state, sometimes unrealized morphologically, but in this case, it is indicated by '''-n'''. '''Arjad''' is from the positive copula '''R-J-D''', '''Eḥðeirymmē''' is built from the nominal form of '''D-J-R''' indicating "earth, land", rendered as '''dair''', which morphs to '''ðeir''', the '''ah-''' prefix, which morphs to '''eḥ-''', formulates proper nouns out of common nouns, and the suffix '''-umma''', which morphs to '''-ymmē''' in the absolutive case, and '''amran''' is the imperfective verbal form from the root '''M-R-N''' indicating "goodness, pleasantness, well-being". All morphing in sounds are accounted for in the section on sound change.

Taken altogether, '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' translates to “the principle language of Amran”, or, "the principal language of the good land".

===Goals===

The driving goal of '''Eḥeiθymme''' is to provide a framework for the author’s creative works and worldbuilding. To that end, '''Eḥeiθymme''' ought to be a naturalistic constructed language, and ought to be pleasant to look at and to hear (admittedly, this is wholly subjective, and others may disagree with to the extent to which this was fulfilled).

===Development, Inspiration, Forthcoming===

The history of '''Eḥeiθymme''' as a constructed language is relatively recent, and stems from the author's desire to construct a language with a Semitic style, and from the author's investigations into tense, mood, and aspect systems of world languages during his undergraduate career in linguistics. The earliest dedicated work on the language originated with the name of an individual, '''Iḥliθ''', whose meaning is yet elusive, and the now-defunct word for a ruler, '''aryad''', which has since come to be the positive copula.

Because much of the creative works and worldbuilding for which '''Eḥeiθymme''' guides concern themselves with cultural contact, exchange, and conflict, the two dominant languages of the world, [[Ahāmatya|'''Ahāmatya''']] and '''Eḥeiθymme''', are deliberately designed to be dissimilar, with regards to the make-up and feel of the language. The inspirations of the language include, but are not limited to, Arabic, German, Finnish, Welsh, Basque, English, Menominee. While some overlap exists in the inspirations for '''Ahāmatya''' and '''Eḥeiθymme''', any overt similarities are deliberately avoided.

A more in-depth and detailed documentation is forthcoming, which includes in-universe terminology for grammatical categories and descriptions. The author hopes to someday have the creative works published.

==Phonology==




===Consonants===
'''Eḥeiθymme''' has five major places of articulation and six manners of articulation, and yields twenty-three consonants in total.

{|class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=text-align:center
|+'''Consonant Inventory of Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="3" |
! Labial
! Alveolar
! Palatal
! Velar
! Glottal
|-
! colspan="3" | Nasal
| '''m''' = [m]
| '''n''' = [n]
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Stop
! {{small|''unvoiced''}}
| '''p''' = [p]
| '''t''' = [t]
|
| '''k''' = [k]
|
|-
! {{small|''voiced''}}
| '''b''' = [b]
| '''d''' = [d]
|
| '''g''' = [g]
|
|-
! rowspan="4" | Fricative
! rowspan="2" | {{small|sibilant}}
! {{small|''unvoiced''}}
|
| '''s''' = [s]
| '''ʃ''' = [ʃ]
|
|
|-
! {{small|''voiced''}}
|
|
| '''ʒ''' = [ʒ]
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | {{small|non-sibilant}}
! {{small|''unvoiced''}}
| '''f''' = [f]
| '''θ''' = [θ]
| '''ḥ''' = [ç]
| '''x''' = [x]
| '''h''' = [h]
|-
! {{small|''voiced''}}
| '''v''' = [v]
| '''ð''' = [ð]
|
| '''ɣ''' = [ɣ]
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Semi-vowel
| '''w''' = [w]
|
| '''y''' = [j]
|
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Lateral
|
| '''l''' = [l]
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Rhotic
|
| '''r''' = [r]
|
|
|
|}

===Vowels and Diphthongs===
'''Eḥeiθymme''' has five short vowels and five long vowels, a distinction manifested as the long vowels' sound being held twice as long as short vowels' sound.

The short vowels are the following: '''i''', '''e''', '''a''', '''y''', '''u'''. The long vowels are the following: '''ī''', '''ē''', '''ā''', '''ȳ''', '''ū'''. Note that, when spoken, there is some variation in the actual pronunciation of /ɛ:/, and may be more accurately pronounced as [e:].

'''Eḥeiθymme''' has three diphthongs, all of which have length equivalent to long vowels. The diphthongs are the following: '''ei''', '''ey''', '''au'''.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Vowel and Diphthong Inventory of Eḥeiθymme'''
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Front
! rowspan="2" | Back
|-
! unrounded
! rounded
|-
! Close
| '''i''' = [i] '''ī''' = [i:]
| '''y''' = [y] '''ȳ''' = [y:]
| '''u''' = [u] '''ū''' = [u:]
|-
! Mid
| '''e''' = [ɛ] ~ [e] '''ē''' = [ɛ:] ~ [e:]
|
|
|-
! Open
|
|
| '''a''' = [a] '''ā''' = [a:]
|- style="text-align: center;"
!Diphthongs
| colspan="3" |'''ei''' = [ej], '''ey''' = [eɥ], '''au''' = [aw]
|}

===Prosody and Stress===

Syllables are determined by vowel-sounds and diphthong-sounds. There is one vowel or diphthong per syllable. A syllable will tend to be closed, and tend not to contain a consonant in the onset if it can be avoided.

The determination of stress is understood within the bounds of the ultimate to antepenultimate syllable.

'''1. If the word at most contains:'''
* three syllables, then the first syllable is stressed.
* two syllables, then the first syllable is stressed.
* one syllable, then that syllable is stressed.

'''2. If the word contains:'''
* more than three syllables, then the antepenultimate syllable is stressed.
* a diphthong or a long vowel in the ultimate, penultimate, or antepenultimate syllable, then that syllable is stressed.

===Sound Change===

There exists three general rules of sound change in '''Eḥeiθymme''', one of which involves the mutation of consonants, one of which involves a harmonization of the vowels in a word, and one that turns consonants into vowels.

'''1. The consonant moves to its fricative counterpart in the environment that it follows a front vowel or a voiceless palatal fricative.'''

* t → θ
* d → ð
* p → f
* b → v
* k → x
* g → ɣ
* h → ḥ = ç

'''2. If a close, front, unrounded vowel exists anywhere in the word, then the close, back vowel becomes the close, front, rounded vowel, and the open, back vowel becomes the mid, front, unrounded vowel.'''

* u → y / ...i...
* a → e / ...i...

'''3. A semi-vowel becomes its vowel counterpart in the environment that it preceeds immediately a non-semi-vowel consonant.'''

* j → i / _C
* w → u / _C

==Morphology==

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is characterized by a '''nonconcatenative morphology''', or "root-and-pattern" morphology. Words are constructed from an abstract consonantal root structure according to any of several templates. The roots of words tend to be made of two or three consonants, called radicals, though roots of one or four are not unheard of. Words not of an '''Eḥeiθymme''' origin are made to follow '''Eḥeiθymme''''s morphology, and so can exhibit an atypical number of consonant roots. Additionally, '''Eḥeiθymme''' is not without discrete morphemes in the form of affixes in addition to the characteristic nonconcatenative morphology.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Eḥeiθymme Inflectional and Derivational Morphology Structure'''
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Root
! colspan="9" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μv1v2v3vμ
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Constituent Parts
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μ
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | v
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 1
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | v
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 2
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | v
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 3
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | v
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μ
|-
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | morphemic prefix
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel(s) or diphthong
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | '''initial radical'''
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel(s) or diphthong
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | '''medial radical'''
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel(s) or diphthong
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | '''final radical'''
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel(s) or diphthong
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | morphemic suffix
|}

==Verbs==

Verbs in '''Eḥeiθymme''' are predominantly aspectual, and show no overt morphological distinction to reflect time. Tenses are constructed typically by periphrasis. Mood is constructed via periphrasis for moods that are not indicative, subjunctive, or imperative, with one of several modal verbs. Voice is distinguished morphologically in unison with periphrasis. Person is marked directly on the verb by distinct morphemes.

On the verb itself, the following may be marked:

* Two aspects (perfective, imperfective)
* Three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter)
* Four persons (first, second, third, indeterminate)
* Agent/subject and patient
* Three numbers (singular, plural, paucal)
* Three moods (indicative, subjunctive, imperative)

Critical to the construction of the verb and verb phrase is the '''copula''', of which there exists both a '''positive''' copula '''R-J-D''' and a '''negative''' copula '''∅-M-N''' . Additionally, there exists an infinitive form of the verb that is used with modals.

Since verbs are constructed regularly via predictable combinatorics, it is useful to make a generalized template with which to consult. '''α''' and '''β''' are assumed to have been inflected for agent/subject and/or object person marking.

* '''α''' is a verb in the perfective aspect construction
* '''β''' is a verb in the imperfective aspect construction
* '''V''' is the full verb
* subscript "copula" means that that verb is the copula
* superscript "+" or "-" means that that verb is either the positive or the negative form (of the copula)
* subscript "modal" means that that verb is a modal verb
* subscript "infinitive" means that that verb is in the infinitive form of the verb

===Tense===

Tense is constructed combinatorially with the copula, with an explicitly defined aspectual distinction. For a diachronic treatment of the morphological forms of the '''Eḥeiθymme''' verb, please consult the appendix.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' distinguishes between three aspects: the '''Perfective''' aspect indicates an action completed, or an action as a whole; the '''Imperfective''' aspect indicates a continuous action; the '''Perfect''' aspect indicates a completed action prior to some event in context. Only the Perfective and the Imperfective have unique morphological templates; the Perfective aspect is formed via periphrasis.

The overt forms of the various aspects are dependent on the consonant make-up of the root. Such roots typically exhibit two or three consonants. Roots whose consonants are '''phonologically stable''' are roots whose consonants are not lateral (L-roots), rhotic (R-roots), fricative (S-roots), or semi-vowel (J-roots and W-roots), and are the so-called CCC-roots. '''Phonologically unstable''' roots exhibit minor irregularities in their construction, of which depend on the location of the unstable consonant(s) in the root: initial, medial, final. Roots consisting of two consonants, called ∅CC-roots, have variable manifestations and typically form via leveling, realized as the 2 consonant being doubled and acting as the 1 consonant.

Morpho-phonological phenomena and historical processes notwithstanding, the general structure of aspect is the following:

* The Perfective Aspect: '''-1e23i-'''
* The Imperfective Aspect: '''-12a3-'''

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Aspect Construction in Eḥeiθymme (Indicative Mood Shown Here)'''
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! style="text-align: center;" | Perfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Imperfective
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''(2)e23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''(2)2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12a3'''- -'''1u2a3'''-1
|-
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Le23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''L2a3'''- -'''i2e3'''-2
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1eL3i'''- -'''1ei3i'''-3
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1La3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Li'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aL'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Re23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''R2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ē3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Ra3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Ri'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12ā'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Se23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''S2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1eS3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Sa3'''- -'''S1a3'''-4
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Si'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aS'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Je23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''i2e3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ei3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Ja3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2ī'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aJ'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''We23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''u2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ey3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Wa3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2yi'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aW'''-
|}

:<nowiki>1</nowiki> If 1 and 2 are stops
:<nowiki>2</nowiki> If 2 is a stop
:<nowiki>3</nowiki> If 3 is a stop
:<nowiki>4</nowiki> If 1 is a stop

'''Eḥeiθymme''' distinguishes two times: the '''Past''' time indicates actions in the past; the '''Non-Past''' time indicates actions not in the past, and in some contexts covers both the present and the future. Aspect and time combine to yield tense.

* The '''Perfective Past Tense''' indicates a simple completed action in the past. It is the composition of perfective aspect and past time.

* The '''Imperfective Past Tense''' indicates an ongoing or incomplete action in the past time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and past time.

* The '''Imperfective Non-Past Tense''' indicates an ongoing action in the non-past time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and non-past time. Additionally, this tense may also be used to refer to the equivalent of a future time, depending on the context.

* The '''Perfect Past Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another completed action. It is the composition of perfect aspect and past time.

* The '''Perfect Non-Past Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another action. It is the composition of perfect aspect and non-past time.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Positive and Negative Verb Construction without Modals in Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Positive
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Negative
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''ad-α'''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β''' '''β'''+''copula'' + '''β'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''β'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''β'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''β'''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''+''copula'' + '''α'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''α'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''α'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''α'''
|}

===Mood===

'''Eḥeiθymmen''' has three distinctly marked moods: the '''Indicative''' mood indicates factual statements, inquiry of simple questions, and the statement of beliefs; the '''Subjunctive''' mood indicates imaginary or hypothetical actions, conveys opinions or emotions, or conveys requests; the '''Imperative''' mood indicates a directed command.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Verb Construction in Eḥeiθymme for Morphological Mood'''
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Indicative
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Subjunctive
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Imperative
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | Perfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Imperfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Perfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Imperfective
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -(2)'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -(2)2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -(2)'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''(2)a23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''3- -1u2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a23e'''-
|-
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -L'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -L2'''a'''3- -i2'''e'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -L'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''La23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''L3'''i'''- -1'''e'''i3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1L'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''L3'''u'''- -1'''ew'''i3'''y'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1aL3e'''- -'''1ei3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2L'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''L-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2L'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Le'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -R'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -R2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -R'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Ra23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ē'''3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1R'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ā'''3'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ā3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2R'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''ā'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2R'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Re'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -S'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -S2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -S'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Sa23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''S3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1S'''a'''3- -S1'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''S3'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1aS3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2S'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''S-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2S'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Se'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -J'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -i2'''e'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -J'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Ja23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''i3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1J'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ew'''i3'''y'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ei3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2'''ī'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''J-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2J'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Je'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -W'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -u2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -w'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Wa23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''y3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1W'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''aū'''3'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1au3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2y'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''W-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2'''ū'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2We'''-
|}

'''Eḥeiθymmen''' may also form verb constructions via periphrasis with modal verbs. There are numerous such modal verbs expressing variable meanings, shades of meanings, and overlapping of meanings. These may also be in the indicative, subjunctive, or imperative.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Positive and Negative Verb Construction with Modals in Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Positive
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Negative
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''ad-α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive'' '''β'''+''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''+''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
|}

===Voice===

Voice in '''Eḥeiθymme''' is constructed entirely morphosyntactically, and depends on the relationship between a transitive or intransitive verb with nouns in the ergative case and nouns in the absolutive case.

When constructing these voices, the copula always remains in the second position. Any modal, other inflected verb, or infinitive remains at the end. For sentences not in need of a copula construction, such as the Perfective Past tense or the Imperfective Non-past tense, then the position otherwise held by the copula is instead held by the inflected verb, and is no longer at the end of the sentence. Similarly, in those tenses are being constructed with the modal plus the infinitive, then the modal is placed in the second position, and the infinitive is at the end.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' has three distinct voice constructions:

'''1. Active voice''' indicates that the subject of the sentence performs the action of a transitive or an intransitive verb, or causes the happening denoted by the verb.
* N''ergative'' + V''transitive'' + N''absolutive''
* N''ergative'' + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''transitive''
* N''ergative'' + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''modal'' + V''infinitive''
* N''ergative'' + V''modal'' + N''absolutive'' + V''infinitive''

* ∅ + V''intransitive'' + N''absolutive''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''intransitive''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''modal'' + V''infinitive''
* ∅ + V''modal'' + N''absolutive'' + V''infinitive''

'''2. Anti-passive voice''' takes the transitive verb and make it "less transitive" (read, more intransitive) by retaining that verb but putting the ergative noun into an absolutive or oblique construct, and thus conveys prominence of the agent and what they did, while the patient is left not as important (and thus demoted to oblique).
* N''absolutive'' + V''transitive'' + N''oblique''
* N''absolutive'' + V''copula'' + N''oblique'' + V''transitive''
* N''absolutive'' + V''copula'' + N''oblique'' + V''modal'' + V''infinitive''
* N''absolutive'' + V''modal'' + N''oblique'' + V''infinitive''

'''3. Anti-active voice''' takes the intransitive verb and make it "less intransitive" (read, more transitive) by taking a null space object (the oblique or absolutive) and realizing it with an actual argument, and thus conveys prominence to an object. Admittedly, there are very few instances of the anti-active voice.
* ∅ + V''intransitive'' + N''ergative''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''ergative'' + V''intransitive''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''ergative'' + V''modal''+ V''infinitive''
* ∅ + V''modal'' + N''ergative'' + V''infinitive''

In the active voice, the verb may be either transitive or intransitive. In the anti-passive voice, the verb must be transitive. In the anti-active voice, the verb must be intransitive. Finally, note that transitivity is entirely semantic; there is no overt marking to indicate if a verb is transitive or intransitive.

===Infinitive===

The infinitive form of the verb in '''Eḥeiθymme''' is used in the construction of verb tenses when the use of a modal is employed. The infinitive may be used as a verbal noun if made definite.

Morpho-phonological phenomena and historical processes notwithstanding, the general structure of the infinitive is the following:

* The Infinitive: '''1a12e3'''

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Infinitival Construction in Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! style="text-align: center;" | Infinitive
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(2)a(2)2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12e3'''
|-
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''LaL2e3''' '''Lei2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''LaL1e3''' '''Lei1e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eL'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''Rā2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1Re3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12ā'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''SaS2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1Se3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eS'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''Jei2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1Je3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eJ'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1au2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1We3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eW'''
|}

===Conjugation===

Grammatical person as agent/subject as well as object and number are designated via affixation. Mood is designated via change of vowel in the stem as well as affixation in the case of the imperative. The following table shows the paradigm of the positive copula, '''R-J-D''', with no marking made for the object.

{| class="wikitable nowrap" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Paradigm of the Positive Copula, R-J-D, with Agent/Subject Marking Only'''
! Mood
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
|-
! rowspan="9" | Indicative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ele-'''''reiði''
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rjad''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhye-'''''reiði''
| '''dhua-'''''rjad''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''reiði''
| '''ive-'''''rjeð''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''reiði''
| '''me-'''''rjad''
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ē-'''''reiði''
| '''ā-'''''rjad''
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði''
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði''
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði''
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
|-
! rowspan="9" | Subjunctive
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ele-'''''rewiðy''
| rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhye-'''''rewiðy''
|
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''rewiðy''
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''rauðu''
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ē-'''''rewiðy''
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy''
|
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy''
|
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy''
|
|-
! rowspan="9" | Imperative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | –
| rowspan="2" | –
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
| '''dhye-'''''reiðe''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| '''ive-'''''reiðe''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| '''me-'''''reiðe''
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe''
|}

While noun marking and syntax obey the rules of ergative-absolutive alignment, person marking on verbs follows nominative-accusative alignment rules. The agent/subject person is realized as a prefix, while the object is realized as a suffix. Many of the person markers for prefixes are wholly dissimilar to their suffix counterparts, though most exhibit at least a shared thematic consonant. The following table shows the paradigm of the positive copula, '''R-Y-D''', with marking made for the object as well as the agent/subject.

{| class="wikitable nowrap" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Paradigm of the Positive Copula, R-J-D, with Agent/Subject and Object Marking'''
! Mood
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
|-
! rowspan="9" | Indicative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ele-'''''reiði'''''-el'''
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rjad'''''-al'''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhye-'''''reiði'''''-ið'''
| '''dhye-'''''rjeð'''''-ið'''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''reiði'''''-iv'''
| '''ive-'''''rjeð'''''-iv'''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''reiði'''''-em'''
| '''me-'''''rjad'''''-am'''
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ē-'''''reiði'''''-eḥ'''
| '''ā-'''''rjad'''''-ah'''
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði'''''-en'''
| '''anta-'''''rjad'''''-an'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði'''''-en'''
| '''anta-'''''rjad'''''-an'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði'''''-en'''
| '''anta-'''''rjad'''''-an'''
|-
! rowspan="9" | Subjunctive
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ele-'''''rewiðy'''''-el'''
| rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhye-'''''rewiðy'''''-ið'''
|
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''rewiðy'''''-iv'''
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''rewiðy'''''-em'''
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ē-'''''rewiðy'''''-ēḥ'''
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy'''''-en'''
|
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy'''''-en'''
|
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy'''''-en'''
|
|-
! rowspan="9" | Imperative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | –
| rowspan="2" | –
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
| '''dhye-'''''reiðe'''''-ið'''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| '''ive-'''''reiðe'''''-iv'''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| '''me-'''''reiðe'''''-em'''
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe'''''-en'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe'''''-en'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe'''''-en'''
|}

==Nouns==

Nouns in '''Eḥeiθymme''' are not inflected for grammatical gender, number, or case. Neither the noun nor the adjective differentiate gender, in contrast to the obligatorily marked gender of the pronouns. An exception to this is when the noun is explicitly gendered, to reflect specifically gendered subjects. This distinction is wholly semantic. Number and case are entirely encoded in the definite article. Nouns are inflected for state.

* The structure of a '''Basic Noun''' is: '''-1v23-''', where '''-v-''' may be any vowel, but is usually '''-a-''' or '''-u-'''.

===Definiteness===

'''Eḥeiθymme''' has various definite and indefinite articles controlling the number and case of the modified noun. Proper nouns are definite by definition, and so do not require the definite article. Case for proper nouns is realized variously, by context or by adpositions.

* The '''Singular Definite Article''' is: ''' la-'''
* The '''Plural Definite Article''' is: ''' -'''
* The '''Paucal Definite Article''' is: ''' -'''

* The '''Singular Indefinite Article''' is: '''a-'''
* The '''Plural Indefinite Article''' is: ''' -'''
* The '''Paucal Indefinite Article''' is: ''' -'''

====Case====

===State===

====Absolute State====

====Construct State====

==Modifiers==

===Adjectives===

===Adverbs===

==Particles==

==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==

==Other resources==




[[Category:Eḥeiθymme]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Eḥeiθymmen Amran

2019-10-30T06:24:15Z

Deltaquebec: /* Voice */

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="float:right;" width="35%"
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffffff; font-size:1.2em;" | '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' [ɛˈçej.θym.mɛn ˈar.jad ɛçˈðej.θym.mɛː ˈam.ran]
|-
| '''Creator:''' || Daniel Quigley
|-
| '''Spoken in:''' || Amran
|-
| '''World:''' || ''Leaves'' Stories
|-
| '''Total Speakers:''' || ~ 18,000,000
|-
| '''Basic word order:''' || Strict V2
|-
| '''Morphological Type:''' || Fusional
|-
| '''Morphosyntactic Alignment:''' || Split Ergative-Absolutive
|-
| '''Inspirations:''' || Arabic, German, Finnish, Welsh, Basque, English, Menominee
|-
| '''Status:''' || In Progress
|-
| '''Link to full documentation:''' || *forthcoming*
|}

'''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' is an ''a priori'' artistic constructed language in development by Daniel Quigley, providing the framework for which the author’s creative works and worldbuilding are guided. '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''', or '''Eḥeiθymmen Amran''' or '''Eḥeiθymme''', is the dominant language of the people of Amran.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is characterized by significant word-internal sound-change, a "root-and-pattern" morphology, and strict word order. '''Eḥeiθymme''' readily accepts words of non-native origin, but tends to force said loans into its morphological paradigm.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is typologically a fusional language. Nouns, modifiers, and verbs are typically formed via a root-and-pattern triconsonantal root system, and movement between the three is highly fluid. Nouns are not inflected for number and case; these details are encoded in the definiteness marked by an article. Other modifiers, such as adverbs, are not inflected in the same way, though similarities may be found in certain contexts. Verbs entirely depend upon their construction with a positive or a negative copula, and most tenses are formed via periphrasis. Some particles are inflected for person. '''Eḥeiθymme''' is a Split Ergative-Absolutive aligned language, in which nouns tend to obey ergative-absolutive alignment rules, and person marking on the verb tends to obey nominative-accusative alignment rules. '''Eḥeiθymme''' has strict V2 word order despite the presence of extensive case marking.

==Introduction==

===Setting===

'''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' is the lingua franca of Amran. The people of Amran are exceptionally diverse in language, culture, and identity. At the time of the ''Leaves'' stories, Amran is in its twilight years and is a ghost of its former self. Amran's vast landscape follows from a temperate biome to a taiga biome, dominated by thick forests, abundant snowfall in many regions, and mountainous regions further inland. Much of the population is concentrated along the coastal regions, while inland is mostly uninhabited by humans.

===Etymology===

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is a word built from nominal form of the root '''∅-J-T''' indicating "language, speaking, articulated speech", rendered as '''ait''', which morphs to '''eiθ''', the '''ah-''' prefix, which morphs to '''eḥ-''', formulates proper nouns out of common nouns, and the suffix '''-umma''', which morphs to '''-ymme''', which is the augmentive suffix. In genitive constructions involving a proper noun fulfilling the genitive role, the possessed noun is in the construct state, sometimes unrealized morphologically, but in this case, it is indicated by '''-n'''. '''Arjad''' is from the positive copula '''R-J-D''', '''Eḥðeirymmē''' is built from the nominal form of '''D-J-R''' indicating "earth, land", rendered as '''dair''', which morphs to '''ðeir''', the '''ah-''' prefix, which morphs to '''eḥ-''', formulates proper nouns out of common nouns, and the suffix '''-umma''', which morphs to '''-ymmē''' in the absolutive case, and '''amran''' is the imperfective verbal form from the root '''M-R-N''' indicating "goodness, pleasantness, well-being". All morphing in sounds are accounted for in the section on sound change.

Taken altogether, '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' translates to “the principle language of Amran”, or, "the principal language of the good land".

===Goals===

The driving goal of '''Eḥeiθymme''' is to provide a framework for the author’s creative works and worldbuilding. To that end, '''Eḥeiθymme''' ought to be a naturalistic constructed language, and ought to be pleasant to look at and to hear (admittedly, this is wholly subjective, and others may disagree with to the extent to which this was fulfilled).

===Development, Inspiration, Forthcoming===

The history of '''Eḥeiθymme''' as a constructed language is relatively recent, and stems from the author's desire to construct a language with a Semitic style, and from the author's investigations into tense, mood, and aspect systems of world languages during his undergraduate career in linguistics. The earliest dedicated work on the language originated with the name of an individual, '''Iḥliθ''', whose meaning is yet elusive, and the now-defunct word for a ruler, '''aryad''', which has since come to be the positive copula.

Because much of the creative works and worldbuilding for which '''Eḥeiθymme''' guides concern themselves with cultural contact, exchange, and conflict, the two dominant languages of the world, [[Ahāmatya|'''Ahāmatya''']] and '''Eḥeiθymme''', are deliberately designed to be dissimilar, with regards to the make-up and feel of the language. The inspirations of the language include, but are not limited to, Arabic, German, Finnish, Welsh, Basque, English, Menominee. While some overlap exists in the inspirations for '''Ahāmatya''' and '''Eḥeiθymme''', any overt similarities are deliberately avoided.

A more in-depth and detailed documentation is forthcoming, which includes in-universe terminology for grammatical categories and descriptions. The author hopes to someday have the creative works published.

==Phonology==




===Consonants===
'''Eḥeiθymme''' has five major places of articulation and six manners of articulation, and yields twenty-three consonants in total.

{|class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=text-align:center
|+'''Consonant Inventory of Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="3" |
! Labial
! Alveolar
! Palatal
! Velar
! Glottal
|-
! colspan="3" | Nasal
| '''m''' = [m]
| '''n''' = [n]
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Stop
! {{small|''unvoiced''}}
| '''p''' = [p]
| '''t''' = [t]
|
| '''k''' = [k]
|
|-
! {{small|''voiced''}}
| '''b''' = [b]
| '''d''' = [d]
|
| '''g''' = [g]
|
|-
! rowspan="4" | Fricative
! rowspan="2" | {{small|sibilant}}
! {{small|''unvoiced''}}
|
| '''s''' = [s]
| '''ʃ''' = [ʃ]
|
|
|-
! {{small|''voiced''}}
|
|
| '''ʒ''' = [ʒ]
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | {{small|non-sibilant}}
! {{small|''unvoiced''}}
| '''f''' = [f]
| '''θ''' = [θ]
| '''ḥ''' = [ç]
| '''x''' = [x]
| '''h''' = [h]
|-
! {{small|''voiced''}}
| '''v''' = [v]
| '''ð''' = [ð]
|
| '''ɣ''' = [ɣ]
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Semi-vowel
| '''w''' = [w]
|
| '''y''' = [j]
|
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Lateral
|
| '''l''' = [l]
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Rhotic
|
| '''r''' = [r]
|
|
|
|}

===Vowels and Diphthongs===
'''Eḥeiθymme''' has five short vowels and five long vowels, a distinction manifested as the long vowels' sound being held twice as long as short vowels' sound.

The short vowels are the following: '''i''', '''e''', '''a''', '''y''', '''u'''. The long vowels are the following: '''ī''', '''ē''', '''ā''', '''ȳ''', '''ū'''. Note that, when spoken, there is some variation in the actual pronunciation of /ɛ:/, and may be more accurately pronounced as [e:].

'''Eḥeiθymme''' has three diphthongs, all of which have length equivalent to long vowels. The diphthongs are the following: '''ei''', '''ey''', '''au'''.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Vowel and Diphthong Inventory of Eḥeiθymme'''
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Front
! rowspan="2" | Back
|-
! unrounded
! rounded
|-
! Close
| '''i''' = [i] '''ī''' = [i:]
| '''y''' = [y] '''ȳ''' = [y:]
| '''u''' = [u] '''ū''' = [u:]
|-
! Mid
| '''e''' = [ɛ] ~ [e] '''ē''' = [ɛ:] ~ [e:]
|
|
|-
! Open
|
|
| '''a''' = [a] '''ā''' = [a:]
|- style="text-align: center;"
!Diphthongs
| colspan="3" |'''ei''' = [ej], '''ey''' = [eɥ], '''au''' = [aw]
|}

===Prosody and Stress===

Syllables are determined by vowel-sounds and diphthong-sounds. There is one vowel or diphthong per syllable. A syllable will tend to be closed, and tend not to contain a consonant in the onset if it can be avoided.

The determination of stress is understood within the bounds of the ultimate to antepenultimate syllable.

'''1. If the word at most contains:'''
* three syllables, then the first syllable is stressed.
* two syllables, then the first syllable is stressed.
* one syllable, then that syllable is stressed.

'''2. If the word contains:'''
* more than three syllables, then the antepenultimate syllable is stressed.
* a diphthong or a long vowel in the ultimate, penultimate, or antepenultimate syllable, then that syllable is stressed.

===Sound Change===

There exists three general rules of sound change in '''Eḥeiθymme''', one of which involves the mutation of consonants, one of which involves a harmonization of the vowels in a word, and one that turns consonants into vowels.

'''1. The consonant moves to its fricative counterpart in the environment that it follows a front vowel or a voiceless palatal fricative.'''

* t → θ
* d → ð
* p → f
* b → v
* k → x
* g → ɣ
* h → ḥ = ç

'''2. If a close, front, unrounded vowel exists anywhere in the word, then the close, back vowel becomes the close, front, rounded vowel, and the open, back vowel becomes the mid, front, unrounded vowel.'''

* u → y / ...i...
* a → e / ...i...

'''3. A semi-vowel becomes its vowel counterpart in the environment that it preceeds immediately a non-semi-vowel consonant.'''

* j → i / _C
* w → u / _C

==Morphology==

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is characterized by a '''nonconcatenative morphology''', or "root-and-pattern" morphology. Words are constructed from an abstract consonantal root structure according to any of several templates. The roots of words tend to be made of two or three consonants, called radicals, though roots of one or four are not unheard of. Words not of an '''Eḥeiθymme''' origin are made to follow '''Eḥeiθymme''''s morphology, and so can exhibit an atypical number of consonant roots. Additionally, '''Eḥeiθymme''' is not without discrete morphemes in the form of affixes in addition to the characteristic nonconcatenative morphology.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Eḥeiθymme Inflectional and Derivational Morphology Structure'''
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Root
! colspan="9" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μv1v2v3vμ
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Constituent Parts
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μ
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | v
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 1
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | v
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 2
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | v
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 3
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | v
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μ
|-
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | morphemic prefix
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel(s) or diphthong
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | '''initial radical'''
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel(s) or diphthong
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | '''medial radical'''
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel(s) or diphthong
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | '''final radical'''
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel(s) or diphthong
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | morphemic suffix
|}

==Verbs==

Verbs in '''Eḥeiθymme''' are predominantly aspectual, and show no overt morphological distinction to reflect time. Tenses are constructed typically by periphrasis. Mood is constructed via periphrasis for moods that are not indicative, subjunctive, or imperative, with one of several modal verbs. Voice is distinguished morphologically in unison with periphrasis. Person is marked directly on the verb by distinct morphemes.

On the verb itself, the following may be marked:

* Two aspects (perfective, imperfective)
* Three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter)
* Four persons (first, second, third, indeterminate)
* Agent/subject and patient
* Three numbers (singular, plural, paucal)
* Three moods (indicative, subjunctive, imperative)

Critical to the construction of the verb and verb phrase is the '''copula''', of which there exists both a '''positive''' copula '''R-J-D''' and a '''negative''' copula '''∅-M-N''' . Additionally, there exists an infinitive form of the verb that is used with modals.

Since verbs are constructed regularly via predictable combinatorics, it is useful to make a generalized template with which to consult. '''α''' and '''β''' are assumed to have been inflected for agent/subject and/or object person marking.

* '''α''' is a verb in the perfective aspect construction
* '''β''' is a verb in the imperfective aspect construction
* '''V''' is the full verb
* subscript "copula" means that that verb is the copula
* superscript "+" or "-" means that that verb is either the positive or the negative form (of the copula)
* subscript "modal" means that that verb is a modal verb
* subscript "infinitive" means that that verb is in the infinitive form of the verb

===Tense===

Tense is constructed combinatorially with the copula, with an explicitly defined aspectual distinction. For a diachronic treatment of the morphological forms of the '''Eḥeiθymme''' verb, please consult the appendix.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' distinguishes between three aspects: the '''Perfective''' aspect indicates an action completed, or an action as a whole; the '''Imperfective''' aspect indicates a continuous action; the '''Perfect''' aspect indicates a completed action prior to some event in context. Only the Perfective and the Imperfective have unique morphological templates; the Perfective aspect is formed via periphrasis.

The overt forms of the various aspects are dependent on the consonant make-up of the root. Such roots typically exhibit two or three consonants. Roots whose consonants are '''phonologically stable''' are roots whose consonants are not lateral (L-roots), rhotic (R-roots), fricative (S-roots), or semi-vowel (J-roots and W-roots), and are the so-called CCC-roots. '''Phonologically unstable''' roots exhibit minor irregularities in their construction, of which depend on the location of the unstable consonant(s) in the root: initial, medial, final. Roots consisting of two consonants, called ∅CC-roots, have variable manifestations and typically form via leveling, realized as the 2 consonant being doubled and acting as the 1 consonant.

Morpho-phonological phenomena and historical processes notwithstanding, the general structure of aspect is the following:

* The Perfective Aspect: '''-1e23i-'''
* The Imperfective Aspect: '''-12a3-'''

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Aspect Construction in Eḥeiθymme (Indicative Mood Shown Here)'''
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! style="text-align: center;" | Perfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Imperfective
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''(2)e23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''(2)2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12a3'''- -'''1u2a3'''-1
|-
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Le23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''L2a3'''- -'''i2e3'''-2
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1eL3i'''- -'''1ei3i'''-3
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1La3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Li'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aL'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Re23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''R2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ē3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Ra3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Ri'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12ā'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Se23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''S2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1eS3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Sa3'''- -'''S1a3'''-4
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Si'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aS'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Je23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''i2e3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ei3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Ja3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2ī'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aJ'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''We23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''u2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ey3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Wa3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2yi'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aW'''-
|}

:<nowiki>1</nowiki> If 1 and 2 are stops
:<nowiki>2</nowiki> If 2 is a stop
:<nowiki>3</nowiki> If 3 is a stop
:<nowiki>4</nowiki> If 1 is a stop

'''Eḥeiθymme''' distinguishes two times: the '''Past''' time indicates actions in the past; the '''Non-Past''' time indicates actions not in the past, and in some contexts covers both the present and the future. Aspect and time combine to yield tense.

* The '''Perfective Past Tense''' indicates a simple completed action in the past. It is the composition of perfective aspect and past time.

* The '''Imperfective Past Tense''' indicates an ongoing or incomplete action in the past time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and past time.

* The '''Imperfective Non-Past Tense''' indicates an ongoing action in the non-past time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and non-past time. Additionally, this tense may also be used to refer to the equivalent of a future time, depending on the context.

* The '''Perfect Past Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another completed action. It is the composition of perfect aspect and past time.

* The '''Perfect Non-Past Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another action. It is the composition of perfect aspect and non-past time.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Positive and Negative Verb Construction without Modals in Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Positive
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Negative
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''ad-α'''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β''' '''β'''+''copula'' + '''β'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''β'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''β'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''β'''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''+''copula'' + '''α'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''α'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''α'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''α'''
|}

===Mood===

'''Eḥeiθymmen''' has three distinctly marked moods: the '''Indicative''' mood indicates factual statements, inquiry of simple questions, and the statement of beliefs; the '''Subjunctive''' mood indicates imaginary or hypothetical actions, conveys opinions or emotions, or conveys requests; the '''Imperative''' mood indicates a directed command.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Verb Construction in Eḥeiθymme for Morphological Mood'''
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Indicative
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Subjunctive
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Imperative
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | Perfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Imperfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Perfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Imperfective
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -(2)'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -(2)2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -(2)'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''(2)a23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''3- -1u2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a23e'''-
|-
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -L'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -L2'''a'''3- -i2'''e'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -L'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''La23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''L3'''i'''- -1'''e'''i3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1L'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''L3'''u'''- -1'''ew'''i3'''y'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1aL3e'''- -'''1ei3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2L'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''L-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2L'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Le'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -R'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -R2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -R'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Ra23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ē'''3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1R'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ā'''3'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ā3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2R'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''ā'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2R'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Re'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -S'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -S2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -S'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Sa23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''S3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1S'''a'''3- -S1'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''S3'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1aS3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2S'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''S-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2S'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Se'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -J'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -i2'''e'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -J'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Ja23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''i3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1J'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ew'''i3'''y'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ei3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2'''ī'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''J-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2J'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Je'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -W'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -u2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -w'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Wa23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''y3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1W'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''aū'''3'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1au3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2y'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''W-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2'''ū'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2We'''-
|}

'''Eḥeiθymmen''' may also form verb constructions via periphrasis with modal verbs. There are numerous such modal verbs expressing variable meanings, shades of meanings, and overlapping of meanings. These may also be in the indicative, subjunctive, or imperative.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Positive and Negative Verb Construction with Modals in Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Positive
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Negative
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''ad-α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive'' '''β'''+''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''+''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
|}

===Voice===

Voice in '''Eḥeiθymme''' is constructed entirely morphosyntactically, and depends on the relationship between a transitive or intransitive verb with nouns in the ergative case and nouns in the absolutive case.

When constructing these voices, the copula always remains in the second position. Any modal, other inflected verb, or infinitive remains at the end. For sentences not in need of a copula construction, such as the Perfective Past tense or the Imperfective Non-past tense, then the position otherwise held by the copula is instead held by the inflected verb, and is no longer at the end of the sentence. Similarly, in those tenses are being constructed with the modal plus the infinitive, then the modal is placed in the second position, and the infinitive is at the end.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' has three distinct voice constructions:

'''1. Active voice''' indicates that the subject of the sentence performs the action of a transitive or an intransitive verb, or causes the happening denoted by the verb.
* N''ergative'' + V''transitive'' + N''absolutive''
* N''ergative'' + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''transitive''
* N''ergative'' + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''modal'' + V''infinitive''
* N''ergative'' + V''modal'' + N''absolutive'' + V''infinitive''

* ∅ + V''intransitive'' + N''absolutive''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''intransitive''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''modal'' + V''infinitive''
* ∅ + V''modal'' + N''absolutive'' + V''infinitive''

'''2. Anti-passive voice''' takes the transitive verb and make it "less transitive" (read, more intransitive) by retaining that verb but putting the ergative noun into an absolutive or oblique construct, and thus conveys prominence of the agent and what they did, while the patient is left not as important (and thus demoted to oblique).
* N''absolutive'' + V''transitive'' + N''oblique''
* N''absolutive'' + V''copula'' + N''oblique'' + V''transitive''
* N''absolutive'' + V''copula'' + N''oblique'' + V''modal'' + V''infinitive''
* N''absolutive'' + V''modal'' + N''oblique'' + V''infinitive''

'''3. Anti-active voice''' takes the intransitive verb and make it "less intransitive" (read, more transitive) by taking a null space object (the oblique or absolutive) and realizing it with an actual argument, and thus conveys prominence to an object. Admittedly, there are very few instances of the anti-active voice.
* ∅ + V''intransitive'' + N''ergative''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''ergative'' + V''intransitive''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''ergative'' + V''modal''+ V''infinitive''
* ∅ + V''modal'' + N''ergative'' + V''infinitive''

In the active voice, the verb may be either transitive or intransitive. In the anti-passive voice, the verb must be transitive. In the anti-active voice, the verb must be intransitive. Finally, note that transitivity is entirely semantic; there is no overt marking to indicate if a verb is transitive or intransitive.

===Infinitive===

The infinitive form of the verb in '''Eḥeiθymme''' is used in the construction of verb tenses when the use of a modal is employed. The infinitive may be used as a verbal noun if made definite.

Morpho-phonological phenomena and historical processes notwithstanding, the general structure of the infinitive is the following:

* The Infinitive: '''1a12e3'''

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Infinitival Construction in Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! style="text-align: center;" | Infinitive
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(2)a(2)2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12e3'''
|-
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''LaL2e3''' '''Lei2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''LaL1e3''' '''Lei1e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eL'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''Rā2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1Re3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12ā'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''SaS2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1Se3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eS'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''Jei2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1Je3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eJ'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1au2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1We3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eW'''
|}

===Conjugation===

Grammatical person as agent/subject as well as object and number are designated via affixation. Mood is designated via change of vowel in the stem as well as affixation in the case of the imperative. The following table shows the paradigm of the positive copula, '''R-J-D''', with no marking made for the object.

{| class="wikitable nowrap" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Paradigm of the Positive Copula, R-J-D, with Agent/Subject Marking Only'''
! Mood
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
|-
! rowspan="9" | Indicative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ele-'''''reiði''
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rjad''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhyea-'''''reiði''
| '''dhua-'''''rjad''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''reiði''
| '''ive-'''''rjeð''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''reiði''
| '''me-'''''rjad''
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ē-'''''reiði''
| '''ā-'''''rjad''
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði''
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði''
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði''
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
|-
! rowspan="9" | Subjunctive
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ele-'''''rewiðy''
| rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhye-'''''rewiðy''
|
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''rewiðy''
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''rauðu''
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ē-'''''rewiðy''
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy''
|
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy''
|
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy''
|
|-
! rowspan="9" | Imperative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | –
| rowspan="2" | –
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
| '''dhye-'''''reiðe''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| '''ive-'''''reiðe''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| '''me-'''''reiðe''
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe''
|}

While noun marking and syntax obey the rules of ergative-absolutive alignment, person marking on verbs follows nominative-accusative alignment rules. The agent/subject person is realized as a prefix, while the object is realized as a suffix. Many of the person markers for prefixes are wholly dissimilar to their suffix counterparts, though most exhibit at least a shared thematic consonant. The following table shows the paradigm of the positive copula, '''R-Y-D''', with marking made for the object as well as the agent/subject.

{| class="wikitable nowrap" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Paradigm of the Positive Copula, R-J-D, with Agent/Subject and Object Marking'''
! Mood
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
|-
! rowspan="9" | Indicative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ele-'''''reiði'''''-el'''
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rjad'''''-al'''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhye-'''''reiði'''''-ið'''
| '''dhye-'''''rjeð'''''-ið'''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''reiði'''''-iv'''
| '''ive-'''''rjeð'''''-iv'''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''reiði'''''-em'''
| '''me-'''''rjad'''''-am'''
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ē-'''''reiði'''''-eḥ'''
| '''ā-'''''rjad'''''-ah'''
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði'''''-en'''
| '''anta-'''''rjad'''''-an'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði'''''-en'''
| '''anta-'''''rjad'''''-an'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði'''''-en'''
| '''anta-'''''rjad'''''-an'''
|-
! rowspan="9" | Subjunctive
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ele-'''''rewiðy'''''-el'''
| rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhye-'''''rewiðy'''''-ið'''
|
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''rewiðy'''''-iv'''
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''rewiðy'''''-em'''
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ē-'''''rewiðy'''''-ēḥ'''
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy'''''-en'''
|
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy'''''-en'''
|
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy'''''-en'''
|
|-
! rowspan="9" | Imperative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | –
| rowspan="2" | –
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
| '''dhye-'''''reiðe'''''-ið'''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| '''ive-'''''reiðe'''''-iv'''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| '''me-'''''reiðe'''''-em'''
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe'''''-en'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe'''''-en'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe'''''-en'''
|}

==Nouns==

Nouns in '''Eḥeiθymme''' are not inflected for grammatical gender, number, or case. Neither the noun nor the adjective differentiate gender, in contrast to the obligatorily marked gender of the pronouns. An exception to this is when the noun is explicitly gendered, to reflect specifically gendered subjects. This distinction is wholly semantic. Number and case are entirely encoded in the definite article. Nouns are inflected for state.

* The structure of a '''Basic Noun''' is: '''-1v23-''', where '''-v-''' may be any vowel, but is usually '''-a-''' or '''-u-'''.

===Definiteness===

'''Eḥeiθymme''' has various definite and indefinite articles controlling the number and case of the modified noun. Proper nouns are definite by definition, and so do not require the definite article. Case for proper nouns is realized variously, by context or by adpositions.

* The '''Singular Definite Article''' is: ''' la-'''
* The '''Plural Definite Article''' is: ''' -'''
* The '''Paucal Definite Article''' is: ''' -'''

* The '''Singular Indefinite Article''' is: '''a-'''
* The '''Plural Indefinite Article''' is: ''' -'''
* The '''Paucal Indefinite Article''' is: ''' -'''

====Case====

===State===

====Absolute State====

====Construct State====

==Modifiers==

===Adjectives===

===Adverbs===

==Particles==

==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==

==Other resources==




[[Category:Eḥeiθymme]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Eḥeiθymmen Amran

2019-10-30T06:20:36Z

Deltaquebec: /* Morphology */

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="float:right;" width="35%"
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffffff; font-size:1.2em;" | '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' [ɛˈçej.θym.mɛn ˈar.jad ɛçˈðej.θym.mɛː ˈam.ran]
|-
| '''Creator:''' || Daniel Quigley
|-
| '''Spoken in:''' || Amran
|-
| '''World:''' || ''Leaves'' Stories
|-
| '''Total Speakers:''' || ~ 18,000,000
|-
| '''Basic word order:''' || Strict V2
|-
| '''Morphological Type:''' || Fusional
|-
| '''Morphosyntactic Alignment:''' || Split Ergative-Absolutive
|-
| '''Inspirations:''' || Arabic, German, Finnish, Welsh, Basque, English, Menominee
|-
| '''Status:''' || In Progress
|-
| '''Link to full documentation:''' || *forthcoming*
|}

'''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' is an ''a priori'' artistic constructed language in development by Daniel Quigley, providing the framework for which the author’s creative works and worldbuilding are guided. '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''', or '''Eḥeiθymmen Amran''' or '''Eḥeiθymme''', is the dominant language of the people of Amran.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is characterized by significant word-internal sound-change, a "root-and-pattern" morphology, and strict word order. '''Eḥeiθymme''' readily accepts words of non-native origin, but tends to force said loans into its morphological paradigm.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is typologically a fusional language. Nouns, modifiers, and verbs are typically formed via a root-and-pattern triconsonantal root system, and movement between the three is highly fluid. Nouns are not inflected for number and case; these details are encoded in the definiteness marked by an article. Other modifiers, such as adverbs, are not inflected in the same way, though similarities may be found in certain contexts. Verbs entirely depend upon their construction with a positive or a negative copula, and most tenses are formed via periphrasis. Some particles are inflected for person. '''Eḥeiθymme''' is a Split Ergative-Absolutive aligned language, in which nouns tend to obey ergative-absolutive alignment rules, and person marking on the verb tends to obey nominative-accusative alignment rules. '''Eḥeiθymme''' has strict V2 word order despite the presence of extensive case marking.

==Introduction==

===Setting===

'''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' is the lingua franca of Amran. The people of Amran are exceptionally diverse in language, culture, and identity. At the time of the ''Leaves'' stories, Amran is in its twilight years and is a ghost of its former self. Amran's vast landscape follows from a temperate biome to a taiga biome, dominated by thick forests, abundant snowfall in many regions, and mountainous regions further inland. Much of the population is concentrated along the coastal regions, while inland is mostly uninhabited by humans.

===Etymology===

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is a word built from nominal form of the root '''∅-J-T''' indicating "language, speaking, articulated speech", rendered as '''ait''', which morphs to '''eiθ''', the '''ah-''' prefix, which morphs to '''eḥ-''', formulates proper nouns out of common nouns, and the suffix '''-umma''', which morphs to '''-ymme''', which is the augmentive suffix. In genitive constructions involving a proper noun fulfilling the genitive role, the possessed noun is in the construct state, sometimes unrealized morphologically, but in this case, it is indicated by '''-n'''. '''Arjad''' is from the positive copula '''R-J-D''', '''Eḥðeirymmē''' is built from the nominal form of '''D-J-R''' indicating "earth, land", rendered as '''dair''', which morphs to '''ðeir''', the '''ah-''' prefix, which morphs to '''eḥ-''', formulates proper nouns out of common nouns, and the suffix '''-umma''', which morphs to '''-ymmē''' in the absolutive case, and '''amran''' is the imperfective verbal form from the root '''M-R-N''' indicating "goodness, pleasantness, well-being". All morphing in sounds are accounted for in the section on sound change.

Taken altogether, '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' translates to “the principle language of Amran”, or, "the principal language of the good land".

===Goals===

The driving goal of '''Eḥeiθymme''' is to provide a framework for the author’s creative works and worldbuilding. To that end, '''Eḥeiθymme''' ought to be a naturalistic constructed language, and ought to be pleasant to look at and to hear (admittedly, this is wholly subjective, and others may disagree with to the extent to which this was fulfilled).

===Development, Inspiration, Forthcoming===

The history of '''Eḥeiθymme''' as a constructed language is relatively recent, and stems from the author's desire to construct a language with a Semitic style, and from the author's investigations into tense, mood, and aspect systems of world languages during his undergraduate career in linguistics. The earliest dedicated work on the language originated with the name of an individual, '''Iḥliθ''', whose meaning is yet elusive, and the now-defunct word for a ruler, '''aryad''', which has since come to be the positive copula.

Because much of the creative works and worldbuilding for which '''Eḥeiθymme''' guides concern themselves with cultural contact, exchange, and conflict, the two dominant languages of the world, [[Ahāmatya|'''Ahāmatya''']] and '''Eḥeiθymme''', are deliberately designed to be dissimilar, with regards to the make-up and feel of the language. The inspirations of the language include, but are not limited to, Arabic, German, Finnish, Welsh, Basque, English, Menominee. While some overlap exists in the inspirations for '''Ahāmatya''' and '''Eḥeiθymme''', any overt similarities are deliberately avoided.

A more in-depth and detailed documentation is forthcoming, which includes in-universe terminology for grammatical categories and descriptions. The author hopes to someday have the creative works published.

==Phonology==




===Consonants===
'''Eḥeiθymme''' has five major places of articulation and six manners of articulation, and yields twenty-three consonants in total.

{|class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=text-align:center
|+'''Consonant Inventory of Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="3" |
! Labial
! Alveolar
! Palatal
! Velar
! Glottal
|-
! colspan="3" | Nasal
| '''m''' = [m]
| '''n''' = [n]
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Stop
! {{small|''unvoiced''}}
| '''p''' = [p]
| '''t''' = [t]
|
| '''k''' = [k]
|
|-
! {{small|''voiced''}}
| '''b''' = [b]
| '''d''' = [d]
|
| '''g''' = [g]
|
|-
! rowspan="4" | Fricative
! rowspan="2" | {{small|sibilant}}
! {{small|''unvoiced''}}
|
| '''s''' = [s]
| '''ʃ''' = [ʃ]
|
|
|-
! {{small|''voiced''}}
|
|
| '''ʒ''' = [ʒ]
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | {{small|non-sibilant}}
! {{small|''unvoiced''}}
| '''f''' = [f]
| '''θ''' = [θ]
| '''ḥ''' = [ç]
| '''x''' = [x]
| '''h''' = [h]
|-
! {{small|''voiced''}}
| '''v''' = [v]
| '''ð''' = [ð]
|
| '''ɣ''' = [ɣ]
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Semi-vowel
| '''w''' = [w]
|
| '''y''' = [j]
|
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Lateral
|
| '''l''' = [l]
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Rhotic
|
| '''r''' = [r]
|
|
|
|}

===Vowels and Diphthongs===
'''Eḥeiθymme''' has five short vowels and five long vowels, a distinction manifested as the long vowels' sound being held twice as long as short vowels' sound.

The short vowels are the following: '''i''', '''e''', '''a''', '''y''', '''u'''. The long vowels are the following: '''ī''', '''ē''', '''ā''', '''ȳ''', '''ū'''. Note that, when spoken, there is some variation in the actual pronunciation of /ɛ:/, and may be more accurately pronounced as [e:].

'''Eḥeiθymme''' has three diphthongs, all of which have length equivalent to long vowels. The diphthongs are the following: '''ei''', '''ey''', '''au'''.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Vowel and Diphthong Inventory of Eḥeiθymme'''
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Front
! rowspan="2" | Back
|-
! unrounded
! rounded
|-
! Close
| '''i''' = [i] '''ī''' = [i:]
| '''y''' = [y] '''ȳ''' = [y:]
| '''u''' = [u] '''ū''' = [u:]
|-
! Mid
| '''e''' = [ɛ] ~ [e] '''ē''' = [ɛ:] ~ [e:]
|
|
|-
! Open
|
|
| '''a''' = [a] '''ā''' = [a:]
|- style="text-align: center;"
!Diphthongs
| colspan="3" |'''ei''' = [ej], '''ey''' = [eɥ], '''au''' = [aw]
|}

===Prosody and Stress===

Syllables are determined by vowel-sounds and diphthong-sounds. There is one vowel or diphthong per syllable. A syllable will tend to be closed, and tend not to contain a consonant in the onset if it can be avoided.

The determination of stress is understood within the bounds of the ultimate to antepenultimate syllable.

'''1. If the word at most contains:'''
* three syllables, then the first syllable is stressed.
* two syllables, then the first syllable is stressed.
* one syllable, then that syllable is stressed.

'''2. If the word contains:'''
* more than three syllables, then the antepenultimate syllable is stressed.
* a diphthong or a long vowel in the ultimate, penultimate, or antepenultimate syllable, then that syllable is stressed.

===Sound Change===

There exists three general rules of sound change in '''Eḥeiθymme''', one of which involves the mutation of consonants, one of which involves a harmonization of the vowels in a word, and one that turns consonants into vowels.

'''1. The consonant moves to its fricative counterpart in the environment that it follows a front vowel or a voiceless palatal fricative.'''

* t → θ
* d → ð
* p → f
* b → v
* k → x
* g → ɣ
* h → ḥ = ç

'''2. If a close, front, unrounded vowel exists anywhere in the word, then the close, back vowel becomes the close, front, rounded vowel, and the open, back vowel becomes the mid, front, unrounded vowel.'''

* u → y / ...i...
* a → e / ...i...

'''3. A semi-vowel becomes its vowel counterpart in the environment that it preceeds immediately a non-semi-vowel consonant.'''

* j → i / _C
* w → u / _C

==Morphology==

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is characterized by a '''nonconcatenative morphology''', or "root-and-pattern" morphology. Words are constructed from an abstract consonantal root structure according to any of several templates. The roots of words tend to be made of two or three consonants, called radicals, though roots of one or four are not unheard of. Words not of an '''Eḥeiθymme''' origin are made to follow '''Eḥeiθymme''''s morphology, and so can exhibit an atypical number of consonant roots. Additionally, '''Eḥeiθymme''' is not without discrete morphemes in the form of affixes in addition to the characteristic nonconcatenative morphology.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Eḥeiθymme Inflectional and Derivational Morphology Structure'''
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Root
! colspan="9" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μv1v2v3vμ
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Constituent Parts
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μ
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | v
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 1
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | v
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 2
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | v
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 3
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | v
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μ
|-
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | morphemic prefix
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel(s) or diphthong
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | '''initial radical'''
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel(s) or diphthong
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | '''medial radical'''
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel(s) or diphthong
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | '''final radical'''
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel(s) or diphthong
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | morphemic suffix
|}

==Verbs==

Verbs in '''Eḥeiθymme''' are predominantly aspectual, and show no overt morphological distinction to reflect time. Tenses are constructed typically by periphrasis. Mood is constructed via periphrasis for moods that are not indicative, subjunctive, or imperative, with one of several modal verbs. Voice is distinguished morphologically in unison with periphrasis. Person is marked directly on the verb by distinct morphemes.

On the verb itself, the following may be marked:

* Two aspects (perfective, imperfective)
* Three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter)
* Four persons (first, second, third, indeterminate)
* Agent/subject and patient
* Three numbers (singular, plural, paucal)
* Three moods (indicative, subjunctive, imperative)

Critical to the construction of the verb and verb phrase is the '''copula''', of which there exists both a '''positive''' copula '''R-J-D''' and a '''negative''' copula '''∅-M-N''' . Additionally, there exists an infinitive form of the verb that is used with modals.

Since verbs are constructed regularly via predictable combinatorics, it is useful to make a generalized template with which to consult. '''α''' and '''β''' are assumed to have been inflected for agent/subject and/or object person marking.

* '''α''' is a verb in the perfective aspect construction
* '''β''' is a verb in the imperfective aspect construction
* '''V''' is the full verb
* subscript "copula" means that that verb is the copula
* superscript "+" or "-" means that that verb is either the positive or the negative form (of the copula)
* subscript "modal" means that that verb is a modal verb
* subscript "infinitive" means that that verb is in the infinitive form of the verb

===Tense===

Tense is constructed combinatorially with the copula, with an explicitly defined aspectual distinction. For a diachronic treatment of the morphological forms of the '''Eḥeiθymme''' verb, please consult the appendix.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' distinguishes between three aspects: the '''Perfective''' aspect indicates an action completed, or an action as a whole; the '''Imperfective''' aspect indicates a continuous action; the '''Perfect''' aspect indicates a completed action prior to some event in context. Only the Perfective and the Imperfective have unique morphological templates; the Perfective aspect is formed via periphrasis.

The overt forms of the various aspects are dependent on the consonant make-up of the root. Such roots typically exhibit two or three consonants. Roots whose consonants are '''phonologically stable''' are roots whose consonants are not lateral (L-roots), rhotic (R-roots), fricative (S-roots), or semi-vowel (J-roots and W-roots), and are the so-called CCC-roots. '''Phonologically unstable''' roots exhibit minor irregularities in their construction, of which depend on the location of the unstable consonant(s) in the root: initial, medial, final. Roots consisting of two consonants, called ∅CC-roots, have variable manifestations and typically form via leveling, realized as the 2 consonant being doubled and acting as the 1 consonant.

Morpho-phonological phenomena and historical processes notwithstanding, the general structure of aspect is the following:

* The Perfective Aspect: '''-1e23i-'''
* The Imperfective Aspect: '''-12a3-'''

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Aspect Construction in Eḥeiθymme (Indicative Mood Shown Here)'''
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! style="text-align: center;" | Perfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Imperfective
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''(2)e23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''(2)2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12a3'''- -'''1u2a3'''-1
|-
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Le23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''L2a3'''- -'''i2e3'''-2
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1eL3i'''- -'''1ei3i'''-3
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1La3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Li'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aL'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Re23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''R2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ē3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Ra3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Ri'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12ā'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Se23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''S2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1eS3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Sa3'''- -'''S1a3'''-4
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Si'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aS'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Je23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''i2e3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ei3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Ja3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2ī'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aJ'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''We23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''u2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ey3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Wa3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2yi'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aW'''-
|}

:<nowiki>1</nowiki> If 1 and 2 are stops
:<nowiki>2</nowiki> If 2 is a stop
:<nowiki>3</nowiki> If 3 is a stop
:<nowiki>4</nowiki> If 1 is a stop

'''Eḥeiθymme''' distinguishes two times: the '''Past''' time indicates actions in the past; the '''Non-Past''' time indicates actions not in the past, and in some contexts covers both the present and the future. Aspect and time combine to yield tense.

* The '''Perfective Past Tense''' indicates a simple completed action in the past. It is the composition of perfective aspect and past time.

* The '''Imperfective Past Tense''' indicates an ongoing or incomplete action in the past time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and past time.

* The '''Imperfective Non-Past Tense''' indicates an ongoing action in the non-past time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and non-past time. Additionally, this tense may also be used to refer to the equivalent of a future time, depending on the context.

* The '''Perfect Past Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another completed action. It is the composition of perfect aspect and past time.

* The '''Perfect Non-Past Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another action. It is the composition of perfect aspect and non-past time.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Positive and Negative Verb Construction without Modals in Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Positive
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Negative
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''ad-α'''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β''' '''β'''+''copula'' + '''β'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''β'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''β'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''β'''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''+''copula'' + '''α'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''α'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''α'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''α'''
|}

===Mood===

'''Eḥeiθymmen''' has three distinctly marked moods: the '''Indicative''' mood indicates factual statements, inquiry of simple questions, and the statement of beliefs; the '''Subjunctive''' mood indicates imaginary or hypothetical actions, conveys opinions or emotions, or conveys requests; the '''Imperative''' mood indicates a directed command.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Verb Construction in Eḥeiθymme for Morphological Mood'''
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Indicative
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Subjunctive
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Imperative
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | Perfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Imperfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Perfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Imperfective
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -(2)'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -(2)2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -(2)'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''(2)a23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''3- -1u2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a23e'''-
|-
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -L'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -L2'''a'''3- -i2'''e'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -L'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''La23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''L3'''i'''- -1'''e'''i3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1L'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''L3'''u'''- -1'''ew'''i3'''y'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1aL3e'''- -'''1ei3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2L'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''L-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2L'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Le'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -R'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -R2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -R'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Ra23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ē'''3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1R'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ā'''3'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ā3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2R'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''ā'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2R'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Re'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -S'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -S2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -S'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Sa23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''S3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1S'''a'''3- -S1'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''S3'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1aS3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2S'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''S-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2S'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Se'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -J'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -i2'''e'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -J'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Ja23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''i3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1J'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ew'''i3'''y'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ei3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2'''ī'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''J-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2J'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Je'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -W'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -u2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -w'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Wa23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''y3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1W'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''aū'''3'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1au3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2y'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''W-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2'''ū'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2We'''-
|}

'''Eḥeiθymmen''' may also form verb constructions via periphrasis with modal verbs. There are numerous such modal verbs expressing variable meanings, shades of meanings, and overlapping of meanings. These may also be in the indicative, subjunctive, or imperative.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Positive and Negative Verb Construction with Modals in Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Positive
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Negative
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''ad-α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive'' '''β'''+''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''+''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
|}

===Voice===

Voice in '''Eḥeiθymme''' is constructed entirely morphosyntactically, and depends on the relationship between a transitive or intransitive verb with nouns in the ergative case and nouns in the absolutive case. When constructing these voices, the copula always remains in the second position. Any modal, other inflected verb, or infinitive remains at the end. For sentences not in need of a copula construction, such as the Perfective Past tense or the Imperfective Non-past tense, then the position otherwise held by the copula is instead held by the inflected verb, and is no longer at the end of the sentence. Similarly, in those tenses are being constructed with the modal plus the infinitive, then the modal is placed in the second position, and the infinitive is at the end.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' has three distinct voice constructions:

'''1. Active voice''' indicates that the subject of the sentence performs the action of a transitive or an intransitive verb, or causes the happening denoted by the verb.
* N''ergative'' + V''transitive'' + N''absolutive''
* N''ergative'' + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''transitive''
* N''ergative'' + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''modal'' + V''infinitive''
* N''ergative'' + V''modal'' + N''absolutive'' + V''infinitive''

* ∅ + V''intransitive'' + N''absolutive''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''intransitive''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''modal'' + V''infinitive''
* ∅ + V''modal'' + N''absolutive'' + V''infinitive''

'''2. Anti-passive voice''' takes the transitive verb and make it "less transitive" (read, more intransitive) by retaining that verb but putting the ergative noun into an absolutive or oblique construct, and thus conveys prominence of the agent and what they did, while the patient is left not as important (and thus demoted to oblique).
* N''absolutive'' + V''transitive'' + N''oblique''
* N''absolutive'' + V''copula'' + N''oblique'' + V''transitive''
* N''absolutive'' + V''copula'' + N''oblique'' + V''modal'' + V''infinitive''
* N''absolutive'' + V''modal'' + N''oblique'' + V''infinitive''

'''3. Anti-active voice''' takes the intransitive verb and make it "less intransitive" (read, more transitive) by taking a null space object (the oblique or absolutive) and realizing it with an actual argument, and thus conveys prominence to an object. Admittedly, there are very few instances of the anti-active voice.
* ∅ + V''intransitive'' + N''ergative''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''ergative'' + V''intransitive''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''ergative'' + V''modal''+ V''infinitive''
* ∅ + V''modal'' + N''ergative'' + V''infinitive''

In the active voice, the verb may be either transitive or intransitive. In the anti-passive voice, the verb must be transitive. In the anti-active voice, the verb must be intransitive. Finally, note that transitivity is entirely semantic; there is no overt marking to indicate if a verb is transitive or intransitive.

===Infinitive===

The infinitive form of the verb in '''Eḥeiθymme''' is used in the construction of verb tenses when the use of a modal is employed. The infinitive may be used as a verbal noun if made definite.

Morpho-phonological phenomena and historical processes notwithstanding, the general structure of the infinitive is the following:

* The Infinitive: '''1a12e3'''

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Infinitival Construction in Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! style="text-align: center;" | Infinitive
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(2)a(2)2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12e3'''
|-
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''LaL2e3''' '''Lei2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''LaL1e3''' '''Lei1e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eL'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''Rā2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1Re3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12ā'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''SaS2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1Se3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eS'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''Jei2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1Je3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eJ'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1au2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1We3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eW'''
|}

===Conjugation===

Grammatical person as agent/subject as well as object and number are designated via affixation. Mood is designated via change of vowel in the stem as well as affixation in the case of the imperative. The following table shows the paradigm of the positive copula, '''R-J-D''', with no marking made for the object.

{| class="wikitable nowrap" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Paradigm of the Positive Copula, R-J-D, with Agent/Subject Marking Only'''
! Mood
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
|-
! rowspan="9" | Indicative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ele-'''''reiði''
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rjad''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhyea-'''''reiði''
| '''dhua-'''''rjad''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''reiði''
| '''ive-'''''rjeð''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''reiði''
| '''me-'''''rjad''
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ē-'''''reiði''
| '''ā-'''''rjad''
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði''
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði''
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði''
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
|-
! rowspan="9" | Subjunctive
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ele-'''''rewiðy''
| rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhye-'''''rewiðy''
|
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''rewiðy''
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''rauðu''
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ē-'''''rewiðy''
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy''
|
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy''
|
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy''
|
|-
! rowspan="9" | Imperative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | –
| rowspan="2" | –
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
| '''dhye-'''''reiðe''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| '''ive-'''''reiðe''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| '''me-'''''reiðe''
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe''
|}

While noun marking and syntax obey the rules of ergative-absolutive alignment, person marking on verbs follows nominative-accusative alignment rules. The agent/subject person is realized as a prefix, while the object is realized as a suffix. Many of the person markers for prefixes are wholly dissimilar to their suffix counterparts, though most exhibit at least a shared thematic consonant. The following table shows the paradigm of the positive copula, '''R-Y-D''', with marking made for the object as well as the agent/subject.

{| class="wikitable nowrap" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Paradigm of the Positive Copula, R-J-D, with Agent/Subject and Object Marking'''
! Mood
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
|-
! rowspan="9" | Indicative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ele-'''''reiði'''''-el'''
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rjad'''''-al'''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhye-'''''reiði'''''-ið'''
| '''dhye-'''''rjeð'''''-ið'''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''reiði'''''-iv'''
| '''ive-'''''rjeð'''''-iv'''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''reiði'''''-em'''
| '''me-'''''rjad'''''-am'''
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ē-'''''reiði'''''-eḥ'''
| '''ā-'''''rjad'''''-ah'''
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði'''''-en'''
| '''anta-'''''rjad'''''-an'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði'''''-en'''
| '''anta-'''''rjad'''''-an'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði'''''-en'''
| '''anta-'''''rjad'''''-an'''
|-
! rowspan="9" | Subjunctive
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ele-'''''rewiðy'''''-el'''
| rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhye-'''''rewiðy'''''-ið'''
|
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''rewiðy'''''-iv'''
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''rewiðy'''''-em'''
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ē-'''''rewiðy'''''-ēḥ'''
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy'''''-en'''
|
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy'''''-en'''
|
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy'''''-en'''
|
|-
! rowspan="9" | Imperative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | –
| rowspan="2" | –
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
| '''dhye-'''''reiðe'''''-ið'''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| '''ive-'''''reiðe'''''-iv'''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| '''me-'''''reiðe'''''-em'''
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe'''''-en'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe'''''-en'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe'''''-en'''
|}

==Nouns==

Nouns in '''Eḥeiθymme''' are not inflected for grammatical gender, number, or case. Neither the noun nor the adjective differentiate gender, in contrast to the obligatorily marked gender of the pronouns. An exception to this is when the noun is explicitly gendered, to reflect specifically gendered subjects. This distinction is wholly semantic. Number and case are entirely encoded in the definite article. Nouns are inflected for state.

* The structure of a '''Basic Noun''' is: '''-1v23-''', where '''-v-''' may be any vowel, but is usually '''-a-''' or '''-u-'''.

===Definiteness===

'''Eḥeiθymme''' has various definite and indefinite articles controlling the number and case of the modified noun. Proper nouns are definite by definition, and so do not require the definite article. Case for proper nouns is realized variously, by context or by adpositions.

* The '''Singular Definite Article''' is: ''' la-'''
* The '''Plural Definite Article''' is: ''' -'''
* The '''Paucal Definite Article''' is: ''' -'''

* The '''Singular Indefinite Article''' is: '''a-'''
* The '''Plural Indefinite Article''' is: ''' -'''
* The '''Paucal Indefinite Article''' is: ''' -'''

====Case====

===State===

====Absolute State====

====Construct State====

==Modifiers==

===Adjectives===

===Adverbs===

==Particles==

==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==

==Other resources==




[[Category:Eḥeiθymme]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Ahāmatya

2019-10-01T06:19:51Z

Deltaquebec: /* Verbs */

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="float:right;" width="35%"
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffffff; font-size:1.2em;" | '''Vasa Ahāmatya Manān Etjelletyandaljān''' [ˈva.sa a.haːˈmat.ja ˈma.na:n ɛˌtjɛl.lɛt.janˈda.lja:n]
|-
| '''Creator:''' || Daniel Quigley
|-
| '''Spoken in:''' || Mana Etjelletyandalja
|-
| '''World:''' || ''Leaves'' Stories
|-
| '''Total Speakers:''' || ~ 10,000,000
|-
| '''Basic word order:''' || Subject-Object-Verb
|-
| '''Morphological Type:''' || Synthetic
|-
| '''Morphosyntactic Alignment:''' || Nominative-Accusative
|-
| '''Inspirations:''' || Sanskrit, Finnish, Russian, Latin, English, Quenya, Ancient Greek, Classical Persian
|-
| '''Status:''' || In Progress
|-
| '''Link to full documentation:''' || *forthcoming*
|}

'''Vasa Ahāmatya Manān Etjelletyandaljān''' is an ''a priori'' artistic constructed language in development by Daniel Quigley, providing the framework for which the author’s creative works and worldbuilding are guided. '''Vasa Ahāmatya Manān Etjelletyandaljān''' or just '''Ahāmatya''' is the standardized, formal, and literary register of language of Mana Etjelletyandalja, in contrast to the variable dialects collectively referred to as '''Vasa Vrjāmatya Manān Etjelletyandaljān''' or just '''Vrjāmatya'''.

