Linguifex - User contributions [en]

User:Chrysophylax

2026-03-17T04:08:27Z

Chrysophylax:

__NOTOC__
=Welcome=
If you require help, feel free to write to me on my talk page, and I will respond as soon as possible. You may write to me in English, Spanish, French, German, Italian, Swedish (Danish and Norwegian are fine too), Latin, Bosnian, Serbian, or Croatian, and Ancient Greek.

My tasks here as an administrator include: helping users, organising projects, carrying out maintenance, and problem solving.

I also run the actual site infrastructure.

{{Template:UBX/Reading all}}


== Tools ==
<inputbox>
type=create
break=no
preload=User:Chrysophylax/skapjā
buttonlabel=naunijā namā
prefix=Contionary:
</inputbox>
<inputbox>
type=create
break=no
preload=User:Chrysophylax/skapjā-verb
buttonlabel=naunijā verb
prefix=Contionary:
</inputbox>

<inputbox>
type=create
break=no
preload=Template:qdh-create
buttonlabel=Dhannuá!
prefix=Contionary:
</inputbox>

<inputbox>
type=create
break=no
preload=Template:Newword
buttonlabel=New word
prefix=Contionary:
</inputbox>

<inputbox>
type=create
break=no
preload=User:Chrysophylax/Template:nr
buttonlabel=Reconstructed word
prefix=Contionary:Appendix:
</inputbox>

<inputbox>
type=create
break=no
preload=User:Chrysophylax/new
buttonlabel=Välya!
prefix=Contionary:
</inputbox>

== Languages ==
My languages are mostly sketchlangs, unfortunately. Languages with a '''♦''' marker are sketches.

;[[Dhannuá]]
:In summary, what if I got to play around with some IE roots and tried to make a proper, naturalistic, modern Indo-European-descendant language with chronicled changes from PIE to Standard Dhannua/Common Late Era Modern Dhannua. It went… so and so. I have unfortunately not had enough time to fully flesh it out as I would have wanted. I do like the feel of the language though.
;[[Finian]]
:Finian is a cousin language to Dhannuá, small but quirky. '''♦'''

;[[Hirathic]]
:I've been wanting to make a Greek-flavoured language for some time and funnily enough, jokes about Albanian and Greek and this was born. '''♦'''

;[[Tengos]]
:I'd forgotten about you…


;[[Khaz|Khaz]]
:My first online conlang. I recently polished it up and tried to cure it of some of the relexiness.

;[[User:Chrysophylax/þanwā þydigā|Thanuá]]
:My italolang! Or well, the first few sound changes. '''♦'''

;[[User:Chrysophylax/Skājamāl|Skájamál]]
:My one and only Germanic conlang. So far, only really a list of sound changes. '''♦'''

;[[User:Chrysophylax/YaLU|Yet Another Language Unnamed]]
:Trying to merge a lot of features from several mini-sketches.



;[[User:Chrysophylax/amaits]]
:more ie!!'''♦'''
[[User:Chrysophylax/Testeditorlang]]

== To-do list ==
*Write case system bit!
*Ch [[Category:Administrator]] eck if autoconf. have to recaptcha

== subpages of this page ==
<splist />

scratch test

Linguifex:VisualEditor

2026-03-14T03:23:10Z

Chrysophylax: Created blank page

User:Chrysophylax

2026-03-14T03:20:02Z

Chrysophylax: /* Languages */

__NOTOC__
=Welcome=
Test
If you require help, feel free to write to me on my talk page, and I will respond as soon as possible. You may write to me in English, Spanish, French, German, Italian, Swedish (Danish and Norwegian are fine too), Latin, Bosnian, Serbian, or Croatian, and Ancient Greek.

My tasks here as an administrator include: helping users, organising projects, carrying out maintenance, and problem solving.

{{Template:UBX/Reading all}}


== Tools ==
<inputbox>
type=create
break=no
preload=User:Chrysophylax/skapjā
buttonlabel=naunijā namā
prefix=Contionary:
</inputbox>
<inputbox>
type=create
break=no
preload=User:Chrysophylax/skapjā-verb
buttonlabel=naunijā verb
prefix=Contionary:
</inputbox>

<inputbox>
type=create
break=no
preload=Template:qdh-create
buttonlabel=Dhannuá!
prefix=Contionary:
</inputbox>

<inputbox>
type=create
break=no
preload=Template:Newword
buttonlabel=New word
prefix=Contionary:
</inputbox>

<inputbox>
type=create
break=no
preload=User:Chrysophylax/Template:nr
buttonlabel=Reconstructed word
prefix=Contionary:Appendix:
</inputbox>

<inputbox>
type=create
break=no
preload=User:Chrysophylax/new
buttonlabel=Välya!
prefix=Contionary:
</inputbox>

== Languages ==
My languages are mostly sketchlangs, unfortunately. Languages with a '''♦''' marker are sketches.

;[[Dhannuá]]
:In summary, what if I got to play around with some IE roots and tried to make a proper, naturalistic, modern Indo-European-descendant language with chronicled changes from PIE to Standard Dhannua/Common Late Era Modern Dhannua. It went… so and so. I have unfortunately not had enough time to fully flesh it out as I would have wanted. I do like the feel of the language though.
;[[Finian]]
:Finian is a cousin language to Dhannuá, small but quirky. '''♦'''

;[[Hirathic]]
:I've been wanting to make a Greek-flavoured language for some time and funnily enough, jokes about Albanian and Greek and this was born. '''♦'''

;[[Tengos]]
:I'd forgotten about you…


;[[Khaz|Khaz]]
:My first online conlang. I recently polished it up and tried to cure it of some of the relexiness.

;[[User:Chrysophylax/þanwā þydigā|Thanuá]]
:My italolang! Or well, the first few sound changes. '''♦'''

;[[User:Chrysophylax/Skājamāl|Skájamál]]
:My one and only Germanic conlang. So far, only really a list of sound changes. '''♦'''

;[[User:Chrysophylax/YaLU|Yet Another Language Unnamed]]
:Trying to merge a lot of features from several mini-sketches.



;[[User:Chrysophylax/amaits]]
:more ie!!'''♦'''
[[User:Chrysophylax/Testeditorlang]]

== To-do list ==
*Write case system bit!
*Check if autoconf. have to recaptcha


[[Category:Administrator]]

== subpages of this page ==
<splist />

scratch test

VRL

2026-03-13T22:50:38Z

Chrysophylax: /* VRL */

==VRL==
===Introduction===
'''''VRL''''' (''Volgar Romano Lustro'', “Illustrious Roman Vernacular”) is a controlled literary language composed of various elements drawn from the vernacular historically spoken in Rome. It is not intended to be naturalistic; rather, it is deliberately artificial in its design. It does not attempt to answer the question ''“what if the vernacular of Rome had been adopted as the official language of Italy instead of a Florentine-based standard?”'', as it significantly incorporates elements brought from both popular and literary Tuscan on Roman speech. The language itself heavily draws from major authors such as ''[[w:it:Bartolomeo di Iacovo da Valmontone|Anonimo Romano]]'', ''[[w:it:Cristoforo Castelletti|Cristoforo Castelletti]]'', ''[[w:it:Giuseppe Berneri|Giuseppe Berneri]]'', ''[[w:it:Bendetto Micheli|Benedetto Micheli]]'', ''[[w:it:Giuseppe Gioachino Belli|Giuseppe Gioachino Belli]]'', ''[[w:it:Giggi Zanazzo|Giggi Zanazzo]]'', ''[[w:it:Cesare Pascarella|Cesare Pascarella]]'', ''[[w:it:Trilussa|Trilussa]]'' and ''[[w:it:Pier Paolo Pasolini|Pier Paolo Pasolini]]'', with their major works being the ''[[wikisource:it:Cronica|Cronica]]'', ''[https://archive.org/details/stravaganzedamor00cast/page/88/mode/2up Stravaganze d’Amore]'', ''[https://www.poesieromanesche.altervista.org/index.php/poetiscrittori/poeta/GiuseppeBerneri Meo Patacca]'', ''[https://acrobat.adobe.com/id/urn:aaid:sc:EU:0d0d0236-9b33-4bd5-8994-7b0c0567eee8 Povesie in Lengua Romanesca]'', ''[[wikisource:it:Sonetti romaneschi|Sonetti romaneschi]]'', ''[https://ia801601.us.archive.org/30/items/usicostumiepregi00zanauoft/usicostumiepregi00zanauoft.pdf%20*Usi,%20e%20Costumi%20e%20Pregiudizi%20del%20Popolo%20di%20Roma%20|%20Giggi%20Zanazzo* Usi, Costumi e Pregiudizi del Popolo di Roma]'', ''[[w:it:Quaranta sonetti romaneschi|Quaranta sonetti romaneschi]]'', ''Trilussa''’s various ''[https://poesieromanesche.altervista.org/index.php/Poetiscrittori/poeta/Trilussa works]'', ''[[w:it:Ragazzi di vita|Ragazzi di vita]]'', and in conclusion ''Fernando Ravaro''’s '''''Dizionario romanesco''''' and the '''''Vocabolario del Romanesco Contemporaneo''''' by ''Paolo d’Achille'' and ''Claudio Giovanni''. The project does not establish a hierarchy among its sources: forms may be adopted from literary texts, spoken usage, or contemporary media (such as Instagram and TikTok, or street graffiti) whenever they are attested and compatible with the system, even if ''[[w:en:hapax legomenon|hapax]]''. Some other forms may be reconstructed or speculated on the basis of irregular dialectal phenomena that become generalised in the selection or even neighbouring dialects which are historically proven to have influenced the Capital’s language (for example [[w:it:dialetto perugino|Perugine]] or [[w:it:dialetto lucchese|Lucchese]]).

Test

User talk:Suqi

2026-03-09T09:36:46Z

Chrysophylax: Created blank page

User:Suqi

2026-03-09T09:36:41Z

Chrysophylax: Created page with "Welcome aboard! ~~~~"

Welcome aboard! [[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Χρυσοφύλαξ]]''' 09:36, 9 March 2026 (UTC)

File:5mb sampledebug.png

2026-03-08T22:35:49Z

Chrysophylax: Sample 5 megabyte debug image

== Summary ==
Sample 5 megabyte debug image
== Licensing ==
{{C0}}

MediaWiki:Sitenotice id

2026-03-08T22:23:35Z

Chrysophylax:

MediaWiki:Sitenotice

2026-03-08T22:23:20Z

Chrysophylax:

{{ambox|text=The mail system has been switched to a completely new one. As it is new, emails may be flagged by your provider as Spam. Please indicate that they are not. If you are still waiting for a confirmation email, please go to your Preferences and have the system send you a new one.|textstyle=text-align: start;}}

Template:Library ombox

2026-02-17T22:37:03Z

Chrysophylax: Remove type=book for ombox; param is unused

{{ombox
| text = <center>{{{1}}}</center>
}}<noinclude>{{documentation}}[[Category:Templates]]</noinclude>

File:Sample-turkish-coffee-admin.jpg

2026-02-17T09:48:09Z

Chrysophylax: I made coffee

== Summary ==
I made coffee
== Licensing ==
{{C0}}

MediaWiki:Licenses

2026-02-17T09:47:21Z

Chrysophylax:

* Unknown_copyright|I don't know exactly
* Free licenses:
** Linguifex-screenshot|Linguifex screenshot
** C0|Creative Commons 1.0 Universal public domain dedication
** CC-by-sa-4.0 |Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 4.0
** CC-by-nc-sa-4.0|Creative Commons NonCommercial ShareAlike 4.0
** CC-by-nc-nd-4.0|Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial No Derivatives 4.0

Template:C0

2026-02-17T09:46:59Z

Chrysophylax: Created page with "== CC0 1.0 Universal == By marking the work with a CC0 public domain dedication, the creator is giving up their copyright and allowing reusers to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon the material in any medium or format, even for commercial purposes. '''CC0''' This work has been marked as dedicated to the public domain."

== CC0 1.0 Universal ==
By marking the work with a CC0 public domain dedication, the creator is giving up their copyright and allowing reusers to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon the material in any medium or format, even for commercial purposes.

'''CC0''' This work has been marked as dedicated to the public domain.

Template:CC-by-sa-4.0

2026-02-17T09:46:26Z

Chrysophylax: Created page with "== Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International== This license requires that reusers give credit to the creator. It allows reusers to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon the material in any medium or format, even for commercial purposes. If others remix, adapt, or build upon the material, they must license the modified material under identical terms. '''BY''' Credit must be given to you, the creator. '''SA''' Adaptations must be shared under the same..."

== Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International==
This license requires that reusers give credit to the creator. It allows reusers to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon the material in any medium or format, even for commercial purposes. If others remix, adapt, or build upon the material, they must license the modified material under identical terms.

'''BY''' Credit must be given to you, the creator.

'''SA''' Adaptations must be shared under the same terms.

Template:CC-by-nc-sa-4.0

2026-02-17T09:46:01Z

Chrysophylax: Created page with "== Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International == This license requires that reusers give credit to the creator. It allows reusers to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon the material in any medium or format, for noncommercial purposes only. If others modify or adapt the material, they must license the modified material under identical terms. '''BY''' Credit must be given to you, the creator. '''NC''' Only noncommercial use of your work..."

== Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International ==

This license requires that reusers give credit to the creator. It allows reusers to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon the material in any medium or format, for noncommercial purposes only. If others modify or adapt the material, they must license the modified material under identical terms.

'''BY''' Credit must be given to you, the creator.

'''NC''' Only noncommercial use of your work is permitted. Noncommercial means not primarily intended for or directed towards commercial advantage or monetary compensation.

'''SA''' Adaptations must be shared under the same terms.

Template:CC-by-nc-nd-4.0

2026-02-17T09:45:19Z

Chrysophylax: Created page with "== Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International == This license requires that reusers give credit to the creator. It allows reusers to copy and distribute the material in any medium or format in unadapted form and for noncommercial purposes only. '''BY''' Credit must be given to you, the creator. '''NC''' Only noncommercial use of your work is permitted. Noncommercial means not primarily intended for or directed towards commercial advantag..."

== Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International ==
This license requires that reusers give credit to the creator. It allows reusers to copy and distribute the material in any medium or format in unadapted form and for noncommercial purposes only.

'''BY''' Credit must be given to you, the creator.

'''NC''' Only noncommercial use of your work is permitted. Noncommercial means not primarily intended for or directed towards commercial advantage or monetary compensation.

'''ND''' No derivatives or adaptations of your work are permitted.

MediaWiki:Licenses

2026-02-17T09:41:13Z

Chrysophylax:

* Unknown_copyright|I don't know exactly
* Free licenses:
** Linguifex-screenshot|Linguifex screenshot
** PD|PD: public domain
** C0|Creative Commons 1.0 Universal public domain dedication
** CC-by-sa-4.0 |Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 4.0
** CC-by-nc-sa-4.0|Creative Commons NonCommercial ShareAlike 4.0
** CC-by-nc-nd-4.0|Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial No Derivatives 4.0

MediaWiki:Licenses

2026-02-17T09:40:25Z

Chrysophylax:

MediaWiki:Licenses

2026-02-17T09:40:07Z

Chrysophylax:

* Unknown_copyright|I don't know exactly
* Free licenses:
** MW-screenshot|MediaWiki screenshot
** PD|PD: public domain
** C0|Creative Commons 1.0 Universal public domain dedication
** CC-by-sa-4.0 |Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 4.0
** CC-by-nc-sa-4.0|Creative Commons NonCommercial ShareAlike 4.0

MediaWiki:Licenses

2026-02-17T09:32:24Z

Chrysophylax: Created page with "-MIT"

-MIT

File:Linguifex-meme-1.png

2026-02-17T09:28:07Z

Chrysophylax: A Linguifex meme

== Summary ==
A Linguifex meme

MediaWiki:Sidebar

2026-02-16T09:51:40Z

Chrysophylax:

User talk:Chrysophylax

2026-02-16T07:35:05Z

Chrysophylax:

And welcome to my talk page! I Welcome you, who has come to my talk page! Everything is possible at my talk page! The only limit is your imagination! 

<div style="width: 350px; border: 2px solid white; background: white; padding: 1em; -moz-box-shadow: 0 0 5px 5px #; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 3px 3px #; box-shadow: 0 0 3px 3px #;">
* Please add a new topic when posting a comment.
* Forget not to sign with <nowiki>~~~~</nowiki> (yes, that's four tildes.)
* Keep it concise.
* And for the love of me, indent when replying or commenting on a post!
</div>
== Language infobox color ==

Hello. I seem to be unable to change the color of my conlang's [[Riagi|infobox]], is there a trick to it?

== Ooops! Misplaced Page==

Hi Chrysophylax,

Apologies, I goofed when I was making an IPA template for the vowels in Nankôre. Now when I go to the Templates page I see "Nankôre" but I don't see the name for the template, which is "Nankore_Vowels_IPA". Could you please help me and remove "Nankôre" from the Templates page and replace it with "Nankore_Vowels_IPA"? I know I successfully created the template, because it appears on my conlang's page when I call the template.

Thanks!!

~~Anyar~~

== Subcategory for Czecklish ==

Can you make a subcategory for my conlang Czecklish? I have three separate articles for it, and it's getting hard to manage them. There will likely be three or four more articles concerning Czecklish in the future. I believe it would be more convenient for Linguifex visitors and users to view Czecklish and its various articles if it had a subcategory, like Khaz or Valian.

== Tagchen ==
Can you delete my [[Netagin]] page and all its associated pages? Many thanks, [[User:IlL|IlL]] ([[User talk:IlL|talk]]) 21:50, 29 October 2014 (CET)

::- Sure! If you don't mind me asking, any particular reason why? --[[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Χρυσοφύλαξ]]''' 22:02, 29 October 2014 (CET)

:::I decided to discontinue Netagin... it struck me as too much an ad-hoc hodgepodge. Though features from it will be absorbed into my other languages. In passing, what do you think about partaking in Linguifex Relay the Fourth (prematurely)? [[User:IlL|IlL]] ([[User talk:IlL|talk]]) 01:17, 30 October 2014 (CET)

::::Ah, I know that feeling. I would be okay with that! --[[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Χρυσοφύλαξ]]''' 01:42, 30 October 2014 (CET)

== How does one even ==
... make an a priori conlang they feel confident about? [[User:Ceige|'''CEIGE''']][[User talk:Ceige|⟨TAWK⟩]] 14:01, 7 December 2014 (CET)

== <strike>Ixnay'ed on the Acebookfay Accountway? </strike> ==
<strike>It's coming up as a removed account for spam/abuse - you've got my email (somewhere maybe...? :P ) so feel free to email me mate [[User:Ceige|'''CEIGE''']][[User talk:Ceige|⟨TAWK⟩]] 13:12, 10 March 2015 (CET)</strike>

==Concerning the Fourth Linguifex Relay==

Since Dē Graut Bʉr hasn't shown any signs of activity, I'm passing the relay to you.

===Fo hoinga fatipu===

''Rótrest léhkodé [[Fourth_Linguifex_Relay/Sceptrian|khugu]], lateeprlest roi bapu!'' (You should go there quickly and dance above the words!)

[[User:Juhhmi|Juhhmi]] ([[User talk:Juhhmi|talk]]) 21:57, 12 July 2015 (CEST)

===Wååhlis===
It seems Waahlis has not completed his whisper in time. Will you pass the relay to the next person? [[User:IlL|IlL]] ([[User talk:IlL|talk]]) 15:59, 16 July 2015 (CEST)

One å is enough. I got sick while translating the relay. But please, do pass it on. [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 16:17, 16 July 2015 (CEST)

:Done --[[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Χρυσοφύλαξ]]''' 16:23, 16 July 2015 (CEST)

== Can you do me a favor? ==

Could you delete every subpage and their talks listed here: [[User:Ílchőfti Lēmáthīd]]? You can leave a redirect from [[User:Ílchőfti Lēmáthīd]] to my current username. I've moved beyond that ugly name. [[User:IlL|IlL]] ([[User talk:IlL|talk]]) 04:14, 13 July 2015 (CEST)

:Done --[[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Χρυσοφύλαξ]]''' 15:13, 13 July 2015 (CEST)

== How do I tag? ==
I want to get my conlang, [[Latirdo]], on the list of languages, but I can't add the category to the article. What do I do?
Thanks.

--[[User:Sihithe Avralte|Sihithe Avralte]] ([[User talk:Sihithe Avralte|talk]]) 17:49, 22 March 2016 (CET)
:You add the category by writing <nowiki>[[Category:blahblah]]</nowiki> anywhere in the document. I usually recommend at the end. I have added the relevant tags to your article for you for now. If you have any other questions, I'lll gladly answer them. --[[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Χρυσοφύλαξ]]''' 20:01, 22 March 2016 (CET)

== Dėkujå ==
Just wanted to say thank you for fixing the page. Didn't know, where to do it though, so I'm just leaving it here. (Raistas)

== Delete ==

If I make a mistake and create a page that is clearly stupid, how do I tag it for deletion? I don't have the power and it doesn't seem right to bug specific people to delete a specific page. Is there something <nowiki>[[:Category:Delete me]]</nowiki>? --[[User:Aquatiki|Aquatiki]] ([[User talk:Aquatiki|talk]]) 03:39, 1 December 2018 (CET)

::You should tag it with <nowiki>{{speedy|reason}}</nowiki>. Check [[Template:Speedy]] out. [[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Χρυσοφύλαξ]]''' 11:07, 2 December 2018 (CET)

== Infobox language ==

So, I recently noticed that I'm prevented from editing templates that're transcluded on the main page, specifically [[Template:Infobox language]] and its subpages, and I was wondering either 1. if there's a way to work around this, 2. if you could turn-off cascading for the main page, or 3. if I could be given permission to edit these pages? If you just don't want non-admins editing these pages, that's completely fine too, but please let me know. -[[User:Учхљёная]] ([[User_talk:Учхљёная|talk]],[[:Category:Conlangs by Elliott Wheeler|conlangs]],[[Special:Contributions/Учхљёная|edits]]). 18:20, 19 January 2019 (CET).
:: Hi, that sounds perfectly reasonable. I will investigate this weekend if there's something we can do technically to allow safe users to edit high-frequency templates --[[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Χρυσοφύλαξ]]''' 14:35, 22 January 2019 (CET)
:: I've disabled cascading protection for now. Hopefully it won't bite the wiki in its bum. --[[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Χρυσοφύλαξ]]''' 00:03, 24 February 2020 (UTC)

== Deletion of Template:LangAbb ==

<del>[[Template:LangAbb]] was deleted, breaking functionality of [[Template:Etym]], which is used in various Contionary entries. I do not ask it be reinstated, but I would like to have access to its history so that I can view its interface and update Etym to use [[Template:ISO]].</del> Nevermind, I figured it out, the template is back in working order

--[[User:MIGUELbM|MIGUELbM]] ([[User talk:MIGUELbM|talk]]) 09:10, 8 February 2020 (UTC)

== Deletion of an image and changing of a page title ==

Hello,

</del>I'm quite new here in Linguifex and I did a (or two) mistake(s).
1. At updating a image which shows ,,Zimâna Ħāwārî (translates to ,,Hawari language")" in my newly invented Ṭoňżeĝâyî script, it always shows the former version of the image where I set the direction so: top to bottom, right to left, even if it should be left to right. To fix that issue, I would like to let it be deleted, and I don't know how one does it.
2. This mistake is less important to fix: Instead of giving my article title the name ,,Hawari language" I just wrote ,,Hawari". If possible, would you be able to change it?</del>

Thank you and have a good day👋🏼

Update (01.05.2020, 17:29 UTC): Thank you for fixing these two issues.😀

Yours sincerely, [[User:MansenBk|MansenBk]] ([[User talk:MansenBk|talk]]) 16:27, 1 May 2020 (UTC).

