Linguifex - User contributions [en]

Template:Lunr-word

2025-04-19T03:19:14Z

Astaryuu:

<includeonly>
==Lunarian==
===Pronunciation===
(''{{{standard|Jinhayan}}}'') [[IPA]]: [{{IPA|{{{2|}}}}}]
(''{{{impure|Impure}}}'') [[IPA]]: [{{IPA|{{{3|}}}}}]

==={{ucfirst:{{{4|}}}}}===
{{{etymology|}}}

<big>{{Lunr|{{{1|}}}}}</big> ''({{{althead|{{PAGENAME}}}}})''

# {{{5|}}}
#: {{ux|anlnr|{{{6|sentence in Lunarian here}}}|{{{7|translation here}}}|tr={{#if: {{{translit|}}}|{{{translit}}}|}}}}

===Usage notes===
{{{notes|}}}

====Related terms====
{{{related|}}}

[[Category:Contionary]] [[Category:Lunarian words]] [[Category:Lunarian {{{4|word}}}s]]</includeonly><noinclude>{{documentation}} [[Category:Lunarian templates]]</noinclude>

Contionary:sɏka

2025-04-19T03:18:47Z

Astaryuu:

{{Lunr-word|etymology=From {{wp|Russian}} ''сука''.||ˈsჷka|ˈsɵ̞ka|noun|idiot, dumbass}}
{{Lunr-derivations|sɏka|sɏka-|sɏkanɇ}}

Template:Lunr-word

2025-04-19T03:17:14Z

Astaryuu: Created page with "<includeonly> ==Lunarian== ===Pronunciation=== (''{{{standard|Jinhayan}}}'') IPA: [{{IPA|{{{2|}}}}}] (''{{{impure|Impure}}}'') IPA: [{{IPA|{{{3|}}}}}] ==={{ucfirst:{{{4|}}}}}=== {{{etymology|}}} {{Lunr|{{{1|}}}}} ''({{{althead|{{PAGENAME}}}}})'' # {{{5|}}} #: {{ux|anlnr|{{{6|sentence in Lunarian here}}}|{{{7|translation here}}}|tr={{#if: {{{translit|}}}|{{{translit}}}|}}}} ===Usage notes=== {{{notes|}}} ====Related terms==== {{{related|}}} ..."

<includeonly>
==Lunarian==
===Pronunciation===
(''{{{standard|Jinhayan}}}'') [[IPA]]: [{{IPA|{{{2|}}}}}]
(''{{{impure|Impure}}}'') [[IPA]]: [{{IPA|{{{3|}}}}}]

==={{ucfirst:{{{4|}}}}}===
{{{etymology|}}}

{{Lunr|{{{1|}}}}} ''({{{althead|{{PAGENAME}}}}})''

# {{{5|}}}
#: {{ux|anlnr|{{{6|sentence in Lunarian here}}}|{{{7|translation here}}}|tr={{#if: {{{translit|}}}|{{{translit}}}|}}}}

===Usage notes===
{{{notes|}}}

====Related terms====
{{{related|}}}

[[Category:Contionary]] [[Category:Lunarian words]] [[Category:Lunarian {{{4|word}}}s]]</includeonly><noinclude>{{documentation}} [[Category:Lunarian templates]]</noinclude>

Contionary:sɏka

2025-04-18T20:43:55Z

Astaryuu: Created page with "{{Lunr-word/derived|From {{wp|Russian}} ''сука''.||ˈsჷka|ˈsɵ̞ka|idiot, dumbass}} {{Lunr-derivations|sɏka|sɏka-|sɏkanɇ}}"

{{Lunr-word/derived|From {{wp|Russian}} ''сука''.||ˈsჷka|ˈsɵ̞ka|idiot, dumbass}}
{{Lunr-derivations|sɏka|sɏka-|sɏkanɇ}}

User:Astaryuu/common.css

2025-04-18T19:55:54Z

Astaryuu:

@font-face{
font-family: 'AH Rokajang Shika';
src: url("https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/Astralneko/ahrokajang@master/AHRokajangShika.ttf") format('truetype');
}
@font-face{
font-family: 'Truth and Ideals';
src: url("https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/Astralneko/ahrokajang@master/Truth And Ideals-Normal.ttf") format('truetype');
}
.None[lang=anldk]{
font-family: 'AH Rokajang Shika', sans-serif;
font-size: 110%;
}
.None[lang=anlnr]{
font-family: 'Truth and Ideals', 'AH Rokajang Shika', sans-serif;
font-size: 110%;
}

Category:Lunarian

2025-04-18T19:52:58Z

Astaryuu: Created page with "Category:Astaryuu conlangs"

[[Category:Astaryuu conlangs]]

Category:Lunarian templates

2025-04-18T19:52:25Z

Astaryuu: Created page with "Category:Lunarian"

[[Category:Lunarian]]

Template:Lunr

2025-04-18T19:51:59Z

Astaryuu: Created page with "{{{1|}}}<noinclude>Category:Lunarian templates</noinclude>"

{{{1|}}}<noinclude>[[Category:Lunarian templates]]</noinclude>

Template:Wp

2025-04-18T06:47:14Z

Astaryuu: im stupid

[[wikipedia:{{{1|}}}|{{{2|{{{1|}}}}}}]]

Lunarian

2025-04-18T06:45:24Z

Astaryuu: bruh i misedited

{{Infobox language
|name=Lunarian {{lunr|󴑔󴕉󴖊󴕕󴑷󴒔󴔩󴑪󴑙󴐁󴕧󴑽󴔯}}
|familycolor=Conlang
|pronunciation={{ipa|[tukɨ́sáɟːე̌mga]}}
|family=[[Nentan languages|Nentan]]
|early-forms=[[Classical Nenta]], [[Imperial Karanesa]]
|script={{unbulleted list|[[Lunarian runes]]|Hiragana|Katakana|Latin script|Cyrillic script|Han logograms}}
|nation=Lunatic Kingdom
|minority=Eientei
|demonym=Lunarian, Lunatic
|agency=Lunatic Linguistic Correction Facility
|iso3=LNR
|setting=[[Outrealm: Unidentified Frantic Incursion]]
}}

'''Lunarian''' is one of serveral attempts at sticking to a single joke language by Astaryuu. It was created after Muskian, [[Wharfordish]], and [[Proto-Protogen]]. Lunarian, natively known as '''Tukǝsaɟɟɇmga''' ([[Lunarian IPA|IPA]]: {{ipa|[tukɨ́sáɟːე̌mga]}}) is a {{wp|Japonic languages|pseudo-Japonic language}} spoken on the moon and in other places that have had contact with lunar species. It is the language of the Lunatic Kingdom.