'''Ahāmatya''' is a relatively conservative language. Loan words have found their way into '''Vrjāmatya''', but are mostly deliberately avoided in '''Ahāmatya'''. If one were to use a non-native word, then one would do so either indirectly via some periphrastic construction, or by simply employing the nearest approximation available in the language.

'''Ahāmatya''' is typologically a synthetic, fusional language. Nouns and modifiers are inflected for number and case. Other modifiers, such as adverbs, are not inflected in the same way, though similarities may be found in certain contexts. Nouns exhibit a class distinction, of which may be determined either by the phonology or the morphology. Verbs are inflected for aspect, time, valency, and mood. Some particles are inflected for number and case. '''Ahāmatya''' is a Nominative-Accusative aligned language, and has relatively free word order because of its case-marking, though word order tends towards S-O-V.

==Introduction==

===Setting===

The people of Mana Etjelletyandalja are rather homogeneous in language, culture, and identity, though there exists a gradient of such things in a north-south direction, running along the length of the land. '''Ahāmatya''' is the formal language, used in official capacities and as the literary language. The spoken languages of Mana Etjelletyandalja are collectively referred to as '''Vrjāmatya'''.

'''Ahāmatya''' and '''Vrjāmatya''' are related, both having descended from a parent language, often referred to as '''Vasa Ururya Manān Etjelletyandaljān'''. This is a little misleading, however, in that '''Vasa Ururya Manān Etjelletyandaljān''' was actually a loose collection of highly related dialects, which over time enveloped Mana Etjelletyandalja, displacing the various native languages and dialects. There is little differentiation between '''Ahāmatya''' and '''Vasa Ururya Manān Etjelletyandaljān'''. Most speakers of '''Vrjāmatya''' do not readily distinguish the one from the other, and consider them to be a continuous entity.

===Etymology===

The perfective participle '''ahāmatya''' is a compound consisting of '''aha-''' “together deliberately, bring together with intent, an indication of a union of things thought as one” and '''amatya''' “made, built”. The former is a prefix that may be appended to verbs or nouns, and the latter is the perfective participle of the verb '''mat-''' “do, make, form”. Therefore, the meaning may be interpreted as “well prepared, refined, put together”. Since participle forms may act either as nominals or as modifiers, it is common to see '''ahāmatya''' stand alone, in which case it is thought of as a nominal, with the implication of “(that which is) well prepared, refined, put together”, where the items in parentheses are understood.

The full form, '''Vasa Ahāmatya Manān Etjelletyandaljān''' is built from '''vasa''' “language, speech”, '''manān''' is the genitive form of '''mana''' "land". '''Etjelletyandaljān''' is a more difficult word to analyze. It is composed of '''etjellet-''' which is the perfective form of the transitive
verb '''tjellet-''', itself derived from the noun '''tjelle''' “sky, heaven”. '''tjellet-''', then, has the meaning “to sky someone, to adore someone or something, to put someone or something on high”. '''etjelletya''', then, is the participle form “(that which is) adored, put on high”. The '''-nda-''' element is the augmentive, and the '''-lja-''' is a morpheme used to convert nouns into adjectives. '''Mana Etjelletyandalja''' is the full, poetic name for the land, meaning “the most adored or most favored land”. The final '''-n''', with the lengthened vowel, is the genitive case marker. Besides being a poetic form, the notion of putting something or someone up on high, with connotations of putting them to the sky, works in a literal sense and refers to the magnificent mountains that dominate the skies and run the length of the land. These mountains are an important cultural and historical agent.

Taken altogether, '''Vasa Ahāmatya Manān Etjelletyandaljān''' translates to “the refined language of the most revered land”.

===Goals===

The driving goal of '''Ahāmatya''' is to provide a framework for the author’s creative works and worldbuilding. To that end, '''Ahāmatya''' ought to be a naturalistic constructed language, and ought to be pleasant to look at and to hear (admittedly, this is wholly subjective, and others may disagree with to the extent to which this was fulfilled).

===Development, Inspiration, Forthcoming===

The history of '''Ahāmatya''' as a constructed language is traceable to its earliest incarnations some ten or so years, the oldest, unchanged words being '''ive''' "bird", '''mana''' "land", and '''tura''' "strong". Since the development of the language has been a continuous evolution, with starts and stops, it is difficult to put an exact timeline of evolution. It is an on-going process, and will likely remain so.

Because much of the creative works and worldbuilding for which '''Ahāmatya''' guides concern themselves with cultural contact, exchange, and conflict, the two dominant languages of the world, '''Ahāmatya''' and [[Eḥeiθymmen Amran|'''Eḥeiθymme''']], are deliberately designed to be dissimilar, with regards to the make-up and feel of the language. The inspirations of the language include, but are not limited to, Sanskrit, Finnish, Russian, Latin, English, Quenya, Ancient Greek, and Classical Persian. While some overlap exists in the inspirations for '''Ahāmatya''' and '''Eḥeiθymme''', any overt similarities are deliberately avoided.

A more in-depth and detailed documentation is forthcoming, which includes in-universe terminology for grammatical categories and descriptions. The author hopes to someday have the creative works published.

==Phonology==




===Consonants===
'''Ahāmatya''' has five major places of articulation and six manners of articulation. Furthermore, there exists a distinction between palatalized consonants and non-palatalized consonants, and in the context of labial nasals and stops, aspirated consonants and non-aspirated consonants. '''Ahāmatya''', then, has thirty-three consonants in total, seven of which exist as allophones. Consonants in parentheses are allophones of their unvoiced counterparts.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Consonant Inventory of Ahāmatya'''
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Labial
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Alveolar
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Palatal
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Velar
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Glottal
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|hard}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|soft}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|hard}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|soft}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|soft}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|hard}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|soft}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|hard}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|soft}}
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Nasal
| style="text-align: center;" | '''m''' = [m]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''mh''' = [mh]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''n''' = [n]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''nj''' = [nj]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''ŋ''' = [ŋ]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''ŋj''' = [ŋj]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Stop
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|unvoiced}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''p''' = [p]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''ph''' = [ph]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''t''' = [t]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''tj''' = [tj]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''k''' = [k]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''kj''' = [kj]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|voiced}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(b)''' = [b]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(bh)''' = [bh]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(d)''' = [d]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(dj)''' = [dj]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(g)''' = [g]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(gj)''' = [gj]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Fricative
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|unvoiced}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''f''' = [f]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''s''' = [s]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''sj''' = [sj]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''x''' = [x]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''h''' = [h]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''hj''' = [hj]
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|voiced}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''v''' = [v]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''vj''' = [vj]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(ɣ)''' = [ɣ]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Trill
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''r''' = [r]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''rj''' = [rj]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Semi-Vowel
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | '''w''' = [w]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''y''' = [j]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Liquid
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''l''' = [l]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''lj''' = [lj]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|}

===Vowels and Diphthongs===

'''Ahāmatya''' has four short vowels and four long vowels, a distinction manifested as the long vowels' sound being held twice as long as short vowels' sound.

The short vowels are following: '''i''', '''e''', '''a''', '''u'''. The long vowels are following: '''ī''', '''ē''', '''ā''', '''ū'''. Note that, when spoken, there is some variation in the actual pronunciation of /ɛ:/, and may be more accurately pronounced as [e:].

'''Ahāmatya''' has six diphthongs, all of which have length equivalent to long vowels. The diphthongs are the following: '''ei''', '''ai''', '''ui''', '''iu''', '''eu''', '''au'''.

{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" border="1" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Vowel and Diphthong Inventory of Ahāmatya'''
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Short
! colspan="2" |Long
|-
! {{small|Front}}
! {{small|Back}}
! {{small|Front}}
! {{small|Back}}
|- style="text-align: center;"
!High
| '''i''' = [i]
| '''u''' = [u]
| '''ī''' = [i:]
| '''ū''' = [u:]
|- style="text-align: center;"
!Mid
| '''e''' = [ɛ] ~ [e]
|
| '''ē''' = [ɛ:] ~ [e:]
|
|- style="text-align: center;"
!Low
| colspan="2" |'''a''' = [a]
| colspan="2" |'''ā''' = [a:]
|- style="text-align: center;"
!Diphthongs
| colspan="4" |'''ei''' = [ej], '''ai''' = [aj], '''ui''' = [uj], '''iu''' = [ju] , '''eu''' = [ew], '''au''' = [aw]
|}

There are some contexts in which a vowel sequence is not a diphthong. This usually occurs when a long vowel is then appended to by a short vowel. This is represented by an acute diacritic replacing the macron over the long vowel. This has an effect of reducing the length of the long vowel to a short vowel, and both vowels in the sequence carry their own distinct syllabification. This may be seen in the following:

* '''āi''' → '''ái''' = '''a-i'''

* '''āu''' → '''áu''' = '''a-u'''

===Prosody and Stress===
There are as many syllables in an '''Ahāmatya''' word as there are separate vowels and diphthongs. Additionally, a cliticized '''[m, n, v, l, s]''' may carry its own syllable weight.

Stress is predictable, and manifests as primary and secondary stress. Secondary stress is placed upon the first syllable of a word, provided that that syllable is not a prefix, clitic, a reduplicated element, or augment. In that case, the secondary stress finds where the first syllable of the word is that is not one of those items, i.e., the root, and then provides the stress at that location. Primary stress falls upon the penultimate syllable.

Syllable structure generally follows two explicit rules, which themselves are detailed on various levels.

'''1. A consonant before a vowel, or a consonant cluster at the beginning of a word, forms the syllable onset.'''
* A singular consonant forms the onset of the syllable.
'''tjelle''' [ˈtjɛl.lɛ] CVC.CV "sky"
'''tala''' [ˈta.la] CV.CV "high"
'''ive''' [ˈi.vɛ] V.CV "bird"
* A consonant cluster of arbitrary length (maximum four) at the beginning of a word forms the onset of the syllable.
'''vrjāmatya''' [vrja:ˈmat.ja] CCVV.CVC.CV "original, natural"
'''mrja''' [ˈmrja] CCV "spirit"
* A word affixed with an arbitrary number of prefixes retains its syllabic structure independent of those syllables appended to it, and the affix retains its own syllabic structure.
'''epprja''' [ɛpˈprja] VC.CCV "in front of a cat"
'''phelarya''' [phɛlˈar.ja] CVC.VC.CV "beside the friend"
* Word initial clusters formed via the cliticization of '''[m, n, v, l, s]''' may either meld into that consonant cluster, forming the coda of the word initial syllable, or may carry syllabic weight themselves.
'''v-mrja''' [ˈvmrja] CCCV "in the spirit"
'''v-mrja''' [vˈmrja] C.CCV "in the spirit"
'''s-vlja''' [ˈsvlja] CCCV "as the wolf"
'''s-vlja''' [sˈvlja] C.CCV "as the wolf"

'''2. Consonant clusters tend to be broken word internally.'''
* Lengthened consonants are always separated, with the first consonant joined with the preceding vowel forming the coda of that syllable, and the second consonant joined to the following vowel, forming the onset of that syllable.
'''tjelle''' [ˈtjɛl.lɛ] CVC.CV "sky"
'''anna''' [ˈan.na] VC.CV "beneficial"
'''emmatta''' [ˌɛmˈmat.ta] VC.CVC.CV "dear flower"
* Word internal clusters are regularly separated, and the first consonant of the combination is joined with the preceding vowel, forming the coda of that syllable.
'''mandrya''' [ˈman.drja] CVC.CCV "power"
* Cluster onsets in syllables of the form CrV, CrjV, ClV, CljV are considered a single unit, and are not separated, and are thus exempt from the above rule.
'''atamrjamma''' [a.taˈmrjam.ma] V.CV.CCVC.CV "in the company of a (dear) spirit"
'''epprja''' [ɛpˈprja] VC.CCV "in front of a cat"
'''yavendra''' [ˌjaˈvɛn.dra] VC.CCV "and of vowels"

Finally, of note, is that there exist two diphthongs that, if they were to exist in a non-stressed syllable, they will then collapse into a long vowel (or short vowel, in the context of plurality, see below). Which diphthong collapses into which vowel is shown here:

* '''ei''' → '''ī'''

* '''ai''' → '''ē'''

==Morphology==


==Nouns==
'''Ahāmatya''' nouns can be declined into six cases, three numbers, and four classes.

===Class===
'''Ahāmatya''' nouns exhibit a kind of noun class system. Nouns have four classes: '''Class I''' nouns, called "a-theme" nouns; '''Class II''' nouns, called "e-theme" nouns; '''Class III''' nouns, called "u-theme" nouns; '''Class IV''' nouns, called "other" nouns. "a-theme", "e-theme", and "u-theme" are so-named because the vowels "a", "e", and "u" that appear as the final sound in their respective nouns in the singular root. "other" is so-named as a catch-all for words that are not "a-theme", "e-theme", or "u-theme". The phonological environment determines whether a noun is Class I or Class II, and is readily predictable. Class III nouns tend to be derived. Class IV nouns are almost always derived, and feature variable endings.

The thematic vowel in the ultimate syllable is determined by the vowel in the penultimate syllable and the consonants in the coda of that syllable and/or the onset of the ultimate syllable. Barring a few exceptions, this is a predictable machination. The consonants at the boundary of the penultimate and the ultimate vowel can be divided into four categories: '''continuative short''', '''continuative long''', '''terminative short''', and '''terminative long'''.
* '''Continuative short''' consonants are: '''m''', '''f''', '''n''', '''s''', '''ŋ''', '''x''', '''l''', '''h'''
* '''Continuative long''' consonants are: '''mm''', '''v''', '''nn''', '''ss''', '''ɤ''', '''ll'''
* '''Terminative short''' consonants are: '''p''', '''t''', '''k''', '''y''', '''w''', '''r'''
* '''Terminative long''' consonants are: '''pp''', '''b''', '''t''', '''tt''', '''d''', '''k''', '''kk''', '''g''', '''rr''', palatalized consonants, aspirated consonants, non-geminate consonant clusters.

The penultimate vowel, followed by one of the above mentioned boundary consonants, will determine the ultimate vowel, and thus, its class. This is illustrated in the table below. Vowels listed along the leftmost column are penultimate vowels. If one of these is followed by one of the four consonant boundary types, then the ultimate vowel, i.e., the theme vowel, is given.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Determination of Noun Class I and Noun Class II'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Penultimate Vowel
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Continuative Short
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Continuative Long
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Terminative Short
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Terminative Long
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | i
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | e
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | u
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ī
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | e
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ē
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ā
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ū
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ei
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ai
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ui
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | iu
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | eu
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | au
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|}

===Number===
Number in '''Ahāmatya''' nouns is represented by the noun root existing as a '''singular stem''', a '''comprehensive plural stem''', or a '''paucal plural stem'''. These are appended to by the case marker.

The '''singular''' is the unmarked form of the noun.

* '''ive-''' "bird"

* '''mana-''' "land"

* '''vrunnu-''' "robin"

The '''comprehensive plural''' is marked by '''-i'''. If the stem ends in a diphthong which would collapse into a long vowel in non-stressed syllables, then it does so, but into a short vowel. The comprehensive plural has an intrinsic meaning of "all of that about which I am speaking in this context".

* '''ivei-''' → '''ivi-''' "birds"

* '''manai-''' → '''mane-''' "lands"

* '''vrunnui-''' "robins"

The '''paucal plural''' is marked by '''-u'''. The paucal plural has an intrinsic meaning of "some or a few of that about which I am speaking in this context".

* '''iveu-''' "some birds"

* '''manau-''' "some lands"

* '''vrunnuu-''' → '''vrunnū-''' "some robins"

There are some nouns in '''Ahāmatya''' which are lexically plural. To form the singular, the suffix '''-ela''' is used.

* '''emma''' → '''emmela''' "flower"
* '''ahhra''' → '''ahhrela''' "star"
* '''epha''' → '''ephela''' "eye"
* '''ŋrā''' → '''ŋrela''' "frog"

===Case===

There are six cases in '''Ahāmatya'''. Many cases are also used as objects of the preposition, most of which are predictable.

==== Nominative Case ====

The nominative case indicates the '''subject''' of a transitive and intransitive verb, the '''predicate''' (this is variably marked also by an additional morpheme), and the '''object''' of some prepositions The nominative case is marked by '''-n''', and has an allomorph in '''-r''', which manifests in the usual way.

* '''''Iven''' nenna''. "The bird is sleeping."
* '''''Iven''' henelān vuhra''. "The bird is eating the pig."

In the instance of a predicate-like construction of the form '''X is Y''', the X and Y are marked by the nominative, but X has an additional affix '''-avjas''' after the nominative marking. This may be understood as an additional nominative case in full as '''-navjas''' or '''-ravjas'''.

* '''''Ivenavjas''' ururyandan''. "The bird is old."
* '''''Iudēravjas''' ettan ururyanden''. Those birds are old ducks.

The nominative case indicates a number of objects of the preposition, usually in some relationship independent of motion or physical location.

* '''aphra-ljān''' "against the water"
* '''aha-lavraiden''' "with, together with, the rings"
* '''an-atalaiyen''' "as the king"
* '''hai-vamelan''' "via the shore"
* '''san-mwān''' "like the butterfly"
* '''v-eimen''' "in (a state of) love"
* '''vrja-mettan''' "with, together with the trees"

==== Accusative1 Case ====

The accusative1 case is one of two accusative cases in '''Ahāmatya''', and indicates the '''object''' of an '''imperfective aspect verb''', and the '''object''' of some prepositions. The accusative1 case is marked by '''-i'''. This may cause additional vowel sound change in the usual way where applicable.

* ''Iven '''henele''' vuhra''. "The bird is eating the pig."
* ''Ljumruran ''' vrunnui''' eta''. "The cormorant was speaking to the robin."

The accusative1 case indicates objects of the preposition involving motion with respect to some region.

* '''i-mette''' "into the forest"
* '''ehda-sridde''' "toward, prior to the summer"
* '''phel-kjele''' "after, beside the mountain"
* '''le-ljái''' "out of, from the water"

==== Accusative2 Case ====

The accusative2 case is one of two accusative cases in '''Ahāmatya''', and indicates the '''object''' of a '''perfect aspect verb''', and the '''object''' of some prepositions. The accusative2 case is marked by '''-ir'''. This may cause additional vowel sound change in the usual way where applicable.

* ''Iven '''heneler''' uvuxa''. "The bird had eaten the pig."
* ''Ljumruran ''' vrunnuir''' ēta''. "The cormorant had eaten the robin."

The accusative2 case indicates objects of the preposition involving motion or location with respect to some boundary of a region.

* '''ehda-luimir''' "until first spring"
* '''ui-ember''' "upon the face"
* '''lu-ljáir''' "under the water"
* '''ar-maner''' "around, surrounding the land"
* '''nai-maner''' "over the land"

==== Dative Case ====

The dative case indicates the '''indirect object''' of a verb, and the '''object''' of some prepositions. The dative case is marked by '''-a'''.

* ''Vrunnur '''ljumrurā''' eveya''. "The robin had mourned for the cormorant."
* ''Atalairdan lavraidi '''ivea''' avra''. "The emperor is giving the ring to the bird."

The dative case indicates objects of the preposition involving motion or location with respect to the surrounding of some boundary of a region.

* '''nur-sriddā''' "through/during the summer"
* '''mal-Elyā''' "on behalf of Elya"

==== Genitive Case ====

The genitive case indicates '''ownership''' irrespective of time, '''origin''' of/from a location, '''partitive''', '''topic''' of/about, some '''predicativity''', '''composition''' or '''substance''', and the '''object''' of some prepositions. The genitive case is marked similarly to the nominative case, with the exception of lengthening the final vowel before the '''-n''' or '''-r'''.

When describing that something is composed of a substance, the Genitive is used in concert with the suffix '''-uda'''.

* '''lavraide kaludān''' "stone ring; ring of stone"
* '''kavra memudān''' "wool cloth; cloth made of wool"

The genitive case indicates objects of the preposition involving relationships between nouns.

* '''ehba-idūr''' "without light"
* '''amha-aryēn''' "with/having friends"

==== Vocative Case ====

The vocative case indicates that which is '''directly addressed'''. A noun in the vocative case is the '''citation form''' of the word in a reference. The vocative case is unmarked, or, to be more precise, is marked with '''-∅'''.

==== Summary Table ====

Class I, Class II, and Class III nouns have a fairly regular and predictable declination.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Class I, Class II, and Class III Nouns in Ahāmatya '''
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ive- "bird"
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | mana- "land"
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | vrunnu- "robin"
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Singular}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Comprehensive Plural}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Paucal Plural}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Singular}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Comprehensive Plural}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Paucal Plural}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Singular}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Comprehensive Plural}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Paucal Plural}}
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Nominative
| style="text-align: center;" | ''iven''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivir''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''iveur''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manan''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manen''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manaur''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnur''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnuir''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnūr''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Accusative1
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivi''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivī''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivevi''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mane''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mani''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manavi''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnui''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnuí''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnúi''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Accusative2
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivir''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivīr''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivevir''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''maner''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manīr''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manavir''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnuir''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnuír''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnúir''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Dative
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivea''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivia''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''iveva''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manā''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manea''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manava''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnua''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnuya''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnúa''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Genitive
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivēn''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivīr''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''iveúr''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manān''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manēn''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manaúr''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnūr''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnuír''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnūr''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Vocative
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ive''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivi''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''iveu''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mana''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mane''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manau''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnu''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnui''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnū''
|}

Class IV nouns are variable in their form, but nouns ending in '''-ā''' or in '''-i''' are the most represented of this class.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Class IV Nouns in Ahāmatya '''
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ljā- "water"
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | aili- "jay"
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Singular}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Comprehensive Plural}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Paucal Plural}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Singular}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Comprehensive Plural}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Paucal Plural}}
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Nominative
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljān''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljáir''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljáur''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailir''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailīr''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailiur''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Accusative1
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljái''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljái''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljavi''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailī''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailī''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailivi''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Accusative2
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljáir''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljēr''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljavir''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailīr''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailīr''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailivir''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Dative
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljā''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljáiya''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljava''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailia''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailía''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailiva''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Genitive
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljān''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljēr''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljaúr''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailīr''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailīr''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailíur''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Vocative
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljā''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljái''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljáu''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''aili''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailī''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailiu''
|}

===Prepositions===

Prepositions in '''Ahāmatya''' are enclitics with respect to nouns, of which are their objects of the preposition. Such enclitics are syntactic words, but are dependent entirely on their host word and the host word's case.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Prepositions with Respect to Noun Cases in Ahāmatya '''
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Case
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Nominative
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Accusative1
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Accusative2
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Dative
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Genitive
|-
! rowspan="10" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Preposition
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''aphra-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | against
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''i-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | into
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''ehda-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | until
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''nur-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | through, during
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''ehba-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | without
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''aha-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | with, together with
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''ehda-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | toward, prior to
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''ui-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | upon
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''mal-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | on behalf of
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''amha-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | with, having
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''n-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | as
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''phel-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | beside, by
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''lu-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | under
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''hai-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | via, by way of
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''le-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | out of, after
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''ar-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | around
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''san-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | like, as
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''nai-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | over
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''v-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | in (a state of)
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''vrja-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | with, together with
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|}

==Verbs==

Verbs in '''Ahāmatya''' are inflected for aspect, time, mood, voice, and person. Aspect and time combine to yield eight tenses. Verbs may be derived from nouns and adjectives into either transitive or intransitive verbs.

The general template of a verb in '''Ahāmatya''' is the following:

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! colspan="3" | Stem
! colspan="3" | Tense
! colspan="4" | Deixis
|-
| Preverbs
| '''Root'''
| Derivation
| Aspect
| Derivation
| Time
| Mood
| Derivation
| Voice
| Person
|}

Note that, although presented here concatenatively, components of tense may be nonconcatenative.

===Tense===

'''Ahāmatya''' distinguishes between two aspects: the '''Imperfective''' aspect indicates a continuous action, and is unmarked, or marked by '''-∅-'''; the '''Perfect''' aspect indicates a completed action prior to some event in context, and is marked by '''augmenting''' the root vowel of the verb.

Time is distinguished between '''Past''' time, marked by '''-n-''' indicating actions in the past, and '''Non-Past''' time, marked by '''-t-''', indicating actions not in the past. Within '''Non-Past''' time are present and future times, where the future is identical to the present with the addition of an explicit prefix '''le-''', itself a cliticized form of an independent word. Aspect and time combine to yield tense. Additionally, there exists a '''Gnomic''', or "timeless", time, which is used in concert with aspect to indicate general truths or aphorisms independent of a contextual time. Verbs in the gnomic are marked by lengthening the root vowel.

* The '''Imperfective Gnomic Tense''' indicates an ongoing or incomplete action independent of time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and gnomic time.

* The '''Imperfective Past Tense''' indicates an ongoing or incomplete action in the past time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and past time.

* The '''Imperfective Non-Past Present Tense''' indicates an ongoing action in the non-past present time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and non-past time.

* The '''Imperfective Non-Past Future Tense''' indicates an ongoing action in the non-past future time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and non-past time.

* The '''Perfect Gnomic Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another completed action independent of time. It is the composition of perfect aspect and gnomic time.

* The '''Perfect Past Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another completed action. It is the composition of perfect aspect and past time.

* The '''Perfect Non-Past Present Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another action in the present time. It is the composition of perfect aspect and non-past time.

* The '''Perfect Non-Past Future Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another action in the future time. It is the composition of perfect aspect and non-past time.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Tense Construction in Ahāmatya, mat- "to do"'''
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Gnomic Time
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|Present Time}}
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|Future Time}}
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | ''m'''ā'''t-''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mat'''''n-''' → ''ma'''''n'''''d-''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mat'''''t-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''le-'''''mat'''''t-'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | '''a'''''m'''ā'''t-''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''a'''''mat'''''n-''' → '''a'''''ma'''''n'''''d-''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''a'''''mat'''''t-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''le-a'''''mat'''''t-'''
|}

===Mood===

'''Ahāmatya''' has two distinctly marked moods:

* The '''Indicative''' mood indicates factual statements, inquiry of simple questions, and the statement of beliefs, and is marked by '''-a-'''
* The '''Subjunctive''' mood indicates imaginary or hypothetical actions, conveys opinions or emotions, or conveys requests, and is marked by '''-(u)ra-'''

In both the indicative and subjunctive moods for the gnomic tenses, the final '''-a''' is replaced with '''-i'''.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Tense, Mood Construction in Ahāmatya, mat- "to do"'''
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Gnomic Time
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|Present Time}}
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|Future Time}}
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|indicative}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''māt'''''i-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mand'''''a-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''matt'''''a-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-matt'''''a-'''
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|subjunctive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''māt'''''ri-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mand'''''ra-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''matt'''''ura-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-matt'''''ura-'''
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|indicative}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amāt'''''i-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amand'''''a-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amatt'''''a-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-amatt'''''a-'''
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|subjunctive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amāt'''''ri-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amand'''''ra-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amatt'''''ura-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-amatt'''''ura-'''
|}

===Voice===

'''Ahāmatya''' has two voices:

* The '''active voice''' indicates that the subject is performing the action denoted by the verb, and is unmarked, or marked by '''-∅-'''
* The '''passive voice''' indicates that the subject is acted upon by the verb, and is marked by '''-(h)ehba-''', and displaces the final vowel from the mood

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Tense, Mood, Voice Construction in Ahāmatya, mat- "to do"'''
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Gnomic Time
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|Present Time}}
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|Future Time}}
|-
! rowspan="4" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{small|indicative}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|active}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''māti'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manda'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''matta'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-matta'''''∅-'''
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|passive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''māt'''''hehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mand'''''hehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''matte'''''hehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-matte'''''hehba-'''
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{small|subjunctive}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|active}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mātri'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mandra'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mattura'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-mattura'''''∅-'''
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|passive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mātr'''''ehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mandr'''''ehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mattur'''''hehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-mattur'''''hehba-'''
|-
! rowspan="4" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{small|indicative}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|active}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amāti'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amanda'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amatta'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-amatta'''''∅-'''
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|passive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amāt'''''hehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amand'''''hehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amatt'''''ehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-amatt'''''ehba-'''
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{small|subjunctive}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|active}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amātri'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amandra'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amattura'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-amattura'''''∅-'''
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|passive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amātr'''''ehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amandr'''''ehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amattur'''''hehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-amattur'''''hehba-'''
|}

===Conjugation===

Verbs in '''Ahāmatya''' are inflected for three grammatical persons. The forms of the person marking are dependent on the aspect and transitivity of the verb, the rules governing sound change notwithstanding. Person conjugation for the gnomic tenses are unique, and are thus presented separately.

====Imperfective and Imperative Endings====

The person endings for imperfective transitive and intransitive verbs take the following form:

{| class="wikitable" border="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="1"| Singular
!colspan="1"| Comprehensive Plural
!colspan="1"| Paucal Plural
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 1st
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -n
| style="text-align: center;" | -s
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -nen
| style="text-align: center;" | -nes
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 2nd
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -va
| style="text-align: center;" | -vna
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -neva
| style="text-align: center;" | -nevna
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 3rd
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -a
| style="text-align: center;" | -a
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -na
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
|}

The imperative is not a true mood in '''Ahāmatya''', as it is only an extension of person marking, and only exists for imperfective non-past verbs. Such person endings take the following form:

{| class="wikitable" border="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="1"| Singular
!colspan="1"| Comprehensive Plural
!colspan="1"| Paucal Plural
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 1st
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -nni
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -nni
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 2nd
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -vani
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -nevani
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 3rd
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -ani
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -nani
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
|}

====Perfect Endings====

The person endings for perfect transitive and intransitive verbs take the following form:

{| class="wikitable" border="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="1"| Singular
!colspan="1"| Comprehensive Plural
!colspan="1"| Paucal Plural
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 1st
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -ra
| style="text-align: center;" | -rra
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -nera
| style="text-align: center;" | -nerra
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 2nd
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -m
| style="text-align: center;" | -mma
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -nem
| style="text-align: center;" | -nemma
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 3rd
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -ya
| style="text-align: center;" | -ya
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -neya
| style="text-align: center;" | -neya
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
|}

====Gnomic Endings====

The person endings for gnomic verbs take the following form:

{| class="wikitable" border="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="1"| Singular
!colspan="1"| Comprehensive Plural
!colspan="1"| Paucal Plural
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 1st
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 2nd
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 3rd
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
|}

====Middle Voice Endings====

To account for reflexivity, '''Ahāmatya''' has a kind of "middle voice" extant as person endings, which have the the following forms:

{| class="wikitable" border="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="1"| Singular
!colspan="1"| Comprehensive Plural
!colspan="1"| Paucal Plural
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 1st
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 2nd
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 3rd
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
|}

===Preverbs===

===Verb Forms===

====Derivations From Verbs====

====Derivations To Verbs====

===Comprehensive Example===

==Modifiers==

===Adjectives===

===Adverbs===

==Particles==

==Derivational Morphology==



==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==

==Other resources==




[[Category:Ahāmatya]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Ahāmatya

2019-10-01T05:44:00Z

Deltaquebec: /* Verbs */

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="float:right;" width="35%"
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffffff; font-size:1.2em;" | '''Vasa Ahāmatya Manān Etjelletyandaljān''' [ˈva.sa a.haːˈmat.ja ˈma.na:n ɛˌtjɛl.lɛt.janˈda.lja:n]
|-
| '''Creator:''' || Daniel Quigley
|-
| '''Spoken in:''' || Mana Etjelletyandalja
|-
| '''World:''' || ''Leaves'' Stories
|-
| '''Total Speakers:''' || ~ 10,000,000
|-
| '''Basic word order:''' || Subject-Object-Verb
|-
| '''Morphological Type:''' || Synthetic
|-
| '''Morphosyntactic Alignment:''' || Nominative-Accusative
|-
| '''Inspirations:''' || Sanskrit, Finnish, Russian, Latin, English, Quenya, Ancient Greek, Classical Persian
|-
| '''Status:''' || In Progress
|-
| '''Link to full documentation:''' || *forthcoming*
|}

'''Vasa Ahāmatya Manān Etjelletyandaljān''' is an ''a priori'' artistic constructed language in development by Daniel Quigley, providing the framework for which the author’s creative works and worldbuilding are guided. '''Vasa Ahāmatya Manān Etjelletyandaljān''' or just '''Ahāmatya''' is the standardized, formal, and literary register of language of Mana Etjelletyandalja, in contrast to the variable dialects collectively referred to as '''Vasa Vrjāmatya Manān Etjelletyandaljān''' or just '''Vrjāmatya'''.

'''Ahāmatya''' is a relatively conservative language. Loan words have found their way into '''Vrjāmatya''', but are mostly deliberately avoided in '''Ahāmatya'''. If one were to use a non-native word, then one would do so either indirectly via some periphrastic construction, or by simply employing the nearest approximation available in the language.

'''Ahāmatya''' is typologically a synthetic, fusional language. Nouns and modifiers are inflected for number and case. Other modifiers, such as adverbs, are not inflected in the same way, though similarities may be found in certain contexts. Nouns exhibit a class distinction, of which may be determined either by the phonology or the morphology. Verbs are inflected for aspect, time, valency, and mood. Some particles are inflected for number and case. '''Ahāmatya''' is a Nominative-Accusative aligned language, and has relatively free word order because of its case-marking, though word order tends towards S-O-V.

==Introduction==

===Setting===

The people of Mana Etjelletyandalja are rather homogeneous in language, culture, and identity, though there exists a gradient of such things in a north-south direction, running along the length of the land. '''Ahāmatya''' is the formal language, used in official capacities and as the literary language. The spoken languages of Mana Etjelletyandalja are collectively referred to as '''Vrjāmatya'''.

'''Ahāmatya''' and '''Vrjāmatya''' are related, both having descended from a parent language, often referred to as '''Vasa Ururya Manān Etjelletyandaljān'''. This is a little misleading, however, in that '''Vasa Ururya Manān Etjelletyandaljān''' was actually a loose collection of highly related dialects, which over time enveloped Mana Etjelletyandalja, displacing the various native languages and dialects. There is little differentiation between '''Ahāmatya''' and '''Vasa Ururya Manān Etjelletyandaljān'''. Most speakers of '''Vrjāmatya''' do not readily distinguish the one from the other, and consider them to be a continuous entity.

===Etymology===

The perfective participle '''ahāmatya''' is a compound consisting of '''aha-''' “together deliberately, bring together with intent, an indication of a union of things thought as one” and '''amatya''' “made, built”. The former is a prefix that may be appended to verbs or nouns, and the latter is the perfective participle of the verb '''mat-''' “do, make, form”. Therefore, the meaning may be interpreted as “well prepared, refined, put together”. Since participle forms may act either as nominals or as modifiers, it is common to see '''ahāmatya''' stand alone, in which case it is thought of as a nominal, with the implication of “(that which is) well prepared, refined, put together”, where the items in parentheses are understood.

The full form, '''Vasa Ahāmatya Manān Etjelletyandaljān''' is built from '''vasa''' “language, speech”, '''manān''' is the genitive form of '''mana''' "land". '''Etjelletyandaljān''' is a more difficult word to analyze. It is composed of '''etjellet-''' which is the perfective form of the transitive
verb '''tjellet-''', itself derived from the noun '''tjelle''' “sky, heaven”. '''tjellet-''', then, has the meaning “to sky someone, to adore someone or something, to put someone or something on high”. '''etjelletya''', then, is the participle form “(that which is) adored, put on high”. The '''-nda-''' element is the augmentive, and the '''-lja-''' is a morpheme used to convert nouns into adjectives. '''Mana Etjelletyandalja''' is the full, poetic name for the land, meaning “the most adored or most favored land”. The final '''-n''', with the lengthened vowel, is the genitive case marker. Besides being a poetic form, the notion of putting something or someone up on high, with connotations of putting them to the sky, works in a literal sense and refers to the magnificent mountains that dominate the skies and run the length of the land. These mountains are an important cultural and historical agent.

Taken altogether, '''Vasa Ahāmatya Manān Etjelletyandaljān''' translates to “the refined language of the most revered land”.

===Goals===

The driving goal of '''Ahāmatya''' is to provide a framework for the author’s creative works and worldbuilding. To that end, '''Ahāmatya''' ought to be a naturalistic constructed language, and ought to be pleasant to look at and to hear (admittedly, this is wholly subjective, and others may disagree with to the extent to which this was fulfilled).

===Development, Inspiration, Forthcoming===

The history of '''Ahāmatya''' as a constructed language is traceable to its earliest incarnations some ten or so years, the oldest, unchanged words being '''ive''' "bird", '''mana''' "land", and '''tura''' "strong". Since the development of the language has been a continuous evolution, with starts and stops, it is difficult to put an exact timeline of evolution. It is an on-going process, and will likely remain so.

Because much of the creative works and worldbuilding for which '''Ahāmatya''' guides concern themselves with cultural contact, exchange, and conflict, the two dominant languages of the world, '''Ahāmatya''' and [[Eḥeiθymmen Amran|'''Eḥeiθymme''']], are deliberately designed to be dissimilar, with regards to the make-up and feel of the language. The inspirations of the language include, but are not limited to, Sanskrit, Finnish, Russian, Latin, English, Quenya, Ancient Greek, and Classical Persian. While some overlap exists in the inspirations for '''Ahāmatya''' and '''Eḥeiθymme''', any overt similarities are deliberately avoided.

A more in-depth and detailed documentation is forthcoming, which includes in-universe terminology for grammatical categories and descriptions. The author hopes to someday have the creative works published.

==Phonology==




===Consonants===
'''Ahāmatya''' has five major places of articulation and six manners of articulation. Furthermore, there exists a distinction between palatalized consonants and non-palatalized consonants, and in the context of labial nasals and stops, aspirated consonants and non-aspirated consonants. '''Ahāmatya''', then, has thirty-three consonants in total, seven of which exist as allophones. Consonants in parentheses are allophones of their unvoiced counterparts.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Consonant Inventory of Ahāmatya'''
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Labial
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Alveolar
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Palatal
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Velar
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Glottal
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|hard}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|soft}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|hard}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|soft}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|soft}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|hard}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|soft}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|hard}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|soft}}
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Nasal
| style="text-align: center;" | '''m''' = [m]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''mh''' = [mh]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''n''' = [n]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''nj''' = [nj]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''ŋ''' = [ŋ]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''ŋj''' = [ŋj]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Stop
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|unvoiced}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''p''' = [p]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''ph''' = [ph]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''t''' = [t]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''tj''' = [tj]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''k''' = [k]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''kj''' = [kj]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|voiced}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(b)''' = [b]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(bh)''' = [bh]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(d)''' = [d]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(dj)''' = [dj]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(g)''' = [g]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(gj)''' = [gj]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Fricative
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|unvoiced}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''f''' = [f]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''s''' = [s]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''sj''' = [sj]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''x''' = [x]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''h''' = [h]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''hj''' = [hj]
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|voiced}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''v''' = [v]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''vj''' = [vj]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(ɣ)''' = [ɣ]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Trill
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''r''' = [r]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''rj''' = [rj]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Semi-Vowel
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | '''w''' = [w]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''y''' = [j]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Liquid
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''l''' = [l]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''lj''' = [lj]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|}

===Vowels and Diphthongs===

'''Ahāmatya''' has four short vowels and four long vowels, a distinction manifested as the long vowels' sound being held twice as long as short vowels' sound.

The short vowels are following: '''i''', '''e''', '''a''', '''u'''. The long vowels are following: '''ī''', '''ē''', '''ā''', '''ū'''. Note that, when spoken, there is some variation in the actual pronunciation of /ɛ:/, and may be more accurately pronounced as [e:].

'''Ahāmatya''' has six diphthongs, all of which have length equivalent to long vowels. The diphthongs are the following: '''ei''', '''ai''', '''ui''', '''iu''', '''eu''', '''au'''.

{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" border="1" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Vowel and Diphthong Inventory of Ahāmatya'''
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Short
! colspan="2" |Long
|-
! {{small|Front}}
! {{small|Back}}
! {{small|Front}}
! {{small|Back}}
|- style="text-align: center;"
!High
| '''i''' = [i]
| '''u''' = [u]
| '''ī''' = [i:]
| '''ū''' = [u:]
|- style="text-align: center;"
!Mid
| '''e''' = [ɛ] ~ [e]
|
| '''ē''' = [ɛ:] ~ [e:]
|
|- style="text-align: center;"
!Low
| colspan="2" |'''a''' = [a]
| colspan="2" |'''ā''' = [a:]
|- style="text-align: center;"
!Diphthongs
| colspan="4" |'''ei''' = [ej], '''ai''' = [aj], '''ui''' = [uj], '''iu''' = [ju] , '''eu''' = [ew], '''au''' = [aw]
|}

There are some contexts in which a vowel sequence is not a diphthong. This usually occurs when a long vowel is then appended to by a short vowel. This is represented by an acute diacritic replacing the macron over the long vowel. This has an effect of reducing the length of the long vowel to a short vowel, and both vowels in the sequence carry their own distinct syllabification. This may be seen in the following:

* '''āi''' → '''ái''' = '''a-i'''

* '''āu''' → '''áu''' = '''a-u'''

===Prosody and Stress===
There are as many syllables in an '''Ahāmatya''' word as there are separate vowels and diphthongs. Additionally, a cliticized '''[m, n, v, l, s]''' may carry its own syllable weight.

Stress is predictable, and manifests as primary and secondary stress. Secondary stress is placed upon the first syllable of a word, provided that that syllable is not a prefix, clitic, a reduplicated element, or augment. In that case, the secondary stress finds where the first syllable of the word is that is not one of those items, i.e., the root, and then provides the stress at that location. Primary stress falls upon the penultimate syllable.

Syllable structure generally follows two explicit rules, which themselves are detailed on various levels.

'''1. A consonant before a vowel, or a consonant cluster at the beginning of a word, forms the syllable onset.'''
* A singular consonant forms the onset of the syllable.
'''tjelle''' [ˈtjɛl.lɛ] CVC.CV "sky"
'''tala''' [ˈta.la] CV.CV "high"
'''ive''' [ˈi.vɛ] V.CV "bird"
* A consonant cluster of arbitrary length (maximum four) at the beginning of a word forms the onset of the syllable.
'''vrjāmatya''' [vrja:ˈmat.ja] CCVV.CVC.CV "original, natural"
'''mrja''' [ˈmrja] CCV "spirit"
* A word affixed with an arbitrary number of prefixes retains its syllabic structure independent of those syllables appended to it, and the affix retains its own syllabic structure.
'''epprja''' [ɛpˈprja] VC.CCV "in front of a cat"
'''phelarya''' [phɛlˈar.ja] CVC.VC.CV "beside the friend"
* Word initial clusters formed via the cliticization of '''[m, n, v, l, s]''' may either meld into that consonant cluster, forming the coda of the word initial syllable, or may carry syllabic weight themselves.
'''v-mrja''' [ˈvmrja] CCCV "in the spirit"
'''v-mrja''' [vˈmrja] C.CCV "in the spirit"
'''s-vlja''' [ˈsvlja] CCCV "as the wolf"
'''s-vlja''' [sˈvlja] C.CCV "as the wolf"

'''2. Consonant clusters tend to be broken word internally.'''
* Lengthened consonants are always separated, with the first consonant joined with the preceding vowel forming the coda of that syllable, and the second consonant joined to the following vowel, forming the onset of that syllable.
'''tjelle''' [ˈtjɛl.lɛ] CVC.CV "sky"
'''anna''' [ˈan.na] VC.CV "beneficial"
'''emmatta''' [ˌɛmˈmat.ta] VC.CVC.CV "dear flower"
* Word internal clusters are regularly separated, and the first consonant of the combination is joined with the preceding vowel, forming the coda of that syllable.
'''mandrya''' [ˈman.drja] CVC.CCV "power"
* Cluster onsets in syllables of the form CrV, CrjV, ClV, CljV are considered a single unit, and are not separated, and are thus exempt from the above rule.
'''atamrjamma''' [a.taˈmrjam.ma] V.CV.CCVC.CV "in the company of a (dear) spirit"
'''epprja''' [ɛpˈprja] VC.CCV "in front of a cat"
'''yavendra''' [ˌjaˈvɛn.dra] VC.CCV "and of vowels"

Finally, of note, is that there exist two diphthongs that, if they were to exist in a non-stressed syllable, they will then collapse into a long vowel (or short vowel, in the context of plurality, see below). Which diphthong collapses into which vowel is shown here:

* '''ei''' → '''ī'''

* '''ai''' → '''ē'''

==Morphology==


==Nouns==
'''Ahāmatya''' nouns can be declined into six cases, three numbers, and four classes.

===Class===
'''Ahāmatya''' nouns exhibit a kind of noun class system. Nouns have four classes: '''Class I''' nouns, called "a-theme" nouns; '''Class II''' nouns, called "e-theme" nouns; '''Class III''' nouns, called "u-theme" nouns; '''Class IV''' nouns, called "other" nouns. "a-theme", "e-theme", and "u-theme" are so-named because the vowels "a", "e", and "u" that appear as the final sound in their respective nouns in the singular root. "other" is so-named as a catch-all for words that are not "a-theme", "e-theme", or "u-theme". The phonological environment determines whether a noun is Class I or Class II, and is readily predictable. Class III nouns tend to be derived. Class IV nouns are almost always derived, and feature variable endings.

The thematic vowel in the ultimate syllable is determined by the vowel in the penultimate syllable and the consonants in the coda of that syllable and/or the onset of the ultimate syllable. Barring a few exceptions, this is a predictable machination. The consonants at the boundary of the penultimate and the ultimate vowel can be divided into four categories: '''continuative short''', '''continuative long''', '''terminative short''', and '''terminative long'''.
* '''Continuative short''' consonants are: '''m''', '''f''', '''n''', '''s''', '''ŋ''', '''x''', '''l''', '''h'''
* '''Continuative long''' consonants are: '''mm''', '''v''', '''nn''', '''ss''', '''ɤ''', '''ll'''
* '''Terminative short''' consonants are: '''p''', '''t''', '''k''', '''y''', '''w''', '''r'''
* '''Terminative long''' consonants are: '''pp''', '''b''', '''t''', '''tt''', '''d''', '''k''', '''kk''', '''g''', '''rr''', palatalized consonants, aspirated consonants, non-geminate consonant clusters.

The penultimate vowel, followed by one of the above mentioned boundary consonants, will determine the ultimate vowel, and thus, its class. This is illustrated in the table below. Vowels listed along the leftmost column are penultimate vowels. If one of these is followed by one of the four consonant boundary types, then the ultimate vowel, i.e., the theme vowel, is given.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Determination of Noun Class I and Noun Class II'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Penultimate Vowel
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Continuative Short
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Continuative Long
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Terminative Short
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Terminative Long
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | i
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | e
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | u
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ī
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | e
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ē
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ā
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ū
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ei
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ai
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ui
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | iu
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | eu
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | au
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|}

===Number===
Number in '''Ahāmatya''' nouns is represented by the noun root existing as a '''singular stem''', a '''comprehensive plural stem''', or a '''paucal plural stem'''. These are appended to by the case marker.

The '''singular''' is the unmarked form of the noun.

* '''ive-''' "bird"

* '''mana-''' "land"

* '''vrunnu-''' "robin"

The '''comprehensive plural''' is marked by '''-i'''. If the stem ends in a diphthong which would collapse into a long vowel in non-stressed syllables, then it does so, but into a short vowel. The comprehensive plural has an intrinsic meaning of "all of that about which I am speaking in this context".

* '''ivei-''' → '''ivi-''' "birds"

* '''manai-''' → '''mane-''' "lands"

* '''vrunnui-''' "robins"

The '''paucal plural''' is marked by '''-u'''. The paucal plural has an intrinsic meaning of "some or a few of that about which I am speaking in this context".

* '''iveu-''' "some birds"

* '''manau-''' "some lands"

* '''vrunnuu-''' → '''vrunnū-''' "some robins"

There are some nouns in '''Ahāmatya''' which are lexically plural. To form the singular, the suffix '''-ela''' is used.

* '''emma''' → '''emmela''' "flower"
* '''ahhra''' → '''ahhrela''' "star"
* '''epha''' → '''ephela''' "eye"
* '''ŋrā''' → '''ŋrela''' "frog"

===Case===

There are six cases in '''Ahāmatya'''. Many cases are also used as objects of the preposition, most of which are predictable.

==== Nominative Case ====

The nominative case indicates the '''subject''' of a transitive and intransitive verb, the '''predicate''' (this is variably marked also by an additional morpheme), and the '''object''' of some prepositions The nominative case is marked by '''-n''', and has an allomorph in '''-r''', which manifests in the usual way.

* '''''Iven''' nenna''. "The bird is sleeping."
* '''''Iven''' henelān vuhra''. "The bird is eating the pig."

In the instance of a predicate-like construction of the form '''X is Y''', the X and Y are marked by the nominative, but X has an additional affix '''-avjas''' after the nominative marking. This may be understood as an additional nominative case in full as '''-navjas''' or '''-ravjas'''.

* '''''Ivenavjas''' ururyandan''. "The bird is old."
* '''''Iudēravjas''' ettan ururyanden''. Those birds are old ducks.

The nominative case indicates a number of objects of the preposition, usually in some relationship independent of motion or physical location.

* '''aphra-ljān''' "against the water"
* '''aha-lavraiden''' "with, together with, the rings"
* '''an-atalaiyen''' "as the king"
* '''hai-vamelan''' "via the shore"
* '''san-mwān''' "like the butterfly"
* '''v-eimen''' "in (a state of) love"
* '''vrja-mettan''' "with, together with the trees"

==== Accusative1 Case ====

The accusative1 case is one of two accusative cases in '''Ahāmatya''', and indicates the '''object''' of an '''imperfective aspect verb''', and the '''object''' of some prepositions. The accusative1 case is marked by '''-i'''. This may cause additional vowel sound change in the usual way where applicable.

* ''Iven '''henele''' vuhra''. "The bird is eating the pig."
* ''Ljumruran ''' vrunnui''' eta''. "The cormorant was speaking to the robin."

The accusative1 case indicates objects of the preposition involving motion with respect to some region.

* '''i-mette''' "into the forest"
* '''ehda-sridde''' "toward, prior to the summer"
* '''phel-kjele''' "after, beside the mountain"
* '''le-ljái''' "out of, from the water"

==== Accusative2 Case ====

The accusative2 case is one of two accusative cases in '''Ahāmatya''', and indicates the '''object''' of a '''perfect aspect verb''', and the '''object''' of some prepositions. The accusative2 case is marked by '''-ir'''. This may cause additional vowel sound change in the usual way where applicable.

* ''Iven '''heneler''' uvuxa''. "The bird had eaten the pig."
* ''Ljumruran ''' vrunnuir''' ēta''. "The cormorant had eaten the robin."

The accusative2 case indicates objects of the preposition involving motion or location with respect to some boundary of a region.

* '''ehda-luimir''' "until first spring"
* '''ui-ember''' "upon the face"
* '''lu-ljáir''' "under the water"
* '''ar-maner''' "around, surrounding the land"
* '''nai-maner''' "over the land"

==== Dative Case ====

The dative case indicates the '''indirect object''' of a verb, and the '''object''' of some prepositions. The dative case is marked by '''-a'''.

* ''Vrunnur '''ljumrurā''' eveya''. "The robin had mourned for the cormorant."
* ''Atalairdan lavraidi '''ivea''' avra''. "The emperor is giving the ring to the bird."

The dative case indicates objects of the preposition involving motion or location with respect to the surrounding of some boundary of a region.

* '''nur-sriddā''' "through/during the summer"
* '''mal-Elyā''' "on behalf of Elya"

==== Genitive Case ====

The genitive case indicates '''ownership''' irrespective of time, '''origin''' of/from a location, '''partitive''', '''topic''' of/about, some '''predicativity''', '''composition''' or '''substance''', and the '''object''' of some prepositions. The genitive case is marked similarly to the nominative case, with the exception of lengthening the final vowel before the '''-n''' or '''-r'''.

When describing that something is composed of a substance, the Genitive is used in concert with the suffix '''-uda'''.

* '''lavraide kaludān''' "stone ring; ring of stone"
* '''kavra memudān''' "wool cloth; cloth made of wool"

The genitive case indicates objects of the preposition involving relationships between nouns.

* '''ehba-idūr''' "without light"
* '''amha-aryēn''' "with/having friends"

==== Vocative Case ====

The vocative case indicates that which is '''directly addressed'''. A noun in the vocative case is the '''citation form''' of the word in a reference. The vocative case is unmarked, or, to be more precise, is marked with '''-∅'''.

==== Summary Table ====

Class I, Class II, and Class III nouns have a fairly regular and predictable declination.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Class I, Class II, and Class III Nouns in Ahāmatya '''
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ive- "bird"
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | mana- "land"
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | vrunnu- "robin"
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Singular}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Comprehensive Plural}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Paucal Plural}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Singular}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Comprehensive Plural}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Paucal Plural}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Singular}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Comprehensive Plural}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Paucal Plural}}
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Nominative
| style="text-align: center;" | ''iven''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivir''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''iveur''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manan''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manen''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manaur''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnur''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnuir''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnūr''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Accusative1
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivi''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivī''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivevi''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mane''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mani''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manavi''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnui''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnuí''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnúi''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Accusative2
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivir''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivīr''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivevir''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''maner''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manīr''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manavir''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnuir''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnuír''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnúir''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Dative
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivea''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivia''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''iveva''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manā''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manea''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manava''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnua''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnuya''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnúa''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Genitive
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivēn''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivīr''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''iveúr''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manān''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manēn''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manaúr''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnūr''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnuír''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnūr''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Vocative
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ive''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivi''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''iveu''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mana''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mane''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manau''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnu''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnui''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnū''
|}

Class IV nouns are variable in their form, but nouns ending in '''-ā''' or in '''-i''' are the most represented of this class.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Class IV Nouns in Ahāmatya '''
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ljā- "water"
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | aili- "jay"
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Singular}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Comprehensive Plural}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Paucal Plural}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Singular}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Comprehensive Plural}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Paucal Plural}}
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Nominative
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljān''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljáir''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljáur''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailir''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailīr''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailiur''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Accusative1
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljái''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljái''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljavi''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailī''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailī''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailivi''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Accusative2
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljáir''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljēr''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljavir''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailīr''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailīr''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailivir''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Dative
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljā''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljáiya''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljava''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailia''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailía''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailiva''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Genitive
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljān''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljēr''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljaúr''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailīr''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailīr''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailíur''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Vocative
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljā''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljái''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljáu''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''aili''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailī''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailiu''
|}

===Prepositions===

Prepositions in '''Ahāmatya''' are enclitics with respect to nouns, of which are their objects of the preposition. Such enclitics are syntactic words, but are dependent entirely on their host word and the host word's case.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Prepositions with Respect to Noun Cases in Ahāmatya '''
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Case
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Nominative
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Accusative1
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Accusative2
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Dative
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Genitive
|-
! rowspan="10" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Preposition
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''aphra-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | against
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''i-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | into
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''ehda-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | until
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''nur-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | through, during
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''ehba-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | without
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''aha-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | with, together with
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''ehda-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | toward, prior to
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''ui-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | upon
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''mal-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | on behalf of
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''amha-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | with, having
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''n-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | as
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''phel-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | beside, by
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''lu-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | under
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''hai-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | via, by way of
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''le-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | out of, after
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''ar-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | around
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''san-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | like, as
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''nai-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | over
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''v-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | in (a state of)
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''vrja-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | with, together with
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|}

==Verbs==

Verbs in '''Ahāmatya''' are inflected for aspect, time, mood, voice, and person. Aspect and time combine to yield eight tenses. Verbs may be derived from nouns and adjectives into either transitive or intransitive verbs.

The general template of a verb in '''Ahāmatya''' is the following:

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! colspan="3" | Stem
! colspan="3" | Tense
! colspan="4" | Other
|-
| Preverbs
| '''Root'''
| Derivation
| Aspect
| Derivation
| Time
| Mood
| Derivation
| Voice
| Person
|}

Note that, although presented here concatenatively, components of tense may be nonconcatenative.

===Tense===

'''Ahāmatya''' distinguishes between two aspects: the '''Imperfective''' aspect indicates a continuous action, and is unmarked, or marked by '''-∅-'''; the '''Perfect''' aspect indicates a completed action prior to some event in context, and is marked by '''augmenting''' the root vowel of the verb.

Time is distinguished between '''Past''' time, marked by '''-n-''' indicating actions in the past, and '''Non-Past''' time, marked by '''-t-''', indicating actions not in the past. Within '''Non-Past''' time are present and future times, where the future is identical to the present with the addition of an explicit prefix '''le-''', itself a cliticized form of an independent word. Aspect and time combine to yield tense. Additionally, there exists a '''Gnomic''', or "timeless", time, which is used in concert with aspect to indicate general truths or aphorisms independent of a contextual time. Verbs in the gnomic are marked by lengthening the root vowel.

* The '''Imperfective Gnomic Tense''' indicates an ongoing or incomplete action independent of time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and gnomic time.

* The '''Imperfective Past Tense''' indicates an ongoing or incomplete action in the past time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and past time.

* The '''Imperfective Non-Past Present Tense''' indicates an ongoing action in the non-past present time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and non-past time.

* The '''Imperfective Non-Past Future Tense''' indicates an ongoing action in the non-past future time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and non-past time.

* The '''Perfect Gnomic Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another completed action independent of time. It is the composition of perfect aspect and gnomic time.

* The '''Perfect Past Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another completed action. It is the composition of perfect aspect and past time.

* The '''Perfect Non-Past Present Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another action in the present time. It is the composition of perfect aspect and non-past time.

* The '''Perfect Non-Past Future Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another action in the future time. It is the composition of perfect aspect and non-past time.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Tense Construction in Ahāmatya, mat- "to do"'''
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Gnomic Time
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|Present Time}}
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|Future Time}}
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | ''m'''ā'''t-''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mat'''''n-''' → ''ma'''''n'''''d-''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mat'''''t-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''le-'''''mat'''''t-'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | '''a'''''m'''ā'''t-''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''a'''''mat'''''n-''' → '''a'''''ma'''''n'''''d-''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''a'''''mat'''''t-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''le-a'''''mat'''''t-'''
|}

===Mood===

'''Ahāmatya''' has two distinctly marked moods:

* The '''Indicative''' mood indicates factual statements, inquiry of simple questions, and the statement of beliefs, and is marked by '''-a-'''
* The '''Subjunctive''' mood indicates imaginary or hypothetical actions, conveys opinions or emotions, or conveys requests, and is marked by '''-(u)ra-'''

In both the indicative and subjunctive moods for the gnomic tenses, the final '''-a''' is replaced with '''-i'''.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Tense, Mood Construction in Ahāmatya, mat- "to do"'''
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Gnomic Time
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|Present Time}}
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|Future Time}}
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|indicative}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''māt'''''i-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mand'''''a-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''matt'''''a-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-matt'''''a-'''
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|subjunctive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''māt'''''ri-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mand'''''ra-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''matt'''''ura-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-matt'''''ura-'''
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|indicative}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amāt'''''i-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amand'''''a-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amatt'''''a-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-amatt'''''a-'''
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|subjunctive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amāt'''''ri-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amand'''''ra-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amatt'''''ura-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-amatt'''''ura-'''
|}

===Voice===

'''Ahāmatya''' has two voices:

* The '''active voice''' indicates that the subject is performing the action denoted by the verb, and is unmarked, or marked by '''-∅-'''
* The '''passive voice''' indicates that the subject is acted upon by the verb, and is marked by '''-(h)ehba-''', and displaces the final vowel from the mood

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Tense, Mood, Voice Construction in Ahāmatya, mat- "to do"'''
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Gnomic Time
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|Present Time}}
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|Future Time}}
|-
! rowspan="4" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{small|indicative}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|active}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''māti'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manda'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''matta'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-matta'''''∅-'''
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|passive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''māt'''''hehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mand'''''hehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''matte'''''hehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-matte'''''hehba-'''
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{small|subjunctive}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|active}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mātri'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mandra'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mattura'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-mattura'''''∅-'''
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|passive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mātr'''''ehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mandr'''''ehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mattur'''''hehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-mattur'''''hehba-'''
|-
! rowspan="4" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{small|indicative}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|active}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amāti'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amanda'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amatta'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-amatta'''''∅-'''
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|passive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amāt'''''hehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amand'''''hehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amatt'''''ehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-amatt'''''ehba-'''
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{small|subjunctive}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|active}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amātri'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amandra'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amattura'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-amattura'''''∅-'''
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|passive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amātr'''''ehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amandr'''''ehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amattur'''''hehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-amattur'''''hehba-'''
|}

===Conjugation===

Verbs in '''Ahāmatya''' are inflected for three grammatical persons. The forms of the person marking are dependent on the aspect and transitivity of the verb, the rules governing sound change notwithstanding. Person conjugation for the gnomic tenses are unique, and are thus presented separately.

====Imperfective and Imperative Endings====

The person endings for imperfective transitive and intransitive verbs take the following form:

{| class="wikitable" border="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="1"| Singular
!colspan="1"| Comprehensive Plural
!colspan="1"| Paucal Plural
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 1st
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -n
| style="text-align: center;" | -s
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -nen
| style="text-align: center;" | -nes
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 2nd
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -va
| style="text-align: center;" | -vna
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -neva
| style="text-align: center;" | -nevna
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 3rd
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -a
| style="text-align: center;" | -a
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -na
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
|}

The imperative is not a true mood in '''Ahāmatya''', as it is only an extension of person marking, and only exists for imperfective non-past verbs. Such person endings take the following form:

{| class="wikitable" border="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="1"| Singular
!colspan="1"| Comprehensive Plural
!colspan="1"| Paucal Plural
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 1st
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -nni
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -nni
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 2nd
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -vani
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -nevani
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 3rd
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -ani
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -nani
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
|}

====Perfect Endings====

The person endings for perfect transitive and intransitive verbs take the following form:

{| class="wikitable" border="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="1"| Singular
!colspan="1"| Comprehensive Plural
!colspan="1"| Paucal Plural
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 1st
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -ra
| style="text-align: center;" | -rra
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -nera
| style="text-align: center;" | -nerra
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 2nd
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -m
| style="text-align: center;" | -mma
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -nem
| style="text-align: center;" | -nemma
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 3rd
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -ya
| style="text-align: center;" | -ya
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -neya
| style="text-align: center;" | -neya
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
|}

====Gnomic Endings====

The person endings for gnomic verbs take the following form:

{| class="wikitable" border="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="1"| Singular
!colspan="1"| Comprehensive Plural
!colspan="1"| Paucal Plural
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 1st
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 2nd
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 3rd
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
|}

====Middle Voice Endings====

To account for reflexivity, '''Ahāmatya''' has a kind of "middle voice" extant as person endings, which have the the following forms:

{| class="wikitable" border="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="1"| Singular
!colspan="1"| Comprehensive Plural
!colspan="1"| Paucal Plural
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 1st
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 2nd
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 3rd
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
|}

===Preverbs===

===Verb Forms===

====Derivations From Verbs====

====Derivations To Verbs====

===Comprehensive Example===

==Modifiers==

===Adjectives===

===Adverbs===

==Particles==

==Derivational Morphology==



==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==

==Other resources==




[[Category:Ahāmatya]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Ahāmatya

2019-10-01T04:56:01Z

Deltaquebec: /* Prepositions */

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="float:right;" width="35%"
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffffff; font-size:1.2em;" | '''Vasa Ahāmatya Manān Etjelletyandaljān''' [ˈva.sa a.haːˈmat.ja ˈma.na:n ɛˌtjɛl.lɛt.janˈda.lja:n]
|-
| '''Creator:''' || Daniel Quigley
|-
| '''Spoken in:''' || Mana Etjelletyandalja
|-
| '''World:''' || ''Leaves'' Stories
|-
| '''Total Speakers:''' || ~ 10,000,000
|-
| '''Basic word order:''' || Subject-Object-Verb
|-
| '''Morphological Type:''' || Synthetic
|-
| '''Morphosyntactic Alignment:''' || Nominative-Accusative
|-
| '''Inspirations:''' || Sanskrit, Finnish, Russian, Latin, English, Quenya, Ancient Greek, Classical Persian
|-
| '''Status:''' || In Progress
|-
| '''Link to full documentation:''' || *forthcoming*
|}

'''Vasa Ahāmatya Manān Etjelletyandaljān''' is an ''a priori'' artistic constructed language in development by Daniel Quigley, providing the framework for which the author’s creative works and worldbuilding are guided. '''Vasa Ahāmatya Manān Etjelletyandaljān''' or just '''Ahāmatya''' is the standardized, formal, and literary register of language of Mana Etjelletyandalja, in contrast to the variable dialects collectively referred to as '''Vasa Vrjāmatya Manān Etjelletyandaljān''' or just '''Vrjāmatya'''.

'''Ahāmatya''' is a relatively conservative language. Loan words have found their way into '''Vrjāmatya''', but are mostly deliberately avoided in '''Ahāmatya'''. If one were to use a non-native word, then one would do so either indirectly via some periphrastic construction, or by simply employing the nearest approximation available in the language.

'''Ahāmatya''' is typologically a synthetic, fusional language. Nouns and modifiers are inflected for number and case. Other modifiers, such as adverbs, are not inflected in the same way, though similarities may be found in certain contexts. Nouns exhibit a class distinction, of which may be determined either by the phonology or the morphology. Verbs are inflected for aspect, time, valency, and mood. Some particles are inflected for number and case. '''Ahāmatya''' is a Nominative-Accusative aligned language, and has relatively free word order because of its case-marking, though word order tends towards S-O-V.

==Introduction==

===Setting===

The people of Mana Etjelletyandalja are rather homogeneous in language, culture, and identity, though there exists a gradient of such things in a north-south direction, running along the length of the land. '''Ahāmatya''' is the formal language, used in official capacities and as the literary language. The spoken languages of Mana Etjelletyandalja are collectively referred to as '''Vrjāmatya'''.

'''Ahāmatya''' and '''Vrjāmatya''' are related, both having descended from a parent language, often referred to as '''Vasa Ururya Manān Etjelletyandaljān'''. This is a little misleading, however, in that '''Vasa Ururya Manān Etjelletyandaljān''' was actually a loose collection of highly related dialects, which over time enveloped Mana Etjelletyandalja, displacing the various native languages and dialects. There is little differentiation between '''Ahāmatya''' and '''Vasa Ururya Manān Etjelletyandaljān'''. Most speakers of '''Vrjāmatya''' do not readily distinguish the one from the other, and consider them to be a continuous entity.

===Etymology===

The perfective participle '''ahāmatya''' is a compound consisting of '''aha-''' “together deliberately, bring together with intent, an indication of a union of things thought as one” and '''amatya''' “made, built”. The former is a prefix that may be appended to verbs or nouns, and the latter is the perfective participle of the verb '''mat-''' “do, make, form”. Therefore, the meaning may be interpreted as “well prepared, refined, put together”. Since participle forms may act either as nominals or as modifiers, it is common to see '''ahāmatya''' stand alone, in which case it is thought of as a nominal, with the implication of “(that which is) well prepared, refined, put together”, where the items in parentheses are understood.

The full form, '''Vasa Ahāmatya Manān Etjelletyandaljān''' is built from '''vasa''' “language, speech”, '''manān''' is the genitive form of '''mana''' "land". '''Etjelletyandaljān''' is a more difficult word to analyze. It is composed of '''etjellet-''' which is the perfective form of the transitive
verb '''tjellet-''', itself derived from the noun '''tjelle''' “sky, heaven”. '''tjellet-''', then, has the meaning “to sky someone, to adore someone or something, to put someone or something on high”. '''etjelletya''', then, is the participle form “(that which is) adored, put on high”. The '''-nda-''' element is the augmentive, and the '''-lja-''' is a morpheme used to convert nouns into adjectives. '''Mana Etjelletyandalja''' is the full, poetic name for the land, meaning “the most adored or most favored land”. The final '''-n''', with the lengthened vowel, is the genitive case marker. Besides being a poetic form, the notion of putting something or someone up on high, with connotations of putting them to the sky, works in a literal sense and refers to the magnificent mountains that dominate the skies and run the length of the land. These mountains are an important cultural and historical agent.

Taken altogether, '''Vasa Ahāmatya Manān Etjelletyandaljān''' translates to “the refined language of the most revered land”.

===Goals===

The driving goal of '''Ahāmatya''' is to provide a framework for the author’s creative works and worldbuilding. To that end, '''Ahāmatya''' ought to be a naturalistic constructed language, and ought to be pleasant to look at and to hear (admittedly, this is wholly subjective, and others may disagree with to the extent to which this was fulfilled).

===Development, Inspiration, Forthcoming===

The history of '''Ahāmatya''' as a constructed language is traceable to its earliest incarnations some ten or so years, the oldest, unchanged words being '''ive''' "bird", '''mana''' "land", and '''tura''' "strong". Since the development of the language has been a continuous evolution, with starts and stops, it is difficult to put an exact timeline of evolution. It is an on-going process, and will likely remain so.

Because much of the creative works and worldbuilding for which '''Ahāmatya''' guides concern themselves with cultural contact, exchange, and conflict, the two dominant languages of the world, '''Ahāmatya''' and [[Eḥeiθymmen Amran|'''Eḥeiθymme''']], are deliberately designed to be dissimilar, with regards to the make-up and feel of the language. The inspirations of the language include, but are not limited to, Sanskrit, Finnish, Russian, Latin, English, Quenya, Ancient Greek, and Classical Persian. While some overlap exists in the inspirations for '''Ahāmatya''' and '''Eḥeiθymme''', any overt similarities are deliberately avoided.

A more in-depth and detailed documentation is forthcoming, which includes in-universe terminology for grammatical categories and descriptions. The author hopes to someday have the creative works published.