== Lost Conlangs ==

Hi. A while ago a user on Frathwiki started a project to try and rescue info about conlangs that had been stored on Langmaker in the 2000s, gone down with it but was retrievable via the Web Archive copies of Langmaker. They got so far then drifted off. I'm volunteering to start it again, and I also want to make my own (privately run but publicly accessible) list of the world's conlangs (probably in spreadsheet and searchable database form). I want to combine the jobs to reduce work time; I also think it would be good to have the same info in different places (as what was so unfortunate about Langmaker going down was so much of its info was not stored elsewhere). So I was wondering, would you be interested in allowing similar records of such langs here? I'm guessing not on account of your "non-sufficient content/long inactivity" deletion rule plus high style standards etc. However even if not how about a single page (/multiple if running over) with a name and barest details? I'd be prepared to do all the work, although help would certainly be appreciated. :)
[[User:Matthew McVeagh|Matthew McVeagh]] ([[User talk:Matthew McVeagh|talk]]) 04:32, 22 July 2020 (UTC)
:: If you keep it on one page that'd be fine [[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Χρυσοφύλαξ]]''' 07:32, 22 July 2020 (UTC)

== Safety on the Website ==

Dear Chrysophylax,
I have a quite important question about the website itself. Well, whenever I (it is also not only me) open the site from Discord, I get a warning saying that this website may steal personal or financial information and thus should be closed. Do you know why the warning appears?

Yours sincerely,
MansenBk [[User:MansenBk|MansenBk]] ([[User talk:MansenBk|talk]]) 15:40, 2 February 2021 (UTC)

::Nope, no idea. We use TLS 1.3 and don't take any personal and financial data beyond your email and username when you register. [[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Χρυσοφύλαξ]]''' 00:02, 29 April 2021 (UTC)

== New featured language ==

Wow, I'm quite honored to see that [[Avendonian]] [[Special:Diff/231620|has become]] a featured language. Many thanks! Cheers, [[User:Sware|'''swar''''''e''']] • [[User talk:Sware#top|🗣]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sware|🏲]] 16:16, 19 July 2021 (UTC)

== Tahano Hikamu font ==

Hi! I've been tinkering around lately with [[:Category:Ayeri lemmas|Ayeri entries]]. As you probably know, Ayeri is written in this quite-Brahmic script called ''Tahano Hikamu''. The creator of Ayeri, Carsten Becker, created a font for it and [https://github.com/carbeck/tagatibookg released it]. I've been wondering if it'd be possible for you or any administrator to add this font to Linguifex so I can use it. Since it's based on SIL Graphite engine, the font declaration must use the .ttf file, not .woff. Thanks! Cheers, [[User:Sware|'''swar''''''e''']] • [[User talk:Sware#top|🗣]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sware|🏲]] 15:17, 25 June 2022 (UTC)

: '''Edit:''' Wording and further details. 11:46, 27 June 2022 (UTC)
: '''Edit 2:''' I'll also need a script definition in Linguifex's common.css for <code>.Ayer</code>, much like [[wikt:MediaWiki:Common.css|Wiktionary's]]. Thanks! 17:12, 3 August 2022 (UTC)

== Change of Username ==

Dear Chrysophylax,

I would like to change my username from Aydbayk into Aydın Baykara. Would you arrange it please?

Yours sincerely,

~~Aydın Baykara~~

Aydın Baykara [[User:Aydbayk]] ([[User talk:Aydbayk|talk]]) 30 April 2023

== Making citations show up ==

Hello Chrysophylax, 
I've made a few edits to the aUI page, but after hours of trying cannot make all the citations show up in the Reference list (also, there's no "Cite" menu item like in the main Wikipedia). I've compared them with the apparently original ones in Wikipedia and they seem exactly the same to me. As you can see, I'm getting these error messages:

Cite error: <ref> tag with name "Weilgart-LOS" defined in <references> has group attribute "" which does not appear in prior text.
and
Cite error: <ref> tag defined in <references> has no name attribute.

Could you please explain what I'm missing and/or fix it?

Thanks so much! 

Andrea Weilgart Patten[[User:Andiweil|Andiweil]] ([[User talk:Andiweil|talk]]) 16:54, 26 June 2024 (UTC)

 PS I got a work around to finally do the trick per @sware, thanks...if you want to check it[[User:Andiweil|Andiweil]] ([[User talk:Andiweil|talk]]) 03:45, 27 June 2024 (UTC)

== Spam ==

The spam is really, '''''really''''' bad. Can anything be done to stem the tide of user page garbage? Do you need help deleting it? Can I help? --[[User:Aquatiki|Aquatiki]] ([[User talk:Aquatiki|talk]]) 14:28, 12 March 2025 (UTC)
: It's getting worse. Now they're out of the User namespace: [[Super Easy Ways To Handle Your Extra Viagra‎]]! --[[User:Aquatiki|Aquatiki]] ([[User talk:Aquatiki|talk]]) 01:17, 14 March 2025 (UTC)

Talk:Rejzer language

2026-02-16T07:18:57Z

Chrysophylax: Created page with "Cool! Czy ten artykuł mógłby zostać przetłumaczony również na język angielski? Myślę, że niestety nie wszyscy rozumieją polski. ~~~~"

Cool! Czy ten artykuł mógłby zostać przetłumaczony również na język angielski? Myślę, że niestety nie wszyscy rozumieją polski. [[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Χρυσοφύλαξ]]''' 07:18, 16 February 2026 (UTC)

Linguifex:Announcements

2026-02-16T07:03:45Z

Chrysophylax:

{{header
| file= L.png
| file size= 80
| title1 = Current events
| title2 = Welcome to the Linguifex wiki!
}}
== Updates and a new server! ==
We have updated to the new long-term support version of MediaWiki combined with a new server. [[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Χρυσοφύλαξ]]''' 07:03, 16 February 2026 (UTC)

==Lilypond & Score==
Unfortunately, we can't run Lilypond safely without investing in a k8s setup which is way out of reach budget-wise right now.
As a precaution both lilypond and the score plugin have been disabled. [[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Χρυσοφύλαξ]]''' 05:28, 16 February 2026 (UTC)

==Discord==

We're on [https://discord.gg/Q425AeNxtj Discord]! It's been a while but I forgot to update. [[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Χρυσοφύλαξ]]''' 08:09, 2 January 2025 (UTC)
==Deprecation and removal of the WikiForum & Chat==
As these two features have seen less & less traffic in the recent years, we have taken the decision of retiring them fully.
They will no longer be available. As part of this process, we are also merging the selected/featured tags for languages that the community & we particularly much like. [[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Χρυσοφύλαξ]]''' 13:37, 30 May 2019 (UTC)

==Massive site upgrades==
The Linguifex site has had its backend systems upgraded to run on a newer operating system, homogenized HTTP stack (backend & TLS frontend now use the same) and was updated to version 1.30.
Linguifex will be updated to 1.32 as soon as possible
[[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Χρυσοφύλαξ]]''' 15:22, 1 May 2019 (UTC)
==Sound files==
We now have sound file upload supported (.ogg format). Just add them to your article using <nowiki>[[File:Whatevername.ogg]]</nowiki>. Please don't upload gigantic files though. I'd rather not have to limit it unnecessarily.

==IRC==
We now have an IRC channel on the freenode network. IRC stands for ''Internet Relay Chat'' and allows instantaneous chatting (live!) with other people on Linguifex.

Think of the channel as a more relaxed, global talk page with live discourse.

'''You can now chat with us at [[Linguifex:Chat]]! :D'''

===Old instructions===

To join you must first have an [[w:Comparison_of_Internet_Relay_Chat_clients|IRC client]]. There are many desktop clients available, some of the most famous being: mIRC, ChatZilla, and XChat; there are also many web clients that run in your browser, [http://webchat.freenode.net/ freenode webchat], and [https://kiwiirc.com/client KiwiIRC] to name two.

:'''1'''. Pick a nickname and connect with your client to the network [irc://chat.freenode.net chat.freenode.net] using port 6667

:'''2'''. If you did not chose a channel to join in the previous step, type '''/join #linguifex''' at the prompt (this will make you join our channel)

:'''3'''. Chat to your hearts delight!

''PS. We recommend that you register with the same username as on Linguifex to avoid confusion and any possible disputes. This can be done by typing /msg NickServ register '''password your@email.com'''. Do '''not''' reuse your wiki-password!''

==Happy Holidays!==
The Swedes and Scandinavians of '''Linguifex''' and the [[Linguifex:Administrators|administration]] wishes everyone a [[w:Christmas|Merry Christmas]] now on Christmas Eve, and the rest of the world [[w:Holiday|Happy Holidays]] until Christmas Day! [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 12:24, 24 December 2012 (CET)

== Forums are open! ==
The official built-in forums are now open! They're reachable either by the forum link in the sidebar or by going to [[Special:WikiForum]].

Hope you enjoy! [[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Chrysophylax]]''' 21:52, 18 November 2012 (CET)

== The Grand Opening ==

The '''Linguifex Conlang Wiki''' is currently up and running! Welcome!

[[User:Chrysophylax|Chrysophylax]] ([[User_talk:Chrysophylax|talky talk]])

User:Helperman

2026-02-16T06:29:04Z

Chrysophylax: Created page with "{{Welcome}}"

Contionary:*su

2026-02-16T06:20:07Z

Chrysophylax: adding asterisks for reconstructed terms in etymology section

==Proto-Asisic==
{{Changes|Proto-Asisic}}
===Etymology===
From Proto-Lucine ''{{c|*su-}}'', {{cog|acs-pro|ine-pro|*só}} Sometimes compared to Proto-Uralic ''{{l|urj-pro|*sän|t=he, she, it}}'' and ''{{l|urj-pro|*tä|t=that}}'', Proto-Yukaghir ''{{l|qfa-yuk-pro|*tuẟe|t=he, she, it}}'', Proto-Turkic ''{{l|trk-pro|*tẹ|t=that}}'', Proto-Mongolic ''{{l|xgn-pro|*te|t=that}}'', and Proto-Tungusic ''{{l|tuw-pro|*tari|t=that}}''.
===Pronoun===
{{head|head=*su|asc-pro|pron|clitic|*-at|plural|*ṭus}}
# he, she, it (''third-person pronoun'')
# this, that
====Inflection====
{{asc-pro-pron-2|su|ṭut|ṭum|ṭut|sut|ṭut|-at|-at}}
====Descendants====
''*su, *ṭut''
* {{desc|wsc-pro|*su|*ṭut}}
** Old Tefrian: sw (/sū/), ṭw (/ṭū/)
*** {{desc|tfr-mod|سو|tr1=saw|طو|tr2=ṭaw}}
* {{desc|mgx-pro|*ṯu|*tut}}
** Old Dovasene: thu, tut
*** {{desc|dvs-mod|ҫу|tr1=ȿu|ту|tr2=tu}}
** Old Khbirye: ⴠⴣⴀ (hwa), ⴇⴓⴇ (tut)
*** {{desc|xbr-mod|ხვა|tr1=xva|თუტ|tr2=tuθ}}
''*ṭum, *ṭut''
* {{desc|esc-pro|*tum}}
** {{desc|vanc|tum}}
** {{desc|nygm|тум|tr=tum}}
''*sut, *ṭut''
* {{desc|wsc-pro|*sut|*ṭut}}
** Old Achissari: 𑀳𑁄𑀢𑁆 (hot), 𑀥𑁄𑀢𑁆 (dˀot)
*** {{desc|acs-wst|ہت|tr1=hot|ہۃ|tr2=hot|دت|tr3=dat}}
*** {{desc|acs-est|ہس|tr1=hos|ہۃ|tr2=hot|ضس|tr3=dˀos}}
* {{desc|esc-pro|*ut}}
** {{desc|buls|ut}}

Category:Pages with errors in interlinear text

2026-02-16T06:14:33Z

Chrysophylax: Created blank page

Linguifex:Announcements

2026-02-16T05:28:51Z

Chrysophylax:

{{header
| file= L.png
| file size= 80
| title1 = Current events
| title2 = Welcome to the Linguifex wiki!
}}

==Lilypond & Score==
Unfortunately, we can't run Lilypond safely without investing in a k8s setup which is way out of reach budget-wise right now.
As a precaution both lilypond and the score plugin have been disabled. [[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Χρυσοφύλαξ]]''' 05:28, 16 February 2026 (UTC)

==Discord==

We're on [https://discord.gg/Q425AeNxtj Discord]! It's been a while but I forgot to update. [[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Χρυσοφύλαξ]]''' 08:09, 2 January 2025 (UTC)
==Deprecation and removal of the WikiForum & Chat==
As these two features have seen less & less traffic in the recent years, we have taken the decision of retiring them fully.
They will no longer be available. As part of this process, we are also merging the selected/featured tags for languages that the community & we particularly much like. [[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Χρυσοφύλαξ]]''' 13:37, 30 May 2019 (UTC)

==Massive site upgrades==
The Linguifex site has had its backend systems upgraded to run on a newer operating system, homogenized HTTP stack (backend & TLS frontend now use the same) and was updated to version 1.30.
Linguifex will be updated to 1.32 as soon as possible
[[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Χρυσοφύλαξ]]''' 15:22, 1 May 2019 (UTC)
==Sound files==
We now have sound file upload supported (.ogg format). Just add them to your article using <nowiki>[[File:Whatevername.ogg]]</nowiki>. Please don't upload gigantic files though. I'd rather not have to limit it unnecessarily.

==IRC==
We now have an IRC channel on the freenode network. IRC stands for ''Internet Relay Chat'' and allows instantaneous chatting (live!) with other people on Linguifex.

Think of the channel as a more relaxed, global talk page with live discourse.

'''You can now chat with us at [[Linguifex:Chat]]! :D'''

===Old instructions===

To join you must first have an [[w:Comparison_of_Internet_Relay_Chat_clients|IRC client]]. There are many desktop clients available, some of the most famous being: mIRC, ChatZilla, and XChat; there are also many web clients that run in your browser, [http://webchat.freenode.net/ freenode webchat], and [https://kiwiirc.com/client KiwiIRC] to name two.

:'''1'''. Pick a nickname and connect with your client to the network [irc://chat.freenode.net chat.freenode.net] using port 6667

:'''2'''. If you did not chose a channel to join in the previous step, type '''/join #linguifex''' at the prompt (this will make you join our channel)

:'''3'''. Chat to your hearts delight!

''PS. We recommend that you register with the same username as on Linguifex to avoid confusion and any possible disputes. This can be done by typing /msg NickServ register '''password your@email.com'''. Do '''not''' reuse your wiki-password!''

==Happy Holidays!==
The Swedes and Scandinavians of '''Linguifex''' and the [[Linguifex:Administrators|administration]] wishes everyone a [[w:Christmas|Merry Christmas]] now on Christmas Eve, and the rest of the world [[w:Holiday|Happy Holidays]] until Christmas Day! [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 12:24, 24 December 2012 (CET)

== Forums are open! ==
The official built-in forums are now open! They're reachable either by the forum link in the sidebar or by going to [[Special:WikiForum]].

Hope you enjoy! [[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Chrysophylax]]''' 21:52, 18 November 2012 (CET)

== The Grand Opening ==

The '''Linguifex Conlang Wiki''' is currently up and running! Welcome!

[[User:Chrysophylax|Chrysophylax]] ([[User_talk:Chrysophylax|talky talk]])

Linguifex:Announcements

2026-02-16T05:28:41Z

Chrysophylax:

{{header
| file= L.png
| file size= 80
| title1 = Current events
| title2 = Welcome to the Linguifex wiki!
}}

==Lilypond & Score==
Unfortunately, we can't run Lilypond safely without investing in a k8s setup which is way out of reach budget-wise right now.
As a precaution both lilypond and the score plugin have been disabled.

==Discord==

We're on [https://discord.gg/Q425AeNxtj Discord]! It's been a while but I forgot to update. [[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Χρυσοφύλαξ]]''' 08:09, 2 January 2025 (UTC)
==Deprecation and removal of the WikiForum & Chat==
As these two features have seen less & less traffic in the recent years, we have taken the decision of retiring them fully.
They will no longer be available. As part of this process, we are also merging the selected/featured tags for languages that the community & we particularly much like. [[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Χρυσοφύλαξ]]''' 13:37, 30 May 2019 (UTC)

==Massive site upgrades==
The Linguifex site has had its backend systems upgraded to run on a newer operating system, homogenized HTTP stack (backend & TLS frontend now use the same) and was updated to version 1.30.
Linguifex will be updated to 1.32 as soon as possible
[[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Χρυσοφύλαξ]]''' 15:22, 1 May 2019 (UTC)
==Sound files==
We now have sound file upload supported (.ogg format). Just add them to your article using <nowiki>[[File:Whatevername.ogg]]</nowiki>. Please don't upload gigantic files though. I'd rather not have to limit it unnecessarily.

==IRC==
We now have an IRC channel on the freenode network. IRC stands for ''Internet Relay Chat'' and allows instantaneous chatting (live!) with other people on Linguifex.

Think of the channel as a more relaxed, global talk page with live discourse.

'''You can now chat with us at [[Linguifex:Chat]]! :D'''

===Old instructions===

To join you must first have an [[w:Comparison_of_Internet_Relay_Chat_clients|IRC client]]. There are many desktop clients available, some of the most famous being: mIRC, ChatZilla, and XChat; there are also many web clients that run in your browser, [http://webchat.freenode.net/ freenode webchat], and [https://kiwiirc.com/client KiwiIRC] to name two.

:'''1'''. Pick a nickname and connect with your client to the network [irc://chat.freenode.net chat.freenode.net] using port 6667

:'''2'''. If you did not chose a channel to join in the previous step, type '''/join #linguifex''' at the prompt (this will make you join our channel)

:'''3'''. Chat to your hearts delight!

''PS. We recommend that you register with the same username as on Linguifex to avoid confusion and any possible disputes. This can be done by typing /msg NickServ register '''password your@email.com'''. Do '''not''' reuse your wiki-password!''

==Happy Holidays!==
The Swedes and Scandinavians of '''Linguifex''' and the [[Linguifex:Administrators|administration]] wishes everyone a [[w:Christmas|Merry Christmas]] now on Christmas Eve, and the rest of the world [[w:Holiday|Happy Holidays]] until Christmas Day! [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 12:24, 24 December 2012 (CET)

== Forums are open! ==
The official built-in forums are now open! They're reachable either by the forum link in the sidebar or by going to [[Special:WikiForum]].

Hope you enjoy! [[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Chrysophylax]]''' 21:52, 18 November 2012 (CET)

== The Grand Opening ==

The '''Linguifex Conlang Wiki''' is currently up and running! Welcome!

[[User:Chrysophylax|Chrysophylax]] ([[User_talk:Chrysophylax|talky talk]])

MediaWiki:Sitenotice id

2026-02-16T05:03:54Z

Chrysophylax:

MediaWiki:Sitenotice

2026-02-16T05:03:45Z

Chrysophylax:

{{ambox|text=Running on a new server!|textstyle=text-align: start;}}

User talk:Aquatiki

2025-03-12T22:52:39Z

Chrysophylax: /* Spam issues (march 2025) */ new section

=== Welcome ===
'''Welcome to ''Linguifex''!'''
We hope you will contribute much and well.
You will probably want to read the [[Help:Contents|help pages]].
Again, welcome and have fun! [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 14:41, 8 December 2013 (CET)

== Ílchőfti Lēmáthīd ==

ברוך הבא ל-Linguifex; רפרפתי פעם על השפות העבריות הפולינזיות שלך וממש התרשמתי. אני בטוח שאתה תסכים איתי שצריכות להיות עוד שפות חלופיות :-) אם יש לך זמן בבקשה תן לי את דעתך על השפות שלי. אני מודה, אני מתבייש מכך שהן מתבססות קצת יותר מדי בעברית ויפנית...

בהצלחה,

[[User:Ílchőfti Lēmáthīd|Ílchőfti Lēmáthīd]] ([[User talk:Ílchőfti Lēmáthīd|talk]]) 17:44, 8 December 2013 (CET)

: Wow! Your stuff is amazing! Sorry to reply in English: I'm on a friend's computer without Hebrew! Do you mean [[Themsaran]]? There seem to be a lot of influences there, so no one natlang really sticks out. The tones, clusivity, and bipersonal agreement certainly don't look Hebrew or Japanese! Did you mean a different language of yours? I hope to get home this afternoon and move a lot of things here. [[User:Aquatiki|Aquatiki]] ([[User talk:Aquatiki|talk]]) 18:03, 8 December 2013 (CET)

==Classmeter==
Hi! ^^Regarding the classification meter, it's actually tagged as causing layout errors. I am not sure if this flaw has yet to be fixed; I cannot see anything odd with your page. Well, considering this, I suppose you can use it! I shall change the colour scheme though.

Regards,
[[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 12:06, 10 December 2013 (CET)

==Images==
Hi, thanks for adding categories to a metric fuck-ton of images :P [[File:PMOB.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User:PMOB|Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán]]''' 10:52, 11 February 2014 (CET)
: I think the SI units are tonne-fuck, because French is head-initial! ;-) Your welcome! --[[User:Aquatiki|Aquatiki]] ([[User talk:Aquatiki|talk]]) 14:26, 11 February 2014 (CET)

== Spam issues (march 2025) ==

I will be checking why our advanced captcha has stopped working for us. How unfortunate! [[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Χρυσοφύλαξ]]''' 22:52, 12 March 2025 (UTC)

MediaWiki:Sitenotice id

2025-03-12T00:44:15Z

Chrysophylax:

MediaWiki:Sitenotice

2025-03-12T00:44:04Z

Chrysophylax:

{{ambox|text=We're back! Sorry, bad combo of sickness, funeral and a month-long trip abroad. The site is back now. [[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Χρυσοφύλαξ]]''' 00:44, 12 March 2025 (UTC)|textstyle=text-align: start;}}

Linguifex:Announcements

2025-01-02T08:09:40Z

Chrysophylax:

{{header
| file= L.png
| file size= 80
| title1 = Current events
| title2 = Welcome to the Linguifex wiki!
}}

==Discord==

We're on Discord! It's been a while but I forgot to update. [[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Χρυσοφύλαξ]]''' 08:09, 2 January 2025 (UTC)
==Deprecation and removal of the WikiForum & Chat==
As these two features have seen less & less traffic in the recent years, we have taken the decision of retiring them fully.
They will no longer be available. As part of this process, we are also merging the selected/featured tags for languages that the community & we particularly much like. [[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Χρυσοφύλαξ]]''' 13:37, 30 May 2019 (UTC)

==Massive site upgrades==
The Linguifex site has had its backend systems upgraded to run on a newer operating system, homogenized HTTP stack (backend & TLS frontend now use the same) and was updated to version 1.30.
Linguifex will be updated to 1.32 as soon as possible
[[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Χρυσοφύλαξ]]''' 15:22, 1 May 2019 (UTC)
==Sound files==
We now have sound file upload supported (.ogg format). Just add them to your article using <nowiki>[[File:Whatevername.ogg]]</nowiki>. Please don't upload gigantic files though. I'd rather not have to limit it unnecessarily.