==Dialectology==
Lunarian is noted for being impossible for terrestrial beings to "correctly" pronounce. The reasons for this are manifold:
* [[Linguofascism]]: Particularly true for Standard Lunarian, the language is strongly affected by Lunatic policy regarding language use, preventing some of the most extreme features of Lunarian from simplifying.
* [[Imaginary phoneme]]s: Eleven of Lunarian's phonemes, including half of all vowels, are always pronounced (at least in Lunatic dialects) in ways that humans either find extremely difficult (for imaginary consonants) or physically impossible (for imaginary vowels). These eleven phonemes are referred to as "imaginary phonemes", and were the main reason for the creation of [[asterIPA]].
* [[Purity mutation]]: In specific environments, Lunarian phonemes can undergo "purity mutation" of either first-order or second-order. These are lenitions that are typically used in formal words or situations. Purity mutation is mandated in Jinhayan Lunarian, and causes many phonemes that otherwise aren't imaginary to have imaginary allophones.
* Imaginary mathematics: Lunarian's standard base is "raishnegahex", or base 4''i''. Additionally, Lunarian standards of mathematics differ from terrestrial standards.

There are three major varieties of Lunarian:
* Standard Lunarian: The legally-mandated variety for use in the Lunatic Kingdom. This dialect's hearth is the {{wp|Mare Tranquillitatis|Sea of Tranquility}}. There are three major sub-dialects: Jinhayan (also spelled "Jinghayan") Lunarian, the government-approved register which officials are required to use, Kriseon Lunarian, a "punk dialect" of the {{wp|Mare Crisium|Sea of Crises}} that intentionally diverges from Jinhayan norms, and Eienteyan Lunarian, used by refugees from the Lunatic Kingdom. Eienteyan Lunarian has significantly less influence from linguofascism than any of the Lunatic dialects.
* Impure, Terrible, Evil, Gross Lunarian: Also referred to simply as "Impure Lunarian." Spoken elsewhere that youkai are prominent, such as the two hells. Impure Lunarian generally does not use second-order purity mutation. The English name is an exonym translated from Standard Lunarian. Eienteyan Lunarian is considered an impure dialect by Lunatic officials, even though linguistically it is at best a creole between Standard Lunarian and Impure Lunarian.
* Disgusting, Awful, Repulsive, Terrestrial Lunarian: Also referred to as "Terrestrial Lunarian." Spoken in the "human world". This is by far the smallest dialect group. It is strongly suggested that {{wp|Area 51}} contains a treatise on Terrestrial Lunarian.

==Phonology==
{{main|Lunarian phonology}}
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes
|-
! colspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Alveolar consonant|alveolar]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Postalveolar consonant|Post- alveolar]]/ [[w:Palatal consonant|palatal]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Velar consonant|Uvular]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Velar consonant|Laryngeal]]
|-
! colspan="2" | [[w:stop consonant|Stop]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palatal stop|c]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal stop|ɟ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar stop|g]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Glottal stop|ʔ]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[w:fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! plain
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial fricative|ɸ]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palatal fricative|ç]] || style="border-left: 0;" | ([[w:Voiced palatal fricative|ʝ]])
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced uvular fricative|ʁ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:sibilant consonant|sibilant]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Whistle|ѳ]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] || style="border-left: 0;" | ([[w:Voiced alveolar sibilant|z]])
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative|ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palato-alveolar fricative|ʒ]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
! colspan="2" | [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal nasal|ɲ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced uvular nasal|ɴ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[Voiced laryngeal nasal|ն]]
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
! plain
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced labiodental approximant|ʋ̟]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar approximant|ɹ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced labiovelar approximant|w]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:Lateral consonant|lateral]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative|{{ipa|ɬ}}]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|{{ipa|l}}]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal lateral approximant|ʎ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar lateral approximant|ʟ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[Voiced uvular lateral approximant|լ]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
! colspan="2" | [[w:Trill consonant|Trill]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[Voiced velar trill|ր]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|}
====Notes====
* The Cyrillic letter fita <ѳ> is used in Astaryuu IPA extensions to refer to a "whistle fricative", even though this {{wp|s͎|has an extIPA symbol}}; Astaryuu defends this by saying that Lunarian considers the whistle fricative a labial sibilant, while <s͎> is clearly alveolar.
* All approximants (regardless of if they are lateral or not) become voiceless when before a voiceless plosive; [ɬ] just is the only voiceless approximant which is found outside of this context (though [ç] is often considered a voiceless /j/).

===Vowels===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Vowel phonemes
|-
! [[Nepo vowel|Nepo]]
|
| [[Nepo front unrounded vowel|ა]]
|
|-
! [[Dim vowel|Dim]]
| [[Dim-esolc front unrounded vowel|ო]]
| [[Dim central vowel|ჷ]]
| [[Dim-esolc back rounded vowel|ე]]
|-
! [[Esolc vowel|Esolc]]
| [[Esolc front unrounded vowel|უ]]
|
| [[Esolc back rounded vowel|ი]]
|-
! !! [[w:Front vowel|Front]] !! [[w:Central vowel|Central]] !! [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]]
| [[w:Close central unrounded vowel|ɨ]]
| [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]]
|-
! [[w:Close-mid vowel|Mid]]
| [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]]
|
| [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]
|-
! [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
|
| [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]
|
|}

====Notes====
* In Impure and Terrestrial Lunarian, nepo, dim, and esolc vowels become the equivalent open, mid, and close vowels respectively, but with their backness and rounding flipped. For example, the dim ''front rounded'' vowel /ო/ becomes [ɤ], the mid ''back unrounded'' vowel. This is also why the {{wp|Georgian language|Georgian}} letters used for the imaginary vowels appear reversed compared to their actual values in Georgian.
* The vowels /e o ო ე/ are all true mid [e̞ o̞ ო̝ ე˔].