==Phonology==




===Consonants===
'''Ahāmatya''' has five major places of articulation and six manners of articulation. Furthermore, there exists a distinction between palatalized consonants and non-palatalized consonants, and in the context of labial nasals and stops, aspirated consonants and non-aspirated consonants. '''Ahāmatya''', then, has thirty-three consonants in total, seven of which exist as allophones. Consonants in parentheses are allophones of their unvoiced counterparts.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Consonant Inventory of Ahāmatya'''
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Labial
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Alveolar
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Palatal
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Velar
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Glottal
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|hard}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|soft}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|hard}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|soft}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|soft}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|hard}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|soft}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|hard}}
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|soft}}
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Nasal
| style="text-align: center;" | '''m''' = [m]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''mh''' = [mh]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''n''' = [n]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''nj''' = [nj]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''ŋ''' = [ŋ]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''ŋj''' = [ŋj]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Stop
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|unvoiced}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''p''' = [p]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''ph''' = [ph]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''t''' = [t]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''tj''' = [tj]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''k''' = [k]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''kj''' = [kj]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|voiced}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(b)''' = [b]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(bh)''' = [bh]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(d)''' = [d]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(dj)''' = [dj]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(g)''' = [g]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(gj)''' = [gj]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Fricative
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|unvoiced}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''f''' = [f]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''s''' = [s]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''sj''' = [sj]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''x''' = [x]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''h''' = [h]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''hj''' = [hj]
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|voiced}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''v''' = [v]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''vj''' = [vj]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(ɣ)''' = [ɣ]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Trill
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''r''' = [r]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''rj''' = [rj]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Semi-Vowel
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | '''w''' = [w]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''y''' = [j]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Liquid
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''l''' = [l]
| style="text-align: center;" | '''lj''' = [lj]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|}

===Vowels and Diphthongs===

'''Ahāmatya''' has four short vowels and four long vowels, a distinction manifested as the long vowels' sound being held twice as long as short vowels' sound.

The short vowels are following: '''i''', '''e''', '''a''', '''u'''. The long vowels are following: '''ī''', '''ē''', '''ā''', '''ū'''. Note that, when spoken, there is some variation in the actual pronunciation of /ɛ:/, and may be more accurately pronounced as [e:].

'''Ahāmatya''' has six diphthongs, all of which have length equivalent to long vowels. The diphthongs are the following: '''ei''', '''ai''', '''ui''', '''iu''', '''eu''', '''au'''.

{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" border="1" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Vowel and Diphthong Inventory of Ahāmatya'''
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Short
! colspan="2" |Long
|-
! {{small|Front}}
! {{small|Back}}
! {{small|Front}}
! {{small|Back}}
|- style="text-align: center;"
!High
| '''i''' = [i]
| '''u''' = [u]
| '''ī''' = [i:]
| '''ū''' = [u:]
|- style="text-align: center;"
!Mid
| '''e''' = [ɛ] ~ [e]
|
| '''ē''' = [ɛ:] ~ [e:]
|
|- style="text-align: center;"
!Low
| colspan="2" |'''a''' = [a]
| colspan="2" |'''ā''' = [a:]
|- style="text-align: center;"
!Diphthongs
| colspan="4" |'''ei''' = [ej], '''ai''' = [aj], '''ui''' = [uj], '''iu''' = [ju] , '''eu''' = [ew], '''au''' = [aw]
|}

There are some contexts in which a vowel sequence is not a diphthong. This usually occurs when a long vowel is then appended to by a short vowel. This is represented by an acute diacritic replacing the macron over the long vowel. This has an effect of reducing the length of the long vowel to a short vowel, and both vowels in the sequence carry their own distinct syllabification. This may be seen in the following:

* '''āi''' → '''ái''' = '''a-i'''

* '''āu''' → '''áu''' = '''a-u'''

===Prosody and Stress===
There are as many syllables in an '''Ahāmatya''' word as there are separate vowels and diphthongs. Additionally, a cliticized '''[m, n, v, l, s]''' may carry its own syllable weight.

Stress is predictable, and manifests as primary and secondary stress. Secondary stress is placed upon the first syllable of a word, provided that that syllable is not a prefix, clitic, a reduplicated element, or augment. In that case, the secondary stress finds where the first syllable of the word is that is not one of those items, i.e., the root, and then provides the stress at that location. Primary stress falls upon the penultimate syllable.

Syllable structure generally follows two explicit rules, which themselves are detailed on various levels.

'''1. A consonant before a vowel, or a consonant cluster at the beginning of a word, forms the syllable onset.'''
* A singular consonant forms the onset of the syllable.
'''tjelle''' [ˈtjɛl.lɛ] CVC.CV "sky"
'''tala''' [ˈta.la] CV.CV "high"
'''ive''' [ˈi.vɛ] V.CV "bird"
* A consonant cluster of arbitrary length (maximum four) at the beginning of a word forms the onset of the syllable.
'''vrjāmatya''' [vrja:ˈmat.ja] CCVV.CVC.CV "original, natural"
'''mrja''' [ˈmrja] CCV "spirit"
* A word affixed with an arbitrary number of prefixes retains its syllabic structure independent of those syllables appended to it, and the affix retains its own syllabic structure.
'''epprja''' [ɛpˈprja] VC.CCV "in front of a cat"
'''phelarya''' [phɛlˈar.ja] CVC.VC.CV "beside the friend"
* Word initial clusters formed via the cliticization of '''[m, n, v, l, s]''' may either meld into that consonant cluster, forming the coda of the word initial syllable, or may carry syllabic weight themselves.
'''v-mrja''' [ˈvmrja] CCCV "in the spirit"
'''v-mrja''' [vˈmrja] C.CCV "in the spirit"
'''s-vlja''' [ˈsvlja] CCCV "as the wolf"
'''s-vlja''' [sˈvlja] C.CCV "as the wolf"

'''2. Consonant clusters tend to be broken word internally.'''
* Lengthened consonants are always separated, with the first consonant joined with the preceding vowel forming the coda of that syllable, and the second consonant joined to the following vowel, forming the onset of that syllable.
'''tjelle''' [ˈtjɛl.lɛ] CVC.CV "sky"
'''anna''' [ˈan.na] VC.CV "beneficial"
'''emmatta''' [ˌɛmˈmat.ta] VC.CVC.CV "dear flower"
* Word internal clusters are regularly separated, and the first consonant of the combination is joined with the preceding vowel, forming the coda of that syllable.
'''mandrya''' [ˈman.drja] CVC.CCV "power"
* Cluster onsets in syllables of the form CrV, CrjV, ClV, CljV are considered a single unit, and are not separated, and are thus exempt from the above rule.
'''atamrjamma''' [a.taˈmrjam.ma] V.CV.CCVC.CV "in the company of a (dear) spirit"
'''epprja''' [ɛpˈprja] VC.CCV "in front of a cat"
'''yavendra''' [ˌjaˈvɛn.dra] VC.CCV "and of vowels"

Finally, of note, is that there exist two diphthongs that, if they were to exist in a non-stressed syllable, they will then collapse into a long vowel (or short vowel, in the context of plurality, see below). Which diphthong collapses into which vowel is shown here:

* '''ei''' → '''ī'''

* '''ai''' → '''ē'''

==Morphology==


==Nouns==
'''Ahāmatya''' nouns can be declined into six cases, three numbers, and four classes.

===Class===
'''Ahāmatya''' nouns exhibit a kind of noun class system. Nouns have four classes: '''Class I''' nouns, called "a-theme" nouns; '''Class II''' nouns, called "e-theme" nouns; '''Class III''' nouns, called "u-theme" nouns; '''Class IV''' nouns, called "other" nouns. "a-theme", "e-theme", and "u-theme" are so-named because the vowels "a", "e", and "u" that appear as the final sound in their respective nouns in the singular root. "other" is so-named as a catch-all for words that are not "a-theme", "e-theme", or "u-theme". The phonological environment determines whether a noun is Class I or Class II, and is readily predictable. Class III nouns tend to be derived. Class IV nouns are almost always derived, and feature variable endings.

The thematic vowel in the ultimate syllable is determined by the vowel in the penultimate syllable and the consonants in the coda of that syllable and/or the onset of the ultimate syllable. Barring a few exceptions, this is a predictable machination. The consonants at the boundary of the penultimate and the ultimate vowel can be divided into four categories: '''continuative short''', '''continuative long''', '''terminative short''', and '''terminative long'''.
* '''Continuative short''' consonants are: '''m''', '''f''', '''n''', '''s''', '''ŋ''', '''x''', '''l''', '''h'''
* '''Continuative long''' consonants are: '''mm''', '''v''', '''nn''', '''ss''', '''ɤ''', '''ll'''
* '''Terminative short''' consonants are: '''p''', '''t''', '''k''', '''y''', '''w''', '''r'''
* '''Terminative long''' consonants are: '''pp''', '''b''', '''t''', '''tt''', '''d''', '''k''', '''kk''', '''g''', '''rr''', palatalized consonants, aspirated consonants, non-geminate consonant clusters.

The penultimate vowel, followed by one of the above mentioned boundary consonants, will determine the ultimate vowel, and thus, its class. This is illustrated in the table below. Vowels listed along the leftmost column are penultimate vowels. If one of these is followed by one of the four consonant boundary types, then the ultimate vowel, i.e., the theme vowel, is given.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Determination of Noun Class I and Noun Class II'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Penultimate Vowel
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Continuative Short
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Continuative Long
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Terminative Short
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Terminative Long
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | i
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | e
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | u
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ī
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | e
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ē
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ā
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ū
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ei
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ai
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ui
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | iu
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | eu
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | au
| style="text-align: center;" | e
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
| style="text-align: center;" | a
|}

===Number===
Number in '''Ahāmatya''' nouns is represented by the noun root existing as a '''singular stem''', a '''comprehensive plural stem''', or a '''paucal plural stem'''. These are appended to by the case marker.

The '''singular''' is the unmarked form of the noun.

* '''ive-''' "bird"

* '''mana-''' "land"

* '''vrunnu-''' "robin"

The '''comprehensive plural''' is marked by '''-i'''. If the stem ends in a diphthong which would collapse into a long vowel in non-stressed syllables, then it does so, but into a short vowel. The comprehensive plural has an intrinsic meaning of "all of that about which I am speaking in this context".

* '''ivei-''' → '''ivi-''' "birds"

* '''manai-''' → '''mane-''' "lands"

* '''vrunnui-''' "robins"

The '''paucal plural''' is marked by '''-u'''. The paucal plural has an intrinsic meaning of "some or a few of that about which I am speaking in this context".

* '''iveu-''' "some birds"

* '''manau-''' "some lands"

* '''vrunnuu-''' → '''vrunnū-''' "some robins"

There are some nouns in '''Ahāmatya''' which are lexically plural. To form the singular, the suffix '''-ela''' is used.

* '''emma''' → '''emmela''' "flower"
* '''ahhra''' → '''ahhrela''' "star"
* '''epha''' → '''ephela''' "eye"
* '''ŋrā''' → '''ŋrela''' "frog"

===Case===

There are six cases in '''Ahāmatya'''. Many cases are also used as objects of the preposition, most of which are predictable.

==== Nominative Case ====

The nominative case indicates the '''subject''' of a transitive and intransitive verb, the '''predicate''' (this is variably marked also by an additional morpheme), and the '''object''' of some prepositions The nominative case is marked by '''-n''', and has an allomorph in '''-r''', which manifests in the usual way.

* '''''Iven''' nenna''. "The bird is sleeping."
* '''''Iven''' henelān vuhra''. "The bird is eating the pig."

In the instance of a predicate-like construction of the form '''X is Y''', the X and Y are marked by the nominative, but X has an additional affix '''-avjas''' after the nominative marking. This may be understood as an additional nominative case in full as '''-navjas''' or '''-ravjas'''.

* '''''Ivenavjas''' ururyandan''. "The bird is old."
* '''''Iudēravjas''' ettan ururyanden''. Those birds are old ducks.

The nominative case indicates a number of objects of the preposition, usually in some relationship independent of motion or physical location.

* '''aphra-ljān''' "against the water"
* '''aha-lavraiden''' "with, together with, the rings"
* '''an-atalaiyen''' "as the king"
* '''hai-vamelan''' "via the shore"
* '''san-mwān''' "like the butterfly"
* '''v-eimen''' "in (a state of) love"
* '''vrja-mettan''' "with, together with the trees"

==== Accusative1 Case ====

The accusative1 case is one of two accusative cases in '''Ahāmatya''', and indicates the '''object''' of an '''imperfective aspect verb''', and the '''object''' of some prepositions. The accusative1 case is marked by '''-i'''. This may cause additional vowel sound change in the usual way where applicable.

* ''Iven '''henele''' vuhra''. "The bird is eating the pig."
* ''Ljumruran ''' vrunnui''' eta''. "The cormorant was speaking to the robin."

The accusative1 case indicates objects of the preposition involving motion with respect to some region.

* '''i-mette''' "into the forest"
* '''ehda-sridde''' "toward, prior to the summer"
* '''phel-kjele''' "after, beside the mountain"
* '''le-ljái''' "out of, from the water"

==== Accusative2 Case ====

The accusative2 case is one of two accusative cases in '''Ahāmatya''', and indicates the '''object''' of a '''perfect aspect verb''', and the '''object''' of some prepositions. The accusative2 case is marked by '''-ir'''. This may cause additional vowel sound change in the usual way where applicable.

* ''Iven '''heneler''' uvuxa''. "The bird had eaten the pig."
* ''Ljumruran ''' vrunnuir''' ēta''. "The cormorant had eaten the robin."

The accusative2 case indicates objects of the preposition involving motion or location with respect to some boundary of a region.

* '''ehda-luimir''' "until first spring"
* '''ui-ember''' "upon the face"
* '''lu-ljáir''' "under the water"
* '''ar-maner''' "around, surrounding the land"
* '''nai-maner''' "over the land"

==== Dative Case ====

The dative case indicates the '''indirect object''' of a verb, and the '''object''' of some prepositions. The dative case is marked by '''-a'''.

* ''Vrunnur '''ljumrurā''' eveya''. "The robin had mourned for the cormorant."
* ''Atalairdan lavraidi '''ivea''' avra''. "The emperor is giving the ring to the bird."

The dative case indicates objects of the preposition involving motion or location with respect to the surrounding of some boundary of a region.

* '''nur-sriddā''' "through/during the summer"
* '''mal-Elyā''' "on behalf of Elya"

==== Genitive Case ====

The genitive case indicates '''ownership''' irrespective of time, '''origin''' of/from a location, '''partitive''', '''topic''' of/about, some '''predicativity''', '''composition''' or '''substance''', and the '''object''' of some prepositions. The genitive case is marked similarly to the nominative case, with the exception of lengthening the final vowel before the '''-n''' or '''-r'''.

When describing that something is composed of a substance, the Genitive is used in concert with the suffix '''-uda'''.

* '''lavraide kaludān''' "stone ring; ring of stone"
* '''kavra memudān''' "wool cloth; cloth made of wool"

The genitive case indicates objects of the preposition involving relationships between nouns.

* '''ehba-idūr''' "without light"
* '''amha-aryēn''' "with/having friends"

==== Vocative Case ====

The vocative case indicates that which is '''directly addressed'''. A noun in the vocative case is the '''citation form''' of the word in a reference. The vocative case is unmarked, or, to be more precise, is marked with '''-∅'''.

==== Summary Table ====

Class I, Class II, and Class III nouns have a fairly regular and predictable declination.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Class I, Class II, and Class III Nouns in Ahāmatya '''
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ive- "bird"
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | mana- "land"
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | vrunnu- "robin"
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Singular}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Comprehensive Plural}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Paucal Plural}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Singular}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Comprehensive Plural}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Paucal Plural}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Singular}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Comprehensive Plural}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Paucal Plural}}
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Nominative
| style="text-align: center;" | ''iven''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivir''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''iveur''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manan''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manen''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manaur''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnur''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnuir''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnūr''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Accusative1
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivi''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivī''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivevi''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mane''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mani''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manavi''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnui''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnuí''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnúi''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Accusative2
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivir''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivīr''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivevir''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''maner''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manīr''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manavir''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnuir''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnuír''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnúir''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Dative
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivea''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivia''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''iveva''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manā''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manea''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manava''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnua''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnuya''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnúa''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Genitive
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivēn''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivīr''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''iveúr''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manān''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manēn''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manaúr''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnūr''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnuír''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnūr''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Vocative
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ive''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ivi''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''iveu''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mana''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mane''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manau''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnu''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnui''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''vrunnū''
|}

Class IV nouns are variable in their form, but nouns ending in '''-ā''' or in '''-i''' are the most represented of this class.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Class IV Nouns in Ahāmatya '''
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ljā- "water"
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | aili- "jay"
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Singular}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Comprehensive Plural}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Paucal Plural}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Singular}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Comprehensive Plural}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|Paucal Plural}}
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Nominative
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljān''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljáir''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljáur''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailir''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailīr''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailiur''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Accusative1
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljái''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljái''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljavi''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailī''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailī''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailivi''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Accusative2
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljáir''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljēr''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljavir''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailīr''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailīr''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailivir''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Dative
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljā''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljáiya''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljava''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailia''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailía''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailiva''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Genitive
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljān''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljēr''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljaúr''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailīr''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailīr''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailíur''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Vocative
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljā''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljái''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ljáu''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''aili''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailī''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''ailiu''
|}

===Prepositions===

Prepositions in '''Ahāmatya''' are enclitics with respect to nouns, of which are their objects of the preposition. Such enclitics are syntactic words, but are dependent entirely on their host word and the host word's case.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Prepositions with Respect to Noun Cases in Ahāmatya '''
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Case
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Nominative
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Accusative1
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Accusative2
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Dative
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Genitive
|-
! rowspan="10" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Preposition
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''aphra-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | against
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''i-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | into
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''ehda-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | until
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''nur-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | through, during
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''ehba-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | without
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''aha-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | with, together with
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''ehda-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | toward, prior to
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''ui-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | upon
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''mal-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | on behalf of
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''amha-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | with, having
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''n-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | as
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''phel-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | beside, by
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''lu-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | under
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''hai-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | via, by way of
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''le-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | out of, after
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''ar-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | around
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''san-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | like, as
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''nai-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | over
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''v-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | in (a state of)
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | '''''vrja-'''''
| style="text-align: center;" | with, together with
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|}

==Verbs==

Verbs in '''Ahāmatya''' are inflected for aspect, time, mood, voice, and person. Aspect and time combine to yield eight tenses. Verbs may be derived from nouns and adjectives into either transitive or intransitive verbs.

The general template of a verb in '''Ahāmatya''' is the following:

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! colspan="2" | Stem
! colspan="2" | Tense
! colspan="3" | Other
|-
| Preverbs
| '''Root'''
| Aspect
| Time
| Mood
| Voice
| Person
|}

Note that, although presented here concatenatively, components of tense may be nonconcatenative.

===Tense===

'''Ahāmatya''' distinguishes between two aspects: the '''Imperfective''' aspect indicates a continuous action, and is unmarked, or marked by '''-∅-'''; the '''Perfect''' aspect indicates a completed action prior to some event in context, and is marked by '''augmenting''' the root vowel of the verb.

Time is distinguished between '''Past''' time, marked by '''-n-''' indicating actions in the past, and '''Non-Past''' time, marked by '''-t-''', indicating actions not in the past. Within '''Non-Past''' time are present and future times, where the future is identical to the present with the addition of an explicit prefix '''le-''', itself a cliticized form of an independent word. Aspect and time combine to yield tense. Additionally, there exists a '''Gnomic''', or "timeless", time, which is used in concert with aspect to indicate general truths or aphorisms independent of a contextual time. Verbs in the gnomic are marked by lengthening the root vowel.

* The '''Imperfective Gnomic Tense''' indicates an ongoing or incomplete action independent of time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and gnomic time.

* The '''Imperfective Past Tense''' indicates an ongoing or incomplete action in the past time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and past time.

* The '''Imperfective Non-Past Present Tense''' indicates an ongoing action in the non-past present time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and non-past time.

* The '''Imperfective Non-Past Future Tense''' indicates an ongoing action in the non-past future time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and non-past time.

* The '''Perfect Gnomic Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another completed action independent of time. It is the composition of perfect aspect and gnomic time.

* The '''Perfect Past Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another completed action. It is the composition of perfect aspect and past time.

* The '''Perfect Non-Past Present Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another action in the present time. It is the composition of perfect aspect and non-past time.

* The '''Perfect Non-Past Future Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another action in the future time. It is the composition of perfect aspect and non-past time.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Tense Construction in Ahāmatya, mat- "to do"'''
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Gnomic Time
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|Present Time}}
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|Future Time}}
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | ''m'''ā'''t-''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mat'''''n-''' → ''ma'''''n'''''d-''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mat'''''t-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''le-'''''mat'''''t-'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | '''a'''''m'''ā'''t-''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''a'''''mat'''''n-''' → '''a'''''ma'''''n'''''d-''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''a'''''mat'''''t-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | '''le-a'''''mat'''''t-'''
|}

===Mood===

'''Ahāmatya''' has two distinctly marked moods:

* The '''Indicative''' mood indicates factual statements, inquiry of simple questions, and the statement of beliefs, and is marked by '''-a-'''
* The '''Subjunctive''' mood indicates imaginary or hypothetical actions, conveys opinions or emotions, or conveys requests, and is marked by '''-(u)ra-'''

In both the indicative and subjunctive moods for the gnomic tenses, the final '''-a''' is replaced with '''-i'''.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Tense, Mood Construction in Ahāmatya, mat- "to do"'''
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Gnomic Time
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|Present Time}}
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|Future Time}}
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|indicative}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''māt'''''i-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mand'''''a-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''matt'''''a-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-matt'''''a-'''
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|subjunctive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''māt'''''ri-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mand'''''ra-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''matt'''''ura-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-matt'''''ura-'''
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|indicative}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amāt'''''i-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amand'''''a-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amatt'''''a-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-amatt'''''a-'''
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|subjunctive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amāt'''''ri-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amand'''''ra-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amatt'''''ura-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-amatt'''''ura-'''
|}

===Voice===

'''Ahāmatya''' has two voices:

* The '''active voice''' indicates that the subject is performing the action denoted by the verb, and is unmarked, or marked by '''-∅-'''
* The '''passive voice''' indicates that the subject is acted upon by the verb, and is marked by '''-(h)ehba-''', and displaces the final vowel from the mood

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Tense, Mood, Voice Construction in Ahāmatya, mat- "to do"'''
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Gnomic Time
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|Present Time}}
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|Future Time}}
|-
! rowspan="4" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{small|indicative}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|active}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''māti'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''manda'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''matta'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-matta'''''∅-'''
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|passive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''māt'''''hehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mand'''''hehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''matte'''''hehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-matte'''''hehba-'''
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{small|subjunctive}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|active}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mātri'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mandra'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mattura'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-mattura'''''∅-'''
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|passive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mātr'''''ehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mandr'''''ehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''mattur'''''hehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-mattur'''''hehba-'''
|-
! rowspan="4" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{small|indicative}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|active}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amāti'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amanda'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amatta'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-amatta'''''∅-'''
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|passive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amāt'''''hehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amand'''''hehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amatt'''''ehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-amatt'''''ehba-'''
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{small|subjunctive}}
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|active}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amātri'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amandra'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amattura'''''∅-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-amattura'''''∅-'''
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|passive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amātr'''''ehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amandr'''''ehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''amattur'''''hehba-'''
| style="text-align: center;" | ''le-amattur'''''hehba-'''
|}

===Conjugation===

Verbs in '''Ahāmatya''' are inflected for three grammatical persons. The forms of the person marking are dependent on the aspect and transitivity of the verb, the rules governing sound change notwithstanding. Person conjugation for the gnomic tenses are unique, and are thus presented separately.

====Imperfective and Imperative Endings====

The person endings for imperfective transitive and intransitive verbs take the following form:

{| class="wikitable" border="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="1"| Singular
!colspan="1"| Comprehensive Plural
!colspan="1"| Paucal Plural
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 1st
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -n
| style="text-align: center;" | -s
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -nen
| style="text-align: center;" | -nes
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 2nd
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -va
| style="text-align: center;" | -vna
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -neva
| style="text-align: center;" | -nevna
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 3rd
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -a
| style="text-align: center;" | -a
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -na
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
|}

The imperative is not a true mood in '''Ahāmatya''', as it is only an extension of person marking, and only exists for imperfective non-past verbs. Such person endings take the following form:

{| class="wikitable" border="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="1"| Singular
!colspan="1"| Comprehensive Plural
!colspan="1"| Paucal Plural
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 1st
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -nni
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -nni
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 2nd
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -vani
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -nevani
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 3rd
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -ani
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -nani
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
|}

====Perfect Endings====

The person endings for perfect transitive and intransitive verbs take the following form:

{| class="wikitable" border="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="1"| Singular
!colspan="1"| Comprehensive Plural
!colspan="1"| Paucal Plural
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 1st
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -ra
| style="text-align: center;" | -rra
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -nera
| style="text-align: center;" | -nerra
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 2nd
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -m
| style="text-align: center;" | -mma
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -nem
| style="text-align: center;" | -nemma
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 3rd
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -ya
| style="text-align: center;" | -ya
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -neya
| style="text-align: center;" | -neya
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
|}

====Gnomic Endings====

The person endings for gnomic verbs take the following form:

{| class="wikitable" border="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="1"| Singular
!colspan="1"| Comprehensive Plural
!colspan="1"| Paucal Plural
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 1st
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 2nd
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 3rd
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
|}

====Middle Voice Endings====

To account for reflexivity, '''Ahāmatya''' has a kind of "middle voice" extant as person endings, which have the the following forms:

{| class="wikitable" border="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
!colspan="2"|
!colspan="1"| Singular
!colspan="1"| Comprehensive Plural
!colspan="1"| Paucal Plural
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 1st
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 2nd
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 3rd
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|transitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | {{small|intransitive}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
| style="text-align: center;" | -
|-
|}

===Preverbs===

===Verb Forms===

====Derivations From Verbs====

====Derivations To Verbs====

===Comprehensive Example===

==Modifiers==

===Adjectives===

===Adverbs===

==Particles==

==Derivational Morphology==



==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==

==Other resources==




[[Category:Ahāmatya]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Eḥeiθymmen Amran

2019-09-20T21:03:34Z

Deltaquebec: /* Definiteness */

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="float:right;" width="35%"
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffffff; font-size:1.2em;" | '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' [ɛˈçej.θym.mɛn ˈar.jad ɛçˈðej.θym.mɛː ˈam.ran]
|-
| '''Creator:''' || Daniel Quigley
|-
| '''Spoken in:''' || Amran
|-
| '''World:''' || ''Leaves'' Stories
|-
| '''Total Speakers:''' || ~ 18,000,000
|-
| '''Basic word order:''' || Strict V2
|-
| '''Morphological Type:''' || Fusional
|-
| '''Morphosyntactic Alignment:''' || Split Ergative-Absolutive
|-
| '''Inspirations:''' || Arabic, German, Finnish, Welsh, Basque, English, Menominee
|-
| '''Status:''' || In Progress
|-
| '''Link to full documentation:''' || *forthcoming*
|}

'''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' is an ''a priori'' artistic constructed language in development by Daniel Quigley, providing the framework for which the author’s creative works and worldbuilding are guided. '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''', or '''Eḥeiθymmen Amran''' or '''Eḥeiθymme''', is the dominant language of the people of Amran.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is characterized by significant word-internal sound-change, a "root-and-pattern" morphology, and strict word order. '''Eḥeiθymme''' readily accepts words of non-native origin, but tends to force said loans into its morphological paradigm.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is typologically a fusional language. Nouns, modifiers, and verbs are typically formed via a root-and-pattern triconsonantal root system, and movement between the three is highly fluid. Nouns are not inflected for number and case; these details are encoded in the definiteness marked by an article. Other modifiers, such as adverbs, are not inflected in the same way, though similarities may be found in certain contexts. Verbs entirely depend upon their construction with a positive or a negative copula, and most tenses are formed via periphrasis. Some particles are inflected for person. '''Eḥeiθymme''' is a Split Ergative-Absolutive aligned language, in which nouns tend to obey ergative-absolutive alignment rules, and person marking on the verb tends to obey nominative-accusative alignment rules. '''Eḥeiθymme''' has strict V2 word order despite the presence of extensive case marking.

==Introduction==

===Setting===

'''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' is the lingua franca of Amran. The people of Amran are exceptionally diverse in language, culture, and identity. At the time of the ''Leaves'' stories, Amran is in its twilight years and is a ghost of its former self. Amran's vast landscape follows from a temperate biome to a taiga biome, dominated by thick forests, abundant snowfall in many regions, and mountainous regions further inland. Much of the population is concentrated along the coastal regions, while inland is mostly uninhabited by humans.

===Etymology===

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is a word built from nominal form of the root '''∅-J-T''' indicating "language, speaking, articulated speech", rendered as '''ait''', which morphs to '''eiθ''', the '''ah-''' prefix, which morphs to '''eḥ-''', formulates proper nouns out of common nouns, and the suffix '''-umma''', which morphs to '''-ymme''', which is the augmentive suffix. In genitive constructions involving a proper noun fulfilling the genitive role, the possessed noun is in the construct state, sometimes unrealized morphologically, but in this case, it is indicated by '''-n'''. '''Arjad''' is from the positive copula '''R-J-D''', '''Eḥðeirymmē''' is built from the nominal form of '''D-J-R''' indicating "earth, land", rendered as '''dair''', which morphs to '''ðeir''', the '''ah-''' prefix, which morphs to '''eḥ-''', formulates proper nouns out of common nouns, and the suffix '''-umma''', which morphs to '''-ymmē''' in the absolutive case, and '''amran''' is the imperfective verbal form from the root '''M-R-N''' indicating "goodness, pleasantness, well-being". All morphing in sounds are accounted for in the section on sound change.

Taken altogether, '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' translates to “the principle language of Amran”, or, "the principal language of the good land".

===Goals===

The driving goal of '''Eḥeiθymme''' is to provide a framework for the author’s creative works and worldbuilding. To that end, '''Eḥeiθymme''' ought to be a naturalistic constructed language, and ought to be pleasant to look at and to hear (admittedly, this is wholly subjective, and others may disagree with to the extent to which this was fulfilled).

===Development, Inspiration, Forthcoming===

The history of '''Eḥeiθymme''' as a constructed language is relatively recent, and stems from the author's desire to construct a language with a Semitic style, and from the author's investigations into tense, mood, and aspect systems of world languages during his undergraduate career in linguistics. The earliest dedicated work on the language originated with the name of an individual, '''Iḥliθ''', whose meaning is yet elusive, and the now-defunct word for a ruler, '''aryad''', which has since come to be the positive copula.

Because much of the creative works and worldbuilding for which '''Eḥeiθymme''' guides concern themselves with cultural contact, exchange, and conflict, the two dominant languages of the world, [[Ahāmatya|'''Ahāmatya''']] and '''Eḥeiθymme''', are deliberately designed to be dissimilar, with regards to the make-up and feel of the language. The inspirations of the language include, but are not limited to, Arabic, German, Finnish, Welsh, Basque, English, Menominee. While some overlap exists in the inspirations for '''Ahāmatya''' and '''Eḥeiθymme''', any overt similarities are deliberately avoided.

A more in-depth and detailed documentation is forthcoming, which includes in-universe terminology for grammatical categories and descriptions. The author hopes to someday have the creative works published.

==Phonology==




===Consonants===
'''Eḥeiθymme''' has five major places of articulation and six manners of articulation, and yields twenty-three consonants in total.

{|class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=text-align:center
|+'''Consonant Inventory of Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="3" |
! Labial
! Alveolar
! Palatal
! Velar
! Glottal
|-
! colspan="3" | Nasal
| '''m''' = [m]
| '''n''' = [n]
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Stop
! {{small|''unvoiced''}}
| '''p''' = [p]
| '''t''' = [t]
|
| '''k''' = [k]
|
|-
! {{small|''voiced''}}
| '''b''' = [b]
| '''d''' = [d]
|
| '''g''' = [g]
|
|-
! rowspan="4" | Fricative
! rowspan="2" | {{small|sibilant}}
! {{small|''unvoiced''}}
|
| '''s''' = [s]
| '''ʃ''' = [ʃ]
|
|
|-
! {{small|''voiced''}}
|
|
| '''ʒ''' = [ʒ]
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | {{small|non-sibilant}}
! {{small|''unvoiced''}}
| '''f''' = [f]
| '''θ''' = [θ]
| '''ḥ''' = [ç]
| '''x''' = [x]
| '''h''' = [h]
|-
! {{small|''voiced''}}
| '''v''' = [v]
| '''ð''' = [ð]
|
| '''ɣ''' = [ɣ]
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Semi-vowel
| '''w''' = [w]
|
| '''y''' = [j]
|
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Lateral
|
| '''l''' = [l]
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Rhotic
|
| '''r''' = [r]
|
|
|
|}

===Vowels and Diphthongs===
'''Eḥeiθymme''' has five short vowels and five long vowels, a distinction manifested as the long vowels' sound being held twice as long as short vowels' sound.

The short vowels are the following: '''i''', '''e''', '''a''', '''y''', '''u'''. The long vowels are the following: '''ī''', '''ē''', '''ā''', '''ȳ''', '''ū'''. Note that, when spoken, there is some variation in the actual pronunciation of /ɛ:/, and may be more accurately pronounced as [e:].

'''Eḥeiθymme''' has three diphthongs, all of which have length equivalent to long vowels. The diphthongs are the following: '''ei''', '''ey''', '''au'''.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Vowel and Diphthong Inventory of Eḥeiθymme'''
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Front
! rowspan="2" | Back
|-
! unrounded
! rounded
|-
! Close
| '''i''' = [i] '''ī''' = [i:]
| '''y''' = [y] '''ȳ''' = [y:]
| '''u''' = [u] '''ū''' = [u:]
|-
! Mid
| '''e''' = [ɛ] ~ [e] '''ē''' = [ɛ:] ~ [e:]
|
|
|-
! Open
|
|
| '''a''' = [a] '''ā''' = [a:]
|- style="text-align: center;"
!Diphthongs
| colspan="3" |'''ei''' = [ej], '''ey''' = [eɥ], '''au''' = [aw]
|}

===Prosody and Stress===

Syllables are determined by vowel-sounds and diphthong-sounds. There is one vowel or diphthong per syllable. A syllable will tend to be closed, and tend not to contain a consonant in the onset if it can be avoided.

The determination of stress is understood within the bounds of the ultimate to antepenultimate syllable.

'''1. If the word at most contains:'''
* three syllables, then the first syllable is stressed.
* two syllables, then the first syllable is stressed.
* one syllable, then that syllable is stressed.

'''2. If the word contains:'''
* more than three syllables, then the antepenultimate syllable is stressed.
* a diphthong or a long vowel in the ultimate, penultimate, or antepenultimate syllable, then that syllable is stressed.

===Sound Change===

There exists three general rules of sound change in '''Eḥeiθymme''', one of which involves the mutation of consonants, one of which involves a harmonization of the vowels in a word, and one that turns consonants into vowels.

'''1. The consonant moves to its fricative counterpart in the environment that it follows a front vowel or a voiceless palatal fricative.'''

* t → θ
* d → ð
* p → f
* b → v
* k → x
* g → ɣ
* h → ḥ = ç

'''2. If a close, front, unrounded vowel exists anywhere in the word, then the close, back vowel becomes the close, front, rounded vowel, and the open, back vowel becomes the mid, front, unrounded vowel.'''

* u → y / ...i...
* a → e / ...i...

'''3. A semi-vowel becomes its vowel counterpart in the environment that it preceeds immediately a non-semi-vowel consonant.'''

* j → i / _C
* w → u / _C

==Morphology==

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is characterized by a '''nonconcatenative morphology''', or "root-and-pattern" morphology. Words are constructed from an abstract consonantal root structure according to any of several templates. The roots of words tend to be made of two or three consonants, called radicals, though roots of one or four are not unheard of. Words not of an '''Eḥeiθymme''' origin are made to follow '''Eḥeiθymme''''s morphology, and so can exhibit an atypical number of consonant roots. Additionally, '''Eḥeiθymme''' is not without discrete morphemes in the form of affixes in addition to the characteristic nonconcatenative morphology.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Eḥeiθymme Inflectional and Derivational Morphology Structure'''
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Root
! colspan="9" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μv1v2v3vμ
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Constituent Parts
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μ
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | v
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 1
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | v
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 2
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | v
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 3
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | v
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μ
|-
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | morphemic prefix
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel(s) or diphthong
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | initial radical
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel(s) or diphthong
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | medial radical
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel(s) or diphthong
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | final radical
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel(s) or diphthong
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | morphemic suffix
|}

==Verbs==

Verbs in '''Eḥeiθymme''' are predominantly aspectual, and show no overt morphological distinction to reflect time. Tenses are constructed typically by periphrasis. Mood is constructed via periphrasis for moods that are not indicative, subjunctive, or imperative, with one of several modal verbs. Voice is distinguished morphologically in unison with periphrasis. Person is marked directly on the verb by distinct morphemes.

On the verb itself, the following may be marked:

* Two aspects (perfective, imperfective)
* Three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter)
* Four persons (first, second, third, indeterminate)
* Agent/subject and patient
* Three numbers (singular, plural, paucal)
* Three moods (indicative, subjunctive, imperative)

Critical to the construction of the verb and verb phrase is the '''copula''', of which there exists both a '''positive''' copula '''R-J-D''' and a '''negative''' copula '''∅-M-N''' . Additionally, there exists an infinitive form of the verb that is used with modals.

Since verbs are constructed regularly via predictable combinatorics, it is useful to make a generalized template with which to consult. '''α''' and '''β''' are assumed to have been inflected for agent/subject and/or object person marking.

* '''α''' is a verb in the perfective aspect construction
* '''β''' is a verb in the imperfective aspect construction
* '''V''' is the full verb
* subscript "copula" means that that verb is the copula
* superscript "+" or "-" means that that verb is either the positive or the negative form (of the copula)
* subscript "modal" means that that verb is a modal verb
* subscript "infinitive" means that that verb is in the infinitive form of the verb

===Tense===

Tense is constructed combinatorially with the copula, with an explicitly defined aspectual distinction. For a diachronic treatment of the morphological forms of the '''Eḥeiθymme''' verb, please consult the appendix.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' distinguishes between three aspects: the '''Perfective''' aspect indicates an action completed, or an action as a whole; the '''Imperfective''' aspect indicates a continuous action; the '''Perfect''' aspect indicates a completed action prior to some event in context. Only the Perfective and the Imperfective have unique morphological templates; the Perfective aspect is formed via periphrasis.

The overt forms of the various aspects are dependent on the consonant make-up of the root. Such roots typically exhibit two or three consonants. Roots whose consonants are '''phonologically stable''' are roots whose consonants are not lateral (L-roots), rhotic (R-roots), fricative (S-roots), or semi-vowel (J-roots and W-roots), and are the so-called CCC-roots. '''Phonologically unstable''' roots exhibit minor irregularities in their construction, of which depend on the location of the unstable consonant(s) in the root: initial, medial, final. Roots consisting of two consonants, called ∅CC-roots, have variable manifestations and typically form via leveling, realized as the 2 consonant being doubled and acting as the 1 consonant.

Morpho-phonological phenomena and historical processes notwithstanding, the general structure of aspect is the following:

* The Perfective Aspect: '''-1e23i-'''
* The Imperfective Aspect: '''-12a3-'''

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Aspect Construction in Eḥeiθymme (Indicative Mood Shown Here)'''
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! style="text-align: center;" | Perfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Imperfective
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''(2)e23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''(2)2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12a3'''- -'''1u2a3'''-1
|-
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Le23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''L2a3'''- -'''i2e3'''-2
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1eL3i'''- -'''1ei3i'''-3
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1La3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Li'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aL'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Re23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''R2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ē3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Ra3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Ri'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12ā'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Se23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''S2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1eS3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Sa3'''- -'''S1a3'''-4
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Si'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aS'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Je23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''i2e3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ei3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Ja3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2ī'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aJ'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''We23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''u2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ey3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Wa3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2yi'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aW'''-
|}

:<nowiki>1</nowiki> If 1 and 2 are stops
:<nowiki>2</nowiki> If 2 is a stop
:<nowiki>3</nowiki> If 3 is a stop
:<nowiki>4</nowiki> If 1 is a stop

'''Eḥeiθymme''' distinguishes two times: the '''Past''' time indicates actions in the past; the '''Non-Past''' time indicates actions not in the past, and in some contexts covers both the present and the future. Aspect and time combine to yield tense.

* The '''Perfective Past Tense''' indicates a simple completed action in the past. It is the composition of perfective aspect and past time.

* The '''Imperfective Past Tense''' indicates an ongoing or incomplete action in the past time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and past time.

* The '''Imperfective Non-Past Tense''' indicates an ongoing action in the non-past time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and non-past time. Additionally, this tense may also be used to refer to the equivalent of a future time, depending on the context.

* The '''Perfect Past Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another completed action. It is the composition of perfect aspect and past time.

* The '''Perfect Non-Past Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another action. It is the composition of perfect aspect and non-past time.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Positive and Negative Verb Construction without Modals in Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Positive
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Negative
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''ad-α'''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β''' '''β'''+''copula'' + '''β'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''β'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''β'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''β'''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''+''copula'' + '''α'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''α'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''α'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''α'''
|}

===Mood===

'''Eḥeiθymmen''' has three distinctly marked moods: the '''Indicative''' mood indicates factual statements, inquiry of simple questions, and the statement of beliefs; the '''Subjunctive''' mood indicates imaginary or hypothetical actions, conveys opinions or emotions, or conveys requests; the '''Imperative''' mood indicates a directed command.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Verb Construction in Eḥeiθymme for Morphological Mood'''
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Indicative
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Subjunctive
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Imperative
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | Perfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Imperfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Perfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Imperfective
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -(2)'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -(2)2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -(2)'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''(2)a23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''3- -1u2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a23e'''-
|-
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -L'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -L2'''a'''3- -i2'''e'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -L'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''La23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''L3'''i'''- -1'''e'''i3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1L'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''L3'''u'''- -1'''ew'''i3'''y'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1aL3e'''- -'''1ei3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2L'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''L-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2L'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Le'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -R'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -R2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -R'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Ra23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ē'''3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1R'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ā'''3'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ā3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2R'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''ā'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2R'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Re'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -S'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -S2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -S'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Sa23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''S3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1S'''a'''3- -S1'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''S3'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1aS3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2S'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''S-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2S'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Se'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -J'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -i2'''e'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -J'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Ja23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''i3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1J'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ew'''i3'''y'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ei3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2'''ī'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''J-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2J'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Je'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -W'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -u2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -w'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Wa23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''y3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1W'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''aū'''3'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1au3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2y'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''W-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2'''ū'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2We'''-
|}

'''Eḥeiθymmen''' may also form verb constructions via periphrasis with modal verbs. There are numerous such modal verbs expressing variable meanings, shades of meanings, and overlapping of meanings. These may also be in the indicative, subjunctive, or imperative.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Positive and Negative Verb Construction with Modals in Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Positive
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Negative
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''ad-α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive'' '''β'''+''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''+''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
|}

===Voice===

Voice in '''Eḥeiθymme''' is constructed entirely morphosyntactically, and depends on the relationship between a transitive or intransitive verb with nouns in the ergative case and nouns in the absolutive case. When constructing these voices, the copula always remains in the second position. Any modal, other inflected verb, or infinitive remains at the end. For sentences not in need of a copula construction, such as the Perfective Past tense or the Imperfective Non-past tense, then the position otherwise held by the copula is instead held by the inflected verb, and is no longer at the end of the sentence. Similarly, in those tenses are being constructed with the modal plus the infinitive, then the modal is placed in the second position, and the infinitive is at the end.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' has three distinct voice constructions:

'''1. Active voice''' indicates that the subject of the sentence performs the action of a transitive or an intransitive verb, or causes the happening denoted by the verb.
* N''ergative'' + V''transitive'' + N''absolutive''
* N''ergative'' + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''transitive''
* N''ergative'' + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''modal'' + V''infinitive''
* N''ergative'' + V''modal'' + N''absolutive'' + V''infinitive''

* ∅ + V''intransitive'' + N''absolutive''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''intransitive''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''modal'' + V''infinitive''
* ∅ + V''modal'' + N''absolutive'' + V''infinitive''

'''2. Anti-passive voice''' takes the transitive verb and make it "less transitive" (read, more intransitive) by retaining that verb but putting the ergative noun into an absolutive or oblique construct, and thus conveys prominence of the agent and what they did, while the patient is left not as important (and thus demoted to oblique).
* N''absolutive'' + V''transitive'' + N''oblique''
* N''absolutive'' + V''copula'' + N''oblique'' + V''transitive''
* N''absolutive'' + V''copula'' + N''oblique'' + V''modal'' + V''infinitive''
* N''absolutive'' + V''modal'' + N''oblique'' + V''infinitive''

'''3. Anti-active voice''' takes the intransitive verb and make it "less intransitive" (read, more transitive) by taking a null space object (the oblique or absolutive) and realizing it with an actual argument, and thus conveys prominence to an object. Admittedly, there are very few instances of the anti-active voice.
* ∅ + V''intransitive'' + N''ergative''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''ergative'' + V''intransitive''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''ergative'' + V''modal''+ V''infinitive''
* ∅ + V''modal'' + N''ergative'' + V''infinitive''

In the active voice, the verb may be either transitive or intransitive. In the anti-passive voice, the verb must be transitive. In the anti-active voice, the verb must be intransitive. Finally, note that transitivity is entirely semantic; there is no overt marking to indicate if a verb is transitive or intransitive.

===Infinitive===

The infinitive form of the verb in '''Eḥeiθymme''' is used in the construction of verb tenses when the use of a modal is employed. The infinitive may be used as a verbal noun if made definite.

Morpho-phonological phenomena and historical processes notwithstanding, the general structure of the infinitive is the following:

* The Infinitive: '''1a12e3'''

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Infinitival Construction in Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! style="text-align: center;" | Infinitive
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(2)a(2)2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12e3'''
|-
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''LaL2e3''' '''Lei2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''LaL1e3''' '''Lei1e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eL'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''Rā2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1Re3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12ā'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''SaS2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1Se3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eS'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''Jei2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1Je3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eJ'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1au2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1We3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eW'''
|}

===Conjugation===

Grammatical person as agent/subject as well as object and number are designated via affixation. Mood is designated via change of vowel in the stem as well as affixation in the case of the imperative. The following table shows the paradigm of the positive copula, '''R-J-D''', with no marking made for the object.

{| class="wikitable nowrap" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Paradigm of the Positive Copula, R-J-D, with Agent/Subject Marking Only'''
! Mood
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
|-
! rowspan="9" | Indicative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ele-'''''reiði''
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rjad''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhyea-'''''reiði''
| '''dhua-'''''rjad''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''reiði''
| '''ive-'''''rjeð''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''reiði''
| '''me-'''''rjad''
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ē-'''''reiði''
| '''ā-'''''rjad''
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði''
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði''
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði''
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
|-
! rowspan="9" | Subjunctive
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ele-'''''rewiðy''
| rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhye-'''''rewiðy''
|
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''rewiðy''
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''rauðu''
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ē-'''''rewiðy''
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy''
|
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy''
|
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy''
|
|-
! rowspan="9" | Imperative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | –
| rowspan="2" | –
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
| '''dhye-'''''reiðe''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| '''ive-'''''reiðe''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| '''me-'''''reiðe''
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe''
|}

While noun marking and syntax obey the rules of ergative-absolutive alignment, person marking on verbs follows nominative-accusative alignment rules. The agent/subject person is realized as a prefix, while the object is realized as a suffix. Many of the person markers for prefixes are wholly dissimilar to their suffix counterparts, though most exhibit at least a shared thematic consonant. The following table shows the paradigm of the positive copula, '''R-Y-D''', with marking made for the object as well as the agent/subject.

{| class="wikitable nowrap" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Paradigm of the Positive Copula, R-J-D, with Agent/Subject and Object Marking'''
! Mood
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
|-
! rowspan="9" | Indicative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ele-'''''reiði'''''-el'''
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rjad'''''-al'''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhye-'''''reiði'''''-ið'''
| '''dhye-'''''rjeð'''''-ið'''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''reiði'''''-iv'''
| '''ive-'''''rjeð'''''-iv'''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''reiði'''''-em'''
| '''me-'''''rjad'''''-am'''
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ē-'''''reiði'''''-eḥ'''
| '''ā-'''''rjad'''''-ah'''
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði'''''-en'''
| '''anta-'''''rjad'''''-an'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði'''''-en'''
| '''anta-'''''rjad'''''-an'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði'''''-en'''
| '''anta-'''''rjad'''''-an'''
|-
! rowspan="9" | Subjunctive
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ele-'''''rewiðy'''''-el'''
| rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhye-'''''rewiðy'''''-ið'''
|
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''rewiðy'''''-iv'''
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''rewiðy'''''-em'''
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ē-'''''rewiðy'''''-ēḥ'''
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy'''''-en'''
|
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy'''''-en'''
|
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy'''''-en'''
|
|-
! rowspan="9" | Imperative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | –
| rowspan="2" | –
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
| '''dhye-'''''reiðe'''''-ið'''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| '''ive-'''''reiðe'''''-iv'''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| '''me-'''''reiðe'''''-em'''
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe'''''-en'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe'''''-en'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe'''''-en'''
|}

==Nouns==

Nouns in '''Eḥeiθymme''' are not inflected for grammatical gender, number, or case. Neither the noun nor the adjective differentiate gender, in contrast to the obligatorily marked gender of the pronouns. An exception to this is when the noun is explicitly gendered, to reflect specifically gendered subjects. This distinction is wholly semantic. Number and case are entirely encoded in the definite article. Nouns are inflected for state.

* The structure of a '''Basic Noun''' is: '''-1v23-''', where '''-v-''' may be any vowel, but is usually '''-a-''' or '''-u-'''.

===Definiteness===

'''Eḥeiθymme''' has various definite and indefinite articles controlling the number and case of the modified noun. Proper nouns are definite by definition, and so do not require the definite article. Case for proper nouns is realized variously, by context or by adpositions.

* The '''Singular Definite Article''' is: ''' la-'''
* The '''Plural Definite Article''' is: ''' -'''
* The '''Paucal Definite Article''' is: ''' -'''

* The '''Singular Indefinite Article''' is: '''a-'''
* The '''Plural Indefinite Article''' is: ''' -'''
* The '''Paucal Indefinite Article''' is: ''' -'''

====Case====

===State===

====Absolute State====

====Construct State====

==Modifiers==

===Adjectives===

===Adverbs===

==Particles==

==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==

==Other resources==




[[Category:Eḥeiθymme]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Eḥeiθymmen Amran

2019-09-20T06:43:21Z

Deltaquebec: /* Mood */

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="float:right;" width="35%"
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffffff; font-size:1.2em;" | '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' [ɛˈçej.θym.mɛn ˈar.jad ɛçˈðej.θym.mɛː ˈam.ran]
|-
| '''Creator:''' || Daniel Quigley
|-
| '''Spoken in:''' || Amran
|-
| '''World:''' || ''Leaves'' Stories
|-
| '''Total Speakers:''' || ~ 18,000,000
|-
| '''Basic word order:''' || Strict V2
|-
| '''Morphological Type:''' || Fusional
|-
| '''Morphosyntactic Alignment:''' || Split Ergative-Absolutive
|-
| '''Inspirations:''' || Arabic, German, Finnish, Welsh, Basque, English, Menominee
|-
| '''Status:''' || In Progress
|-
| '''Link to full documentation:''' || *forthcoming*
|}

'''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' is an ''a priori'' artistic constructed language in development by Daniel Quigley, providing the framework for which the author’s creative works and worldbuilding are guided. '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''', or '''Eḥeiθymmen Amran''' or '''Eḥeiθymme''', is the dominant language of the people of Amran.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is characterized by significant word-internal sound-change, a "root-and-pattern" morphology, and strict word order. '''Eḥeiθymme''' readily accepts words of non-native origin, but tends to force said loans into its morphological paradigm.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is typologically a fusional language. Nouns, modifiers, and verbs are typically formed via a root-and-pattern triconsonantal root system, and movement between the three is highly fluid. Nouns are not inflected for number and case; these details are encoded in the definiteness marked by an article. Other modifiers, such as adverbs, are not inflected in the same way, though similarities may be found in certain contexts. Verbs entirely depend upon their construction with a positive or a negative copula, and most tenses are formed via periphrasis. Some particles are inflected for person. '''Eḥeiθymme''' is a Split Ergative-Absolutive aligned language, in which nouns tend to obey ergative-absolutive alignment rules, and person marking on the verb tends to obey nominative-accusative alignment rules. '''Eḥeiθymme''' has strict V2 word order despite the presence of extensive case marking.

==Introduction==

===Setting===

'''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' is the lingua franca of Amran. The people of Amran are exceptionally diverse in language, culture, and identity. At the time of the ''Leaves'' stories, Amran is in its twilight years and is a ghost of its former self. Amran's vast landscape follows from a temperate biome to a taiga biome, dominated by thick forests, abundant snowfall in many regions, and mountainous regions further inland. Much of the population is concentrated along the coastal regions, while inland is mostly uninhabited by humans.

===Etymology===

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is a word built from nominal form of the root '''∅-J-T''' indicating "language, speaking, articulated speech", rendered as '''ait''', which morphs to '''eiθ''', the '''ah-''' prefix, which morphs to '''eḥ-''', formulates proper nouns out of common nouns, and the suffix '''-umma''', which morphs to '''-ymme''', which is the augmentive suffix. In genitive constructions involving a proper noun fulfilling the genitive role, the possessed noun is in the construct state, sometimes unrealized morphologically, but in this case, it is indicated by '''-n'''. '''Arjad''' is from the positive copula '''R-J-D''', '''Eḥðeirymmē''' is built from the nominal form of '''D-J-R''' indicating "earth, land", rendered as '''dair''', which morphs to '''ðeir''', the '''ah-''' prefix, which morphs to '''eḥ-''', formulates proper nouns out of common nouns, and the suffix '''-umma''', which morphs to '''-ymmē''' in the absolutive case, and '''amran''' is the imperfective verbal form from the root '''M-R-N''' indicating "goodness, pleasantness, well-being". All morphing in sounds are accounted for in the section on sound change.

Taken altogether, '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' translates to “the principle language of Amran”, or, "the principal language of the good land".

===Goals===

The driving goal of '''Eḥeiθymme''' is to provide a framework for the author’s creative works and worldbuilding. To that end, '''Eḥeiθymme''' ought to be a naturalistic constructed language, and ought to be pleasant to look at and to hear (admittedly, this is wholly subjective, and others may disagree with to the extent to which this was fulfilled).

===Development, Inspiration, Forthcoming===

The history of '''Eḥeiθymme''' as a constructed language is relatively recent, and stems from the author's desire to construct a language with a Semitic style, and from the author's investigations into tense, mood, and aspect systems of world languages during his undergraduate career in linguistics. The earliest dedicated work on the language originated with the name of an individual, '''Iḥliθ''', whose meaning is yet elusive, and the now-defunct word for a ruler, '''aryad''', which has since come to be the positive copula.

Because much of the creative works and worldbuilding for which '''Eḥeiθymme''' guides concern themselves with cultural contact, exchange, and conflict, the two dominant languages of the world, [[Ahāmatya|'''Ahāmatya''']] and '''Eḥeiθymme''', are deliberately designed to be dissimilar, with regards to the make-up and feel of the language. The inspirations of the language include, but are not limited to, Arabic, German, Finnish, Welsh, Basque, English, Menominee. While some overlap exists in the inspirations for '''Ahāmatya''' and '''Eḥeiθymme''', any overt similarities are deliberately avoided.

A more in-depth and detailed documentation is forthcoming, which includes in-universe terminology for grammatical categories and descriptions. The author hopes to someday have the creative works published.

==Phonology==




===Consonants===
'''Eḥeiθymme''' has five major places of articulation and six manners of articulation, and yields twenty-three consonants in total.

{|class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=text-align:center
|+'''Consonant Inventory of Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="3" |
! Labial
! Alveolar
! Palatal
! Velar
! Glottal
|-
! colspan="3" | Nasal
| '''m''' = [m]
| '''n''' = [n]
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Stop
! {{small|''unvoiced''}}
| '''p''' = [p]
| '''t''' = [t]
|
| '''k''' = [k]
|
|-
! {{small|''voiced''}}
| '''b''' = [b]
| '''d''' = [d]
|
| '''g''' = [g]
|
|-
! rowspan="4" | Fricative
! rowspan="2" | {{small|sibilant}}
! {{small|''unvoiced''}}
|
| '''s''' = [s]
| '''ʃ''' = [ʃ]
|
|
|-
! {{small|''voiced''}}
|
|
| '''ʒ''' = [ʒ]
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | {{small|non-sibilant}}
! {{small|''unvoiced''}}
| '''f''' = [f]
| '''θ''' = [θ]
| '''ḥ''' = [ç]
| '''x''' = [x]
| '''h''' = [h]
|-
! {{small|''voiced''}}
| '''v''' = [v]
| '''ð''' = [ð]
|
| '''ɣ''' = [ɣ]
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Semi-vowel
| '''w''' = [w]
|
| '''y''' = [j]
|
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Lateral
|
| '''l''' = [l]
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Rhotic
|
| '''r''' = [r]
|
|
|
|}

===Vowels and Diphthongs===
'''Eḥeiθymme''' has five short vowels and five long vowels, a distinction manifested as the long vowels' sound being held twice as long as short vowels' sound.

The short vowels are the following: '''i''', '''e''', '''a''', '''y''', '''u'''. The long vowels are the following: '''ī''', '''ē''', '''ā''', '''ȳ''', '''ū'''. Note that, when spoken, there is some variation in the actual pronunciation of /ɛ:/, and may be more accurately pronounced as [e:].

'''Eḥeiθymme''' has three diphthongs, all of which have length equivalent to long vowels. The diphthongs are the following: '''ei''', '''ey''', '''au'''.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Vowel and Diphthong Inventory of Eḥeiθymme'''
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Front
! rowspan="2" | Back
|-
! unrounded
! rounded
|-
! Close
| '''i''' = [i] '''ī''' = [i:]
| '''y''' = [y] '''ȳ''' = [y:]
| '''u''' = [u] '''ū''' = [u:]
|-
! Mid
| '''e''' = [ɛ] ~ [e] '''ē''' = [ɛ:] ~ [e:]
|
|
|-
! Open
|
|
| '''a''' = [a] '''ā''' = [a:]
|- style="text-align: center;"
!Diphthongs
| colspan="3" |'''ei''' = [ej], '''ey''' = [eɥ], '''au''' = [aw]
|}

===Prosody and Stress===

Syllables are determined by vowel-sounds and diphthong-sounds. There is one vowel or diphthong per syllable. A syllable will tend to be closed, and tend not to contain a consonant in the onset if it can be avoided.

The determination of stress is understood within the bounds of the ultimate to antepenultimate syllable.

'''1. If the word at most contains:'''
* three syllables, then the first syllable is stressed.
* two syllables, then the first syllable is stressed.
* one syllable, then that syllable is stressed.

'''2. If the word contains:'''
* more than three syllables, then the antepenultimate syllable is stressed.
* a diphthong or a long vowel in the ultimate, penultimate, or antepenultimate syllable, then that syllable is stressed.

===Sound Change===

There exists three general rules of sound change in '''Eḥeiθymme''', one of which involves the mutation of consonants, one of which involves a harmonization of the vowels in a word, and one that turns consonants into vowels.

'''1. The consonant moves to its fricative counterpart in the environment that it follows a front vowel or a voiceless palatal fricative.'''

* t → θ
* d → ð
* p → f
* b → v
* k → x
* g → ɣ
* h → ḥ = ç

'''2. If a close, front, unrounded vowel exists anywhere in the word, then the close, back vowel becomes the close, front, rounded vowel, and the open, back vowel becomes the mid, front, unrounded vowel.'''

* u → y / ...i...
* a → e / ...i...

'''3. A semi-vowel becomes its vowel counterpart in the environment that it preceeds immediately a non-semi-vowel consonant.'''

* j → i / _C
* w → u / _C

==Morphology==

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is characterized by a '''nonconcatenative morphology''', or "root-and-pattern" morphology. Words are constructed from an abstract consonantal root structure according to any of several templates. The roots of words tend to be made of two or three consonants, called radicals, though roots of one or four are not unheard of. Words not of an '''Eḥeiθymme''' origin are made to follow '''Eḥeiθymme''''s morphology, and so can exhibit an atypical number of consonant roots. Additionally, '''Eḥeiθymme''' is not without discrete morphemes in the form of affixes in addition to the characteristic nonconcatenative morphology.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Eḥeiθymme Inflectional and Derivational Morphology Structure'''
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Root
! colspan="9" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μv1v2v3vμ
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Constituent Parts
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μ
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | v
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 1
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | v
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 2
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | v
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 3
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | v
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μ
|-
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | morphemic prefix
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel(s) or diphthong
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | initial radical
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel(s) or diphthong
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | medial radical
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel(s) or diphthong
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | final radical
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel(s) or diphthong
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | morphemic suffix
|}

==Verbs==

Verbs in '''Eḥeiθymme''' are predominantly aspectual, and show no overt morphological distinction to reflect time. Tenses are constructed typically by periphrasis. Mood is constructed via periphrasis for moods that are not indicative, subjunctive, or imperative, with one of several modal verbs. Voice is distinguished morphologically in unison with periphrasis. Person is marked directly on the verb by distinct morphemes.

On the verb itself, the following may be marked:

* Two aspects (perfective, imperfective)
* Three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter)
* Four persons (first, second, third, indeterminate)
* Agent/subject and patient
* Three numbers (singular, plural, paucal)
* Three moods (indicative, subjunctive, imperative)

Critical to the construction of the verb and verb phrase is the '''copula''', of which there exists both a '''positive''' copula '''R-J-D''' and a '''negative''' copula '''∅-M-N''' . Additionally, there exists an infinitive form of the verb that is used with modals.

Since verbs are constructed regularly via predictable combinatorics, it is useful to make a generalized template with which to consult. '''α''' and '''β''' are assumed to have been inflected for agent/subject and/or object person marking.

* '''α''' is a verb in the perfective aspect construction
* '''β''' is a verb in the imperfective aspect construction
* '''V''' is the full verb
* subscript "copula" means that that verb is the copula
* superscript "+" or "-" means that that verb is either the positive or the negative form (of the copula)
* subscript "modal" means that that verb is a modal verb
* subscript "infinitive" means that that verb is in the infinitive form of the verb

===Tense===

Tense is constructed combinatorially with the copula, with an explicitly defined aspectual distinction. For a diachronic treatment of the morphological forms of the '''Eḥeiθymme''' verb, please consult the appendix.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' distinguishes between three aspects: the '''Perfective''' aspect indicates an action completed, or an action as a whole; the '''Imperfective''' aspect indicates a continuous action; the '''Perfect''' aspect indicates a completed action prior to some event in context. Only the Perfective and the Imperfective have unique morphological templates; the Perfective aspect is formed via periphrasis.

The overt forms of the various aspects are dependent on the consonant make-up of the root. Such roots typically exhibit two or three consonants. Roots whose consonants are '''phonologically stable''' are roots whose consonants are not lateral (L-roots), rhotic (R-roots), fricative (S-roots), or semi-vowel (J-roots and W-roots), and are the so-called CCC-roots. '''Phonologically unstable''' roots exhibit minor irregularities in their construction, of which depend on the location of the unstable consonant(s) in the root: initial, medial, final. Roots consisting of two consonants, called ∅CC-roots, have variable manifestations and typically form via leveling, realized as the 2 consonant being doubled and acting as the 1 consonant.

Morpho-phonological phenomena and historical processes notwithstanding, the general structure of aspect is the following:

* The Perfective Aspect: '''-1e23i-'''
* The Imperfective Aspect: '''-12a3-'''

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Aspect Construction in Eḥeiθymme (Indicative Mood Shown Here)'''
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! style="text-align: center;" | Perfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Imperfective
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''(2)e23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''(2)2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12a3'''- -'''1u2a3'''-1
|-
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Le23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''L2a3'''- -'''i2e3'''-2
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1eL3i'''- -'''1ei3i'''-3
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1La3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Li'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aL'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Re23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''R2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ē3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Ra3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Ri'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12ā'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Se23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''S2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1eS3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Sa3'''- -'''S1a3'''-4
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Si'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aS'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Je23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''i2e3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ei3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Ja3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2ī'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aJ'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''We23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''u2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ey3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Wa3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2yi'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aW'''-
|}

:<nowiki>1</nowiki> If 1 and 2 are stops
:<nowiki>2</nowiki> If 2 is a stop
:<nowiki>3</nowiki> If 3 is a stop
:<nowiki>4</nowiki> If 1 is a stop

'''Eḥeiθymme''' distinguishes two times: the '''Past''' time indicates actions in the past; the '''Non-Past''' time indicates actions not in the past, and in some contexts covers both the present and the future. Aspect and time combine to yield tense.

* The '''Perfective Past Tense''' indicates a simple completed action in the past. It is the composition of perfective aspect and past time.

* The '''Imperfective Past Tense''' indicates an ongoing or incomplete action in the past time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and past time.

* The '''Imperfective Non-Past Tense''' indicates an ongoing action in the non-past time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and non-past time. Additionally, this tense may also be used to refer to the equivalent of a future time, depending on the context.

* The '''Perfect Past Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another completed action. It is the composition of perfect aspect and past time.

* The '''Perfect Non-Past Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another action. It is the composition of perfect aspect and non-past time.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Positive and Negative Verb Construction without Modals in Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Positive
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Negative
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''ad-α'''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β''' '''β'''+''copula'' + '''β'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''β'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''β'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''β'''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''+''copula'' + '''α'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''α'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''α'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''α'''
|}

===Mood===

'''Eḥeiθymmen''' has three distinctly marked moods: the '''Indicative''' mood indicates factual statements, inquiry of simple questions, and the statement of beliefs; the '''Subjunctive''' mood indicates imaginary or hypothetical actions, conveys opinions or emotions, or conveys requests; the '''Imperative''' mood indicates a directed command.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Verb Construction in Eḥeiθymme for Morphological Mood'''
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Indicative
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Subjunctive
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Imperative
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | Perfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Imperfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Perfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Imperfective
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -(2)'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -(2)2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -(2)'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''(2)a23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''3- -1u2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a23e'''-
|-
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -L'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -L2'''a'''3- -i2'''e'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -L'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''La23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''L3'''i'''- -1'''e'''i3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1L'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''L3'''u'''- -1'''ew'''i3'''y'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1aL3e'''- -'''1ei3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2L'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''L-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2L'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Le'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -R'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -R2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -R'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Ra23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ē'''3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1R'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ā'''3'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ā3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2R'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''ā'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2R'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Re'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -S'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -S2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -S'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Sa23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''S3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1S'''a'''3- -S1'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''S3'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1aS3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2S'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''S-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2S'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Se'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -J'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -i2'''e'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -J'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Ja23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''i3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1J'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ew'''i3'''y'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ei3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2'''ī'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''J-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2J'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Je'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -W'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -u2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -w'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Wa23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''y3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1W'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''aū'''3'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1au3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2y'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''W-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2'''ū'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2We'''-
|}

'''Eḥeiθymmen''' may also form verb constructions via periphrasis with modal verbs. There are numerous such modal verbs expressing variable meanings, shades of meanings, and overlapping of meanings. These may also be in the indicative, subjunctive, or imperative.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Positive and Negative Verb Construction with Modals in Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Positive
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Negative
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''ad-α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive'' '''β'''+''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''+''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
|}

===Voice===

Voice in '''Eḥeiθymme''' is constructed entirely morphosyntactically, and depends on the relationship between a transitive or intransitive verb with nouns in the ergative case and nouns in the absolutive case. When constructing these voices, the copula always remains in the second position. Any modal, other inflected verb, or infinitive remains at the end. For sentences not in need of a copula construction, such as the Perfective Past tense or the Imperfective Non-past tense, then the position otherwise held by the copula is instead held by the inflected verb, and is no longer at the end of the sentence. Similarly, in those tenses are being constructed with the modal plus the infinitive, then the modal is placed in the second position, and the infinitive is at the end.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' has three distinct voice constructions:

'''1. Active voice''' indicates that the subject of the sentence performs the action of a transitive or an intransitive verb, or causes the happening denoted by the verb.
* N''ergative'' + V''transitive'' + N''absolutive''
* N''ergative'' + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''transitive''
* N''ergative'' + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''modal'' + V''infinitive''
* N''ergative'' + V''modal'' + N''absolutive'' + V''infinitive''

* ∅ + V''intransitive'' + N''absolutive''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''intransitive''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''modal'' + V''infinitive''
* ∅ + V''modal'' + N''absolutive'' + V''infinitive''

'''2. Anti-passive voice''' takes the transitive verb and make it "less transitive" (read, more intransitive) by retaining that verb but putting the ergative noun into an absolutive or oblique construct, and thus conveys prominence of the agent and what they did, while the patient is left not as important (and thus demoted to oblique).
* N''absolutive'' + V''transitive'' + N''oblique''
* N''absolutive'' + V''copula'' + N''oblique'' + V''transitive''
* N''absolutive'' + V''copula'' + N''oblique'' + V''modal'' + V''infinitive''
* N''absolutive'' + V''modal'' + N''oblique'' + V''infinitive''

'''3. Anti-active voice''' takes the intransitive verb and make it "less intransitive" (read, more transitive) by taking a null space object (the oblique or absolutive) and realizing it with an actual argument, and thus conveys prominence to an object. Admittedly, there are very few instances of the anti-active voice.
* ∅ + V''intransitive'' + N''ergative''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''ergative'' + V''intransitive''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''ergative'' + V''modal''+ V''infinitive''
* ∅ + V''modal'' + N''ergative'' + V''infinitive''

In the active voice, the verb may be either transitive or intransitive. In the anti-passive voice, the verb must be transitive. In the anti-active voice, the verb must be intransitive. Finally, note that transitivity is entirely semantic; there is no overt marking to indicate if a verb is transitive or intransitive.

===Infinitive===

The infinitive form of the verb in '''Eḥeiθymme''' is used in the construction of verb tenses when the use of a modal is employed. The infinitive may be used as a verbal noun if made definite.

Morpho-phonological phenomena and historical processes notwithstanding, the general structure of the infinitive is the following:

* The Infinitive: '''1a12e3'''

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Infinitival Construction in Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! style="text-align: center;" | Infinitive
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(2)a(2)2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12e3'''
|-
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''LaL2e3''' '''Lei2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''LaL1e3''' '''Lei1e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eL'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''Rā2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1Re3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12ā'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''SaS2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1Se3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eS'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''Jei2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1Je3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eJ'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1au2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1We3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eW'''
|}

===Conjugation===

Grammatical person as agent/subject as well as object and number are designated via affixation. Mood is designated via change of vowel in the stem as well as affixation in the case of the imperative. The following table shows the paradigm of the positive copula, '''R-J-D''', with no marking made for the object.

{| class="wikitable nowrap" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Paradigm of the Positive Copula, R-J-D, with Agent/Subject Marking Only'''
! Mood
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
|-
! rowspan="9" | Indicative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ele-'''''reiði''
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rjad''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhyea-'''''reiði''
| '''dhua-'''''rjad''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''reiði''
| '''ive-'''''rjeð''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''reiði''
| '''me-'''''rjad''
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ē-'''''reiði''
| '''ā-'''''rjad''
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði''
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði''
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði''
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
|-
! rowspan="9" | Subjunctive
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ele-'''''rewiðy''
| rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhye-'''''rewiðy''
|
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''rewiðy''
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''rauðu''
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ē-'''''rewiðy''
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy''
|
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy''
|
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy''
|
|-
! rowspan="9" | Imperative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | –
| rowspan="2" | –
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
| '''dhye-'''''reiðe''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| '''ive-'''''reiðe''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| '''me-'''''reiðe''
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe''
|}

While noun marking and syntax obey the rules of ergative-absolutive alignment, person marking on verbs follows nominative-accusative alignment rules. The agent/subject person is realized as a prefix, while the object is realized as a suffix. Many of the person markers for prefixes are wholly dissimilar to their suffix counterparts, though most exhibit at least a shared thematic consonant. The following table shows the paradigm of the positive copula, '''R-Y-D''', with marking made for the object as well as the agent/subject.