==IRC==
We now have an IRC channel on the freenode network. IRC stands for ''Internet Relay Chat'' and allows instantaneous chatting (live!) with other people on Linguifex.

Think of the channel as a more relaxed, global talk page with live discourse.

'''You can now chat with us at [[Linguifex:Chat]]! :D'''

===Old instructions===

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==Happy Holidays!==
The Swedes and Scandinavians of '''Linguifex''' and the [[Linguifex:Administrators|administration]] wishes everyone a [[w:Christmas|Merry Christmas]] now on Christmas Eve, and the rest of the world [[w:Holiday|Happy Holidays]] until Christmas Day! [[File:Waahlis.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Waahlis|Waahlis]]''' 12:24, 24 December 2012 (CET)

== Forums are open! ==
The official built-in forums are now open! They're reachable either by the forum link in the sidebar or by going to [[Special:WikiForum]].

Hope you enjoy! [[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Chrysophylax]]''' 21:52, 18 November 2012 (CET)

== The Grand Opening ==

The '''Linguifex Conlang Wiki''' is currently up and running! Welcome!

[[User:Chrysophylax|Chrysophylax]] ([[User_talk:Chrysophylax|talky talk]])

MediaWiki:Sitenotice id

2025-01-02T06:37:48Z

Chrysophylax:

MediaWiki:Sitenotice

2025-01-02T06:37:34Z

Chrysophylax:

{{ambox|text=Linguifex will be changing authoritative nameservers for the domain this weekend (3-5 jan 2025), the change has been carefully planned to not cause any outages, but there is always a risk of disruption. This is part of the 2025 improvement program to beef up Linguifex to be faster, snappier and less prone to outages.|textstyle=text-align: start;}}

Linguifex:Bureaucrats

2023-06-09T00:55:32Z

Chrysophylax: Created blank page

User:Chrysophylax

2023-06-09T00:40:57Z

Chrysophylax:

__NOTOC__
=Welcome=
Test
If you require help, feel free to write to me on my talk page, and I will respond as soon as possible. You may write to me in English, Spanish, French, German, Italian, Swedish (Danish and Norwegian are fine too), Latin, Bosnian, Serbian, or Croatian, and Ancient Greek.

My tasks here as an administrator include: helping users, organising projects, carrying out maintenance, and problem solving.

{{Template:UBX/Reading all}}

== Tools ==
<inputbox>
type=create
break=no
preload=User:Chrysophylax/skapjā
buttonlabel=naunijā namā
prefix=Contionary:
</inputbox>
<inputbox>
type=create
break=no
preload=User:Chrysophylax/skapjā-verb
buttonlabel=naunijā verb
prefix=Contionary:
</inputbox>

<inputbox>
type=create
break=no
preload=Template:qdh-create
buttonlabel=Dhannuá!
prefix=Contionary:
</inputbox>

<inputbox>
type=create
break=no
preload=Template:Newword
buttonlabel=New word
prefix=Contionary:
</inputbox>

<inputbox>
type=create
break=no
preload=User:Chrysophylax/Template:nr
buttonlabel=Reconstructed word
prefix=Contionary:Appendix:
</inputbox>

<inputbox>
type=create
break=no
preload=User:Chrysophylax/new
buttonlabel=Välya!
prefix=Contionary:
</inputbox>

== Languages ==
My languages are mostly sketchlangs, unfortunately. Languages with a '''♦''' marker are sketches.

;[[Dhannuá]]
:In summary, what if I got to play around with some IE roots and tried to make a proper, naturalistic, modern Indo-European-descendant language with chronicled changes from PIE to Standard Dhannua/Common Late Era Modern Dhannua. It went… so and so. I have unfortunately not had enough time to fully flesh it out as I would have wanted. I do like the feel of the language though.
;[[Finian]]
:Finian is a cousin language to Dhannuá, small but quirky. '''♦'''

;[[Hirathic]]
:I've been wanting to make a Greek-flavoured language for some time and funnily enough, jokes about Albanian and Greek and this was born. '''♦'''

;[[Tengos]]
:I'd forgotten about you…


;[[Khaz|Khaz]]
:My first online conlang. I recently polished it up and tried to cure it of some of the relexiness.

;[[User:Chrysophylax/þanwā þydigā|Thanuá]]
:My italolang! Or well, the first few sound changes. '''♦'''

;[[User:Chrysophylax/Skājamāl|Skájamál]]
:My one and only Germanic conlang. So far, only really a list of sound changes. '''♦'''

;[[User:Chrysophylax/YaLU|Yet Another Language Unnamed]]
:Trying to merge a lot of features from several mini-sketches.



;[[User:Chrysophylax/amaits]]
:more ie!!'''♦'''

== To-do list ==
*Write case system bit!
*Check if autoconf. have to recaptcha


[[Category:Administrator]]

== subpages of this page ==
<splist />

scratch test

MediaWiki:Sitenotice

2023-05-25T23:34:24Z

Chrysophylax:

{{ambox|text=We have a discord channel! Join and chat with fellow wiki members on [https://discord.gg/Q425AeNxtj here]. Donations for Linguifex upkeep can be given at [https://liberapay.com/chrysophylax/ Liberapay]. Happy New Year!}}

User:Chrysophylax

2023-01-11T02:32:41Z

Chrysophylax:

__NOTOC__
=Welcome=
Test
If you require help, feel free to write to me on my talk page, and I will respond as soon as possible. You may write to me in English, Spanish, French, German, Italian, Swedish (Danish and Norwegian are fine too), Latin, Bosnian, Serbian, or Croatian, and Ancient Greek.

My tasks here as an administrator include: helping users, organising projects, carrying out maintenance, and problem solving.

{{Template:UBX/Reading all}}

== Tools ==
<inputbox>
type=create
break=no
preload=User:Chrysophylax/skapjā
buttonlabel=naunijā namā
prefix=Contionary:
</inputbox>
<inputbox>
type=create
break=no
preload=User:Chrysophylax/skapjā-verb
buttonlabel=naunijā verb
prefix=Contionary:
</inputbox>

<inputbox>
type=create
break=no
preload=Template:qdh-create
buttonlabel=Dhannuá!
prefix=Contionary:
</inputbox>

<inputbox>
type=create
break=no
preload=Template:Newword
buttonlabel=New word
prefix=Contionary:
</inputbox>

<inputbox>
type=create
break=no
preload=User:Chrysophylax/Template:nr
buttonlabel=Reconstructed word
prefix=Contionary:Appendix:
</inputbox>

<inputbox>
type=create
break=no
preload=User:Chrysophylax/new
buttonlabel=Välya!
prefix=Contionary:
</inputbox>

== Languages ==
My languages are mostly sketchlangs, unfortunately. Languages with a '''♦''' marker are sketches.

;[[Dhannuá]]
:In summary, what if I got to play around with some IE roots and tried to make a proper, naturalistic, modern Indo-European-descendant language with chronicled changes from PIE to Standard Dhannua/Common Late Era Modern Dhannua. It went… so and so. I have unfortunately not had enough time to fully flesh it out as I would have wanted. I do like the feel of the language though.
;[[Finian]]
:Finian is a cousin language to Dhannuá, small but quirky. '''♦'''

;[[Hirathic]]
:I've been wanting to make a Greek-flavoured language for some time and funnily enough, jokes about Albanian and Greek and this was born. '''♦'''

;[[Tengos]]
:I'd forgotten about you…


;[[Khaz|Khaz]]
:My first online conlang. I recently polished it up and tried to cure it of some of the relexiness.

;[[User:Chrysophylax/þanwā þydigā|Thanuá]]
:My italolang! Or well, the first few sound changes. '''♦'''

;[[User:Chrysophylax/Skājamāl|Skájamál]]
:My one and only Germanic conlang. So far, only really a list of sound changes. '''♦'''

;[[User:Chrysophylax/YaLU|Yet Another Language Unnamed]]
:Trying to merge a lot of features from several mini-sketches.



;[[User:Chrysophylax/amaits]]
:more ie!!'''♦'''

== To-do list ==
*Write case system bit!
*Check if autoconf. have to recaptcha


[[Category:Administrator]]

== subpages of this page ==
<splist />

scratch test

User talk:Sware

2022-10-25T22:51:12Z

Chrysophylax: /* Tahano Hikamu font */ new section

<div style="text-align: center;">Welcome to my Talk page</div>
 
Any questions? Have I done something I shouldn't have? Just wanted to say hi? [{{canonicalurl:User talk:Sware|action=edit&section=new}} Create a new topic] and I'll try to answer you as soon as possible.

Please sign your comments with <code><nowiki>~~~~</nowiki></code>.

== Permission to use Module:qhv-pron ==

Hi! I am a contributor for High Valyrian on [https://wiki.languageinvention.com/index.php?title=Main_Page wiki.languageinvention.com], and I was wondering if I could use [[Module:qhv-pron]] (and the associated template [[Template:Qhv-IPA]] and make some adaptations, on our wiki. It's really great work by you and it seems unnecessary to do the same work twice. I will give you credit of course. I would really appreciate it! You can also reach me on juelosw [at] gmail [dot] com --[[User:Juelos|Juelos]] ([[User talk:Juelos|talk]]) 20:10, 7 June 2021 (UTC)
: @[[User:Juelos|Juelos]]: Hi Juelos, permission granted! [[:Category:High Valyrian|High Valyrian entries here on Linguifex]] are based on your work and [[User:Nicomega|Najahho]]'s on the Language Invention wiki, so thanks. Please feel free to correct any mistakes that I have made here, and to create new pages that I missed, to have High Valyrian documented in both wikis. I will add proper credit in the category linked above. Cheers! [[User:Sware|'''swar''''''e''']] • [[User talk:Sware#top|🗣]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sware|🏲]] 10:24, 8 June 2021 (UTC)
::Thanks! Much appreciated.--[[User:Juelos|Juelos]] ([[User talk:Juelos|talk]]) 21:26, 8 June 2021 (UTC)
::I found an error in [[Module:qhv-pron]] in that it assigns stress to the last syllable if the word ends in ''ks''. If you move line 43 (<code><nowiki>term = gsub(term, "·$", "")</nowiki></code>) to line 38 , it is solved. (Also, it doesn't do well with adjacent vowels that don't form a diphtong (hiatus), but you can solve that by adding <code><nowiki>·</nowiki></code> between them. That one seems harder to solve by changing the code). --[[User:Juelos|Juelos]] ([[User talk:Juelos|talk]]) 07:44, 9 June 2021 (UTC)

== Howdy and congratulations ==

Hey! It's my first time back here in a few months, and it was a pleasant surprise to see a page I'd read a few times before make it to the front page. So I just wanted to pop by and congratulate you on the achievement and say thanks for sharing such a cool language! Best, -[[User:Учхљёная]] ([[User_talk:Учхљёная|talk]],[[:Category:Conlangs by Elliott Wheeler|conlangs]],[[Special:Contributions/Учхљёная|edits]]). 01:31, 22 November 2021 (UTC)
: @[[User:Учхљёная|Учхљёная]]: Hey, thanks! It was a great surprise for me too; I wasn't expecting getting featured. The language may not be mine, but I enjoyed putting the article together as if I were some kind of scholar. I'd be lying if I said I didn't read your work on [[Proto-Glaeglo-Hyudrontic]] or [[Danterske]], for example.
: Anyways, thanks to you for stopping by and reading the article, highly appreciated; or as they would put it, ''{{term|filu danci}}''. Welcome back to Linguifex! Cheers, [[User:Sware|'''swar''''''e''']] • [[User talk:Sware#top|🗣]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sware|🏲]] 21:30, 22 November 2021 (UTC)

== Tahano Hikamu font ==

:: Hi, Sware! I can absolutely add it. Can you please give me a quoted css declaration to include in common.css? Best regards, [[File:Admin.png|35px|link=Linguifex:Administrators]] '''[[User talk:Chrysophylax|Χρυσοφύλαξ]]''' 22:51, 25 October 2022 (UTC)

Template:Front/featured

2021-07-19T09:23:22Z

Chrysophylax:

Template:Front/featured

2021-07-19T09:22:44Z

Chrysophylax:

{{Infobox language
|image = Flag of Avendonia square 2.png
|imagesize = 120px
|name = Avendonian
|nativename = avendoniano
|pronunciation = avendoˈni̯ano
|pronunciation_key = IPA for Avendonian
|state = Avendonia
|setting = Alt-history Europe, Northern Italic Peninsula
|created = 2009
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam2 = [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic]]
|fam3 = [[w:West Germanic languages|West Germanic]]
|fam4 = ''{{Abbtip|partially|part.}}'' [[w:Elbe Germanic|Elbe Germanic]]
|ancestor = Pre-Avendonian
|creator = S.C.
|dia1 = North Adriatic (''nordadriatico'')
|dia2 = Alpine (''alpino'')
|dia3 = High Burgundian (''ocburgundico'')
|dia4 = Low Burgundian (''lagburgundico'')
|dia5 = Genoese (''genoico'')
|stand1 = Central Avendonian dialect
|script1 = Latn
|nation = Avendonia
|agency = Grunditio Cuningica per la Spraca Avendoniana
|map = Locator Map Avendonia.png
|mapsize = 280px
|mapcaption = Approximate borders of Avendonia
|notice = IPA
}}

[[Avendonian]] ([[w:endonym|autoglossonym]]: ''avendoniano''; Avendonian: [[IPA for Avendonian|[avendoˈni̯ano]]]) is a [[w:West Germanic language|West Germanic language]], with strong influence of [[w:Vulgar Latin|Vulgar Latin]]. It is the result of a prolonged contact among members of both regions, after West Germanic merchants began travelling to and from the [[w:Western Roman Empire|Western Roman Empire]]. These connections—and the conquest by the Germanic tribes of the northern skirts of the Roman Empire—slowly formed a [[w:creole language|creole]] for mutual communication. Eventually, permanent settlements were established in what would become modern-day Avendonia, where Avendonian is primarily spoken, with official status.

While its vocabulary derives for the most part from [[w:Proto-Germanic|Proto-Germanic]], Latin influence is most notable in its phonology and its grammar.

Avendonian grammar is relatively straightforward and akin to the grammar of other Romance languages, due to the influence of Latin.
# Two sets of articles, indefinite and definite, preceding the noun.
# Gender and number inflection in nouns, adjectives, and pronouns. Articles and adjectives must agree inflection-wise with the noun or pronoun they modify.
# Twofold gender system, masculine and feminine. Loss of Latin neuter gender.
# Fusional verb inflection for person, number, mood, and tense.
However, noun and adjective declension endings, along with the ablaut in strong verbs are elements derived from Germanic.

Nouns in Avendonian fall in one of the following almost fully regular declensions:
* '''A-stem''': mostly feminine nouns. From [[w:Latin declension#First declension (a stems)|Latin first declension]] and [[w:Proto-Germanic grammar#ō-stems|Germanic ō-]] and [[w:Proto-Germanic grammar#ōn-stems|ōn-stems]]. E.g. '''{{term|erda}}'''.
* '''O-stem''': chiefly masculine nouns. From [[w:Latin declension#Second declension (o stems)|Latin second declension]] and [[w:Proto-Germanic grammar#a-stems|Germanic a-stems]]. E.g. '''{{term|vundro}}'''.
* '''E-stem''': both genders. From the [[w:Latin declension#Third declension|third]] and [[w:Latin declension#Fifth declension (e stems)|fifth declensions of Latin]] and various Germanic stems (like [[w:Proto-Germanic grammar#an-stems|an-stems]]). E.g. '''{{term|snege}}'''.
* '''U-stem''': both genders but mainly masculine. From Latin [[w:Latin declension#Fourth declension (u stems)|fourth declension]] and [[w:Proto-Germanic grammar#u-stems|u-stem]] from Germanic. E.g. '''{{term|vintro}}'''.
Notable exceptions are the productive suffix '''{{term|-tio}}''', which forms feminine o-stem nouns from verbs, and the '''{{term|-ista}}''' suffix forms [[w:epicenity#Specialized uses|epicene]] a-stem nouns. Other words have no distinctive feature in the modern language, i.e. differences are etymological.

There are six major dialects of Avendonian. Central Avendonian (or '''midio''') is considered the standard language, and it is the language most of the author's work is based upon. The main features of the other five dialects will be discussed in the following sections.

<noinclude>[[Category:Templates]][[Category:Main page]][[Category:Meta]]</noinclude>

Avendonian

2021-07-19T09:19:19Z

Chrysophylax:

{{Featured}}

{{Infobox language
|image = Flag of Avendonia square 2.png
|imagesize = 120px
|name = Avendonian
|nativename = avendoniano
|pronunciation = avendoˈni̯ano
|pronunciation_key = IPA for Avendonian
|state = Avendonia
|setting = Alt-history Europe, Northern Italic Peninsula
|created = 2009
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam2 = [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic]]
|fam3 = [[w:West Germanic languages|West Germanic]]
|fam4 = ''{{Abbtip|partially|part.}}'' [[w:Elbe Germanic|Elbe Germanic]]
|ancestor = Pre-Avendonian
|creator = S.C.
|dia1 = North Adriatic (''nordadriatico'')
|dia2 = Alpine (''alpino'')
|dia3 = High Burgundian (''ocburgundico'')
|dia4 = Low Burgundian (''lagburgundico'')
|dia5 = Genoese (''genoico'')
|stand1 = Central Avendonian dialect
|script1 = Latn
|nation = Avendonia
|agency = Grunditio Cuningica per la Spraca Avendoniana
|map = Locator Map Avendonia.png
|mapsize = 280px
|mapcaption = Approximate borders of Avendonia
|notice = IPA
}}

'''Avendonian''' ([[w:endonym|autoglossonym]]: ''avendoniano''; Avendonian: [[IPA for Avendonian|[avendoˈni̯ano]]]) is a [[w:West Germanic language|West Germanic language]], with strong influence of [[w:Vulgar Latin|Vulgar Latin]]. It is the result of a prolonged contact among members of both regions, after West Germanic merchants began travelling to and from the [[w:Western Roman Empire|Western Roman Empire]]. These connections—and the conquest by the Germanic tribes of the northern skirts of the Roman Empire—slowly formed a [[w:creole language|creole]] for mutual communication. Eventually, permanent settlements were established in what would become modern-day Avendonia, where Avendonian is primarily spoken, with official status.

While its vocabulary derives for the most part from [[w:Proto-Germanic|Proto-Germanic]], Latin influence is most notable in its phonology and its grammar.

==Etymology==
The language name derives directly from the country it is spoken in, Avendonia. It makes reference to the Roman description of the Avendonian peoples, which were settled west of Rome; in the direction of the setting sun. Ultimately from Proto-Germanic ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ēbanþs|*ēbanþs]]'' (“evening”), it came to mean “sunset people” or “people of the setting sun”.

==Orthography==
The Avendonian alphabet consists of 18 letters, five of which are vowels and 13 consonants. There are no diacritics, and contractions make use of the apostrophe to mark vowel omission.
<center>
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 50em; text-align: center; border-collapse:collapse;"
! colspan="18" | Letters of the Avendonian alphabet
|-
| Aa || Bb || Cc || Dd || Ee || Ff || Gg || Ii || Ll || Mm || Nn || Oo || Pp || Rr || Ss || Tt || Uu || Vv
|}
</center>
Non-native letters such as J, K, Q, Z, etc. may occur in some foreign words or proper nouns, chiefly in toponyms and given names. Yy is part of the alphabet of the Burgundian dialects of Avendonian, like in '''{{term|dydere}}'''.

The letters correspond almost one to one to their pronunciation. The Avendonian orthography is considered [[w:shallow orthography|shallow]] or [[w:phonetic orthography|phonetic]], as opposed to deep orthographies like [[w:French orthography|French's]]. The orthography features that do not follow the correspondance are:
* The letters {{angbr|c}} and {{angbr|g}} make the sound /{{IPA|t͡ʃ}}/ and /{{IPA|d͡ʒ}}/, respectively, if followed by {{angbr|e}} or {{angbr|i}}. Examples: '''[[Contionary:cicare|cicare]]''' /{{IPA|t͡͡ʃiˈkare}}/, '''[[Contionary:geldo|geldo]]''' /{{IPA|ˈd͡ʒeldo}}/.
* {{angbr|t}} in the combination {{angbr|ti}} makes the sound /{{IPA|t͡s}}/. Example: '''{{term|tite}}''' /{{IPA|ˈt͡site}}/.
* The combination {{angbr|gn}} makes the sound /{{IPA|ɲ}}/, as in Italian or Spanish ''ñ''. Example: '''{{term|gnagare}}''' /{{IPA|ɲaˈgare}}/.
* {{angbr|i}} in intervocalic position or word-initially turns into the semivowel /{{IPA|j}}/. Examples: '''{{term|iaro}}''' /{{IPA|ˈjaro}}/, '''{{term|bluiare}}''' /{{IPA|bluˈjare}}/.
* The [[w:digraph (Orthography)|digraph]] {{angbr|sc}} before [[w:front vowel|front vowels]] (that is, {{angbr|i}} and {{angbr|e}}) makes the sound /{{IPA|ʃ}}/. Example: '''{{term|sciio}}''' /{{IPA|ˈʃijo}}/.
* The digraph {{angbr|ch}} makes the sound /{{IPA|k}}/, and it is only found in [[w:loanword|loanword]]s.

==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes
|-
!
! colspan="2" | [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Dental consonant|Dental]]/ [[w:Alveolar consonant|alveolar]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Postalveolar consonant|Post- alveolar]]/ [[w:Palatal consonant|palatal]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal nasal|ɲ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | ([[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]])
|-
! [[w:stop consonant|Stop]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" |  [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar stop|ɡ]]
|-
! [[w:Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate|t͡s]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate|t͡ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palato-alveolar affricate|d͡ʒ]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|v]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative|ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:Trill consonant|Trill]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:Flap consonant|Flap]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | ([[w:Voiced alveolar tap|ɾ]])
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|}

Notes:
* As stated in [[#Orthography|§Orthography]], /{{IPA|k, g, sk}}/ palatalize to /{{IPA|t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ, ʃ}}/ before front vowels /{{IPA|i, e}}/.
* When followed or preceded by a vowel but not word-initially, /{{IPA|i}}/ shortens and forms a diphthong with the adjacent vowel. Examples: '''{{term|sigie}}''' /{{IPA|ˈsid͡ʒi̯e}}/, '''{{term|perstelitio}}''' /{{IPA|persteˈlit͡si̯o}}/.
* [{{IPA|ɾ}}] is a permissible allophone of /{{IPA|r}}/ in fast speech.
* [{{IPA|ŋ}}] is an allophone of /{{IPA|n}}/ before velar stops /{{IPA|k, g}}/, both intra- and intersyllabically, although the former can only happen in the [[#Burgundian dialects|Low Burgundian dialect]]. Examples: '''{{term|drincare}}''' /{{IPA|driŋˈkare}}/, '''{{term|anguste}}''' /{{IPA|aŋˈguste}}/, Low Burgundian '''{{term|clang}}''' /{{IPA|klaŋg}}/ (standard '''{{term|clango}}''').