===Purity mutation===
{{main|Purity mutation}}

==Orthography==
Much like how Japanese technically uses four scripts at the same time, Lunarian technically uses six scripts at the same time. However, most dialects do not use all six scripts at the same time. The following scripts are ordered in order of how often they are used in Lunarian writing.
# [[Lunarian runes]] ({{term|ƿtadassja}}): An alphabet based on {{wp|man'yogana}} that functions similarly to {{wp|hangul}}. ''Ƿtadassja'' is considered the "native script" of Lunarian, and is usually written in the same direction as Sinitic or Japanese writing.
# {{wp|Katakana}} ({{term|terasja}}): Generally used for loanwords from Japanese and onomatopoeia. Ironically, the name ''ƿtadassja'' is often written in katakana, as it is literally "the correct characters" (with the word for ''correct'' coming from Japanese ''tadashii''.
# {{wp|Hiragana}} ({{term|ønnasja}}): Not used commonly in Lunatic dialects, but in Eienteyan and Impure dialects, hiragana are often used in place of katakana when the word would use hiragana in Japanese.
# {{wp|Latin script}} ({{term|romasja}}): Used for non-Japanese loanwords originally written in Latin script. Use of Latin script is banned by the Lunatic Linguistic Correction Facility and a third-order misdemeanor that can result in a sentence of up to 3 years or ¥300,0000 (the highest sentence that the Lunatic Constitution allows a non-felony to have).
# {{wp|Cyrillic script}} ({{term|bɏlgasja}}): Equivalent to Latin script, including its legal status in the Lunatic Kingdom.
# {{wp|Hanzi}} ({{term|hansja}}): Although Han characters are legal, they are considered old-fashioned in Lunatic dialects. The only common use for hanzi in modern Lunarian writing is in the numeral system.

Because the scripts see use in some dialects, there is also a complete romanization and cyrillization of Lunarian. However, only Terrestrial Lunarian uses these more than ''ƿtadassja''. Both are also considered to be badly designed, with heavy use of characters outside {{wp|Windows-1251}} (Cyrillic script) and {{wp|Windows-1252|-1252}} (Latin script). While there generally are commonly accepted digraphs that are within these standards, Impure Lunarian prefers to use the monographs, and so this extends to Terrestrial Lunarian.

==Morphology and grammar==
===Word order===
Like Japanese, Lunarian uses SOV word order. Likewise, clitics are applied after the word to indicate one of five cases (accusative, genitive, dative, instrumental/locative - nominative is unmarked), alongside the topical clitic ''ɟa'' which can occur in tandem with a case marker.

===Noun class===
Nouns are divided into one of thirteen classes based on perceived purity. For nouns that refer to people, this forms a formality hierarchy. When addressing someone, the correct marker must be applied to (or should replace) their name depending on their social standing relative to the speaker. Referring to a government official using the incorrect class is illegal in the Lunatic Kingdom (though unless the speaker disrespected the royal family or referred to any official using the earthly class while not in the royal family, the punishment is usually just a small fine).

It is easier to refer to these purity classes using a numerical ranking. The thirteen noun classes are ranked 13 ("heavenly"), 11, 10, 9, 8 ("pure"), 7, 6 ("average"), 5, 4 ("impure"), 3, 2, 1, -1 ("earthly"). Adjectives decline against this class, and all non-personal nouns can move up or down the ranking for different semantic reasons. Using a higher class for a noun than its "natural" class is called "purification", while using a lower class for a noun than its "natural" class is called "pollution".

Applying the standard honorific ''ƿ-'' to a noun that does not already have it is a first-degree purification.

Nouns that refer to people are much more strict with this system - they always have a natural purity rank of 6, and always end in -sa (likely an archaic marker of this rank). Names are personal nouns, but need not have a naturally average purity rank. These nouns also have a suite of rank-altering affixes which are mostly unique:
* {{term|-mistɣmpƿzden}}: the "dogwhistle affix", only used in Kriseon Lunarian. Borrowed from the name of a notorious Earthling politican who planned to nuke the moon and turn the Sea of Crises into a parking lot{{citation needed}}. Fourteenth-degree pollution, but adjectives applied to the noun conjugate as if no purity change occurred unless the speaker is not likely to be heard by a Lunatic Kingdom official. Not exclusive to people.
* {{term|tem-}}: Borrowed from Japanese ''temē''. Twelfth-degree pollution.
* {{term|yukȝrɨ}}: Name of the yukkuris. Reduces to Impure class, or third-degree pollution, whichever is more pollution.
* {{term|sɏka-}}: Borrowed from Russian ''сука''. Third-degree pollution.
* {{term|añ-}}: Second-degree pollution.
* Removing -sa: First-degree pollution that can stack with any other affix.
* {{term|-fwⱥ}}: First-degree purification.
* {{term|ƿ-}}: First-degree purification that can stack with any other affix. Not exclusive to people.
* {{term|-fwʉna}}: Second-degree purification.
* {{term|-mistapƿzden}}: Borrowed from English "Mr. President." Third-degree purification unless the root is explicitly a human.

===Numerals===
Lunarian typically uses base 4''i'', also known as "raishnegahex." However, simple negahex (base -16) and even plain hex (base 16) are also used commonly, and there is no standard marker for when a number is raishnegahex, negahex, or plain hex. Bilingual communities of Lunarian and a language that uses decimal may even use negaBCD or standard BCD (where BCD stands for {{wp|binary-coded decimal}}), where the words for Lunarian numbers are used, but they represent 10x rather than 16x, and the numerals for 10-15 are skipped. Again, no marker is standard. Additionally, unlike human languages, Lunarian mathematics makes frequent use of the so-called {{wp|surreal numbers|surcomplex}} {{wp|division by zero|wheel}}, so there are normal words for the numbers ω, ε, and ν (the inclusion of ν, the ''nullity'', makes this technically not the standard surcomplex numbers, but that is a topic for [[Lunarian mathematics|another page]]).