{| class="wikitable nowrap" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Paradigm of the Positive Copula, R-J-D, with Agent/Subject and Object Marking'''
! Mood
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
|-
! rowspan="9" | Indicative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ele-'''''reiði'''''-el'''
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rjad'''''-al'''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhye-'''''reiði'''''-ið'''
| '''dhye-'''''rjeð'''''-ið'''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''reiði'''''-iv'''
| '''ive-'''''rjeð'''''-iv'''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''reiði'''''-em'''
| '''me-'''''rjad'''''-am'''
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ē-'''''reiði'''''-eḥ'''
| '''ā-'''''rjad'''''-ah'''
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði'''''-en'''
| '''anta-'''''rjad'''''-an'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði'''''-en'''
| '''anta-'''''rjad'''''-an'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði'''''-en'''
| '''anta-'''''rjad'''''-an'''
|-
! rowspan="9" | Subjunctive
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ele-'''''rewiðy'''''-el'''
| rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhye-'''''rewiðy'''''-ið'''
|
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''rewiðy'''''-iv'''
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''rewiðy'''''-em'''
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ē-'''''rewiðy'''''-ēḥ'''
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy'''''-en'''
|
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy'''''-en'''
|
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy'''''-en'''
|
|-
! rowspan="9" | Imperative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | –
| rowspan="2" | –
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
| '''dhye-'''''reiðe'''''-ið'''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| '''ive-'''''reiðe'''''-iv'''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| '''me-'''''reiðe'''''-em'''
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe'''''-en'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe'''''-en'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe'''''-en'''
|}

==Nouns==

Nouns in '''Eḥeiθymme''' are not inflected for grammatical gender, number, or case. Neither the noun nor the adjective differentiate gender, in contrast to the obligatorily marked gender of the pronouns. An exception to this is when the noun is explicitly gendered, to reflect specifically gendered subjects. This distinction is wholly semantic. Number and case are entirely encoded in the definite article. Nouns are inflected for state.

* The structure of a '''Basic Noun''' is: '''-1v23-''', where '''-v-''' may be any vowel, but is usually '''-a-''' or '''-u-'''.

===Definiteness===

'''Eḥeiθymme''' has various definite and indefinite articles controlling the number and case of the modified noun. Proper nouns are definite by definition, and so do not require the definite article. Case for proper nouns is realized variously, by context or by adpositions.

* The '''Singular Definite Article''' is: ''' -'''
* The '''Plural Definite Article''' is: ''' -'''
* The '''Paucal Definite Article''' is: ''' -'''

* The '''Singular Indefinite Article''' is: '''a-'''
* The '''Plural Indefinite Article''' is: ''' -'''
* The '''Paucal Indefinite Article''' is: ''' -'''

====Case====

===State===

====Absolute State====

====Construct State====

==Modifiers==

===Adjectives===

===Adverbs===

==Particles==

==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==

==Other resources==




[[Category:Eḥeiθymme]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Eḥeiθymmen Amran

2019-09-20T06:30:31Z

Deltaquebec: /* Tense */

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="float:right;" width="35%"
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffffff; font-size:1.2em;" | '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' [ɛˈçej.θym.mɛn ˈar.jad ɛçˈðej.θym.mɛː ˈam.ran]
|-
| '''Creator:''' || Daniel Quigley
|-
| '''Spoken in:''' || Amran
|-
| '''World:''' || ''Leaves'' Stories
|-
| '''Total Speakers:''' || ~ 18,000,000
|-
| '''Basic word order:''' || Strict V2
|-
| '''Morphological Type:''' || Fusional
|-
| '''Morphosyntactic Alignment:''' || Split Ergative-Absolutive
|-
| '''Inspirations:''' || Arabic, German, Finnish, Welsh, Basque, English, Menominee
|-
| '''Status:''' || In Progress
|-
| '''Link to full documentation:''' || *forthcoming*
|}

'''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' is an ''a priori'' artistic constructed language in development by Daniel Quigley, providing the framework for which the author’s creative works and worldbuilding are guided. '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''', or '''Eḥeiθymmen Amran''' or '''Eḥeiθymme''', is the dominant language of the people of Amran.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is characterized by significant word-internal sound-change, a "root-and-pattern" morphology, and strict word order. '''Eḥeiθymme''' readily accepts words of non-native origin, but tends to force said loans into its morphological paradigm.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is typologically a fusional language. Nouns, modifiers, and verbs are typically formed via a root-and-pattern triconsonantal root system, and movement between the three is highly fluid. Nouns are not inflected for number and case; these details are encoded in the definiteness marked by an article. Other modifiers, such as adverbs, are not inflected in the same way, though similarities may be found in certain contexts. Verbs entirely depend upon their construction with a positive or a negative copula, and most tenses are formed via periphrasis. Some particles are inflected for person. '''Eḥeiθymme''' is a Split Ergative-Absolutive aligned language, in which nouns tend to obey ergative-absolutive alignment rules, and person marking on the verb tends to obey nominative-accusative alignment rules. '''Eḥeiθymme''' has strict V2 word order despite the presence of extensive case marking.

==Introduction==

===Setting===

'''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' is the lingua franca of Amran. The people of Amran are exceptionally diverse in language, culture, and identity. At the time of the ''Leaves'' stories, Amran is in its twilight years and is a ghost of its former self. Amran's vast landscape follows from a temperate biome to a taiga biome, dominated by thick forests, abundant snowfall in many regions, and mountainous regions further inland. Much of the population is concentrated along the coastal regions, while inland is mostly uninhabited by humans.

===Etymology===

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is a word built from nominal form of the root '''∅-J-T''' indicating "language, speaking, articulated speech", rendered as '''ait''', which morphs to '''eiθ''', the '''ah-''' prefix, which morphs to '''eḥ-''', formulates proper nouns out of common nouns, and the suffix '''-umma''', which morphs to '''-ymme''', which is the augmentive suffix. In genitive constructions involving a proper noun fulfilling the genitive role, the possessed noun is in the construct state, sometimes unrealized morphologically, but in this case, it is indicated by '''-n'''. '''Arjad''' is from the positive copula '''R-J-D''', '''Eḥðeirymmē''' is built from the nominal form of '''D-J-R''' indicating "earth, land", rendered as '''dair''', which morphs to '''ðeir''', the '''ah-''' prefix, which morphs to '''eḥ-''', formulates proper nouns out of common nouns, and the suffix '''-umma''', which morphs to '''-ymmē''' in the absolutive case, and '''amran''' is the imperfective verbal form from the root '''M-R-N''' indicating "goodness, pleasantness, well-being". All morphing in sounds are accounted for in the section on sound change.

Taken altogether, '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' translates to “the principle language of Amran”, or, "the principal language of the good land".

===Goals===

The driving goal of '''Eḥeiθymme''' is to provide a framework for the author’s creative works and worldbuilding. To that end, '''Eḥeiθymme''' ought to be a naturalistic constructed language, and ought to be pleasant to look at and to hear (admittedly, this is wholly subjective, and others may disagree with to the extent to which this was fulfilled).

===Development, Inspiration, Forthcoming===

The history of '''Eḥeiθymme''' as a constructed language is relatively recent, and stems from the author's desire to construct a language with a Semitic style, and from the author's investigations into tense, mood, and aspect systems of world languages during his undergraduate career in linguistics. The earliest dedicated work on the language originated with the name of an individual, '''Iḥliθ''', whose meaning is yet elusive, and the now-defunct word for a ruler, '''aryad''', which has since come to be the positive copula.

Because much of the creative works and worldbuilding for which '''Eḥeiθymme''' guides concern themselves with cultural contact, exchange, and conflict, the two dominant languages of the world, [[Ahāmatya|'''Ahāmatya''']] and '''Eḥeiθymme''', are deliberately designed to be dissimilar, with regards to the make-up and feel of the language. The inspirations of the language include, but are not limited to, Arabic, German, Finnish, Welsh, Basque, English, Menominee. While some overlap exists in the inspirations for '''Ahāmatya''' and '''Eḥeiθymme''', any overt similarities are deliberately avoided.

A more in-depth and detailed documentation is forthcoming, which includes in-universe terminology for grammatical categories and descriptions. The author hopes to someday have the creative works published.

==Phonology==




===Consonants===
'''Eḥeiθymme''' has five major places of articulation and six manners of articulation, and yields twenty-three consonants in total.

{|class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=text-align:center
|+'''Consonant Inventory of Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="3" |
! Labial
! Alveolar
! Palatal
! Velar
! Glottal
|-
! colspan="3" | Nasal
| '''m''' = [m]
| '''n''' = [n]
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Stop
! {{small|''unvoiced''}}
| '''p''' = [p]
| '''t''' = [t]
|
| '''k''' = [k]
|
|-
! {{small|''voiced''}}
| '''b''' = [b]
| '''d''' = [d]
|
| '''g''' = [g]
|
|-
! rowspan="4" | Fricative
! rowspan="2" | {{small|sibilant}}
! {{small|''unvoiced''}}
|
| '''s''' = [s]
| '''ʃ''' = [ʃ]
|
|
|-
! {{small|''voiced''}}
|
|
| '''ʒ''' = [ʒ]
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | {{small|non-sibilant}}
! {{small|''unvoiced''}}
| '''f''' = [f]
| '''θ''' = [θ]
| '''ḥ''' = [ç]
| '''x''' = [x]
| '''h''' = [h]
|-
! {{small|''voiced''}}
| '''v''' = [v]
| '''ð''' = [ð]
|
| '''ɣ''' = [ɣ]
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Semi-vowel
| '''w''' = [w]
|
| '''y''' = [j]
|
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Lateral
|
| '''l''' = [l]
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Rhotic
|
| '''r''' = [r]
|
|
|
|}

===Vowels and Diphthongs===
'''Eḥeiθymme''' has five short vowels and five long vowels, a distinction manifested as the long vowels' sound being held twice as long as short vowels' sound.

The short vowels are the following: '''i''', '''e''', '''a''', '''y''', '''u'''. The long vowels are the following: '''ī''', '''ē''', '''ā''', '''ȳ''', '''ū'''. Note that, when spoken, there is some variation in the actual pronunciation of /ɛ:/, and may be more accurately pronounced as [e:].

'''Eḥeiθymme''' has three diphthongs, all of which have length equivalent to long vowels. The diphthongs are the following: '''ei''', '''ey''', '''au'''.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Vowel and Diphthong Inventory of Eḥeiθymme'''
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Front
! rowspan="2" | Back
|-
! unrounded
! rounded
|-
! Close
| '''i''' = [i] '''ī''' = [i:]
| '''y''' = [y] '''ȳ''' = [y:]
| '''u''' = [u] '''ū''' = [u:]
|-
! Mid
| '''e''' = [ɛ] ~ [e] '''ē''' = [ɛ:] ~ [e:]
|
|
|-
! Open
|
|
| '''a''' = [a] '''ā''' = [a:]
|- style="text-align: center;"
!Diphthongs
| colspan="3" |'''ei''' = [ej], '''ey''' = [eɥ], '''au''' = [aw]
|}

===Prosody and Stress===

Syllables are determined by vowel-sounds and diphthong-sounds. There is one vowel or diphthong per syllable. A syllable will tend to be closed, and tend not to contain a consonant in the onset if it can be avoided.

The determination of stress is understood within the bounds of the ultimate to antepenultimate syllable.

'''1. If the word at most contains:'''
* three syllables, then the first syllable is stressed.
* two syllables, then the first syllable is stressed.
* one syllable, then that syllable is stressed.

'''2. If the word contains:'''
* more than three syllables, then the antepenultimate syllable is stressed.
* a diphthong or a long vowel in the ultimate, penultimate, or antepenultimate syllable, then that syllable is stressed.

===Sound Change===

There exists three general rules of sound change in '''Eḥeiθymme''', one of which involves the mutation of consonants, one of which involves a harmonization of the vowels in a word, and one that turns consonants into vowels.

'''1. The consonant moves to its fricative counterpart in the environment that it follows a front vowel or a voiceless palatal fricative.'''

* t → θ
* d → ð
* p → f
* b → v
* k → x
* g → ɣ
* h → ḥ = ç

'''2. If a close, front, unrounded vowel exists anywhere in the word, then the close, back vowel becomes the close, front, rounded vowel, and the open, back vowel becomes the mid, front, unrounded vowel.'''

* u → y / ...i...
* a → e / ...i...

'''3. A semi-vowel becomes its vowel counterpart in the environment that it preceeds immediately a non-semi-vowel consonant.'''

* j → i / _C
* w → u / _C

==Morphology==

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is characterized by a '''nonconcatenative morphology''', or "root-and-pattern" morphology. Words are constructed from an abstract consonantal root structure according to any of several templates. The roots of words tend to be made of two or three consonants, called radicals, though roots of one or four are not unheard of. Words not of an '''Eḥeiθymme''' origin are made to follow '''Eḥeiθymme''''s morphology, and so can exhibit an atypical number of consonant roots. Additionally, '''Eḥeiθymme''' is not without discrete morphemes in the form of affixes in addition to the characteristic nonconcatenative morphology.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Eḥeiθymme Inflectional and Derivational Morphology Structure'''
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Root
! colspan="9" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μv1v2v3vμ
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Constituent Parts
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μ
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | v
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 1
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | v
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 2
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | v
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 3
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | v
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μ
|-
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | morphemic prefix
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel(s) or diphthong
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | initial radical
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel(s) or diphthong
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | medial radical
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel(s) or diphthong
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | final radical
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel(s) or diphthong
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | morphemic suffix
|}

==Verbs==

Verbs in '''Eḥeiθymme''' are predominantly aspectual, and show no overt morphological distinction to reflect time. Tenses are constructed typically by periphrasis. Mood is constructed via periphrasis for moods that are not indicative, subjunctive, or imperative, with one of several modal verbs. Voice is distinguished morphologically in unison with periphrasis. Person is marked directly on the verb by distinct morphemes.

On the verb itself, the following may be marked:

* Two aspects (perfective, imperfective)
* Three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter)
* Four persons (first, second, third, indeterminate)
* Agent/subject and patient
* Three numbers (singular, plural, paucal)
* Three moods (indicative, subjunctive, imperative)

Critical to the construction of the verb and verb phrase is the '''copula''', of which there exists both a '''positive''' copula '''R-J-D''' and a '''negative''' copula '''∅-M-N''' . Additionally, there exists an infinitive form of the verb that is used with modals.

Since verbs are constructed regularly via predictable combinatorics, it is useful to make a generalized template with which to consult. '''α''' and '''β''' are assumed to have been inflected for agent/subject and/or object person marking.

* '''α''' is a verb in the perfective aspect construction
* '''β''' is a verb in the imperfective aspect construction
* '''V''' is the full verb
* subscript "copula" means that that verb is the copula
* superscript "+" or "-" means that that verb is either the positive or the negative form (of the copula)
* subscript "modal" means that that verb is a modal verb
* subscript "infinitive" means that that verb is in the infinitive form of the verb

===Tense===

Tense is constructed combinatorially with the copula, with an explicitly defined aspectual distinction. For a diachronic treatment of the morphological forms of the '''Eḥeiθymme''' verb, please consult the appendix.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' distinguishes between three aspects: the '''Perfective''' aspect indicates an action completed, or an action as a whole; the '''Imperfective''' aspect indicates a continuous action; the '''Perfect''' aspect indicates a completed action prior to some event in context. Only the Perfective and the Imperfective have unique morphological templates; the Perfective aspect is formed via periphrasis.

The overt forms of the various aspects are dependent on the consonant make-up of the root. Such roots typically exhibit two or three consonants. Roots whose consonants are '''phonologically stable''' are roots whose consonants are not lateral (L-roots), rhotic (R-roots), fricative (S-roots), or semi-vowel (J-roots and W-roots), and are the so-called CCC-roots. '''Phonologically unstable''' roots exhibit minor irregularities in their construction, of which depend on the location of the unstable consonant(s) in the root: initial, medial, final. Roots consisting of two consonants, called ∅CC-roots, have variable manifestations and typically form via leveling, realized as the 2 consonant being doubled and acting as the 1 consonant.

Morpho-phonological phenomena and historical processes notwithstanding, the general structure of aspect is the following:

* The Perfective Aspect: '''-1e23i-'''
* The Imperfective Aspect: '''-12a3-'''

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Aspect Construction in Eḥeiθymme (Indicative Mood Shown Here)'''
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! style="text-align: center;" | Perfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Imperfective
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''(2)e23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''(2)2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12a3'''- -'''1u2a3'''-1
|-
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Le23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''L2a3'''- -'''i2e3'''-2
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1eL3i'''- -'''1ei3i'''-3
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1La3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Li'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aL'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Re23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''R2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ē3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Ra3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Ri'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12ā'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Se23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''S2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1eS3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Sa3'''- -'''S1a3'''-4
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Si'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aS'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Je23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''i2e3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ei3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Ja3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2ī'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aJ'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''We23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''u2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ey3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Wa3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2yi'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aW'''-
|}

:<nowiki>1</nowiki> If 1 and 2 are stops
:<nowiki>2</nowiki> If 2 is a stop
:<nowiki>3</nowiki> If 3 is a stop
:<nowiki>4</nowiki> If 1 is a stop

'''Eḥeiθymme''' distinguishes two times: the '''Past''' time indicates actions in the past; the '''Non-Past''' time indicates actions not in the past, and in some contexts covers both the present and the future. Aspect and time combine to yield tense.

* The '''Perfective Past Tense''' indicates a simple completed action in the past. It is the composition of perfective aspect and past time.

* The '''Imperfective Past Tense''' indicates an ongoing or incomplete action in the past time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and past time.

* The '''Imperfective Non-Past Tense''' indicates an ongoing action in the non-past time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and non-past time. Additionally, this tense may also be used to refer to the equivalent of a future time, depending on the context.

* The '''Perfect Past Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another completed action. It is the composition of perfect aspect and past time.

* The '''Perfect Non-Past Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another action. It is the composition of perfect aspect and non-past time.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Positive and Negative Verb Construction without Modals in Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Positive
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Negative
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''ad-α'''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β''' '''β'''+''copula'' + '''β'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''β'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''β'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''β'''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''+''copula'' + '''α'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''α'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''α'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''α'''
|}

===Mood===

'''Eḥeiθymmen''' has three distinctly marked moods: the '''Indicative''' mood indicates factual statements, inquiry of simple questions, and the statement of beliefs; the '''Subjunctive''' mood indicates imaginary or hypothetical actions, conveys opinions or emotions, or conveys requests; the '''Imperative''' mood indicates a directed command.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Verb Construction in Eḥeiθymme for Morphological Mood'''
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Indicative
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Subjunctive
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Imperative
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | Perfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Imperfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Perfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Imperfective
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -(2)'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -(2)2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -(2)'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''(2)a23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''3 1u2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a23e'''-
|-
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -L'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -L2'''a'''3 i2'''e'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -L'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''La23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''L3'''i'''- -1'''e'''i3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1L'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''L3'''u'''- -1'''ew'''i3'''y'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1aL3e'''- -'''1ei3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2L'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''L-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2L'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Le'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -R'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -R2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -R'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Ra23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ē'''3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1R'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ā'''3'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ā3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2R'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''ā'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2R'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Re'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -S'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -S2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -S'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Sa23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''S3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1S'''a'''3 S1'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''S3'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1aS3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2S'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''S-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2S'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Se'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -J'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -i2'''e'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -J'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Ja23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''i3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1J'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ew'''i3'''y'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ei3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2'''ī'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''J-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2J'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Je'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -W'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -u2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -w'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Wa23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''y3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1W'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''aū'''3'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1au3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2y'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''W-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2'''ū'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2We'''-
|}

'''Eḥeiθymmen''' may also form verb constructions via periphrasis with modal verbs. There are numerous such modal verbs expressing variable meanings, shades of meanings, and overlapping of meanings. These may also be in the indicative, subjunctive, or imperative.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Positive and Negative Verb Construction with Modals in Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Positive
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Negative
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''ad-α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive'' '''β'''+''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''+''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
|}

===Voice===

Voice in '''Eḥeiθymme''' is constructed entirely morphosyntactically, and depends on the relationship between a transitive or intransitive verb with nouns in the ergative case and nouns in the absolutive case. When constructing these voices, the copula always remains in the second position. Any modal, other inflected verb, or infinitive remains at the end. For sentences not in need of a copula construction, such as the Perfective Past tense or the Imperfective Non-past tense, then the position otherwise held by the copula is instead held by the inflected verb, and is no longer at the end of the sentence. Similarly, in those tenses are being constructed with the modal plus the infinitive, then the modal is placed in the second position, and the infinitive is at the end.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' has three distinct voice constructions:

'''1. Active voice''' indicates that the subject of the sentence performs the action of a transitive or an intransitive verb, or causes the happening denoted by the verb.
* N''ergative'' + V''transitive'' + N''absolutive''
* N''ergative'' + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''transitive''
* N''ergative'' + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''modal'' + V''infinitive''
* N''ergative'' + V''modal'' + N''absolutive'' + V''infinitive''

* ∅ + V''intransitive'' + N''absolutive''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''intransitive''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''modal'' + V''infinitive''
* ∅ + V''modal'' + N''absolutive'' + V''infinitive''

'''2. Anti-passive voice''' takes the transitive verb and make it "less transitive" (read, more intransitive) by retaining that verb but putting the ergative noun into an absolutive or oblique construct, and thus conveys prominence of the agent and what they did, while the patient is left not as important (and thus demoted to oblique).
* N''absolutive'' + V''transitive'' + N''oblique''
* N''absolutive'' + V''copula'' + N''oblique'' + V''transitive''
* N''absolutive'' + V''copula'' + N''oblique'' + V''modal'' + V''infinitive''
* N''absolutive'' + V''modal'' + N''oblique'' + V''infinitive''

'''3. Anti-active voice''' takes the intransitive verb and make it "less intransitive" (read, more transitive) by taking a null space object (the oblique or absolutive) and realizing it with an actual argument, and thus conveys prominence to an object. Admittedly, there are very few instances of the anti-active voice.
* ∅ + V''intransitive'' + N''ergative''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''ergative'' + V''intransitive''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''ergative'' + V''modal''+ V''infinitive''
* ∅ + V''modal'' + N''ergative'' + V''infinitive''

In the active voice, the verb may be either transitive or intransitive. In the anti-passive voice, the verb must be transitive. In the anti-active voice, the verb must be intransitive. Finally, note that transitivity is entirely semantic; there is no overt marking to indicate if a verb is transitive or intransitive.

===Infinitive===

The infinitive form of the verb in '''Eḥeiθymme''' is used in the construction of verb tenses when the use of a modal is employed. The infinitive may be used as a verbal noun if made definite.

Morpho-phonological phenomena and historical processes notwithstanding, the general structure of the infinitive is the following:

* The Infinitive: '''1a12e3'''

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Infinitival Construction in Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! style="text-align: center;" | Infinitive
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(2)a(2)2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12e3'''
|-
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''LaL2e3''' '''Lei2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''LaL1e3''' '''Lei1e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eL'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''Rā2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1Re3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12ā'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''SaS2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1Se3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eS'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''Jei2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1Je3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eJ'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1au2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1We3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eW'''
|}

===Conjugation===

Grammatical person as agent/subject as well as object and number are designated via affixation. Mood is designated via change of vowel in the stem as well as affixation in the case of the imperative. The following table shows the paradigm of the positive copula, '''R-J-D''', with no marking made for the object.

{| class="wikitable nowrap" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Paradigm of the Positive Copula, R-J-D, with Agent/Subject Marking Only'''
! Mood
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
|-
! rowspan="9" | Indicative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ele-'''''reiði''
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rjad''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhyea-'''''reiði''
| '''dhua-'''''rjad''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''reiði''
| '''ive-'''''rjeð''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''reiði''
| '''me-'''''rjad''
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ē-'''''reiði''
| '''ā-'''''rjad''
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði''
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði''
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði''
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
|-
! rowspan="9" | Subjunctive
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ele-'''''rewiðy''
| rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhye-'''''rewiðy''
|
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''rewiðy''
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''rauðu''
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ē-'''''rewiðy''
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy''
|
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy''
|
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy''
|
|-
! rowspan="9" | Imperative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | –
| rowspan="2" | –
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
| '''dhye-'''''reiðe''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| '''ive-'''''reiðe''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| '''me-'''''reiðe''
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe''
|}

While noun marking and syntax obey the rules of ergative-absolutive alignment, person marking on verbs follows nominative-accusative alignment rules. The agent/subject person is realized as a prefix, while the object is realized as a suffix. Many of the person markers for prefixes are wholly dissimilar to their suffix counterparts, though most exhibit at least a shared thematic consonant. The following table shows the paradigm of the positive copula, '''R-Y-D''', with marking made for the object as well as the agent/subject.

{| class="wikitable nowrap" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Paradigm of the Positive Copula, R-J-D, with Agent/Subject and Object Marking'''
! Mood
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
|-
! rowspan="9" | Indicative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ele-'''''reiði'''''-el'''
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rjad'''''-al'''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhye-'''''reiði'''''-ið'''
| '''dhye-'''''rjeð'''''-ið'''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''reiði'''''-iv'''
| '''ive-'''''rjeð'''''-iv'''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''reiði'''''-em'''
| '''me-'''''rjad'''''-am'''
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ē-'''''reiði'''''-eḥ'''
| '''ā-'''''rjad'''''-ah'''
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði'''''-en'''
| '''anta-'''''rjad'''''-an'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði'''''-en'''
| '''anta-'''''rjad'''''-an'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði'''''-en'''
| '''anta-'''''rjad'''''-an'''
|-
! rowspan="9" | Subjunctive
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ele-'''''rewiðy'''''-el'''
| rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhye-'''''rewiðy'''''-ið'''
|
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''rewiðy'''''-iv'''
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''rewiðy'''''-em'''
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ē-'''''rewiðy'''''-ēḥ'''
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy'''''-en'''
|
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy'''''-en'''
|
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy'''''-en'''
|
|-
! rowspan="9" | Imperative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | –
| rowspan="2" | –
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
| '''dhye-'''''reiðe'''''-ið'''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| '''ive-'''''reiðe'''''-iv'''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| '''me-'''''reiðe'''''-em'''
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe'''''-en'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe'''''-en'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe'''''-en'''
|}

==Nouns==

Nouns in '''Eḥeiθymme''' are not inflected for grammatical gender, number, or case. Neither the noun nor the adjective differentiate gender, in contrast to the obligatorily marked gender of the pronouns. An exception to this is when the noun is explicitly gendered, to reflect specifically gendered subjects. This distinction is wholly semantic. Number and case are entirely encoded in the definite article. Nouns are inflected for state.

* The structure of a '''Basic Noun''' is: '''-1v23-''', where '''-v-''' may be any vowel, but is usually '''-a-''' or '''-u-'''.

===Definiteness===

'''Eḥeiθymme''' has various definite and indefinite articles controlling the number and case of the modified noun. Proper nouns are definite by definition, and so do not require the definite article. Case for proper nouns is realized variously, by context or by adpositions.

* The '''Singular Definite Article''' is: ''' -'''
* The '''Plural Definite Article''' is: ''' -'''
* The '''Paucal Definite Article''' is: ''' -'''

* The '''Singular Indefinite Article''' is: '''a-'''
* The '''Plural Indefinite Article''' is: ''' -'''
* The '''Paucal Indefinite Article''' is: ''' -'''

====Case====

===State===

====Absolute State====

====Construct State====

==Modifiers==

===Adjectives===

===Adverbs===

==Particles==

==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==

==Other resources==




[[Category:Eḥeiθymme]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Eḥeiθymmen Amran

2019-09-20T06:26:41Z

Deltaquebec: /* Morphology */

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="float:right;" width="35%"
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffffff; font-size:1.2em;" | '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' [ɛˈçej.θym.mɛn ˈar.jad ɛçˈðej.θym.mɛː ˈam.ran]
|-
| '''Creator:''' || Daniel Quigley
|-
| '''Spoken in:''' || Amran
|-
| '''World:''' || ''Leaves'' Stories
|-
| '''Total Speakers:''' || ~ 18,000,000
|-
| '''Basic word order:''' || Strict V2
|-
| '''Morphological Type:''' || Fusional
|-
| '''Morphosyntactic Alignment:''' || Split Ergative-Absolutive
|-
| '''Inspirations:''' || Arabic, German, Finnish, Welsh, Basque, English, Menominee
|-
| '''Status:''' || In Progress
|-
| '''Link to full documentation:''' || *forthcoming*
|}

'''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' is an ''a priori'' artistic constructed language in development by Daniel Quigley, providing the framework for which the author’s creative works and worldbuilding are guided. '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''', or '''Eḥeiθymmen Amran''' or '''Eḥeiθymme''', is the dominant language of the people of Amran.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is characterized by significant word-internal sound-change, a "root-and-pattern" morphology, and strict word order. '''Eḥeiθymme''' readily accepts words of non-native origin, but tends to force said loans into its morphological paradigm.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is typologically a fusional language. Nouns, modifiers, and verbs are typically formed via a root-and-pattern triconsonantal root system, and movement between the three is highly fluid. Nouns are not inflected for number and case; these details are encoded in the definiteness marked by an article. Other modifiers, such as adverbs, are not inflected in the same way, though similarities may be found in certain contexts. Verbs entirely depend upon their construction with a positive or a negative copula, and most tenses are formed via periphrasis. Some particles are inflected for person. '''Eḥeiθymme''' is a Split Ergative-Absolutive aligned language, in which nouns tend to obey ergative-absolutive alignment rules, and person marking on the verb tends to obey nominative-accusative alignment rules. '''Eḥeiθymme''' has strict V2 word order despite the presence of extensive case marking.

==Introduction==

===Setting===

'''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' is the lingua franca of Amran. The people of Amran are exceptionally diverse in language, culture, and identity. At the time of the ''Leaves'' stories, Amran is in its twilight years and is a ghost of its former self. Amran's vast landscape follows from a temperate biome to a taiga biome, dominated by thick forests, abundant snowfall in many regions, and mountainous regions further inland. Much of the population is concentrated along the coastal regions, while inland is mostly uninhabited by humans.

===Etymology===

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is a word built from nominal form of the root '''∅-J-T''' indicating "language, speaking, articulated speech", rendered as '''ait''', which morphs to '''eiθ''', the '''ah-''' prefix, which morphs to '''eḥ-''', formulates proper nouns out of common nouns, and the suffix '''-umma''', which morphs to '''-ymme''', which is the augmentive suffix. In genitive constructions involving a proper noun fulfilling the genitive role, the possessed noun is in the construct state, sometimes unrealized morphologically, but in this case, it is indicated by '''-n'''. '''Arjad''' is from the positive copula '''R-J-D''', '''Eḥðeirymmē''' is built from the nominal form of '''D-J-R''' indicating "earth, land", rendered as '''dair''', which morphs to '''ðeir''', the '''ah-''' prefix, which morphs to '''eḥ-''', formulates proper nouns out of common nouns, and the suffix '''-umma''', which morphs to '''-ymmē''' in the absolutive case, and '''amran''' is the imperfective verbal form from the root '''M-R-N''' indicating "goodness, pleasantness, well-being". All morphing in sounds are accounted for in the section on sound change.

Taken altogether, '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' translates to “the principle language of Amran”, or, "the principal language of the good land".

===Goals===

The driving goal of '''Eḥeiθymme''' is to provide a framework for the author’s creative works and worldbuilding. To that end, '''Eḥeiθymme''' ought to be a naturalistic constructed language, and ought to be pleasant to look at and to hear (admittedly, this is wholly subjective, and others may disagree with to the extent to which this was fulfilled).

===Development, Inspiration, Forthcoming===

The history of '''Eḥeiθymme''' as a constructed language is relatively recent, and stems from the author's desire to construct a language with a Semitic style, and from the author's investigations into tense, mood, and aspect systems of world languages during his undergraduate career in linguistics. The earliest dedicated work on the language originated with the name of an individual, '''Iḥliθ''', whose meaning is yet elusive, and the now-defunct word for a ruler, '''aryad''', which has since come to be the positive copula.

Because much of the creative works and worldbuilding for which '''Eḥeiθymme''' guides concern themselves with cultural contact, exchange, and conflict, the two dominant languages of the world, [[Ahāmatya|'''Ahāmatya''']] and '''Eḥeiθymme''', are deliberately designed to be dissimilar, with regards to the make-up and feel of the language. The inspirations of the language include, but are not limited to, Arabic, German, Finnish, Welsh, Basque, English, Menominee. While some overlap exists in the inspirations for '''Ahāmatya''' and '''Eḥeiθymme''', any overt similarities are deliberately avoided.

A more in-depth and detailed documentation is forthcoming, which includes in-universe terminology for grammatical categories and descriptions. The author hopes to someday have the creative works published.

==Phonology==




===Consonants===
'''Eḥeiθymme''' has five major places of articulation and six manners of articulation, and yields twenty-three consonants in total.

{|class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=text-align:center
|+'''Consonant Inventory of Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="3" |
! Labial
! Alveolar
! Palatal
! Velar
! Glottal
|-
! colspan="3" | Nasal
| '''m''' = [m]
| '''n''' = [n]
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Stop
! {{small|''unvoiced''}}
| '''p''' = [p]
| '''t''' = [t]
|
| '''k''' = [k]
|
|-
! {{small|''voiced''}}
| '''b''' = [b]
| '''d''' = [d]
|
| '''g''' = [g]
|
|-
! rowspan="4" | Fricative
! rowspan="2" | {{small|sibilant}}
! {{small|''unvoiced''}}
|
| '''s''' = [s]
| '''ʃ''' = [ʃ]
|
|
|-
! {{small|''voiced''}}
|
|
| '''ʒ''' = [ʒ]
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | {{small|non-sibilant}}
! {{small|''unvoiced''}}
| '''f''' = [f]
| '''θ''' = [θ]
| '''ḥ''' = [ç]
| '''x''' = [x]
| '''h''' = [h]
|-
! {{small|''voiced''}}
| '''v''' = [v]
| '''ð''' = [ð]
|
| '''ɣ''' = [ɣ]
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Semi-vowel
| '''w''' = [w]
|
| '''y''' = [j]
|
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Lateral
|
| '''l''' = [l]
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Rhotic
|
| '''r''' = [r]
|
|
|
|}

===Vowels and Diphthongs===
'''Eḥeiθymme''' has five short vowels and five long vowels, a distinction manifested as the long vowels' sound being held twice as long as short vowels' sound.

The short vowels are the following: '''i''', '''e''', '''a''', '''y''', '''u'''. The long vowels are the following: '''ī''', '''ē''', '''ā''', '''ȳ''', '''ū'''. Note that, when spoken, there is some variation in the actual pronunciation of /ɛ:/, and may be more accurately pronounced as [e:].

'''Eḥeiθymme''' has three diphthongs, all of which have length equivalent to long vowels. The diphthongs are the following: '''ei''', '''ey''', '''au'''.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Vowel and Diphthong Inventory of Eḥeiθymme'''
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Front
! rowspan="2" | Back
|-
! unrounded
! rounded
|-
! Close
| '''i''' = [i] '''ī''' = [i:]
| '''y''' = [y] '''ȳ''' = [y:]
| '''u''' = [u] '''ū''' = [u:]
|-
! Mid
| '''e''' = [ɛ] ~ [e] '''ē''' = [ɛ:] ~ [e:]
|
|
|-
! Open
|
|
| '''a''' = [a] '''ā''' = [a:]
|- style="text-align: center;"
!Diphthongs
| colspan="3" |'''ei''' = [ej], '''ey''' = [eɥ], '''au''' = [aw]
|}

===Prosody and Stress===

Syllables are determined by vowel-sounds and diphthong-sounds. There is one vowel or diphthong per syllable. A syllable will tend to be closed, and tend not to contain a consonant in the onset if it can be avoided.

The determination of stress is understood within the bounds of the ultimate to antepenultimate syllable.

'''1. If the word at most contains:'''
* three syllables, then the first syllable is stressed.
* two syllables, then the first syllable is stressed.
* one syllable, then that syllable is stressed.

'''2. If the word contains:'''
* more than three syllables, then the antepenultimate syllable is stressed.
* a diphthong or a long vowel in the ultimate, penultimate, or antepenultimate syllable, then that syllable is stressed.

===Sound Change===

There exists three general rules of sound change in '''Eḥeiθymme''', one of which involves the mutation of consonants, one of which involves a harmonization of the vowels in a word, and one that turns consonants into vowels.

'''1. The consonant moves to its fricative counterpart in the environment that it follows a front vowel or a voiceless palatal fricative.'''

* t → θ
* d → ð
* p → f
* b → v
* k → x
* g → ɣ
* h → ḥ = ç

'''2. If a close, front, unrounded vowel exists anywhere in the word, then the close, back vowel becomes the close, front, rounded vowel, and the open, back vowel becomes the mid, front, unrounded vowel.'''

* u → y / ...i...
* a → e / ...i...

'''3. A semi-vowel becomes its vowel counterpart in the environment that it preceeds immediately a non-semi-vowel consonant.'''

* j → i / _C
* w → u / _C

==Morphology==

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is characterized by a '''nonconcatenative morphology''', or "root-and-pattern" morphology. Words are constructed from an abstract consonantal root structure according to any of several templates. The roots of words tend to be made of two or three consonants, called radicals, though roots of one or four are not unheard of. Words not of an '''Eḥeiθymme''' origin are made to follow '''Eḥeiθymme''''s morphology, and so can exhibit an atypical number of consonant roots. Additionally, '''Eḥeiθymme''' is not without discrete morphemes in the form of affixes in addition to the characteristic nonconcatenative morphology.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Eḥeiθymme Inflectional and Derivational Morphology Structure'''
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Root
! colspan="9" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μv1v2v3vμ
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Constituent Parts
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μ
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | v
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 1
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | v
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 2
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | v
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 3
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | v
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μ
|-
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | morphemic prefix
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel(s) or diphthong
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | initial radical
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel(s) or diphthong
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | medial radical
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel(s) or diphthong
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | final radical
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel(s) or diphthong
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | morphemic suffix
|}

==Verbs==

Verbs in '''Eḥeiθymme''' are predominantly aspectual, and show no overt morphological distinction to reflect time. Tenses are constructed typically by periphrasis. Mood is constructed via periphrasis for moods that are not indicative, subjunctive, or imperative, with one of several modal verbs. Voice is distinguished morphologically in unison with periphrasis. Person is marked directly on the verb by distinct morphemes.

On the verb itself, the following may be marked:

* Two aspects (perfective, imperfective)
* Three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter)
* Four persons (first, second, third, indeterminate)
* Agent/subject and patient
* Three numbers (singular, plural, paucal)
* Three moods (indicative, subjunctive, imperative)

Critical to the construction of the verb and verb phrase is the '''copula''', of which there exists both a '''positive''' copula '''R-J-D''' and a '''negative''' copula '''∅-M-N''' . Additionally, there exists an infinitive form of the verb that is used with modals.

Since verbs are constructed regularly via predictable combinatorics, it is useful to make a generalized template with which to consult. '''α''' and '''β''' are assumed to have been inflected for agent/subject and/or object person marking.

* '''α''' is a verb in the perfective aspect construction
* '''β''' is a verb in the imperfective aspect construction
* '''V''' is the full verb
* subscript "copula" means that that verb is the copula
* superscript "+" or "-" means that that verb is either the positive or the negative form (of the copula)
* subscript "modal" means that that verb is a modal verb
* subscript "infinitive" means that that verb is in the infinitive form of the verb

===Tense===

Tense is constructed combinatorially with the copula, with an explicitly defined aspectual distinction. For a diachronic treatment of the morphological forms of the '''Eḥeiθymme''' verb, please consult the appendix.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' distinguishes between three aspects: the '''Perfective''' aspect indicates an action completed, or an action as a whole; the '''Imperfective''' aspect indicates a continuous action; the '''Perfect''' aspect indicates a completed action prior to some event in context. Only the Perfective and the Imperfective have unique morphological templates; the Perfective aspect is formed via periphrasis.

The overt forms of the various aspects is dependent on the consonant make-up of the root, of which belongs to the system of consonant roots. Such roots exhibit two or three consonants. Roots whose consonants are '''phonologically stable''' are roots whose consonants are not lateral (L-roots), rhotic (R-roots), fricative (S-roots), or semi-vowel (J-roots and W-roots), and are the so-called CCC-roots. '''Phonologically unstable''' roots exhibit minor irregularities in their construction, of which depends on the location of the unstable consonant(s) in the root: initial, medial, final. Roots consisting of two consonants, called ∅CC-roots, have variable manifestations and typically form via leveling, realized as the 2 consonant being doubled and acting as the 1 consonant.

Morpho-phonological phenomena and historical processes notwithstanding, the general structure of aspect is the following:

* The Perfective Aspect: '''-1e23i-'''
* The Imperfective Aspect: '''-12a3-'''

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Aspect Construction in Eḥeiθymme (Indicative Mood Shown Here)'''
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! style="text-align: center;" | Perfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Imperfective
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''(2)e23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''(2)2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12a3'''- -'''1u2a3'''-1
|-
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Le23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''L2a3'''- -'''i2e3'''-2
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1eL3i'''- -'''1ei3i'''-3
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1La3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Li'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aL'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Re23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''R2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ē3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Ra3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Ri'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12ā'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Se23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''S2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1eS3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Sa3'''- -'''S1a3'''-4
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Si'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aS'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Je23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''i2e3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ei3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Ja3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2ī'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aJ'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''We23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''u2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ey3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Wa3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2yi'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aW'''-
|}

:<nowiki>1</nowiki> If 1 and 2 are stops
:<nowiki>2</nowiki> If 2 is a stop
:<nowiki>3</nowiki> If 3 is a stop
:<nowiki>4</nowiki> If 1 is a stop

'''Eḥeiθymme''' distinguishes two times: the '''Past''' time indicates actions in the past; the '''Non-Past''' time indicates actions not in the past, and in some contexts covers both the present and the future. Aspect and time combine to yield tense.

* The '''Perfective Past Tense''' indicates a simple completed action in the past. It is the composition of perfective aspect and past time.

* The '''Imperfective Past Tense''' indicates an ongoing or incomplete action in the past time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and past time.

* The '''Imperfective Non-Past Tense''' indicates an ongoing action in the non-past time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and non-past time. Additionally, this tense may also be used to refer to the equivalent of a future time, depending on the context.

* The '''Perfect Past Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another completed action. It is the composition of perfect aspect and past time.

* The '''Perfect Non-Past Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another action. It is the composition of perfect aspect and non-past time.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Positive and Negative Verb Construction without Modals in Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Positive
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Negative
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''ad-α'''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β''' '''β'''+''copula'' + '''β'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''β'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''β'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''β'''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''+''copula'' + '''α'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''α'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''α'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''α'''
|}

===Mood===

'''Eḥeiθymmen''' has three distinctly marked moods: the '''Indicative''' mood indicates factual statements, inquiry of simple questions, and the statement of beliefs; the '''Subjunctive''' mood indicates imaginary or hypothetical actions, conveys opinions or emotions, or conveys requests; the '''Imperative''' mood indicates a directed command.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Verb Construction in Eḥeiθymme for Morphological Mood'''
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Indicative
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Subjunctive
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Imperative
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | Perfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Imperfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Perfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Imperfective
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -(2)'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -(2)2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -(2)'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''(2)a23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''3 1u2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a23e'''-
|-
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -L'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -L2'''a'''3 i2'''e'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -L'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''La23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''L3'''i'''- -1'''e'''i3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1L'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''L3'''u'''- -1'''ew'''i3'''y'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1aL3e'''- -'''1ei3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2L'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''L-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2L'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Le'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -R'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -R2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -R'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Ra23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ē'''3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1R'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ā'''3'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ā3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2R'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''ā'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2R'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Re'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -S'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -S2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -S'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Sa23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''S3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1S'''a'''3 S1'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''S3'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1aS3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2S'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''S-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2S'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Se'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -J'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -i2'''e'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -J'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Ja23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''i3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1J'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ew'''i3'''y'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ei3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2'''ī'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''J-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2J'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Je'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -W'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -u2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -w'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Wa23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''y3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1W'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''aū'''3'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1au3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2y'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''W-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2'''ū'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2We'''-
|}

'''Eḥeiθymmen''' may also form verb constructions via periphrasis with modal verbs. There are numerous such modal verbs expressing variable meanings, shades of meanings, and overlapping of meanings. These may also be in the indicative, subjunctive, or imperative.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Positive and Negative Verb Construction with Modals in Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Positive
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Negative
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''ad-α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive'' '''β'''+''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''+''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
|}

===Voice===

Voice in '''Eḥeiθymme''' is constructed entirely morphosyntactically, and depends on the relationship between a transitive or intransitive verb with nouns in the ergative case and nouns in the absolutive case. When constructing these voices, the copula always remains in the second position. Any modal, other inflected verb, or infinitive remains at the end. For sentences not in need of a copula construction, such as the Perfective Past tense or the Imperfective Non-past tense, then the position otherwise held by the copula is instead held by the inflected verb, and is no longer at the end of the sentence. Similarly, in those tenses are being constructed with the modal plus the infinitive, then the modal is placed in the second position, and the infinitive is at the end.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' has three distinct voice constructions:

'''1. Active voice''' indicates that the subject of the sentence performs the action of a transitive or an intransitive verb, or causes the happening denoted by the verb.
* N''ergative'' + V''transitive'' + N''absolutive''
* N''ergative'' + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''transitive''
* N''ergative'' + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''modal'' + V''infinitive''
* N''ergative'' + V''modal'' + N''absolutive'' + V''infinitive''

* ∅ + V''intransitive'' + N''absolutive''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''intransitive''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''modal'' + V''infinitive''
* ∅ + V''modal'' + N''absolutive'' + V''infinitive''

'''2. Anti-passive voice''' takes the transitive verb and make it "less transitive" (read, more intransitive) by retaining that verb but putting the ergative noun into an absolutive or oblique construct, and thus conveys prominence of the agent and what they did, while the patient is left not as important (and thus demoted to oblique).
* N''absolutive'' + V''transitive'' + N''oblique''
* N''absolutive'' + V''copula'' + N''oblique'' + V''transitive''
* N''absolutive'' + V''copula'' + N''oblique'' + V''modal'' + V''infinitive''
* N''absolutive'' + V''modal'' + N''oblique'' + V''infinitive''

'''3. Anti-active voice''' takes the intransitive verb and make it "less intransitive" (read, more transitive) by taking a null space object (the oblique or absolutive) and realizing it with an actual argument, and thus conveys prominence to an object. Admittedly, there are very few instances of the anti-active voice.
* ∅ + V''intransitive'' + N''ergative''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''ergative'' + V''intransitive''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''ergative'' + V''modal''+ V''infinitive''
* ∅ + V''modal'' + N''ergative'' + V''infinitive''

In the active voice, the verb may be either transitive or intransitive. In the anti-passive voice, the verb must be transitive. In the anti-active voice, the verb must be intransitive. Finally, note that transitivity is entirely semantic; there is no overt marking to indicate if a verb is transitive or intransitive.

===Infinitive===

The infinitive form of the verb in '''Eḥeiθymme''' is used in the construction of verb tenses when the use of a modal is employed. The infinitive may be used as a verbal noun if made definite.

Morpho-phonological phenomena and historical processes notwithstanding, the general structure of the infinitive is the following:

* The Infinitive: '''1a12e3'''

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Infinitival Construction in Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! style="text-align: center;" | Infinitive
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(2)a(2)2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12e3'''
|-
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''LaL2e3''' '''Lei2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''LaL1e3''' '''Lei1e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eL'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''Rā2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1Re3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12ā'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''SaS2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1Se3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eS'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''Jei2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1Je3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eJ'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1au2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1We3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eW'''
|}

===Conjugation===

Grammatical person as agent/subject as well as object and number are designated via affixation. Mood is designated via change of vowel in the stem as well as affixation in the case of the imperative. The following table shows the paradigm of the positive copula, '''R-J-D''', with no marking made for the object.

{| class="wikitable nowrap" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Paradigm of the Positive Copula, R-J-D, with Agent/Subject Marking Only'''
! Mood
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
|-
! rowspan="9" | Indicative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ele-'''''reiði''
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rjad''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhyea-'''''reiði''
| '''dhua-'''''rjad''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''reiði''
| '''ive-'''''rjeð''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''reiði''
| '''me-'''''rjad''
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ē-'''''reiði''
| '''ā-'''''rjad''
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði''
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði''
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði''
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
|-
! rowspan="9" | Subjunctive
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ele-'''''rewiðy''
| rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhye-'''''rewiðy''
|
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''rewiðy''
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''rauðu''
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ē-'''''rewiðy''
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy''
|
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy''
|
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy''
|
|-
! rowspan="9" | Imperative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | –
| rowspan="2" | –
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
| '''dhye-'''''reiðe''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| '''ive-'''''reiðe''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| '''me-'''''reiðe''
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe''
|}

While noun marking and syntax obey the rules of ergative-absolutive alignment, person marking on verbs follows nominative-accusative alignment rules. The agent/subject person is realized as a prefix, while the object is realized as a suffix. Many of the person markers for prefixes are wholly dissimilar to their suffix counterparts, though most exhibit at least a shared thematic consonant. The following table shows the paradigm of the positive copula, '''R-Y-D''', with marking made for the object as well as the agent/subject.

{| class="wikitable nowrap" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Paradigm of the Positive Copula, R-J-D, with Agent/Subject and Object Marking'''
! Mood
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
|-
! rowspan="9" | Indicative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ele-'''''reiði'''''-el'''
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rjad'''''-al'''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhye-'''''reiði'''''-ið'''
| '''dhye-'''''rjeð'''''-ið'''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''reiði'''''-iv'''
| '''ive-'''''rjeð'''''-iv'''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''reiði'''''-em'''
| '''me-'''''rjad'''''-am'''
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ē-'''''reiði'''''-eḥ'''
| '''ā-'''''rjad'''''-ah'''
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði'''''-en'''
| '''anta-'''''rjad'''''-an'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði'''''-en'''
| '''anta-'''''rjad'''''-an'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði'''''-en'''
| '''anta-'''''rjad'''''-an'''
|-
! rowspan="9" | Subjunctive
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ele-'''''rewiðy'''''-el'''
| rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhye-'''''rewiðy'''''-ið'''
|
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''rewiðy'''''-iv'''
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''rewiðy'''''-em'''
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ē-'''''rewiðy'''''-ēḥ'''
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy'''''-en'''
|
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy'''''-en'''
|
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy'''''-en'''
|
|-
! rowspan="9" | Imperative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | –
| rowspan="2" | –
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
| '''dhye-'''''reiðe'''''-ið'''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| '''ive-'''''reiðe'''''-iv'''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| '''me-'''''reiðe'''''-em'''
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe'''''-en'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe'''''-en'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe'''''-en'''
|}

==Nouns==

Nouns in '''Eḥeiθymme''' are not inflected for grammatical gender, number, or case. Neither the noun nor the adjective differentiate gender, in contrast to the obligatorily marked gender of the pronouns. An exception to this is when the noun is explicitly gendered, to reflect specifically gendered subjects. This distinction is wholly semantic. Number and case are entirely encoded in the definite article. Nouns are inflected for state.

* The structure of a '''Basic Noun''' is: '''-1v23-''', where '''-v-''' may be any vowel, but is usually '''-a-''' or '''-u-'''.

===Definiteness===

'''Eḥeiθymme''' has various definite and indefinite articles controlling the number and case of the modified noun. Proper nouns are definite by definition, and so do not require the definite article. Case for proper nouns is realized variously, by context or by adpositions.

* The '''Singular Definite Article''' is: ''' -'''
* The '''Plural Definite Article''' is: ''' -'''
* The '''Paucal Definite Article''' is: ''' -'''

* The '''Singular Indefinite Article''' is: '''a-'''
* The '''Plural Indefinite Article''' is: ''' -'''
* The '''Paucal Indefinite Article''' is: ''' -'''

====Case====

===State===

====Absolute State====

====Construct State====

==Modifiers==

===Adjectives===

===Adverbs===

==Particles==

==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==

==Other resources==




[[Category:Eḥeiθymme]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Eḥeiθymmen Amran

2019-09-20T06:25:57Z

Deltaquebec: /* Morphology */

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="float:right;" width="35%"
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffffff; font-size:1.2em;" | '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' [ɛˈçej.θym.mɛn ˈar.jad ɛçˈðej.θym.mɛː ˈam.ran]
|-
| '''Creator:''' || Daniel Quigley
|-
| '''Spoken in:''' || Amran
|-
| '''World:''' || ''Leaves'' Stories
|-
| '''Total Speakers:''' || ~ 18,000,000
|-
| '''Basic word order:''' || Strict V2
|-
| '''Morphological Type:''' || Fusional
|-
| '''Morphosyntactic Alignment:''' || Split Ergative-Absolutive
|-
| '''Inspirations:''' || Arabic, German, Finnish, Welsh, Basque, English, Menominee
|-
| '''Status:''' || In Progress
|-
| '''Link to full documentation:''' || *forthcoming*
|}

'''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' is an ''a priori'' artistic constructed language in development by Daniel Quigley, providing the framework for which the author’s creative works and worldbuilding are guided. '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''', or '''Eḥeiθymmen Amran''' or '''Eḥeiθymme''', is the dominant language of the people of Amran.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is characterized by significant word-internal sound-change, a "root-and-pattern" morphology, and strict word order. '''Eḥeiθymme''' readily accepts words of non-native origin, but tends to force said loans into its morphological paradigm.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is typologically a fusional language. Nouns, modifiers, and verbs are typically formed via a root-and-pattern triconsonantal root system, and movement between the three is highly fluid. Nouns are not inflected for number and case; these details are encoded in the definiteness marked by an article. Other modifiers, such as adverbs, are not inflected in the same way, though similarities may be found in certain contexts. Verbs entirely depend upon their construction with a positive or a negative copula, and most tenses are formed via periphrasis. Some particles are inflected for person. '''Eḥeiθymme''' is a Split Ergative-Absolutive aligned language, in which nouns tend to obey ergative-absolutive alignment rules, and person marking on the verb tends to obey nominative-accusative alignment rules. '''Eḥeiθymme''' has strict V2 word order despite the presence of extensive case marking.

==Introduction==

===Setting===

'''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' is the lingua franca of Amran. The people of Amran are exceptionally diverse in language, culture, and identity. At the time of the ''Leaves'' stories, Amran is in its twilight years and is a ghost of its former self. Amran's vast landscape follows from a temperate biome to a taiga biome, dominated by thick forests, abundant snowfall in many regions, and mountainous regions further inland. Much of the population is concentrated along the coastal regions, while inland is mostly uninhabited by humans.

===Etymology===

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is a word built from nominal form of the root '''∅-J-T''' indicating "language, speaking, articulated speech", rendered as '''ait''', which morphs to '''eiθ''', the '''ah-''' prefix, which morphs to '''eḥ-''', formulates proper nouns out of common nouns, and the suffix '''-umma''', which morphs to '''-ymme''', which is the augmentive suffix. In genitive constructions involving a proper noun fulfilling the genitive role, the possessed noun is in the construct state, sometimes unrealized morphologically, but in this case, it is indicated by '''-n'''. '''Arjad''' is from the positive copula '''R-J-D''', '''Eḥðeirymmē''' is built from the nominal form of '''D-J-R''' indicating "earth, land", rendered as '''dair''', which morphs to '''ðeir''', the '''ah-''' prefix, which morphs to '''eḥ-''', formulates proper nouns out of common nouns, and the suffix '''-umma''', which morphs to '''-ymmē''' in the absolutive case, and '''amran''' is the imperfective verbal form from the root '''M-R-N''' indicating "goodness, pleasantness, well-being". All morphing in sounds are accounted for in the section on sound change.

Taken altogether, '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' translates to “the principle language of Amran”, or, "the principal language of the good land".

===Goals===

The driving goal of '''Eḥeiθymme''' is to provide a framework for the author’s creative works and worldbuilding. To that end, '''Eḥeiθymme''' ought to be a naturalistic constructed language, and ought to be pleasant to look at and to hear (admittedly, this is wholly subjective, and others may disagree with to the extent to which this was fulfilled).

===Development, Inspiration, Forthcoming===

The history of '''Eḥeiθymme''' as a constructed language is relatively recent, and stems from the author's desire to construct a language with a Semitic style, and from the author's investigations into tense, mood, and aspect systems of world languages during his undergraduate career in linguistics. The earliest dedicated work on the language originated with the name of an individual, '''Iḥliθ''', whose meaning is yet elusive, and the now-defunct word for a ruler, '''aryad''', which has since come to be the positive copula.

Because much of the creative works and worldbuilding for which '''Eḥeiθymme''' guides concern themselves with cultural contact, exchange, and conflict, the two dominant languages of the world, [[Ahāmatya|'''Ahāmatya''']] and '''Eḥeiθymme''', are deliberately designed to be dissimilar, with regards to the make-up and feel of the language. The inspirations of the language include, but are not limited to, Arabic, German, Finnish, Welsh, Basque, English, Menominee. While some overlap exists in the inspirations for '''Ahāmatya''' and '''Eḥeiθymme''', any overt similarities are deliberately avoided.

A more in-depth and detailed documentation is forthcoming, which includes in-universe terminology for grammatical categories and descriptions. The author hopes to someday have the creative works published.

==Phonology==




===Consonants===
'''Eḥeiθymme''' has five major places of articulation and six manners of articulation, and yields twenty-three consonants in total.

{|class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=text-align:center
|+'''Consonant Inventory of Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="3" |
! Labial
! Alveolar
! Palatal
! Velar
! Glottal
|-
! colspan="3" | Nasal
| '''m''' = [m]
| '''n''' = [n]
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Stop
! {{small|''unvoiced''}}
| '''p''' = [p]
| '''t''' = [t]
|
| '''k''' = [k]
|
|-
! {{small|''voiced''}}
| '''b''' = [b]
| '''d''' = [d]
|
| '''g''' = [g]
|
|-
! rowspan="4" | Fricative
! rowspan="2" | {{small|sibilant}}
! {{small|''unvoiced''}}
|
| '''s''' = [s]
| '''ʃ''' = [ʃ]
|
|
|-
! {{small|''voiced''}}
|
|
| '''ʒ''' = [ʒ]
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | {{small|non-sibilant}}
! {{small|''unvoiced''}}
| '''f''' = [f]
| '''θ''' = [θ]
| '''ḥ''' = [ç]
| '''x''' = [x]
| '''h''' = [h]
|-
! {{small|''voiced''}}
| '''v''' = [v]
| '''ð''' = [ð]
|
| '''ɣ''' = [ɣ]
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Semi-vowel
| '''w''' = [w]
|
| '''y''' = [j]
|
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Lateral
|
| '''l''' = [l]
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Rhotic
|
| '''r''' = [r]
|
|
|
|}

===Vowels and Diphthongs===
'''Eḥeiθymme''' has five short vowels and five long vowels, a distinction manifested as the long vowels' sound being held twice as long as short vowels' sound.

The short vowels are the following: '''i''', '''e''', '''a''', '''y''', '''u'''. The long vowels are the following: '''ī''', '''ē''', '''ā''', '''ȳ''', '''ū'''. Note that, when spoken, there is some variation in the actual pronunciation of /ɛ:/, and may be more accurately pronounced as [e:].

'''Eḥeiθymme''' has three diphthongs, all of which have length equivalent to long vowels. The diphthongs are the following: '''ei''', '''ey''', '''au'''.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Vowel and Diphthong Inventory of Eḥeiθymme'''
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Front
! rowspan="2" | Back
|-
! unrounded
! rounded
|-
! Close
| '''i''' = [i] '''ī''' = [i:]
| '''y''' = [y] '''ȳ''' = [y:]
| '''u''' = [u] '''ū''' = [u:]
|-
! Mid
| '''e''' = [ɛ] ~ [e] '''ē''' = [ɛ:] ~ [e:]
|
|
|-
! Open
|
|
| '''a''' = [a] '''ā''' = [a:]
|- style="text-align: center;"
!Diphthongs
| colspan="3" |'''ei''' = [ej], '''ey''' = [eɥ], '''au''' = [aw]
|}

===Prosody and Stress===

Syllables are determined by vowel-sounds and diphthong-sounds. There is one vowel or diphthong per syllable. A syllable will tend to be closed, and tend not to contain a consonant in the onset if it can be avoided.

The determination of stress is understood within the bounds of the ultimate to antepenultimate syllable.

'''1. If the word at most contains:'''
* three syllables, then the first syllable is stressed.
* two syllables, then the first syllable is stressed.
* one syllable, then that syllable is stressed.

'''2. If the word contains:'''
* more than three syllables, then the antepenultimate syllable is stressed.
* a diphthong or a long vowel in the ultimate, penultimate, or antepenultimate syllable, then that syllable is stressed.

===Sound Change===

There exists three general rules of sound change in '''Eḥeiθymme''', one of which involves the mutation of consonants, one of which involves a harmonization of the vowels in a word, and one that turns consonants into vowels.

'''1. The consonant moves to its fricative counterpart in the environment that it follows a front vowel or a voiceless palatal fricative.'''

* t → θ
* d → ð
* p → f
* b → v
* k → x
* g → ɣ
* h → ḥ = ç

'''2. If a close, front, unrounded vowel exists anywhere in the word, then the close, back vowel becomes the close, front, rounded vowel, and the open, back vowel becomes the mid, front, unrounded vowel.'''

* u → y / ...i...
* a → e / ...i...

'''3. A semi-vowel becomes its vowel counterpart in the environment that it preceeds immediately a non-semi-vowel consonant.'''

* j → i / _C
* w → u / _C

==Morphology==

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is characterized by a '''nonconcatenative morphology''', or "root-and-pattern" morphology. Words are constructed from an abstract consonantal root structure according to any of several templates. The roots of words tend to be made of two or three consonants, called radicals, though roots of one or four are not unheard of. Words not of an '''Eḥeiθymme''' origin are made to follow '''Eḥeiθymme''''s morphology, and so can exhibit an atypical number of consonant roots. Additionally, '''Eḥeiθymme''' is not without discrete morphemes in the form of affixes in addition to the characteristic nonconcatenative morphology.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Eḥeiθymme Inflectional and Derivational Morphology Structure'''
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Root
! colspan="7" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μ1v2v3μ
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Constituent Parts
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μ
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 1
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | v
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 2
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | v
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 3
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μ
|-
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | morphemic prefix
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | initial radical
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel(s) or diphthong
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | medial radical
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel(s) or diphthong
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | final radical
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | morphemic suffix
|}

==Verbs==

Verbs in '''Eḥeiθymme''' are predominantly aspectual, and show no overt morphological distinction to reflect time. Tenses are constructed typically by periphrasis. Mood is constructed via periphrasis for moods that are not indicative, subjunctive, or imperative, with one of several modal verbs. Voice is distinguished morphologically in unison with periphrasis. Person is marked directly on the verb by distinct morphemes.

On the verb itself, the following may be marked:

* Two aspects (perfective, imperfective)
* Three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter)
* Four persons (first, second, third, indeterminate)
* Agent/subject and patient
* Three numbers (singular, plural, paucal)
* Three moods (indicative, subjunctive, imperative)

Critical to the construction of the verb and verb phrase is the '''copula''', of which there exists both a '''positive''' copula '''R-J-D''' and a '''negative''' copula '''∅-M-N''' . Additionally, there exists an infinitive form of the verb that is used with modals.

Since verbs are constructed regularly via predictable combinatorics, it is useful to make a generalized template with which to consult. '''α''' and '''β''' are assumed to have been inflected for agent/subject and/or object person marking.

* '''α''' is a verb in the perfective aspect construction
* '''β''' is a verb in the imperfective aspect construction
* '''V''' is the full verb
* subscript "copula" means that that verb is the copula
* superscript "+" or "-" means that that verb is either the positive or the negative form (of the copula)
* subscript "modal" means that that verb is a modal verb
* subscript "infinitive" means that that verb is in the infinitive form of the verb

===Tense===

Tense is constructed combinatorially with the copula, with an explicitly defined aspectual distinction. For a diachronic treatment of the morphological forms of the '''Eḥeiθymme''' verb, please consult the appendix.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' distinguishes between three aspects: the '''Perfective''' aspect indicates an action completed, or an action as a whole; the '''Imperfective''' aspect indicates a continuous action; the '''Perfect''' aspect indicates a completed action prior to some event in context. Only the Perfective and the Imperfective have unique morphological templates; the Perfective aspect is formed via periphrasis.

The overt forms of the various aspects is dependent on the consonant make-up of the root, of which belongs to the system of consonant roots. Such roots exhibit two or three consonants. Roots whose consonants are '''phonologically stable''' are roots whose consonants are not lateral (L-roots), rhotic (R-roots), fricative (S-roots), or semi-vowel (J-roots and W-roots), and are the so-called CCC-roots. '''Phonologically unstable''' roots exhibit minor irregularities in their construction, of which depends on the location of the unstable consonant(s) in the root: initial, medial, final. Roots consisting of two consonants, called ∅CC-roots, have variable manifestations and typically form via leveling, realized as the 2 consonant being doubled and acting as the 1 consonant.

Morpho-phonological phenomena and historical processes notwithstanding, the general structure of aspect is the following:

* The Perfective Aspect: '''-1e23i-'''
* The Imperfective Aspect: '''-12a3-'''

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Aspect Construction in Eḥeiθymme (Indicative Mood Shown Here)'''
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! style="text-align: center;" | Perfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Imperfective
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''(2)e23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''(2)2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12a3'''- -'''1u2a3'''-1
|-
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Le23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''L2a3'''- -'''i2e3'''-2
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1eL3i'''- -'''1ei3i'''-3
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1La3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Li'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aL'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Re23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''R2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ē3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Ra3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Ri'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12ā'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Se23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''S2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1eS3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Sa3'''- -'''S1a3'''-4
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Si'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aS'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Je23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''i2e3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ei3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Ja3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2ī'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aJ'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''We23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''u2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ey3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Wa3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2yi'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aW'''-
|}

:<nowiki>1</nowiki> If 1 and 2 are stops
:<nowiki>2</nowiki> If 2 is a stop
:<nowiki>3</nowiki> If 3 is a stop
:<nowiki>4</nowiki> If 1 is a stop

'''Eḥeiθymme''' distinguishes two times: the '''Past''' time indicates actions in the past; the '''Non-Past''' time indicates actions not in the past, and in some contexts covers both the present and the future. Aspect and time combine to yield tense.

* The '''Perfective Past Tense''' indicates a simple completed action in the past. It is the composition of perfective aspect and past time.

* The '''Imperfective Past Tense''' indicates an ongoing or incomplete action in the past time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and past time.

* The '''Imperfective Non-Past Tense''' indicates an ongoing action in the non-past time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and non-past time. Additionally, this tense may also be used to refer to the equivalent of a future time, depending on the context.

* The '''Perfect Past Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another completed action. It is the composition of perfect aspect and past time.

* The '''Perfect Non-Past Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another action. It is the composition of perfect aspect and non-past time.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Positive and Negative Verb Construction without Modals in Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Positive
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Negative
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''ad-α'''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β''' '''β'''+''copula'' + '''β'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''β'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''β'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''β'''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''+''copula'' + '''α'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''α'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''α'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''α'''
|}

===Mood===

'''Eḥeiθymmen''' has three distinctly marked moods: the '''Indicative''' mood indicates factual statements, inquiry of simple questions, and the statement of beliefs; the '''Subjunctive''' mood indicates imaginary or hypothetical actions, conveys opinions or emotions, or conveys requests; the '''Imperative''' mood indicates a directed command.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Verb Construction in Eḥeiθymme for Morphological Mood'''
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Indicative
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Subjunctive
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Imperative
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | Perfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Imperfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Perfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Imperfective
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -(2)'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -(2)2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -(2)'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''(2)a23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''3 1u2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a23e'''-
|-
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -L'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -L2'''a'''3 i2'''e'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -L'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''La23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''L3'''i'''- -1'''e'''i3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1L'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''L3'''u'''- -1'''ew'''i3'''y'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1aL3e'''- -'''1ei3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2L'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''L-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2L'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Le'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -R'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -R2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -R'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Ra23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ē'''3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1R'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ā'''3'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ā3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2R'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''ā'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2R'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Re'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -S'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -S2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -S'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Sa23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''S3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1S'''a'''3 S1'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''S3'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1aS3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2S'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''S-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2S'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Se'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -J'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -i2'''e'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -J'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Ja23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''i3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1J'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ew'''i3'''y'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ei3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2'''ī'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''J-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2J'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Je'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -W'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -u2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -w'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Wa23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''y3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1W'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''aū'''3'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1au3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2y'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''W-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2'''ū'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2We'''-
|}

'''Eḥeiθymmen''' may also form verb constructions via periphrasis with modal verbs. There are numerous such modal verbs expressing variable meanings, shades of meanings, and overlapping of meanings. These may also be in the indicative, subjunctive, or imperative.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Positive and Negative Verb Construction with Modals in Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Positive
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Negative
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''ad-α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive'' '''β'''+''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''+''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
|}

===Voice===

Voice in '''Eḥeiθymme''' is constructed entirely morphosyntactically, and depends on the relationship between a transitive or intransitive verb with nouns in the ergative case and nouns in the absolutive case. When constructing these voices, the copula always remains in the second position. Any modal, other inflected verb, or infinitive remains at the end. For sentences not in need of a copula construction, such as the Perfective Past tense or the Imperfective Non-past tense, then the position otherwise held by the copula is instead held by the inflected verb, and is no longer at the end of the sentence. Similarly, in those tenses are being constructed with the modal plus the infinitive, then the modal is placed in the second position, and the infinitive is at the end.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' has three distinct voice constructions:

'''1. Active voice''' indicates that the subject of the sentence performs the action of a transitive or an intransitive verb, or causes the happening denoted by the verb.
* N''ergative'' + V''transitive'' + N''absolutive''
* N''ergative'' + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''transitive''
* N''ergative'' + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''modal'' + V''infinitive''
* N''ergative'' + V''modal'' + N''absolutive'' + V''infinitive''

* ∅ + V''intransitive'' + N''absolutive''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''intransitive''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''modal'' + V''infinitive''
* ∅ + V''modal'' + N''absolutive'' + V''infinitive''

'''2. Anti-passive voice''' takes the transitive verb and make it "less transitive" (read, more intransitive) by retaining that verb but putting the ergative noun into an absolutive or oblique construct, and thus conveys prominence of the agent and what they did, while the patient is left not as important (and thus demoted to oblique).
* N''absolutive'' + V''transitive'' + N''oblique''
* N''absolutive'' + V''copula'' + N''oblique'' + V''transitive''
* N''absolutive'' + V''copula'' + N''oblique'' + V''modal'' + V''infinitive''
* N''absolutive'' + V''modal'' + N''oblique'' + V''infinitive''

'''3. Anti-active voice''' takes the intransitive verb and make it "less intransitive" (read, more transitive) by taking a null space object (the oblique or absolutive) and realizing it with an actual argument, and thus conveys prominence to an object. Admittedly, there are very few instances of the anti-active voice.
* ∅ + V''intransitive'' + N''ergative''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''ergative'' + V''intransitive''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''ergative'' + V''modal''+ V''infinitive''
* ∅ + V''modal'' + N''ergative'' + V''infinitive''

In the active voice, the verb may be either transitive or intransitive. In the anti-passive voice, the verb must be transitive. In the anti-active voice, the verb must be intransitive. Finally, note that transitivity is entirely semantic; there is no overt marking to indicate if a verb is transitive or intransitive.