===Vowels===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Vowel phonemes
|-
! !! colspan="2" | [[w:Front vowel|Front]] !! [[w:Central vowel|Central]] !! [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| style="border-right:0;"| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]] || style="border-left:0;"| ([[w:Close front rounded vowel|y]]) || || [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]]
|-
! [[w:Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
| colspan="2"| [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]] || || [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]
|-
|-
! [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
| colspan="2" | [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a]] || ||
|}

Notes:
* /{{IPA|y}}/ is native to the Burgundian dialects. See [[#Burgundian dialects|§Dialects]] below.
* /{{IPA|e, o}}/ may be realized as [{{IPA|e̞, o̞}}].

===Prosody===
Avendonian is strictly paroxytonic, meaning words always receive stress on their second-to-last syllable.
: '''{{term|spraca}}''' (SPRA-ca) /{{IPA|ˈspra.ka}}/, '''{{term|ordo}}''' (OR-do) /{{IPA|ˈor.do}}/, '''{{term|bucaria}}''' (bu-CA-ria) /{{IPA|bu.ˈka.ri̯a}}/, etc.
Monosyllabic words like '''{{term|blio}}''' have the stress in their only syllable, but it is weaker than those in polysyllabic words, unless emphasized. Enclitic and other unstressed personal pronouns do not affect stress patterns:
: '''{{term|elpare}}-{{term|te}}''', /{{IPA|el.ˈpa.re‿te}}/ and not /{{IPA|el.pa.ˈre‿te}}/
Longer words (four or more syllables) may receive a secondary stress in the fourth-to-last syllable (i.e. two syllables before the main or primary stress):
: '''{{term|sobgrundsporvego}}''' /{{IPA|sob.ˌgrund.spor.ˈve.go}}/, '''{{term|surstopitio}}''' /{{IPA|ˌsur.sto.ˈpi.t͡si̯o}}/

==Grammar==
Avendonian grammar is relatively straightforward and akin to the grammar of other Romance languages, due to the influence of Latin.
# Two sets of articles, indefinite and definite, preceding the noun.
# Gender and number inflection in nouns, adjectives, and pronouns. Articles and adjectives must agree inflection-wise with the noun or pronoun they modify.
# Twofold gender system, masculine and feminine. Loss of Latin neuter gender.
# Fusional verb inflection for person, number, mood, and tense.
However, noun and adjective declension endings, along with the ablaut in strong verbs are elements derived from Germanic.

===Articles===
Both definite and indefinite articles have four distinct forms, for number and gender:
{| class="multicol" role="presentation" style="border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; border: 0; background:transparent; width:auto; text-align: center; float: left;"
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;" |
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Indefinite articles
|-
! !! masculine !! feminine
|-
! singular
| {{term|uno}} || {{term|una}}
|-
! plural
| {{term|uni}} || {{term|une}}
|-
|}
 
| style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;" |
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Definite articles
|-
! !! masculine !! feminine
|-
! singular
| {{term|el}} || {{term|la}}
|-
! plural
| {{term|li}} || {{term|le}}
|-
|}
|}
 
Avendonian articles function similarly as English ''a'' and ''the'', but gender and number of the following noun determine the form that must be used. For example:
: '''{{term|buce}}''' ''{{Abbtip|masculine gender|m}} {{Abbtip|singular number|sg}}'' → '''el buce''' (“the book”), '''uno buce''' (“a book”).
: '''{{term|frage}}''' ''{{Abbtip|feminine gender|f}} {{Abbtip|plural number|pl}}'' → '''le frage''' (“the questions”), '''une frage''' (“some questions”).
: etc.
The definite article '''el''' forms a contraction with prepositions '''{{term|a}}''' and '''{{term|de}}''', using an apostrophe: '''a'l''', '''d'el'''. These are the only standard contractions; other contractions like '''[[Contionary:ca ga't|Ca ga't?]]''' from '''{{term|ga}}''' + '''{{term|et}}''' (“How goes it?”, greeting) are permissible but discouraged in formal writing.

===Demonstratives===
In Avendonian there are two sets of demonstratives, which can be used either as determiners or pronouns: [[w:Demonstrative#Distal and proximal demonstratives|proximal and distal]]. As adjectives, the stem may be suffixed with '''-ie''' to form adverbs, '''{{term|ecie}}''' ''here'' and '''{{term|elie}}''' ''there''.
{| class="multicol" role="presentation" style="border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; border: 0; background:transparent; width:auto; text-align: center;"
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;" |
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Proximal demonstratives
|-
! !! masculine !! feminine
|-
! singular
| {{term|eco}} || {{term|eca}}
|-
! plural
| {{term|eci}} || {{term|ece}}
|-
|}
 
| style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;" |
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Distal demonstratives
|-
! !! masculine !! feminine
|-
! singular
| {{term|elo}} || {{term|ela}}
|-
! plural
| {{term|eli}} || {{term|ele}}
|-
|}
|}

===Nouns===
{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; text-align: center;"
|+ Avendonian noun declensions
|-
! !! [[:Category:Avendonian a-stem nouns|A-stem]] !! [[:Category:Avendonian o-stem nouns|O-stem]] !! [[:Category:Avendonian e-stem nouns|E-stem]] !! [[:Category:Avendonian u-stem nouns|U-stem]]
|-
! singular
| -a || -o || rowspan="2" | -e || -o
|-
! plural
| -e || -i || -u
|}
Nouns in Avendonian fall in one of the following almost fully regular declensions:
* '''A-stem''': mostly feminine nouns. From [[w:Latin declension#First declension (a stems)|Latin first declension]] and [[w:Proto-Germanic grammar#ō-stems|Germanic ō-]] and [[w:Proto-Germanic grammar#ōn-stems|ōn-stems]]. E.g. '''{{term|erda}}'''.
* '''O-stem''': chiefly masculine nouns. From [[w:Latin declension#Second declension (o stems)|Latin second declension]] and [[w:Proto-Germanic grammar#a-stems|Germanic a-stems]]. E.g. '''{{term|vundro}}'''.
* '''E-stem''': both genders. From the [[w:Latin declension#Third declension|third]] and [[w:Latin declension#Fifth declension (e stems)|fifth declensions of Latin]] and various Germanic stems (like [[w:Proto-Germanic grammar#an-stems|an-stems]]). E.g. '''{{term|snege}}'''.
* '''U-stem''': both genders but mainly masculine. From Latin [[w:Latin declension#Fourth declension (u stems)|fourth declension]] and [[w:Proto-Germanic grammar#u-stems|u-stem]] from Germanic. E.g. '''{{term|vintro}}'''.
Notable exceptions are the productive suffix '''{{term|-tio}}''', which forms feminine o-stem nouns from verbs, and the '''{{term|-ista}}''' suffix forms [[w:epicenity#Specialized uses|epicene]] a-stem nouns. Other words have no distinctive feature in the modern language, i.e. differences are etymological.

===Personal pronouns===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; float: right;"
|+ Avendonian personal pronouns
|-
! colspan=3 rowspan=2 | !! colspan=2 | personal pronouns !! rowspan=2 | possessive pronoun
|-
! [[wikt:Appendix:Glossary#subject|subjective]] !! [[wikt:Appendix:Glossary#object|objective]]
|-
! rowspan=2 | [[wikt:Appendix:Glossary#first person|first person]] !! colspan=2 | singular
| {{term|eo}} || {{term|me}} || {{term|mede}}
|- valign="top"
! colspan=2 valign="middle" | plural
| {{term|vi}} || {{term|nos}} || {{term|nosde}}
|-
! rowspan=3 | [[wikt:Appendix:Glossary#second person|second person]] !! rowspan=2 | singular !! default
| {{term|tu}} || {{term|te}} || {{term|tede}}
|-
! formal
| colspan=2 | {{term|Si}} || {{term|Side}}
|-
! colspan=2 | plural
| {{term|i}} || {{term|vos}} || {{term|vosde}}
|-
! rowspan=4 | [[wikt:Appendix:Glossary#third person|third person]] !! rowspan=3 | singular !! masculine
| {{term|e}} || rowspan=4 | {{term|si}} || rowspan=4 | {{term|side}}
|-
! feminine
| {{term|si}}
|-
! neuter
| {{term|et}}
|-
! colspan=2 | plural
| {{term|si}}
|}
Personal pronouns in Avendonian have the following forms:
* Avendonian is not a pro-drop language, as other Romance languages. In other words, the subject, which may or may not be a personal pronoun must appear in every sentence, except in relative clauses where the subject of both statements is the same.
:: '''Eo spreco avendoniano.''' ''I speak Avendonian''
:: '''El hundo ce (et) va mudio asatui.''' ''The dog which was tired sat down.''
* Objective pronouns act as the direct object of a sentence. If the verb is an infinitive or an imperative, the pronoun is attached to it with a hyphen; otherwise, it precedes the verb.
:: '''E me gavo uno scenco en el burddago mede.''' ''He gave me a present for my birthday.''
:: '''Bido, sende-me uno posrito cando si encumen.''' ''Please, send me a message when they arrive.''
* Possessive pronouns can function as determiners and pronouns, i.e. ''my'' and ''mine''. Possessives must be written in the form of ''article'' + ''noun'' + ''possessive''. The article still agrees in gender and number with the noun.
:: '''El vagno mede.''' ''My car.''          '''Le sceiate side.''' ''His/Her/Their stories''.
:: '''Perlosasti tu el buce tede? Eo cuno liare el mede.''' ''You lost your book? I can lend you mine.''
* Avendonian has, as in the Romance languages, [[w:T–V distinction|T–V distinction]]. This distinction is lost in the plural. Formal second person pronouns are always capitalized, in all forms, no matter the environment.
:: '''Bido ero, ce bi el name Side?''' ''Excuse me sir, what is your name?'' (formal)
:: '''Si Si bi perlisato, vi cunamos ledere-Si.''' ''If you are lost, we can guide you.'' (formal)

===Adjectives===
As said above, adjectives agree in gender and number with the noun, and are placed after them. They exist in three [[w:Comparison (grammar)|degrees]]: positive, comparative, and superlative. All three degrees have an adverbial form, using the suffix '''-ie'''. In other words, every adjective can be morphed into an adverb.
====Positive degree====
The positive degree is the default form of Avendonian adjectives, which simply describes the noun. It is also the only degree subject to declensional variation. The declension patterns are exactly as those of nouns, although '''{{term|porpora}}''' is considered irregular, not a-stem.
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-n}}
: '''Uno vagno roto.''' ''A red car.''
{{Col-n}}
: '''La dotre sciia mede.''' ''My shy daughter.''
{{Col-n}}
: '''Li landi fere.''' ''The distant'' or ''far countries.''
{{Col-end}}
The same forms can also be used predicatively. Thus: '''La dotre mede bi sciia.''' ''My daughter is shy.'', '''Li landi bin fere.''' ''The countries are far (away).'', etc.
Passive participles can function as regular adjectives, and active participles (or gerunds) result in undeclinable adjectives. An example of an adjective of each declension is given:
{| class="multicol" role="presentation" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; background: transparent; width:auto; text-align: center;"
| rowspan="5" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;" |
{| class="wikitable"
|+ O-stem
! colspan="3" style="background: #c8c8c8;" | ''{{term|alto}}'' “old”
|-
! {{Abbtip|positive|posv|sc}} !! masculine !! feminine
|-
! singular
| alto || alta
|-
! plural
| alti || alte
|-
|}
 
| style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;" |
{| class="wikitable"
|+ [[:Category:Avendonian e-stem adjectives|E-stem]]
! colspan="3" style="background: #c8c8c8;" | ''{{term|comene}}'' “common”
|-
! {{Abbtip|positive|posv|sc}} !! masculine !! feminine
|-
! singular
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" | comene
|-
! plural
|-
|}
 
| style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;" |
{| class="wikitable"
|+ [[:Category:Avendonian u-stem adjectives|U-stem]]
! colspan="3" style="background: #c8c8c8;" | ''{{term|engo}}'' “narrow”
|-
! {{Abbtip|positive|posv|sc}} !! masculine !! feminine
|-
! singular
| colspan="2" | engo
|-
! plural
| colspan="2" | engu
|-
|}
 
| style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;" |
{| class="wikitable"
|+ [[:Category:Avendonian irregular adjectives|Irregular]]
! colspan="3" style="background: #c8c8c8;" | ''{{term|porpora}}'' “purple”
|-
! {{Abbtip|positive|posv|sc}} !! masculine !! feminine
|-
! singular
| colspan="2" | porpora
|-
! plural
| colspan="2" | porpore
|-
|}
|}

====Comparative degree====
{| class="multicol" role="presentation" style="border: 0; border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; background: transparent; width:auto; text-align: center; float: right;"
| rowspan="5" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;" |
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Regular
! colspan="3" style="background: #c8c8c8;" | ''{{term|alto}}'' “old”
|-
! {{Abbtip|comparative|cmpr|sc}} !! masculine !! feminine
|-
! singular
| altior || altiora
|-
! plural
| altiori || altiore
|-
|}
 
| style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;" |
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Irregular
! colspan="3" style="background: #c8c8c8;" | ''{{term|guto}}'' “good”
|-
! {{Abbtip|comparative|cmpr|sc}} !! masculine !! feminine
|-
! singular
| betior || betiora
|-
! plural
| betiori || betiore
|-
|}
|}
Avendonian comparative adjectives can establish three sorts of comparison: equative (''X is as Y as Z''), superior (''X is more Y than Z''), and inferior (''X is less Y than Z''). Fusional endings are only used in equative comparatives. Consider the following example:
* ''Iane is shorter than Vilelmo.'' '''Iane bi curtior ce Vilelmo.'''
* ''Iane is as short as Vilelmo.'' '''Iane bi ta curto ca Vilelmo.'''
* ''Iane is “less short” than Vilelmo.'' '''Iane bi minire curto ca Vilelmo'''.
Notice the use of different prepositions in each comparison. Both ''X'' and ''Z'' can be personal pronouns, only in the subject form.
* ''You are shorter than me.'' '''Tu bis curtior ce eo.'''

{| class="multicol" role="presentation" style="border: 0; border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; background: transparent; width:auto; text-align: center; float: right;"
| rowspan="5" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;" |
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Regular
! colspan="3" style="background: #c8c8c8;" | ''{{term|alto}}'' “old”
|-
! {{Abbtip|superlative|supl|sc}} !! masculine !! feminine
|-
! singular
| altesmo || altesma
|-
! plural
| altesmi || altesme
|-
|}
 
| style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;" |
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Irregular
! colspan="3" style="background: #c8c8c8;" | ''{{term|guto}}'' “good”
|-
! {{Abbtip|superlative|supl|sc}} !! masculine !! feminine
|-
! singular
| betesmo || betesma
|-
! plural
| betesmi || betesme
|-
|}
|}
====Superlative degree====
Superlatives are always preceded by a definite article, and both must agree with the noun they are modifying. Thus:
* '''Iane bi el curtesmo.''' ''Iane is the shortest.''
* '''Iane e Vilelmo bin li curtesmi.''' ''Iane and Vilelmo are the shortest.''

====Indeclinable adjectives====
Some adjectives have a single form for all degrees, but the same effect is achieved placing before them the adverbs '''{{term|mere}}''' and '''{{term|mesto}}'''. Some of this adjectives are indeclinable for etymological reasons (e.g. '''{{term|na}}''') or because of their nature as active participles (e.g. '''{{term|denemanti}}'''). '''Mesto''' however does inflect for gender and number, like a regular adjective.
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-n}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''{{term|na}}'' “near, close”
|-
! positive !! comparative !! superlative
|-
| na || mere na || mesto na
|-
|}
{{Col-n}}
{| class="multicol" role="presentation" style="border: 0; border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; background: transparent; width:auto; text-align: left;"
|-
| 
|-
| style="vertical-align: middle;" |
* ''That joke is the most welcome.'' '''Elo stricolo bi el mesto vilicume.'''
|-
| 
|-
|}
{{Col-n}}
{| class="multicol" role="presentation" style="border: 0; border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; background: transparent; width:auto; text-align: left; vertical-align: middle;"
|-
| 
|-
| style="vertical-align: middle;" |
* ''Those jokes are the most welcome.'' '''Eli stricoli bin li mesti vilicume.'''
|-
| 
|-
|}
{{Col-end}}

===Verbs===
Verbs are the part of speech that exhibits the most morphology in Avendonian. There are ten main tenses, three moods, six persons and two numbers—passive participles inflect for gender too. Verbs in Avendonian are, in general, very regular except a small set of verbs, which includes the [[w:Copula (linguistics)|copula]] '''{{term|sire}}'''.

Avendonian classifies both weak and strong verbs in two conjugations, '''-are''' (first conjugation) and '''-ere''' (second conjugation). The former are the most prone to have [[w:ablaut|ablaut]], which changes the vowel of the stem in the perfect tenses.

====Weak verbs====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
|-
|+ colspan="100%"|weak 1st conjugation example paradigm — ''{{term|ladare}}'' “to load”
|-
! colspan="3" | active participle
| colspan="5" style="text-align:center;" | ladanti
|-
! colspan="3" | passive participle
| colspan="5" style="text-align:center;" |
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
|-
! !! masculine !! feminine
|-
! singular
| ladato || ladata
|-
! plural
| ladati || ladate
|-
|}
|-
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:linear-gradient(to top right,#EAECF0 49.5%,#aaa 49.5%,#aaa 50.5%,#EAECF0 50.5%);line-height:1;" | <div style="margin-left:2em;text-align:right;">person   </div><div style="margin-right:2em;text-align:left;">   tense</div>
! style="width:12.5%" | first singular ''eo''
! style="width:12.5%" | second singular ''tu''
! style="width:12.5%" | third singular ''e'', ''si'', ''et''
! style="width:12.5%" | first plural ''vi''
! style="width:12.5%" | second plural ''i''
! style="width:12.5%" | third plural ''si''
|-
! rowspan="5" | indicative
! present
| lado
| ladas
| lada
| ladamos
| ladates
| ladan
|-
! perfect
| lade
| ladasti
| lado
| ladamos
| ladastes
| ladaron
|-
! imperfect
| ladaba
| ladabas
| ladaba
| ladabamos
| ladabates
| ladaban
|-
! future
| ladarabo
| ladarabes
| ladarabe
| ladarabemos
| ladarabetes
| ladaraben
|-
! conditional
| ladaraba
| ladarabas
| ladaraba
| ladarabamos
| ladarabates
| ladaraban
|-
! rowspan="2" | subjunctive
! present
| lade
| lades
| lade
| lademos
| ladetes
| laden
|-
! perfect
| ladase
| ladases
| ladase
| ladasemos
| ladasetes
| ladasen
|-
! colspan="2" | imperative
| style="background-color:#aaa" |
| lada
| style="background-color:#aaa" |
| style="background-color:#aaa" |
| ladan
| style="background-color:#aaa" |
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
|-
|+ colspan="100%" | weak 2nd conjugation example paradigm — ''{{term|ladere}}'' “to invite”
|-
! colspan="3" | active participle
| colspan="5" style="text-align:center;" | ladenti
|-
! colspan="3" | passive participle
| colspan="5" style="text-align:center;" |
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
|-
! !! masculine !! feminine
|-
! singular
| ladeto || ladeta
|-
! plural
| ladeti || ladete
|-
|}
|-
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:linear-gradient(to top right,#EAECF0 49.5%,#aaa 49.5%,#aaa 50.5%,#EAECF0 50.5%);line-height:1;" | <div style="margin-left:2em;text-align:right;">person   </div><div style="margin-right:2em;text-align:left;">   tense</div>
! style="width:12.5%" | first singular ''eo''
! style="width:12.5%" | second singular ''tu''
! style="width:12.5%" | third singular ''e'', ''si'', ''et''
! style="width:12.5%" | first plural ''vi''
! style="width:12.5%" | second plural ''i''
! style="width:12.5%" | third plural ''si''
|-
! rowspan="5" | indicative
! present
| lado
| lades
| lade
| lademos
| ladetes
| laden
|-
! perfect
| ladui
| laduis
| ladui
| laduimos
| laduites
| laduin
|-
! imperfect
| ladia
| ladias
| ladia
| ladiamos
| ladiates
| ladian
|-
! future
| laderabo
| laderabes
| laderabe
| laderabemos
| laderabetes
| laderaben
|-
! conditional
| laderaba
| laderabas
| laderaba
| laderabamos
| laderabates
| laderaban
|-
! rowspan="2" | subjunctive
! present
| lada
| ladas
| lada
| ladamos
| ladates
| ladan
|-
! perfect
| laduise
| laduises
| laduise
| laduisemos
| laduisetes
| laduisen
|-
! colspan="2" | imperative
| style="background-color:#aaa" |
| lade
| style="background-color:#aaa" |
| style="background-color:#aaa" |
| laden
| style="background-color:#aaa" |
|}
Notice:
* The only difference between active and passive participles, present indicative, future, and conditional of each conjugation is the [[w:Thematic vowel#Latin|thematic vowel]]. E.g. 2{{Abbtip|singular number|sg|sc}} {{Abbtip|present tense|prs|sc}} {{Abbtip|indicative mood|ind|sc}} '''ladas''' vs. '''lades'''.
* Perfect subjunctive forms are perfect indicative forms with a '''-se''' suffix.
* If the thematic vowel is {{angbr|a}}, then the vowel in the present subjunctive endings is {{angbr|e}}, and vice versa.
* The personal endings in their most basic form are '''-Ø''', '''-s''', '''-Ø''', '''-mos''', '''-tes''', '''-n'''.
* Imperative forms are exactly as singular and plural third-person present indicative forms. Formal imperatives are formed similarly with present subjunctive forms.