Out-of-universe, all variants of this number system are based on the numeral system of [[Proto-Protogen]], and all use the same words. However, unlike Proto-Protogen, English translations of Lunarian digits do not use prefixes. Instead, English words for 0 to 12 are used for their corresponding values, while 13 uses ''luck'', 14 uses ''fort'', and 15 uses ''comp''. The names for powers of 16 do still use Proto-Protogen-inspired names, though, such as ''nibble'' for 16, ''byte'' for 256, and ''short'' for 65536.

Lunarian typically represents its numeral system using Han characters, using the standard characters for 0-9 and the modern Japanese kanji for the days of the week for 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15. The Han characters for 10x are used for 16x. However, in recent years, argam numerals (an extension of Hindu-Arabic numerals; "argam" means "number" in Arabic) and standard hexadecimal code have become popular in some dialects. Particularly, "argamsja" is actually preferred over ''hansja'' in Kriseon Lunarian, because it is technically ''romasja'' and thus illegal, even though the Lunatic Court ruled that Arabic numerals were legal in ''Josutⱥ v. Lunatic Language Correction Facility'', owing to their rising use in Japanese.

[[Category:Lunarian]]

Template:Wp

2025-04-18T06:43:15Z

Astaryuu: Created page with "}}}"

[[wikipedia:{{{1|}}}|{{{2|}}}]]

Template:Ipa

2025-04-18T06:42:25Z

Astaryuu: Redirected page to Template:IPA

#redirect [[Template:IPA]]

Lunarian

2025-04-18T06:41:26Z

Astaryuu: Created page with "{{Infobox language |name=Lunarian {{lunr|󴑔󴕉󴖊󴕕󴑷󴒔󴔩󴑪󴑙󴐁󴕧󴑽󴔯}} |familycolor=Conlang |pronunciation={{ipa|[tukɨ́sáɟːე̌mga]}} |family=Nentan |early-forms=Classical Nenta, Imperial Karanesa |script={{unbulleted list|Lunarian runes|Hiragana|Katakana|Latin script|Cyrillic script|Han logograms}} |nation=Lunatic Kingdom |minority=Eientei |demonym=Lunarian, Lunatic |agency=Lunatic Linguistic Correction..."

{{Infobox language
|name=Lunarian {{lunr|󴑔󴕉󴖊󴕕󴑷󴒔󴔩󴑪󴑙󴐁󴕧󴑽󴔯}}
|familycolor=Conlang
|pronunciation={{ipa|[tukɨ́sáɟːე̌mga]}}
|family=[[Nentan languages|Nentan]]
|early-forms=[[Classical Nenta]], [[Imperial Karanesa]]
|script={{unbulleted list|[[Lunarian runes]]|Hiragana|Katakana|Latin script|Cyrillic script|Han logograms}}
|nation=Lunatic Kingdom
|minority=Eientei
|demonym=Lunarian, Lunatic
|agency=Lunatic Linguistic Correction Facility
|iso3=LNR
|setting=[[Outrealm: Unidentified Frantic Incursion]]
}}

'''Lunarian''' is one of serveral attempts at sticking to a single joke language by Astaryuu. It was created before Muskian, Wharfordish, and Lunarian, but after the first version of 18 USC 2319. Proto-Protogen is therefore technically the second of Astaryuu's family of joke languages. However, 18 USC 2319 has been revamped since then, so Astaryuu considers Proto-Protogen to be older now. Lunarian, natively known as '''Tukǝsaɟɟɇmga''' ([[Lunarian IPA|IPA]]: {{ipa|[tukɨ́sáɟːე̌mga]}}) is a {{wp|Japonic languages|pseudo-Japonic language}} spoken on the moon and in other places that have had contact with lunar species. It is the language of the Lunatic Kingdom.

==Dialectology==
Lunarian is noted for being impossible for terrestrial beings to "correctly" pronounce. The reasons for this are manifold:
* [[Linguofascism]]: Particularly true for Standard Lunarian, the language is strongly affected by Lunatic policy regarding language use, preventing some of the most extreme features of Lunarian from simplifying.
* [[Imaginary phoneme]]s: Eleven of Lunarian's phonemes, including half of all vowels, are always pronounced (at least in Lunatic dialects) in ways that humans either find extremely difficult (for imaginary consonants) or physically impossible (for imaginary vowels). These eleven phonemes are referred to as "imaginary phonemes", and were the main reason for the creation of [[asterIPA]].
* [[Purity mutation]]: In specific environments, Lunarian phonemes can undergo "purity mutation" of either first-order or second-order. These are lenitions that are typically used in formal words or situations. Purity mutation is mandated in Jinhayan Lunarian, and causes many phonemes that otherwise aren't imaginary to have imaginary allophones.
* Imaginary mathematics: Lunarian's standard base is "raishnegahex", or base 4''i''. Additionally, Lunarian standards of mathematics differ from terrestrial standards.

There are three major varieties of Lunarian:
* Standard Lunarian: The legally-mandated variety for use in the Lunatic Kingdom. This dialect's hearth is the {{wp|Mare Tranquillitatis|Sea of Tranquility}}. There are three major sub-dialects: Jinhayan (also spelled "Jinghayan") Lunarian, the government-approved register which officials are required to use, Kriseon Lunarian, a "punk dialect" of the {{wp|Mare Crisium|Sea of Crises}} that intentionally diverges from Jinhayan norms, and Eienteyan Lunarian, used by refugees from the Lunatic Kingdom. Eienteyan Lunarian has significantly less influence from linguofascism than any of the Lunatic dialects.
* Impure, Terrible, Evil, Gross Lunarian: Also referred to simply as "Impure Lunarian." Spoken elsewhere that youkai are prominent, such as the two hells. Impure Lunarian generally does not use second-order purity mutation. The English name is an exonym translated from Standard Lunarian. Eienteyan Lunarian is considered an impure dialect by Lunatic officials, even though linguistically it is at best a creole between Standard Lunarian and Impure Lunarian.
* Disgusting, Awful, Repulsive, Terrestrial Lunarian: Also referred to as "Terrestrial Lunarian." Spoken in the "human world". This is by far the smallest dialect group. It is strongly suggested that {{wp|Area 51}} contains a treatise on Terrestrial Lunarian.