===Infinitive===

The infinitive form of the verb in '''Eḥeiθymme''' is used in the construction of verb tenses when the use of a modal is employed. The infinitive may be used as a verbal noun if made definite.

Morpho-phonological phenomena and historical processes notwithstanding, the general structure of the infinitive is the following:

* The Infinitive: '''1a12e3'''

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Infinitival Construction in Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! style="text-align: center;" | Infinitive
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(2)a(2)2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12e3'''
|-
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''LaL2e3''' '''Lei2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''LaL1e3''' '''Lei1e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eL'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''Rā2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1Re3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12ā'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''SaS2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1Se3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eS'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''Jei2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1Je3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eJ'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1au2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1We3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eW'''
|}

===Conjugation===

Grammatical person as agent/subject as well as object and number are designated via affixation. Mood is designated via change of vowel in the stem as well as affixation in the case of the imperative. The following table shows the paradigm of the positive copula, '''R-J-D''', with no marking made for the object.

{| class="wikitable nowrap" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Paradigm of the Positive Copula, R-J-D, with Agent/Subject Marking Only'''
! Mood
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
|-
! rowspan="9" | Indicative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ele-'''''reiði''
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rjad''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhyea-'''''reiði''
| '''dhua-'''''rjad''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''reiði''
| '''ive-'''''rjeð''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''reiði''
| '''me-'''''rjad''
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ē-'''''reiði''
| '''ā-'''''rjad''
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði''
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði''
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði''
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
|-
! rowspan="9" | Subjunctive
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ele-'''''rewiðy''
| rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhye-'''''rewiðy''
|
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''rewiðy''
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''rauðu''
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ē-'''''rewiðy''
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy''
|
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy''
|
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy''
|
|-
! rowspan="9" | Imperative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | –
| rowspan="2" | –
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
| '''dhye-'''''reiðe''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| '''ive-'''''reiðe''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| '''me-'''''reiðe''
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe''
|}

While noun marking and syntax obey the rules of ergative-absolutive alignment, person marking on verbs follows nominative-accusative alignment rules. The agent/subject person is realized as a prefix, while the object is realized as a suffix. Many of the person markers for prefixes are wholly dissimilar to their suffix counterparts, though most exhibit at least a shared thematic consonant. The following table shows the paradigm of the positive copula, '''R-Y-D''', with marking made for the object as well as the agent/subject.

{| class="wikitable nowrap" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Paradigm of the Positive Copula, R-J-D, with Agent/Subject and Object Marking'''
! Mood
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
|-
! rowspan="9" | Indicative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ele-'''''reiði'''''-el'''
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rjad'''''-al'''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhye-'''''reiði'''''-ið'''
| '''dhye-'''''rjeð'''''-ið'''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''reiði'''''-iv'''
| '''ive-'''''rjeð'''''-iv'''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''reiði'''''-em'''
| '''me-'''''rjad'''''-am'''
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ē-'''''reiði'''''-eḥ'''
| '''ā-'''''rjad'''''-ah'''
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði'''''-en'''
| '''anta-'''''rjad'''''-an'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði'''''-en'''
| '''anta-'''''rjad'''''-an'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði'''''-en'''
| '''anta-'''''rjad'''''-an'''
|-
! rowspan="9" | Subjunctive
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ele-'''''rewiðy'''''-el'''
| rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhye-'''''rewiðy'''''-ið'''
|
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''rewiðy'''''-iv'''
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''rewiðy'''''-em'''
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ē-'''''rewiðy'''''-ēḥ'''
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy'''''-en'''
|
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy'''''-en'''
|
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy'''''-en'''
|
|-
! rowspan="9" | Imperative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | –
| rowspan="2" | –
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
| '''dhye-'''''reiðe'''''-ið'''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| '''ive-'''''reiðe'''''-iv'''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| '''me-'''''reiðe'''''-em'''
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe'''''-en'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe'''''-en'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe'''''-en'''
|}

==Nouns==

Nouns in '''Eḥeiθymme''' are not inflected for grammatical gender, number, or case. Neither the noun nor the adjective differentiate gender, in contrast to the obligatorily marked gender of the pronouns. An exception to this is when the noun is explicitly gendered, to reflect specifically gendered subjects. This distinction is wholly semantic. Number and case are entirely encoded in the definite article. Nouns are inflected for state.

* The structure of a '''Basic Noun''' is: '''-1v23-''', where '''-v-''' may be any vowel, but is usually '''-a-''' or '''-u-'''.

===Definiteness===

'''Eḥeiθymme''' has various definite and indefinite articles controlling the number and case of the modified noun. Proper nouns are definite by definition, and so do not require the definite article. Case for proper nouns is realized variously, by context or by adpositions.

* The '''Singular Definite Article''' is: ''' -'''
* The '''Plural Definite Article''' is: ''' -'''
* The '''Paucal Definite Article''' is: ''' -'''

* The '''Singular Indefinite Article''' is: '''a-'''
* The '''Plural Indefinite Article''' is: ''' -'''
* The '''Paucal Indefinite Article''' is: ''' -'''

====Case====

===State===

====Absolute State====

====Construct State====

==Modifiers==

===Adjectives===

===Adverbs===

==Particles==

==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==

==Other resources==




[[Category:Eḥeiθymme]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Eḥeiθymmen Amran

2019-09-20T06:21:48Z

Deltaquebec: /* Etymology */

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="float:right;" width="35%"
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffffff; font-size:1.2em;" | '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' [ɛˈçej.θym.mɛn ˈar.jad ɛçˈðej.θym.mɛː ˈam.ran]
|-
| '''Creator:''' || Daniel Quigley
|-
| '''Spoken in:''' || Amran
|-
| '''World:''' || ''Leaves'' Stories
|-
| '''Total Speakers:''' || ~ 18,000,000
|-
| '''Basic word order:''' || Strict V2
|-
| '''Morphological Type:''' || Fusional
|-
| '''Morphosyntactic Alignment:''' || Split Ergative-Absolutive
|-
| '''Inspirations:''' || Arabic, German, Finnish, Welsh, Basque, English, Menominee
|-
| '''Status:''' || In Progress
|-
| '''Link to full documentation:''' || *forthcoming*
|}

'''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' is an ''a priori'' artistic constructed language in development by Daniel Quigley, providing the framework for which the author’s creative works and worldbuilding are guided. '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''', or '''Eḥeiθymmen Amran''' or '''Eḥeiθymme''', is the dominant language of the people of Amran.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is characterized by significant word-internal sound-change, a "root-and-pattern" morphology, and strict word order. '''Eḥeiθymme''' readily accepts words of non-native origin, but tends to force said loans into its morphological paradigm.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is typologically a fusional language. Nouns, modifiers, and verbs are typically formed via a root-and-pattern triconsonantal root system, and movement between the three is highly fluid. Nouns are not inflected for number and case; these details are encoded in the definiteness marked by an article. Other modifiers, such as adverbs, are not inflected in the same way, though similarities may be found in certain contexts. Verbs entirely depend upon their construction with a positive or a negative copula, and most tenses are formed via periphrasis. Some particles are inflected for person. '''Eḥeiθymme''' is a Split Ergative-Absolutive aligned language, in which nouns tend to obey ergative-absolutive alignment rules, and person marking on the verb tends to obey nominative-accusative alignment rules. '''Eḥeiθymme''' has strict V2 word order despite the presence of extensive case marking.

==Introduction==

===Setting===

'''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' is the lingua franca of Amran. The people of Amran are exceptionally diverse in language, culture, and identity. At the time of the ''Leaves'' stories, Amran is in its twilight years and is a ghost of its former self. Amran's vast landscape follows from a temperate biome to a taiga biome, dominated by thick forests, abundant snowfall in many regions, and mountainous regions further inland. Much of the population is concentrated along the coastal regions, while inland is mostly uninhabited by humans.

===Etymology===

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is a word built from nominal form of the root '''∅-J-T''' indicating "language, speaking, articulated speech", rendered as '''ait''', which morphs to '''eiθ''', the '''ah-''' prefix, which morphs to '''eḥ-''', formulates proper nouns out of common nouns, and the suffix '''-umma''', which morphs to '''-ymme''', which is the augmentive suffix. In genitive constructions involving a proper noun fulfilling the genitive role, the possessed noun is in the construct state, sometimes unrealized morphologically, but in this case, it is indicated by '''-n'''. '''Arjad''' is from the positive copula '''R-J-D''', '''Eḥðeirymmē''' is built from the nominal form of '''D-J-R''' indicating "earth, land", rendered as '''dair''', which morphs to '''ðeir''', the '''ah-''' prefix, which morphs to '''eḥ-''', formulates proper nouns out of common nouns, and the suffix '''-umma''', which morphs to '''-ymmē''' in the absolutive case, and '''amran''' is the imperfective verbal form from the root '''M-R-N''' indicating "goodness, pleasantness, well-being". All morphing in sounds are accounted for in the section on sound change.

Taken altogether, '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' translates to “the principle language of Amran”, or, "the principal language of the good land".

===Goals===

The driving goal of '''Eḥeiθymme''' is to provide a framework for the author’s creative works and worldbuilding. To that end, '''Eḥeiθymme''' ought to be a naturalistic constructed language, and ought to be pleasant to look at and to hear (admittedly, this is wholly subjective, and others may disagree with to the extent to which this was fulfilled).

===Development, Inspiration, Forthcoming===

The history of '''Eḥeiθymme''' as a constructed language is relatively recent, and stems from the author's desire to construct a language with a Semitic style, and from the author's investigations into tense, mood, and aspect systems of world languages during his undergraduate career in linguistics. The earliest dedicated work on the language originated with the name of an individual, '''Iḥliθ''', whose meaning is yet elusive, and the now-defunct word for a ruler, '''aryad''', which has since come to be the positive copula.

Because much of the creative works and worldbuilding for which '''Eḥeiθymme''' guides concern themselves with cultural contact, exchange, and conflict, the two dominant languages of the world, [[Ahāmatya|'''Ahāmatya''']] and '''Eḥeiθymme''', are deliberately designed to be dissimilar, with regards to the make-up and feel of the language. The inspirations of the language include, but are not limited to, Arabic, German, Finnish, Welsh, Basque, English, Menominee. While some overlap exists in the inspirations for '''Ahāmatya''' and '''Eḥeiθymme''', any overt similarities are deliberately avoided.

A more in-depth and detailed documentation is forthcoming, which includes in-universe terminology for grammatical categories and descriptions. The author hopes to someday have the creative works published.

==Phonology==




===Consonants===
'''Eḥeiθymme''' has five major places of articulation and six manners of articulation, and yields twenty-three consonants in total.

{|class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=text-align:center
|+'''Consonant Inventory of Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="3" |
! Labial
! Alveolar
! Palatal
! Velar
! Glottal
|-
! colspan="3" | Nasal
| '''m''' = [m]
| '''n''' = [n]
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Stop
! {{small|''unvoiced''}}
| '''p''' = [p]
| '''t''' = [t]
|
| '''k''' = [k]
|
|-
! {{small|''voiced''}}
| '''b''' = [b]
| '''d''' = [d]
|
| '''g''' = [g]
|
|-
! rowspan="4" | Fricative
! rowspan="2" | {{small|sibilant}}
! {{small|''unvoiced''}}
|
| '''s''' = [s]
| '''ʃ''' = [ʃ]
|
|
|-
! {{small|''voiced''}}
|
|
| '''ʒ''' = [ʒ]
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | {{small|non-sibilant}}
! {{small|''unvoiced''}}
| '''f''' = [f]
| '''θ''' = [θ]
| '''ḥ''' = [ç]
| '''x''' = [x]
| '''h''' = [h]
|-
! {{small|''voiced''}}
| '''v''' = [v]
| '''ð''' = [ð]
|
| '''ɣ''' = [ɣ]
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Semi-vowel
| '''w''' = [w]
|
| '''y''' = [j]
|
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Lateral
|
| '''l''' = [l]
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Rhotic
|
| '''r''' = [r]
|
|
|
|}

===Vowels and Diphthongs===
'''Eḥeiθymme''' has five short vowels and five long vowels, a distinction manifested as the long vowels' sound being held twice as long as short vowels' sound.

The short vowels are the following: '''i''', '''e''', '''a''', '''y''', '''u'''. The long vowels are the following: '''ī''', '''ē''', '''ā''', '''ȳ''', '''ū'''. Note that, when spoken, there is some variation in the actual pronunciation of /ɛ:/, and may be more accurately pronounced as [e:].

'''Eḥeiθymme''' has three diphthongs, all of which have length equivalent to long vowels. The diphthongs are the following: '''ei''', '''ey''', '''au'''.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Vowel and Diphthong Inventory of Eḥeiθymme'''
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Front
! rowspan="2" | Back
|-
! unrounded
! rounded
|-
! Close
| '''i''' = [i] '''ī''' = [i:]
| '''y''' = [y] '''ȳ''' = [y:]
| '''u''' = [u] '''ū''' = [u:]
|-
! Mid
| '''e''' = [ɛ] ~ [e] '''ē''' = [ɛ:] ~ [e:]
|
|
|-
! Open
|
|
| '''a''' = [a] '''ā''' = [a:]
|- style="text-align: center;"
!Diphthongs
| colspan="3" |'''ei''' = [ej], '''ey''' = [eɥ], '''au''' = [aw]
|}

===Prosody and Stress===

Syllables are determined by vowel-sounds and diphthong-sounds. There is one vowel or diphthong per syllable. A syllable will tend to be closed, and tend not to contain a consonant in the onset if it can be avoided.

The determination of stress is understood within the bounds of the ultimate to antepenultimate syllable.

'''1. If the word at most contains:'''
* three syllables, then the first syllable is stressed.
* two syllables, then the first syllable is stressed.
* one syllable, then that syllable is stressed.

'''2. If the word contains:'''
* more than three syllables, then the antepenultimate syllable is stressed.
* a diphthong or a long vowel in the ultimate, penultimate, or antepenultimate syllable, then that syllable is stressed.

===Sound Change===

There exists three general rules of sound change in '''Eḥeiθymme''', one of which involves the mutation of consonants, one of which involves a harmonization of the vowels in a word, and one that turns consonants into vowels.

'''1. The consonant moves to its fricative counterpart in the environment that it follows a front vowel or a voiceless palatal fricative.'''

* t → θ
* d → ð
* p → f
* b → v
* k → x
* g → ɣ
* h → ḥ = ç

'''2. If a close, front, unrounded vowel exists anywhere in the word, then the close, back vowel becomes the close, front, rounded vowel, and the open, back vowel becomes the mid, front, unrounded vowel.'''

* u → y / ...i...
* a → e / ...i...

'''3. A semi-vowel becomes its vowel counterpart in the environment that it preceeds immediately a non-semi-vowel consonant.'''

* j → i / _C
* w → u / _C

==Morphology==

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is characterized by a '''nonconcatenative morphology''', or "root-and-pattern" morphology. Words are constructed from an abstract consonantal root structure according to any of several templates. The roots of words tend to be made of two or three consonants, called radicals, though roots of one or four are not unheard of. Words not of an '''Eḥeiθymme''' origin are made to follow '''Eḥeiθymme''''s morphology, and so can exhibit an atypical number of consonant roots. Additionally, '''Eḥeiθymme''' is not without discrete morphemes in the form of affixes in addition to the characteristic nonconcatenative morphology.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Eḥeiθymme Inflectional and Derivational Morphology Structure'''
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Root
! colspan="7" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μ1v2v3μ
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Constituent Parts
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μ
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 1
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | v
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 2
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | v
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 3
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μ
|-
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | morphemic prefix
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | initial radical
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | medial radical
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | final radical
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | morphemic suffix
|}

==Verbs==

Verbs in '''Eḥeiθymme''' are predominantly aspectual, and show no overt morphological distinction to reflect time. Tenses are constructed typically by periphrasis. Mood is constructed via periphrasis for moods that are not indicative, subjunctive, or imperative, with one of several modal verbs. Voice is distinguished morphologically in unison with periphrasis. Person is marked directly on the verb by distinct morphemes.

On the verb itself, the following may be marked:

* Two aspects (perfective, imperfective)
* Three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter)
* Four persons (first, second, third, indeterminate)
* Agent/subject and patient
* Three numbers (singular, plural, paucal)
* Three moods (indicative, subjunctive, imperative)

Critical to the construction of the verb and verb phrase is the '''copula''', of which there exists both a '''positive''' copula '''R-J-D''' and a '''negative''' copula '''∅-M-N''' . Additionally, there exists an infinitive form of the verb that is used with modals.

Since verbs are constructed regularly via predictable combinatorics, it is useful to make a generalized template with which to consult. '''α''' and '''β''' are assumed to have been inflected for agent/subject and/or object person marking.

* '''α''' is a verb in the perfective aspect construction
* '''β''' is a verb in the imperfective aspect construction
* '''V''' is the full verb
* subscript "copula" means that that verb is the copula
* superscript "+" or "-" means that that verb is either the positive or the negative form (of the copula)
* subscript "modal" means that that verb is a modal verb
* subscript "infinitive" means that that verb is in the infinitive form of the verb

===Tense===

Tense is constructed combinatorially with the copula, with an explicitly defined aspectual distinction. For a diachronic treatment of the morphological forms of the '''Eḥeiθymme''' verb, please consult the appendix.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' distinguishes between three aspects: the '''Perfective''' aspect indicates an action completed, or an action as a whole; the '''Imperfective''' aspect indicates a continuous action; the '''Perfect''' aspect indicates a completed action prior to some event in context. Only the Perfective and the Imperfective have unique morphological templates; the Perfective aspect is formed via periphrasis.

The overt forms of the various aspects is dependent on the consonant make-up of the root, of which belongs to the system of consonant roots. Such roots exhibit two or three consonants. Roots whose consonants are '''phonologically stable''' are roots whose consonants are not lateral (L-roots), rhotic (R-roots), fricative (S-roots), or semi-vowel (J-roots and W-roots), and are the so-called CCC-roots. '''Phonologically unstable''' roots exhibit minor irregularities in their construction, of which depends on the location of the unstable consonant(s) in the root: initial, medial, final. Roots consisting of two consonants, called ∅CC-roots, have variable manifestations and typically form via leveling, realized as the 2 consonant being doubled and acting as the 1 consonant.

Morpho-phonological phenomena and historical processes notwithstanding, the general structure of aspect is the following:

* The Perfective Aspect: '''-1e23i-'''
* The Imperfective Aspect: '''-12a3-'''

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Aspect Construction in Eḥeiθymme (Indicative Mood Shown Here)'''
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! style="text-align: center;" | Perfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Imperfective
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''(2)e23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''(2)2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12a3'''- -'''1u2a3'''-1
|-
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Le23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''L2a3'''- -'''i2e3'''-2
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1eL3i'''- -'''1ei3i'''-3
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1La3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Li'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aL'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Re23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''R2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ē3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Ra3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Ri'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12ā'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Se23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''S2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1eS3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Sa3'''- -'''S1a3'''-4
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Si'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aS'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Je23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''i2e3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ei3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Ja3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2ī'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aJ'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''We23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''u2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ey3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Wa3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2yi'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aW'''-
|}

:<nowiki>1</nowiki> If 1 and 2 are stops
:<nowiki>2</nowiki> If 2 is a stop
:<nowiki>3</nowiki> If 3 is a stop
:<nowiki>4</nowiki> If 1 is a stop

'''Eḥeiθymme''' distinguishes two times: the '''Past''' time indicates actions in the past; the '''Non-Past''' time indicates actions not in the past, and in some contexts covers both the present and the future. Aspect and time combine to yield tense.

* The '''Perfective Past Tense''' indicates a simple completed action in the past. It is the composition of perfective aspect and past time.

* The '''Imperfective Past Tense''' indicates an ongoing or incomplete action in the past time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and past time.

* The '''Imperfective Non-Past Tense''' indicates an ongoing action in the non-past time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and non-past time. Additionally, this tense may also be used to refer to the equivalent of a future time, depending on the context.

* The '''Perfect Past Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another completed action. It is the composition of perfect aspect and past time.

* The '''Perfect Non-Past Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another action. It is the composition of perfect aspect and non-past time.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Positive and Negative Verb Construction without Modals in Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Positive
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Negative
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''ad-α'''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β''' '''β'''+''copula'' + '''β'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''β'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''β'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''β'''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''+''copula'' + '''α'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''α'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''α'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''α'''
|}

===Mood===

'''Eḥeiθymmen''' has three distinctly marked moods: the '''Indicative''' mood indicates factual statements, inquiry of simple questions, and the statement of beliefs; the '''Subjunctive''' mood indicates imaginary or hypothetical actions, conveys opinions or emotions, or conveys requests; the '''Imperative''' mood indicates a directed command.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Verb Construction in Eḥeiθymme for Morphological Mood'''
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Indicative
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Subjunctive
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Imperative
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | Perfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Imperfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Perfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Imperfective
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -(2)'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -(2)2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -(2)'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''(2)a23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''3 1u2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a23e'''-
|-
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -L'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -L2'''a'''3 i2'''e'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -L'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''La23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''L3'''i'''- -1'''e'''i3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1L'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''L3'''u'''- -1'''ew'''i3'''y'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1aL3e'''- -'''1ei3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2L'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''L-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2L'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Le'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -R'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -R2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -R'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Ra23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ē'''3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1R'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ā'''3'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ā3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2R'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''ā'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2R'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Re'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -S'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -S2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -S'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Sa23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''S3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1S'''a'''3 S1'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''S3'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1aS3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2S'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''S-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2S'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Se'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -J'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -i2'''e'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -J'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Ja23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''i3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1J'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ew'''i3'''y'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ei3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2'''ī'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''J-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2J'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Je'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -W'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -u2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -w'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Wa23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''y3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1W'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''aū'''3'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1au3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2y'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''W-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2'''ū'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2We'''-
|}

'''Eḥeiθymmen''' may also form verb constructions via periphrasis with modal verbs. There are numerous such modal verbs expressing variable meanings, shades of meanings, and overlapping of meanings. These may also be in the indicative, subjunctive, or imperative.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Positive and Negative Verb Construction with Modals in Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Positive
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Negative
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''ad-α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive'' '''β'''+''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''+''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
|}

===Voice===

Voice in '''Eḥeiθymme''' is constructed entirely morphosyntactically, and depends on the relationship between a transitive or intransitive verb with nouns in the ergative case and nouns in the absolutive case. When constructing these voices, the copula always remains in the second position. Any modal, other inflected verb, or infinitive remains at the end. For sentences not in need of a copula construction, such as the Perfective Past tense or the Imperfective Non-past tense, then the position otherwise held by the copula is instead held by the inflected verb, and is no longer at the end of the sentence. Similarly, in those tenses are being constructed with the modal plus the infinitive, then the modal is placed in the second position, and the infinitive is at the end.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' has three distinct voice constructions:

'''1. Active voice''' indicates that the subject of the sentence performs the action of a transitive or an intransitive verb, or causes the happening denoted by the verb.
* N''ergative'' + V''transitive'' + N''absolutive''
* N''ergative'' + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''transitive''
* N''ergative'' + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''modal'' + V''infinitive''
* N''ergative'' + V''modal'' + N''absolutive'' + V''infinitive''

* ∅ + V''intransitive'' + N''absolutive''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''intransitive''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''modal'' + V''infinitive''
* ∅ + V''modal'' + N''absolutive'' + V''infinitive''

'''2. Anti-passive voice''' takes the transitive verb and make it "less transitive" (read, more intransitive) by retaining that verb but putting the ergative noun into an absolutive or oblique construct, and thus conveys prominence of the agent and what they did, while the patient is left not as important (and thus demoted to oblique).
* N''absolutive'' + V''transitive'' + N''oblique''
* N''absolutive'' + V''copula'' + N''oblique'' + V''transitive''
* N''absolutive'' + V''copula'' + N''oblique'' + V''modal'' + V''infinitive''
* N''absolutive'' + V''modal'' + N''oblique'' + V''infinitive''

'''3. Anti-active voice''' takes the intransitive verb and make it "less intransitive" (read, more transitive) by taking a null space object (the oblique or absolutive) and realizing it with an actual argument, and thus conveys prominence to an object. Admittedly, there are very few instances of the anti-active voice.
* ∅ + V''intransitive'' + N''ergative''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''ergative'' + V''intransitive''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''ergative'' + V''modal''+ V''infinitive''
* ∅ + V''modal'' + N''ergative'' + V''infinitive''

In the active voice, the verb may be either transitive or intransitive. In the anti-passive voice, the verb must be transitive. In the anti-active voice, the verb must be intransitive. Finally, note that transitivity is entirely semantic; there is no overt marking to indicate if a verb is transitive or intransitive.

===Infinitive===

The infinitive form of the verb in '''Eḥeiθymme''' is used in the construction of verb tenses when the use of a modal is employed. The infinitive may be used as a verbal noun if made definite.

Morpho-phonological phenomena and historical processes notwithstanding, the general structure of the infinitive is the following:

* The Infinitive: '''1a12e3'''

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Infinitival Construction in Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! style="text-align: center;" | Infinitive
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(2)a(2)2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12e3'''
|-
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''LaL2e3''' '''Lei2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''LaL1e3''' '''Lei1e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eL'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''Rā2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1Re3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12ā'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''SaS2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1Se3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eS'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''Jei2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1Je3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eJ'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1au2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1We3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eW'''
|}

===Conjugation===

Grammatical person as agent/subject as well as object and number are designated via affixation. Mood is designated via change of vowel in the stem as well as affixation in the case of the imperative. The following table shows the paradigm of the positive copula, '''R-J-D''', with no marking made for the object.

{| class="wikitable nowrap" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Paradigm of the Positive Copula, R-J-D, with Agent/Subject Marking Only'''
! Mood
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
|-
! rowspan="9" | Indicative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ele-'''''reiði''
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rjad''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhyea-'''''reiði''
| '''dhua-'''''rjad''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''reiði''
| '''ive-'''''rjeð''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''reiði''
| '''me-'''''rjad''
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ē-'''''reiði''
| '''ā-'''''rjad''
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði''
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði''
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði''
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
|-
! rowspan="9" | Subjunctive
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ele-'''''rewiðy''
| rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhye-'''''rewiðy''
|
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''rewiðy''
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''rauðu''
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ē-'''''rewiðy''
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy''
|
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy''
|
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy''
|
|-
! rowspan="9" | Imperative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | –
| rowspan="2" | –
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
| '''dhye-'''''reiðe''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| '''ive-'''''reiðe''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| '''me-'''''reiðe''
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe''
|}

While noun marking and syntax obey the rules of ergative-absolutive alignment, person marking on verbs follows nominative-accusative alignment rules. The agent/subject person is realized as a prefix, while the object is realized as a suffix. Many of the person markers for prefixes are wholly dissimilar to their suffix counterparts, though most exhibit at least a shared thematic consonant. The following table shows the paradigm of the positive copula, '''R-Y-D''', with marking made for the object as well as the agent/subject.

{| class="wikitable nowrap" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Paradigm of the Positive Copula, R-J-D, with Agent/Subject and Object Marking'''
! Mood
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
|-
! rowspan="9" | Indicative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ele-'''''reiði'''''-el'''
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rjad'''''-al'''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhye-'''''reiði'''''-ið'''
| '''dhye-'''''rjeð'''''-ið'''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''reiði'''''-iv'''
| '''ive-'''''rjeð'''''-iv'''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''reiði'''''-em'''
| '''me-'''''rjad'''''-am'''
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ē-'''''reiði'''''-eḥ'''
| '''ā-'''''rjad'''''-ah'''
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði'''''-en'''
| '''anta-'''''rjad'''''-an'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði'''''-en'''
| '''anta-'''''rjad'''''-an'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði'''''-en'''
| '''anta-'''''rjad'''''-an'''
|-
! rowspan="9" | Subjunctive
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ele-'''''rewiðy'''''-el'''
| rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhye-'''''rewiðy'''''-ið'''
|
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''rewiðy'''''-iv'''
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''rewiðy'''''-em'''
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ē-'''''rewiðy'''''-ēḥ'''
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy'''''-en'''
|
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy'''''-en'''
|
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy'''''-en'''
|
|-
! rowspan="9" | Imperative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | –
| rowspan="2" | –
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
| '''dhye-'''''reiðe'''''-ið'''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| '''ive-'''''reiðe'''''-iv'''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| '''me-'''''reiðe'''''-em'''
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe'''''-en'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe'''''-en'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe'''''-en'''
|}

==Nouns==

Nouns in '''Eḥeiθymme''' are not inflected for grammatical gender, number, or case. Neither the noun nor the adjective differentiate gender, in contrast to the obligatorily marked gender of the pronouns. An exception to this is when the noun is explicitly gendered, to reflect specifically gendered subjects. This distinction is wholly semantic. Number and case are entirely encoded in the definite article. Nouns are inflected for state.

* The structure of a '''Basic Noun''' is: '''-1v23-''', where '''-v-''' may be any vowel, but is usually '''-a-''' or '''-u-'''.

===Definiteness===

'''Eḥeiθymme''' has various definite and indefinite articles controlling the number and case of the modified noun. Proper nouns are definite by definition, and so do not require the definite article. Case for proper nouns is realized variously, by context or by adpositions.

* The '''Singular Definite Article''' is: ''' -'''
* The '''Plural Definite Article''' is: ''' -'''
* The '''Paucal Definite Article''' is: ''' -'''

* The '''Singular Indefinite Article''' is: '''a-'''
* The '''Plural Indefinite Article''' is: ''' -'''
* The '''Paucal Indefinite Article''' is: ''' -'''

====Case====

===State===

====Absolute State====

====Construct State====

==Modifiers==

===Adjectives===

===Adverbs===

==Particles==

==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==

==Other resources==




[[Category:Eḥeiθymme]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Eḥeiθymmen Amran

2019-09-20T06:02:17Z

Deltaquebec: /* Mood */

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="float:right;" width="35%"
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffffff; font-size:1.2em;" | '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' [ɛˈçej.θym.mɛn ˈar.jad ɛçˈðej.θym.mɛː ˈam.ran]
|-
| '''Creator:''' || Daniel Quigley
|-
| '''Spoken in:''' || Amran
|-
| '''World:''' || ''Leaves'' Stories
|-
| '''Total Speakers:''' || ~ 18,000,000
|-
| '''Basic word order:''' || Strict V2
|-
| '''Morphological Type:''' || Fusional
|-
| '''Morphosyntactic Alignment:''' || Split Ergative-Absolutive
|-
| '''Inspirations:''' || Arabic, German, Finnish, Welsh, Basque, English, Menominee
|-
| '''Status:''' || In Progress
|-
| '''Link to full documentation:''' || *forthcoming*
|}

'''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' is an ''a priori'' artistic constructed language in development by Daniel Quigley, providing the framework for which the author’s creative works and worldbuilding are guided. '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''', or '''Eḥeiθymmen Amran''' or '''Eḥeiθymme''', is the dominant language of the people of Amran.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is characterized by significant word-internal sound-change, a "root-and-pattern" morphology, and strict word order. '''Eḥeiθymme''' readily accepts words of non-native origin, but tends to force said loans into its morphological paradigm.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is typologically a fusional language. Nouns, modifiers, and verbs are typically formed via a root-and-pattern triconsonantal root system, and movement between the three is highly fluid. Nouns are not inflected for number and case; these details are encoded in the definiteness marked by an article. Other modifiers, such as adverbs, are not inflected in the same way, though similarities may be found in certain contexts. Verbs entirely depend upon their construction with a positive or a negative copula, and most tenses are formed via periphrasis. Some particles are inflected for person. '''Eḥeiθymme''' is a Split Ergative-Absolutive aligned language, in which nouns tend to obey ergative-absolutive alignment rules, and person marking on the verb tends to obey nominative-accusative alignment rules. '''Eḥeiθymme''' has strict V2 word order despite the presence of extensive case marking.

==Introduction==

===Setting===

'''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' is the lingua franca of Amran. The people of Amran are exceptionally diverse in language, culture, and identity. At the time of the ''Leaves'' stories, Amran is in its twilight years and is a ghost of its former self. Amran's vast landscape follows from a temperate biome to a taiga biome, dominated by thick forests, abundant snowfall in many regions, and mountainous regions further inland. Much of the population is concentrated along the coastal regions, while inland is mostly uninhabited by humans.

===Etymology===

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is a word built from nominal form of the root '''∅-Y-T''' indicating "language, speaking, articulated speech", rendered as '''ait''', which morphs to '''eiθ''', the '''ah-''' prefix, which morphs to '''eḥ-''', formulates proper nouns out of common nouns, and the suffix '''-umma''', which morphs to '''-ymme''', which is the augmentive suffix. In genitive constructions involving a proper noun fulfilling the genitive role, the possessed noun is in the construct state, sometimes unrealized morphologically, but in this case, it is indicated by '''-n'''. '''Arjad''' is from the positive copula '''R-J-D''', '''Eḥðeirymmē''' is built from the nominal form of '''D-J-R''' indicating "earth, land", rendered as '''dair''', which morphs to '''ðeir''', the '''ah-''' prefix, which morphs to '''eḥ-''', formulates proper nouns out of common nouns, and the suffix '''-umma''', which morphs to '''-ymmē''' in the absolutive case, and '''amran''' is the imperfective verbal form from the root '''M-R-N''' indicating "goodness, pleasantness, well-being". All morphing in sounds are accounted for in the section on sound change.

Taken altogether, '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' translates to “the principle language of Amran”, or, "the principal language of the good land".

===Goals===

The driving goal of '''Eḥeiθymme''' is to provide a framework for the author’s creative works and worldbuilding. To that end, '''Eḥeiθymme''' ought to be a naturalistic constructed language, and ought to be pleasant to look at and to hear (admittedly, this is wholly subjective, and others may disagree with to the extent to which this was fulfilled).

===Development, Inspiration, Forthcoming===

The history of '''Eḥeiθymme''' as a constructed language is relatively recent, and stems from the author's desire to construct a language with a Semitic style, and from the author's investigations into tense, mood, and aspect systems of world languages during his undergraduate career in linguistics. The earliest dedicated work on the language originated with the name of an individual, '''Iḥliθ''', whose meaning is yet elusive, and the now-defunct word for a ruler, '''aryad''', which has since come to be the positive copula.

Because much of the creative works and worldbuilding for which '''Eḥeiθymme''' guides concern themselves with cultural contact, exchange, and conflict, the two dominant languages of the world, [[Ahāmatya|'''Ahāmatya''']] and '''Eḥeiθymme''', are deliberately designed to be dissimilar, with regards to the make-up and feel of the language. The inspirations of the language include, but are not limited to, Arabic, German, Finnish, Welsh, Basque, English, Menominee. While some overlap exists in the inspirations for '''Ahāmatya''' and '''Eḥeiθymme''', any overt similarities are deliberately avoided.

A more in-depth and detailed documentation is forthcoming, which includes in-universe terminology for grammatical categories and descriptions. The author hopes to someday have the creative works published.

==Phonology==




===Consonants===
'''Eḥeiθymme''' has five major places of articulation and six manners of articulation, and yields twenty-three consonants in total.

{|class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=text-align:center
|+'''Consonant Inventory of Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="3" |
! Labial
! Alveolar
! Palatal
! Velar
! Glottal
|-
! colspan="3" | Nasal
| '''m''' = [m]
| '''n''' = [n]
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Stop
! {{small|''unvoiced''}}
| '''p''' = [p]
| '''t''' = [t]
|
| '''k''' = [k]
|
|-
! {{small|''voiced''}}
| '''b''' = [b]
| '''d''' = [d]
|
| '''g''' = [g]
|
|-
! rowspan="4" | Fricative
! rowspan="2" | {{small|sibilant}}
! {{small|''unvoiced''}}
|
| '''s''' = [s]
| '''ʃ''' = [ʃ]
|
|
|-
! {{small|''voiced''}}
|
|
| '''ʒ''' = [ʒ]
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | {{small|non-sibilant}}
! {{small|''unvoiced''}}
| '''f''' = [f]
| '''θ''' = [θ]
| '''ḥ''' = [ç]
| '''x''' = [x]
| '''h''' = [h]
|-
! {{small|''voiced''}}
| '''v''' = [v]
| '''ð''' = [ð]
|
| '''ɣ''' = [ɣ]
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Semi-vowel
| '''w''' = [w]
|
| '''y''' = [j]
|
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Lateral
|
| '''l''' = [l]
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Rhotic
|
| '''r''' = [r]
|
|
|
|}

===Vowels and Diphthongs===
'''Eḥeiθymme''' has five short vowels and five long vowels, a distinction manifested as the long vowels' sound being held twice as long as short vowels' sound.

The short vowels are the following: '''i''', '''e''', '''a''', '''y''', '''u'''. The long vowels are the following: '''ī''', '''ē''', '''ā''', '''ȳ''', '''ū'''. Note that, when spoken, there is some variation in the actual pronunciation of /ɛ:/, and may be more accurately pronounced as [e:].

'''Eḥeiθymme''' has three diphthongs, all of which have length equivalent to long vowels. The diphthongs are the following: '''ei''', '''ey''', '''au'''.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Vowel and Diphthong Inventory of Eḥeiθymme'''
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Front
! rowspan="2" | Back
|-
! unrounded
! rounded
|-
! Close
| '''i''' = [i] '''ī''' = [i:]
| '''y''' = [y] '''ȳ''' = [y:]
| '''u''' = [u] '''ū''' = [u:]
|-
! Mid
| '''e''' = [ɛ] ~ [e] '''ē''' = [ɛ:] ~ [e:]
|
|
|-
! Open
|
|
| '''a''' = [a] '''ā''' = [a:]
|- style="text-align: center;"
!Diphthongs
| colspan="3" |'''ei''' = [ej], '''ey''' = [eɥ], '''au''' = [aw]
|}

===Prosody and Stress===

Syllables are determined by vowel-sounds and diphthong-sounds. There is one vowel or diphthong per syllable. A syllable will tend to be closed, and tend not to contain a consonant in the onset if it can be avoided.

The determination of stress is understood within the bounds of the ultimate to antepenultimate syllable.

'''1. If the word at most contains:'''
* three syllables, then the first syllable is stressed.
* two syllables, then the first syllable is stressed.
* one syllable, then that syllable is stressed.

'''2. If the word contains:'''
* more than three syllables, then the antepenultimate syllable is stressed.
* a diphthong or a long vowel in the ultimate, penultimate, or antepenultimate syllable, then that syllable is stressed.

===Sound Change===

There exists three general rules of sound change in '''Eḥeiθymme''', one of which involves the mutation of consonants, one of which involves a harmonization of the vowels in a word, and one that turns consonants into vowels.

'''1. The consonant moves to its fricative counterpart in the environment that it follows a front vowel or a voiceless palatal fricative.'''

* t → θ
* d → ð
* p → f
* b → v
* k → x
* g → ɣ
* h → ḥ = ç

'''2. If a close, front, unrounded vowel exists anywhere in the word, then the close, back vowel becomes the close, front, rounded vowel, and the open, back vowel becomes the mid, front, unrounded vowel.'''

* u → y / ...i...
* a → e / ...i...

'''3. A semi-vowel becomes its vowel counterpart in the environment that it preceeds immediately a non-semi-vowel consonant.'''

* j → i / _C
* w → u / _C

==Morphology==

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is characterized by a '''nonconcatenative morphology''', or "root-and-pattern" morphology. Words are constructed from an abstract consonantal root structure according to any of several templates. The roots of words tend to be made of two or three consonants, called radicals, though roots of one or four are not unheard of. Words not of an '''Eḥeiθymme''' origin are made to follow '''Eḥeiθymme''''s morphology, and so can exhibit an atypical number of consonant roots. Additionally, '''Eḥeiθymme''' is not without discrete morphemes in the form of affixes in addition to the characteristic nonconcatenative morphology.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Eḥeiθymme Inflectional and Derivational Morphology Structure'''
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Root
! colspan="7" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μ1v2v3μ
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Constituent Parts
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μ
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 1
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | v
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 2
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | v
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 3
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μ
|-
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | morphemic prefix
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | initial radical
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | medial radical
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | final radical
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | morphemic suffix
|}

==Verbs==

Verbs in '''Eḥeiθymme''' are predominantly aspectual, and show no overt morphological distinction to reflect time. Tenses are constructed typically by periphrasis. Mood is constructed via periphrasis for moods that are not indicative, subjunctive, or imperative, with one of several modal verbs. Voice is distinguished morphologically in unison with periphrasis. Person is marked directly on the verb by distinct morphemes.

On the verb itself, the following may be marked:

* Two aspects (perfective, imperfective)
* Three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter)
* Four persons (first, second, third, indeterminate)
* Agent/subject and patient
* Three numbers (singular, plural, paucal)
* Three moods (indicative, subjunctive, imperative)

Critical to the construction of the verb and verb phrase is the '''copula''', of which there exists both a '''positive''' copula '''R-J-D''' and a '''negative''' copula '''∅-M-N''' . Additionally, there exists an infinitive form of the verb that is used with modals.

Since verbs are constructed regularly via predictable combinatorics, it is useful to make a generalized template with which to consult. '''α''' and '''β''' are assumed to have been inflected for agent/subject and/or object person marking.

* '''α''' is a verb in the perfective aspect construction
* '''β''' is a verb in the imperfective aspect construction
* '''V''' is the full verb
* subscript "copula" means that that verb is the copula
* superscript "+" or "-" means that that verb is either the positive or the negative form (of the copula)
* subscript "modal" means that that verb is a modal verb
* subscript "infinitive" means that that verb is in the infinitive form of the verb

===Tense===

Tense is constructed combinatorially with the copula, with an explicitly defined aspectual distinction. For a diachronic treatment of the morphological forms of the '''Eḥeiθymme''' verb, please consult the appendix.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' distinguishes between three aspects: the '''Perfective''' aspect indicates an action completed, or an action as a whole; the '''Imperfective''' aspect indicates a continuous action; the '''Perfect''' aspect indicates a completed action prior to some event in context. Only the Perfective and the Imperfective have unique morphological templates; the Perfective aspect is formed via periphrasis.

The overt forms of the various aspects is dependent on the consonant make-up of the root, of which belongs to the system of consonant roots. Such roots exhibit two or three consonants. Roots whose consonants are '''phonologically stable''' are roots whose consonants are not lateral (L-roots), rhotic (R-roots), fricative (S-roots), or semi-vowel (J-roots and W-roots), and are the so-called CCC-roots. '''Phonologically unstable''' roots exhibit minor irregularities in their construction, of which depends on the location of the unstable consonant(s) in the root: initial, medial, final. Roots consisting of two consonants, called ∅CC-roots, have variable manifestations and typically form via leveling, realized as the 2 consonant being doubled and acting as the 1 consonant.

Morpho-phonological phenomena and historical processes notwithstanding, the general structure of aspect is the following:

* The Perfective Aspect: '''-1e23i-'''
* The Imperfective Aspect: '''-12a3-'''

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Aspect Construction in Eḥeiθymme (Indicative Mood Shown Here)'''
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! style="text-align: center;" | Perfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Imperfective
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''(2)e23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''(2)2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12a3'''- -'''1u2a3'''-1
|-
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Le23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''L2a3'''- -'''i2e3'''-2
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1eL3i'''- -'''1ei3i'''-3
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1La3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Li'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aL'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Re23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''R2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ē3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Ra3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Ri'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12ā'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Se23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''S2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1eS3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Sa3'''- -'''S1a3'''-4
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Si'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aS'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Je23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''i2e3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ei3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Ja3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2ī'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aJ'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''We23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''u2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ey3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Wa3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2yi'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aW'''-
|}

:<nowiki>1</nowiki> If 1 and 2 are stops
:<nowiki>2</nowiki> If 2 is a stop
:<nowiki>3</nowiki> If 3 is a stop
:<nowiki>4</nowiki> If 1 is a stop

'''Eḥeiθymme''' distinguishes two times: the '''Past''' time indicates actions in the past; the '''Non-Past''' time indicates actions not in the past, and in some contexts covers both the present and the future. Aspect and time combine to yield tense.

* The '''Perfective Past Tense''' indicates a simple completed action in the past. It is the composition of perfective aspect and past time.

* The '''Imperfective Past Tense''' indicates an ongoing or incomplete action in the past time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and past time.

* The '''Imperfective Non-Past Tense''' indicates an ongoing action in the non-past time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and non-past time. Additionally, this tense may also be used to refer to the equivalent of a future time, depending on the context.

* The '''Perfect Past Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another completed action. It is the composition of perfect aspect and past time.

* The '''Perfect Non-Past Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another action. It is the composition of perfect aspect and non-past time.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Positive and Negative Verb Construction without Modals in Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Positive
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Negative
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''ad-α'''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β''' '''β'''+''copula'' + '''β'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''β'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''β'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''β'''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''+''copula'' + '''α'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''α'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''α'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''α'''
|}

===Mood===

'''Eḥeiθymmen''' has three distinctly marked moods: the '''Indicative''' mood indicates factual statements, inquiry of simple questions, and the statement of beliefs; the '''Subjunctive''' mood indicates imaginary or hypothetical actions, conveys opinions or emotions, or conveys requests; the '''Imperative''' mood indicates a directed command.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Verb Construction in Eḥeiθymme for Morphological Mood'''
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Indicative
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Subjunctive
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Imperative
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | Perfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Imperfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Perfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Imperfective
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -(2)'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -(2)2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -(2)'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''(2)a23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''3 1u2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a23e'''-
|-
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -L'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -L2'''a'''3 i2'''e'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -L'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''La23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''L3'''i'''- -1'''e'''i3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1L'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''L3'''u'''- -1'''ew'''i3'''y'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1aL3e'''- -'''1ei3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2L'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''L-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2L'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Le'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -R'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -R2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -R'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Ra23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ē'''3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1R'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ā'''3'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ā3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2R'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''ā'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2R'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Re'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -S'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -S2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -S'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Sa23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''S3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1S'''a'''3 S1'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''S3'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1aS3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2S'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''S-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2S'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Se'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -J'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -i2'''e'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -J'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Ja23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''i3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1J'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ew'''i3'''y'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ei3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2'''ī'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''J-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2J'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Je'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -W'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -u2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -w'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Wa23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''y3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1W'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''aū'''3'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1au3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2y'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''W-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2'''ū'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2We'''-
|}

'''Eḥeiθymmen''' may also form verb constructions via periphrasis with modal verbs. There are numerous such modal verbs expressing variable meanings, shades of meanings, and overlapping of meanings. These may also be in the indicative, subjunctive, or imperative.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Positive and Negative Verb Construction with Modals in Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Positive
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Negative
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''ad-α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive'' '''β'''+''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''+''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
|}

===Voice===

Voice in '''Eḥeiθymme''' is constructed entirely morphosyntactically, and depends on the relationship between a transitive or intransitive verb with nouns in the ergative case and nouns in the absolutive case. When constructing these voices, the copula always remains in the second position. Any modal, other inflected verb, or infinitive remains at the end. For sentences not in need of a copula construction, such as the Perfective Past tense or the Imperfective Non-past tense, then the position otherwise held by the copula is instead held by the inflected verb, and is no longer at the end of the sentence. Similarly, in those tenses are being constructed with the modal plus the infinitive, then the modal is placed in the second position, and the infinitive is at the end.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' has three distinct voice constructions:

'''1. Active voice''' indicates that the subject of the sentence performs the action of a transitive or an intransitive verb, or causes the happening denoted by the verb.
* N''ergative'' + V''transitive'' + N''absolutive''
* N''ergative'' + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''transitive''
* N''ergative'' + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''modal'' + V''infinitive''
* N''ergative'' + V''modal'' + N''absolutive'' + V''infinitive''

* ∅ + V''intransitive'' + N''absolutive''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''intransitive''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''modal'' + V''infinitive''
* ∅ + V''modal'' + N''absolutive'' + V''infinitive''

'''2. Anti-passive voice''' takes the transitive verb and make it "less transitive" (read, more intransitive) by retaining that verb but putting the ergative noun into an absolutive or oblique construct, and thus conveys prominence of the agent and what they did, while the patient is left not as important (and thus demoted to oblique).
* N''absolutive'' + V''transitive'' + N''oblique''
* N''absolutive'' + V''copula'' + N''oblique'' + V''transitive''
* N''absolutive'' + V''copula'' + N''oblique'' + V''modal'' + V''infinitive''
* N''absolutive'' + V''modal'' + N''oblique'' + V''infinitive''

'''3. Anti-active voice''' takes the intransitive verb and make it "less intransitive" (read, more transitive) by taking a null space object (the oblique or absolutive) and realizing it with an actual argument, and thus conveys prominence to an object. Admittedly, there are very few instances of the anti-active voice.
* ∅ + V''intransitive'' + N''ergative''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''ergative'' + V''intransitive''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''ergative'' + V''modal''+ V''infinitive''
* ∅ + V''modal'' + N''ergative'' + V''infinitive''

In the active voice, the verb may be either transitive or intransitive. In the anti-passive voice, the verb must be transitive. In the anti-active voice, the verb must be intransitive. Finally, note that transitivity is entirely semantic; there is no overt marking to indicate if a verb is transitive or intransitive.

===Infinitive===

The infinitive form of the verb in '''Eḥeiθymme''' is used in the construction of verb tenses when the use of a modal is employed. The infinitive may be used as a verbal noun if made definite.

Morpho-phonological phenomena and historical processes notwithstanding, the general structure of the infinitive is the following:

* The Infinitive: '''1a12e3'''

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Infinitival Construction in Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! style="text-align: center;" | Infinitive
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(2)a(2)2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12e3'''
|-
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''LaL2e3''' '''Lei2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''LaL1e3''' '''Lei1e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eL'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''Rā2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1Re3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12ā'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''SaS2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1Se3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eS'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''Jei2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1Je3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eJ'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1au2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1We3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eW'''
|}

===Conjugation===

Grammatical person as agent/subject as well as object and number are designated via affixation. Mood is designated via change of vowel in the stem as well as affixation in the case of the imperative. The following table shows the paradigm of the positive copula, '''R-J-D''', with no marking made for the object.

{| class="wikitable nowrap" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Paradigm of the Positive Copula, R-J-D, with Agent/Subject Marking Only'''
! Mood
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
|-
! rowspan="9" | Indicative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ele-'''''reiði''
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rjad''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhyea-'''''reiði''
| '''dhua-'''''rjad''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''reiði''
| '''ive-'''''rjeð''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''reiði''
| '''me-'''''rjad''
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ē-'''''reiði''
| '''ā-'''''rjad''
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði''
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði''
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði''
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
|-
! rowspan="9" | Subjunctive
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ele-'''''rewiðy''
| rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhye-'''''rewiðy''
|
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''rewiðy''
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''rauðu''
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ē-'''''rewiðy''
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy''
|
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy''
|
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy''
|
|-
! rowspan="9" | Imperative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | –
| rowspan="2" | –
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
| '''dhye-'''''reiðe''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| '''ive-'''''reiðe''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| '''me-'''''reiðe''
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe''
|}

While noun marking and syntax obey the rules of ergative-absolutive alignment, person marking on verbs follows nominative-accusative alignment rules. The agent/subject person is realized as a prefix, while the object is realized as a suffix. Many of the person markers for prefixes are wholly dissimilar to their suffix counterparts, though most exhibit at least a shared thematic consonant. The following table shows the paradigm of the positive copula, '''R-Y-D''', with marking made for the object as well as the agent/subject.

{| class="wikitable nowrap" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Paradigm of the Positive Copula, R-J-D, with Agent/Subject and Object Marking'''
! Mood
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
|-
! rowspan="9" | Indicative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ele-'''''reiði'''''-el'''
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rjad'''''-al'''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhye-'''''reiði'''''-ið'''
| '''dhye-'''''rjeð'''''-ið'''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''reiði'''''-iv'''
| '''ive-'''''rjeð'''''-iv'''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''reiði'''''-em'''
| '''me-'''''rjad'''''-am'''
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ē-'''''reiði'''''-eḥ'''
| '''ā-'''''rjad'''''-ah'''
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði'''''-en'''
| '''anta-'''''rjad'''''-an'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði'''''-en'''
| '''anta-'''''rjad'''''-an'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði'''''-en'''
| '''anta-'''''rjad'''''-an'''
|-
! rowspan="9" | Subjunctive
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ele-'''''rewiðy'''''-el'''
| rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhye-'''''rewiðy'''''-ið'''
|
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''rewiðy'''''-iv'''
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''rewiðy'''''-em'''
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ē-'''''rewiðy'''''-ēḥ'''
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy'''''-en'''
|
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy'''''-en'''
|
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy'''''-en'''
|
|-
! rowspan="9" | Imperative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | –
| rowspan="2" | –
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
| '''dhye-'''''reiðe'''''-ið'''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| '''ive-'''''reiðe'''''-iv'''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| '''me-'''''reiðe'''''-em'''
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe'''''-en'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe'''''-en'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe'''''-en'''
|}

==Nouns==

Nouns in '''Eḥeiθymme''' are not inflected for grammatical gender, number, or case. Neither the noun nor the adjective differentiate gender, in contrast to the obligatorily marked gender of the pronouns. An exception to this is when the noun is explicitly gendered, to reflect specifically gendered subjects. This distinction is wholly semantic. Number and case are entirely encoded in the definite article. Nouns are inflected for state.

* The structure of a '''Basic Noun''' is: '''-1v23-''', where '''-v-''' may be any vowel, but is usually '''-a-''' or '''-u-'''.

===Definiteness===

'''Eḥeiθymme''' has various definite and indefinite articles controlling the number and case of the modified noun. Proper nouns are definite by definition, and so do not require the definite article. Case for proper nouns is realized variously, by context or by adpositions.

* The '''Singular Definite Article''' is: ''' -'''
* The '''Plural Definite Article''' is: ''' -'''
* The '''Paucal Definite Article''' is: ''' -'''

* The '''Singular Indefinite Article''' is: '''a-'''
* The '''Plural Indefinite Article''' is: ''' -'''
* The '''Paucal Indefinite Article''' is: ''' -'''

====Case====

===State===

====Absolute State====

====Construct State====

==Modifiers==

===Adjectives===

===Adverbs===

==Particles==

==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==

==Other resources==




[[Category:Eḥeiθymme]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Eḥeiθymmen Amran

2019-09-20T05:54:27Z

Deltaquebec: /* Conjugation */

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="float:right;" width="35%"
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffffff; font-size:1.2em;" | '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' [ɛˈçej.θym.mɛn ˈar.jad ɛçˈðej.θym.mɛː ˈam.ran]
|-
| '''Creator:''' || Daniel Quigley
|-
| '''Spoken in:''' || Amran
|-
| '''World:''' || ''Leaves'' Stories
|-
| '''Total Speakers:''' || ~ 18,000,000
|-
| '''Basic word order:''' || Strict V2
|-
| '''Morphological Type:''' || Fusional
|-
| '''Morphosyntactic Alignment:''' || Split Ergative-Absolutive
|-
| '''Inspirations:''' || Arabic, German, Finnish, Welsh, Basque, English, Menominee
|-
| '''Status:''' || In Progress
|-
| '''Link to full documentation:''' || *forthcoming*
|}

'''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' is an ''a priori'' artistic constructed language in development by Daniel Quigley, providing the framework for which the author’s creative works and worldbuilding are guided. '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''', or '''Eḥeiθymmen Amran''' or '''Eḥeiθymme''', is the dominant language of the people of Amran.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is characterized by significant word-internal sound-change, a "root-and-pattern" morphology, and strict word order. '''Eḥeiθymme''' readily accepts words of non-native origin, but tends to force said loans into its morphological paradigm.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is typologically a fusional language. Nouns, modifiers, and verbs are typically formed via a root-and-pattern triconsonantal root system, and movement between the three is highly fluid. Nouns are not inflected for number and case; these details are encoded in the definiteness marked by an article. Other modifiers, such as adverbs, are not inflected in the same way, though similarities may be found in certain contexts. Verbs entirely depend upon their construction with a positive or a negative copula, and most tenses are formed via periphrasis. Some particles are inflected for person. '''Eḥeiθymme''' is a Split Ergative-Absolutive aligned language, in which nouns tend to obey ergative-absolutive alignment rules, and person marking on the verb tends to obey nominative-accusative alignment rules. '''Eḥeiθymme''' has strict V2 word order despite the presence of extensive case marking.

==Introduction==

===Setting===

'''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' is the lingua franca of Amran. The people of Amran are exceptionally diverse in language, culture, and identity. At the time of the ''Leaves'' stories, Amran is in its twilight years and is a ghost of its former self. Amran's vast landscape follows from a temperate biome to a taiga biome, dominated by thick forests, abundant snowfall in many regions, and mountainous regions further inland. Much of the population is concentrated along the coastal regions, while inland is mostly uninhabited by humans.

===Etymology===

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is a word built from nominal form of the root '''∅-Y-T''' indicating "language, speaking, articulated speech", rendered as '''ait''', which morphs to '''eiθ''', the '''ah-''' prefix, which morphs to '''eḥ-''', formulates proper nouns out of common nouns, and the suffix '''-umma''', which morphs to '''-ymme''', which is the augmentive suffix. In genitive constructions involving a proper noun fulfilling the genitive role, the possessed noun is in the construct state, sometimes unrealized morphologically, but in this case, it is indicated by '''-n'''. '''Arjad''' is from the positive copula '''R-J-D''', '''Eḥðeirymmē''' is built from the nominal form of '''D-J-R''' indicating "earth, land", rendered as '''dair''', which morphs to '''ðeir''', the '''ah-''' prefix, which morphs to '''eḥ-''', formulates proper nouns out of common nouns, and the suffix '''-umma''', which morphs to '''-ymmē''' in the absolutive case, and '''amran''' is the imperfective verbal form from the root '''M-R-N''' indicating "goodness, pleasantness, well-being". All morphing in sounds are accounted for in the section on sound change.

Taken altogether, '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' translates to “the principle language of Amran”, or, "the principal language of the good land".

===Goals===

The driving goal of '''Eḥeiθymme''' is to provide a framework for the author’s creative works and worldbuilding. To that end, '''Eḥeiθymme''' ought to be a naturalistic constructed language, and ought to be pleasant to look at and to hear (admittedly, this is wholly subjective, and others may disagree with to the extent to which this was fulfilled).

===Development, Inspiration, Forthcoming===

The history of '''Eḥeiθymme''' as a constructed language is relatively recent, and stems from the author's desire to construct a language with a Semitic style, and from the author's investigations into tense, mood, and aspect systems of world languages during his undergraduate career in linguistics. The earliest dedicated work on the language originated with the name of an individual, '''Iḥliθ''', whose meaning is yet elusive, and the now-defunct word for a ruler, '''aryad''', which has since come to be the positive copula.

Because much of the creative works and worldbuilding for which '''Eḥeiθymme''' guides concern themselves with cultural contact, exchange, and conflict, the two dominant languages of the world, [[Ahāmatya|'''Ahāmatya''']] and '''Eḥeiθymme''', are deliberately designed to be dissimilar, with regards to the make-up and feel of the language. The inspirations of the language include, but are not limited to, Arabic, German, Finnish, Welsh, Basque, English, Menominee. While some overlap exists in the inspirations for '''Ahāmatya''' and '''Eḥeiθymme''', any overt similarities are deliberately avoided.

A more in-depth and detailed documentation is forthcoming, which includes in-universe terminology for grammatical categories and descriptions. The author hopes to someday have the creative works published.

==Phonology==




===Consonants===
'''Eḥeiθymme''' has five major places of articulation and six manners of articulation, and yields twenty-three consonants in total.

{|class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=text-align:center
|+'''Consonant Inventory of Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="3" |
! Labial
! Alveolar
! Palatal
! Velar
! Glottal
|-
! colspan="3" | Nasal
| '''m''' = [m]
| '''n''' = [n]
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Stop
! {{small|''unvoiced''}}
| '''p''' = [p]
| '''t''' = [t]
|
| '''k''' = [k]
|
|-
! {{small|''voiced''}}
| '''b''' = [b]
| '''d''' = [d]
|
| '''g''' = [g]
|
|-
! rowspan="4" | Fricative
! rowspan="2" | {{small|sibilant}}
! {{small|''unvoiced''}}
|
| '''s''' = [s]
| '''ʃ''' = [ʃ]
|
|
|-
! {{small|''voiced''}}
|
|
| '''ʒ''' = [ʒ]
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | {{small|non-sibilant}}
! {{small|''unvoiced''}}
| '''f''' = [f]
| '''θ''' = [θ]
| '''ḥ''' = [ç]
| '''x''' = [x]
| '''h''' = [h]
|-
! {{small|''voiced''}}
| '''v''' = [v]
| '''ð''' = [ð]
|
| '''ɣ''' = [ɣ]
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Semi-vowel
| '''w''' = [w]
|
| '''y''' = [j]
|
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Lateral
|
| '''l''' = [l]
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Rhotic
|
| '''r''' = [r]
|
|
|
|}

===Vowels and Diphthongs===
'''Eḥeiθymme''' has five short vowels and five long vowels, a distinction manifested as the long vowels' sound being held twice as long as short vowels' sound.

The short vowels are the following: '''i''', '''e''', '''a''', '''y''', '''u'''. The long vowels are the following: '''ī''', '''ē''', '''ā''', '''ȳ''', '''ū'''. Note that, when spoken, there is some variation in the actual pronunciation of /ɛ:/, and may be more accurately pronounced as [e:].

'''Eḥeiθymme''' has three diphthongs, all of which have length equivalent to long vowels. The diphthongs are the following: '''ei''', '''ey''', '''au'''.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Vowel and Diphthong Inventory of Eḥeiθymme'''
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Front
! rowspan="2" | Back
|-
! unrounded
! rounded
|-
! Close
| '''i''' = [i] '''ī''' = [i:]
| '''y''' = [y] '''ȳ''' = [y:]
| '''u''' = [u] '''ū''' = [u:]
|-
! Mid
| '''e''' = [ɛ] ~ [e] '''ē''' = [ɛ:] ~ [e:]
|
|
|-
! Open
|
|
| '''a''' = [a] '''ā''' = [a:]
|- style="text-align: center;"
!Diphthongs
| colspan="3" |'''ei''' = [ej], '''ey''' = [eɥ], '''au''' = [aw]
|}

===Prosody and Stress===

Syllables are determined by vowel-sounds and diphthong-sounds. There is one vowel or diphthong per syllable. A syllable will tend to be closed, and tend not to contain a consonant in the onset if it can be avoided.

The determination of stress is understood within the bounds of the ultimate to antepenultimate syllable.

'''1. If the word at most contains:'''
* three syllables, then the first syllable is stressed.
* two syllables, then the first syllable is stressed.
* one syllable, then that syllable is stressed.

'''2. If the word contains:'''
* more than three syllables, then the antepenultimate syllable is stressed.
* a diphthong or a long vowel in the ultimate, penultimate, or antepenultimate syllable, then that syllable is stressed.

===Sound Change===

There exists three general rules of sound change in '''Eḥeiθymme''', one of which involves the mutation of consonants, one of which involves a harmonization of the vowels in a word, and one that turns consonants into vowels.

'''1. The consonant moves to its fricative counterpart in the environment that it follows a front vowel or a voiceless palatal fricative.'''

* t → θ
* d → ð
* p → f
* b → v
* k → x
* g → ɣ
* h → ḥ = ç

'''2. If a close, front, unrounded vowel exists anywhere in the word, then the close, back vowel becomes the close, front, rounded vowel, and the open, back vowel becomes the mid, front, unrounded vowel.'''

* u → y / ...i...
* a → e / ...i...

'''3. A semi-vowel becomes its vowel counterpart in the environment that it preceeds immediately a non-semi-vowel consonant.'''

* j → i / _C
* w → u / _C

==Morphology==

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is characterized by a '''nonconcatenative morphology''', or "root-and-pattern" morphology. Words are constructed from an abstract consonantal root structure according to any of several templates. The roots of words tend to be made of two or three consonants, called radicals, though roots of one or four are not unheard of. Words not of an '''Eḥeiθymme''' origin are made to follow '''Eḥeiθymme''''s morphology, and so can exhibit an atypical number of consonant roots. Additionally, '''Eḥeiθymme''' is not without discrete morphemes in the form of affixes in addition to the characteristic nonconcatenative morphology.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Eḥeiθymme Inflectional and Derivational Morphology Structure'''
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Root
! colspan="7" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μ1v2v3μ
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Constituent Parts
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μ
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 1
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | v
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 2
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | v
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 3
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μ
|-
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | morphemic prefix
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | initial radical
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | medial radical
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | final radical
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | morphemic suffix
|}

==Verbs==

Verbs in '''Eḥeiθymme''' are predominantly aspectual, and show no overt morphological distinction to reflect time. Tenses are constructed typically by periphrasis. Mood is constructed via periphrasis for moods that are not indicative, subjunctive, or imperative, with one of several modal verbs. Voice is distinguished morphologically in unison with periphrasis. Person is marked directly on the verb by distinct morphemes.

On the verb itself, the following may be marked:

* Two aspects (perfective, imperfective)
* Three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter)
* Four persons (first, second, third, indeterminate)
* Agent/subject and patient
* Three numbers (singular, plural, paucal)
* Three moods (indicative, subjunctive, imperative)

Critical to the construction of the verb and verb phrase is the '''copula''', of which there exists both a '''positive''' copula '''R-J-D''' and a '''negative''' copula '''∅-M-N''' . Additionally, there exists an infinitive form of the verb that is used with modals.

Since verbs are constructed regularly via predictable combinatorics, it is useful to make a generalized template with which to consult. '''α''' and '''β''' are assumed to have been inflected for agent/subject and/or object person marking.

* '''α''' is a verb in the perfective aspect construction
* '''β''' is a verb in the imperfective aspect construction
* '''V''' is the full verb
* subscript "copula" means that that verb is the copula
* superscript "+" or "-" means that that verb is either the positive or the negative form (of the copula)
* subscript "modal" means that that verb is a modal verb
* subscript "infinitive" means that that verb is in the infinitive form of the verb

===Tense===

Tense is constructed combinatorially with the copula, with an explicitly defined aspectual distinction. For a diachronic treatment of the morphological forms of the '''Eḥeiθymme''' verb, please consult the appendix.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' distinguishes between three aspects: the '''Perfective''' aspect indicates an action completed, or an action as a whole; the '''Imperfective''' aspect indicates a continuous action; the '''Perfect''' aspect indicates a completed action prior to some event in context. Only the Perfective and the Imperfective have unique morphological templates; the Perfective aspect is formed via periphrasis.

The overt forms of the various aspects is dependent on the consonant make-up of the root, of which belongs to the system of consonant roots. Such roots exhibit two or three consonants. Roots whose consonants are '''phonologically stable''' are roots whose consonants are not lateral (L-roots), rhotic (R-roots), fricative (S-roots), or semi-vowel (J-roots and W-roots), and are the so-called CCC-roots. '''Phonologically unstable''' roots exhibit minor irregularities in their construction, of which depends on the location of the unstable consonant(s) in the root: initial, medial, final. Roots consisting of two consonants, called ∅CC-roots, have variable manifestations and typically form via leveling, realized as the 2 consonant being doubled and acting as the 1 consonant.

Morpho-phonological phenomena and historical processes notwithstanding, the general structure of aspect is the following:

* The Perfective Aspect: '''-1e23i-'''
* The Imperfective Aspect: '''-12a3-'''

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Aspect Construction in Eḥeiθymme (Indicative Mood Shown Here)'''
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! style="text-align: center;" | Perfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Imperfective
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''(2)e23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''(2)2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12a3'''- -'''1u2a3'''-1
|-
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Le23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''L2a3'''- -'''i2e3'''-2
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1eL3i'''- -'''1ei3i'''-3
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1La3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Li'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aL'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Re23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''R2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ē3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Ra3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Ri'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12ā'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Se23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''S2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1eS3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Sa3'''- -'''S1a3'''-4
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Si'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aS'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Je23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''i2e3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ei3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Ja3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2ī'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aJ'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''We23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''u2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ey3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Wa3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2yi'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aW'''-
|}

:<nowiki>1</nowiki> If 1 and 2 are stops
:<nowiki>2</nowiki> If 2 is a stop
:<nowiki>3</nowiki> If 3 is a stop
:<nowiki>4</nowiki> If 1 is a stop

'''Eḥeiθymme''' distinguishes two times: the '''Past''' time indicates actions in the past; the '''Non-Past''' time indicates actions not in the past, and in some contexts covers both the present and the future. Aspect and time combine to yield tense.

* The '''Perfective Past Tense''' indicates a simple completed action in the past. It is the composition of perfective aspect and past time.

* The '''Imperfective Past Tense''' indicates an ongoing or incomplete action in the past time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and past time.

* The '''Imperfective Non-Past Tense''' indicates an ongoing action in the non-past time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and non-past time. Additionally, this tense may also be used to refer to the equivalent of a future time, depending on the context.

* The '''Perfect Past Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another completed action. It is the composition of perfect aspect and past time.

* The '''Perfect Non-Past Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another action. It is the composition of perfect aspect and non-past time.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Positive and Negative Verb Construction without Modals in Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Positive
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Negative
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''ad-α'''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β''' '''β'''+''copula'' + '''β'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''β'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''β'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''β'''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''+''copula'' + '''α'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''α'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''α'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''α'''
|}

===Mood===

'''Eḥeiθymmen''' has three distinctly marked moods: the '''Indicative''' mood indicates factual statements, inquiry of simple questions, and the statement of beliefs; the '''Subjunctive''' mood indicates imaginary or hypothetical actions, conveys opinions or emotions, or conveys requests; the '''Imperative''' mood indicates a directed command.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Verb Construction in Eḥeiθymme for Morphological Mood'''
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Indicative
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Subjunctive
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Imperative
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | Perfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Imperfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Perfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Imperfective
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -(2)'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -(2)2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -(2)'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''(2)a23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''3 1u2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a23e'''-
|-
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -L'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -L2'''a'''3 i2'''e'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -L'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''La23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''L3'''i'''- -1'''e'''i3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1L'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''L3'''u'''- -1'''ew'''i3'''y'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1aL3e'''- -'''1ei3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2L'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''L-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2L'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Le'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -R'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -R2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -R'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Re'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ē'''3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1R'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ā'''3'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ā3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2R'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''ā'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2R'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Re'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -S'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -S2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -S'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Sa23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''S3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1S'''a'''3 S1'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''S3'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1aS3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2S'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''S-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2S'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Se'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -J'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -i2'''e'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -J'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Ja23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''i3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1J'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ew'''i3'''y'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ei3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2'''ī'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''J-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2J'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Je'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -W'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -u2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -w'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Wa23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''y3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1W'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''aū'''3'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1au3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2y'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''W-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2'''ū'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2We'''-
|}

'''Eḥeiθymmen''' may also form verb constructions via periphrasis with modal verbs. There are numerous such modal verbs expressing variable meanings, shades of meanings, and overlapping of meanings. These may also be in the indicative, subjunctive, or imperative.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Positive and Negative Verb Construction with Modals in Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Positive
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Negative
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''ad-α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive'' '''β'''+''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''+''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
|}

===Voice===

Voice in '''Eḥeiθymme''' is constructed entirely morphosyntactically, and depends on the relationship between a transitive or intransitive verb with nouns in the ergative case and nouns in the absolutive case. When constructing these voices, the copula always remains in the second position. Any modal, other inflected verb, or infinitive remains at the end. For sentences not in need of a copula construction, such as the Perfective Past tense or the Imperfective Non-past tense, then the position otherwise held by the copula is instead held by the inflected verb, and is no longer at the end of the sentence. Similarly, in those tenses are being constructed with the modal plus the infinitive, then the modal is placed in the second position, and the infinitive is at the end.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' has three distinct voice constructions:

'''1. Active voice''' indicates that the subject of the sentence performs the action of a transitive or an intransitive verb, or causes the happening denoted by the verb.
* N''ergative'' + V''transitive'' + N''absolutive''
* N''ergative'' + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''transitive''
* N''ergative'' + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''modal'' + V''infinitive''
* N''ergative'' + V''modal'' + N''absolutive'' + V''infinitive''

* ∅ + V''intransitive'' + N''absolutive''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''intransitive''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''modal'' + V''infinitive''
* ∅ + V''modal'' + N''absolutive'' + V''infinitive''

'''2. Anti-passive voice''' takes the transitive verb and make it "less transitive" (read, more intransitive) by retaining that verb but putting the ergative noun into an absolutive or oblique construct, and thus conveys prominence of the agent and what they did, while the patient is left not as important (and thus demoted to oblique).
* N''absolutive'' + V''transitive'' + N''oblique''
* N''absolutive'' + V''copula'' + N''oblique'' + V''transitive''
* N''absolutive'' + V''copula'' + N''oblique'' + V''modal'' + V''infinitive''
* N''absolutive'' + V''modal'' + N''oblique'' + V''infinitive''

'''3. Anti-active voice''' takes the intransitive verb and make it "less intransitive" (read, more transitive) by taking a null space object (the oblique or absolutive) and realizing it with an actual argument, and thus conveys prominence to an object. Admittedly, there are very few instances of the anti-active voice.
* ∅ + V''intransitive'' + N''ergative''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''ergative'' + V''intransitive''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''ergative'' + V''modal''+ V''infinitive''
* ∅ + V''modal'' + N''ergative'' + V''infinitive''

In the active voice, the verb may be either transitive or intransitive. In the anti-passive voice, the verb must be transitive. In the anti-active voice, the verb must be intransitive. Finally, note that transitivity is entirely semantic; there is no overt marking to indicate if a verb is transitive or intransitive.