====Strong verbs====
Strong verbs are conjugated as weak verbs, but the main stem vowel undergoes a phonological process known as ablaut. This is present in the indicative and subjunctive perfect tense. In the following example, the tenses that remain unchanged are omitted.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
|-
|+ colspan="100%"|[[:Category:Avendonian first-conjugation strong verbs|strong 1st conjugation]] example paradigm — ''{{term|scedare}}'' “to separate”
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:linear-gradient(to top right,#EAECF0 49.5%,#aaa 49.5%,#aaa 50.5%,#EAECF0 50.5%);line-height:1;" | <div style="margin-left:2em;text-align:right;">person   </div><div style="margin-right:2em;text-align:left;">   tense</div>
! style="width:12.5%" | first singular ''eo''
! style="width:12.5%" | second singular ''tu''
! style="width:12.5%" | third singular ''e'', ''si'', ''et''
! style="width:12.5%" | first plural ''vi''
! style="width:12.5%" | second plural ''i''
! style="width:12.5%" | third plural ''si''
|-
! rowspan="2" | indicative
! present
| sc'''e'''do
| sc'''e'''das
| sc'''e'''da
| sc'''e'''damos
| sc'''e'''dates
| sc'''e'''dan
|-
! perfect
| sc'''i'''de
| sc'''i'''dasti
| sc'''i'''do
| sc'''i'''damos
| sc'''i'''dastes
| sc'''i'''daron
|-
! subjunctive
! perfect
| sc'''i'''dase
| sc'''i'''dases
| sc'''i'''dase
| sc'''i'''dasemos
| sc'''i'''dasetes
| sc'''i'''dasen
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
|-
|+ colspan="100%"|[[:Category:Avendonian second-conjugation strong verbs|strong 2nd conjugation]] example paradigm — ''{{term|evere}}'' “to lift”
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:linear-gradient(to top right,#EAECF0 49.5%,#aaa 49.5%,#aaa 50.5%,#EAECF0 50.5%);line-height:1;" | <div style="margin-left:2em;text-align:right;">person   </div><div style="margin-right:2em;text-align:left;">   tense</div>
! style="width:12.5%" | first singular ''eo''
! style="width:12.5%" | second singular ''tu''
! style="width:12.5%" | third singular ''e'', ''si'', ''et''
! style="width:12.5%" | first plural ''vi''
! style="width:12.5%" | second plural ''i''
! style="width:12.5%" | third plural ''si''
|-
! rowspan="2" | indicative
! present
| '''e'''vo
| '''e'''ves
| '''e'''ve
| '''e'''vemos
| '''e'''vetes
| '''e'''ven
|-
! perfect
| '''u'''vui
| '''u'''vuis
| '''u'''vui
| '''u'''vuimos
| '''u'''vuites
| '''u'''vuin
|-
! subjunctive
! perfect
| '''u'''vuise
| '''u'''vuises
| '''u'''vuise
| '''u'''vuisemos
| '''u'''vuisetes
| '''u'''vuisen
|-
|}
Second-conjugation strong verbs are much less common than first-conjugation. They are derived from [[wikt:Appendix:Proto-Germanic verbs#j-presents|Proto-Germanic j-present strong verbs]], which were already scarce.

====Irregular verbs====
Besides the copula, there are only two irregular verbs: '''{{term|duere}}''' and '''{{term|friiere}}'''—and [[w:Derivative (linguistics)|derivatives]] thereof.
In the perfect tenses, '''duere''' uses {{angbr|v}} instead of the expected {{angbr|u}}: '''eo davi''', not ''*eo daui'', '''tu davis''', not ''*tu dauis'', etc.; '''eo davise''', '''tu davises''', etc.

'''friiere''', on the other hand, has an irregularity in the imperfect indicative tense. The expected ''*eo friiia'', ''*tu friiias'', etc. is rendered as '''eo frigia''', '''tu frigias''', etc.
=====''sire'', to be=====
Like many other languages, including Romance and Germanic, the verb “to be” is very irregular. The copula is [[w:suppletion|suppletive]], meaning the stem changes between tenses. A full conjugation paradigm is given.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
|-
! colspan="3" style="background-color: #FFB0B0;" | infinitive
| colspan="5" | {{term|sire}}
|-
! colspan="3" style="background-color: #95FFCB" | active participle
| colspan="5" style="text-align:center;" | vesanti
|-
! colspan="3" style="background-color: #FFB0B0" | passive participle
| colspan="5" style="text-align:center;" |
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
|-
! !! masculine !! feminine
|-
! singular
| sito || sita
|-
! plural
| siti || site
|-
|}
|-
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:linear-gradient(to top right,#EAECF0 49.5%,#aaa 49.5%,#aaa 50.5%,#EAECF0 50.5%);line-height:1;" | <div style="margin-left:2em;text-align:right;">person   </div><div style="margin-right:2em;text-align:left;">   tense</div>
! style="width:12.5%" | first singular ''eo''
! style="width:12.5%" | second singular ''tu''
! style="width:12.5%" | third singular ''e'', ''si'', ''et''
! style="width:12.5%" | first plural ''vi''
! style="width:12.5%" | second plural ''i''
! style="width:12.5%" | third plural ''si''
|-
! rowspan="5" | indicative
! style="background-color: #FFCA95" | present
| bi
| bis
| bin
| bimos
| bites
| bin
|-
! style="background-color: #95FFCB" | perfect
| va
| vas
| va
| vamos
| vates
| van
|-
! style="background-color: #B8B8FF" | imperfect
| era
| eras
| era
| eramos
| erates
| eran
|-
! style="background-color: #FFB0B0" | future
| sirabo
| sirabes
| sirabe
| sirabemos
| sirabetes
| siraben
|-
! style="background-color: #FFB0B0" | conditional
| siraba
| sirabas
| siraba
| sirabamos
| sirabates
| siraban
|-
! rowspan="2" | subjunctive
! style="background-color: #FFB0B0" | present
| si
| sis
| si
| simos
| sites
| sin
|-
! style="background-color: #95FFCB" | perfect
| vari
| varis
| vari
| varimos
| varites
| varin
|-
! colspan="2" style="background-color: #FFB0B0" | imperative
| style="background-color:#aaa" |
| si
| style="background-color:#aaa" |
| style="background-color:#aaa" |
| sin
| style="background-color:#aaa" |
|}
:::: {{legend|#ffb0b0|Ultimately from [[w:Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁es-|*h₁es-]]''. Cognate with [[w:German language|German]] ''[[wikt:sein#German|sein]]'' and [[w:Dutch language|Dutch]] ''[[wikt:zijn#Dutch|zijn]]''.}}
:::: {{legend|#95ffcb|From [[w:Proto-Germanic language|Proto-Germanic]] ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/wesaną|*wesaną]]''.}}
:::: {{legend|#b8b8ff|From [[w:Latin language|Latin]] ''[[wikt:sum#Latin|sum]]''.}}
:::: {{legend|#ffca95|From Proto-Germanic ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/beuną|*beuną]]''.}}

====Periphrastic forms====
The future and conditional forms shown in all tables above are more common in formal settings. Usually, in everyday Avendonian, constructions with the verb '''{{term|verdare}}''' (“to become”) and an infinitive following it are used instead. If '''verdare''' is inflected as present, the periphrasis conveys a future meaning. If the verb is in the perfect tense, it functions as a conditional. Compare:
: '''Eo si duerabo morgano.'''
: '''Eo verdo duere-si morgano.''' ''I will do it tomorrow.''
: '''Vi Si geldarabamos sed ne abemos nilo.'''
: '''Vi vardamos geldare-te sed ne abemos nilo.''' ''We would pay you but we have nothing.''
Note that '''verdare''' is a [[#Strong verbs|strong verb]], so it undergoes ablaut in the past as usual.

==Dialects==
:{{Ambox
| name = Planned revamp
| small = left
| subst = <includeonly>{{subst:substcheck}}</includeonly>
| issue = The creator of the language has expressed their intent of overhauling the dialect system. Thus, the information hereon provided is the latest available. This section will be updated with the newest information once it is released.
| talk = Dialects
| style = width: auto; margin-right: 0px;
| textstyle = width: auto;
| date = September 2020
}}
There are six major dialects of Avendonian. Central Avendonian (or '''midio''') is considered the standard language, and it is the language most of the author's work is based upon. The main features of the other five dialects will be discussed in the following sections.
===Alpine dialect===
The [[:Category:Alpine dialect|Alpine dialect]] ('''avendoniano alpino''' in Avendonian) is characterized by the partial application of the [[w:High German consonant shift|High German consonant shift]]. This results in words like '''{{term|trincare}}''' (central '''{{term|drincare}}'''), '''{{term|esare}}''' (central '''{{term|etare}}'''), etc.
The perfect tense is periphrastic in Alpine Avendonian. In place of the inflectional endings, a verbal construction is used. Its structure is ''present indicative or subjunctive of '''{{term|abere}}''', inflected for person and number'' + ''masculine singular passive participle of the main verb''. E.g. '''eo levui''' vs. '''eo abo leveto'''.

===Burgundian dialects===
Both Burgundian dialects feature historical diphthongs not longer extant in other dialects, where they merged with another vowel. [[w:Proto-Germanic language|Proto-Germanic]] ''*ō'', ''*eu'' which gave {{angbr|u, i}} elsewhere, became {{angbr|uo, ie}} in the Burgundian dialects – for instance, '''{{term|buoce}}''' and '''{{term|friesare}}''' vs. central '''{{term|buce}}''' and '''{{term|frisare}}'''. They also share the presence of {{angbr|y}} /{{IPA|y}}/, descended from earlier ''*iu''; '''{{term|dydere}}''' (central '''{{term|didere}}''').

The [[:Category:High Burgundian dialect|High Burgundian dialect]] ('''avendoniano ocburgundico''') features the {{Abbtip|High German consonant shift|HGCS}}. [[:Category:Low Burgundian dialect|Low Burgundian]] ('''avendoniano lagburgundico''') does not. Instead, masculine o-stem nouns and regular adjectives drop their final '''-o''', except in those words whose Proto-Germanic ancestor stem ended in /{{IPA|w}}/.
Those words are:
{{Col-begin}}
{{col-n|6}}
* '''{{term|blavo}}'''
{{col-n|6}}
* '''{{term|blio}}'''
{{col-n|6}}
* '''{{term|calo}}'''
{{col-n|6}}
* '''{{term|dovo}}'''
{{col-n|6}}
* '''{{term|frovo}}'''
{{col-n|6}}
* '''{{term|gelo}}'''
{{Col-end}}
{{Col-begin}}
{{col-n|6}}
* '''{{term|gnio}}'''
{{col-n|6}}
* '''{{term|gravo}}'''
{{col-n|6}}
* '''{{term|meo}}'''
{{col-n|6}}
* '''{{term|scado}}'''
{{col-n|6}}
* '''{{term|snevo}}'''
{{col-n|6}}
* '''{{term|tovo}}'''
{{Col-end}}

===Genoese dialect===
The Avendonian variation spoken in Genoa (former Larastade), the capital city of Avendonia, and its surroundings is considered[''[[User:Sware|by who?]]''] a [[w:sociolect|sociolect]] rather than a fully-fledged dialect. Due to the historical importance of Genoa as a trading center, the local vernacular is more internationalized. As a result, the language is not as conservative, i.e. has a greater tolerance for loanwords, largely from Romance languages. Examples of this are Genoese '''{{term|machina}}''' in lieu of native '''{{term|vilo}}''', '''{{term|depresione}}''' vs. '''{{term|svarmuto}}''', etc.

===North Adriatic dialect===
Maybe because of [[w:Slavic languages#Linguistic history|Slavic influence]], the [[:Category:North Adriatic dialect|North Adriatic dialect]] of Avendonian ('''nordadriatico''') features a series of [[w:palatalization|palatalization]]s exclusive to this dialect. This is seen in words like '''{{term|nace}}''' ('''{{term|nate}}''') or '''{{term|scione}}''' ('''{{term|scone}}''').

In addition, there is evidence of the existence of a [[w:pitch accent|pitch-accent]] system in North Adriatic Avendonian. Stressed syllables whose vowel evolved from a long vowel carries a rising [[w:tone (linguistics)|tone]], and causes the following vowel to be pronounced with a mid tone. Moreover, if the stressed vowel comes from a short vowel, but it is not followed by a historical [[w:consonant cluster|consonant cluster]] or [[w:geminate|geminate]], it carries a low falling tone. Vowels in any other environment are rendered toneless.

{{Col-begin}}
{{col-n|2}}
: '''{{term|alico}}''' “alike, similar”, from {{Abbtip|Proto-Germanic|PGmc.}} ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/galīkaz|*gal'''ī'''kaz]]'' → [{{IPA|a.ˈlǐ.kō}}] or [{{IPA|a.ˈli˩˥.ko˧}}].
{{col-n|2}}
: '''{{term|stulo}}''' “chair”, from {{Abbtip|Proto-Germanic|PGmc.}} ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/stōlaz|*st'''ō'''laz]]'' → [{{IPA|ˈstǔ.lō}}] or [{{IPA|ˈstu˩˥.lo˧}}].
{{Col-end}}
{{Col-begin}}
{{col-n|2}}
: '''[[Contionary:uvilo#Noun|uvilo]]''' “evil” (adj.), from {{Abbtip|Proto-Germanic|PGmc.}} ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ubilaz|*ubilaz]]'' → [{{IPA|u.ˈvı᷆.lo}}] or [{{IPA|u.ˈvi˨˩.lo}}].
{{col-n|2}}
: '''{{term|fadre}}''' “father”, from {{Abbtip|Proto-Germanic|PGmc.}} ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/galīkaz|*fadēr]]'' → [{{IPA|ˈfa᷆.dre}}] or [{{IPA|ˈfa˨˩.dre}}].
{{Col-end}}
This feature is also somewhat present in northeastern and non-standard Central Avendonian.

==Sample texts==
===The North Wind and the Sun===

{{interlinear
|top='''El nordvinto e la suna stridaban ci era el starcior, cando uno resetore encamo uleto en uno mantelo varmo.'''
|1=El nordvinto e l-a suna strid-ab-an ci era el starc-ior, cando un-o resetore
|2=DEF.ART;M.SG {North Wind} CONJ DEF.ART-F.SG sun fight-IMPERF-3PL who COP;IMPERF.3SG DEF.ART;M.SG strong-COMP[M.SG] when INDF.ART-M.SG traveler
|3=The {North Wind} and the Sun {were disputing} which was the stronger, when a traveler
|4=|display-messages=no|italics2=no|italics3=no}}
 
{{interlinear
|1=encam-o ul-et-o en un-o mantelo varm-o
|2=PRF\come-PST.INDIC.3SG cover-PP-M.SG in INDF.ART-M.SG mantle warm-M.SG
|3={came along} wrapped in a cloak warm
|4=|display-messages=no|italics1=yes|italics2=no|italics3=no}}
''The North Wind and the Sun were disputing which was the stronger, when a traveler came along wrapped in a warm cloak.''
===Lord's Prayer===
{{Col-begin}}
{{col-n|2}}
:: Fadre nosde ci bis en el Celo,
:: elageto si el name tede;
:: el cuningricio tede cume,
:: Si dueto el vile tede
:: en la Erda ca bi en el Celo.
:: Geva-nos, en eco dago, el broto dagico nosde,
:: e pergeva-nos le sundie nosde,
:: ca vi pergevamos si ce sunden contra nos;
:: e ne lede-nos en la persucitio,
:: sed defriie nos d'el uvilo.
:: Amen.
{{col-n|2}}

:: Our Father, who art in heaven,
:: hallowed be thy name;
:: thy kingdom come,
:: thy will be done
:: on earth as it is in heaven.
:: Give us this day our daily bread,
:: and forgive us our sins,
:: as we forgive those who sin against us;
:: and lead us not into temptation,
:: but deliver us from evil.
:: Amen.

{{Col-end}}

==External links==
* [[:Category:Avendonian words|Avendonian language in Contionary]]
* [https://discord.gg/YENDNvu ‘Conlang Exchange’ Discord Server, where Avendonian, among other conlangs, is taught]
* [https://app.memrise.com/course/6003427/avendonian-spraca-avendoniana/ Avendonian Memrise course]
* [https://pastebin.com/vdq4pvXV Official Avendonian dictionary, the ''Vortbuce Avendoniano'']
* [https://t.me/vorti_avendoniani ‘Avendonian Word of the Day’ Telegram channel]
* [https://t.me/setlanguage/avdnan Telegram translation pack for Avendonian] {{User:Sware/Template:tg|11973|17514}}

[[Category:Avendonian language]][[Category:Germanic languages]][[Category:West Germanic languages]][[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:A posteriori]][[Category:Fusional languages]]

Sceptrian

2021-07-19T09:16:15Z

Chrysophylax: Removing progress meter (out of fashion... )

{{Construction}}
{{Infobox language
|name = Sceptrian
|image = Lusha name.png
|imagesize = 300px
|nativename = Batop Lushan
|pronunciation = ˈbäˑtəp luˈʃãˑ
|states = Sceptre
|speakers = 29,200,000
|date = 7th 641
|familycolor = #d3ffce
|fam1 = West-Herookuan
|fam2 = Lutian
|fam3 = Sceptrian branch
|creator = Ahuelni
|setting = Akekata
|dia1 = Yerzonian
|dia2 = Mulish
|dia3 = Fanish
|scripts = * Toneka alphabet
|nation = Empire of Sceptre
|minority = Coast of Temples, Negovia
|agency = ''Tsagadhet Keping Batom Lushan'' (Bureau of the Purity of the Sceptrian Language)
|map = Lusha_regions.jpg
|mapsize = 300px
|mapcaption = Speakers of Sceptrian and its dialects
}}
'''Sceptrian''' (''batop lushan'' [ˈbäˑtəp luˈʃãˑ] or simply ''lusha'') is an ''a priori'' [[w:Artistic_language|artistic language]] created for the fantasy world Akekata by [[User:Juhhmi|juhhmi]]. Sceptrian language, named after the Sceptre peninsula, derives from Lutian language used in the Empire of Western Sceptre. With 29 million native speakers, Sceptrians outnumber those speaking [[Khattish]] and Guddean, the other two main West-Herookuan languages.

==Phonology==

Sceptrian and its dialects feature 51 phonetic consonants, some of them with interesting lateral features. The language also has 25 phonetic vowels: twelve short, nine long and four diphthongs. Nasalization, rhotacization and breathy voice are used phonemically.

===Consonants===

If the romanization symbol is the same as in IPA, it is not duplicated. Not bolded romanization indicates that the sound appears as a vernacular or dialectal version.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 830px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 100px" colspan="2"|
! style="width: 70px; " |Bilabial
! style="width: 70px; " |Labio-dental
! style="width: 70px; " |Dental
! style="width: 70px; " |Alveolar
! style="width: 70px; " |Post-alveolar
! style="width: 70px; " |Palatal
! style="width: 70px; " |Velar
! style="width: 70px; " |Uvular
! style="width: 70px; " |Glottal
|-
! colspan="2" |Nasal
| '''m'''
| [ɱ]
|
| '''n (ń)''' [n]
|
|
| '''ng''' [ŋ]
|
|
|-
! rowspan="4" |Plosive
!Voiceless
| '''p'''
|
|
| '''t'''
|
|
| '''k'''
| '''q'''
|
|-
!Voiced
| '''b'''
|
|
| '''d'''
|
|
| '''g'''
|
|
|-
!Breathy
| '''ph bh''' [pʰ] [bʱ]
|
|'''th dh''' [tʰ] [dʱ]
|
|
|
|'''kh gh''' [kʰ] [gʱ]
|'''qh''' [qʰ]
|
|-
! Lateral
| '''pl bl''' [pˡ] [bˡ]
|
| '''tl dl''' [tˡ] [dˡ]
|
|
|
| '''kl gl''' [kˡ] [gˡ]
| '''ql''' [qˡ]
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |Fricative
!Voiceless
| ph [ɸ]
| '''f'''
| '''th''' [θ]
| '''s'''
| '''sh''' [ʃ]
| '''h''' [ç]
| '''kh h''' [x]
| '''qh''' [χ]
| '''h'''
|-
!Voiced
| '''w''' bh [β]
| '''v'''
| '''dh''' [ð]
| '''z'''
| '''zh''' [ʒ]
|
| gh [ɣ]
|
| h [ɦ]
|-
! Lateral
|
|
|
|'''sl''' [ɬ]
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Affricate
!Voiceless
|
|
|
| '''ts''' [t͡s]
| '''tsh''' [t͡ʃ]
|
|
|
|
|-
!Lateral
|
|
|
| '''tsl''' [t͡ɬ]
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Approximant
!Non-lateral
|
|
|
|
|
| '''j'''
|
|
|
|-
! Lateral
|
|
|
| '''l''' [l] [l̥]
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Trill
| pr [ʙ]
|
|
| '''r (ŕ)''' [r] [r̥]
|
|
|
|
|
|}

The liquids ''r'' and ''l'' can appear as '''syllabic consonants''': ''tlsl'' /tˡl̩ɬ/ (shallow), ''prk'' /pr̩k/ (wagon) and ''trs'' /tr̩s/ (smith)
*Vernacularly, both syllabic and obstruent-following alveolar trill ''r'' and lateral approximant ''l'' are pronounced as voiceless [r̩̊], [r̥], [l̩̊] and [l̥] when in contact with only voiceless consonants: ''trs'' [tr̩̊s] (smith) contrasting with ''trls'' [tr̩s] (while standard /trəls/) (smiths); ''gatl'' [gɑtl̥] (houses) whose pronunciation approaches [gɑtɬ].
**'''Meslatu Hirke''' made his disputed suggestion in 7:693 that a similar process had led to the birth of ''sl'' as plural indicator, when original plural ''l'' turned first into voiceless and then into ''sl'' after a word-final glottal stop, which has disappeared entirely.
*In eastern dialects, ''pr'' is realized as [ʙ] and ''tr'', ''tsr'' and ''trs'' often as [r̝]. In the dialects, aspirated plosives have been fully spirantized into their fricative counterparts, e.g. [tʰ]>[θ].
*Fricatives show properties of syllabic consonants word-initially and word-finally.

Nasal [ɱ] only appears as an allophone of nasals with labio-dental sounds /f/ and /v/. Before velar sounds (e.g. /k/) nasals turn similarly into [ŋ].

Letter ''h'' has four allophones: initial is always [h] despite frontness, [ç] appears elsewhere with front vowels, [x] appears word-finally and [h~ɦ] word-medially with back vowels ''tihtóhnah'' [tiçˈtɔɦ.näx] (assassinator). It's also used after consonants to indicate breathy voice.

===Vowels===

====Monophthongs====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 390px; text-align:center;"
! style="width: 100px; "|
! style="width: 90px; " |Front
! style="width: 100px; " |Central
! style="width: 100px; " |Back
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''i'''
|
| '''u'''
|-
! style="" |Close-mid
| '''e'''
| o [ɘ]
| o [ɤ]
|-
! style="" |Mid
|
| '''o''' [ə]
|
|-
! style="" |Open-mid
| '''é ø''' [ɛ] [œ]
|
| '''ó''' [ɔ]
|-
! style="" |Near-open
|'''æ'''
|
|
|-
! style="" |Open
|
|'''a''' [ä]
|a [ɑ]
|}

All the nine main vowel sounds (bolded) have '''long''' versions as separate phonemes.

Schwa '''''o''''' is used as an epenthetic vowel (anaptyxis). When it is used to break consonant clusters (not indicated in native script) it is the simple schwa /ə/: *dŧ → ''doth'' /dəθ/ (man). When stressed, it is vernacularly realized as [ɘ], and in western dialects more clearly as [ɤ]: *dŧs → ''dothos'' [dəˈθɘˑs]

Vowel ''a'' is [ɑ] after voiced consonants. Vowel ''æ'' is often more open [a], though, in Western dialects, it has merged with ''é''.

====Diphthongs====

In Sceptrian, there are only closing diphthongs which go up in the vowel chart:
*Back: ou /ɔʊ̯/
*Front: ai /äɪ̯/, ei /ei̯/, oi /œi̯/

If the syllable border (glottal stop) is between vowels and they don't form a diphthong, apostrophe is used: ''tai'' (for long) vs. ''ta'i'' (past)
*In native [[Sceptrian#Script|script]], separate graphemes for diphthongs exist and glottal stop is not marked.