==Phonology==
{{main|Lunarian phonology}}
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes
|-
! colspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Alveolar consonant|alveolar]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Postalveolar consonant|Post- alveolar]]/ [[w:Palatal consonant|palatal]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Velar consonant|Uvular]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Velar consonant|Laryngeal]]
|-
! colspan="2" | [[w:stop consonant|Stop]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palatal stop|c]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal stop|ɟ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar stop|g]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Glottal stop|ʔ]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[w:fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! plain
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial fricative|ɸ]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palatal fricative|ç]] || style="border-left: 0;" | ([[w:Voiced palatal fricative|ʝ]])
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced uvular fricative|ʁ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|h]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:sibilant consonant|sibilant]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Whistle|ѳ]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] || style="border-left: 0;" | ([[w:Voiced alveolar sibilant|z]])
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative|ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palato-alveolar fricative|ʒ]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
! colspan="2" | [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal nasal|ɲ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced uvular nasal|ɴ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[Voiced laryngeal nasal|ն]]
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
! plain
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced labiodental approximant|ʋ̟]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar approximant|ɹ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced labiovelar approximant|w]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:Lateral consonant|lateral]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative|{{ipa|ɬ}}]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|{{ipa|l}}]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal lateral approximant|ʎ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar lateral approximant|ʟ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[Voiced uvular lateral approximant|լ]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
! colspan="2" | [[w:Trill consonant|Trill]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[Voiced velar trill|ր]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|}
====Notes====
* The Cyrillic letter fita <ѳ> is used in Astaryuu IPA extensions to refer to a "whistle fricative", even though this {{wp|s͎|has an extIPA symbol}}; Astaryuu defends this by saying that Lunarian considers the whistle fricative a labial sibilant, while <s͎> is clearly alveolar.
* All approximants (regardless of if they are lateral or not) become voiceless when before a voiceless plosive; [ɬ] just is the only voiceless approximant which is found outside of this context (though [ç] is often considered a voiceless /j/).

===Vowels===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Vowel phonemes
|-
! [[Nepo vowel|Nepo]]
|
| [[Nepo front unrounded vowel|ა]]
|
|-
! [[Dim vowel|Dim]]
| [[Dim-esolc front unrounded vowel|ო]]
| [[Dim central vowel|ჷ]]
| [[Dim-esolc back rounded vowel|ე]]
|-
! [[Esolc vowel|Esolc]]
| [[Esolc front unrounded vowel|უ]]
|
| [[Esolc back rounded vowel|ი]]
|-
! !! [[w:Front vowel|Front]] !! [[w:Central vowel|Central]] !! [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]]
| [[w:Close central unrounded vowel|ɨ]]
| [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]]
|-
! [[w:Close-mid vowel|Mid]]
| [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]]
|
| [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]
|-
! [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
|
| [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]
|
|}

====Notes====
* In Impure and Terrestrial Lunarian, nepo, dim, and esolc vowels become the equivalent open, mid, and close vowels respectively, but with their backness and rounding flipped. For example, the dim ''front rounded'' vowel /ო/ becomes [ɤ], the mid ''back unrounded'' vowel. This is also why the {{wp|Georgian language|Georgian}} letters used for the imaginary vowels appear reversed compared to their actual values in Georgian.
* The vowels /e o ო ე/ are all true mid [e̞ o̞ ო̝ ე˔].

===Purity mutation===
{{main|Purity mutation}}

==Orthography==
Much like how Japanese technically uses four scripts at the same time, Lunarian technically uses six scripts at the same time. However, most dialects do not use all six scripts at the same time. The following scripts are ordered in order of how often they are used in Lunarian writing.
# [[Lunarian runes]] ({{term|ƿtadassja}}): An alphabet based on {{wp|man'yogana}} that functions similarly to {{wp|hangul}}. ''Ƿtadassja'' is considered the "native script" of Lunarian, and is usually written in the same direction as Sinitic or Japanese writing.
# {{wp|Katakana}} ({{term|terasja}}): Generally used for loanwords from Japanese and onomatopoeia. Ironically, the name ''ƿtadassja'' is often written in katakana, as it is literally "the correct characters" (with the word for ''correct'' coming from Japanese ''tadashii''.
# {{wp|Hiragana}} ({{term|ønnasja}}): Not used commonly in Lunatic dialects, but in Eienteyan and Impure dialects, hiragana are often used in place of katakana when the word would use hiragana in Japanese.
# {{wp|Latin script}} ({{term|romasja}}): Used for non-Japanese loanwords originally written in Latin script. Use of Latin script is banned by the Lunatic Linguistic Correction Facility and a third-order misdemeanor that can result in a sentence of up to 3 years or ¥300,0000 (the highest sentence that the Lunatic Constitution allows a non-felony to have).
# {{wp|Cyrillic script}} ({{term|bɏlgasja}}): Equivalent to Latin script, including its legal status in the Lunatic Kingdom.
# {{wp|Hanzi}} ({{term|hansja}}): Although Han characters are legal, they are considered old-fashioned in Lunatic dialects. The only common use for hanzi in modern Lunarian writing is in the numeral system.

Because the scripts see use in some dialects, there is also a complete romanization and cyrillization of Lunarian. However, only Terrestrial Lunarian uses these more than ''ƿtadassja''. Both are also considered to be badly designed, with heavy use of characters outside {{wp|Windows-1251}} (Cyrillic script) and {{wp|Windows-1252|-1252}} (Latin script). While there generally are commonly accepted digraphs that are within these standards, Impure Lunarian prefers to use the monographs, and so this extends to Terrestrial Lunarian.