===Infinitive===

The infinitive form of the verb in '''Eḥeiθymme''' is used in the construction of verb tenses when the use of a modal is employed. The infinitive may be used as a verbal noun if made definite.

Morpho-phonological phenomena and historical processes notwithstanding, the general structure of the infinitive is the following:

* The Infinitive: '''1a12e3'''

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Infinitival Construction in Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! style="text-align: center;" | Infinitive
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(2)a(2)2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12e3'''
|-
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''LaL2e3''' '''Lei2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''LaL1e3''' '''Lei1e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eL'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''Rā2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1Re3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12ā'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''SaS2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1Se3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eS'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''Jei2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1Je3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eJ'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1au2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1We3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eW'''
|}

===Conjugation===

Grammatical person as agent/subject as well as object and number are designated via affixation. Mood is designated via change of vowel in the stem as well as affixation in the case of the imperative. The following table shows the paradigm of the positive copula, '''R-J-D''', with no marking made for the object.

{| class="wikitable nowrap" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Paradigm of the Positive Copula, R-J-D, with Agent/Subject Marking Only'''
! Mood
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
|-
! rowspan="9" | Indicative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ele-'''''reiði''
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rjad''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhyea-'''''reiði''
| '''dhua-'''''rjad''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''reiði''
| '''ive-'''''rjeð''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''reiði''
| '''me-'''''rjad''
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ē-'''''reiði''
| '''ā-'''''rjad''
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði''
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði''
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði''
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
|-
! rowspan="9" | Subjunctive
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ele-'''''rewiðy''
| rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhye-'''''rewiðy''
|
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''rewiðy''
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''rauðu''
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ē-'''''rewiðy''
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy''
|
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy''
|
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy''
|
|-
! rowspan="9" | Imperative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | –
| rowspan="2" | –
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
| '''dhye-'''''reiðe''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| '''ive-'''''reiðe''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| '''me-'''''reiðe''
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe''
|}

While noun marking and syntax obey the rules of ergative-absolutive alignment, person marking on verbs follows nominative-accusative alignment rules. The agent/subject person is realized as a prefix, while the object is realized as a suffix. Many of the person markers for prefixes are wholly dissimilar to their suffix counterparts, though most exhibit at least a shared thematic consonant. The following table shows the paradigm of the positive copula, '''R-Y-D''', with marking made for the object as well as the agent/subject.

{| class="wikitable nowrap" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Paradigm of the Positive Copula, R-J-D, with Agent/Subject and Object Marking'''
! Mood
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
|-
! rowspan="9" | Indicative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ele-'''''reiði'''''-el'''
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rjad'''''-al'''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhye-'''''reiði'''''-ið'''
| '''dhye-'''''rjeð'''''-ið'''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''reiði'''''-iv'''
| '''ive-'''''rjeð'''''-iv'''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''reiði'''''-em'''
| '''me-'''''rjad'''''-am'''
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ē-'''''reiði'''''-eḥ'''
| '''ā-'''''rjad'''''-ah'''
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði'''''-en'''
| '''anta-'''''rjad'''''-an'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði'''''-en'''
| '''anta-'''''rjad'''''-an'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''reiði'''''-en'''
| '''anta-'''''rjad'''''-an'''
|-
! rowspan="9" | Subjunctive
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ele-'''''rewiðy'''''-el'''
| rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhye-'''''rewiðy'''''-ið'''
|
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''rewiðy'''''-iv'''
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''rewiðy'''''-em'''
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ē-'''''rewiðy'''''-ēḥ'''
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy'''''-en'''
|
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy'''''-en'''
|
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''ente-'''''rewiðy'''''-en'''
|
|-
! rowspan="9" | Imperative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | –
| rowspan="2" | –
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
| '''dhye-'''''reiðe'''''-ið'''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| '''ive-'''''reiðe'''''-iv'''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| '''me-'''''reiðe'''''-em'''
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe'''''-en'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe'''''-en'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''reiðe'''''-en'''
|}

==Nouns==

Nouns in '''Eḥeiθymme''' are not inflected for grammatical gender, number, or case. Neither the noun nor the adjective differentiate gender, in contrast to the obligatorily marked gender of the pronouns. An exception to this is when the noun is explicitly gendered, to reflect specifically gendered subjects. This distinction is wholly semantic. Number and case are entirely encoded in the definite article. Nouns are inflected for state.

* The structure of a '''Basic Noun''' is: '''-1v23-''', where '''-v-''' may be any vowel, but is usually '''-a-''' or '''-u-'''.

===Definiteness===

'''Eḥeiθymme''' has various definite and indefinite articles controlling the number and case of the modified noun. Proper nouns are definite by definition, and so do not require the definite article. Case for proper nouns is realized variously, by context or by adpositions.

* The '''Singular Definite Article''' is: ''' -'''
* The '''Plural Definite Article''' is: ''' -'''
* The '''Paucal Definite Article''' is: ''' -'''

* The '''Singular Indefinite Article''' is: '''a-'''
* The '''Plural Indefinite Article''' is: ''' -'''
* The '''Paucal Indefinite Article''' is: ''' -'''

====Case====

===State===

====Absolute State====

====Construct State====

==Modifiers==

===Adjectives===

===Adverbs===

==Particles==

==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==

==Other resources==




[[Category:Eḥeiθymme]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Eḥeiθymmen Amran

2019-09-20T05:35:58Z

Deltaquebec: /* Morphology */

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="float:right;" width="35%"
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffffff; font-size:1.2em;" | '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' [ɛˈçej.θym.mɛn ˈar.jad ɛçˈðej.θym.mɛː ˈam.ran]
|-
| '''Creator:''' || Daniel Quigley
|-
| '''Spoken in:''' || Amran
|-
| '''World:''' || ''Leaves'' Stories
|-
| '''Total Speakers:''' || ~ 18,000,000
|-
| '''Basic word order:''' || Strict V2
|-
| '''Morphological Type:''' || Fusional
|-
| '''Morphosyntactic Alignment:''' || Split Ergative-Absolutive
|-
| '''Inspirations:''' || Arabic, German, Finnish, Welsh, Basque, English, Menominee
|-
| '''Status:''' || In Progress
|-
| '''Link to full documentation:''' || *forthcoming*
|}

'''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' is an ''a priori'' artistic constructed language in development by Daniel Quigley, providing the framework for which the author’s creative works and worldbuilding are guided. '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''', or '''Eḥeiθymmen Amran''' or '''Eḥeiθymme''', is the dominant language of the people of Amran.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is characterized by significant word-internal sound-change, a "root-and-pattern" morphology, and strict word order. '''Eḥeiθymme''' readily accepts words of non-native origin, but tends to force said loans into its morphological paradigm.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is typologically a fusional language. Nouns, modifiers, and verbs are typically formed via a root-and-pattern triconsonantal root system, and movement between the three is highly fluid. Nouns are not inflected for number and case; these details are encoded in the definiteness marked by an article. Other modifiers, such as adverbs, are not inflected in the same way, though similarities may be found in certain contexts. Verbs entirely depend upon their construction with a positive or a negative copula, and most tenses are formed via periphrasis. Some particles are inflected for person. '''Eḥeiθymme''' is a Split Ergative-Absolutive aligned language, in which nouns tend to obey ergative-absolutive alignment rules, and person marking on the verb tends to obey nominative-accusative alignment rules. '''Eḥeiθymme''' has strict V2 word order despite the presence of extensive case marking.

==Introduction==

===Setting===

'''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' is the lingua franca of Amran. The people of Amran are exceptionally diverse in language, culture, and identity. At the time of the ''Leaves'' stories, Amran is in its twilight years and is a ghost of its former self. Amran's vast landscape follows from a temperate biome to a taiga biome, dominated by thick forests, abundant snowfall in many regions, and mountainous regions further inland. Much of the population is concentrated along the coastal regions, while inland is mostly uninhabited by humans.

===Etymology===

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is a word built from nominal form of the root '''∅-Y-T''' indicating "language, speaking, articulated speech", rendered as '''ait''', which morphs to '''eiθ''', the '''ah-''' prefix, which morphs to '''eḥ-''', formulates proper nouns out of common nouns, and the suffix '''-umma''', which morphs to '''-ymme''', which is the augmentive suffix. In genitive constructions involving a proper noun fulfilling the genitive role, the possessed noun is in the construct state, sometimes unrealized morphologically, but in this case, it is indicated by '''-n'''. '''Arjad''' is from the positive copula '''R-J-D''', '''Eḥðeirymmē''' is built from the nominal form of '''D-J-R''' indicating "earth, land", rendered as '''dair''', which morphs to '''ðeir''', the '''ah-''' prefix, which morphs to '''eḥ-''', formulates proper nouns out of common nouns, and the suffix '''-umma''', which morphs to '''-ymmē''' in the absolutive case, and '''amran''' is the imperfective verbal form from the root '''M-R-N''' indicating "goodness, pleasantness, well-being". All morphing in sounds are accounted for in the section on sound change.

Taken altogether, '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' translates to “the principle language of Amran”, or, "the principal language of the good land".

===Goals===

The driving goal of '''Eḥeiθymme''' is to provide a framework for the author’s creative works and worldbuilding. To that end, '''Eḥeiθymme''' ought to be a naturalistic constructed language, and ought to be pleasant to look at and to hear (admittedly, this is wholly subjective, and others may disagree with to the extent to which this was fulfilled).

===Development, Inspiration, Forthcoming===

The history of '''Eḥeiθymme''' as a constructed language is relatively recent, and stems from the author's desire to construct a language with a Semitic style, and from the author's investigations into tense, mood, and aspect systems of world languages during his undergraduate career in linguistics. The earliest dedicated work on the language originated with the name of an individual, '''Iḥliθ''', whose meaning is yet elusive, and the now-defunct word for a ruler, '''aryad''', which has since come to be the positive copula.

Because much of the creative works and worldbuilding for which '''Eḥeiθymme''' guides concern themselves with cultural contact, exchange, and conflict, the two dominant languages of the world, [[Ahāmatya|'''Ahāmatya''']] and '''Eḥeiθymme''', are deliberately designed to be dissimilar, with regards to the make-up and feel of the language. The inspirations of the language include, but are not limited to, Arabic, German, Finnish, Welsh, Basque, English, Menominee. While some overlap exists in the inspirations for '''Ahāmatya''' and '''Eḥeiθymme''', any overt similarities are deliberately avoided.

A more in-depth and detailed documentation is forthcoming, which includes in-universe terminology for grammatical categories and descriptions. The author hopes to someday have the creative works published.

==Phonology==




===Consonants===
'''Eḥeiθymme''' has five major places of articulation and six manners of articulation, and yields twenty-three consonants in total.

{|class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=text-align:center
|+'''Consonant Inventory of Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="3" |
! Labial
! Alveolar
! Palatal
! Velar
! Glottal
|-
! colspan="3" | Nasal
| '''m''' = [m]
| '''n''' = [n]
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Stop
! {{small|''unvoiced''}}
| '''p''' = [p]
| '''t''' = [t]
|
| '''k''' = [k]
|
|-
! {{small|''voiced''}}
| '''b''' = [b]
| '''d''' = [d]
|
| '''g''' = [g]
|
|-
! rowspan="4" | Fricative
! rowspan="2" | {{small|sibilant}}
! {{small|''unvoiced''}}
|
| '''s''' = [s]
| '''ʃ''' = [ʃ]
|
|
|-
! {{small|''voiced''}}
|
|
| '''ʒ''' = [ʒ]
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | {{small|non-sibilant}}
! {{small|''unvoiced''}}
| '''f''' = [f]
| '''θ''' = [θ]
| '''ḥ''' = [ç]
| '''x''' = [x]
| '''h''' = [h]
|-
! {{small|''voiced''}}
| '''v''' = [v]
| '''ð''' = [ð]
|
| '''ɣ''' = [ɣ]
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Semi-vowel
| '''w''' = [w]
|
| '''y''' = [j]
|
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Lateral
|
| '''l''' = [l]
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Rhotic
|
| '''r''' = [r]
|
|
|
|}

===Vowels and Diphthongs===
'''Eḥeiθymme''' has five short vowels and five long vowels, a distinction manifested as the long vowels' sound being held twice as long as short vowels' sound.

The short vowels are the following: '''i''', '''e''', '''a''', '''y''', '''u'''. The long vowels are the following: '''ī''', '''ē''', '''ā''', '''ȳ''', '''ū'''. Note that, when spoken, there is some variation in the actual pronunciation of /ɛ:/, and may be more accurately pronounced as [e:].

'''Eḥeiθymme''' has three diphthongs, all of which have length equivalent to long vowels. The diphthongs are the following: '''ei''', '''ey''', '''au'''.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Vowel and Diphthong Inventory of Eḥeiθymme'''
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Front
! rowspan="2" | Back
|-
! unrounded
! rounded
|-
! Close
| '''i''' = [i] '''ī''' = [i:]
| '''y''' = [y] '''ȳ''' = [y:]
| '''u''' = [u] '''ū''' = [u:]
|-
! Mid
| '''e''' = [ɛ] ~ [e] '''ē''' = [ɛ:] ~ [e:]
|
|
|-
! Open
|
|
| '''a''' = [a] '''ā''' = [a:]
|- style="text-align: center;"
!Diphthongs
| colspan="3" |'''ei''' = [ej], '''ey''' = [eɥ], '''au''' = [aw]
|}

===Prosody and Stress===

Syllables are determined by vowel-sounds and diphthong-sounds. There is one vowel or diphthong per syllable. A syllable will tend to be closed, and tend not to contain a consonant in the onset if it can be avoided.

The determination of stress is understood within the bounds of the ultimate to antepenultimate syllable.

'''1. If the word at most contains:'''
* three syllables, then the first syllable is stressed.
* two syllables, then the first syllable is stressed.
* one syllable, then that syllable is stressed.

'''2. If the word contains:'''
* more than three syllables, then the antepenultimate syllable is stressed.
* a diphthong or a long vowel in the ultimate, penultimate, or antepenultimate syllable, then that syllable is stressed.

===Sound Change===

There exists three general rules of sound change in '''Eḥeiθymme''', one of which involves the mutation of consonants, one of which involves a harmonization of the vowels in a word, and one that turns consonants into vowels.

'''1. The consonant moves to its fricative counterpart in the environment that it follows a front vowel or a voiceless palatal fricative.'''

* t → θ
* d → ð
* p → f
* b → v
* k → x
* g → ɣ
* h → ḥ = ç

'''2. If a close, front, unrounded vowel exists anywhere in the word, then the close, back vowel becomes the close, front, rounded vowel, and the open, back vowel becomes the mid, front, unrounded vowel.'''

* u → y / ...i...
* a → e / ...i...

'''3. A semi-vowel becomes its vowel counterpart in the environment that it preceeds immediately a non-semi-vowel consonant.'''

* j → i / _C
* w → u / _C

==Morphology==

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is characterized by a '''nonconcatenative morphology''', or "root-and-pattern" morphology. Words are constructed from an abstract consonantal root structure according to any of several templates. The roots of words tend to be made of two or three consonants, called radicals, though roots of one or four are not unheard of. Words not of an '''Eḥeiθymme''' origin are made to follow '''Eḥeiθymme''''s morphology, and so can exhibit an atypical number of consonant roots. Additionally, '''Eḥeiθymme''' is not without discrete morphemes in the form of affixes in addition to the characteristic nonconcatenative morphology.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Eḥeiθymme Inflectional and Derivational Morphology Structure'''
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Root
! colspan="7" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μ1v2v3μ
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Constituent Parts
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μ
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 1
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | v
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 2
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | v
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 3
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μ
|-
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | morphemic prefix
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | initial radical
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | medial radical
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | final radical
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | morphemic suffix
|}

==Verbs==

Verbs in '''Eḥeiθymme''' are predominantly aspectual, and show no overt morphological distinction to reflect time. Tenses are constructed typically by periphrasis. Mood is constructed via periphrasis for moods that are not indicative, subjunctive, or imperative, with one of several modal verbs. Voice is distinguished morphologically in unison with periphrasis. Person is marked directly on the verb by distinct morphemes.

On the verb itself, the following may be marked:

* Two aspects (perfective, imperfective)
* Three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter)
* Four persons (first, second, third, indeterminate)
* Agent/subject and patient
* Three numbers (singular, plural, paucal)
* Three moods (indicative, subjunctive, imperative)

Critical to the construction of the verb and verb phrase is the '''copula''', of which there exists both a '''positive''' copula '''R-J-D''' and a '''negative''' copula '''∅-M-N''' . Additionally, there exists an infinitive form of the verb that is used with modals.

Since verbs are constructed regularly via predictable combinatorics, it is useful to make a generalized template with which to consult. '''α''' and '''β''' are assumed to have been inflected for agent/subject and/or object person marking.

* '''α''' is a verb in the perfective aspect construction
* '''β''' is a verb in the imperfective aspect construction
* '''V''' is the full verb
* subscript "copula" means that that verb is the copula
* superscript "+" or "-" means that that verb is either the positive or the negative form (of the copula)
* subscript "modal" means that that verb is a modal verb
* subscript "infinitive" means that that verb is in the infinitive form of the verb

===Tense===

Tense is constructed combinatorially with the copula, with an explicitly defined aspectual distinction. For a diachronic treatment of the morphological forms of the '''Eḥeiθymme''' verb, please consult the appendix.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' distinguishes between three aspects: the '''Perfective''' aspect indicates an action completed, or an action as a whole; the '''Imperfective''' aspect indicates a continuous action; the '''Perfect''' aspect indicates a completed action prior to some event in context. Only the Perfective and the Imperfective have unique morphological templates; the Perfective aspect is formed via periphrasis.

The overt forms of the various aspects is dependent on the consonant make-up of the root, of which belongs to the system of consonant roots. Such roots exhibit two or three consonants. Roots whose consonants are '''phonologically stable''' are roots whose consonants are not lateral (L-roots), rhotic (R-roots), fricative (S-roots), or semi-vowel (J-roots and W-roots), and are the so-called CCC-roots. '''Phonologically unstable''' roots exhibit minor irregularities in their construction, of which depends on the location of the unstable consonant(s) in the root: initial, medial, final. Roots consisting of two consonants, called ∅CC-roots, have variable manifestations and typically form via leveling, realized as the 2 consonant being doubled and acting as the 1 consonant.

Morpho-phonological phenomena and historical processes notwithstanding, the general structure of aspect is the following:

* The Perfective Aspect: '''-1e23i-'''
* The Imperfective Aspect: '''-12a3-'''

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Aspect Construction in Eḥeiθymme (Indicative Mood Shown Here)'''
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! style="text-align: center;" | Perfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Imperfective
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''(2)e23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''(2)2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12a3'''- -'''1u2a3'''-1
|-
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Le23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''L2a3'''- -'''i2e3'''-2
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1eL3i'''- -'''1ei3i'''-3
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1La3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Li'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aL'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Re23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''R2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ē3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Ra3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Ri'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12ā'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Se23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''S2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1eS3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Sa3'''- -'''S1a3'''-4
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Si'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aS'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Je23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''i2e3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ei3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Ja3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2ī'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aJ'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''We23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''u2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ey3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Wa3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2yi'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aW'''-
|}

:<nowiki>1</nowiki> If 1 and 2 are stops
:<nowiki>2</nowiki> If 2 is a stop
:<nowiki>3</nowiki> If 3 is a stop
:<nowiki>4</nowiki> If 1 is a stop

'''Eḥeiθymme''' distinguishes two times: the '''Past''' time indicates actions in the past; the '''Non-Past''' time indicates actions not in the past, and in some contexts covers both the present and the future. Aspect and time combine to yield tense.

* The '''Perfective Past Tense''' indicates a simple completed action in the past. It is the composition of perfective aspect and past time.

* The '''Imperfective Past Tense''' indicates an ongoing or incomplete action in the past time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and past time.

* The '''Imperfective Non-Past Tense''' indicates an ongoing action in the non-past time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and non-past time. Additionally, this tense may also be used to refer to the equivalent of a future time, depending on the context.

* The '''Perfect Past Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another completed action. It is the composition of perfect aspect and past time.

* The '''Perfect Non-Past Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another action. It is the composition of perfect aspect and non-past time.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Positive and Negative Verb Construction without Modals in Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Positive
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Negative
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''ad-α'''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β''' '''β'''+''copula'' + '''β'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''β'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''β'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''β'''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''+''copula'' + '''α'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''α'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''α'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''α'''
|}

===Mood===

'''Eḥeiθymmen''' has three distinctly marked moods: the '''Indicative''' mood indicates factual statements, inquiry of simple questions, and the statement of beliefs; the '''Subjunctive''' mood indicates imaginary or hypothetical actions, conveys opinions or emotions, or conveys requests; the '''Imperative''' mood indicates a directed command.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Verb Construction in Eḥeiθymme for Morphological Mood'''
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Indicative
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Subjunctive
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Imperative
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | Perfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Imperfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Perfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Imperfective
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -(2)'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -(2)2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -(2)'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''(2)a23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''3 1u2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a23e'''-
|-
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -L'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -L2'''a'''3 i2'''e'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -L'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''La23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''L3'''i'''- -1'''e'''i3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1L'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''L3'''u'''- -1'''ew'''i3'''y'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1aL3e'''- -'''1ei3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2L'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''L-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2L'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Le'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -R'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -R2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -R'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Re'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ē'''3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1R'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ā'''3'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ā3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2R'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''ā'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2R'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Re'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -S'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -S2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -S'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Sa23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''S3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1S'''a'''3 S1'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''S3'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1aS3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2S'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''S-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2S'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Se'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -J'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -i2'''e'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -J'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Ja23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''i3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1J'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ew'''i3'''y'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ei3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2'''ī'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''J-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2J'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Je'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -W'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -u2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -w'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Wa23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''y3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1W'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''aū'''3'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1au3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2y'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''W-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2'''ū'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2We'''-
|}

'''Eḥeiθymmen''' may also form verb constructions via periphrasis with modal verbs. There are numerous such modal verbs expressing variable meanings, shades of meanings, and overlapping of meanings. These may also be in the indicative, subjunctive, or imperative.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Positive and Negative Verb Construction with Modals in Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Positive
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Negative
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''ad-α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive'' '''β'''+''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''+''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
|}

===Voice===

Voice in '''Eḥeiθymme''' is constructed entirely morphosyntactically, and depends on the relationship between a transitive or intransitive verb with nouns in the ergative case and nouns in the absolutive case. When constructing these voices, the copula always remains in the second position. Any modal, other inflected verb, or infinitive remains at the end. For sentences not in need of a copula construction, such as the Perfective Past tense or the Imperfective Non-past tense, then the position otherwise held by the copula is instead held by the inflected verb, and is no longer at the end of the sentence. Similarly, in those tenses are being constructed with the modal plus the infinitive, then the modal is placed in the second position, and the infinitive is at the end.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' has three distinct voice constructions:

'''1. Active voice''' indicates that the subject of the sentence performs the action of a transitive or an intransitive verb, or causes the happening denoted by the verb.
* N''ergative'' + V''transitive'' + N''absolutive''
* N''ergative'' + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''transitive''
* N''ergative'' + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''modal'' + V''infinitive''
* N''ergative'' + V''modal'' + N''absolutive'' + V''infinitive''

* ∅ + V''intransitive'' + N''absolutive''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''intransitive''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''modal'' + V''infinitive''
* ∅ + V''modal'' + N''absolutive'' + V''infinitive''

'''2. Anti-passive voice''' takes the transitive verb and make it "less transitive" (read, more intransitive) by retaining that verb but putting the ergative noun into an absolutive or oblique construct, and thus conveys prominence of the agent and what they did, while the patient is left not as important (and thus demoted to oblique).
* N''absolutive'' + V''transitive'' + N''oblique''
* N''absolutive'' + V''copula'' + N''oblique'' + V''transitive''
* N''absolutive'' + V''copula'' + N''oblique'' + V''modal'' + V''infinitive''
* N''absolutive'' + V''modal'' + N''oblique'' + V''infinitive''

'''3. Anti-active voice''' takes the intransitive verb and make it "less intransitive" (read, more transitive) by taking a null space object (the oblique or absolutive) and realizing it with an actual argument, and thus conveys prominence to an object. Admittedly, there are very few instances of the anti-active voice.
* ∅ + V''intransitive'' + N''ergative''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''ergative'' + V''intransitive''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''ergative'' + V''modal''+ V''infinitive''
* ∅ + V''modal'' + N''ergative'' + V''infinitive''

In the active voice, the verb may be either transitive or intransitive. In the anti-passive voice, the verb must be transitive. In the anti-active voice, the verb must be intransitive. Finally, note that transitivity is entirely semantic; there is no overt marking to indicate if a verb is transitive or intransitive.

===Infinitive===

The infinitive form of the verb in '''Eḥeiθymme''' is used in the construction of verb tenses when the use of a modal is employed. The infinitive may be used as a verbal noun if made definite.

Morpho-phonological phenomena and historical processes notwithstanding, the general structure of the infinitive is the following:

* The Infinitive: '''1a12e3'''

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Infinitival Construction in Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! style="text-align: center;" | Infinitive
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(2)a(2)2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12e3'''
|-
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''LaL2e3''' '''Lei2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''LaL1e3''' '''Lei1e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eL'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''Rā2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1Re3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12ā'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''SaS2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1Se3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eS'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''Jei2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1Je3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eJ'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1au2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1We3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eW'''
|}

===Conjugation===

Grammatical person as agent/subject as well as object and number are designated via affixation. Mood is designated via change of vowel in the stem as well as affixation in the case of the imperative. The following table shows the paradigm of the positive copula, '''R-J-D''', with no marking made for the object.

{| class="wikitable nowrap" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Paradigm of the Positive Copula, R-J-D, with Agent/Subject Marking Only'''
! Mood
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
|-
! rowspan="9" | Indicative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rerjad''
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rjad''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhua-'''''rerjad''
| '''dhua-'''''rjad''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''rerjeð''
| '''ive-'''''rjeð''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''rerjad''
| '''me-'''''rjad''
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ā-'''''rerjad''
| '''ā-'''''rjad''
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjad''
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjad''
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjad''
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
|-
! rowspan="9" | Subjunctive
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rerjuð''
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rjuð''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhua-'''''rerjuð''
| '''dhua-'''''rjuð''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''rerjyð''
| '''ive-'''''rjyð''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''rerjuð''
| '''me-'''''rjuð''
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ā-'''''rerjuð''
| '''ā-'''''rjuð''
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjuð''
| '''anta-'''''rjuð''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjuð''
| '''anta-'''''rjuð''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjuð''
| '''anta-'''''rjuð''
|-
! rowspan="9" | Imperative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | –
| rowspan="2" | –
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
| '''dhye-'''''rjeði''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| '''ive-'''''rjeði''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| '''me-'''''rjeði''
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''rjeði''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''rjeði''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''rjeði''
|}

While noun marking and syntax obey the rules of ergative-absolutive alignment, person marking on verbs follows nominative-accusative alignment rules. The agent/subject person is realized as a prefix, while the object is realized as a suffix. Many of the person markers for prefixes are wholly dissimilar to their suffix counterparts, though most exhibit at least a shared thematic consonant. The following table shows the paradigm of the positive copula, '''R-Y-D''', with marking made for the object as well as the agent/subject.

{| class="wikitable nowrap" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Paradigm of the Positive Copula, R-J-D, with Agent/Subject and Object Marking'''
! Mood
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
|-
! rowspan="9" | Indicative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rerjad'''''-al'''
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rjad'''''-al'''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhua-'''''rerjeð'''''-ið'''
| '''dhua-'''''rjeð'''''-ið'''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''rerjeð'''''-iv'''
| '''ive-'''''rjeð'''''-iv'''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''rerjad'''''-am'''
| '''me-'''''rjad'''''-am'''
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ā-'''''rerjad'''''-ah'''
| '''ā-'''''rjad'''''-ah'''
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjad'''''-an'''
| '''anta-'''''rjad'''''-an'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjad'''''-an'''
| '''anta-'''''rjad'''''-an'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjad'''''-an'''
| '''anta-'''''rjad'''''-an'''
|-
! rowspan="9" | Subjunctive
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rerjuð'''''-al'''
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rjuð'''''-al'''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhua-'''''rerjyð'''''-ið'''
| '''dhua-'''''rjyð'''''-ið'''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''rerjyð'''''-iv'''
| '''ive-'''''rjyð'''''-iv'''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''rerjuð'''''-am'''
| '''me-'''''rjuð'''''-am'''
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ā-'''''rerjuð'''''-ah'''
| '''ā-'''''rjuð'''''-ah'''
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjuð'''''-an'''
| '''anta-'''''rjuð'''''-an'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjuð'''''-an'''
| '''anta-'''''rjuð'''''-an'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjuð'''''-an'''
| '''anta-'''''rjuð'''''-an'''
|-
! rowspan="9" | Imperative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | –
| rowspan="2" | –
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
| '''dhye-'''''rjeð'''''-ið'''''i''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| '''ive-'''''rjeð'''''-iv'''''i''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| '''me-'''''rjeð'''''-em'''''i''
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''rjeð'''''-en'''''i''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''rjeð'''''-en'''''i''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''rjeð'''''-en'''''i''
|}

==Nouns==

Nouns in '''Eḥeiθymme''' are not inflected for grammatical gender, number, or case. Neither the noun nor the adjective differentiate gender, in contrast to the obligatorily marked gender of the pronouns. An exception to this is when the noun is explicitly gendered, to reflect specifically gendered subjects. This distinction is wholly semantic. Number and case are entirely encoded in the definite article. Nouns are inflected for state.

* The structure of a '''Basic Noun''' is: '''-1v23-''', where '''-v-''' may be any vowel, but is usually '''-a-''' or '''-u-'''.

===Definiteness===

'''Eḥeiθymme''' has various definite and indefinite articles controlling the number and case of the modified noun. Proper nouns are definite by definition, and so do not require the definite article. Case for proper nouns is realized variously, by context or by adpositions.

* The '''Singular Definite Article''' is: ''' -'''
* The '''Plural Definite Article''' is: ''' -'''
* The '''Paucal Definite Article''' is: ''' -'''

* The '''Singular Indefinite Article''' is: '''a-'''
* The '''Plural Indefinite Article''' is: ''' -'''
* The '''Paucal Indefinite Article''' is: ''' -'''

====Case====

===State===

====Absolute State====

====Construct State====

==Modifiers==

===Adjectives===

===Adverbs===

==Particles==

==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==

==Other resources==




[[Category:Eḥeiθymme]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Eḥeiθymmen Amran

2019-09-20T05:35:38Z

Deltaquebec: /* Morphology */

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="float:right;" width="35%"
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffffff; font-size:1.2em;" | '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' [ɛˈçej.θym.mɛn ˈar.jad ɛçˈðej.θym.mɛː ˈam.ran]
|-
| '''Creator:''' || Daniel Quigley
|-
| '''Spoken in:''' || Amran
|-
| '''World:''' || ''Leaves'' Stories
|-
| '''Total Speakers:''' || ~ 18,000,000
|-
| '''Basic word order:''' || Strict V2
|-
| '''Morphological Type:''' || Fusional
|-
| '''Morphosyntactic Alignment:''' || Split Ergative-Absolutive
|-
| '''Inspirations:''' || Arabic, German, Finnish, Welsh, Basque, English, Menominee
|-
| '''Status:''' || In Progress
|-
| '''Link to full documentation:''' || *forthcoming*
|}

'''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' is an ''a priori'' artistic constructed language in development by Daniel Quigley, providing the framework for which the author’s creative works and worldbuilding are guided. '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''', or '''Eḥeiθymmen Amran''' or '''Eḥeiθymme''', is the dominant language of the people of Amran.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is characterized by significant word-internal sound-change, a "root-and-pattern" morphology, and strict word order. '''Eḥeiθymme''' readily accepts words of non-native origin, but tends to force said loans into its morphological paradigm.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is typologically a fusional language. Nouns, modifiers, and verbs are typically formed via a root-and-pattern triconsonantal root system, and movement between the three is highly fluid. Nouns are not inflected for number and case; these details are encoded in the definiteness marked by an article. Other modifiers, such as adverbs, are not inflected in the same way, though similarities may be found in certain contexts. Verbs entirely depend upon their construction with a positive or a negative copula, and most tenses are formed via periphrasis. Some particles are inflected for person. '''Eḥeiθymme''' is a Split Ergative-Absolutive aligned language, in which nouns tend to obey ergative-absolutive alignment rules, and person marking on the verb tends to obey nominative-accusative alignment rules. '''Eḥeiθymme''' has strict V2 word order despite the presence of extensive case marking.

==Introduction==

===Setting===

'''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' is the lingua franca of Amran. The people of Amran are exceptionally diverse in language, culture, and identity. At the time of the ''Leaves'' stories, Amran is in its twilight years and is a ghost of its former self. Amran's vast landscape follows from a temperate biome to a taiga biome, dominated by thick forests, abundant snowfall in many regions, and mountainous regions further inland. Much of the population is concentrated along the coastal regions, while inland is mostly uninhabited by humans.

===Etymology===

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is a word built from nominal form of the root '''∅-Y-T''' indicating "language, speaking, articulated speech", rendered as '''ait''', which morphs to '''eiθ''', the '''ah-''' prefix, which morphs to '''eḥ-''', formulates proper nouns out of common nouns, and the suffix '''-umma''', which morphs to '''-ymme''', which is the augmentive suffix. In genitive constructions involving a proper noun fulfilling the genitive role, the possessed noun is in the construct state, sometimes unrealized morphologically, but in this case, it is indicated by '''-n'''. '''Arjad''' is from the positive copula '''R-J-D''', '''Eḥðeirymmē''' is built from the nominal form of '''D-J-R''' indicating "earth, land", rendered as '''dair''', which morphs to '''ðeir''', the '''ah-''' prefix, which morphs to '''eḥ-''', formulates proper nouns out of common nouns, and the suffix '''-umma''', which morphs to '''-ymmē''' in the absolutive case, and '''amran''' is the imperfective verbal form from the root '''M-R-N''' indicating "goodness, pleasantness, well-being". All morphing in sounds are accounted for in the section on sound change.

Taken altogether, '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' translates to “the principle language of Amran”, or, "the principal language of the good land".

===Goals===

The driving goal of '''Eḥeiθymme''' is to provide a framework for the author’s creative works and worldbuilding. To that end, '''Eḥeiθymme''' ought to be a naturalistic constructed language, and ought to be pleasant to look at and to hear (admittedly, this is wholly subjective, and others may disagree with to the extent to which this was fulfilled).

===Development, Inspiration, Forthcoming===

The history of '''Eḥeiθymme''' as a constructed language is relatively recent, and stems from the author's desire to construct a language with a Semitic style, and from the author's investigations into tense, mood, and aspect systems of world languages during his undergraduate career in linguistics. The earliest dedicated work on the language originated with the name of an individual, '''Iḥliθ''', whose meaning is yet elusive, and the now-defunct word for a ruler, '''aryad''', which has since come to be the positive copula.

Because much of the creative works and worldbuilding for which '''Eḥeiθymme''' guides concern themselves with cultural contact, exchange, and conflict, the two dominant languages of the world, [[Ahāmatya|'''Ahāmatya''']] and '''Eḥeiθymme''', are deliberately designed to be dissimilar, with regards to the make-up and feel of the language. The inspirations of the language include, but are not limited to, Arabic, German, Finnish, Welsh, Basque, English, Menominee. While some overlap exists in the inspirations for '''Ahāmatya''' and '''Eḥeiθymme''', any overt similarities are deliberately avoided.

A more in-depth and detailed documentation is forthcoming, which includes in-universe terminology for grammatical categories and descriptions. The author hopes to someday have the creative works published.

==Phonology==




===Consonants===
'''Eḥeiθymme''' has five major places of articulation and six manners of articulation, and yields twenty-three consonants in total.

{|class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=text-align:center
|+'''Consonant Inventory of Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="3" |
! Labial
! Alveolar
! Palatal
! Velar
! Glottal
|-
! colspan="3" | Nasal
| '''m''' = [m]
| '''n''' = [n]
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Stop
! {{small|''unvoiced''}}
| '''p''' = [p]
| '''t''' = [t]
|
| '''k''' = [k]
|
|-
! {{small|''voiced''}}
| '''b''' = [b]
| '''d''' = [d]
|
| '''g''' = [g]
|
|-
! rowspan="4" | Fricative
! rowspan="2" | {{small|sibilant}}
! {{small|''unvoiced''}}
|
| '''s''' = [s]
| '''ʃ''' = [ʃ]
|
|
|-
! {{small|''voiced''}}
|
|
| '''ʒ''' = [ʒ]
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | {{small|non-sibilant}}
! {{small|''unvoiced''}}
| '''f''' = [f]
| '''θ''' = [θ]
| '''ḥ''' = [ç]
| '''x''' = [x]
| '''h''' = [h]
|-
! {{small|''voiced''}}
| '''v''' = [v]
| '''ð''' = [ð]
|
| '''ɣ''' = [ɣ]
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Semi-vowel
| '''w''' = [w]
|
| '''y''' = [j]
|
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Lateral
|
| '''l''' = [l]
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Rhotic
|
| '''r''' = [r]
|
|
|
|}

===Vowels and Diphthongs===
'''Eḥeiθymme''' has five short vowels and five long vowels, a distinction manifested as the long vowels' sound being held twice as long as short vowels' sound.

The short vowels are the following: '''i''', '''e''', '''a''', '''y''', '''u'''. The long vowels are the following: '''ī''', '''ē''', '''ā''', '''ȳ''', '''ū'''. Note that, when spoken, there is some variation in the actual pronunciation of /ɛ:/, and may be more accurately pronounced as [e:].

'''Eḥeiθymme''' has three diphthongs, all of which have length equivalent to long vowels. The diphthongs are the following: '''ei''', '''ey''', '''au'''.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Vowel and Diphthong Inventory of Eḥeiθymme'''
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Front
! rowspan="2" | Back
|-
! unrounded
! rounded
|-
! Close
| '''i''' = [i] '''ī''' = [i:]
| '''y''' = [y] '''ȳ''' = [y:]
| '''u''' = [u] '''ū''' = [u:]
|-
! Mid
| '''e''' = [ɛ] ~ [e] '''ē''' = [ɛ:] ~ [e:]
|
|
|-
! Open
|
|
| '''a''' = [a] '''ā''' = [a:]
|- style="text-align: center;"
!Diphthongs
| colspan="3" |'''ei''' = [ej], '''ey''' = [eɥ], '''au''' = [aw]
|}

===Prosody and Stress===

Syllables are determined by vowel-sounds and diphthong-sounds. There is one vowel or diphthong per syllable. A syllable will tend to be closed, and tend not to contain a consonant in the onset if it can be avoided.

The determination of stress is understood within the bounds of the ultimate to antepenultimate syllable.

'''1. If the word at most contains:'''
* three syllables, then the first syllable is stressed.
* two syllables, then the first syllable is stressed.
* one syllable, then that syllable is stressed.

'''2. If the word contains:'''
* more than three syllables, then the antepenultimate syllable is stressed.
* a diphthong or a long vowel in the ultimate, penultimate, or antepenultimate syllable, then that syllable is stressed.

===Sound Change===

There exists three general rules of sound change in '''Eḥeiθymme''', one of which involves the mutation of consonants, one of which involves a harmonization of the vowels in a word, and one that turns consonants into vowels.

'''1. The consonant moves to its fricative counterpart in the environment that it follows a front vowel or a voiceless palatal fricative.'''

* t → θ
* d → ð
* p → f
* b → v
* k → x
* g → ɣ
* h → ḥ = ç

'''2. If a close, front, unrounded vowel exists anywhere in the word, then the close, back vowel becomes the close, front, rounded vowel, and the open, back vowel becomes the mid, front, unrounded vowel.'''

* u → y / ...i...
* a → e / ...i...

'''3. A semi-vowel becomes its vowel counterpart in the environment that it preceeds immediately a non-semi-vowel consonant.'''

* j → i / _C
* w → u / _C

==Morphology==

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is characterized by a '''nonconcatenative morphology''', or "root-and-pattern" morphology. Words are constructed from an abstract consonantal root structure according to any of several templates. The roots of words tend to be made of two or three consonants, called radicals, though roots of one or four are not unheard of. Words not of an '''Eḥeiθymme''' origin are made to follow '''Eḥeiθymme''''s morphology, and so can exhibit an atypical number of consonant roots. Additionally, '''Eḥeiθymme''' is not without discrete morphemes in the form of affixes in addition to the characteristic nonconcatenative morphology.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Eḥeiθymme Inflectional and Derivational Morphology Structure'''
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Root
! colspan="7" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μ1v2v3μ
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Constituent Parts
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μ
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 1
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | v
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 2
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | v
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 3
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μ
|-
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | morphemic prefix
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | first radical
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | second radical
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | third radical
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | morphemic suffix
|}

==Verbs==

Verbs in '''Eḥeiθymme''' are predominantly aspectual, and show no overt morphological distinction to reflect time. Tenses are constructed typically by periphrasis. Mood is constructed via periphrasis for moods that are not indicative, subjunctive, or imperative, with one of several modal verbs. Voice is distinguished morphologically in unison with periphrasis. Person is marked directly on the verb by distinct morphemes.

On the verb itself, the following may be marked:

* Two aspects (perfective, imperfective)
* Three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter)
* Four persons (first, second, third, indeterminate)
* Agent/subject and patient
* Three numbers (singular, plural, paucal)
* Three moods (indicative, subjunctive, imperative)

Critical to the construction of the verb and verb phrase is the '''copula''', of which there exists both a '''positive''' copula '''R-J-D''' and a '''negative''' copula '''∅-M-N''' . Additionally, there exists an infinitive form of the verb that is used with modals.

Since verbs are constructed regularly via predictable combinatorics, it is useful to make a generalized template with which to consult. '''α''' and '''β''' are assumed to have been inflected for agent/subject and/or object person marking.

* '''α''' is a verb in the perfective aspect construction
* '''β''' is a verb in the imperfective aspect construction
* '''V''' is the full verb
* subscript "copula" means that that verb is the copula
* superscript "+" or "-" means that that verb is either the positive or the negative form (of the copula)
* subscript "modal" means that that verb is a modal verb
* subscript "infinitive" means that that verb is in the infinitive form of the verb

===Tense===

Tense is constructed combinatorially with the copula, with an explicitly defined aspectual distinction. For a diachronic treatment of the morphological forms of the '''Eḥeiθymme''' verb, please consult the appendix.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' distinguishes between three aspects: the '''Perfective''' aspect indicates an action completed, or an action as a whole; the '''Imperfective''' aspect indicates a continuous action; the '''Perfect''' aspect indicates a completed action prior to some event in context. Only the Perfective and the Imperfective have unique morphological templates; the Perfective aspect is formed via periphrasis.

The overt forms of the various aspects is dependent on the consonant make-up of the root, of which belongs to the system of consonant roots. Such roots exhibit two or three consonants. Roots whose consonants are '''phonologically stable''' are roots whose consonants are not lateral (L-roots), rhotic (R-roots), fricative (S-roots), or semi-vowel (J-roots and W-roots), and are the so-called CCC-roots. '''Phonologically unstable''' roots exhibit minor irregularities in their construction, of which depends on the location of the unstable consonant(s) in the root: initial, medial, final. Roots consisting of two consonants, called ∅CC-roots, have variable manifestations and typically form via leveling, realized as the 2 consonant being doubled and acting as the 1 consonant.

Morpho-phonological phenomena and historical processes notwithstanding, the general structure of aspect is the following:

* The Perfective Aspect: '''-1e23i-'''
* The Imperfective Aspect: '''-12a3-'''

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Aspect Construction in Eḥeiθymme (Indicative Mood Shown Here)'''
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! style="text-align: center;" | Perfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Imperfective
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''(2)e23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''(2)2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12a3'''- -'''1u2a3'''-1
|-
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Le23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''L2a3'''- -'''i2e3'''-2
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1eL3i'''- -'''1ei3i'''-3
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1La3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Li'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aL'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Re23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''R2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ē3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Ra3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Ri'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12ā'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Se23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''S2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1eS3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Sa3'''- -'''S1a3'''-4
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Si'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aS'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Je23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''i2e3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ei3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Ja3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2ī'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aJ'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''We23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''u2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ey3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Wa3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2yi'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aW'''-
|}

:<nowiki>1</nowiki> If 1 and 2 are stops
:<nowiki>2</nowiki> If 2 is a stop
:<nowiki>3</nowiki> If 3 is a stop
:<nowiki>4</nowiki> If 1 is a stop

'''Eḥeiθymme''' distinguishes two times: the '''Past''' time indicates actions in the past; the '''Non-Past''' time indicates actions not in the past, and in some contexts covers both the present and the future. Aspect and time combine to yield tense.

* The '''Perfective Past Tense''' indicates a simple completed action in the past. It is the composition of perfective aspect and past time.

* The '''Imperfective Past Tense''' indicates an ongoing or incomplete action in the past time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and past time.

* The '''Imperfective Non-Past Tense''' indicates an ongoing action in the non-past time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and non-past time. Additionally, this tense may also be used to refer to the equivalent of a future time, depending on the context.

* The '''Perfect Past Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another completed action. It is the composition of perfect aspect and past time.

* The '''Perfect Non-Past Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another action. It is the composition of perfect aspect and non-past time.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Positive and Negative Verb Construction without Modals in Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Positive
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Negative
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''ad-α'''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β''' '''β'''+''copula'' + '''β'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''β'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''β'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''β'''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''+''copula'' + '''α'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''α'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''α'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''α'''
|}

===Mood===

'''Eḥeiθymmen''' has three distinctly marked moods: the '''Indicative''' mood indicates factual statements, inquiry of simple questions, and the statement of beliefs; the '''Subjunctive''' mood indicates imaginary or hypothetical actions, conveys opinions or emotions, or conveys requests; the '''Imperative''' mood indicates a directed command.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Verb Construction in Eḥeiθymme for Morphological Mood'''
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Indicative
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Subjunctive
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Imperative
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | Perfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Imperfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Perfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Imperfective
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -(2)'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -(2)2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -(2)'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''(2)a23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''3 1u2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a23e'''-
|-
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -L'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -L2'''a'''3 i2'''e'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -L'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''La23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''L3'''i'''- -1'''e'''i3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1L'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''L3'''u'''- -1'''ew'''i3'''y'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1aL3e'''- -'''1ei3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2L'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''L-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2L'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Le'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -R'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -R2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -R'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Re'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ē'''3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1R'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ā'''3'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ā3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2R'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''ā'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2R'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Re'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -S'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -S2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -S'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Sa23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''S3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1S'''a'''3 S1'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''S3'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1aS3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2S'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''S-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2S'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Se'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -J'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -i2'''e'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -J'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Ja23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''i3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1J'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ew'''i3'''y'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ei3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2'''ī'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''J-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2J'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Je'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -W'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -u2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -w'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Wa23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''y3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1W'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''aū'''3'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1au3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2y'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''W-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2'''ū'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2We'''-
|}

'''Eḥeiθymmen''' may also form verb constructions via periphrasis with modal verbs. There are numerous such modal verbs expressing variable meanings, shades of meanings, and overlapping of meanings. These may also be in the indicative, subjunctive, or imperative.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Positive and Negative Verb Construction with Modals in Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Positive
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Negative
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''ad-α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive'' '''β'''+''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''+''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
|}

===Voice===

Voice in '''Eḥeiθymme''' is constructed entirely morphosyntactically, and depends on the relationship between a transitive or intransitive verb with nouns in the ergative case and nouns in the absolutive case. When constructing these voices, the copula always remains in the second position. Any modal, other inflected verb, or infinitive remains at the end. For sentences not in need of a copula construction, such as the Perfective Past tense or the Imperfective Non-past tense, then the position otherwise held by the copula is instead held by the inflected verb, and is no longer at the end of the sentence. Similarly, in those tenses are being constructed with the modal plus the infinitive, then the modal is placed in the second position, and the infinitive is at the end.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' has three distinct voice constructions:

'''1. Active voice''' indicates that the subject of the sentence performs the action of a transitive or an intransitive verb, or causes the happening denoted by the verb.
* N''ergative'' + V''transitive'' + N''absolutive''
* N''ergative'' + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''transitive''
* N''ergative'' + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''modal'' + V''infinitive''
* N''ergative'' + V''modal'' + N''absolutive'' + V''infinitive''

* ∅ + V''intransitive'' + N''absolutive''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''intransitive''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''modal'' + V''infinitive''
* ∅ + V''modal'' + N''absolutive'' + V''infinitive''

'''2. Anti-passive voice''' takes the transitive verb and make it "less transitive" (read, more intransitive) by retaining that verb but putting the ergative noun into an absolutive or oblique construct, and thus conveys prominence of the agent and what they did, while the patient is left not as important (and thus demoted to oblique).
* N''absolutive'' + V''transitive'' + N''oblique''
* N''absolutive'' + V''copula'' + N''oblique'' + V''transitive''
* N''absolutive'' + V''copula'' + N''oblique'' + V''modal'' + V''infinitive''
* N''absolutive'' + V''modal'' + N''oblique'' + V''infinitive''

'''3. Anti-active voice''' takes the intransitive verb and make it "less intransitive" (read, more transitive) by taking a null space object (the oblique or absolutive) and realizing it with an actual argument, and thus conveys prominence to an object. Admittedly, there are very few instances of the anti-active voice.
* ∅ + V''intransitive'' + N''ergative''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''ergative'' + V''intransitive''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''ergative'' + V''modal''+ V''infinitive''
* ∅ + V''modal'' + N''ergative'' + V''infinitive''

In the active voice, the verb may be either transitive or intransitive. In the anti-passive voice, the verb must be transitive. In the anti-active voice, the verb must be intransitive. Finally, note that transitivity is entirely semantic; there is no overt marking to indicate if a verb is transitive or intransitive.

===Infinitive===

The infinitive form of the verb in '''Eḥeiθymme''' is used in the construction of verb tenses when the use of a modal is employed. The infinitive may be used as a verbal noun if made definite.

Morpho-phonological phenomena and historical processes notwithstanding, the general structure of the infinitive is the following:

* The Infinitive: '''1a12e3'''

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Infinitival Construction in Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! style="text-align: center;" | Infinitive
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(2)a(2)2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12e3'''
|-
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''LaL2e3''' '''Lei2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''LaL1e3''' '''Lei1e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eL'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''Rā2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1Re3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12ā'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''SaS2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1Se3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eS'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''Jei2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1Je3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eJ'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1au2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1We3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eW'''
|}

===Conjugation===

Grammatical person as agent/subject as well as object and number are designated via affixation. Mood is designated via change of vowel in the stem as well as affixation in the case of the imperative. The following table shows the paradigm of the positive copula, '''R-J-D''', with no marking made for the object.

{| class="wikitable nowrap" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Paradigm of the Positive Copula, R-J-D, with Agent/Subject Marking Only'''
! Mood
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
|-
! rowspan="9" | Indicative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rerjad''
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rjad''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhua-'''''rerjad''
| '''dhua-'''''rjad''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''rerjeð''
| '''ive-'''''rjeð''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''rerjad''
| '''me-'''''rjad''
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ā-'''''rerjad''
| '''ā-'''''rjad''
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjad''
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjad''
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjad''
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
|-
! rowspan="9" | Subjunctive
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rerjuð''
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rjuð''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhua-'''''rerjuð''
| '''dhua-'''''rjuð''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''rerjyð''
| '''ive-'''''rjyð''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''rerjuð''
| '''me-'''''rjuð''
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ā-'''''rerjuð''
| '''ā-'''''rjuð''
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjuð''
| '''anta-'''''rjuð''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjuð''
| '''anta-'''''rjuð''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjuð''
| '''anta-'''''rjuð''
|-
! rowspan="9" | Imperative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | –
| rowspan="2" | –
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
| '''dhye-'''''rjeði''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| '''ive-'''''rjeði''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| '''me-'''''rjeði''
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''rjeði''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''rjeði''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''rjeði''
|}

While noun marking and syntax obey the rules of ergative-absolutive alignment, person marking on verbs follows nominative-accusative alignment rules. The agent/subject person is realized as a prefix, while the object is realized as a suffix. Many of the person markers for prefixes are wholly dissimilar to their suffix counterparts, though most exhibit at least a shared thematic consonant. The following table shows the paradigm of the positive copula, '''R-Y-D''', with marking made for the object as well as the agent/subject.

{| class="wikitable nowrap" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Paradigm of the Positive Copula, R-J-D, with Agent/Subject and Object Marking'''
! Mood
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
|-
! rowspan="9" | Indicative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rerjad'''''-al'''
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rjad'''''-al'''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhua-'''''rerjeð'''''-ið'''
| '''dhua-'''''rjeð'''''-ið'''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''rerjeð'''''-iv'''
| '''ive-'''''rjeð'''''-iv'''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''rerjad'''''-am'''
| '''me-'''''rjad'''''-am'''
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ā-'''''rerjad'''''-ah'''
| '''ā-'''''rjad'''''-ah'''
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjad'''''-an'''
| '''anta-'''''rjad'''''-an'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjad'''''-an'''
| '''anta-'''''rjad'''''-an'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjad'''''-an'''
| '''anta-'''''rjad'''''-an'''
|-
! rowspan="9" | Subjunctive
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rerjuð'''''-al'''
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rjuð'''''-al'''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhua-'''''rerjyð'''''-ið'''
| '''dhua-'''''rjyð'''''-ið'''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''rerjyð'''''-iv'''
| '''ive-'''''rjyð'''''-iv'''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''rerjuð'''''-am'''
| '''me-'''''rjuð'''''-am'''
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ā-'''''rerjuð'''''-ah'''
| '''ā-'''''rjuð'''''-ah'''
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjuð'''''-an'''
| '''anta-'''''rjuð'''''-an'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjuð'''''-an'''
| '''anta-'''''rjuð'''''-an'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjuð'''''-an'''
| '''anta-'''''rjuð'''''-an'''
|-
! rowspan="9" | Imperative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | –
| rowspan="2" | –
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
| '''dhye-'''''rjeð'''''-ið'''''i''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| '''ive-'''''rjeð'''''-iv'''''i''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| '''me-'''''rjeð'''''-em'''''i''
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''rjeð'''''-en'''''i''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''rjeð'''''-en'''''i''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''rjeð'''''-en'''''i''
|}

==Nouns==

Nouns in '''Eḥeiθymme''' are not inflected for grammatical gender, number, or case. Neither the noun nor the adjective differentiate gender, in contrast to the obligatorily marked gender of the pronouns. An exception to this is when the noun is explicitly gendered, to reflect specifically gendered subjects. This distinction is wholly semantic. Number and case are entirely encoded in the definite article. Nouns are inflected for state.

* The structure of a '''Basic Noun''' is: '''-1v23-''', where '''-v-''' may be any vowel, but is usually '''-a-''' or '''-u-'''.

===Definiteness===

'''Eḥeiθymme''' has various definite and indefinite articles controlling the number and case of the modified noun. Proper nouns are definite by definition, and so do not require the definite article. Case for proper nouns is realized variously, by context or by adpositions.

* The '''Singular Definite Article''' is: ''' -'''
* The '''Plural Definite Article''' is: ''' -'''
* The '''Paucal Definite Article''' is: ''' -'''

* The '''Singular Indefinite Article''' is: '''a-'''
* The '''Plural Indefinite Article''' is: ''' -'''
* The '''Paucal Indefinite Article''' is: ''' -'''

====Case====

===State===

====Absolute State====

====Construct State====

==Modifiers==

===Adjectives===

===Adverbs===

==Particles==

==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==

==Other resources==




[[Category:Eḥeiθymme]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Eḥeiθymmen Amran

2019-09-20T05:35:00Z

Deltaquebec: /* Morphology */

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="float:right;" width="35%"
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffffff; font-size:1.2em;" | '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' [ɛˈçej.θym.mɛn ˈar.jad ɛçˈðej.θym.mɛː ˈam.ran]
|-
| '''Creator:''' || Daniel Quigley
|-
| '''Spoken in:''' || Amran
|-
| '''World:''' || ''Leaves'' Stories
|-
| '''Total Speakers:''' || ~ 18,000,000
|-
| '''Basic word order:''' || Strict V2
|-
| '''Morphological Type:''' || Fusional
|-
| '''Morphosyntactic Alignment:''' || Split Ergative-Absolutive
|-
| '''Inspirations:''' || Arabic, German, Finnish, Welsh, Basque, English, Menominee
|-
| '''Status:''' || In Progress
|-
| '''Link to full documentation:''' || *forthcoming*
|}

'''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' is an ''a priori'' artistic constructed language in development by Daniel Quigley, providing the framework for which the author’s creative works and worldbuilding are guided. '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''', or '''Eḥeiθymmen Amran''' or '''Eḥeiθymme''', is the dominant language of the people of Amran.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is characterized by significant word-internal sound-change, a "root-and-pattern" morphology, and strict word order. '''Eḥeiθymme''' readily accepts words of non-native origin, but tends to force said loans into its morphological paradigm.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is typologically a fusional language. Nouns, modifiers, and verbs are typically formed via a root-and-pattern triconsonantal root system, and movement between the three is highly fluid. Nouns are not inflected for number and case; these details are encoded in the definiteness marked by an article. Other modifiers, such as adverbs, are not inflected in the same way, though similarities may be found in certain contexts. Verbs entirely depend upon their construction with a positive or a negative copula, and most tenses are formed via periphrasis. Some particles are inflected for person. '''Eḥeiθymme''' is a Split Ergative-Absolutive aligned language, in which nouns tend to obey ergative-absolutive alignment rules, and person marking on the verb tends to obey nominative-accusative alignment rules. '''Eḥeiθymme''' has strict V2 word order despite the presence of extensive case marking.

==Introduction==

===Setting===

'''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' is the lingua franca of Amran. The people of Amran are exceptionally diverse in language, culture, and identity. At the time of the ''Leaves'' stories, Amran is in its twilight years and is a ghost of its former self. Amran's vast landscape follows from a temperate biome to a taiga biome, dominated by thick forests, abundant snowfall in many regions, and mountainous regions further inland. Much of the population is concentrated along the coastal regions, while inland is mostly uninhabited by humans.

===Etymology===

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is a word built from nominal form of the root '''∅-Y-T''' indicating "language, speaking, articulated speech", rendered as '''ait''', which morphs to '''eiθ''', the '''ah-''' prefix, which morphs to '''eḥ-''', formulates proper nouns out of common nouns, and the suffix '''-umma''', which morphs to '''-ymme''', which is the augmentive suffix. In genitive constructions involving a proper noun fulfilling the genitive role, the possessed noun is in the construct state, sometimes unrealized morphologically, but in this case, it is indicated by '''-n'''. '''Arjad''' is from the positive copula '''R-J-D''', '''Eḥðeirymmē''' is built from the nominal form of '''D-J-R''' indicating "earth, land", rendered as '''dair''', which morphs to '''ðeir''', the '''ah-''' prefix, which morphs to '''eḥ-''', formulates proper nouns out of common nouns, and the suffix '''-umma''', which morphs to '''-ymmē''' in the absolutive case, and '''amran''' is the imperfective verbal form from the root '''M-R-N''' indicating "goodness, pleasantness, well-being". All morphing in sounds are accounted for in the section on sound change.

Taken altogether, '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' translates to “the principle language of Amran”, or, "the principal language of the good land".

===Goals===

The driving goal of '''Eḥeiθymme''' is to provide a framework for the author’s creative works and worldbuilding. To that end, '''Eḥeiθymme''' ought to be a naturalistic constructed language, and ought to be pleasant to look at and to hear (admittedly, this is wholly subjective, and others may disagree with to the extent to which this was fulfilled).

===Development, Inspiration, Forthcoming===

The history of '''Eḥeiθymme''' as a constructed language is relatively recent, and stems from the author's desire to construct a language with a Semitic style, and from the author's investigations into tense, mood, and aspect systems of world languages during his undergraduate career in linguistics. The earliest dedicated work on the language originated with the name of an individual, '''Iḥliθ''', whose meaning is yet elusive, and the now-defunct word for a ruler, '''aryad''', which has since come to be the positive copula.

Because much of the creative works and worldbuilding for which '''Eḥeiθymme''' guides concern themselves with cultural contact, exchange, and conflict, the two dominant languages of the world, [[Ahāmatya|'''Ahāmatya''']] and '''Eḥeiθymme''', are deliberately designed to be dissimilar, with regards to the make-up and feel of the language. The inspirations of the language include, but are not limited to, Arabic, German, Finnish, Welsh, Basque, English, Menominee. While some overlap exists in the inspirations for '''Ahāmatya''' and '''Eḥeiθymme''', any overt similarities are deliberately avoided.

A more in-depth and detailed documentation is forthcoming, which includes in-universe terminology for grammatical categories and descriptions. The author hopes to someday have the creative works published.

==Phonology==




===Consonants===
'''Eḥeiθymme''' has five major places of articulation and six manners of articulation, and yields twenty-three consonants in total.

{|class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=text-align:center
|+'''Consonant Inventory of Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="3" |
! Labial
! Alveolar
! Palatal
! Velar
! Glottal
|-
! colspan="3" | Nasal
| '''m''' = [m]
| '''n''' = [n]
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Stop
! {{small|''unvoiced''}}
| '''p''' = [p]
| '''t''' = [t]
|
| '''k''' = [k]
|
|-
! {{small|''voiced''}}
| '''b''' = [b]
| '''d''' = [d]
|
| '''g''' = [g]
|
|-
! rowspan="4" | Fricative
! rowspan="2" | {{small|sibilant}}
! {{small|''unvoiced''}}
|
| '''s''' = [s]
| '''ʃ''' = [ʃ]
|
|
|-
! {{small|''voiced''}}
|
|
| '''ʒ''' = [ʒ]
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | {{small|non-sibilant}}
! {{small|''unvoiced''}}
| '''f''' = [f]
| '''θ''' = [θ]
| '''ḥ''' = [ç]
| '''x''' = [x]
| '''h''' = [h]
|-
! {{small|''voiced''}}
| '''v''' = [v]
| '''ð''' = [ð]
|
| '''ɣ''' = [ɣ]
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Semi-vowel
| '''w''' = [w]
|
| '''y''' = [j]
|
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Lateral
|
| '''l''' = [l]
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Rhotic
|
| '''r''' = [r]
|
|
|
|}

===Vowels and Diphthongs===
'''Eḥeiθymme''' has five short vowels and five long vowels, a distinction manifested as the long vowels' sound being held twice as long as short vowels' sound.

The short vowels are the following: '''i''', '''e''', '''a''', '''y''', '''u'''. The long vowels are the following: '''ī''', '''ē''', '''ā''', '''ȳ''', '''ū'''. Note that, when spoken, there is some variation in the actual pronunciation of /ɛ:/, and may be more accurately pronounced as [e:].

'''Eḥeiθymme''' has three diphthongs, all of which have length equivalent to long vowels. The diphthongs are the following: '''ei''', '''ey''', '''au'''.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Vowel and Diphthong Inventory of Eḥeiθymme'''
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Front
! rowspan="2" | Back
|-
! unrounded
! rounded
|-
! Close
| '''i''' = [i] '''ī''' = [i:]
| '''y''' = [y] '''ȳ''' = [y:]
| '''u''' = [u] '''ū''' = [u:]
|-
! Mid
| '''e''' = [ɛ] ~ [e] '''ē''' = [ɛ:] ~ [e:]
|
|
|-
! Open
|
|
| '''a''' = [a] '''ā''' = [a:]
|- style="text-align: center;"
!Diphthongs
| colspan="3" |'''ei''' = [ej], '''ey''' = [eɥ], '''au''' = [aw]
|}

===Prosody and Stress===

Syllables are determined by vowel-sounds and diphthong-sounds. There is one vowel or diphthong per syllable. A syllable will tend to be closed, and tend not to contain a consonant in the onset if it can be avoided.

The determination of stress is understood within the bounds of the ultimate to antepenultimate syllable.

'''1. If the word at most contains:'''
* three syllables, then the first syllable is stressed.
* two syllables, then the first syllable is stressed.
* one syllable, then that syllable is stressed.

'''2. If the word contains:'''
* more than three syllables, then the antepenultimate syllable is stressed.
* a diphthong or a long vowel in the ultimate, penultimate, or antepenultimate syllable, then that syllable is stressed.

===Sound Change===

There exists three general rules of sound change in '''Eḥeiθymme''', one of which involves the mutation of consonants, one of which involves a harmonization of the vowels in a word, and one that turns consonants into vowels.

'''1. The consonant moves to its fricative counterpart in the environment that it follows a front vowel or a voiceless palatal fricative.'''

* t → θ
* d → ð
* p → f
* b → v
* k → x
* g → ɣ
* h → ḥ = ç

'''2. If a close, front, unrounded vowel exists anywhere in the word, then the close, back vowel becomes the close, front, rounded vowel, and the open, back vowel becomes the mid, front, unrounded vowel.'''

* u → y / ...i...
* a → e / ...i...

'''3. A semi-vowel becomes its vowel counterpart in the environment that it preceeds immediately a non-semi-vowel consonant.'''

* j → i / _C
* w → u / _C

==Morphology==

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is characterized by a '''nonconcatenative morphology''', or "root-and-pattern" morphology. Words are constructed from an abstract consonantal root structure according to any of several templates. The roots of words tend to be made of two or three consonants, though roots of one or four are not unheard of. Words not of an '''Eḥeiθymme''' origin are made to follow '''Eḥeiθymme''''s morphology, and so can exhibit an atypical number of consonant roots. Additionally, '''Eḥeiθymme''' is not without discrete morphemes in the form of affixes in addition to the characteristic nonconcatenative morphology.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Eḥeiθymme Inflectional and Derivational Morphology Structure'''
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Root
! colspan="7" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μ1v2v3μ
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Constituent Parts
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μ
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 1
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | v
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 2
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | v
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 3
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μ
|-
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | morphemic prefix
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | first radical
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | second radical
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | third radical
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | morphemic suffix
|}

==Verbs==

Verbs in '''Eḥeiθymme''' are predominantly aspectual, and show no overt morphological distinction to reflect time. Tenses are constructed typically by periphrasis. Mood is constructed via periphrasis for moods that are not indicative, subjunctive, or imperative, with one of several modal verbs. Voice is distinguished morphologically in unison with periphrasis. Person is marked directly on the verb by distinct morphemes.

On the verb itself, the following may be marked:

* Two aspects (perfective, imperfective)
* Three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter)
* Four persons (first, second, third, indeterminate)
* Agent/subject and patient
* Three numbers (singular, plural, paucal)
* Three moods (indicative, subjunctive, imperative)

Critical to the construction of the verb and verb phrase is the '''copula''', of which there exists both a '''positive''' copula '''R-J-D''' and a '''negative''' copula '''∅-M-N''' . Additionally, there exists an infinitive form of the verb that is used with modals.

Since verbs are constructed regularly via predictable combinatorics, it is useful to make a generalized template with which to consult. '''α''' and '''β''' are assumed to have been inflected for agent/subject and/or object person marking.

* '''α''' is a verb in the perfective aspect construction
* '''β''' is a verb in the imperfective aspect construction
* '''V''' is the full verb
* subscript "copula" means that that verb is the copula
* superscript "+" or "-" means that that verb is either the positive or the negative form (of the copula)
* subscript "modal" means that that verb is a modal verb
* subscript "infinitive" means that that verb is in the infinitive form of the verb

===Tense===

Tense is constructed combinatorially with the copula, with an explicitly defined aspectual distinction. For a diachronic treatment of the morphological forms of the '''Eḥeiθymme''' verb, please consult the appendix.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' distinguishes between three aspects: the '''Perfective''' aspect indicates an action completed, or an action as a whole; the '''Imperfective''' aspect indicates a continuous action; the '''Perfect''' aspect indicates a completed action prior to some event in context. Only the Perfective and the Imperfective have unique morphological templates; the Perfective aspect is formed via periphrasis.

The overt forms of the various aspects is dependent on the consonant make-up of the root, of which belongs to the system of consonant roots. Such roots exhibit two or three consonants. Roots whose consonants are '''phonologically stable''' are roots whose consonants are not lateral (L-roots), rhotic (R-roots), fricative (S-roots), or semi-vowel (J-roots and W-roots), and are the so-called CCC-roots. '''Phonologically unstable''' roots exhibit minor irregularities in their construction, of which depends on the location of the unstable consonant(s) in the root: initial, medial, final. Roots consisting of two consonants, called ∅CC-roots, have variable manifestations and typically form via leveling, realized as the 2 consonant being doubled and acting as the 1 consonant.

Morpho-phonological phenomena and historical processes notwithstanding, the general structure of aspect is the following:

* The Perfective Aspect: '''-1e23i-'''
* The Imperfective Aspect: '''-12a3-'''

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Aspect Construction in Eḥeiθymme (Indicative Mood Shown Here)'''
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! style="text-align: center;" | Perfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Imperfective
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''(2)e23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''(2)2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12a3'''- -'''1u2a3'''-1
|-
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Le23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''L2a3'''- -'''i2e3'''-2
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1eL3i'''- -'''1ei3i'''-3
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1La3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Li'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aL'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Re23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''R2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ē3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Ra3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Ri'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12ā'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Se23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''S2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1eS3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Sa3'''- -'''S1a3'''-4
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Si'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aS'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Je23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''i2e3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ei3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Ja3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2ī'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aJ'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''We23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''u2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ey3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Wa3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2yi'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aW'''-
|}

:<nowiki>1</nowiki> If 1 and 2 are stops
:<nowiki>2</nowiki> If 2 is a stop
:<nowiki>3</nowiki> If 3 is a stop
:<nowiki>4</nowiki> If 1 is a stop

'''Eḥeiθymme''' distinguishes two times: the '''Past''' time indicates actions in the past; the '''Non-Past''' time indicates actions not in the past, and in some contexts covers both the present and the future. Aspect and time combine to yield tense.