If diphthongs are followed by vowels, they are separated by a glottal stop in formal register.
*In casual speech, ''ouV'' becomes ''owV'' and ''ViV'' ''VjV'': ''oua→ówa'' and ''aia→aja''. If the following vowel is the same, a glottal stop breaks the former diphthong and the ending vowel is lengthened: ''ai'i→a'ii''

==Phonotactics==

===Onset===

Basic [[w:Syllable#Structure|syllabic structure]] is CV, where the onset (beginning) consonant can be of any type.
*It is possible to use liquids and approximants as '''glides''' (CLV) between the onset and the rime (ending).
*Up to two consonants with same voicing may appear in the onset (CCV), especially fricative-plosive combinations, but never two plosives: ''stak'' (fence), ''fkot'' (nest), ''ksaru'' (guard). Affricate ''ts'' takes may be accompanied only by ''w'', ''j'', ''n'' or ''m'': ''tsma'' (doubt). Combination /sl/ has turned into /ɬ/.
*Lateralization and aspiration may never appear together, and nasalized rhoticization is only found in Fanish dialect.

===Nucleus===

The nucleus can be either a vowel or a liquid, thus CVC and CLC are also possible syllables.
*Vowels (diphthongs included) may exist as a stand-alone nucleic syllable (V), mostly in the beginning or at the end of a word.
*If nucleus is a liquid, plosives appear in codas only word-finally: ''dldlp'' /dˡl̩ˈdˡl̩p/ (bubble)

===Coda===

The coda (final) may consist of up to three consonants with possible structures: N, P, F, L; NP, FP, LP; NF, PF, LF; NPF, FPF, LFP, LPF (Nasal, Plosive, Fricative, Liquid).
*Final liquids appear as syllabic consonants
*Approximants ''j'', ''w'' and plain voiced plosives never appear as coda (final) even though they may be written that way (no written schwa): ''nad'' /nä.də/ (stainy). Voiced fricatives may appear as coda.
*In coda, plosives with lateral release, however, will reflect the voicing of the onset: ''gatl'' [gädˡl̩] (houses) vs. ''katl'' [kätˡl̩] (knobs). Vernacularly, the lateral approximant weakens into a voiceless variant [l̥] when in contact with voiceless consonants: ''gatl'' [gätl̥].

Closed syllables, i.e. those ending in coda, are not as common word-medially as open syllables (ending in nucleus) are. When words are inflected, parts of codas tend to become onsets of the following syllable, if possible. Especially three-consonant clusters are rare word-medially and receive a schwa after a non-lateral stop: ''kamps'' /kämps/ (marsh) → ''kampsku'' → ''kamposku'' /ˈkäm.pəs.ku/ (at marsh)
*Voicing status must be the same for consonants touching at syllable boundaries and the voiced one reduces into voiceless: ''*katbas''→''katpas'' /kätˈpäs/ (fern) vs. ''oist baku'' /œi̯st(h) bä.ku/ (under a table)

==Suprasegmentals==

Primary '''stress''' in a word is most often on the second syllable, and when there are four or five syllables, secondary stress is placed onto the final syllable. When there are more syllables, minor stress is placed on even-numbered syllables.
*If the to-be-stressed syllable contains the schwa ''o'' /ə/ or a syllabic consonant, the preceding syllable is stressed in two-syllable words and the following in words with more than three syllables.
**In uninflected words, syllable with nuclear ''o'' is only stressed when it comes second and the preceding syllable has also ''o'' as nucleus. Then the stressed nucleus appears as [ɘ]. Contrast between stressed and non-stressed syllabic consonants may occur as voicing and devoicing respectively.
*A non-final syllable with a long vowel or a diphthong is always stressed and steals the stress from its neighboring syllable. This also moves the secondary stress from final to penultimate syllable, if primary stress falls on first syllable.

Inflected and affixed word forms have almost always the same stress as the base word (even monosyllabic with schwa): ''doth'' (man) → ''dothku'' [ˈdɘθ.ku] (near the man).
*Vocative and ergative cases as well as inflections with long vowels make an exception: ''dothee'' /dəˈθe:/ (by the man), ''dothé'' /dəˈθɛ/ (O man), ''gatóo'' /gɑˈtɔ:/ (to the house)

Interrogatives are formed by changing the primary stress onto the first syllable and adding a rising or dipping pitch. This is indicated with ¿: ''¿Eikepoi?'' [ˈei̯˧˦ˈke˩.pœi̯˨˦] (Did you wash it?)

==Morphophonology==

===Vowel form===

There are five ways of sound altering which may be used for grammatical purposes (mainly number, genitive case and imperfective aspect). In the native script the following are marked on the vowel.
*Lengthening: ''paata'' /pä:tä/ (separation), ''ée'' [ɛ:]~[ɛe̯], ''óo'' /ɔ:/
*Lateral (release): ''pló'' /pˡɔ/ (opposite to), ''tlaf'' /tˡäf/ (sprig)
**Western dialects keep the tongue on the alveolar ridge during vowel pronunciation so that the vowels have a distinct l-sound. Historically, this may have lead to the syllabic l.
*Aspiration/breathy voice: ''phó'' [pʰɔ]~[ɸɔ] (along), ''kébhar'' [kɛˈbʱɑ˞]~[kɛˈβɑ˞] (I will wash), ''tha'' [tʰä]~[θä] (abstract "it"), ''dhaka'' [dʱɑkä]~[ðɑkä] (abstract "that").
**Aspirated plosives of unstressed, schwa-syllables turn into the corresponding fricatives. In casual register, this happens with all unstressed syllables. ''dhoku'' /ðəˈkuˑ/ (head)
*Nasalization: ''on'' [ə̃]~[ɘ̃]~[NC] (compare ''oń'' /ən/) when ''n'' in [[Sceptrian#Phonotactics|coda]]
**Vernacularly, nasalized schwa appears as a short syllabic nasal consonant of the same place as the directly preceding or following consonant
**Close-to-mid vowels (''e, i, u, o, ''and'' ó'') are always nasalized between two nasals, and all vowels are after short ''ng'': ''mónge'' /mɔ̃ŋẽ/ (indeed). Nasalization does not occur with open vowels (''a'' and ''é'') between nasals or with any vowel after a long ''ńg'': ''dothé naańgé'' /dəˈθɛˑ nä:ŋ:ɛˑ/ (O sweaty man!).
*Rhotacization: ''or'' /ɚ/, ''ar'' /ä˞/ (compare ''oŕ'' [ər]~[r̩] and ''aŕ'' /är/)
**Nasalization does not occur simultaneously with rhoticization, except in Fanish dialect (near the border of Negovia): ''karon'' → ''karn'' [kæ̃˞:] (soup)

===Consonant form===

Combining sounds
*Lateralization
**''s'' and ''z'' turn into ''sl'' and ''zh'' respectively
**''f'' & ''v'' → ''fl'' & ''w''
**''l'' & ''r'' are geminated
**''m'' & ''n'' → ''ng'' and ''ng'' → ''ńg''
* Aspiration
**''s'' and ''z'' turn into ''sh'' and ''zh''
**''f'' & ''v'' are geminated
**''l'' & ''r'' → ''lh'' and ''rh''
* Voicing and aspiration
**''r'' → ''qh'', ''l'' → ''ldh'', ''v'' → ''w''

===Apophony===

Apophony in the '''stressed syllable''' is used for example to express adjective gender and to create different verb forms.

{|class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+Apophony
|-
!Root
!1st
!2nd
|-
|e
|ee
|é
|-
|o
|ó
|ø
|-
|a
|aa
|æ
|-
|u
|uu
|i
|-
|ai
|ii
|ei
|-
|ou
|óo
|oi
|}

*When the stressed root syllable has vowel ''ee, ó, aa, uu, ii'' or ''óo'' as nucleus, the apophony is only partial. ''joqódh''>''joqødh'' (disgusting)
*With ''é, ø, æ, i, ei'' or ''oi'' as root vowels, all forms are the same, e.g. ''luwidh'' (beautiful). Only formal register uses ''ée'' as the second apophony of ''é''.

==Orthography==

===Script===
[[File:Sceptrian.jpg|500px|thumb|right|Toneka script from the early sixth era. Notice that the vowel form info-box romanization should have "o" instead of "a".]]
[[File:SceptrianTsrnet.JPG|500px|thumb|right|Tsrnet cursive script used for handwriting in modern Sceptre.]]
The Sceptrian alphabet script was derived from the ancient temple marks as were the Aoman and Northern (Latin) scripts. The modern alphabet is called ''Tsoklóp Lushan''.

Diacritics on vowels mark different [[Sceptrian#Vowel_form|sounds]]. The diacritics may be used with consonants as well, especially in the plural forms of consonant-ending nouns: ''gat̆'' (''gatl'' "houses"), ''doŧ̆'' (''dolth'' "men"). With the diacritics, letter ''ts'' can be lateralized into ''tsl'' or aspirated into ''tsh''.

The native Sceptrian script has a long history of being unicameral, not distinguishing between the upper and lower case. Only during the sixth era under the Tyranny of West, the flow of refugees from the Coast of Temples encouraged the introduction of case separation. In the developed fonts, capital letters were derived from the traditional Toneka and small letters from the cursive Tsrnet.

{|class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+Short and long letter names with explanations
|-
|aa aat || ee eet || ée eet maatikipi (opened e) || ii iit || oo oot || óo oot guzbikipi (deepened o) || uu uut
|-
|ææ aat evadh (bright a) || øø oot gudh (dark o) || ai aat zaithon (rising a) || ei eet zaithon (rising e) || oi oot zaithon (rising o) || ou óot bousoson (falling o) ||
|-
| po poot || bo bóot || mo mool || wo wool || to toot || do dóot ||
|-
| tho toot hifdo (windy t) || dho dóot hifdo (windy d) || no nool || so siit || sho siit hifdo (windy s) || zo ziit || zho ziit gudh (dark z)
|-
| ngo góot slenguhpi (g using nose) || tso tsiit || lo lool || slo lool hifdo (windy l) || fo fiit || vo fiit gudh (dark f) || jo jool
|-
| ko koot || go góot || ho hiit || qho hiit surmudh (strong h) || qo koot venongp (k being swallowed) || ro rool ||
|-
|plo looh tisk (with l mark) || pon slenguhpi tisk (using nose mark) || por tisk prung (mark of trill) || pho tisk hifn (mark of wind) || poo tisk spiing (mark of length) || ||
|}

===Romanization===

====Modern====
Consonant variation:
*Letter ''r'' is used with consonants for /r̩/ and between vowels for /r/, but after vowels in the end of syllables for rhoticization ''or'' /ɚ/. Letter ''ŕ'' is used to emphasize the use of /r/ after vowels ''oŕ'' /ər/.
*Similarly letter ''n'' can appear syllable-finally with nasalization but ''ń'' always as /n/: ''an'' /ã/ vs. ''ań'' /an/.
*With ''ng'' /ŋ/, the accent signals lengthening ''nańgo'' /näŋ:ə/ or ''naŋŋo'' (sweaty).
*Labialization of plosives is indicated by PuV (V is any vowel except ''u'') or with ''w''.
*Breathry voice is indicated with an ''h'' straight after a plosive. The ''h'' is also used for corresponding fricatives which occur word-finally. This risk of confuse is one of the downsides of the simplified modern system: ''nath'' /näθ/ "a beggar" or /nätʰ/ "with stains".

====Old====

The old romanization system (or part of it) was used until western regions of Eastern Sceptre were joined with the Western Sceptre empire in 7th era 161, during the war against Empress Renula of Golden Islet. A revision was needed when both Sceptrian and Aoma were used in the same printing press and texts had to be distributed to westlang-using communities. Peter Martyea suggested in 7:189 that the payment according to number of pages may have favoured quick adaptation as the non-diacritic system induced much longer texts (see the comparison example).

Consonants:
*Nasal: '''ŋ''' ''ng'' /ŋ/
**Texts from the first century of the seventh era use ''ǥ'' for word-initial /ŋ/.
*Fricative: '''ŧ''' ''th'' /θ/, '''đ''' ''dh'' /ð/, '''ś''' ''sh'' /ʃ/, '''ź''' ''zh'' /ʒ/, '''ħ''' ''qh'' /χ/
*Affricate: '''c''' ''ts'' /t͡s/, '''č''' ''tsh'' /t͡ʃ/
*Lateral: '''š''' ''sl'' /ɬ/, '''ǩ''' ''kl'' /kˡ/, '''ǧ''' ''gl'' /gˡ/

Compact equivalents of sound altering:
*Lengthening with a bar: ''ṓ'' /ɔ:/ and ''ō'' /ə:/
*Lateral release with a breve diacritic: ''tŏ'' /tˡə/
*Nasalization with a tilde: ''õ'' /ə̃/, ''on'' /ən/
*Rhotacization with a diaeresis: ''ö'' /ɚ/, ''or'' /ər/
*Aspiration with a grave accent: ''pò'' /pʰə/, ''pô'' /pʰɔ/

Comparison between the systems:
*Old: Ǧëǩ śošēŧã
*Modern: Glerkl shosleethan (maces of a knight)

==Morphology==

The most complete study of the structure of pre-modern Sceptrian words was done by Porutingatu of Jerzónó in year 362 of the seventh era. She collected, grouped and analyzed the fusional morphemes and listed the new rules to replace the outdated writings from the sixth era. By 370, her work had led to a new interest in linguistics and ultimately to the founding of ''Tsagadhet Keping Batom Lushan'' (Bureau of the Purity of the Sceptrian Language) which has been unifying and regulating the language along with its orthography since then.

Sceptrian utilizes [[w:Fusional_language|fusional]] [[w:Inflection|inflections]] and has an [[w:Ergative–absolutive_language|absolutive-ergative]] [[w:Morphosyntactic_alignment|morphosyntactic alignment]]. The language is rather [[w:Head-directionality_parameter|head-initial]] and its primary [[w:Word_order|word order]] is verb-agent-object.

===Pronouns===

Pronouns are used to refer to e.g. people or things in sentences instead of using the original nouns. In Sceptrian, they exist in two numbers and are inflected according to six [[Sceptrian#Cases|'''cases''']].

====Personal====
Second person includes polite versions as well which were adapted by Aoma-sperkers. Third person singular makes distinction between abstract (Ab), animate (An) and inanimate (In) pronouns while plural only between Ab-An and In.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Personal pronoun inflection'''
|-
! Case !! 1SG !! 1PL !! 2SG !! 2PL !! 2SG.POL !! 2PL.POL !! 3SG.Ab !! 3SG.An !! 3PL.A !! 3SG.In !! 3PL.In
|-
!ABS
| na || mo || fo || po || Nith || With || tha || su || slo || hi || klo
|-
!ERG
| næ || moslo || fø || poslo || Nithe || Widhes || thaa || suu || sloslo || hii || kloslo
|-
!DAT
| nai || mokli || foki || pokli || Nithki || Withkli || thai || swi || slokli || hiki|| klokli
|-
!POS
| nar || moŕ || for || poŕ || Nithor || Withoŕ || thar || sur || sloŕ || hir || kloŕ
|-
!COM
| nas || mosh || fos || posh || Nithos || Withosh ||thas ||sus ||slosh || his ||klosh
|-
!CAU
| nape || moplo || fope || poplo || Nitti || Witti || thape || supe || sloplo || hipi || kloplo
|}

*'''Comitative''' case is used to indicate company: ''Mo slosh arakha.'' (We were with them yesterday.)
*'''Causal''' describes the cause of an action or origin of something: ''Aitesosai næ su fope'' (I saw him because of (/thanks to) you), ''Hi supe foki.'' (It (is) from him to you.)

3rd person abstract pronoun is used in the formal register when introducing or referring to a person of higher status.

====Reflexive====
Self-pronoun ''ru'' for '''reflexive''' and '''reciprocal''': ''tesosón ru'' (they are watching themself), ''ónlatepón ru'' (he is dancing by himself, alone) vs. ''ónlatepón su'' (he is dancing with him); ''sónkephón ru'' (they are washing each other) vs. ''sónkephón sloslo slo/soutu'' (they are washing them)
*reflexive is easier with others: ''anlatepan'' (I'm dancing by myself); ''ankepan'' (I'm washing myself) vs. ''ankep'' ("I'm washing it"), ''kepan'' (I'm being washed)

====Demonstrative====

Simple words for "this/these" and "that/those". When demonstratives are used with [[Sceptrian#Nouns|nouns]], they behave similarly to [[Sceptrian#Adjectives|adjectives]]. In the following examples, note that Sceptrian lacks the [[Sceptrian#Verbs|verb "to be"]]:
*As a determiner, the demonstrative follows its head and other adjectives: ''Bouson qot ka.'' (This rock is falling.) ''Anzaitlon qoth rkildh kla.'' (I'm lifting these brown rocks.)
*For inanimate class, the pronoun is the same as the demonstrative word: ''Qot ka.'' (This is a rock.) ''Rkidh qot ka.'' (This rock is brown.) ''Qoth rkildh klo.'' (Those are brown rocks.)
*The determiner may precede its head and is then followed by a short pause. In this case, the head acts more like a specifying comment on the true sentence subject: ''Bouson ko qot.'' (That's falling, the rock, I mean.)

See also the [[Sceptrian#Table_of_correlatives|table of correlatives]].

{|border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+Demonstrative pronoun inflection
|-
!rowspan="2"| Case
!colspan="2"| Proximal
!colspan="2"| Distal
|-
!SG !! PL !! SG !! PL
|-
!ABS
|ka || kla || ko || klo
|-
!ERG
|kaa || klaa || kó || kló
|-
!DAT
|kai ||klai || koi || kloi
|-
!POS
|kan ||klang || kon || klong
|-
!COM
|kas || klash || kos || klosh
|-
!CAU
|kap || klapa || kop ||klopo
|-
|}

===Table of correlatives===

Determiners follow their heads and agree in number and with the cases mentioned above in [[Sceptrian#Demonstrative|the table]], where DAT & LAT, COM & LOC, CAU & ABL and ABS & VOC are corresponding. Words follow the declension shown above or paradigms similar to [[Sceptrian#Cases|noun cases]].

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
!rowspan="2" colspan="2"|
!rowspan="2"|Interrogative
!colspan="2"|Demonstrative
!colspan="5"|Quantifier
|-
!Proximal !! Distal !! Existential !! Elective !! Universal !! Negatory !! Alternative
|-
!colspan="2"| Determiner
| sho || ka (SG) kla (PL) || ko klo || jofa (some) || ota (any) || orka (every, all) || ze (no) || so (another) solo
|-
!rowspan="5"| Pronoun
!Abstract
| ashu || thaka || dhaka || jaafa || thata || thorka || theso || thaso
|-
!Animate
| ¿soutu || saitu || soutu || jonfu || onta || ongka || souso || jonso
|-
!Inanimate
| ¿ko || ka || ko || jofo || oto || orko || ze || so
|-
!Out of two
| ¿tso || tsaka || tsoko || zho || tsoto || tsorko || tseso || tso
|-
!Out of many
| ¿tsolo || tsalka || tsolko || zolo || tsolto || tsongko || tsleso || tsolo
|-
!rowspan="6"|Pro-adverb
!Locative
| sku || khau || khu || jofku || otku || orkhu || zengu || sokhu
|-
!Temporal
| sko || kha || kho || jofko || otko || orkho || zeng || sokho
|-
!Comitative
| shos ||kas || kos || jofos || otos || orkos ||zeos || sos
|-
!Causal
| spe || kap || kop || jov || otop || orkop || zenep || sonop
|-
!Manner
| shi || khai || khoi || jofai || otai || orkai || zei || soi
|-
!What kind of
| shodh || kadh || kodh || jodhi || othi || ordhi || zodhi || sothi
|}

*Negative determiner ''ze'' has no plural form. Neither have pronouns "Out of two".
*Demonstratives are used when referring to listed items of equal animacy: proximal with the former and distal with the latter: ''Aitesoshóji math kuthos. Óomidh soutu.'' (I saw a cat and a dog. The latter was large.)
*Locative pro-adverb can be conjugated with lative, locative and ablative.

===Nouns===

Nouns in Sceptrian form the basis of derivational morphology and even the cases are utilized when forming new words. They are declined according to two numbers and nine cases, and the seven declensions are grouped in three genders which affect the verb conjugation and adjective agreement.

====Gender====

There are three grammatical genders or classes, abstract, animate and inanimate, which can be fully recognized from their singular dative form endings, ''k'', ''i'' and ''ei''. The seven declensional patterns or simply declensions, which are determined by their absolutive ending, are distributed among these classes.
*Abstract (Ab) class contains concepts, emotions, divine and magical subjects, verb forms etc., and they end in vowels ''a, æ, o, ó, ø'' and ''i''.
*Animate (An) class is preserved for nouns related to living things, e.g. people, animals, body parts, plants and comestibles, whose ending is either a fricative (''f, th, s, sh, h'', same voiced and affricates), nasal (''m, n, ng'') or vowel ''u''. Mass nouns, such as meat, milk and food, have nasal endings.
*Inanimate (In) class has nouns such as objects, places and natural formations whose endings are either plosives (''p, t, k'') or consonant ''l''. Inanimate mass nouns, e.g. sand, salt and water, appear in the ''l''-ending group.
In official language, animate gender doesn't draw a distinction between masculine and feminine so that ''ras'' (horse) can stand for both "stallion" and "mare". If one wishes to emphasize the gender on a binary scale, clitics ''-duus'' and ''-tu'' may be added: ''gutsduus'' (bull). Some archaic words remain in dialects and in poetic use.

====Number====

There are two numbers, singular and plural, but abstract ''i''-nouns and inanimate ''l''-nouns are always singular. The declension according to number is complicated and fused with the class/case system explained and tabulated below.

====Cases====

*Absolutive (ABS): Unmarked base form for subjects of intransitive and objects of transitive verbs
*Ergative (ERG): Agents of transitive verbs
*Dative (DAT): Indirect object; alienable possession ''gat dothi'' (a house of (lit. "for") the man); comparison (with ADJ comparative)
*Possessive (POS): Inalienable possession ''dhoku dothor'' (the man's head)
*Instrumental-comitative (INS): Using something; "with someone", replaces "and" as Latin [[wikt:-que|-que]]; in antipassive constructions
*Lative (LAT): Movement to; with adpositions
*Locative-temporal (LOC-TEMP): Place; time; with adpositions
*Ablative (ABL): Movement from (+delative); causal
*Vocative (VOC): addressing (people, gods); interjections ''Alæ!'' (Hello! lit. "Day!")