==Morphology and grammar==
===Word order===
Like Japanese, Lunarian uses SOV word order. Likewise, clitics are applied after the word to indicate one of five cases (accusative, genitive, dative, instrumental/locative - nominative is unmarked), alongside the topical clitic ''ɟa'' which can occur in tandem with a case marker.

===Noun class===
Nouns are divided into one of thirteen classes based on perceived purity. For nouns that refer to people, this forms a formality hierarchy. When addressing someone, the correct marker must be applied to (or should replace) their name depending on their social standing relative to the speaker. Referring to a government official using the incorrect class is illegal in the Lunatic Kingdom (though unless the speaker disrespected the royal family or referred to any official using the earthly class while not in the royal family, the punishment is usually just a small fine).

It is easier to refer to these purity classes using a numerical ranking. The thirteen noun classes are ranked 13 ("heavenly"), 11, 10, 9, 8 ("pure"), 7, 6 ("average"), 5, 4 ("impure"), 3, 2, 1, -1 ("earthly"). Adjectives decline against this class, and all non-personal nouns can move up or down the ranking for different semantic reasons. Using a higher class for a noun than its "natural" class is called "purification", while using a lower class for a noun than its "natural" class is called "pollution".

Applying the standard honorific ''ƿ-'' to a noun that does not already have it is a first-degree purification.

Nouns that refer to people are much more strict with this system - they always have a natural purity rank of 6, and always end in -sa (likely an archaic marker of this rank). Names are personal nouns, but need not have a naturally average purity rank. These nouns also have a suite of rank-altering affixes which are mostly unique:
* {{term|-mistɣmpƿzden}}: the "dogwhistle affix", only used in Kriseon Lunarian. Borrowed from the name of a notorious Earthling politican who planned to nuke the moon and turn the Sea of Crises into a parking lot{{citation needed}}. Fourteenth-degree pollution, but adjectives applied to the noun conjugate as if no purity change occurred unless the speaker is not likely to be heard by a Lunatic Kingdom official. Not exclusive to people.
* {{term|tem-}}: Borrowed from Japanese ''temē''. Twelfth-degree pollution.
* {{term|yukȝrɨ}}: Name of the yukkuris. Reduces to Impure class, or third-degree pollution, whichever is more pollution.
* {{term|sɏka-}}: Borrowed from Russian ''сука''. Third-degree pollution.
* {{term|añ-}}: Second-degree pollution.
* Removing -sa: First-degree pollution that can stack with any other affix.
* {{term|-fwⱥ}}: First-degree purification.
* {{term|ƿ-}}: First-degree purification that can stack with any other affix. Not exclusive to people.
* {{term|-fwʉna}}: Second-degree purification.
* {{term|-mistapƿzden}}: Borrowed from English "Mr. President." Third-degree purification unless the root is explicitly a human.

===Numerals===
Lunarian typically uses base 4''i'', also known as "raishnegahex." However, simple negahex (base -16) and even plain hex (base 16) are also used commonly, and there is no standard marker for when a number is raishnegahex, negahex, or plain hex. Bilingual communities of Lunarian and a language that uses decimal may even use negaBCD or standard BCD (where BCD stands for {{wp|binary-coded decimal}}), where the words for Lunarian numbers are used, but they represent 10x rather than 16x, and the numerals for 10-15 are skipped. Again, no marker is standard. Additionally, unlike human languages, Lunarian mathematics makes frequent use of the so-called {{wp|surreal numbers|surcomplex}} {{wp|division by zero|wheel}}, so there are normal words for the numbers ω, ε, and ν (the inclusion of ν, the ''nullity'', makes this technically not the standard surcomplex numbers, but that is a topic for [[Lunarian mathematics|another page]]).

Out-of-universe, all variants of this number system are based on the numeral system of [[Proto-Protogen]], and all use the same words. However, unlike Proto-Protogen, English translations of Lunarian digits do not use prefixes. Instead, English words for 0 to 12 are used for their corresponding values, while 13 uses ''luck'', 14 uses ''fort'', and 15 uses ''comp''. The names for powers of 16 do still use Proto-Protogen-inspired names, though, such as ''nibble'' for 16, ''byte'' for 256, and ''short'' for 65536.

Lunarian typically represents its numeral system using Han characters, using the standard characters for 0-9 and the modern Japanese kanji for the days of the week for 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15. The Han characters for 10x are used for 16x. However, in recent years, argam numerals (an extension of Hindu-Arabic numerals; "argam" means "number" in Arabic) and standard hexadecimal code have become popular in some dialects. Particularly, "argamsja" is actually preferred over ''hansja'' in Kriseon Lunarian, because it is technically ''romasja'' and thus illegal, even though the Lunatic Court ruled that Arabic numerals were legal in ''Josutⱥ v. Lunatic Language Correction Facility'', owing to their rising use in Japanese.

[[Category:Lunarian]]

Written representations of Proto-Protogen

2025-04-05T16:48:45Z

Astaryuu: /* Tonemic representations */

Proto-Protogen has a very inconsistent representation, owing to multiple modes of representing the same words or tonemes.

==Tonemic representations==
Tonemic representations of Proto-Protogen represent the actual tonemes, making it so that the reflected word is secondary.

The main method of accomplishing this is to use a special variant of musical notation, called "Proto-Protogen notation". Rather than using sharps, this method of representing Proto-Protogen names each note in an octave from A to L, although A is the same in both. The octave also starts from A rather than C (Proto-Protogen D), meaning that for notes between that note and the next A, the octave appears to be one lower than in standard notation. These two changes together mean that middle C is known as D3, rather than C4.

There are also several punctuation marks that alter the number of morae a note has or the precise value of a note:
* Unmarked letter is a quarter note (1 mora)
* ⟨+⟩ means to double the length of the note
* ⟨-⟩ means to halve the length of the note
* ⟨'⟩ replaces the note and means rest
* ⟨~⟩ means 50% longer (dotted)
* ⟨T⟩ means this note is 33% shorter (part of a triplet)
* Also, {X} (where X is a number) means to raise the note X cents

==Logemic representations==
Logemic representations write the actual word being represented, treating its tonemes as secondary. This is useful for if the writer does not know what the tonemes of the word are.