* The '''Perfective Past Tense''' indicates a simple completed action in the past. It is the composition of perfective aspect and past time.

* The '''Imperfective Past Tense''' indicates an ongoing or incomplete action in the past time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and past time.

* The '''Imperfective Non-Past Tense''' indicates an ongoing action in the non-past time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and non-past time. Additionally, this tense may also be used to refer to the equivalent of a future time, depending on the context.

* The '''Perfect Past Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another completed action. It is the composition of perfect aspect and past time.

* The '''Perfect Non-Past Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another action. It is the composition of perfect aspect and non-past time.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Positive and Negative Verb Construction without Modals in Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Positive
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Negative
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''ad-α'''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β''' '''β'''+''copula'' + '''β'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''β'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''β'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''β'''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''+''copula'' + '''α'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''α'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''α'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''α'''
|}

===Mood===

'''Eḥeiθymmen''' has three distinctly marked moods: the '''Indicative''' mood indicates factual statements, inquiry of simple questions, and the statement of beliefs; the '''Subjunctive''' mood indicates imaginary or hypothetical actions, conveys opinions or emotions, or conveys requests; the '''Imperative''' mood indicates a directed command.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Verb Construction in Eḥeiθymme for Morphological Mood'''
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Indicative
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Subjunctive
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Imperative
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | Perfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Imperfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Perfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Imperfective
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -(2)'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -(2)2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -(2)'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''(2)a23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''3 1u2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a23e'''-
|-
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -L'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -L2'''a'''3 i2'''e'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -L'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''La23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''L3'''i'''- -1'''e'''i3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1L'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''L3'''u'''- -1'''ew'''i3'''y'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1aL3e'''- -'''1ei3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2L'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''L-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2L'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Le'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -R'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -R2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -R'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Re'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ē'''3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1R'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ā'''3'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ā3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2R'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''ā'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2R'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Re'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -S'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -S2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -S'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Sa23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''S3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1S'''a'''3 S1'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''S3'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1aS3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2S'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''S-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2S'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Se'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -J'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -i2'''e'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -J'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Ja23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''i3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1J'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ew'''i3'''y'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ei3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2'''ī'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''J-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2J'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Je'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -W'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -u2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -w'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Wa23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''y3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1W'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''aū'''3'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1au3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2y'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''W-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2'''ū'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2We'''-
|}

'''Eḥeiθymmen''' may also form verb constructions via periphrasis with modal verbs. There are numerous such modal verbs expressing variable meanings, shades of meanings, and overlapping of meanings. These may also be in the indicative, subjunctive, or imperative.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Positive and Negative Verb Construction with Modals in Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Positive
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Negative
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''ad-α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive'' '''β'''+''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''+''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
|}

===Voice===

Voice in '''Eḥeiθymme''' is constructed entirely morphosyntactically, and depends on the relationship between a transitive or intransitive verb with nouns in the ergative case and nouns in the absolutive case. When constructing these voices, the copula always remains in the second position. Any modal, other inflected verb, or infinitive remains at the end. For sentences not in need of a copula construction, such as the Perfective Past tense or the Imperfective Non-past tense, then the position otherwise held by the copula is instead held by the inflected verb, and is no longer at the end of the sentence. Similarly, in those tenses are being constructed with the modal plus the infinitive, then the modal is placed in the second position, and the infinitive is at the end.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' has three distinct voice constructions:

'''1. Active voice''' indicates that the subject of the sentence performs the action of a transitive or an intransitive verb, or causes the happening denoted by the verb.
* N''ergative'' + V''transitive'' + N''absolutive''
* N''ergative'' + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''transitive''
* N''ergative'' + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''modal'' + V''infinitive''
* N''ergative'' + V''modal'' + N''absolutive'' + V''infinitive''

* ∅ + V''intransitive'' + N''absolutive''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''intransitive''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''modal'' + V''infinitive''
* ∅ + V''modal'' + N''absolutive'' + V''infinitive''

'''2. Anti-passive voice''' takes the transitive verb and make it "less transitive" (read, more intransitive) by retaining that verb but putting the ergative noun into an absolutive or oblique construct, and thus conveys prominence of the agent and what they did, while the patient is left not as important (and thus demoted to oblique).
* N''absolutive'' + V''transitive'' + N''oblique''
* N''absolutive'' + V''copula'' + N''oblique'' + V''transitive''
* N''absolutive'' + V''copula'' + N''oblique'' + V''modal'' + V''infinitive''
* N''absolutive'' + V''modal'' + N''oblique'' + V''infinitive''

'''3. Anti-active voice''' takes the intransitive verb and make it "less intransitive" (read, more transitive) by taking a null space object (the oblique or absolutive) and realizing it with an actual argument, and thus conveys prominence to an object. Admittedly, there are very few instances of the anti-active voice.
* ∅ + V''intransitive'' + N''ergative''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''ergative'' + V''intransitive''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''ergative'' + V''modal''+ V''infinitive''
* ∅ + V''modal'' + N''ergative'' + V''infinitive''

In the active voice, the verb may be either transitive or intransitive. In the anti-passive voice, the verb must be transitive. In the anti-active voice, the verb must be intransitive. Finally, note that transitivity is entirely semantic; there is no overt marking to indicate if a verb is transitive or intransitive.

===Infinitive===

The infinitive form of the verb in '''Eḥeiθymme''' is used in the construction of verb tenses when the use of a modal is employed. The infinitive may be used as a verbal noun if made definite.

Morpho-phonological phenomena and historical processes notwithstanding, the general structure of the infinitive is the following:

* The Infinitive: '''1a12e3'''

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Infinitival Construction in Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! style="text-align: center;" | Infinitive
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(2)a(2)2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12e3'''
|-
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''LaL2e3''' '''Lei2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''LaL1e3''' '''Lei1e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eL'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''Rā2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1Re3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12ā'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''SaS2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1Se3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eS'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''Jei2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1Je3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eJ'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1au2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1We3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eW'''
|}

===Conjugation===

Grammatical person as agent/subject as well as object and number are designated via affixation. Mood is designated via change of vowel in the stem as well as affixation in the case of the imperative. The following table shows the paradigm of the positive copula, '''R-J-D''', with no marking made for the object.

{| class="wikitable nowrap" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Paradigm of the Positive Copula, R-J-D, with Agent/Subject Marking Only'''
! Mood
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
|-
! rowspan="9" | Indicative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rerjad''
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rjad''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhua-'''''rerjad''
| '''dhua-'''''rjad''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''rerjeð''
| '''ive-'''''rjeð''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''rerjad''
| '''me-'''''rjad''
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ā-'''''rerjad''
| '''ā-'''''rjad''
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjad''
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjad''
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjad''
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
|-
! rowspan="9" | Subjunctive
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rerjuð''
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rjuð''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhua-'''''rerjuð''
| '''dhua-'''''rjuð''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''rerjyð''
| '''ive-'''''rjyð''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''rerjuð''
| '''me-'''''rjuð''
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ā-'''''rerjuð''
| '''ā-'''''rjuð''
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjuð''
| '''anta-'''''rjuð''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjuð''
| '''anta-'''''rjuð''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjuð''
| '''anta-'''''rjuð''
|-
! rowspan="9" | Imperative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | –
| rowspan="2" | –
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
| '''dhye-'''''rjeði''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| '''ive-'''''rjeði''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| '''me-'''''rjeði''
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''rjeði''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''rjeði''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''rjeði''
|}

While noun marking and syntax obey the rules of ergative-absolutive alignment, person marking on verbs follows nominative-accusative alignment rules. The agent/subject person is realized as a prefix, while the object is realized as a suffix. Many of the person markers for prefixes are wholly dissimilar to their suffix counterparts, though most exhibit at least a shared thematic consonant. The following table shows the paradigm of the positive copula, '''R-Y-D''', with marking made for the object as well as the agent/subject.

{| class="wikitable nowrap" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Paradigm of the Positive Copula, R-J-D, with Agent/Subject and Object Marking'''
! Mood
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
|-
! rowspan="9" | Indicative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rerjad'''''-al'''
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rjad'''''-al'''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhua-'''''rerjeð'''''-ið'''
| '''dhua-'''''rjeð'''''-ið'''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''rerjeð'''''-iv'''
| '''ive-'''''rjeð'''''-iv'''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''rerjad'''''-am'''
| '''me-'''''rjad'''''-am'''
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ā-'''''rerjad'''''-ah'''
| '''ā-'''''rjad'''''-ah'''
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjad'''''-an'''
| '''anta-'''''rjad'''''-an'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjad'''''-an'''
| '''anta-'''''rjad'''''-an'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjad'''''-an'''
| '''anta-'''''rjad'''''-an'''
|-
! rowspan="9" | Subjunctive
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rerjuð'''''-al'''
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rjuð'''''-al'''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhua-'''''rerjyð'''''-ið'''
| '''dhua-'''''rjyð'''''-ið'''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''rerjyð'''''-iv'''
| '''ive-'''''rjyð'''''-iv'''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''rerjuð'''''-am'''
| '''me-'''''rjuð'''''-am'''
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ā-'''''rerjuð'''''-ah'''
| '''ā-'''''rjuð'''''-ah'''
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjuð'''''-an'''
| '''anta-'''''rjuð'''''-an'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjuð'''''-an'''
| '''anta-'''''rjuð'''''-an'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjuð'''''-an'''
| '''anta-'''''rjuð'''''-an'''
|-
! rowspan="9" | Imperative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | –
| rowspan="2" | –
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
| '''dhye-'''''rjeð'''''-ið'''''i''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| '''ive-'''''rjeð'''''-iv'''''i''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| '''me-'''''rjeð'''''-em'''''i''
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''rjeð'''''-en'''''i''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''rjeð'''''-en'''''i''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''rjeð'''''-en'''''i''
|}

==Nouns==

Nouns in '''Eḥeiθymme''' are not inflected for grammatical gender, number, or case. Neither the noun nor the adjective differentiate gender, in contrast to the obligatorily marked gender of the pronouns. An exception to this is when the noun is explicitly gendered, to reflect specifically gendered subjects. This distinction is wholly semantic. Number and case are entirely encoded in the definite article. Nouns are inflected for state.

* The structure of a '''Basic Noun''' is: '''-1v23-''', where '''-v-''' may be any vowel, but is usually '''-a-''' or '''-u-'''.

===Definiteness===

'''Eḥeiθymme''' has various definite and indefinite articles controlling the number and case of the modified noun. Proper nouns are definite by definition, and so do not require the definite article. Case for proper nouns is realized variously, by context or by adpositions.

* The '''Singular Definite Article''' is: ''' -'''
* The '''Plural Definite Article''' is: ''' -'''
* The '''Paucal Definite Article''' is: ''' -'''

* The '''Singular Indefinite Article''' is: '''a-'''
* The '''Plural Indefinite Article''' is: ''' -'''
* The '''Paucal Indefinite Article''' is: ''' -'''

====Case====

===State===

====Absolute State====

====Construct State====

==Modifiers==

===Adjectives===

===Adverbs===

==Particles==

==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==

==Other resources==




[[Category:Eḥeiθymme]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Eḥeiθymmen Amran

2019-09-20T05:34:21Z

Deltaquebec: /* Morphology */

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="float:right;" width="35%"
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffffff; font-size:1.2em;" | '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' [ɛˈçej.θym.mɛn ˈar.jad ɛçˈðej.θym.mɛː ˈam.ran]
|-
| '''Creator:''' || Daniel Quigley
|-
| '''Spoken in:''' || Amran
|-
| '''World:''' || ''Leaves'' Stories
|-
| '''Total Speakers:''' || ~ 18,000,000
|-
| '''Basic word order:''' || Strict V2
|-
| '''Morphological Type:''' || Fusional
|-
| '''Morphosyntactic Alignment:''' || Split Ergative-Absolutive
|-
| '''Inspirations:''' || Arabic, German, Finnish, Welsh, Basque, English, Menominee
|-
| '''Status:''' || In Progress
|-
| '''Link to full documentation:''' || *forthcoming*
|}

'''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' is an ''a priori'' artistic constructed language in development by Daniel Quigley, providing the framework for which the author’s creative works and worldbuilding are guided. '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''', or '''Eḥeiθymmen Amran''' or '''Eḥeiθymme''', is the dominant language of the people of Amran.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is characterized by significant word-internal sound-change, a "root-and-pattern" morphology, and strict word order. '''Eḥeiθymme''' readily accepts words of non-native origin, but tends to force said loans into its morphological paradigm.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is typologically a fusional language. Nouns, modifiers, and verbs are typically formed via a root-and-pattern triconsonantal root system, and movement between the three is highly fluid. Nouns are not inflected for number and case; these details are encoded in the definiteness marked by an article. Other modifiers, such as adverbs, are not inflected in the same way, though similarities may be found in certain contexts. Verbs entirely depend upon their construction with a positive or a negative copula, and most tenses are formed via periphrasis. Some particles are inflected for person. '''Eḥeiθymme''' is a Split Ergative-Absolutive aligned language, in which nouns tend to obey ergative-absolutive alignment rules, and person marking on the verb tends to obey nominative-accusative alignment rules. '''Eḥeiθymme''' has strict V2 word order despite the presence of extensive case marking.

==Introduction==

===Setting===

'''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' is the lingua franca of Amran. The people of Amran are exceptionally diverse in language, culture, and identity. At the time of the ''Leaves'' stories, Amran is in its twilight years and is a ghost of its former self. Amran's vast landscape follows from a temperate biome to a taiga biome, dominated by thick forests, abundant snowfall in many regions, and mountainous regions further inland. Much of the population is concentrated along the coastal regions, while inland is mostly uninhabited by humans.

===Etymology===

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is a word built from nominal form of the root '''∅-Y-T''' indicating "language, speaking, articulated speech", rendered as '''ait''', which morphs to '''eiθ''', the '''ah-''' prefix, which morphs to '''eḥ-''', formulates proper nouns out of common nouns, and the suffix '''-umma''', which morphs to '''-ymme''', which is the augmentive suffix. In genitive constructions involving a proper noun fulfilling the genitive role, the possessed noun is in the construct state, sometimes unrealized morphologically, but in this case, it is indicated by '''-n'''. '''Arjad''' is from the positive copula '''R-J-D''', '''Eḥðeirymmē''' is built from the nominal form of '''D-J-R''' indicating "earth, land", rendered as '''dair''', which morphs to '''ðeir''', the '''ah-''' prefix, which morphs to '''eḥ-''', formulates proper nouns out of common nouns, and the suffix '''-umma''', which morphs to '''-ymmē''' in the absolutive case, and '''amran''' is the imperfective verbal form from the root '''M-R-N''' indicating "goodness, pleasantness, well-being". All morphing in sounds are accounted for in the section on sound change.

Taken altogether, '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' translates to “the principle language of Amran”, or, "the principal language of the good land".

===Goals===

The driving goal of '''Eḥeiθymme''' is to provide a framework for the author’s creative works and worldbuilding. To that end, '''Eḥeiθymme''' ought to be a naturalistic constructed language, and ought to be pleasant to look at and to hear (admittedly, this is wholly subjective, and others may disagree with to the extent to which this was fulfilled).

===Development, Inspiration, Forthcoming===

The history of '''Eḥeiθymme''' as a constructed language is relatively recent, and stems from the author's desire to construct a language with a Semitic style, and from the author's investigations into tense, mood, and aspect systems of world languages during his undergraduate career in linguistics. The earliest dedicated work on the language originated with the name of an individual, '''Iḥliθ''', whose meaning is yet elusive, and the now-defunct word for a ruler, '''aryad''', which has since come to be the positive copula.

Because much of the creative works and worldbuilding for which '''Eḥeiθymme''' guides concern themselves with cultural contact, exchange, and conflict, the two dominant languages of the world, [[Ahāmatya|'''Ahāmatya''']] and '''Eḥeiθymme''', are deliberately designed to be dissimilar, with regards to the make-up and feel of the language. The inspirations of the language include, but are not limited to, Arabic, German, Finnish, Welsh, Basque, English, Menominee. While some overlap exists in the inspirations for '''Ahāmatya''' and '''Eḥeiθymme''', any overt similarities are deliberately avoided.

A more in-depth and detailed documentation is forthcoming, which includes in-universe terminology for grammatical categories and descriptions. The author hopes to someday have the creative works published.

==Phonology==




===Consonants===
'''Eḥeiθymme''' has five major places of articulation and six manners of articulation, and yields twenty-three consonants in total.

{|class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=text-align:center
|+'''Consonant Inventory of Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="3" |
! Labial
! Alveolar
! Palatal
! Velar
! Glottal
|-
! colspan="3" | Nasal
| '''m''' = [m]
| '''n''' = [n]
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Stop
! {{small|''unvoiced''}}
| '''p''' = [p]
| '''t''' = [t]
|
| '''k''' = [k]
|
|-
! {{small|''voiced''}}
| '''b''' = [b]
| '''d''' = [d]
|
| '''g''' = [g]
|
|-
! rowspan="4" | Fricative
! rowspan="2" | {{small|sibilant}}
! {{small|''unvoiced''}}
|
| '''s''' = [s]
| '''ʃ''' = [ʃ]
|
|
|-
! {{small|''voiced''}}
|
|
| '''ʒ''' = [ʒ]
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | {{small|non-sibilant}}
! {{small|''unvoiced''}}
| '''f''' = [f]
| '''θ''' = [θ]
| '''ḥ''' = [ç]
| '''x''' = [x]
| '''h''' = [h]
|-
! {{small|''voiced''}}
| '''v''' = [v]
| '''ð''' = [ð]
|
| '''ɣ''' = [ɣ]
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Semi-vowel
| '''w''' = [w]
|
| '''y''' = [j]
|
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Lateral
|
| '''l''' = [l]
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Rhotic
|
| '''r''' = [r]
|
|
|
|}

===Vowels and Diphthongs===
'''Eḥeiθymme''' has five short vowels and five long vowels, a distinction manifested as the long vowels' sound being held twice as long as short vowels' sound.

The short vowels are the following: '''i''', '''e''', '''a''', '''y''', '''u'''. The long vowels are the following: '''ī''', '''ē''', '''ā''', '''ȳ''', '''ū'''. Note that, when spoken, there is some variation in the actual pronunciation of /ɛ:/, and may be more accurately pronounced as [e:].

'''Eḥeiθymme''' has three diphthongs, all of which have length equivalent to long vowels. The diphthongs are the following: '''ei''', '''ey''', '''au'''.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Vowel and Diphthong Inventory of Eḥeiθymme'''
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Front
! rowspan="2" | Back
|-
! unrounded
! rounded
|-
! Close
| '''i''' = [i] '''ī''' = [i:]
| '''y''' = [y] '''ȳ''' = [y:]
| '''u''' = [u] '''ū''' = [u:]
|-
! Mid
| '''e''' = [ɛ] ~ [e] '''ē''' = [ɛ:] ~ [e:]
|
|
|-
! Open
|
|
| '''a''' = [a] '''ā''' = [a:]
|- style="text-align: center;"
!Diphthongs
| colspan="3" |'''ei''' = [ej], '''ey''' = [eɥ], '''au''' = [aw]
|}

===Prosody and Stress===

Syllables are determined by vowel-sounds and diphthong-sounds. There is one vowel or diphthong per syllable. A syllable will tend to be closed, and tend not to contain a consonant in the onset if it can be avoided.

The determination of stress is understood within the bounds of the ultimate to antepenultimate syllable.

'''1. If the word at most contains:'''
* three syllables, then the first syllable is stressed.
* two syllables, then the first syllable is stressed.
* one syllable, then that syllable is stressed.

'''2. If the word contains:'''
* more than three syllables, then the antepenultimate syllable is stressed.
* a diphthong or a long vowel in the ultimate, penultimate, or antepenultimate syllable, then that syllable is stressed.

===Sound Change===

There exists three general rules of sound change in '''Eḥeiθymme''', one of which involves the mutation of consonants, one of which involves a harmonization of the vowels in a word, and one that turns consonants into vowels.

'''1. The consonant moves to its fricative counterpart in the environment that it follows a front vowel or a voiceless palatal fricative.'''

* t → θ
* d → ð
* p → f
* b → v
* k → x
* g → ɣ
* h → ḥ = ç

'''2. If a close, front, unrounded vowel exists anywhere in the word, then the close, back vowel becomes the close, front, rounded vowel, and the open, back vowel becomes the mid, front, unrounded vowel.'''

* u → y / ...i...
* a → e / ...i...

'''3. A semi-vowel becomes its vowel counterpart in the environment that it preceeds immediately a non-semi-vowel consonant.'''

* j → i / _C
* w → u / _C

==Morphology==

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is characterized by a '''nonconcatenative morphology''', or "root-and-pattern" morphology. Words are constructed from an abstract consonantal root structure according to any of several templates. The roots of words tend to be made of two or three consonants, though roots of one or four are not unheard of. Words not of an '''Eḥeiθymme''' origin are made to follow '''Eḥeiθymme''''s morphollogy, and so can exhibit an atypical number of consonant roots. Additionally, '''Eḥeiθymme''' is not without discrete morphemes in the form of affixes in addition to the characteristic nonconcatenative morphology.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Eḥeiθymme Inflectional and Derivational Morphology Structure'''
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Root
! colspan="7" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μ1v2v3μ
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Constituent Parts
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μ
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 1
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | v
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 2
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | v
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 3
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μ
|-
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | morphemic prefix
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | first radical
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | second radical
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | vowel
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | third radical
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: " | morphemic suffix
|}

==Verbs==

Verbs in '''Eḥeiθymme''' are predominantly aspectual, and show no overt morphological distinction to reflect time. Tenses are constructed typically by periphrasis. Mood is constructed via periphrasis for moods that are not indicative, subjunctive, or imperative, with one of several modal verbs. Voice is distinguished morphologically in unison with periphrasis. Person is marked directly on the verb by distinct morphemes.

On the verb itself, the following may be marked:

* Two aspects (perfective, imperfective)
* Three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter)
* Four persons (first, second, third, indeterminate)
* Agent/subject and patient
* Three numbers (singular, plural, paucal)
* Three moods (indicative, subjunctive, imperative)

Critical to the construction of the verb and verb phrase is the '''copula''', of which there exists both a '''positive''' copula '''R-J-D''' and a '''negative''' copula '''∅-M-N''' . Additionally, there exists an infinitive form of the verb that is used with modals.

Since verbs are constructed regularly via predictable combinatorics, it is useful to make a generalized template with which to consult. '''α''' and '''β''' are assumed to have been inflected for agent/subject and/or object person marking.

* '''α''' is a verb in the perfective aspect construction
* '''β''' is a verb in the imperfective aspect construction
* '''V''' is the full verb
* subscript "copula" means that that verb is the copula
* superscript "+" or "-" means that that verb is either the positive or the negative form (of the copula)
* subscript "modal" means that that verb is a modal verb
* subscript "infinitive" means that that verb is in the infinitive form of the verb

===Tense===

Tense is constructed combinatorially with the copula, with an explicitly defined aspectual distinction. For a diachronic treatment of the morphological forms of the '''Eḥeiθymme''' verb, please consult the appendix.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' distinguishes between three aspects: the '''Perfective''' aspect indicates an action completed, or an action as a whole; the '''Imperfective''' aspect indicates a continuous action; the '''Perfect''' aspect indicates a completed action prior to some event in context. Only the Perfective and the Imperfective have unique morphological templates; the Perfective aspect is formed via periphrasis.

The overt forms of the various aspects is dependent on the consonant make-up of the root, of which belongs to the system of consonant roots. Such roots exhibit two or three consonants. Roots whose consonants are '''phonologically stable''' are roots whose consonants are not lateral (L-roots), rhotic (R-roots), fricative (S-roots), or semi-vowel (J-roots and W-roots), and are the so-called CCC-roots. '''Phonologically unstable''' roots exhibit minor irregularities in their construction, of which depends on the location of the unstable consonant(s) in the root: initial, medial, final. Roots consisting of two consonants, called ∅CC-roots, have variable manifestations and typically form via leveling, realized as the 2 consonant being doubled and acting as the 1 consonant.

Morpho-phonological phenomena and historical processes notwithstanding, the general structure of aspect is the following:

* The Perfective Aspect: '''-1e23i-'''
* The Imperfective Aspect: '''-12a3-'''

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Aspect Construction in Eḥeiθymme (Indicative Mood Shown Here)'''
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! style="text-align: center;" | Perfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Imperfective
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''(2)e23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''(2)2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12a3'''- -'''1u2a3'''-1
|-
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Le23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''L2a3'''- -'''i2e3'''-2
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1eL3i'''- -'''1ei3i'''-3
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1La3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Li'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aL'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Re23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''R2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ē3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Ra3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Ri'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12ā'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Se23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''S2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1eS3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Sa3'''- -'''S1a3'''-4
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Si'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aS'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Je23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''i2e3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ei3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Ja3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2ī'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aJ'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''We23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''u2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ey3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Wa3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2yi'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aW'''-
|}

:<nowiki>1</nowiki> If 1 and 2 are stops
:<nowiki>2</nowiki> If 2 is a stop
:<nowiki>3</nowiki> If 3 is a stop
:<nowiki>4</nowiki> If 1 is a stop

'''Eḥeiθymme''' distinguishes two times: the '''Past''' time indicates actions in the past; the '''Non-Past''' time indicates actions not in the past, and in some contexts covers both the present and the future. Aspect and time combine to yield tense.

* The '''Perfective Past Tense''' indicates a simple completed action in the past. It is the composition of perfective aspect and past time.

* The '''Imperfective Past Tense''' indicates an ongoing or incomplete action in the past time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and past time.

* The '''Imperfective Non-Past Tense''' indicates an ongoing action in the non-past time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and non-past time. Additionally, this tense may also be used to refer to the equivalent of a future time, depending on the context.

* The '''Perfect Past Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another completed action. It is the composition of perfect aspect and past time.

* The '''Perfect Non-Past Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another action. It is the composition of perfect aspect and non-past time.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Positive and Negative Verb Construction without Modals in Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Positive
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Negative
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''ad-α'''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β''' '''β'''+''copula'' + '''β'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''β'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''β'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''β'''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''+''copula'' + '''α'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''α'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''α'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''α'''
|}

===Mood===

'''Eḥeiθymmen''' has three distinctly marked moods: the '''Indicative''' mood indicates factual statements, inquiry of simple questions, and the statement of beliefs; the '''Subjunctive''' mood indicates imaginary or hypothetical actions, conveys opinions or emotions, or conveys requests; the '''Imperative''' mood indicates a directed command.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Verb Construction in Eḥeiθymme for Morphological Mood'''
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Indicative
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Subjunctive
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Imperative
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | Perfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Imperfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Perfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Imperfective
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -(2)'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -(2)2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -(2)'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''(2)a23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''3 1u2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a23e'''-
|-
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -L'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -L2'''a'''3 i2'''e'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -L'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''La23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''L3'''i'''- -1'''e'''i3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1L'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''L3'''u'''- -1'''ew'''i3'''y'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1aL3e'''- -'''1ei3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2L'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''L-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2L'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Le'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -R'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -R2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -R'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Re'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ē'''3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1R'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ā'''3'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ā3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2R'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''ā'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2R'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Re'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -S'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -S2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -S'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Sa23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''S3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1S'''a'''3 S1'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''S3'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1aS3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2S'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''S-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2S'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Se'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -J'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -i2'''e'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -J'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Ja23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''i3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1J'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ew'''i3'''y'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ei3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2'''ī'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''J-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2J'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Je'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -W'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -u2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -w'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Wa23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''y3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1W'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''aū'''3'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1au3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2y'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''W-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2'''ū'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2We'''-
|}

'''Eḥeiθymmen''' may also form verb constructions via periphrasis with modal verbs. There are numerous such modal verbs expressing variable meanings, shades of meanings, and overlapping of meanings. These may also be in the indicative, subjunctive, or imperative.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Positive and Negative Verb Construction with Modals in Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Positive
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Negative
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''ad-α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive'' '''β'''+''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''+''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
|}

===Voice===

Voice in '''Eḥeiθymme''' is constructed entirely morphosyntactically, and depends on the relationship between a transitive or intransitive verb with nouns in the ergative case and nouns in the absolutive case. When constructing these voices, the copula always remains in the second position. Any modal, other inflected verb, or infinitive remains at the end. For sentences not in need of a copula construction, such as the Perfective Past tense or the Imperfective Non-past tense, then the position otherwise held by the copula is instead held by the inflected verb, and is no longer at the end of the sentence. Similarly, in those tenses are being constructed with the modal plus the infinitive, then the modal is placed in the second position, and the infinitive is at the end.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' has three distinct voice constructions:

'''1. Active voice''' indicates that the subject of the sentence performs the action of a transitive or an intransitive verb, or causes the happening denoted by the verb.
* N''ergative'' + V''transitive'' + N''absolutive''
* N''ergative'' + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''transitive''
* N''ergative'' + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''modal'' + V''infinitive''
* N''ergative'' + V''modal'' + N''absolutive'' + V''infinitive''

* ∅ + V''intransitive'' + N''absolutive''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''intransitive''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''modal'' + V''infinitive''
* ∅ + V''modal'' + N''absolutive'' + V''infinitive''

'''2. Anti-passive voice''' takes the transitive verb and make it "less transitive" (read, more intransitive) by retaining that verb but putting the ergative noun into an absolutive or oblique construct, and thus conveys prominence of the agent and what they did, while the patient is left not as important (and thus demoted to oblique).
* N''absolutive'' + V''transitive'' + N''oblique''
* N''absolutive'' + V''copula'' + N''oblique'' + V''transitive''
* N''absolutive'' + V''copula'' + N''oblique'' + V''modal'' + V''infinitive''
* N''absolutive'' + V''modal'' + N''oblique'' + V''infinitive''

'''3. Anti-active voice''' takes the intransitive verb and make it "less intransitive" (read, more transitive) by taking a null space object (the oblique or absolutive) and realizing it with an actual argument, and thus conveys prominence to an object. Admittedly, there are very few instances of the anti-active voice.
* ∅ + V''intransitive'' + N''ergative''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''ergative'' + V''intransitive''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''ergative'' + V''modal''+ V''infinitive''
* ∅ + V''modal'' + N''ergative'' + V''infinitive''

In the active voice, the verb may be either transitive or intransitive. In the anti-passive voice, the verb must be transitive. In the anti-active voice, the verb must be intransitive. Finally, note that transitivity is entirely semantic; there is no overt marking to indicate if a verb is transitive or intransitive.

===Infinitive===

The infinitive form of the verb in '''Eḥeiθymme''' is used in the construction of verb tenses when the use of a modal is employed. The infinitive may be used as a verbal noun if made definite.

Morpho-phonological phenomena and historical processes notwithstanding, the general structure of the infinitive is the following:

* The Infinitive: '''1a12e3'''

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Infinitival Construction in Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! style="text-align: center;" | Infinitive
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(2)a(2)2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12e3'''
|-
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''LaL2e3''' '''Lei2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''LaL1e3''' '''Lei1e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eL'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''Rā2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1Re3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12ā'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''SaS2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1Se3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eS'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''Jei2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1Je3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eJ'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1au2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1We3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eW'''
|}

===Conjugation===

Grammatical person as agent/subject as well as object and number are designated via affixation. Mood is designated via change of vowel in the stem as well as affixation in the case of the imperative. The following table shows the paradigm of the positive copula, '''R-J-D''', with no marking made for the object.

{| class="wikitable nowrap" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Paradigm of the Positive Copula, R-J-D, with Agent/Subject Marking Only'''
! Mood
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
|-
! rowspan="9" | Indicative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rerjad''
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rjad''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhua-'''''rerjad''
| '''dhua-'''''rjad''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''rerjeð''
| '''ive-'''''rjeð''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''rerjad''
| '''me-'''''rjad''
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ā-'''''rerjad''
| '''ā-'''''rjad''
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjad''
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjad''
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjad''
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
|-
! rowspan="9" | Subjunctive
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rerjuð''
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rjuð''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhua-'''''rerjuð''
| '''dhua-'''''rjuð''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''rerjyð''
| '''ive-'''''rjyð''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''rerjuð''
| '''me-'''''rjuð''
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ā-'''''rerjuð''
| '''ā-'''''rjuð''
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjuð''
| '''anta-'''''rjuð''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjuð''
| '''anta-'''''rjuð''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjuð''
| '''anta-'''''rjuð''
|-
! rowspan="9" | Imperative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | –
| rowspan="2" | –
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
| '''dhye-'''''rjeði''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| '''ive-'''''rjeði''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| '''me-'''''rjeði''
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''rjeði''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''rjeði''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''rjeði''
|}

While noun marking and syntax obey the rules of ergative-absolutive alignment, person marking on verbs follows nominative-accusative alignment rules. The agent/subject person is realized as a prefix, while the object is realized as a suffix. Many of the person markers for prefixes are wholly dissimilar to their suffix counterparts, though most exhibit at least a shared thematic consonant. The following table shows the paradigm of the positive copula, '''R-Y-D''', with marking made for the object as well as the agent/subject.

{| class="wikitable nowrap" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Paradigm of the Positive Copula, R-J-D, with Agent/Subject and Object Marking'''
! Mood
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
|-
! rowspan="9" | Indicative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rerjad'''''-al'''
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rjad'''''-al'''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhua-'''''rerjeð'''''-ið'''
| '''dhua-'''''rjeð'''''-ið'''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''rerjeð'''''-iv'''
| '''ive-'''''rjeð'''''-iv'''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''rerjad'''''-am'''
| '''me-'''''rjad'''''-am'''
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ā-'''''rerjad'''''-ah'''
| '''ā-'''''rjad'''''-ah'''
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjad'''''-an'''
| '''anta-'''''rjad'''''-an'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjad'''''-an'''
| '''anta-'''''rjad'''''-an'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjad'''''-an'''
| '''anta-'''''rjad'''''-an'''
|-
! rowspan="9" | Subjunctive
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rerjuð'''''-al'''
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rjuð'''''-al'''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhua-'''''rerjyð'''''-ið'''
| '''dhua-'''''rjyð'''''-ið'''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''rerjyð'''''-iv'''
| '''ive-'''''rjyð'''''-iv'''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''rerjuð'''''-am'''
| '''me-'''''rjuð'''''-am'''
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ā-'''''rerjuð'''''-ah'''
| '''ā-'''''rjuð'''''-ah'''
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjuð'''''-an'''
| '''anta-'''''rjuð'''''-an'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjuð'''''-an'''
| '''anta-'''''rjuð'''''-an'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjuð'''''-an'''
| '''anta-'''''rjuð'''''-an'''
|-
! rowspan="9" | Imperative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | –
| rowspan="2" | –
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
| '''dhye-'''''rjeð'''''-ið'''''i''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| '''ive-'''''rjeð'''''-iv'''''i''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| '''me-'''''rjeð'''''-em'''''i''
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''rjeð'''''-en'''''i''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''rjeð'''''-en'''''i''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''rjeð'''''-en'''''i''
|}

==Nouns==

Nouns in '''Eḥeiθymme''' are not inflected for grammatical gender, number, or case. Neither the noun nor the adjective differentiate gender, in contrast to the obligatorily marked gender of the pronouns. An exception to this is when the noun is explicitly gendered, to reflect specifically gendered subjects. This distinction is wholly semantic. Number and case are entirely encoded in the definite article. Nouns are inflected for state.

* The structure of a '''Basic Noun''' is: '''-1v23-''', where '''-v-''' may be any vowel, but is usually '''-a-''' or '''-u-'''.

===Definiteness===

'''Eḥeiθymme''' has various definite and indefinite articles controlling the number and case of the modified noun. Proper nouns are definite by definition, and so do not require the definite article. Case for proper nouns is realized variously, by context or by adpositions.

* The '''Singular Definite Article''' is: ''' -'''
* The '''Plural Definite Article''' is: ''' -'''
* The '''Paucal Definite Article''' is: ''' -'''

* The '''Singular Indefinite Article''' is: '''a-'''
* The '''Plural Indefinite Article''' is: ''' -'''
* The '''Paucal Indefinite Article''' is: ''' -'''

====Case====

===State===

====Absolute State====

====Construct State====

==Modifiers==

===Adjectives===

===Adverbs===

==Particles==

==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==

==Other resources==




[[Category:Eḥeiθymme]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Eḥeiθymmen Amran

2019-09-19T04:11:07Z

Deltaquebec: /* Verb Class */

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="float:right;" width="35%"
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffffff; font-size:1.2em;" | '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' [ɛˈçej.θym.mɛn ˈar.jad ɛçˈðej.θym.mɛː ˈam.ran]
|-
| '''Creator:''' || Daniel Quigley
|-
| '''Spoken in:''' || Amran
|-
| '''World:''' || ''Leaves'' Stories
|-
| '''Total Speakers:''' || ~ 18,000,000
|-
| '''Basic word order:''' || Strict V2
|-
| '''Morphological Type:''' || Fusional
|-
| '''Morphosyntactic Alignment:''' || Split Ergative-Absolutive
|-
| '''Inspirations:''' || Arabic, German, Finnish, Welsh, Basque, English, Menominee
|-
| '''Status:''' || In Progress
|-
| '''Link to full documentation:''' || *forthcoming*
|}

'''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' is an ''a priori'' artistic constructed language in development by Daniel Quigley, providing the framework for which the author’s creative works and worldbuilding are guided. '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''', or '''Eḥeiθymmen Amran''' or '''Eḥeiθymme''', is the dominant language of the people of Amran.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is characterized by significant word-internal sound-change, a "root-and-pattern" morphology, and strict word order. '''Eḥeiθymme''' readily accepts words of non-native origin, but tends to force said loans into its morphological paradigm.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is typologically a fusional language. Nouns, modifiers, and verbs are typically formed via a root-and-pattern triconsonantal root system, and movement between the three is highly fluid. Nouns are not inflected for number and case; these details are encoded in the definiteness marked by an article. Other modifiers, such as adverbs, are not inflected in the same way, though similarities may be found in certain contexts. Verbs entirely depend upon their construction with a positive or a negative copula, and most tenses are formed via periphrasis. Some particles are inflected for person. '''Eḥeiθymme''' is a Split Ergative-Absolutive aligned language, in which nouns tend to obey ergative-absolutive alignment rules, and person marking on the verb tends to obey nominative-accusative alignment rules. '''Eḥeiθymme''' has strict V2 word order despite the presence of extensive case marking.

==Introduction==

===Setting===

'''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' is the lingua franca of Amran. The people of Amran are exceptionally diverse in language, culture, and identity. At the time of the ''Leaves'' stories, Amran is in its twilight years and is a ghost of its former self. Amran's vast landscape follows from a temperate biome to a taiga biome, dominated by thick forests, abundant snowfall in many regions, and mountainous regions further inland. Much of the population is concentrated along the coastal regions, while inland is mostly uninhabited by humans.

===Etymology===

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is a word built from nominal form of the root '''∅-Y-T''' indicating "language, speaking, articulated speech", rendered as '''ait''', which morphs to '''eiθ''', the '''ah-''' prefix, which morphs to '''eḥ-''', formulates proper nouns out of common nouns, and the suffix '''-umma''', which morphs to '''-ymme''', which is the augmentive suffix. In genitive constructions involving a proper noun fulfilling the genitive role, the possessed noun is in the construct state, sometimes unrealized morphologically, but in this case, it is indicated by '''-n'''. '''Arjad''' is from the positive copula '''R-J-D''', '''Eḥðeirymmē''' is built from the nominal form of '''D-J-R''' indicating "earth, land", rendered as '''dair''', which morphs to '''ðeir''', the '''ah-''' prefix, which morphs to '''eḥ-''', formulates proper nouns out of common nouns, and the suffix '''-umma''', which morphs to '''-ymmē''' in the absolutive case, and '''amran''' is the imperfective verbal form from the root '''M-R-N''' indicating "goodness, pleasantness, well-being". All morphing in sounds are accounted for in the section on sound change.

Taken altogether, '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' translates to “the principle language of Amran”, or, "the principal language of the good land".

===Goals===

The driving goal of '''Eḥeiθymme''' is to provide a framework for the author’s creative works and worldbuilding. To that end, '''Eḥeiθymme''' ought to be a naturalistic constructed language, and ought to be pleasant to look at and to hear (admittedly, this is wholly subjective, and others may disagree with to the extent to which this was fulfilled).

===Development, Inspiration, Forthcoming===

The history of '''Eḥeiθymme''' as a constructed language is relatively recent, and stems from the author's desire to construct a language with a Semitic style, and from the author's investigations into tense, mood, and aspect systems of world languages during his undergraduate career in linguistics. The earliest dedicated work on the language originated with the name of an individual, '''Iḥliθ''', whose meaning is yet elusive, and the now-defunct word for a ruler, '''aryad''', which has since come to be the positive copula.

Because much of the creative works and worldbuilding for which '''Eḥeiθymme''' guides concern themselves with cultural contact, exchange, and conflict, the two dominant languages of the world, [[Ahāmatya|'''Ahāmatya''']] and '''Eḥeiθymme''', are deliberately designed to be dissimilar, with regards to the make-up and feel of the language. The inspirations of the language include, but are not limited to, Arabic, German, Finnish, Welsh, Basque, English, Menominee. While some overlap exists in the inspirations for '''Ahāmatya''' and '''Eḥeiθymme''', any overt similarities are deliberately avoided.

A more in-depth and detailed documentation is forthcoming, which includes in-universe terminology for grammatical categories and descriptions. The author hopes to someday have the creative works published.

==Phonology==




===Consonants===
'''Eḥeiθymme''' has five major places of articulation and six manners of articulation, and yields twenty-three consonants in total.

{|class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=text-align:center
|+'''Consonant Inventory of Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="3" |
! Labial
! Alveolar
! Palatal
! Velar
! Glottal
|-
! colspan="3" | Nasal
| '''m''' = [m]
| '''n''' = [n]
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Stop
! {{small|''unvoiced''}}
| '''p''' = [p]
| '''t''' = [t]
|
| '''k''' = [k]
|
|-
! {{small|''voiced''}}
| '''b''' = [b]
| '''d''' = [d]
|
| '''g''' = [g]
|
|-
! rowspan="4" | Fricative
! rowspan="2" | {{small|sibilant}}
! {{small|''unvoiced''}}
|
| '''s''' = [s]
| '''ʃ''' = [ʃ]
|
|
|-
! {{small|''voiced''}}
|
|
| '''ʒ''' = [ʒ]
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | {{small|non-sibilant}}
! {{small|''unvoiced''}}
| '''f''' = [f]
| '''θ''' = [θ]
| '''ḥ''' = [ç]
| '''x''' = [x]
| '''h''' = [h]
|-
! {{small|''voiced''}}
| '''v''' = [v]
| '''ð''' = [ð]
|
| '''ɣ''' = [ɣ]
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Semi-vowel
| '''w''' = [w]
|
| '''y''' = [j]
|
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Lateral
|
| '''l''' = [l]
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Rhotic
|
| '''r''' = [r]
|
|
|
|}

===Vowels and Diphthongs===
'''Eḥeiθymme''' has five short vowels and five long vowels, a distinction manifested as the long vowels' sound being held twice as long as short vowels' sound.

The short vowels are the following: '''i''', '''e''', '''a''', '''y''', '''u'''. The long vowels are the following: '''ī''', '''ē''', '''ā''', '''ȳ''', '''ū'''. Note that, when spoken, there is some variation in the actual pronunciation of /ɛ:/, and may be more accurately pronounced as [e:].

'''Eḥeiθymme''' has three diphthongs, all of which have length equivalent to long vowels. The diphthongs are the following: '''ei''', '''ey''', '''au'''.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Vowel and Diphthong Inventory of Eḥeiθymme'''
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Front
! rowspan="2" | Back
|-
! unrounded
! rounded
|-
! Close
| '''i''' = [i] '''ī''' = [i:]
| '''y''' = [y] '''ȳ''' = [y:]
| '''u''' = [u] '''ū''' = [u:]
|-
! Mid
| '''e''' = [ɛ] ~ [e] '''ē''' = [ɛ:] ~ [e:]
|
|
|-
! Open
|
|
| '''a''' = [a] '''ā''' = [a:]
|- style="text-align: center;"
!Diphthongs
| colspan="3" |'''ei''' = [ej], '''ey''' = [eɥ], '''au''' = [aw]
|}

===Prosody and Stress===

Syllables are determined by vowel-sounds and diphthong-sounds. There is one vowel or diphthong per syllable. A syllable will tend to be closed, and tend not to contain a consonant in the onset if it can be avoided.

The determination of stress is understood within the bounds of the ultimate to antepenultimate syllable.

'''1. If the word at most contains:'''
* three syllables, then the first syllable is stressed.
* two syllables, then the first syllable is stressed.
* one syllable, then that syllable is stressed.

'''2. If the word contains:'''
* more than three syllables, then the antepenultimate syllable is stressed.
* a diphthong or a long vowel in the ultimate, penultimate, or antepenultimate syllable, then that syllable is stressed.

===Sound Change===

There exists three general rules of sound change in '''Eḥeiθymme''', one of which involves the mutation of consonants, one of which involves a harmonization of the vowels in a word, and one that turns consonants into vowels.

'''1. The consonant moves to its fricative counterpart in the environment that it follows a front vowel or a voiceless palatal fricative.'''

* t → θ
* d → ð
* p → f
* b → v
* k → x
* g → ɣ
* h → ḥ = ç

'''2. If a close, front, unrounded vowel exists anywhere in the word, then the close, back vowel becomes the close, front, rounded vowel, and the open, back vowel becomes the mid, front, unrounded vowel.'''

* u → y / ...i...
* a → e / ...i...

'''3. A semi-vowel becomes its vowel counterpart in the environment that it preceeds immediately a non-semi-vowel consonant.'''

* j → i / _C
* w → u / _C

==Morphology==

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is characterized by a '''nonconcatenative morphology''', or "root-and-pattern" morphology. Words are constructed from an abstract consonantal root structure according to any of several templates. The roots of words tend to be made of two or three consonants, though roots of one or four are not unheard of. Words not of an '''Eḥeiθymme''' origin are made to follow '''Eḥeiθymme''''s morphollogy, and so can exhibit an atypical number of consonant roots. Additionally, '''Eḥeiθymme''' is not without discrete morphemes in the form of affixes in addition to the characteristic nonconcatenative morphology.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Eḥeiθymme Inflectional and Derivational Morphology Structure'''
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Root
! colspan="7" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μ1v2v3μ
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Constituent Parts
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μ
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 1
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | v
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 2
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | v
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 3
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μ
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|morphemic prefix}}
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|first radical}}
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|vowel}}
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|second radical}}
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|vowel}}
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|third radical}}
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|morphemic suffix}}
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Information and Details
| style="text-align: left;" |
* arbitrary morpheme
| style="text-align: left;" |
* if '''zero''', then '''1''' may equate with '''2''' in certain situations
| style="text-align: left;" |
* arbitrary vowel, may be '''zero'''
| style="text-align: left;" |
* if '''j''' or '''w''', may become equivalent vowel
* may be doubled
| style="text-align: left;" |
* contains information regarding mood
* arbitrary vowel, may be '''zero'''
| style="text-align: left;" |
* arbitrary consonant
| style="text-align: left;" |
* arbitrary morpheme
|}

==Verbs==

Verbs in '''Eḥeiθymme''' are predominantly aspectual, and show no overt morphological distinction to reflect time. Tenses are constructed typically by periphrasis. Mood is constructed via periphrasis for moods that are not indicative, subjunctive, or imperative, with one of several modal verbs. Voice is distinguished morphologically in unison with periphrasis. Person is marked directly on the verb by distinct morphemes.

On the verb itself, the following may be marked:

* Two aspects (perfective, imperfective)
* Three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter)
* Four persons (first, second, third, indeterminate)
* Agent/subject and patient
* Three numbers (singular, plural, paucal)
* Three moods (indicative, subjunctive, imperative)

Critical to the construction of the verb and verb phrase is the '''copula''', of which there exists both a '''positive''' copula '''R-J-D''' and a '''negative''' copula '''∅-M-N''' . Additionally, there exists an infinitive form of the verb that is used with modals.

Since verbs are constructed regularly via predictable combinatorics, it is useful to make a generalized template with which to consult. '''α''' and '''β''' are assumed to have been inflected for agent/subject and/or object person marking.

* '''α''' is a verb in the perfective aspect construction
* '''β''' is a verb in the imperfective aspect construction
* '''V''' is the full verb
* subscript "copula" means that that verb is the copula
* superscript "+" or "-" means that that verb is either the positive or the negative form (of the copula)
* subscript "modal" means that that verb is a modal verb
* subscript "infinitive" means that that verb is in the infinitive form of the verb

===Tense===

Tense is constructed combinatorially with the copula, with an explicitly defined aspectual distinction. For a diachronic treatment of the morphological forms of the '''Eḥeiθymme''' verb, please consult the appendix.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' distinguishes between three aspects: the '''Perfective''' aspect indicates an action completed, or an action as a whole; the '''Imperfective''' aspect indicates a continuous action; the '''Perfect''' aspect indicates a completed action prior to some event in context. Only the Perfective and the Imperfective have unique morphological templates; the Perfective aspect is formed via periphrasis.

The overt forms of the various aspects is dependent on the consonant make-up of the root, of which belongs to the system of consonant roots. Such roots exhibit two or three consonants. Roots whose consonants are '''phonologically stable''' are roots whose consonants are not lateral (L-roots), rhotic (R-roots), fricative (S-roots), or semi-vowel (J-roots and W-roots), and are the so-called CCC-roots. '''Phonologically unstable''' roots exhibit minor irregularities in their construction, of which depends on the location of the unstable consonant(s) in the root: initial, medial, final. Roots consisting of two consonants, called ∅CC-roots, have variable manifestations and typically form via leveling, realized as the 2 consonant being doubled and acting as the 1 consonant.

Morpho-phonological phenomena and historical processes notwithstanding, the general structure of aspect is the following:

* The Perfective Aspect: '''-1e23i-'''
* The Imperfective Aspect: '''-12a3-'''

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Aspect Construction in Eḥeiθymme (Indicative Mood Shown Here)'''
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! style="text-align: center;" | Perfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Imperfective
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''(2)e23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''(2)2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12a3'''- -'''1u2a3'''-1
|-
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Le23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''L2a3'''- -'''i2e3'''-2
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1eL3i'''- -'''1ei3i'''-3
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1La3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Li'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aL'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Re23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''R2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ē3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Ra3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Ri'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12ā'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Se23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''S2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1eS3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Sa3'''- -'''S1a3'''-4
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Si'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aS'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Je23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''i2e3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ei3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Ja3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2ī'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aJ'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''We23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''u2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ey3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Wa3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2yi'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aW'''-
|}

:<nowiki>1</nowiki> If 1 and 2 are stops
:<nowiki>2</nowiki> If 2 is a stop
:<nowiki>3</nowiki> If 3 is a stop
:<nowiki>4</nowiki> If 1 is a stop

'''Eḥeiθymme''' distinguishes two times: the '''Past''' time indicates actions in the past; the '''Non-Past''' time indicates actions not in the past, and in some contexts covers both the present and the future. Aspect and time combine to yield tense.

* The '''Perfective Past Tense''' indicates a simple completed action in the past. It is the composition of perfective aspect and past time.

* The '''Imperfective Past Tense''' indicates an ongoing or incomplete action in the past time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and past time.

* The '''Imperfective Non-Past Tense''' indicates an ongoing action in the non-past time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and non-past time. Additionally, this tense may also be used to refer to the equivalent of a future time, depending on the context.

* The '''Perfect Past Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another completed action. It is the composition of perfect aspect and past time.

* The '''Perfect Non-Past Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another action. It is the composition of perfect aspect and non-past time.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Positive and Negative Verb Construction without Modals in Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Positive
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Negative
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''ad-α'''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β''' '''β'''+''copula'' + '''β'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''β'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''β'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''β'''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''+''copula'' + '''α'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''α'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''α'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''α'''
|}

===Mood===

'''Eḥeiθymmen''' has three distinctly marked moods: the '''Indicative''' mood indicates factual statements, inquiry of simple questions, and the statement of beliefs; the '''Subjunctive''' mood indicates imaginary or hypothetical actions, conveys opinions or emotions, or conveys requests; the '''Imperative''' mood indicates a directed command.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Verb Construction in Eḥeiθymme for Morphological Mood'''
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Indicative
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Subjunctive
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Imperative
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | Perfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Imperfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Perfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Imperfective
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -(2)'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -(2)2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -(2)'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''(2)a23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''3 1u2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a23e'''-
|-
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -L'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -L2'''a'''3 i2'''e'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -L'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''La23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''L3'''i'''- -1'''e'''i3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1L'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''L3'''u'''- -1'''ew'''i3'''y'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1aL3e'''- -'''1ei3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2L'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''L-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2L'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Le'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -R'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -R2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -R'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Re'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ē'''3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1R'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ā'''3'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ā3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2R'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''ā'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2R'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Re'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -S'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -S2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -S'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Sa23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''S3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1S'''a'''3 S1'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''S3'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1aS3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2S'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''S-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2S'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Se'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -J'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -i2'''e'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -J'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Ja23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''i3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1J'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ew'''i3'''y'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ei3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2'''ī'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''J-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2J'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Je'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -W'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -u2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -w'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Wa23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''y3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1W'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''aū'''3'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1au3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2y'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''W-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2'''ū'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2We'''-
|}

'''Eḥeiθymmen''' may also form verb constructions via periphrasis with modal verbs. There are numerous such modal verbs expressing variable meanings, shades of meanings, and overlapping of meanings. These may also be in the indicative, subjunctive, or imperative.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Positive and Negative Verb Construction with Modals in Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Positive
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Negative
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''ad-α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive'' '''β'''+''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''+''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
|}

===Voice===

Voice in '''Eḥeiθymme''' is constructed entirely morphosyntactically, and depends on the relationship between a transitive or intransitive verb with nouns in the ergative case and nouns in the absolutive case. When constructing these voices, the copula always remains in the second position. Any modal, other inflected verb, or infinitive remains at the end. For sentences not in need of a copula construction, such as the Perfective Past tense or the Imperfective Non-past tense, then the position otherwise held by the copula is instead held by the inflected verb, and is no longer at the end of the sentence. Similarly, in those tenses are being constructed with the modal plus the infinitive, then the modal is placed in the second position, and the infinitive is at the end.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' has three distinct voice constructions:

'''1. Active voice''' indicates that the subject of the sentence performs the action of a transitive or an intransitive verb, or causes the happening denoted by the verb.
* N''ergative'' + V''transitive'' + N''absolutive''
* N''ergative'' + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''transitive''
* N''ergative'' + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''modal'' + V''infinitive''
* N''ergative'' + V''modal'' + N''absolutive'' + V''infinitive''

* ∅ + V''intransitive'' + N''absolutive''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''intransitive''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''modal'' + V''infinitive''
* ∅ + V''modal'' + N''absolutive'' + V''infinitive''

'''2. Anti-passive voice''' takes the transitive verb and make it "less transitive" (read, more intransitive) by retaining that verb but putting the ergative noun into an absolutive or oblique construct, and thus conveys prominence of the agent and what they did, while the patient is left not as important (and thus demoted to oblique).
* N''absolutive'' + V''transitive'' + N''oblique''
* N''absolutive'' + V''copula'' + N''oblique'' + V''transitive''
* N''absolutive'' + V''copula'' + N''oblique'' + V''modal'' + V''infinitive''
* N''absolutive'' + V''modal'' + N''oblique'' + V''infinitive''

'''3. Anti-active voice''' takes the intransitive verb and make it "less intransitive" (read, more transitive) by taking a null space object (the oblique or absolutive) and realizing it with an actual argument, and thus conveys prominence to an object. Admittedly, there are very few instances of the anti-active voice.
* ∅ + V''intransitive'' + N''ergative''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''ergative'' + V''intransitive''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''ergative'' + V''modal''+ V''infinitive''
* ∅ + V''modal'' + N''ergative'' + V''infinitive''

In the active voice, the verb may be either transitive or intransitive. In the anti-passive voice, the verb must be transitive. In the anti-active voice, the verb must be intransitive. Finally, note that transitivity is entirely semantic; there is no overt marking to indicate if a verb is transitive or intransitive.

===Infinitive===

The infinitive form of the verb in '''Eḥeiθymme''' is used in the construction of verb tenses when the use of a modal is employed. The infinitive may be used as a verbal noun if made definite.

Morpho-phonological phenomena and historical processes notwithstanding, the general structure of the infinitive is the following:

* The Infinitive: '''1a12e3'''

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Infinitival Construction in Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! style="text-align: center;" | Infinitive
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(2)a(2)2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12e3'''
|-
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''LaL2e3''' '''Lei2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''LaL1e3''' '''Lei1e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eL'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''Rā2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1Re3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12ā'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''SaS2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1Se3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eS'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''Jei2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1Je3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eJ'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1au2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1We3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eW'''
|}

===Conjugation===

Grammatical person as agent/subject as well as object and number are designated via affixation. Mood is designated via change of vowel in the stem as well as affixation in the case of the imperative. The following table shows the paradigm of the positive copula, '''R-J-D''', with no marking made for the object.

{| class="wikitable nowrap" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Paradigm of the Positive Copula, R-J-D, with Agent/Subject Marking Only'''
! Mood
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
|-
! rowspan="9" | Indicative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rerjad''
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rjad''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhua-'''''rerjad''
| '''dhua-'''''rjad''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''rerjeð''
| '''ive-'''''rjeð''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''rerjad''
| '''me-'''''rjad''
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ā-'''''rerjad''
| '''ā-'''''rjad''
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjad''
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjad''
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjad''
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
|-
! rowspan="9" | Subjunctive
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rerjuð''
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rjuð''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhua-'''''rerjuð''
| '''dhua-'''''rjuð''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''rerjyð''
| '''ive-'''''rjyð''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''rerjuð''
| '''me-'''''rjuð''
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ā-'''''rerjuð''
| '''ā-'''''rjuð''
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjuð''
| '''anta-'''''rjuð''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjuð''
| '''anta-'''''rjuð''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjuð''
| '''anta-'''''rjuð''
|-
! rowspan="9" | Imperative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | –
| rowspan="2" | –
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
| '''dhye-'''''rjeði''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| '''ive-'''''rjeði''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| '''me-'''''rjeði''
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''rjeði''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''rjeði''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''rjeði''
|}

While noun marking and syntax obey the rules of ergative-absolutive alignment, person marking on verbs follows nominative-accusative alignment rules. The agent/subject person is realized as a prefix, while the object is realized as a suffix. Many of the person markers for prefixes are wholly dissimilar to their suffix counterparts, though most exhibit at least a shared thematic consonant. The following table shows the paradigm of the positive copula, '''R-Y-D''', with marking made for the object as well as the agent/subject.

{| class="wikitable nowrap" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Paradigm of the Positive Copula, R-J-D, with Agent/Subject and Object Marking'''
! Mood
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
|-
! rowspan="9" | Indicative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rerjad'''''-al'''
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rjad'''''-al'''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhua-'''''rerjeð'''''-ið'''
| '''dhua-'''''rjeð'''''-ið'''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''rerjeð'''''-iv'''
| '''ive-'''''rjeð'''''-iv'''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''rerjad'''''-am'''
| '''me-'''''rjad'''''-am'''
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ā-'''''rerjad'''''-ah'''
| '''ā-'''''rjad'''''-ah'''
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjad'''''-an'''
| '''anta-'''''rjad'''''-an'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjad'''''-an'''
| '''anta-'''''rjad'''''-an'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjad'''''-an'''
| '''anta-'''''rjad'''''-an'''
|-
! rowspan="9" | Subjunctive
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rerjuð'''''-al'''
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rjuð'''''-al'''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhua-'''''rerjyð'''''-ið'''
| '''dhua-'''''rjyð'''''-ið'''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''rerjyð'''''-iv'''
| '''ive-'''''rjyð'''''-iv'''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''rerjuð'''''-am'''
| '''me-'''''rjuð'''''-am'''
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ā-'''''rerjuð'''''-ah'''
| '''ā-'''''rjuð'''''-ah'''
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjuð'''''-an'''
| '''anta-'''''rjuð'''''-an'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjuð'''''-an'''
| '''anta-'''''rjuð'''''-an'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjuð'''''-an'''
| '''anta-'''''rjuð'''''-an'''
|-
! rowspan="9" | Imperative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | –
| rowspan="2" | –
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
| '''dhye-'''''rjeð'''''-ið'''''i''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| '''ive-'''''rjeð'''''-iv'''''i''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| '''me-'''''rjeð'''''-em'''''i''
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''rjeð'''''-en'''''i''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''rjeð'''''-en'''''i''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''rjeð'''''-en'''''i''
|}

==Nouns==

Nouns in '''Eḥeiθymme''' are not inflected for grammatical gender, number, or case. Neither the noun nor the adjective differentiate gender, in contrast to the obligatorily marked gender of the pronouns. An exception to this is when the noun is explicitly gendered, to reflect specifically gendered subjects. This distinction is wholly semantic. Number and case are entirely encoded in the definite article. Nouns are inflected for state.

* The structure of a '''Basic Noun''' is: '''-1v23-''', where '''-v-''' may be any vowel, but is usually '''-a-''' or '''-u-'''.

===Definiteness===

'''Eḥeiθymme''' has various definite and indefinite articles controlling the number and case of the modified noun. Proper nouns are definite by definition, and so do not require the definite article. Case for proper nouns is realized variously, by context or by adpositions.

* The '''Singular Definite Article''' is: ''' -'''
* The '''Plural Definite Article''' is: ''' -'''
* The '''Paucal Definite Article''' is: ''' -'''

* The '''Singular Indefinite Article''' is: '''a-'''
* The '''Plural Indefinite Article''' is: ''' -'''
* The '''Paucal Indefinite Article''' is: ''' -'''

====Case====

===State===

====Absolute State====

====Construct State====

==Modifiers==

===Adjectives===

===Adverbs===

==Particles==

==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==

==Other resources==




[[Category:Eḥeiθymme]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Eḥeiθymmen Amran

2019-09-19T04:10:35Z

Deltaquebec: /* Tense */

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="float:right;" width="35%"
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffffff; font-size:1.2em;" | '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' [ɛˈçej.θym.mɛn ˈar.jad ɛçˈðej.θym.mɛː ˈam.ran]
|-
| '''Creator:''' || Daniel Quigley
|-
| '''Spoken in:''' || Amran
|-
| '''World:''' || ''Leaves'' Stories
|-
| '''Total Speakers:''' || ~ 18,000,000
|-
| '''Basic word order:''' || Strict V2
|-
| '''Morphological Type:''' || Fusional
|-
| '''Morphosyntactic Alignment:''' || Split Ergative-Absolutive
|-
| '''Inspirations:''' || Arabic, German, Finnish, Welsh, Basque, English, Menominee
|-
| '''Status:''' || In Progress
|-
| '''Link to full documentation:''' || *forthcoming*
|}

'''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' is an ''a priori'' artistic constructed language in development by Daniel Quigley, providing the framework for which the author’s creative works and worldbuilding are guided. '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''', or '''Eḥeiθymmen Amran''' or '''Eḥeiθymme''', is the dominant language of the people of Amran.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is characterized by significant word-internal sound-change, a "root-and-pattern" morphology, and strict word order. '''Eḥeiθymme''' readily accepts words of non-native origin, but tends to force said loans into its morphological paradigm.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is typologically a fusional language. Nouns, modifiers, and verbs are typically formed via a root-and-pattern triconsonantal root system, and movement between the three is highly fluid. Nouns are not inflected for number and case; these details are encoded in the definiteness marked by an article. Other modifiers, such as adverbs, are not inflected in the same way, though similarities may be found in certain contexts. Verbs entirely depend upon their construction with a positive or a negative copula, and most tenses are formed via periphrasis. Some particles are inflected for person. '''Eḥeiθymme''' is a Split Ergative-Absolutive aligned language, in which nouns tend to obey ergative-absolutive alignment rules, and person marking on the verb tends to obey nominative-accusative alignment rules. '''Eḥeiθymme''' has strict V2 word order despite the presence of extensive case marking.

==Introduction==

===Setting===

'''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' is the lingua franca of Amran. The people of Amran are exceptionally diverse in language, culture, and identity. At the time of the ''Leaves'' stories, Amran is in its twilight years and is a ghost of its former self. Amran's vast landscape follows from a temperate biome to a taiga biome, dominated by thick forests, abundant snowfall in many regions, and mountainous regions further inland. Much of the population is concentrated along the coastal regions, while inland is mostly uninhabited by humans.

===Etymology===

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is a word built from nominal form of the root '''∅-Y-T''' indicating "language, speaking, articulated speech", rendered as '''ait''', which morphs to '''eiθ''', the '''ah-''' prefix, which morphs to '''eḥ-''', formulates proper nouns out of common nouns, and the suffix '''-umma''', which morphs to '''-ymme''', which is the augmentive suffix. In genitive constructions involving a proper noun fulfilling the genitive role, the possessed noun is in the construct state, sometimes unrealized morphologically, but in this case, it is indicated by '''-n'''. '''Arjad''' is from the positive copula '''R-J-D''', '''Eḥðeirymmē''' is built from the nominal form of '''D-J-R''' indicating "earth, land", rendered as '''dair''', which morphs to '''ðeir''', the '''ah-''' prefix, which morphs to '''eḥ-''', formulates proper nouns out of common nouns, and the suffix '''-umma''', which morphs to '''-ymmē''' in the absolutive case, and '''amran''' is the imperfective verbal form from the root '''M-R-N''' indicating "goodness, pleasantness, well-being". All morphing in sounds are accounted for in the section on sound change.

Taken altogether, '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' translates to “the principle language of Amran”, or, "the principal language of the good land".

===Goals===

The driving goal of '''Eḥeiθymme''' is to provide a framework for the author’s creative works and worldbuilding. To that end, '''Eḥeiθymme''' ought to be a naturalistic constructed language, and ought to be pleasant to look at and to hear (admittedly, this is wholly subjective, and others may disagree with to the extent to which this was fulfilled).

===Development, Inspiration, Forthcoming===

The history of '''Eḥeiθymme''' as a constructed language is relatively recent, and stems from the author's desire to construct a language with a Semitic style, and from the author's investigations into tense, mood, and aspect systems of world languages during his undergraduate career in linguistics. The earliest dedicated work on the language originated with the name of an individual, '''Iḥliθ''', whose meaning is yet elusive, and the now-defunct word for a ruler, '''aryad''', which has since come to be the positive copula.

Because much of the creative works and worldbuilding for which '''Eḥeiθymme''' guides concern themselves with cultural contact, exchange, and conflict, the two dominant languages of the world, [[Ahāmatya|'''Ahāmatya''']] and '''Eḥeiθymme''', are deliberately designed to be dissimilar, with regards to the make-up and feel of the language. The inspirations of the language include, but are not limited to, Arabic, German, Finnish, Welsh, Basque, English, Menominee. While some overlap exists in the inspirations for '''Ahāmatya''' and '''Eḥeiθymme''', any overt similarities are deliberately avoided.

A more in-depth and detailed documentation is forthcoming, which includes in-universe terminology for grammatical categories and descriptions. The author hopes to someday have the creative works published.

==Phonology==




===Consonants===
'''Eḥeiθymme''' has five major places of articulation and six manners of articulation, and yields twenty-three consonants in total.

{|class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=text-align:center
|+'''Consonant Inventory of Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="3" |
! Labial
! Alveolar
! Palatal
! Velar
! Glottal
|-
! colspan="3" | Nasal
| '''m''' = [m]
| '''n''' = [n]
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Stop
! {{small|''unvoiced''}}
| '''p''' = [p]
| '''t''' = [t]
|
| '''k''' = [k]
|
|-
! {{small|''voiced''}}
| '''b''' = [b]
| '''d''' = [d]
|
| '''g''' = [g]
|
|-
! rowspan="4" | Fricative
! rowspan="2" | {{small|sibilant}}
! {{small|''unvoiced''}}
|
| '''s''' = [s]
| '''ʃ''' = [ʃ]
|
|
|-
! {{small|''voiced''}}
|
|
| '''ʒ''' = [ʒ]
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | {{small|non-sibilant}}
! {{small|''unvoiced''}}
| '''f''' = [f]
| '''θ''' = [θ]
| '''ḥ''' = [ç]
| '''x''' = [x]
| '''h''' = [h]
|-
! {{small|''voiced''}}
| '''v''' = [v]
| '''ð''' = [ð]
|
| '''ɣ''' = [ɣ]
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Semi-vowel
| '''w''' = [w]
|
| '''y''' = [j]
|
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Lateral
|
| '''l''' = [l]
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Rhotic
|
| '''r''' = [r]
|
|
|
|}

===Vowels and Diphthongs===
'''Eḥeiθymme''' has five short vowels and five long vowels, a distinction manifested as the long vowels' sound being held twice as long as short vowels' sound.

The short vowels are the following: '''i''', '''e''', '''a''', '''y''', '''u'''. The long vowels are the following: '''ī''', '''ē''', '''ā''', '''ȳ''', '''ū'''. Note that, when spoken, there is some variation in the actual pronunciation of /ɛ:/, and may be more accurately pronounced as [e:].

'''Eḥeiθymme''' has three diphthongs, all of which have length equivalent to long vowels. The diphthongs are the following: '''ei''', '''ey''', '''au'''.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Vowel and Diphthong Inventory of Eḥeiθymme'''
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Front
! rowspan="2" | Back
|-
! unrounded
! rounded
|-
! Close
| '''i''' = [i] '''ī''' = [i:]
| '''y''' = [y] '''ȳ''' = [y:]
| '''u''' = [u] '''ū''' = [u:]
|-
! Mid
| '''e''' = [ɛ] ~ [e] '''ē''' = [ɛ:] ~ [e:]
|
|
|-
! Open
|
|
| '''a''' = [a] '''ā''' = [a:]
|- style="text-align: center;"
!Diphthongs
| colspan="3" |'''ei''' = [ej], '''ey''' = [eɥ], '''au''' = [aw]
|}

===Prosody and Stress===

Syllables are determined by vowel-sounds and diphthong-sounds. There is one vowel or diphthong per syllable. A syllable will tend to be closed, and tend not to contain a consonant in the onset if it can be avoided.

The determination of stress is understood within the bounds of the ultimate to antepenultimate syllable.

'''1. If the word at most contains:'''
* three syllables, then the first syllable is stressed.
* two syllables, then the first syllable is stressed.
* one syllable, then that syllable is stressed.

'''2. If the word contains:'''
* more than three syllables, then the antepenultimate syllable is stressed.
* a diphthong or a long vowel in the ultimate, penultimate, or antepenultimate syllable, then that syllable is stressed.

===Sound Change===

There exists three general rules of sound change in '''Eḥeiθymme''', one of which involves the mutation of consonants, one of which involves a harmonization of the vowels in a word, and one that turns consonants into vowels.

'''1. The consonant moves to its fricative counterpart in the environment that it follows a front vowel or a voiceless palatal fricative.'''

* t → θ
* d → ð
* p → f
* b → v
* k → x
* g → ɣ
* h → ḥ = ç

'''2. If a close, front, unrounded vowel exists anywhere in the word, then the close, back vowel becomes the close, front, rounded vowel, and the open, back vowel becomes the mid, front, unrounded vowel.'''

* u → y / ...i...
* a → e / ...i...

'''3. A semi-vowel becomes its vowel counterpart in the environment that it preceeds immediately a non-semi-vowel consonant.'''