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Genders and desinences'''
|-
!rowspan="3" style="width: 100px"|
!colspan="3"| Abstract
!colspan="6"| Animate
!colspan="3"| Inanimate
|-
!colspan="2" style="width: 40px"| ''A''
! style="width: 30px"| ''i''
!colspan="2" style="width: 40px"| ''F''
!colspan="2" style="width: 40px"| ''N''
!colspan="2" style="width: 40px"| ''u''
!colspan="2" style="width: 40px"|''P''
! style="width: 30px"| ''l''
|-
|SG||PL|| ||SG||PL||SG||PL||SG||PL||SG||PL||
|-
! style="width: 100px"| Absolutive
| A || Asl || i || F || (o)lF || N || Ning || u || ush || P || Pl || l
|-
! style=""| Ergative
| AA || AslA || ii || Fee || Fele || Nee || Neng || uu || uushu || Pee || Ple || le
|-
! style=""| Dative
| Ak || Akl || ik || Fi || Fil || Ni || Nil || (u)ji || (u)wi || Pei || Plei || lei
|-
! style=""| Possessive
| An || Ang || ing || For || Foŕ || Nor || Noŕ || ur || uŕ || -N || Pong || lon
|-
! style=""| Instrumental-comitative
| Ah || Ash || ish || Fos || Fosh || Nos || Nosh || uh || ush || Ph || Ps || -dh
|-
! style=""| Lative
| AgA || AglA || iki || Fko || Fklo || Nong || Nongo || ugu || uglu || Póo || Plóo || lo
|-
! style=""| Locative-temporal
| AkhA || AlkhA || ikhi || Fku || Fklu || Nung || Nungu || ukhu || ulkhu || Pu || Plu || lu
|-
! style=""| Ablative
| ApA || AplA || ipi || Fp(o) || Fpl(o) || Nop || Nopl || upu || uplu || PPo || PPol || lp
|-
! style=""| Vocative
| Ae || Asl || ii || Fé || lFé || Né || Nin || -wé || -wésh || Pé || Plé || lé
|}
*''A'': vowels ''a, æ, o, ó'' and ''ø''
**Ae: ae = æ, æe = ææ, oe=é, óe = ø & øe = øø
*''F'': fricatives ''f, th, s, sh'' and ''h''; voiced counterparts and affricates ''ts, tsl'' and ''tsh'' are followed by ''o'' before plosive endings.
*''N'': nasals ''n, m'' and ''ng''
*''P'': plosives ''p, t, k'' and ''q''
**POS ''q''→''ng''
**INS ending Ph marks breathy voice and may turn the plosive into corresponding fricative /ɸ, θ, x, χ/ if followed by a plosive.
*- indicates that the original ending is replaced with the following: ''tup → tu'''m''''' (stick → stick's)

====Possessive====

Different possessive forms and interpretations:
*''Dativus possessivus'' (alienable): ''gat doth'''i''''' "the house which the man has temporarily settled in, i.e. rented"
*Comitative case with alienable possessive suffix: ''doth gat''h'''''os''''' "man with his house which he has purchased"
**Inalienable possessive suffix alters the meaning: ''doth gat''h'''''ozh''''' "man and his birthplace"
*Possessive case (almost inalienable): ''gat doth'''or''''' "the house which was inherited and is now owned by the man".

The noun in possessive case is not inflected further. With dative case, inflection may be utilized in order to distinguish the ''dativus possessivus'' from the indirect object or benefactive: ''Onzaiton pof tuph dothish slokli.'' "The feather is being lifted with a man's stick for them." (Related to the feather ceremony when welcoming upper class members to a household.)

'''Possessive affixes''', as shown in examples above, draw a distinction between alienable and inalienable possession: ''Óntesoson dothee gat'''s'''/vakuh'''oz'''.'' (A man is watching his house/ his own hand.) With the basic suffixes, the root is inflected first and then suffixed.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ Possessional suffixes
|-
!Person
!colspan="2"|Singular
!colspan="2"|Plural
|-
!
! ALIEN !! INAL !! ALIEN !! INAL
|-
!1st
| (a)ń || (a)nga || (ó)m || (ó)ngó
|-
!2nd
| (o)f || (ø)fo || (e)v || (ø)vø
|-
!3rd
| (o)s || (o)zh || (o)sl || (o)zhol
|}
*Irregular: Only VOC+possessive with 1SG: ''Pos'''n'''é!'' (My servant!), ''Polsmé!'' (Our servants!)

'''2nd person polite suffixes''' are added to absolutive base and the endings are then declined according to abstract gender:
*Singular: (a)tha, (a)tazha
*Plural: (a)dhó, (a)dózhó
*Example: ''gat'''atha'''pa'' (from Your house)

See [[Sceptrian#Adverbial_clauses|adverbial clauses]] which utilize some possessive suffixes with [[Sceptrian#Non-finite_forms|non-finite verb forms]].

===Adpositions===

Adpositions are used with inflected nouns to add information about its location or relation to other nouns. Some Sceptrian adpositions can be used as stand-alone adverbs which may be conjugated according to noun declensions.

====Prepositions====

Prepositions are used with lative (to, towards), locative (at, near) and ablative (from) cases to alter the meaning.
*''voi'' (in) forms illative, inessive, elative
*''loi'' (out) for "out of", "outside" and "from outside"
*''soi'' (on) to emphasize the surface aspect
*''oist(i)'' (under) for movement under something
*''roi'' (above) similarly to ''oist''
*''boi'' (down) for "down (a surface / to)", "down in (somewhere)" and "from down"; as an adverb as well
*''zoi'' (up) used like ''boi''
*''moi'' (touching, around) with lative for terminative, locative for pertingent and ablative for initiative
*''oil(i)'' (as) forms translative, essive, exessive
*''koi'' (per) distribution: "for each", "every" (temporal), "from each"
*''jon'' (... between)
*''poi'' (... the middle of, among)
*''tsoi'' (... front of; preceding)
**with time nouns in locative = before
*''hoi'' (... behind; following)
**with time nouns in locative = after
*''mots(i)'' (... on side)
**combined with postpositional ''dei'' (right) or ''lai'' (left)
**with time nouns in locative = ago

====Postpositions====

Postpositions appear with various cases and often come in groups.
*''pón'' (through) with lative
*''phó'' (along) with lative
*''pló'' (opposite to, across) with locative
*''sós'' (with) with comitative to express a greater degree of endowment (ornative); with ablative to indicate "without"; with lative for "in addition to"
*''óp'' (about, concerning) with genitive; with ablative for "according to"
*''ól'' (like) with genitive; as an adverb "similarly"
*''jak'' (away, despite) with ablative; as an adverb as well
*''mai'' (excluding) with ablative
*''mak'' (except) with ablative
*''mats'' (instead of) with ablative
*''sai'' (including) with comitative
*''sak'' (concerning, regarding) with comitative; with ablative to emphasize the causal aspect (due to, because of, thanks to)
*''phe'' (for the sake of) with lative

====Pronominal====

When used with pronouns, separate adpositions only come with dative forms to indicate lative. Otherwise adpositions take possessive suffixes, inalienable for locative and alienable for ablative: ''voi nai'' (into me), ''voinga'' (inside me), ''voiń'' (from inside me)

Of the polite possessive suffixes, alienable is added onto the adposition and then the entire compound is conjugated for lative, locative or ablative: ''voitha'' (in You; attributive), ''voithaga'' (into You), ''voithakha'' (inside You; predicative), ''voithapa'' (from inside You)

===Derivational Morphology===

Verbs and adjectives are derived from nouns by adding suffixes and in some cases prefixes as well.

====Noun====

Many nouns share same origins and these endings are the most common forms of derivation:
*Suffixing verbs with once established ending vowels or consonant appropriate for the noun class.
*place, region, nearby area: abstract with LOC with ''sk''-ending; fricative and ''u''-ending ABS.PL with final ''t''; nasal ABS.PL with final ''ku''; plosive ABS.PL and ''l''-declension receive an ''s''-suffix
*collection, group: ABS.PL receives ''óf'' in animate, ''óp'' in inanimate class; ''mulfóf'' (school of fish)
**Archaic forms also add the prefix ''kl''
*being, person, creature: ABS with ''(o)s'': ''trs'' (smith; compare ''trk'' "smithy")
**doer, agent: ERG with ''tu'': ''kepeetu'' (washer)
**experiencer, patient: ABS with ''(k)ois'' or ''(k)oit'' depending on animacy: ''kepois'' (person being washed)
**origin: ABL with ''(o)su'': ''ukopposu'' (person from north)
**characteristic (from abstract quality): INS with final duplicated vowel and ''tu'': ''luwishitu'' (beauty)
*material: ABS with ''(o)n'' (AN) or ''(o)l'' (INAN): ''koson'' (wood), ''qotol'' (stone)
*diminutive: reduplication of final sound with ''t'' between vowels and ''i'' between consonants: ''kosis'' (small tree)
*augmentative: reduplication of final sound with ''g'' between vowels and ''a'' between consonants: ''kosas'' (great tree)
**apotheosis: augmentative with ''a''-ending: ''kosonana'' (godwood)
*abstract quality, feature: ABS suffixed with ''(k)oti'': ''dothoti'' (manliness)
*'''gerund''' (act of doing): via derivated [[Sceptrian#Verb|verb]] suffixed with ''(o)pi'': ''glerkurpi'' (mace-battering)

====Adjective====

Different cases and affixes are used for the derivation:
*similarity, having something: ''dh'' suffix to abstract gender and animate ''u''-ending; voicing of fricatives (''h→qh'', no change with affricates); nasals [[Sceptrian#Consonant_form|"lateralized"]] + ''o''; voicing of plosives + ''o'' (''q→g''); l-declension as in INS-COM: ''evadh'' (bright), ''dodh'' (masculine)
**full of, having something: previous suffixed with ''ol'': ''mel muvol'' (waters full of fish)
*material: ABS with ''(o)p'': ''kosonop'' (wooden)
*origin, relation: ABL form with a final ''ó'' added or replacing the original ending vowel: ''kusupó'' (friendly)
*absence, without: ''ti'' suffixed to VOC form: ''evæti'' (lightless=dark)
*doing: ''on'' added after INS case: ''kephon'' (washing)
*who did: INS with ''ompu'': ''kephompu'' (who washed = ''pessyt'' in Finnish)
*done by: INS with ''empo'' and possibly inalienable possessive suffix: ''kephemponga'' (washed by me)
*not done: LAT suffixed with ''tip'': ''kepóotip'' (unwashed)
*experiencing: LAT suffixed with ''p'': kepóop (being washed)
*result (wanted): LAT suffixed with ''pi'': ''kepóopi'' (washed=clean)
**if unwanted: LAT suffixed with ''pot'': ''vangostóopot'' (drunk)
*possible: POS with ''ta'': ''kenta'' (washable)
*requiring: LOC with ''rt'': ''kepurt'' (needs to be washed)
*opposite, negation: VOC with ''tot''

Notice that plural forms of adjectives may be derived from plural nouns: ''dolth kep'''s'''on'' (men who are washing)

====Verb====

A declined core noun receives an ending which describes how the verb reflects the noun:
*In some cases, the vowel ending of nouns may simply be removed or the absolutive of a consonant-ending noun may also serve as a verb.
*ABS = "happens, is": ''kep'' (is washed)
*COM = "using": ''tuph'' (is poked with a stick), ''glerkh'' (is hit with a mace)
*POS + ''k'' = "similarity": ''melonk'' (is wet)
*DAT + ''k'' = "making/becoming" (no ''k'' with Abstract): ''zurmu'' → ''zurmjik'' (strong person → is strengthened), ''zurp'' → ''zurpeik'' (strong, durable object → hardens) & ''zurma'' → ''zurmak'' (strength → intensifies)
*LAT + ''t'' = "movement, quasi-inceptive": ''glerkóot'' (swings a mace, INTR), ''melot'' (flows), ''latepóot'' (is persuaded to dance, INTR; begins a dance with, TR), ''lehkot'' (runs)
*LOC + ''r'' = "frequentative": ''glerkur'' (is battered with a mace), ''melur'' (rains; drips)
*VOC + ''k'' = "momentane": ''glerkék'' (is hit once with a mace), ''melék'' (splashes once)
*POS + ''(o)v'' = "consider, feel": ''vongv'' (is considered strange = ''oudoksutaan'' in Finnish)
* Several endings can be stacked on verbs without turning it into a noun in between: ''melurék'' (shower of rain falls), ''tup(o)hkur'' (is often poked with a stick). When deriving, the ''r''-ending are declined according to the ''l''-paradigm.

===Adjectives===

Adjectives in Sceptrian agree with the gender, number and cases of their head. When an adjective is used as a predicative, it comes before its head, but when as an attributive, it comes after. Adjective declension follows approximately the same rules as [[Sceptrian#Cases|noun declension]]. In the common ''dh''-ending F-declension, ''o'' is added between ''dh'' and case-endings with consonants. Changes in both casual and poetic speech include mirroring onset into coda: ''dothklu jadaadh'''ulk''''' (near nice men)

{|class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+DH-declension
! !! ABS !! ERG !! DAT !! POS !! INS !! LAT !! LOC !! ABL !! VOC
|-
!SG
|dh || dhee || dhi || dhor || dhos || dh'''ok''' || dh'''uk''' || dh'''op''' || dhé
|-
!PL
| ldh(o) || dhele || dhil || dhoŕ || dhosh || dh'''olk''' || dh'''ulk''' || dh'''olp''' || ldhé
|}

[[Sceptrian#Apophony|Apophony]] in the stressed syllable is used to indicate the gender: base for inanimate, first apophony with animate and second with abstract gender: ''eja jadædh, doth jadaadh, latep jadadh''

Polite adjectives are formed from the abstract form with predicative prefix ''nga'' and attributive suffix ''æ'': ''ngaluwidh Nith'' (You are beautiful), ''shosleetha luwidhæ'' (a beautiful knight)

====Comparison====

'''Positive''' of an adjective is the base form.
*When two nouns are found equal in comparison, ''ii'' begins the clause, positive is placed before the primary noun (focus) in dative case and preposition ''oil'' (as) with final secondary noun in causative-ablative case (forming exessive): ''Ii luwidh foki oil supe.'' ("Same beautiful for you from the state of being her." You are as beautiful as she is.)
*Negating happens with ''ze'' being joined to the ''ii'' particle.
*When comparing amounts, ''fadh'' (many, much) and ''fidh'' (few, little) are used in place of the adjective and inflected according to their head, the primary noun is now in absolutive plural, no preposition is used and the secondary noun is in comitative: ''Ii faaldh dolth lutush.'' (As many men as women.)

'''Comparative''' (more than) is identical to the vocative of positive adjective: ''luwidhé'' (more beautiful). Suffixed with ''ti'', the comparative gains a meaning of "less": ''luwidhéti'' (less beautiful).
*Manner quatifiers ''orkai, jofai'' and ''zei'' can be used to indicate the degree: ''luwidhé orkai'' (much more beautiful), ''luwidhé jofai'' (slightly more beautiful), ''luwidhé zei'' (not more beautiful)
*When comparing two nouns adjective comes first (predicative comparative), the standard acquires the dative case, and comparative forms agree with their head in gender and number: ''luwildhé po swi'' (you all are more beautiful than he is)
*Pronoun comparison is also possible to construct with alienable possessional suffixes: ''luwildhév swi'' (you all are more beautiful than he is)
*When adjective comparative is not included, postpositional ''fadhé'' (more) or ''føødhi'' (less) can be used with noun plurals: ''dolth faldhé lutwi'' (more men than women)

'''Superlative''' is similar to noun apotheosis: the ending is reduplicated with ''é'' between consonants and ''j'' between vowels, and an ''a'' added to the end: ''luwidhédha'' (most beautiful). Similarly to comparative, ''ti'' gives the meaning of "least": ''luwidhédhati'' (least beautiful).

===Adverbs===

Adverbs are derived from adjectives through second apophony of the singular vocative form: ''zaivia jadædhé'' (I sing pleasantly)

Placed after adjectives and verbs: ''luwidh óomidhé'' (very beautiful < "largely")

'''Comparative adverb''' is formed by changing the vocative ending ''é'' into ''ei'': ''zaivió jadædhei'' (she sings more pleasantly)

'''Superlative adverb''' is similar to adjective superlative in its reduplication but with an ''æ''-ending: ''zaivie jadædhédhæ'' (you sing most pleasantly)

===Verbs===

Missing verbs:
*"to be": apposition ''trs doth'' (a man is a smith) vs. ''doth trs'' (the smith-man, the smith (who) is a man) and ''Berats trs'' (Berats, the smith, ...) vs. ''trs Berats'' (Berats is a smith); predicative before ''luwidh doth'' (a man is beautiful) vs. attributive after ''doth luwidh'' (a beautiful man)
**Emphasizing ''ma'': ''trs dothma'' (it is the man who is a smith)
**Showing tense-aspect:
***temporal adverbs, such as ''ta'ikhi'' (in the past)
***subject person and tense verb conjugation on adjective
***momentane verb derived from an adjective in past or future tense
***"become" verb derivation -> "will be"
**Vernacularly, [[Sceptrian#Table_of_correlatives|proximal demonstrative pronouns]] are used as copulae with corresponding grammatical gender: ''Trs saitu Berats.'' ("Smith this Berats." Berats is a smith.)
* "to have": various [[Sceptrian#Possessive_affixes|possessive forms]], e.g. ''soput trsor dothi'' ("profession of a smith for the man")

====Conjugation====

In Sceptrian, primary conjugation of verbs indicates person, number and tense-aspect, and it includes affixation and apophony. Conjugation for different [[Sceptrian#Mood|moods]] is slightly more complex.

=====Root=====

Verbs are given in their 3SG.INAN GNO form which is used to form all of the third person forms. With first and second person subjects, the first apophony is used in indicative inceptive and future. Polite second person forms use the second apophony

=====Affixes=====

Fusional conjugation affixes convey the person, number, tense and aspect (and honorific). Subject and object suffixes are almost always used with verbs, the antipassive being the only exception. Agent prefixes aren't often used in the casual register, mostly to form the [[Sceptrian#Reflexive|reflexive]], but they have to be used in the formal register.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+Subject/object suffixes for tense and aspect
|-
!Tense !!Aspect !!1SG !!1PL !!2SG !!2PL !!2SG.POL !!2PL.POL !!3SG.A !!3PL.A !!3SG.INAN !!3PL.INAN
|-
!colspan="2"|GNO-STAT
| a || ha || e || he || ahi || aqhi || ó || hó || (o) || l
|-
! rowspan="2"|PRES
!PROG
| an || han || en || hen || ang || aing || ón || hón || on || lon
|-
!INCEP
| ast || last || est || lest || æst || hæst || ós || lós || os || osl
|-
! rowspan="2"| PST
! IPFV
| ajin || hajin || ejin || hejin || azing || izing || ójin || hójin || oin || loin
|-
!PFV
| ai || hai || ei || hei || athi || idhi || óji || hóji || oi || loi
|-
! colspan="2"| FUT
| har || +har || her || +her || athar || idhar || hór || +hór || ho || +ho
|}
* initial ''l'' in endings is for lateralization of the final plosive
* initial ''h'' is for aspiration of the final plosive or simply ''h'' after a vowel
**if the final plosive is already breathy, ''o'' is added after it
*+ indicates voicing of the final consonant together with aspiration
**simple ''h'' becomes ''qh''
*Formal register draws a distinction between abstract and animate genders by adding ''wa'' directly after the ''ó'' of animate and removing the ''j'' from past perfective. Same can be done with agent prefixes. ''Glerkøtówajin shosleetha.'' (A knight was swinging a mace.) Note the second apophony due to the abstract gender.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+Agent prefixes for tense and aspect
|-
!Tense !!Aspect !!1SG !!1PL !!2SG !!2PL !!2SG.POL !!2PL.POL !!3SG.A !!3PL.A !!3SG.INAN !!3PL.INAN
|-
!colspan="2"|GNO-STAT
| a || sa || e || se || æ || hæ || ó || só || o || lo
|-
! rowspan="2"|PRES
!PROG
| an || san || en || sen || nga || ngai || ón || són || on || lon
|-
!INCEP
| tsa || tsla || tse || tsle || tsæ || tshæ || tsó || tsló || so || slo
|-
! rowspan="2"| PST
! IPFV
| jan || zhan || jen || zhen || izæ || izhæ || jón || zhón || i || li
|-
!PFV
| ai || sai || ei || sei || thæ || dhæ || jó || zhó || oi || loi
|-
! colspan="2"| FUT
| ar || sar || er || ser || thar || dhar || ór || sór || or || lor
|}
*Affixes may be separated from border vowels of verbs with a glottal stop or reduplicated initial consonant (unless risk of confusion with subjunctive): ''Ai(v)eva(v)oi.'' (I illuminated it.)

Examples: ''Ónbouson dothee pof.'' (A man (ERG) is lifting a feather (ABS).), ''Bousón doth.'' (The man falls.) ''Bouson pof.'' (The feather (ABS) falls.).

====Tense====

In Sceptrian, verbs are conjugated for three tenses: past, present and future. These tenses describe when an action took place relative to current moment as their names indicate.

====Aspect====

Gnomic-static aspect is used to indicate general truths ''Zaitó Hala.'' (sun rises) and static situations ''Mépa lusha.'' (I can speak Sceptrian). It can be used with expressions of time to specify when something was static ''Petsipha kas arakha.'' (dress-STAT.1SG this.COM yesterday.TEMP "I was dressed in these clothes yesterday (as well).")

Present progressive describes dynamic actions ''Anbaplóph lusha kha.'' (I'm reading Sceptrian at the moment). Present inceptive is used when an action is about to begin or someone is starting to do something.
*Inceptive is only used once: Subject inceptive with intransitive and mostly agent inceptive with translative verbs. Object ending is either PRES.PROG, when something was begun only a moment ago, or FUT, when something is about to begin.
**Translative object inceptive if the object caused the initialization: ''Órlateepast.'' (He is about to take me to dancing through my initiative.)

Past imperfective is used with continuous activities which were happening before the present. The contrasting perfective aspect describes the event as a whole and having an endpoint in the past.

In future tense, no aspects are distinguished, but rather non-finite forms are used.

Endings with different tenses and aspects may be mixed in some cases:
*PRES retrospective: PST.PFV+verb+STAT: ''ai-tesos-Ø næ ka'' (I've seen this), ''ai-latep-a næ'' (I've taken myself dancing)
*PRES prospective: PRES.INCEP+verb(+FUT): ''tsa-lateep(-ar) (I'm starting to dance (and I'll be doing it for a while))

====Mood====

Moods express speaker's attitude towards the subject or their knowledge of it. They are divided into realis and irrealis moods: the former expresses factual statements while the latter indicates that an event hasn't taken place or the speaker is uncertain of a situation.

=====Realis=====

'''Gnomic'''-static verb form can be considered representing gnomic mood since it can't be used with other moods: ''Zaitó Hala urakha.'' (Sun rises tomorrow as well)

'''Indicative''' is the basic mood which is used for supposedly factual statements: ''Latepar urakha.'' (I'll dance tomorrow.)

=====Irrealis=====

'''Interrogative''' is not conjugated, but indicated through rising pitch and changing primary stress onto the first syllable. Formal register uses the particle ''shóo'' which is placed after the verb: ''¿Rotlast shóo?'' (Shall we go?)
*The change in stress does not affect the apophony.

'''Imperative''' is the first apophony of base form (3SG.INAN GNO). It is used for commanding and may be accompanied by vocatives: ''Rót posné!'' (Go, O servant of mine!)
*The softer imperative is derived from the base with an ''r'' being added before present inceptive conjugated for person and number: ''Rótrest fo.'' (You should leave.). It is used as a hortative as well: ''Rótrlast!'' (Let's go!)
**Alternatively, the ''r'' may be added after the inceptive agent prefix.

'''Subjunctive''' is formed through initial left-to-right reduplication and with second apophony in the original stressed syllable: if consonant-initial, CV body is duplicated, but if vowel-initial, VC part of the first and second syllable is duplicated: '''''la'''latép'' (may dance), '''''ak'''aktæsos'' (may hear), ''rorøt'' (may go)
*The first reduplicated syllable undergoes independent apophony depending on the subject.
*The mood is used when something is uncertain, doubted or wished

=====Particles=====

Particles are placed after a verb to alter or to specify its meaning.