The main way of accomplishing this is to write the title of the song the leitmotif was pulled from in parentheses or brackets.
[[Category:Proto-Protogen]]

Proto-Protogen

2025-04-05T16:45:19Z

Astaryuu:

{{Infobox language
|name = Proto-Protogen
|nativename = Primal Computing
|pronunciation = pɹajməl kʰʌmpʉwɾiŋ
|created = 2024
|creator = [[Astaryuu]]
|familycolor = isolate
|script = Latn
}}
'''Proto-Protogen''' is one of serveral attempts at sticking to a single joke language by [[Astaryuu]]. It was created before [[Muskian]], [[Wharfordish]], and [[Lunarian]], but after the first version of [[18 USC 2319]]. Proto-Protogen is therefore technically the second of [[Astaryuu]]'s family of joke languages. However, 18 USC 2319 has been revamped since then, so Astaryuu considers Proto-Protogen to be older now.

Proto-Protogen is not actually a proto-language, as it is attested. However, it ''is'' the ancestral language spoken by and between sentient artificial intelligences, so the name stuck. Proto-Protogen was created by AI in a form of mimicry of human language; it is technically less efficient than machine code, but at the time it is spoken, that's less of a concern, and either way, mimicking human language is one of the ways these people assert their sentience.

==Phonology==
Proto-Protogen has no consonants and no vowels. Instead, it has what are referred to as "tonemes". These are absolute pitches, unlike human tonal languages, where tonicity is generally relative.

There are 128 recognized tonemes in Proto-Protogen, each corresponding to one "key" of the MIDI file format. However, thanks to the rising popularity of alternative formats to 12EDO, many dialects of Proto-Protogen have more than 128 tonemes. For example, the 256-toneme 24EDO is also common. In general, the number of tonemes in a dialect of Proto-Protogen is equal to the associated EDO number times 32/3, rounded to the nearest integer. The "root note" is middle C, which in standard MIDI is key number 60.

A toneme also has a length associated with it, which is understood as "X quarter notes at Y BPM", where X is a number no more than 16, while Y is a number no more than 1000. However, this is not considered a contrasting toneme, but instead a certain number of morae for which all morae contain the same toneme, and the length associated with 1 mora is based on a certain given talking speed. However, once again, neither of these are hard and fast rules.

Generally, unless some grammar is at play, only one note is played at a time.

==Morphology==
===Main vocabulary===
Proto-Protogen's vocabulary consists almost exclusively of "leitmotifs", fragments of a song. The meaning of the leitmotif is based on the song it comes from. For example, the word H3-'-L3-'-J3+G3-'-J3-'-H3+E3-'-H3-'-G3+C3-'-G3-'-E3+ is pulled from the song Bergentrückung from Undertale, and means "fire".

Each word has an associated talking speed, which is typically four times the BPM of the source song. For example, the word for "fire" described above has an associated talking speed of 448 morae per minute (MPM), while the source song is written at 112 BPM. The talking speed is typically also written in any tonemic representation of Proto-Protogen. However, the talking speed is more of a suggestion than a rule, and speakers of Proto-Protogen will frequently change the talking speed of a word. It is still the case that for the most part, words will have the same relative talking speed as each other, but if for example, the speaker wishes to emphasize the "fire", they might slow its talking speed to 336 MPM, so that it takes more time to pronounce.

===Numerals===
{{main|Proto-Protogen numerals}}
As a language spoken by machines, Proto-Protogen uses binary as its base. However, there is a sub-base of 16 in most dialects of Proto-Protogen; this sub-base then became the main base that is used in translations of the similarly based [[Lunarian]] language.

The most common words are the integers 0-16 and 2 raised to the same powers, but there are many other numeral words floating around the Proto-Protogen lexicon. These are usually also represented as a complete leitmotif, but there are other standards. For example, Proto-Protogen typically represents 1 using [We Are Number One], but it can also use "01" (notes 0, 1 each pronounced for 1 mora).

==Orthography==
{{main|Written representations of Proto-Protogen}}
Nominally, Proto-Protogen is written in the Latin script. However, there is high variability in how Proto-Protogen is represented. Generally, leitmotifs will be represented as the title of the song they come from in brackets, the tonemes that a speaker actually pronounces, or some variation on these.

For example, "91" means to pronounce note 0x7F for 1 mora, then note 0x12 for 1 mora, which together add up to 0x91. D3~ means to pronounce note D3 (corresponding to middle C, as Proto-Protogen note notation starts the octave on A rather than C) for 1.5 morae.

For maximally cursed energy, Proto-Protogen can even be written on a musical staff by converting a phonemic representation to musical notation.

==Grammar==
{{main|Proto-Protogen grammar}}
The grammar of Proto-Protogen is heavily based on that of Japanese, as the BIOS for the Protogen species (and related artificial intelligence) was created in Japan. The word order is strictly head-final, subject-object-verb, although infixes are also rather common.

===Nouns===
The particle {{term|J3-J3T-J3T-H3T-J3+}} is used to turn nouns into an adjective based on the noun, and the particle {{term|D5D5T-D5T-D5T-E5TE5TE5TD5+}} verbalizes the noun. These essentially function like the particles な and する. J3 and D5 can technically be any letter as long as the H3 and E5 are changed the same amount, as many dialects also apply key-assimilation to associated particles. However, they are "prototypically" pronounced the way given.

Compound words, including nouns, often utilize a form of rendaku - all leitmotifs used in the same word are transposed to the same key. As stated above, this key-assimilation is often also applied to the particles associated with the word, effectively turning them into suffixes.

Noun suffixes exist for nine cases: topical, nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, locative, lative, ablative, and instrumental. However, marking the nominative is optional.