* j → i / _C
* w → u / _C

==Morphology==

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is characterized by a '''nonconcatenative morphology''', or "root-and-pattern" morphology. Words are constructed from an abstract consonantal root structure according to any of several templates. The roots of words tend to be made of two or three consonants, though roots of one or four are not unheard of. Words not of an '''Eḥeiθymme''' origin are made to follow '''Eḥeiθymme''''s morphollogy, and so can exhibit an atypical number of consonant roots. Additionally, '''Eḥeiθymme''' is not without discrete morphemes in the form of affixes in addition to the characteristic nonconcatenative morphology.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Eḥeiθymme Inflectional and Derivational Morphology Structure'''
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Root
! colspan="7" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μ1v2v3μ
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Constituent Parts
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μ
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 1
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | v
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 2
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | v
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 3
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μ
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|morphemic prefix}}
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|first radical}}
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|vowel}}
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|second radical}}
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|vowel}}
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|third radical}}
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|morphemic suffix}}
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Information and Details
| style="text-align: left;" |
* arbitrary morpheme
| style="text-align: left;" |
* if '''zero''', then '''1''' may equate with '''2''' in certain situations
| style="text-align: left;" |
* arbitrary vowel, may be '''zero'''
| style="text-align: left;" |
* if '''j''' or '''w''', may become equivalent vowel
* may be doubled
| style="text-align: left;" |
* contains information regarding mood
* arbitrary vowel, may be '''zero'''
| style="text-align: left;" |
* arbitrary consonant
| style="text-align: left;" |
* arbitrary morpheme
|}

==Verbs==

Verbs in '''Eḥeiθymme''' are predominantly aspectual, and show no overt morphological distinction to reflect time. Tenses are constructed typically by periphrasis. Mood is constructed via periphrasis for moods that are not indicative, subjunctive, or imperative, with one of several modal verbs. Voice is distinguished morphologically in unison with periphrasis. Person is marked directly on the verb by distinct morphemes.

On the verb itself, the following may be marked:

* Two aspects (perfective, imperfective)
* Three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter)
* Four persons (first, second, third, indeterminate)
* Agent/subject and patient
* Three numbers (singular, plural, paucal)
* Three moods (indicative, subjunctive, imperative)

Critical to the construction of the verb and verb phrase is the '''copula''', of which there exists both a '''positive''' copula '''R-J-D''' and a '''negative''' copula '''∅-M-N''' . Additionally, there exists an infinitive form of the verb that is used with modals.

Since verbs are constructed regularly via predictable combinatorics, it is useful to make a generalized template with which to consult. '''α''' and '''β''' are assumed to have been inflected for agent/subject and/or object person marking.

* '''α''' is a verb in the perfective aspect construction
* '''β''' is a verb in the imperfective aspect construction
* '''V''' is the full verb
* subscript "copula" means that that verb is the copula
* superscript "+" or "-" means that that verb is either the positive or the negative form (of the copula)
* subscript "modal" means that that verb is a modal verb
* subscript "infinitive" means that that verb is in the infinitive form of the verb

===Verb Class===

Verbs in '''Eḥeiθymme''' fall into one of several classes, determined by the consonants of their root structure. Subsequently, the various inflectional and derivational forms of the verb depend on their class.

===Tense===

Tense is constructed combinatorially with the copula, with an explicitly defined aspectual distinction. For a diachronic treatment of the morphological forms of the '''Eḥeiθymme''' verb, please consult the appendix.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' distinguishes between three aspects: the '''Perfective''' aspect indicates an action completed, or an action as a whole; the '''Imperfective''' aspect indicates a continuous action; the '''Perfect''' aspect indicates a completed action prior to some event in context. Only the Perfective and the Imperfective have unique morphological templates; the Perfective aspect is formed via periphrasis.

The overt forms of the various aspects is dependent on the consonant make-up of the root, of which belongs to the system of consonant roots. Such roots exhibit two or three consonants. Roots whose consonants are '''phonologically stable''' are roots whose consonants are not lateral (L-roots), rhotic (R-roots), fricative (S-roots), or semi-vowel (J-roots and W-roots), and are the so-called CCC-roots. '''Phonologically unstable''' roots exhibit minor irregularities in their construction, of which depends on the location of the unstable consonant(s) in the root: initial, medial, final. Roots consisting of two consonants, called ∅CC-roots, have variable manifestations and typically form via leveling, realized as the 2 consonant being doubled and acting as the 1 consonant.

Morpho-phonological phenomena and historical processes notwithstanding, the general structure of aspect is the following:

* The Perfective Aspect: '''-1e23i-'''
* The Imperfective Aspect: '''-12a3-'''

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Aspect Construction in Eḥeiθymme (Indicative Mood Shown Here)'''
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! style="text-align: center;" | Perfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Imperfective
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''(2)e23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''(2)2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12a3'''- -'''1u2a3'''-1
|-
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Le23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''L2a3'''- -'''i2e3'''-2
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1eL3i'''- -'''1ei3i'''-3
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1La3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Li'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aL'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Re23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''R2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ē3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Ra3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Ri'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12ā'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Se23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''S2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1eS3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Sa3'''- -'''S1a3'''-4
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Si'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aS'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Je23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''i2e3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ei3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Ja3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2ī'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aJ'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''We23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''u2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ey3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Wa3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2yi'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aW'''-
|}

:<nowiki>1</nowiki> If 1 and 2 are stops
:<nowiki>2</nowiki> If 2 is a stop
:<nowiki>3</nowiki> If 3 is a stop
:<nowiki>4</nowiki> If 1 is a stop

'''Eḥeiθymme''' distinguishes two times: the '''Past''' time indicates actions in the past; the '''Non-Past''' time indicates actions not in the past, and in some contexts covers both the present and the future. Aspect and time combine to yield tense.

* The '''Perfective Past Tense''' indicates a simple completed action in the past. It is the composition of perfective aspect and past time.

* The '''Imperfective Past Tense''' indicates an ongoing or incomplete action in the past time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and past time.

* The '''Imperfective Non-Past Tense''' indicates an ongoing action in the non-past time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and non-past time. Additionally, this tense may also be used to refer to the equivalent of a future time, depending on the context.

* The '''Perfect Past Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another completed action. It is the composition of perfect aspect and past time.

* The '''Perfect Non-Past Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another action. It is the composition of perfect aspect and non-past time.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Positive and Negative Verb Construction without Modals in Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Positive
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Negative
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''ad-α'''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β''' '''β'''+''copula'' + '''β'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''β'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''β'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''β'''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''+''copula'' + '''α'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''α'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''α'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''α'''
|}

===Mood===

'''Eḥeiθymmen''' has three distinctly marked moods: the '''Indicative''' mood indicates factual statements, inquiry of simple questions, and the statement of beliefs; the '''Subjunctive''' mood indicates imaginary or hypothetical actions, conveys opinions or emotions, or conveys requests; the '''Imperative''' mood indicates a directed command.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Verb Construction in Eḥeiθymme for Morphological Mood'''
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Indicative
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Subjunctive
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Imperative
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | Perfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Imperfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Perfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Imperfective
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -(2)'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -(2)2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -(2)'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''(2)a23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''3 1u2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a23e'''-
|-
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -L'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -L2'''a'''3 i2'''e'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -L'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''La23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''L3'''i'''- -1'''e'''i3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1L'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''L3'''u'''- -1'''ew'''i3'''y'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1aL3e'''- -'''1ei3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2L'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''L-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2L'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Le'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -R'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -R2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -R'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Re'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ē'''3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1R'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ā'''3'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ā3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2R'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''ā'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2R'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Re'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -S'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -S2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -S'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Sa23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''S3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1S'''a'''3 S1'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''S3'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1aS3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2S'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''S-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2S'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Se'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -J'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -i2'''e'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -J'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Ja23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''i3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1J'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ew'''i3'''y'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ei3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2'''ī'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''J-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2J'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Je'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -W'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -u2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -w'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Wa23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''y3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1W'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''aū'''3'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1au3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2y'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''W-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2'''ū'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2We'''-
|}

'''Eḥeiθymmen''' may also form verb constructions via periphrasis with modal verbs. There are numerous such modal verbs expressing variable meanings, shades of meanings, and overlapping of meanings. These may also be in the indicative, subjunctive, or imperative.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Positive and Negative Verb Construction with Modals in Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Positive
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Negative
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''ad-α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive'' '''β'''+''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''+''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
|}

===Voice===

Voice in '''Eḥeiθymme''' is constructed entirely morphosyntactically, and depends on the relationship between a transitive or intransitive verb with nouns in the ergative case and nouns in the absolutive case. When constructing these voices, the copula always remains in the second position. Any modal, other inflected verb, or infinitive remains at the end. For sentences not in need of a copula construction, such as the Perfective Past tense or the Imperfective Non-past tense, then the position otherwise held by the copula is instead held by the inflected verb, and is no longer at the end of the sentence. Similarly, in those tenses are being constructed with the modal plus the infinitive, then the modal is placed in the second position, and the infinitive is at the end.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' has three distinct voice constructions:

'''1. Active voice''' indicates that the subject of the sentence performs the action of a transitive or an intransitive verb, or causes the happening denoted by the verb.
* N''ergative'' + V''transitive'' + N''absolutive''
* N''ergative'' + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''transitive''
* N''ergative'' + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''modal'' + V''infinitive''
* N''ergative'' + V''modal'' + N''absolutive'' + V''infinitive''

* ∅ + V''intransitive'' + N''absolutive''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''intransitive''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''modal'' + V''infinitive''
* ∅ + V''modal'' + N''absolutive'' + V''infinitive''

'''2. Anti-passive voice''' takes the transitive verb and make it "less transitive" (read, more intransitive) by retaining that verb but putting the ergative noun into an absolutive or oblique construct, and thus conveys prominence of the agent and what they did, while the patient is left not as important (and thus demoted to oblique).
* N''absolutive'' + V''transitive'' + N''oblique''
* N''absolutive'' + V''copula'' + N''oblique'' + V''transitive''
* N''absolutive'' + V''copula'' + N''oblique'' + V''modal'' + V''infinitive''
* N''absolutive'' + V''modal'' + N''oblique'' + V''infinitive''

'''3. Anti-active voice''' takes the intransitive verb and make it "less intransitive" (read, more transitive) by taking a null space object (the oblique or absolutive) and realizing it with an actual argument, and thus conveys prominence to an object. Admittedly, there are very few instances of the anti-active voice.
* ∅ + V''intransitive'' + N''ergative''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''ergative'' + V''intransitive''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''ergative'' + V''modal''+ V''infinitive''
* ∅ + V''modal'' + N''ergative'' + V''infinitive''

In the active voice, the verb may be either transitive or intransitive. In the anti-passive voice, the verb must be transitive. In the anti-active voice, the verb must be intransitive. Finally, note that transitivity is entirely semantic; there is no overt marking to indicate if a verb is transitive or intransitive.

===Infinitive===

The infinitive form of the verb in '''Eḥeiθymme''' is used in the construction of verb tenses when the use of a modal is employed. The infinitive may be used as a verbal noun if made definite.

Morpho-phonological phenomena and historical processes notwithstanding, the general structure of the infinitive is the following:

* The Infinitive: '''1a12e3'''

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Infinitival Construction in Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! style="text-align: center;" | Infinitive
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(2)a(2)2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12e3'''
|-
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''LaL2e3''' '''Lei2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''LaL1e3''' '''Lei1e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eL'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''Rā2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1Re3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12ā'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''SaS2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1Se3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eS'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''Jei2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1Je3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eJ'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1au2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1We3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eW'''
|}

===Conjugation===

Grammatical person as agent/subject as well as object and number are designated via affixation. Mood is designated via change of vowel in the stem as well as affixation in the case of the imperative. The following table shows the paradigm of the positive copula, '''R-J-D''', with no marking made for the object.

{| class="wikitable nowrap" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Paradigm of the Positive Copula, R-J-D, with Agent/Subject Marking Only'''
! Mood
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
|-
! rowspan="9" | Indicative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rerjad''
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rjad''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhua-'''''rerjad''
| '''dhua-'''''rjad''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''rerjeð''
| '''ive-'''''rjeð''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''rerjad''
| '''me-'''''rjad''
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ā-'''''rerjad''
| '''ā-'''''rjad''
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjad''
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjad''
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjad''
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
|-
! rowspan="9" | Subjunctive
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rerjuð''
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rjuð''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhua-'''''rerjuð''
| '''dhua-'''''rjuð''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''rerjyð''
| '''ive-'''''rjyð''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''rerjuð''
| '''me-'''''rjuð''
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ā-'''''rerjuð''
| '''ā-'''''rjuð''
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjuð''
| '''anta-'''''rjuð''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjuð''
| '''anta-'''''rjuð''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjuð''
| '''anta-'''''rjuð''
|-
! rowspan="9" | Imperative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | –
| rowspan="2" | –
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
| '''dhye-'''''rjeði''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| '''ive-'''''rjeði''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| '''me-'''''rjeði''
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''rjeði''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''rjeði''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''rjeði''
|}

While noun marking and syntax obey the rules of ergative-absolutive alignment, person marking on verbs follows nominative-accusative alignment rules. The agent/subject person is realized as a prefix, while the object is realized as a suffix. Many of the person markers for prefixes are wholly dissimilar to their suffix counterparts, though most exhibit at least a shared thematic consonant. The following table shows the paradigm of the positive copula, '''R-Y-D''', with marking made for the object as well as the agent/subject.

{| class="wikitable nowrap" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Paradigm of the Positive Copula, R-J-D, with Agent/Subject and Object Marking'''
! Mood
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
|-
! rowspan="9" | Indicative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rerjad'''''-al'''
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rjad'''''-al'''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhua-'''''rerjeð'''''-ið'''
| '''dhua-'''''rjeð'''''-ið'''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''rerjeð'''''-iv'''
| '''ive-'''''rjeð'''''-iv'''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''rerjad'''''-am'''
| '''me-'''''rjad'''''-am'''
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ā-'''''rerjad'''''-ah'''
| '''ā-'''''rjad'''''-ah'''
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjad'''''-an'''
| '''anta-'''''rjad'''''-an'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjad'''''-an'''
| '''anta-'''''rjad'''''-an'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjad'''''-an'''
| '''anta-'''''rjad'''''-an'''
|-
! rowspan="9" | Subjunctive
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rerjuð'''''-al'''
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rjuð'''''-al'''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhua-'''''rerjyð'''''-ið'''
| '''dhua-'''''rjyð'''''-ið'''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''rerjyð'''''-iv'''
| '''ive-'''''rjyð'''''-iv'''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''rerjuð'''''-am'''
| '''me-'''''rjuð'''''-am'''
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ā-'''''rerjuð'''''-ah'''
| '''ā-'''''rjuð'''''-ah'''
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjuð'''''-an'''
| '''anta-'''''rjuð'''''-an'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjuð'''''-an'''
| '''anta-'''''rjuð'''''-an'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjuð'''''-an'''
| '''anta-'''''rjuð'''''-an'''
|-
! rowspan="9" | Imperative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | –
| rowspan="2" | –
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
| '''dhye-'''''rjeð'''''-ið'''''i''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| '''ive-'''''rjeð'''''-iv'''''i''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| '''me-'''''rjeð'''''-em'''''i''
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''rjeð'''''-en'''''i''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''rjeð'''''-en'''''i''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''rjeð'''''-en'''''i''
|}

==Nouns==

Nouns in '''Eḥeiθymme''' are not inflected for grammatical gender, number, or case. Neither the noun nor the adjective differentiate gender, in contrast to the obligatorily marked gender of the pronouns. An exception to this is when the noun is explicitly gendered, to reflect specifically gendered subjects. This distinction is wholly semantic. Number and case are entirely encoded in the definite article. Nouns are inflected for state.

* The structure of a '''Basic Noun''' is: '''-1v23-''', where '''-v-''' may be any vowel, but is usually '''-a-''' or '''-u-'''.

===Definiteness===

'''Eḥeiθymme''' has various definite and indefinite articles controlling the number and case of the modified noun. Proper nouns are definite by definition, and so do not require the definite article. Case for proper nouns is realized variously, by context or by adpositions.

* The '''Singular Definite Article''' is: ''' -'''
* The '''Plural Definite Article''' is: ''' -'''
* The '''Paucal Definite Article''' is: ''' -'''

* The '''Singular Indefinite Article''' is: '''a-'''
* The '''Plural Indefinite Article''' is: ''' -'''
* The '''Paucal Indefinite Article''' is: ''' -'''

====Case====

===State===

====Absolute State====

====Construct State====

==Modifiers==

===Adjectives===

===Adverbs===

==Particles==

==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==

==Other resources==




[[Category:Eḥeiθymme]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Eḥeiθymmen Amran

2019-09-18T06:36:15Z

Deltaquebec: /* Mood */

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="float:right;" width="35%"
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffffff; font-size:1.2em;" | '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' [ɛˈçej.θym.mɛn ˈar.jad ɛçˈðej.θym.mɛː ˈam.ran]
|-
| '''Creator:''' || Daniel Quigley
|-
| '''Spoken in:''' || Amran
|-
| '''World:''' || ''Leaves'' Stories
|-
| '''Total Speakers:''' || ~ 18,000,000
|-
| '''Basic word order:''' || Strict V2
|-
| '''Morphological Type:''' || Fusional
|-
| '''Morphosyntactic Alignment:''' || Split Ergative-Absolutive
|-
| '''Inspirations:''' || Arabic, German, Finnish, Welsh, Basque, English, Menominee
|-
| '''Status:''' || In Progress
|-
| '''Link to full documentation:''' || *forthcoming*
|}

'''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' is an ''a priori'' artistic constructed language in development by Daniel Quigley, providing the framework for which the author’s creative works and worldbuilding are guided. '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''', or '''Eḥeiθymmen Amran''' or '''Eḥeiθymme''', is the dominant language of the people of Amran.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is characterized by significant word-internal sound-change, a "root-and-pattern" morphology, and strict word order. '''Eḥeiθymme''' readily accepts words of non-native origin, but tends to force said loans into its morphological paradigm.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is typologically a fusional language. Nouns, modifiers, and verbs are typically formed via a root-and-pattern triconsonantal root system, and movement between the three is highly fluid. Nouns are not inflected for number and case; these details are encoded in the definiteness marked by an article. Other modifiers, such as adverbs, are not inflected in the same way, though similarities may be found in certain contexts. Verbs entirely depend upon their construction with a positive or a negative copula, and most tenses are formed via periphrasis. Some particles are inflected for person. '''Eḥeiθymme''' is a Split Ergative-Absolutive aligned language, in which nouns tend to obey ergative-absolutive alignment rules, and person marking on the verb tends to obey nominative-accusative alignment rules. '''Eḥeiθymme''' has strict V2 word order despite the presence of extensive case marking.

==Introduction==

===Setting===

'''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' is the lingua franca of Amran. The people of Amran are exceptionally diverse in language, culture, and identity. At the time of the ''Leaves'' stories, Amran is in its twilight years and is a ghost of its former self. Amran's vast landscape follows from a temperate biome to a taiga biome, dominated by thick forests, abundant snowfall in many regions, and mountainous regions further inland. Much of the population is concentrated along the coastal regions, while inland is mostly uninhabited by humans.

===Etymology===

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is a word built from nominal form of the root '''∅-Y-T''' indicating "language, speaking, articulated speech", rendered as '''ait''', which morphs to '''eiθ''', the '''ah-''' prefix, which morphs to '''eḥ-''', formulates proper nouns out of common nouns, and the suffix '''-umma''', which morphs to '''-ymme''', which is the augmentive suffix. In genitive constructions involving a proper noun fulfilling the genitive role, the possessed noun is in the construct state, sometimes unrealized morphologically, but in this case, it is indicated by '''-n'''. '''Arjad''' is from the positive copula '''R-J-D''', '''Eḥðeirymmē''' is built from the nominal form of '''D-J-R''' indicating "earth, land", rendered as '''dair''', which morphs to '''ðeir''', the '''ah-''' prefix, which morphs to '''eḥ-''', formulates proper nouns out of common nouns, and the suffix '''-umma''', which morphs to '''-ymmē''' in the absolutive case, and '''amran''' is the imperfective verbal form from the root '''M-R-N''' indicating "goodness, pleasantness, well-being". All morphing in sounds are accounted for in the section on sound change.

Taken altogether, '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' translates to “the principle language of Amran”, or, "the principal language of the good land".

===Goals===

The driving goal of '''Eḥeiθymme''' is to provide a framework for the author’s creative works and worldbuilding. To that end, '''Eḥeiθymme''' ought to be a naturalistic constructed language, and ought to be pleasant to look at and to hear (admittedly, this is wholly subjective, and others may disagree with to the extent to which this was fulfilled).

===Development, Inspiration, Forthcoming===

The history of '''Eḥeiθymme''' as a constructed language is relatively recent, and stems from the author's desire to construct a language with a Semitic style, and from the author's investigations into tense, mood, and aspect systems of world languages during his undergraduate career in linguistics. The earliest dedicated work on the language originated with the name of an individual, '''Iḥliθ''', whose meaning is yet elusive, and the now-defunct word for a ruler, '''aryad''', which has since come to be the positive copula.

Because much of the creative works and worldbuilding for which '''Eḥeiθymme''' guides concern themselves with cultural contact, exchange, and conflict, the two dominant languages of the world, [[Ahāmatya|'''Ahāmatya''']] and '''Eḥeiθymme''', are deliberately designed to be dissimilar, with regards to the make-up and feel of the language. The inspirations of the language include, but are not limited to, Arabic, German, Finnish, Welsh, Basque, English, Menominee. While some overlap exists in the inspirations for '''Ahāmatya''' and '''Eḥeiθymme''', any overt similarities are deliberately avoided.

A more in-depth and detailed documentation is forthcoming, which includes in-universe terminology for grammatical categories and descriptions. The author hopes to someday have the creative works published.

==Phonology==




===Consonants===
'''Eḥeiθymme''' has five major places of articulation and six manners of articulation, and yields twenty-three consonants in total.

{|class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=text-align:center
|+'''Consonant Inventory of Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="3" |
! Labial
! Alveolar
! Palatal
! Velar
! Glottal
|-
! colspan="3" | Nasal
| '''m''' = [m]
| '''n''' = [n]
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Stop
! {{small|''unvoiced''}}
| '''p''' = [p]
| '''t''' = [t]
|
| '''k''' = [k]
|
|-
! {{small|''voiced''}}
| '''b''' = [b]
| '''d''' = [d]
|
| '''g''' = [g]
|
|-
! rowspan="4" | Fricative
! rowspan="2" | {{small|sibilant}}
! {{small|''unvoiced''}}
|
| '''s''' = [s]
| '''ʃ''' = [ʃ]
|
|
|-
! {{small|''voiced''}}
|
|
| '''ʒ''' = [ʒ]
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | {{small|non-sibilant}}
! {{small|''unvoiced''}}
| '''f''' = [f]
| '''θ''' = [θ]
| '''ḥ''' = [ç]
| '''x''' = [x]
| '''h''' = [h]
|-
! {{small|''voiced''}}
| '''v''' = [v]
| '''ð''' = [ð]
|
| '''ɣ''' = [ɣ]
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Semi-vowel
| '''w''' = [w]
|
| '''y''' = [j]
|
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Lateral
|
| '''l''' = [l]
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Rhotic
|
| '''r''' = [r]
|
|
|
|}

===Vowels and Diphthongs===
'''Eḥeiθymme''' has five short vowels and five long vowels, a distinction manifested as the long vowels' sound being held twice as long as short vowels' sound.

The short vowels are the following: '''i''', '''e''', '''a''', '''y''', '''u'''. The long vowels are the following: '''ī''', '''ē''', '''ā''', '''ȳ''', '''ū'''. Note that, when spoken, there is some variation in the actual pronunciation of /ɛ:/, and may be more accurately pronounced as [e:].

'''Eḥeiθymme''' has three diphthongs, all of which have length equivalent to long vowels. The diphthongs are the following: '''ei''', '''ey''', '''au'''.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Vowel and Diphthong Inventory of Eḥeiθymme'''
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Front
! rowspan="2" | Back
|-
! unrounded
! rounded
|-
! Close
| '''i''' = [i] '''ī''' = [i:]
| '''y''' = [y] '''ȳ''' = [y:]
| '''u''' = [u] '''ū''' = [u:]
|-
! Mid
| '''e''' = [ɛ] ~ [e] '''ē''' = [ɛ:] ~ [e:]
|
|
|-
! Open
|
|
| '''a''' = [a] '''ā''' = [a:]
|- style="text-align: center;"
!Diphthongs
| colspan="3" |'''ei''' = [ej], '''ey''' = [eɥ], '''au''' = [aw]
|}

===Prosody and Stress===

Syllables are determined by vowel-sounds and diphthong-sounds. There is one vowel or diphthong per syllable. A syllable will tend to be closed, and tend not to contain a consonant in the onset if it can be avoided.

The determination of stress is understood within the bounds of the ultimate to antepenultimate syllable.

'''1. If the word at most contains:'''
* three syllables, then the first syllable is stressed.
* two syllables, then the first syllable is stressed.
* one syllable, then that syllable is stressed.

'''2. If the word contains:'''
* more than three syllables, then the antepenultimate syllable is stressed.
* a diphthong or a long vowel in the ultimate, penultimate, or antepenultimate syllable, then that syllable is stressed.

===Sound Change===

There exists three general rules of sound change in '''Eḥeiθymme''', one of which involves the mutation of consonants, one of which involves a harmonization of the vowels in a word, and one that turns consonants into vowels.

'''1. The consonant moves to its fricative counterpart in the environment that it follows a front vowel or a voiceless palatal fricative.'''

* t → θ
* d → ð
* p → f
* b → v
* k → x
* g → ɣ
* h → ḥ = ç

'''2. If a close, front, unrounded vowel exists anywhere in the word, then the close, back vowel becomes the close, front, rounded vowel, and the open, back vowel becomes the mid, front, unrounded vowel.'''

* u → y / ...i...
* a → e / ...i...

'''3. A semi-vowel becomes its vowel counterpart in the environment that it preceeds immediately a non-semi-vowel consonant.'''

* j → i / _C
* w → u / _C

==Morphology==

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is characterized by a '''nonconcatenative morphology''', or "root-and-pattern" morphology. Words are constructed from an abstract consonantal root structure according to any of several templates. The roots of words tend to be made of two or three consonants, though roots of one or four are not unheard of. Words not of an '''Eḥeiθymme''' origin are made to follow '''Eḥeiθymme''''s morphollogy, and so can exhibit an atypical number of consonant roots. Additionally, '''Eḥeiθymme''' is not without discrete morphemes in the form of affixes in addition to the characteristic nonconcatenative morphology.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Eḥeiθymme Inflectional and Derivational Morphology Structure'''
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Root
! colspan="7" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μ1v2v3μ
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Constituent Parts
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μ
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 1
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | v
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 2
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | v
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 3
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μ
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|morphemic prefix}}
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|first radical}}
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|vowel}}
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|second radical}}
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|vowel}}
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|third radical}}
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|morphemic suffix}}
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Information and Details
| style="text-align: left;" |
* arbitrary morpheme
| style="text-align: left;" |
* if '''zero''', then '''1''' may equate with '''2''' in certain situations
| style="text-align: left;" |
* arbitrary vowel, may be '''zero'''
| style="text-align: left;" |
* if '''j''' or '''w''', may become equivalent vowel
* may be doubled
| style="text-align: left;" |
* contains information regarding mood
* arbitrary vowel, may be '''zero'''
| style="text-align: left;" |
* arbitrary consonant
| style="text-align: left;" |
* arbitrary morpheme
|}

==Verbs==

Verbs in '''Eḥeiθymme''' are predominantly aspectual, and show no overt morphological distinction to reflect time. Tenses are constructed typically by periphrasis. Mood is constructed via periphrasis for moods that are not indicative, subjunctive, or imperative, with one of several modal verbs. Voice is distinguished morphologically in unison with periphrasis. Person is marked directly on the verb by distinct morphemes.

On the verb itself, the following may be marked:

* Two aspects (perfective, imperfective)
* Three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter)
* Four persons (first, second, third, indeterminate)
* Agent/subject and patient
* Three numbers (singular, plural, paucal)
* Three moods (indicative, subjunctive, imperative)

Critical to the construction of the verb and verb phrase is the '''copula''', of which there exists both a '''positive''' copula '''R-J-D''' and a '''negative''' copula '''∅-M-N''' . Additionally, there exists an infinitive form of the verb that is used with modals.

Since verbs are constructed regularly via predictable combinatorics, it is useful to make a generalized template with which to consult. '''α''' and '''β''' are assumed to have been inflected for agent/subject and/or object person marking.

* '''α''' is a verb in the perfective aspect construction
* '''β''' is a verb in the imperfective aspect construction
* '''V''' is the full verb
* subscript "copula" means that that verb is the copula
* superscript "+" or "-" means that that verb is either the positive or the negative form (of the copula)
* subscript "modal" means that that verb is a modal verb
* subscript "infinitive" means that that verb is in the infinitive form of the verb

===Verb Class===

Verbs in '''Eḥeiθymme''' fall into one of several classes, determined by the consonants of their root structure. Subsequently, the various inflectional and derivational forms of the verb depend on their class.

===Tense===

Tense is constructed combinatorially with the copula, with an explicitly defined aspectual distinction. For a diachronic treatment of the morphological forms of the '''Eḥeiθymme''' verb, please consult the appendix.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' distinguishes between three aspects: the '''Perfective''' aspect indicates an action completed, or an action as a whole; the '''Imperfective''' aspect indicates a continuous action; the '''Perfect''' aspect indicates a completed action prior to some event in context. Only the Perfective and the Imperfective have unique morphological templates; the Perfective aspect is formed via periphrasis.

The overt forms of the various aspects is dependent on the consonant make-up of the root, of which belongs to the system of consonant roots. Such roots exhibit two or three consonants. Roots whose consonants are '''phonologically stable''' are roots whose consonants are not lateral (L-roots), rhotic (R-roots), fricative (S-roots), or semi-vowel (J-roots and W-roots), and are the so-called CCC-roots; such roots may vary in the imperfective aspect depending if both the 1 and 2 consonants are stops. '''Phonologically unstable''' roots exhibit minor irregularities in their construction, of which depends on the location of the unstable consonant(s) in the root: initial, medial, final. Roots consisting of two consonants, called ∅CC-roots, have variable manifestations and typically form via leveling, realized as the 2 consonant being doubled and acting as the 1 consonant.

Morpho-phonological phenomena and historical processes notwithstanding, the general structure of aspect is the following:

* The Perfective Aspect: '''-1e23i-'''
* The Imperfective Aspect: '''-12a3-'''

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Aspect Construction in Eḥeiθymme (Indicative Mood Shown Here)'''
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! style="text-align: center;" | Perfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Imperfective
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''(2)e23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''(2)2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12a3'''- -'''1u2a3'''-1
|-
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Le23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''L2a3'''- -'''i2e3'''-2
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1eL3i'''- -'''1ei3i'''-3
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1La3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Li'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aL'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Re23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''R2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ē3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Ra3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Ri'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12ā'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Se23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''S2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1eS3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Sa3'''- -'''S1a3'''-4
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Si'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aS'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Je23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''i2e3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ei3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Ja3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2ī'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aJ'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''We23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''u2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ey3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Wa3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2yi'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aW'''-
|}

:<nowiki>1</nowiki> If 1 and 2 are stops
:<nowiki>2</nowiki> If 2 is a stop
:<nowiki>3</nowiki> If 3 is a stop
:<nowiki>4</nowiki> If 1 is a stop

'''Eḥeiθymme''' distinguishes two times: the '''Past''' time indicates actions in the past; the '''Non-Past''' time indicates actions not in the past, and in some contexts covers both the present and the future. Aspect and time combine to yield tense.

* The '''Perfective Past Tense''' indicates a simple completed action in the past. It is the composition of perfective aspect and past time.

* The '''Imperfective Past Tense''' indicates an ongoing or incomplete action in the past time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and past time.

* The '''Imperfective Non-Past Tense''' indicates an ongoing action in the non-past time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and non-past time. Additionally, this tense may also be used to refer to the equivalent of a future time, depending on the context.

* The '''Perfect Past Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another completed action. It is the composition of perfect aspect and past time.

* The '''Perfect Non-Past Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another action. It is the composition of perfect aspect and non-past time.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Positive and Negative Verb Construction without Modals in Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Positive
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Negative
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''ad-α'''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β''' '''β'''+''copula'' + '''β'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''β'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''β'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''β'''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''+''copula'' + '''α'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''α'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''α'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''α'''
|}

===Mood===

'''Eḥeiθymmen''' has three distinctly marked moods: the '''Indicative''' mood indicates factual statements, inquiry of simple questions, and the statement of beliefs; the '''Subjunctive''' mood indicates imaginary or hypothetical actions, conveys opinions or emotions, or conveys requests; the '''Imperative''' mood indicates a directed command.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Verb Construction in Eḥeiθymme for Morphological Mood'''
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Indicative
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Subjunctive
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Imperative
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | Perfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Imperfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Perfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Imperfective
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -(2)'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -(2)2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -(2)'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''(2)a23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''3 1u2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a23e'''-
|-
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -L'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -L2'''a'''3 i2'''e'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -L'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''La23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''L3'''i'''- -1'''e'''i3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1L'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''L3'''u'''- -1'''ew'''i3'''y'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1aL3e'''- -'''1ei3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2L'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''L-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2L'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Le'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -R'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -R2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -R'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Re'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ē'''3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1R'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ā'''3'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ā3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2R'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''ā'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2R'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Re'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -S'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -S2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -S'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Sa23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''S3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1S'''a'''3 S1'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''S3'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1aS3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2S'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''S-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2S'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Se'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -J'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -i2'''e'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -J'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Ja23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''i3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1J'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''ew'''i3'''y'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ei3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2'''ī'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''J-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2J'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2Je'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -W'''e'''23'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -u2'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -w'''au'''23'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Wa23e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''y3'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1W'''a'''3-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''aū'''3'''u'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1au3e'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''e'''2y'''i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -12'''a'''W-
| style="text-align: center;" | -1'''au'''2'''ū'''-
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1a2We'''-
|}

'''Eḥeiθymmen''' may also form verb constructions via periphrasis with modal verbs. There are numerous such modal verbs expressing variable meanings, shades of meanings, and overlapping of meanings. These may also be in the indicative, subjunctive, or imperative.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Positive and Negative Verb Construction with Modals in Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Positive
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Negative
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''ad-α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive'' '''β'''+''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''+''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
|}

===Voice===

Voice in '''Eḥeiθymme''' is constructed entirely morphosyntactically, and depends on the relationship between a transitive or intransitive verb with nouns in the ergative case and nouns in the absolutive case. When constructing these voices, the copula always remains in the second position. Any modal, other inflected verb, or infinitive remains at the end. For sentences not in need of a copula construction, such as the Perfective Past tense or the Imperfective Non-past tense, then the position otherwise held by the copula is instead held by the inflected verb, and is no longer at the end of the sentence. Similarly, in those tenses are being constructed with the modal plus the infinitive, then the modal is placed in the second position, and the infinitive is at the end.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' has three distinct voice constructions:

'''1. Active voice''' indicates that the subject of the sentence performs the action of a transitive or an intransitive verb, or causes the happening denoted by the verb.
* N''ergative'' + V''transitive'' + N''absolutive''
* N''ergative'' + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''transitive''
* N''ergative'' + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''modal'' + V''infinitive''
* N''ergative'' + V''modal'' + N''absolutive'' + V''infinitive''

* ∅ + V''intransitive'' + N''absolutive''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''intransitive''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''modal'' + V''infinitive''
* ∅ + V''modal'' + N''absolutive'' + V''infinitive''

'''2. Anti-passive voice''' takes the transitive verb and make it "less transitive" (read, more intransitive) by retaining that verb but putting the ergative noun into an absolutive or oblique construct, and thus conveys prominence of the agent and what they did, while the patient is left not as important (and thus demoted to oblique).
* N''absolutive'' + V''transitive'' + N''oblique''
* N''absolutive'' + V''copula'' + N''oblique'' + V''transitive''
* N''absolutive'' + V''copula'' + N''oblique'' + V''modal'' + V''infinitive''
* N''absolutive'' + V''modal'' + N''oblique'' + V''infinitive''

'''3. Anti-active voice''' takes the intransitive verb and make it "less intransitive" (read, more transitive) by taking a null space object (the oblique or absolutive) and realizing it with an actual argument, and thus conveys prominence to an object. Admittedly, there are very few instances of the anti-active voice.
* ∅ + V''intransitive'' + N''ergative''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''ergative'' + V''intransitive''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''ergative'' + V''modal''+ V''infinitive''
* ∅ + V''modal'' + N''ergative'' + V''infinitive''

In the active voice, the verb may be either transitive or intransitive. In the anti-passive voice, the verb must be transitive. In the anti-active voice, the verb must be intransitive. Finally, note that transitivity is entirely semantic; there is no overt marking to indicate if a verb is transitive or intransitive.

===Infinitive===

The infinitive form of the verb in '''Eḥeiθymme''' is used in the construction of verb tenses when the use of a modal is employed. The infinitive may be used as a verbal noun if made definite.

Morpho-phonological phenomena and historical processes notwithstanding, the general structure of the infinitive is the following:

* The Infinitive: '''1a12e3'''

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Infinitival Construction in Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! style="text-align: center;" | Infinitive
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(2)a(2)2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12e3'''
|-
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''LaL2e3''' '''Lei2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''LaL1e3''' '''Lei1e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eL'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''Rā2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1Re3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12ā'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''SaS2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1Se3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eS'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''Jei2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1Je3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eJ'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1au2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1We3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eW'''
|}

===Conjugation===

Grammatical person as agent/subject as well as object and number are designated via affixation. Mood is designated via change of vowel in the stem as well as affixation in the case of the imperative. The following table shows the paradigm of the positive copula, '''R-J-D''', with no marking made for the object.

{| class="wikitable nowrap" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Paradigm of the Positive Copula, R-J-D, with Agent/Subject Marking Only'''
! Mood
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
|-
! rowspan="9" | Indicative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rerjad''
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rjad''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhua-'''''rerjad''
| '''dhua-'''''rjad''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''rerjeð''
| '''ive-'''''rjeð''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''rerjad''
| '''me-'''''rjad''
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ā-'''''rerjad''
| '''ā-'''''rjad''
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjad''
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjad''
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjad''
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
|-
! rowspan="9" | Subjunctive
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rerjuð''
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rjuð''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhua-'''''rerjuð''
| '''dhua-'''''rjuð''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''rerjyð''
| '''ive-'''''rjyð''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''rerjuð''
| '''me-'''''rjuð''
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ā-'''''rerjuð''
| '''ā-'''''rjuð''
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjuð''
| '''anta-'''''rjuð''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjuð''
| '''anta-'''''rjuð''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjuð''
| '''anta-'''''rjuð''
|-
! rowspan="9" | Imperative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | –
| rowspan="2" | –
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
| '''dhye-'''''rjeði''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| '''ive-'''''rjeði''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| '''me-'''''rjeði''
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''rjeði''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''rjeði''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''rjeði''
|}

While noun marking and syntax obey the rules of ergative-absolutive alignment, person marking on verbs follows nominative-accusative alignment rules. The agent/subject person is realized as a prefix, while the object is realized as a suffix. Many of the person markers for prefixes are wholly dissimilar to their suffix counterparts, though most exhibit at least a shared thematic consonant. The following table shows the paradigm of the positive copula, '''R-Y-D''', with marking made for the object as well as the agent/subject.

{| class="wikitable nowrap" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Paradigm of the Positive Copula, R-J-D, with Agent/Subject and Object Marking'''
! Mood
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
|-
! rowspan="9" | Indicative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rerjad'''''-al'''
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rjad'''''-al'''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhua-'''''rerjeð'''''-ið'''
| '''dhua-'''''rjeð'''''-ið'''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''rerjeð'''''-iv'''
| '''ive-'''''rjeð'''''-iv'''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''rerjad'''''-am'''
| '''me-'''''rjad'''''-am'''
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ā-'''''rerjad'''''-ah'''
| '''ā-'''''rjad'''''-ah'''
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjad'''''-an'''
| '''anta-'''''rjad'''''-an'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjad'''''-an'''
| '''anta-'''''rjad'''''-an'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjad'''''-an'''
| '''anta-'''''rjad'''''-an'''
|-
! rowspan="9" | Subjunctive
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rerjuð'''''-al'''
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rjuð'''''-al'''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhua-'''''rerjyð'''''-ið'''
| '''dhua-'''''rjyð'''''-ið'''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''rerjyð'''''-iv'''
| '''ive-'''''rjyð'''''-iv'''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''rerjuð'''''-am'''
| '''me-'''''rjuð'''''-am'''
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ā-'''''rerjuð'''''-ah'''
| '''ā-'''''rjuð'''''-ah'''
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjuð'''''-an'''
| '''anta-'''''rjuð'''''-an'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjuð'''''-an'''
| '''anta-'''''rjuð'''''-an'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjuð'''''-an'''
| '''anta-'''''rjuð'''''-an'''
|-
! rowspan="9" | Imperative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | –
| rowspan="2" | –
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
| '''dhye-'''''rjeð'''''-ið'''''i''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| '''ive-'''''rjeð'''''-iv'''''i''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| '''me-'''''rjeð'''''-em'''''i''
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''rjeð'''''-en'''''i''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''rjeð'''''-en'''''i''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''rjeð'''''-en'''''i''
|}

==Nouns==

Nouns in '''Eḥeiθymme''' are not inflected for grammatical gender, number, or case. Neither the noun nor the adjective differentiate gender, in contrast to the obligatorily marked gender of the pronouns. An exception to this is when the noun is explicitly gendered, to reflect specifically gendered subjects. This distinction is wholly semantic. Number and case are entirely encoded in the definite article. Nouns are inflected for state.

* The structure of a '''Basic Noun''' is: '''-1v23-''', where '''-v-''' may be any vowel, but is usually '''-a-''' or '''-u-'''.

===Definiteness===

'''Eḥeiθymme''' has various definite and indefinite articles controlling the number and case of the modified noun. Proper nouns are definite by definition, and so do not require the definite article. Case for proper nouns is realized variously, by context or by adpositions.

* The '''Singular Definite Article''' is: ''' -'''
* The '''Plural Definite Article''' is: ''' -'''
* The '''Paucal Definite Article''' is: ''' -'''

* The '''Singular Indefinite Article''' is: '''a-'''
* The '''Plural Indefinite Article''' is: ''' -'''
* The '''Paucal Indefinite Article''' is: ''' -'''

====Case====

===State===

====Absolute State====

====Construct State====

==Modifiers==

===Adjectives===

===Adverbs===

==Particles==

==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==

==Other resources==




[[Category:Eḥeiθymme]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Eḥeiθymmen Amran

2019-09-18T06:33:42Z

Deltaquebec: /* Tense */

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="float:right;" width="35%"
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffffff; font-size:1.2em;" | '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' [ɛˈçej.θym.mɛn ˈar.jad ɛçˈðej.θym.mɛː ˈam.ran]
|-
| '''Creator:''' || Daniel Quigley
|-
| '''Spoken in:''' || Amran
|-
| '''World:''' || ''Leaves'' Stories
|-
| '''Total Speakers:''' || ~ 18,000,000
|-
| '''Basic word order:''' || Strict V2
|-
| '''Morphological Type:''' || Fusional
|-
| '''Morphosyntactic Alignment:''' || Split Ergative-Absolutive
|-
| '''Inspirations:''' || Arabic, German, Finnish, Welsh, Basque, English, Menominee
|-
| '''Status:''' || In Progress
|-
| '''Link to full documentation:''' || *forthcoming*
|}

'''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' is an ''a priori'' artistic constructed language in development by Daniel Quigley, providing the framework for which the author’s creative works and worldbuilding are guided. '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''', or '''Eḥeiθymmen Amran''' or '''Eḥeiθymme''', is the dominant language of the people of Amran.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is characterized by significant word-internal sound-change, a "root-and-pattern" morphology, and strict word order. '''Eḥeiθymme''' readily accepts words of non-native origin, but tends to force said loans into its morphological paradigm.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is typologically a fusional language. Nouns, modifiers, and verbs are typically formed via a root-and-pattern triconsonantal root system, and movement between the three is highly fluid. Nouns are not inflected for number and case; these details are encoded in the definiteness marked by an article. Other modifiers, such as adverbs, are not inflected in the same way, though similarities may be found in certain contexts. Verbs entirely depend upon their construction with a positive or a negative copula, and most tenses are formed via periphrasis. Some particles are inflected for person. '''Eḥeiθymme''' is a Split Ergative-Absolutive aligned language, in which nouns tend to obey ergative-absolutive alignment rules, and person marking on the verb tends to obey nominative-accusative alignment rules. '''Eḥeiθymme''' has strict V2 word order despite the presence of extensive case marking.

==Introduction==

===Setting===

'''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' is the lingua franca of Amran. The people of Amran are exceptionally diverse in language, culture, and identity. At the time of the ''Leaves'' stories, Amran is in its twilight years and is a ghost of its former self. Amran's vast landscape follows from a temperate biome to a taiga biome, dominated by thick forests, abundant snowfall in many regions, and mountainous regions further inland. Much of the population is concentrated along the coastal regions, while inland is mostly uninhabited by humans.

===Etymology===

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is a word built from nominal form of the root '''∅-Y-T''' indicating "language, speaking, articulated speech", rendered as '''ait''', which morphs to '''eiθ''', the '''ah-''' prefix, which morphs to '''eḥ-''', formulates proper nouns out of common nouns, and the suffix '''-umma''', which morphs to '''-ymme''', which is the augmentive suffix. In genitive constructions involving a proper noun fulfilling the genitive role, the possessed noun is in the construct state, sometimes unrealized morphologically, but in this case, it is indicated by '''-n'''. '''Arjad''' is from the positive copula '''R-J-D''', '''Eḥðeirymmē''' is built from the nominal form of '''D-J-R''' indicating "earth, land", rendered as '''dair''', which morphs to '''ðeir''', the '''ah-''' prefix, which morphs to '''eḥ-''', formulates proper nouns out of common nouns, and the suffix '''-umma''', which morphs to '''-ymmē''' in the absolutive case, and '''amran''' is the imperfective verbal form from the root '''M-R-N''' indicating "goodness, pleasantness, well-being". All morphing in sounds are accounted for in the section on sound change.

Taken altogether, '''Eḥeiθymmen Arjad Eḥðeirymmē Amran''' translates to “the principle language of Amran”, or, "the principal language of the good land".

===Goals===

The driving goal of '''Eḥeiθymme''' is to provide a framework for the author’s creative works and worldbuilding. To that end, '''Eḥeiθymme''' ought to be a naturalistic constructed language, and ought to be pleasant to look at and to hear (admittedly, this is wholly subjective, and others may disagree with to the extent to which this was fulfilled).

===Development, Inspiration, Forthcoming===

The history of '''Eḥeiθymme''' as a constructed language is relatively recent, and stems from the author's desire to construct a language with a Semitic style, and from the author's investigations into tense, mood, and aspect systems of world languages during his undergraduate career in linguistics. The earliest dedicated work on the language originated with the name of an individual, '''Iḥliθ''', whose meaning is yet elusive, and the now-defunct word for a ruler, '''aryad''', which has since come to be the positive copula.

Because much of the creative works and worldbuilding for which '''Eḥeiθymme''' guides concern themselves with cultural contact, exchange, and conflict, the two dominant languages of the world, [[Ahāmatya|'''Ahāmatya''']] and '''Eḥeiθymme''', are deliberately designed to be dissimilar, with regards to the make-up and feel of the language. The inspirations of the language include, but are not limited to, Arabic, German, Finnish, Welsh, Basque, English, Menominee. While some overlap exists in the inspirations for '''Ahāmatya''' and '''Eḥeiθymme''', any overt similarities are deliberately avoided.

A more in-depth and detailed documentation is forthcoming, which includes in-universe terminology for grammatical categories and descriptions. The author hopes to someday have the creative works published.

==Phonology==




===Consonants===
'''Eḥeiθymme''' has five major places of articulation and six manners of articulation, and yields twenty-three consonants in total.

{|class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=text-align:center
|+'''Consonant Inventory of Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="3" |
! Labial
! Alveolar
! Palatal
! Velar
! Glottal
|-
! colspan="3" | Nasal
| '''m''' = [m]
| '''n''' = [n]
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Stop
! {{small|''unvoiced''}}
| '''p''' = [p]
| '''t''' = [t]
|
| '''k''' = [k]
|
|-
! {{small|''voiced''}}
| '''b''' = [b]
| '''d''' = [d]
|
| '''g''' = [g]
|
|-
! rowspan="4" | Fricative
! rowspan="2" | {{small|sibilant}}
! {{small|''unvoiced''}}
|
| '''s''' = [s]
| '''ʃ''' = [ʃ]
|
|
|-
! {{small|''voiced''}}
|
|
| '''ʒ''' = [ʒ]
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | {{small|non-sibilant}}
! {{small|''unvoiced''}}
| '''f''' = [f]
| '''θ''' = [θ]
| '''ḥ''' = [ç]
| '''x''' = [x]
| '''h''' = [h]
|-
! {{small|''voiced''}}
| '''v''' = [v]
| '''ð''' = [ð]
|
| '''ɣ''' = [ɣ]
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Semi-vowel
| '''w''' = [w]
|
| '''y''' = [j]
|
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Lateral
|
| '''l''' = [l]
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Rhotic
|
| '''r''' = [r]
|
|
|
|}

===Vowels and Diphthongs===
'''Eḥeiθymme''' has five short vowels and five long vowels, a distinction manifested as the long vowels' sound being held twice as long as short vowels' sound.

The short vowels are the following: '''i''', '''e''', '''a''', '''y''', '''u'''. The long vowels are the following: '''ī''', '''ē''', '''ā''', '''ȳ''', '''ū'''. Note that, when spoken, there is some variation in the actual pronunciation of /ɛ:/, and may be more accurately pronounced as [e:].

'''Eḥeiθymme''' has three diphthongs, all of which have length equivalent to long vowels. The diphthongs are the following: '''ei''', '''ey''', '''au'''.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+'''Vowel and Diphthong Inventory of Eḥeiθymme'''
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Front
! rowspan="2" | Back
|-
! unrounded
! rounded
|-
! Close
| '''i''' = [i] '''ī''' = [i:]
| '''y''' = [y] '''ȳ''' = [y:]
| '''u''' = [u] '''ū''' = [u:]
|-
! Mid
| '''e''' = [ɛ] ~ [e] '''ē''' = [ɛ:] ~ [e:]
|
|
|-
! Open
|
|
| '''a''' = [a] '''ā''' = [a:]
|- style="text-align: center;"
!Diphthongs
| colspan="3" |'''ei''' = [ej], '''ey''' = [eɥ], '''au''' = [aw]
|}

===Prosody and Stress===

Syllables are determined by vowel-sounds and diphthong-sounds. There is one vowel or diphthong per syllable. A syllable will tend to be closed, and tend not to contain a consonant in the onset if it can be avoided.

The determination of stress is understood within the bounds of the ultimate to antepenultimate syllable.

'''1. If the word at most contains:'''
* three syllables, then the first syllable is stressed.
* two syllables, then the first syllable is stressed.
* one syllable, then that syllable is stressed.

'''2. If the word contains:'''
* more than three syllables, then the antepenultimate syllable is stressed.
* a diphthong or a long vowel in the ultimate, penultimate, or antepenultimate syllable, then that syllable is stressed.

===Sound Change===

There exists three general rules of sound change in '''Eḥeiθymme''', one of which involves the mutation of consonants, one of which involves a harmonization of the vowels in a word, and one that turns consonants into vowels.

'''1. The consonant moves to its fricative counterpart in the environment that it follows a front vowel or a voiceless palatal fricative.'''

* t → θ
* d → ð
* p → f
* b → v
* k → x
* g → ɣ
* h → ḥ = ç

'''2. If a close, front, unrounded vowel exists anywhere in the word, then the close, back vowel becomes the close, front, rounded vowel, and the open, back vowel becomes the mid, front, unrounded vowel.'''

* u → y / ...i...
* a → e / ...i...

'''3. A semi-vowel becomes its vowel counterpart in the environment that it preceeds immediately a non-semi-vowel consonant.'''

* j → i / _C
* w → u / _C

==Morphology==

'''Eḥeiθymme''' is characterized by a '''nonconcatenative morphology''', or "root-and-pattern" morphology. Words are constructed from an abstract consonantal root structure according to any of several templates. The roots of words tend to be made of two or three consonants, though roots of one or four are not unheard of. Words not of an '''Eḥeiθymme''' origin are made to follow '''Eḥeiθymme''''s morphollogy, and so can exhibit an atypical number of consonant roots. Additionally, '''Eḥeiθymme''' is not without discrete morphemes in the form of affixes in addition to the characteristic nonconcatenative morphology.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Eḥeiθymme Inflectional and Derivational Morphology Structure'''
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Root
! colspan="7" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μ1v2v3μ
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Constituent Parts
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μ
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 1
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | v
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 2
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | v
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | 3
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | μ
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|morphemic prefix}}
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|first radical}}
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|vowel}}
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|second radical}}
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|vowel}}
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|third radical}}
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | {{small|morphemic suffix}}
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Information and Details
| style="text-align: left;" |
* arbitrary morpheme
| style="text-align: left;" |
* if '''zero''', then '''1''' may equate with '''2''' in certain situations
| style="text-align: left;" |
* arbitrary vowel, may be '''zero'''
| style="text-align: left;" |
* if '''j''' or '''w''', may become equivalent vowel
* may be doubled
| style="text-align: left;" |
* contains information regarding mood
* arbitrary vowel, may be '''zero'''
| style="text-align: left;" |
* arbitrary consonant
| style="text-align: left;" |
* arbitrary morpheme
|}

==Verbs==

Verbs in '''Eḥeiθymme''' are predominantly aspectual, and show no overt morphological distinction to reflect time. Tenses are constructed typically by periphrasis. Mood is constructed via periphrasis for moods that are not indicative, subjunctive, or imperative, with one of several modal verbs. Voice is distinguished morphologically in unison with periphrasis. Person is marked directly on the verb by distinct morphemes.

On the verb itself, the following may be marked:

* Two aspects (perfective, imperfective)
* Three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter)
* Four persons (first, second, third, indeterminate)
* Agent/subject and patient
* Three numbers (singular, plural, paucal)
* Three moods (indicative, subjunctive, imperative)

Critical to the construction of the verb and verb phrase is the '''copula''', of which there exists both a '''positive''' copula '''R-J-D''' and a '''negative''' copula '''∅-M-N''' . Additionally, there exists an infinitive form of the verb that is used with modals.

Since verbs are constructed regularly via predictable combinatorics, it is useful to make a generalized template with which to consult. '''α''' and '''β''' are assumed to have been inflected for agent/subject and/or object person marking.

* '''α''' is a verb in the perfective aspect construction
* '''β''' is a verb in the imperfective aspect construction
* '''V''' is the full verb
* subscript "copula" means that that verb is the copula
* superscript "+" or "-" means that that verb is either the positive or the negative form (of the copula)
* subscript "modal" means that that verb is a modal verb
* subscript "infinitive" means that that verb is in the infinitive form of the verb

===Verb Class===

Verbs in '''Eḥeiθymme''' fall into one of several classes, determined by the consonants of their root structure. Subsequently, the various inflectional and derivational forms of the verb depend on their class.

===Tense===

Tense is constructed combinatorially with the copula, with an explicitly defined aspectual distinction. For a diachronic treatment of the morphological forms of the '''Eḥeiθymme''' verb, please consult the appendix.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' distinguishes between three aspects: the '''Perfective''' aspect indicates an action completed, or an action as a whole; the '''Imperfective''' aspect indicates a continuous action; the '''Perfect''' aspect indicates a completed action prior to some event in context. Only the Perfective and the Imperfective have unique morphological templates; the Perfective aspect is formed via periphrasis.

The overt forms of the various aspects is dependent on the consonant make-up of the root, of which belongs to the system of consonant roots. Such roots exhibit two or three consonants. Roots whose consonants are '''phonologically stable''' are roots whose consonants are not lateral (L-roots), rhotic (R-roots), fricative (S-roots), or semi-vowel (J-roots and W-roots), and are the so-called CCC-roots; such roots may vary in the imperfective aspect depending if both the 1 and 2 consonants are stops. '''Phonologically unstable''' roots exhibit minor irregularities in their construction, of which depends on the location of the unstable consonant(s) in the root: initial, medial, final. Roots consisting of two consonants, called ∅CC-roots, have variable manifestations and typically form via leveling, realized as the 2 consonant being doubled and acting as the 1 consonant.

Morpho-phonological phenomena and historical processes notwithstanding, the general structure of aspect is the following:

* The Perfective Aspect: '''-1e23i-'''
* The Imperfective Aspect: '''-12a3-'''

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Aspect Construction in Eḥeiθymme (Indicative Mood Shown Here)'''
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! style="text-align: center;" | Perfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Imperfective
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''(2)e23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''(2)2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12a3'''- -'''1u2a3'''-1
|-
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Le23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''L2a3'''- -'''i2e3'''-2
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1eL3i'''- -'''1ei3i'''-3
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1La3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Li'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aL'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Re23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''R2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ē3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Ra3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Ri'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12ā'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Se23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''S2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1eS3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Sa3'''- -'''S1a3'''-4
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2Si'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aS'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''Je23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''i2e3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ei3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Ja3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2ī'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aJ'''-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''We23i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''u2a3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1ey3i'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1Wa3'''-
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''1e2yi'''-
| style="text-align: center;" | -'''12aW'''-
|}

:<nowiki>1</nowiki> If 1 and 2 are stops
:<nowiki>2</nowiki> If 2 is a stop
:<nowiki>3</nowiki> If 3 is a stop
:<nowiki>4</nowiki> If 1 is a stop

'''Eḥeiθymme''' distinguishes two times: the '''Past''' time indicates actions in the past; the '''Non-Past''' time indicates actions not in the past, and in some contexts covers both the present and the future. Aspect and time combine to yield tense.

* The '''Perfective Past Tense''' indicates a simple completed action in the past. It is the composition of perfective aspect and past time.

* The '''Imperfective Past Tense''' indicates an ongoing or incomplete action in the past time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and past time.

* The '''Imperfective Non-Past Tense''' indicates an ongoing action in the non-past time. It is the composition of imperfective aspect and non-past time. Additionally, this tense may also be used to refer to the equivalent of a future time, depending on the context.

* The '''Perfect Past Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another completed action. It is the composition of perfect aspect and past time.

* The '''Perfect Non-Past Tense''' indicates an action which was completed prior to another action. It is the composition of perfect aspect and non-past time.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Positive and Negative Verb Construction without Modals in Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Positive
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Negative
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''ad-α'''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β''' '''β'''+''copula'' + '''β'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''β'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''β'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''β'''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''+''copula'' + '''α'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''α'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''α'''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''α'''
|}

===Mood===

'''Eḥeiθymmen''' has three distinctly marked moods: the '''Indicative''' mood indicates factual statements, inquiry of simple questions, and the statement of beliefs; the '''Subjunctive''' mood indicates imaginary or hypothetical actions, conveys opinions or emotions, or conveys requests; the '''Imperative''' mood indicates a directed command.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Verb Construction in Eḥeiθymme for Morphological Mood'''
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Indicative
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Subjunctive
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Imperative
|-
! style="text-align: center;" | Perfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Imperfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Perfective
! style="text-align: center;" | Imperfective
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | (2)'''e'''23'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | (2)2'''a'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | (2)'''au'''23'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(2)a23e'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | 1'''e'''23'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | 12'''a'''3 1u2'''a'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | 1'''au'''23'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a23e'''
|-
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | L'''e'''23'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | L2'''a'''3 i2'''e'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | L'''au'''23'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''La23e'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | 1'''e'''L3'''i''' 1'''e'''i3'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | 1L'''a'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | 1'''au'''L3'''u''' 1'''ew'''i3'''y'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1aL3e''' '''1ei3e'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | 1'''e'''2L'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | 12'''a'''L
| style="text-align: center;" | 1'''au'''2L'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a2Le'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | R'''e'''23'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | R2'''a'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | R'''au'''23'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a2Re'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | 1'''ē'''3'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | 1R'''a'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | 1'''ā'''3'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1ā3e'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | 1'''e'''2R'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | 12'''ā'''
| style="text-align: center;" | 1'''au'''2R'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a2Re'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | S'''e'''23'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | S2'''a'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | S'''au'''23'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''Sa23e'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | 1'''e'''S3'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | 1S'''a'''3 S1'''a'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | 1'''au'''S3'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1aS3e'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | 1'''e'''2S'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | 12'''a'''S
| style="text-align: center;" | 1'''au'''2S'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a2Se'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | J'''e'''23'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | i2'''e'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | J'''au'''23'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''Ja23e'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | 1'''e'''i3'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | 1J'''a'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | 1'''ew'''i3'''y'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1ei3e'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | 1'''e'''2'''ī'''
| style="text-align: center;" | 12'''a'''J
| style="text-align: center;" | 1'''au'''2J'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a2Je'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | W'''e'''23'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | u2'''a'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | w'''au'''23'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''Wa23e'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | 1'''e'''y3'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | 1W'''a'''3
| style="text-align: center;" | 1'''aū'''3'''u'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1au3e'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | 1'''e'''2y'''i'''
| style="text-align: center;" | 12'''a'''W
| style="text-align: center;" | 1'''au'''2'''ū'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a2We'''
|}

'''Eḥeiθymmen''' may also form verb constructions via periphrasis with modal verbs. There are numerous such modal verbs expressing variable meanings, shades of meanings, and overlapping of meanings. These may also be in the indicative, subjunctive, or imperative.

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Positive and Negative Verb Construction with Modals in Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Positive
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Negative
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Non-Past Time
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Past Time
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfective Aspect
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: right;" | '''ad-α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive'' '''β'''+''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Imperfective Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''β'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''+''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''+''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Perfect Aspect
| style="text-align: right;" | '''β'''-''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
| style="text-align: right;" | '''α'''-''copula'' + '''α'''''modal'' + '''V'''''infinitive''
|}

===Voice===

Voice in '''Eḥeiθymme''' is constructed entirely morphosyntactically, and depends on the relationship between a transitive or intransitive verb with nouns in the ergative case and nouns in the absolutive case. When constructing these voices, the copula always remains in the second position. Any modal, other inflected verb, or infinitive remains at the end. For sentences not in need of a copula construction, such as the Perfective Past tense or the Imperfective Non-past tense, then the position otherwise held by the copula is instead held by the inflected verb, and is no longer at the end of the sentence. Similarly, in those tenses are being constructed with the modal plus the infinitive, then the modal is placed in the second position, and the infinitive is at the end.

'''Eḥeiθymme''' has three distinct voice constructions:

'''1. Active voice''' indicates that the subject of the sentence performs the action of a transitive or an intransitive verb, or causes the happening denoted by the verb.
* N''ergative'' + V''transitive'' + N''absolutive''
* N''ergative'' + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''transitive''
* N''ergative'' + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''modal'' + V''infinitive''
* N''ergative'' + V''modal'' + N''absolutive'' + V''infinitive''

* ∅ + V''intransitive'' + N''absolutive''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''intransitive''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''absolutive'' + V''modal'' + V''infinitive''
* ∅ + V''modal'' + N''absolutive'' + V''infinitive''

'''2. Anti-passive voice''' takes the transitive verb and make it "less transitive" (read, more intransitive) by retaining that verb but putting the ergative noun into an absolutive or oblique construct, and thus conveys prominence of the agent and what they did, while the patient is left not as important (and thus demoted to oblique).
* N''absolutive'' + V''transitive'' + N''oblique''
* N''absolutive'' + V''copula'' + N''oblique'' + V''transitive''
* N''absolutive'' + V''copula'' + N''oblique'' + V''modal'' + V''infinitive''
* N''absolutive'' + V''modal'' + N''oblique'' + V''infinitive''

'''3. Anti-active voice''' takes the intransitive verb and make it "less intransitive" (read, more transitive) by taking a null space object (the oblique or absolutive) and realizing it with an actual argument, and thus conveys prominence to an object. Admittedly, there are very few instances of the anti-active voice.
* ∅ + V''intransitive'' + N''ergative''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''ergative'' + V''intransitive''
* ∅ + V''copula'' + N''ergative'' + V''modal''+ V''infinitive''
* ∅ + V''modal'' + N''ergative'' + V''infinitive''

In the active voice, the verb may be either transitive or intransitive. In the anti-passive voice, the verb must be transitive. In the anti-active voice, the verb must be intransitive. Finally, note that transitivity is entirely semantic; there is no overt marking to indicate if a verb is transitive or intransitive.

===Infinitive===

The infinitive form of the verb in '''Eḥeiθymme''' is used in the construction of verb tenses when the use of a modal is employed. The infinitive may be used as a verbal noun if made definite.

Morpho-phonological phenomena and historical processes notwithstanding, the general structure of the infinitive is the following:

* The Infinitive: '''1a12e3'''

{| class="wikitable" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+'''Infinitival Construction in Eḥeiθymme'''
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" |
! style="text-align: center;" | Infinitive
|-
! colspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | ∅CC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | '''(2)a(2)2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Stable
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | CCC-roots
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12e3'''
|-
! rowspan="15" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | Phonologically Unstable
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | L-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''LaL2e3''' '''Lei2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''LaL1e3''' '''Lei1e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|L-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eL'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | R-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''Rā2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1Re3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|R-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12ā'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | S-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''SaS2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1Se3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|S-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eS'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | J-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''Jei2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1Je3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|J-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eJ'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | W-roots
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-initial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1au2e3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-medial}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a1We3'''
|-
! style="text-align: center; font-style: italic;" | {{small|W-final}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''1a12eW'''
|}

===Conjugation===

Grammatical person as agent/subject as well as object and number are designated via affixation. Mood is designated via change of vowel in the stem as well as affixation in the case of the imperative. The following table shows the paradigm of the positive copula, '''R-J-D''', with no marking made for the object.

{| class="wikitable nowrap" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Paradigm of the Positive Copula, R-J-D, with Agent/Subject Marking Only'''
! Mood
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
|-
! rowspan="9" | Indicative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rerjad''
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rjad''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhua-'''''rerjad''
| '''dhua-'''''rjad''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''rerjeð''
| '''ive-'''''rjeð''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''rerjad''
| '''me-'''''rjad''
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ā-'''''rerjad''
| '''ā-'''''rjad''
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjad''
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjad''
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjad''
| '''anta-'''''rjad''
|-
! rowspan="9" | Subjunctive
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rerjuð''
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rjuð''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhua-'''''rerjuð''
| '''dhua-'''''rjuð''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''rerjyð''
| '''ive-'''''rjyð''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''rerjuð''
| '''me-'''''rjuð''
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ā-'''''rerjuð''
| '''ā-'''''rjuð''
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjuð''
| '''anta-'''''rjuð''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjuð''
| '''anta-'''''rjuð''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjuð''
| '''anta-'''''rjuð''
|-
! rowspan="9" | Imperative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | –
| rowspan="2" | –
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
| '''dhye-'''''rjeði''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| '''ive-'''''rjeði''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| '''me-'''''rjeði''
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''rjeði''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''rjeði''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''rjeði''
|}

While noun marking and syntax obey the rules of ergative-absolutive alignment, person marking on verbs follows nominative-accusative alignment rules. The agent/subject person is realized as a prefix, while the object is realized as a suffix. Many of the person markers for prefixes are wholly dissimilar to their suffix counterparts, though most exhibit at least a shared thematic consonant. The following table shows the paradigm of the positive copula, '''R-Y-D''', with marking made for the object as well as the agent/subject.

{| class="wikitable nowrap" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Paradigm of the Positive Copula, R-J-D, with Agent/Subject and Object Marking'''
! Mood
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
! colspan="2" | Person
! α-form
! β-form
|-
! rowspan="9" | Indicative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rerjad'''''-al'''
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rjad'''''-al'''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhua-'''''rerjeð'''''-ið'''
| '''dhua-'''''rjeð'''''-ið'''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''rerjeð'''''-iv'''
| '''ive-'''''rjeð'''''-iv'''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''rerjad'''''-am'''
| '''me-'''''rjad'''''-am'''
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ā-'''''rerjad'''''-ah'''
| '''ā-'''''rjad'''''-ah'''
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjad'''''-an'''
| '''anta-'''''rjad'''''-an'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjad'''''-an'''
| '''anta-'''''rjad'''''-an'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjad'''''-an'''
| '''anta-'''''rjad'''''-an'''
|-
! rowspan="9" | Subjunctive
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rerjuð'''''-al'''
| rowspan="2" | '''ale-'''''rjuð'''''-al'''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| '''dhua-'''''rerjyð'''''-ið'''
| '''dhua-'''''rjyð'''''-ið'''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| '''ive-'''''rerjyð'''''-iv'''
| '''ive-'''''rjyð'''''-iv'''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| '''me-'''''rerjuð'''''-am'''
| '''me-'''''rjuð'''''-am'''
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| '''ā-'''''rerjuð'''''-ah'''
| '''ā-'''''rjuð'''''-ah'''
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
! {{small|Neuter}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjuð'''''-an'''
| '''anta-'''''rjuð'''''-an'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjuð'''''-an'''
| '''anta-'''''rjuð'''''-an'''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| '''anta-'''''rerjuð'''''-an'''
| '''anta-'''''rjuð'''''-an'''
|-
! rowspan="9" | Imperative
! colspan="4" | {{small|Singular}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Plural}}
! colspan="4" | {{small|Paucal}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 1st
| rowspan="2" | –
| rowspan="2" | –
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
| '''dhye-'''''rjeð'''''-ið'''''i''
! rowspan="2" | 1st
! {{small|Inclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
! {{small|Exclusive}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| '''ive-'''''rjeð'''''-iv'''''i''
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
! rowspan="2" | 2nd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
|
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| '''me-'''''rjeð'''''-em'''''i''
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! {{small|Masculine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Feminine}}
| –
| –
|-
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
! {{small|Neuter}}
| –
| –
|-
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''rjeð'''''-en'''''i''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''rjeð'''''-en'''''i''
! colspan="2" | 4th
| –
| '''ente-'''''rjeð'''''-en'''''i''
|}

==Nouns==

Nouns in '''Eḥeiθymme''' are not inflected for grammatical gender, number, or case. Neither the noun nor the adjective differentiate gender, in contrast to the obligatorily marked gender of the pronouns. An exception to this is when the noun is explicitly gendered, to reflect specifically gendered subjects. This distinction is wholly semantic. Number and case are entirely encoded in the definite article. Nouns are inflected for state.

* The structure of a '''Basic Noun''' is: '''-1v23-''', where '''-v-''' may be any vowel, but is usually '''-a-''' or '''-u-'''.

===Definiteness===

'''Eḥeiθymme''' has various definite and indefinite articles controlling the number and case of the modified noun. Proper nouns are definite by definition, and so do not require the definite article. Case for proper nouns is realized variously, by context or by adpositions.

* The '''Singular Definite Article''' is: ''' -'''
* The '''Plural Definite Article''' is: ''' -'''
* The '''Paucal Definite Article''' is: ''' -'''

* The '''Singular Indefinite Article''' is: '''a-'''
* The '''Plural Indefinite Article''' is: ''' -'''
* The '''Paucal Indefinite Article''' is: ''' -'''

====Case====

===State===

====Absolute State====

====Construct State====

==Modifiers==

===Adjectives===

===Adverbs===

==Particles==

==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==

==Other resources==




[[Category:Eḥeiθymme]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]