Realis
*''pai'' mirative (with soft imperative in present): ''Rótóji pai!'' (He went!?)
**with adjectives or as an adverb: ''Luwi pai!'' (How beautiful!)

Evidentials (with causatives)
*''atasi'' hearsay: ''Rotóji tasi fope.'' (I heard from you that he went.)
*''tesei'' visual: ''Rótoutóji tesei nape.'' (I didn't see him go.)

Irrealis
*''norka'' dubitative (with subjunctive): ''Rorøtóji norka.'' (I doubt he went.)
*''gana'' volitive (with future subjunctive): ''Lalatépar gana.'' (I wish I could dance.)

Conditional (with subjunctive)
*''ta'' apodosis: ''Arziizeither ta'' (I will raise you...)
*''-ti-'' infixed between reduplicated form for protasis: ''boutiboisen'' (if you fall)

Hortatives (with soft imperative which itself works as an adhortative or dehortative with negation (unwillingness))
*Cohortative: ''Latéprlast kha!'' (Let's dance now!), ''Rótrlastonget khugu.'' (Let's not go there.)
*''jokæ'' exhortative (inhortative through negation): ''Rótrest jokæ.'' (You really should go.)

'''Formal''' register differences:
*''aktasosai'' (hears) conjugated for hearsay: ''Røtathi aiaktasosóji.'' (I heard from her that you left.)
*''tesos'' (sees) conjugated for visual evidentiality: ''Rotóji tesosai.'' (I saw her go.)
*''tsmaadhoré'' (doubtfully) used for dubitative
*''tutaadhoré'' (wishfully) used for volitive
*''alké'' permissive with dative: ''Rótest alké foki.'' (You may leave.)
**prohibitive with negated (inability) imperative infinitive: ''Rótrostodi alké foki.'' (You aren't allowed to leave.)
*both conditional particles are used separately and they are prefixed with the subjunctive reduplication: ''Arziizeither zaita bouboisen bouti.'' (I will raise you if you fall.)

'''In literature''' to express the peaking pitch of ironical statements and lowered pitch of sarcastic expressions:
*''jø'' verbal irony: ''Jótesosoi melurpi, jóbatophoi "Luwidh jø hi loi khu".'' (He saw the rain and said: "''Beautiful'' day out there")
*''gæ'' sarcasm: ''Uu, eiluwikoi gæ pai.'' (Oh, ''how beautiful'' you made it.)

====Negation====

{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
|+Negation affixes
|-
!colspan="2"| Manner→
! Inability
!colspan="6"| Unwillingness
|-
!colspan="2"|Form→
!2nd apophony +infix (before patient-suffix)
!colspan="3"|Intranslative suffix
!colspan="3"|Translative infix (after agent-prefix)
|-
!colspan="2"|Person→
!All
!1st
!2nd
!3rd
!1st
!2nd
!3rd
|-
!rowspan="2"|PRES
!SG
|ost
|net
|fep
|set
|no
|fo
|so
|-
!PL
|osht
|nget
|vep
|slet
|ngo
|flo
|slo
|-
!colspan="2"|PST
|out
|colspan="3"|nait
|colspan="3"|me
|-
!colspan="2"|FUT
|oz
|colspan="3"|nort
|colspan="3"|mor
|}

Examples: ''Ailat'''é'''p'''out'''óji.'' (I couldn't dance with him), ''¿Tse'''fo'''lateephar?'' (You don't want to begin dancing with me?)

'''Honoring negation''' for 2nd person polite forms consists of (second person) negation affixes with root second apophony and ''saal''-particle placed after the verb: ''K'''é'''p'''oz'''athar saal.'' (You'll be unable to wash Yourself, unfortunately.)

Second apophony of negation affixes with subjunctive mood: ''Rorøthórn'''ø'''rt.'' (He may not be willing to go.)

====Non-finite forms====

=====Gerund=====
*Base nouns or their abstract variants may serve as gerunds, which describe the action of doing, but otherwise they are created with the suffix ''(o)pi'' added to a verb root. The suffic also helps to distinguish the forms.

=====Infinitives=====
*PRES ''-odi'', PST ''-oudi'', FUT ''ordi''
*used with modal verbs
*subjunctive form created with duplication

=====Participles=====

Sceptrian participles work as adjectives. Following table shows which "case" and suffix the verb base (or gerund in formal register) takes.
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
|+Present participle suffixes
|-
!
!IPFV
!PFV
|-
!Patientive (LAT)
|''p''
|''pi/pot''
|-
!Negative (LAT)
|
|''tip''
|-
!Active (INS)
|rowspan="2"|''on''
|''ompu''
|-
!Agentive (INS)
|''empo''
|}
*Also the "requiring" (FUT) form LOC+''rt'' and "possible" (GNO) POS+''ta''
*Past forms are created by adding ''i'' to the end: ''kephoni'' (was being washed)
*Future forms with ''or'': ''kephonor'' (will be washed)
*Examples shown already in [[Sceptrian#Adjective|derivations]]

====Auxiliary verbs====

In Sceptrian, auxiliary verbs are conjugated only for subject which may act as the agent of the clause. The verbs can either precede (dynamic, deontic) or come after (epistemic) different verb infinitives. Since regular object-patient conjugation can't be used, objects have to be written (no pro-drop) and they are declined into instrumental-comitative case.
*''tut'' "want" (from ''tuta'' "craving, wish"): ''Tutajin kepoudi his.'' (I wanted to wash it.)
**infinitive in lative case for "want something to be done": ''Tutan kepordiki his.'' (I want it to be washed.)
**"be going to" (FUT): ''Tuutar latepordi.'' (I'm going to dance.)
**"wish" (SBJV) mostly as the subjunctive of the absent ''to be''-verb: ''Tutitan khau fos.'' (I wish you were here)
*''mép'' "can, know how to" (dynamic) (from ''mépi'' "skill"): ''Mépa latepodi'' ("I can dance"; notice gnomic-static mood)
*''kuut'' "can, may" (deontic / epistemic) (from ''kuutó'' "possibility"): ''Kuutest rotordi.'' (You may leave.), ''Fendógópot kuutó pai.'' (He may unexpectedly be dead.)
**particle ''nor'' added after the verb for lower possibility i.e. "could, might": ''Fendógópi kuut nor.'' (It might be dead.)
**particle ''ga'' added for "should, must": ''Fendógópi kuut ga.'' (It should be dead, as we wanted.)
*''khet'' "must" (deontic) (from ''kheti'' "necessity"): ''Khetan rotodi.'' (I must go now), ''Kheetar rotordi.'' (I must go soon)
*''khurd'' "dare" (from ''khurdi'' "daring"): ''¿Khurde glerkékodi nas?'' (Do you dare hit me with a mace?)

Mixing tenses:
*''Tutitai latepordi.'' SBJV.want-PST.PFV.1SG dance-INF.FUT "I would've wanted to dance"

====Voice====

Sceptrian distinguishes between two voices, active and antipassive. Passive is very similar to active since Sceptrian is absolutive-ergative, and thus isn't considered a true change in voice. Antipassive is used to reduce the valency of the verbs by removing the object of a transitive clause.

Active construction: verb-agent-object and verb-object-agent are used so that a comment (rheme) precedes the topic (theme). [[Sceptrian#Emphasizing_clitics|Emphasizing clitics]] are used to mark the topic.
{{Gloss
|phrase = Ónzaiton dothee pof.
|IPA = /ɔ̃zaɪ̯tə̃ dəθe: pəf/
| morphemes = ón-zait-on doth-ee pof-Ø
| gloss = 3SG.AN.PRES.IPFV-lift-3SG.INAN.PRES.IPFV man-ERG feather-ABS
| translation = A man is lifting a feather.
}}

Passive construction: To demote the agent (ERG), it's either removed or inflected into causal ablative (ABL). Verb is only conjugated for the object.
{{Gloss
|phrase = Zaiton pof (dothpo).
|IPA = /zaɪ̯tə̃ pəf (dəθpə)/
| morphemes = zait-on pof-Ø (doth-po)
| gloss = lift-3SG.INAN.PRES.IPFV feather-ABS (man-ABL)
| translation = A feather is being lifted (by a man).
}}

'''Antipassive''' construction: Agent (ERG) transforms into subject (ABS) and object (ABS) takes the instrumental-comitative (INS) case. Word order becomes SV(O), and the verb is conjugated according to the agent only and the stressed syllable undergoes second [[Sceptrian#Apophony|apophony]]. The verb is also suffixed with the emphasizing clitic ''ma'' in the formal register.
{{Gloss
|phrase = Doth ónzeit(ma) (pofos).
|IPA = /dəθ ɔ̃zei̯t(mä) (pəfəs)/
| morphemes = doth-Ø ón-zeit-Ø(or =ma) (pof-os)
| gloss = man-ABS ANTIP\3SG.AN.PRES.IPFV-lift-ANTIP(or =ANTIP.FORM) (feather-INS)
| translation = The man is lifting (a feather).
}}

Instrument and turning it into an agent:
* ''Ónzaiton dothee pof vakuhosozh.'' (...with his own hand...)
**''Ónzaiton pof vakuhp dothir.'' (the feather is raised by the man's hand)
**''Onzaiton pof tuph dothi'''sh''' slokli.'' (The feather is being lifted with a man's stick for them.) Inanimate agent conjugation, and dative of possession is inflected to avoid misinterpretation!
* ''Vakuh ónzeit pofos.'' (The hand lifts something, which happens to be a feather)/(someone intentionally lifts a feather with their hand) Notice animate conjugation!
**''Tup onzeit dothpo pofos.'' (The stick, which is being held by a man, lifts something, which happens to be a feather) ABL as causative since inanimate ''tup''.

===Numerals===

Decimal base was adopted due to commerce, but traces of the former octal base remain.

Numerals are placed before their head. Last part of a cardinal determiner agrees with case through matching declension: ''op'''l''' tupl'' (two sticks)

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+Numeral system
|-
! Number
! Number !! Cardinal !! Ordinal !! Fractional !! Multiplicative adverb !! Multiplicative adjective !! Group !! Polygon
|-
!Zero
| ozi || oz || ozhi || - || zeng (never) || - || ze (no) || -
|-
!One
| ipi || ip || iphi || liku (whole) || ohu (once) || ipitse (onefold) || ipisi (singular) || ipirt (dot)
|-
!Two
| opi || op || ophi || lopu (half) || ophu (twice) || opitse (twofold) || opisi (pair) || opart (line)
|-
!Three
| oki || ok || okhi || loku || okhu || okitse || okisi || okart (triangle)
|-
!Four
| óppi || óp || óphi || lóppu || óphu || óphitse || óphisi || ópart
|-
!Five
| ofi || of || offi || lofu || offu || ofitse || ofisi || ofart
|-
!Six
| ókki || ók || ókhi || lókku || ókhu || ókhitse || ókhisi || ókart
|-
!Seven
| omi || om || ongi || lomu || ongu || omitse || omisi || omart
|-
!Eight
| ngovi || ngov || ngovvi || longovu || ngovvu || ngovitse || ngovisi || jart
|-
!Nine
| ngoipi || ngoip || ngoiphi || longoipu || ngoiphu || ngoipitse || ngoipisi || ngoipart
|-
!Ten
| jopi || jop || jophi || lojopu || jophu || jopitse || jopisi || jopart
|}

{|class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|-
!Eleven
!Twelve
!Thirteen
!Fourteen
!Fifteen
!Sixteen
!Seventeen
!Eighteen
!Nineteen
!Twenty
|-
| ngoki
| ngópi
| ngofi
| ngóki
| ngomi
| ophungovi
| jopomi
| jopingovi
| jopingoipi
| ophujopi
|-
!Twenty-one
!Thirty
!Fourty
!Fifty
!Sixty
!Sixty-four
!Sixty-five
!Seventy
!Eighty
!Ninety
|-
| ophujopipi
| okhujopi
| offungovi
| offujopi
|ókhujopi
| mouti
| moutipi
|ongujopi
|ngowopi
|ngoiphujopi
|-
!One hundred
!One hundred and twenty-two
!One hundred and sixty-six
!Two hundred
!Thousand
!Three thousand four hundred
!Ten thousand
!Hundred thousand
!Million
!Billion
|-
| toti
|toti(s) ophujopopi
|toti(s) moutókki
|ophutoti
| mopi
|okhumopi(s) óphutoti
|tothutoti
|tothumopi
|hamisi
|mowisi
|}

*Multiplicative adverb form is used in front of the powers of ten (tens, hundreds, ...)
*Digits are annexed into the tens by using the cardinal or determiner form depending whether the digit begins with a vowel or not.
*Fractions are constructed by placing the ''l(o)''-prefixed form after the multiplicative number: ''okhu lóppu'' ("thrice one quarter" = three quarters). The noun is in ablative case and only the fraction is inflected: ''lopu'''ji''' tuppo'' (for one half of a stick)
*Large numbers (from hundred) are written separately from smaller, but in formal register ''s''-letter is added between each power of ten.

==Syntax==

===Word order===

* VAO usually, VOA also very common, SV(O) in antipassive
* often a comment precedes the topic
* numerals precede nouns
* possessives follow nouns
* predicative adjectives precede and attributive ones come after nouns
* demonstratives come last

===Emphasizing clitics===

Suffixes ''ma'' (for ABS) and ''noh'' (for ERG) are used to emphasize either the object or the agent: ''Ónzaiton pof dothee'''noh'''.'' (It is the man who's lifting the feather) vs. ''Ónzaiton dothee pof'''ma'''.'' (It is the feather that the man is lifting.). They are also used in nominalized relative clauses and with verbs in antipassive constructions.

When both are used, information conveyed by the verb becomes veritable: ''Józaitoi dotheenoh pofma.'' (I can swear that the man lifted the feather.)

The suffixes are also used with alienable possessive forms to separate the possessor from indirect objects. Chosen depending on the ergativity of the possessum: ''Jóvakuhoi suu pof swi'''ma''' swi.'' (He gave her feather to him.)

===Clauses===

====Independent====

Independent clauses make sense by themselves so that they may form their own sentence.

In Sceptrian, the subject is not necessarily a separate word since the verb can convey both the agent and the object. Thus a single verb can be a complete sentence: ''Ainamoi.'' (It was eaten by me.) However, a full clause may a verbless one as well when the gnomic-static aspect is used or because the languages lacks the verbs "to be" and "to have": ''Ksaru lutu(ma).'' (The woman is a guard.), ''Lutugu ksarushos.'' (Lady has their own guards.)

Traditional Sceptrian language theorists have used the term ''qópó'' (act) when referring to the verb phrase: the main verb, its auxiliaries and particles which wouldn't appear without the verb. It may also refer to the predicative determiners of a verbless clause subject (possibly bearing the emphasizing clitic): e.g. ''ksaru'' (guard) is ''qópó hetson'' ("still" act) of the above example ''Ksaru lutu.''. This may be called predicate in Westlang grammar.

''Betsloi'ó'' (affectee), that is, the absolutive subject-object may be:
*Noun: ''Lehkotón '''kuth'''.'' ('''A dog''' is running.)
*Pronoun: ''Aiteshóji '''slo'''.'' ('''They''' were seen by me.)
*Gerund: ''Apekingvó '''lateppi'''.'' (I enjoy '''dancing'''.)
*Another clause: ''Aitésoutóji, '''skugu rorøtóji'''.'' (I couldn't see, '''where he went'''.)
*Note that the main verb conjugation is for the abstract subject. In the indirect question, the verb is in subjunctive.

''Betslaató'' (affecter) refers to the agent which is declined into the ergative case.
*A gerung will be declined if necessary, but an entire clause remains the same.

Interrogative clauses begin with either the verb or the interrogative. Interrogative mood is indicated by the moving the primary stress onto the first syllable and adding a rising or dipping pitch. Questions are placed between question marks "¿" and "?". See below in the [[Sceptrian#Noun_clauses|noun clauses]] for more of indirect questions.
*In written language, requests often use only the final question mark: ''Tsemaakor nai?'' (Will you give it to me?)

====Conjunction====

coordinating, correlative (and subordinate?)
*and, but, for, so, or
*...

Demonstratives will take the case ending, if the entire

====Noun clauses====

WIP ... to be redone
*Infinitive.tense + ... + causatives: ''Tesosan kepó vakuhos supe.'' (I see that he washes his hands) vs. ''Onluvakan kep'''óo''' vakuhos supe.'' (The washing of his hands brings me pleasure.)

====Relative clauses====

Nominalizing relative clauses with participles is common.

Using [[Sceptrian#Emphasizing_clitics|an emphasizing clitic]] to mark the antecedent for the class-appropriate proximal demonstrative pronoun (thaka/saitu/ka declined for number) which works as a relative pronoun - case chosen according to the embedded clause:
*''Rotóji dothma saituh latepai.'' (leave-PST.PFV.3SG man.ABS-EMPH.ABS P.PROX.AN-COM dance-PST.PFV.1SG "The man, with whom I danced, left.")
*''Tsóvangosor sahul dothelenos saitush latepai.'' (AGENT.PRES.INCEP.3PL.AN-is_drunk-FUT.3SG.INAN beer.ABS man-PL.ERG-EMPH.ERG P.PROX.AN-PL.COM dance-PST.PFV.1SG "The men with whom I danced are starting to drink beer.")
*''Tsóvangosor sahulma dothele ka tutitai vangosordi.'' (AGENT.PRES.INCEP.3PL.AN-is_drunk-FUT.3SG.INAN beer.ABS-EMPH.ABS man-PL.ERG P.PROX.INAN SBJV-want-PST.PFV.1SG drink-INF.FUT "Men are starting to drink the beer which I would've wanted to drink."

====Adverbial clauses====

non-finite forms + possessive suffixes to indicate subject

====Conditional clauses====

subjunctive as explained in verb particle section

====Indirect speech====

==Register==

Different endings which reflect the conversation situation: speakers, familiarity, formality, location...

===Intimate===

Agent prefixes aren't used. No ''t'' in inceptive. Due to apophony, subject suffix can be dropped from FUT/INCEP if 1st or 2nd person distinction is clear.

===Casual===

In casual register, verb forms are chosen differently when the subject is agent-like (he dances) or patient-like (he fell): ''latepóji'' (he danced AN) vs. ''bousoi'' (he fell INAN)

===Formal===

Mandatory use of pronouns and agent prefixes.

One may use inanimate verb forms as anti-honorific? ''Ondakon næ ka Nithki.'' (I humbly offer this to You)

Apophony of basic prepositions with root ''oi'': ''Oisti Hala, óosti vakuhanga, ousti qorel'' (under the Sun, under my hand, under the earth)

In formal register, it is preferred to use only animate nouns as agents while abstract and inanimate are as antipassive subjects: ''luwi... nas'' ("beauty-of.yours it-un-eye-ful-makes me-with", your beauty makes me blind) vs. ''en fø na'' (you are making me blind)

Distinction between abstract and animate in some categories, such as verb conjugation (''wa'')

Can people with higher status be abstract or do they occupy a special animate category? (æ inside?)

==Lexicon==

See the [[Sceptrian/Dictionary|dictionary page]].

[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Languages]]

Template:Front/picture

2021-07-19T09:08:24Z

Chrysophylax:

[[File:Flag of Avendonia square 2.png|thumb|right|Flag of Avendonia]]

'''Avendonian''' ([[w:endonym|autoglossonym]]: ''avendoniano''; Avendonian: [[IPA for Avendonian|[avendoˈni̯ano]]]) is a [[w:West Germanic language|West Germanic language]], with strong influence of [[w:Vulgar Latin|Vulgar Latin]]. It is the result of a prolonged contact among members of both regions, after West Germanic merchants began travelling to and from the [[w:Western Roman Empire|Western Roman Empire]]. These connections—and the conquest by the Germanic tribes of the northern skirts of the Roman Empire—slowly formed a [[w:creole language|creole]] for mutual communication. Eventually, permanent settlements were established in what would become modern-day Avendonia, where Avendonian is primarily spoken, with official status.

''See more:'' '''[[Avendonian]]'''

<noinclude>[[Category:Templates]][[Category:Main page]][[Category:Meta]]</noinclude>

User:Chrysophylax/De Bello In Perpetuo

2021-04-29T00:38:13Z

Chrysophylax:

==Background==
{{quote|text=There are some common themes in all of Man's faiths and fears. The visions of a heavenly host, the earthly association of man, the assistance of man to the heavens, the perennial battle between a sky deity and a dragon, the importance of a name everlasting. These similarities are not accidental.
They are but a reflection of the eternal truth: the war of the heavens continues. We, chosen of our time, give our devotion to the just struggle for the sake of those that remained, those that are, and those that will come. The vault of the heavens stands and we are its keepers.|sign=Rúfronáu Imrátannas pripáti si Lunno|source=Captain's log of the Redship ''Undefeat''}}

* rufro < h1reudh- ''bright''
* náu < néh2u- ''ship''
* mrát < melH2- ''pound, grind, defeat''
* i- < n- ''a-''
* Lunno < leuk- + -h3n(?)-
* pri < peri
* páti < potis(?)
* si < so

idea: humans from diverse cultures are regularly uplifted historically by the heavenly host to become troops in the war against the foe, represented by the dragon. Consider the Germanic choosing of slain warriors or the Aztec sacrifices to power the struggle of the Good in heaven against the myriad Evil stars

setting: grimdark space sci-fi but allows the use of extinct languages and cultures to coexist as diverse factions in a stalemated war. Expect: Space PIE, Space Hunnic, Space Sino-Tibetan, Space Northwest Germanic, Space Balto-Slavic, Space Indo-Aryan, Space Uto-Aztec, Space Ugaritic... you get it.

User:Chrysophylax/De Bello In Perpetuo

2021-04-29T00:37:37Z

Chrysophylax:

==Background==
{{quote|text=There are some common themes in all of Man's faiths and fears. The visions of a heavenly host, the earthly association of man, the assistance of man to the heavens, the perennial battle between a sky deity and a dragon, the importance of a name everlasting. These similarities are not accidental.
They are but a reflection of the eternal truth: the war of the heavens continues. We, chosen of our time, give our devotion to the just struggle for the sake of those that remained, those that are, and those that will come. The vault of the heavens stands and we are its keepers.|sign=Rúfronáu Imrátannas pripáti si Lunno|source=Captain's log of the Redship ''Undefeat''}}

* rufro < h1reudh- ''bright''
* náu < néh2u- ''ship''
* mrát < melH2- ''pound, grind, defeat''
* i- < n- ''a-''
* Lunno < leuk- + -h3n(?)-
* pri < peri
* páti < potis(?)
* si < so

idea: humans from diverse cultures are regularly uplifted historically by the heavenly host to become troops in the war against the foe, represented by the dragon. Consider the Germanic choosing of slain warriors or the Aztec sacrifices to power the struggle of the Good in heaven against the myriad Evil stars
setting: grimdark space sci-fi but allows the use of extinct languages and cultures to coexist as diverse factions in a stalemated war. Expect: Space PIE, Space Hunnic, Space Sino-Tibetan, Space Northwest Germanic, Space Balto-Slavic, Space Indo-Aryan, Space Uto-Aztec, Space Ugaritic... you get it.