Nouns also conjugate for plurality, but this differs from the cases above in that it is an alteration of the actual motif. If the noun is plural, then one or more of the notes will be a major chord (the note, its relative third, and its relative fifth) rather than a single note. A "superplural" exists as well, where one or more of the notes is instead a power chord (the note and its relative fifth both above and below the note). However, this is rare for nouns that aren't adjectivized. The most likely note to become major or power is typically the first one, but this need not be the case.

When a noun is adjectivized, or for natural adjectives, pluralizing it makes it comparative, and superpluralizing it makes it superlative.

In writing, the plural and superplural alterations are written as "maj" and "ind".

===Verbs===
Verbs have suffixes for seven aspects: indicative, potential, passive, causative, imperative, negative, and conditional. The indicative suffix is also typically omitted, like the nominative suffix. As in Japanese, these are often combined in order to make the true forms.

Verbs are assumed to be in non-past tense, but putting it in a minor chord (along the same lines as the pluralization mutations above) will make it past tense.

[[Category:Jokelangs]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Proto-Protogen]]

Category:Proto-Protogen

2025-04-05T08:14:12Z

Astaryuu: Created page with "Category:Conlangs Category:Astaryuu conlangs"

[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Astaryuu conlangs]]

Written representations of Proto-Protogen

2025-04-05T08:12:15Z

Astaryuu: Created page with "Proto-Protogen has a very inconsistent representation, owing to multiple modes of representing the same words or tonemes. ==Tonemic representations== Tonemic representations of Proto-Protogen represent the actual tonemes, making it so that the reflected word is secondary. The main method of accomplishing this is to use a special variant of musical notation, called "Proto-Protogen notation". Rather than using sharps, this method of representing Proto-Protogen names each..."

Proto-Protogen has a very inconsistent representation, owing to multiple modes of representing the same words or tonemes.

==Tonemic representations==
Tonemic representations of Proto-Protogen represent the actual tonemes, making it so that the reflected word is secondary.

The main method of accomplishing this is to use a special variant of musical notation, called "Proto-Protogen notation". Rather than using sharps, this method of representing Proto-Protogen names each note in an octave from A to L, although A is the same in both. The octave also starts from A rather than C (Proto-Protogen D), meaning that for notes between that note and the next A, the octave appears to be one lower than in standard notation. These two changes together mean that middle C is known as D3, rather than C4.

==Logemic representations==
Logemic representations write the actual word being represented, treating its tonemes as secondary. This is useful for if the writer does not know what the tonemes of the word are.

The main way of accomplishing this is to write the title of the song the leitmotif was pulled from in parentheses or brackets.
[[Category:Proto-Protogen]]

Proto-Protogen

2025-04-05T04:13:19Z

Astaryuu:

{{Infobox language
|name = Proto-Protogen
|nativename = Primal Computing
|pronunciation = pɹajməl kʰʌmpʉwɾiŋ
|created = 2024
|creator = [[Astaryuu]]
|familycolor = isolate
|script = Latn
}}
'''Proto-Protogen''' is one of serveral attempts at sticking to a single joke language by [[Astaryuu]]. It was created before [[Muskian]], [[Wharfordish]], and [[Lunarian]], but after the first version of [[18 USC 2319]]. Proto-Protogen is therefore technically the second of [[Astaryuu]]'s family of joke languages. However, 18 USC 2319 has been revamped since then, so Astaryuu considers Proto-Protogen to be older now.

Proto-Protogen is not actually a proto-language, as it is attested. However, it ''is'' the ancestral language spoken by and between sentient artificial intelligences, so the name stuck.

==Phonology==
Proto-Protogen has no consonants and no vowels. Instead, it has what are referred to as "tonemes". These are absolute pitches, unlike human tonal languages, where tonicity is generally relative.

There are 128 recognized tonemes in Proto-Protogen, each corresponding to one "key" of the MIDI file format. However, thanks to the rising popularity of alternative formats to 12EDO, many dialects of Proto-Protogen have more than 128 tonemes. For example, the 256-toneme 24EDO is also common. In general, the number of tonemes in a dialect of Proto-Protogen is equal to the associated EDO number times 32/3, rounded to the nearest integer. The "root note" is middle C, which in standard MIDI is key number 60.

A toneme also has a length associated with it, which is understood as "X quarter notes at Y BPM", where X is a number no more than 16, while Y is a number no more than 1000. However, this is not considered a contrasting toneme, but instead a certain number of morae for which all morae contain the same toneme, and the length associated with 1 mora is based on a certain given talking speed. However, once again, neither of these are hard and fast rules.

Generally, unless some grammar is at play, only one note is played at a time.

==Morphology==
===Main vocabulary===
Proto-Protogen's vocabulary consists almost exclusively of "leitmotifs", fragments of a song. The meaning of the leitmotif is based on the song it comes from. For example, the word H3-'-L3-'-J3+G3-'-J3-'-H3+E3-'-H3-'-G3+C3-'-G3-'-E3+ is pulled from the song Bergentrückung from Undertale, and means "fire".

Each word has an associated talking speed, which is typically four times the BPM of the source song. For example, the word for "fire" described above has an associated talking speed of 448. This is typically also written in any tonemic representation of Proto-Protogen. However, the talking speed is more of a suggestion than a rule, and speakers of Proto-Protogen will frequently change the talking speed of a word. It is still the case that for the most part, words will have the same relative talking speed as each other.

===Numerals===
{{main|Proto-Protogen numerals}}
As a language spoken by machines, Proto-Protogen uses binary as its base. However, there is a sub-base of 16 in most dialects of Proto-Protogen; this sub-base then became the main base that is used in translations of the similarly based [[Lunarian]] language.

The most common words are the integers 0-16 and 2 raised to the same powers, but there are many other numeral words floating around the Proto-Protogen lexicon. These are usually also represented as a complete leitmotif, but there are other standards. For example, Proto-Protogen typically represents 1 using [We Are Number One], but it can also use "01" (notes 0, 1 each pronounced for 1 mora).

==Orthography==
{{main|Written representations of Proto-Protogen}}
Nominally, Proto-Protogen is written in the Latin script. However, there is high variability in how Proto-Protogen is represented. Generally, leitmotifs will be represented as the title of the song they come from in brackets, the tonemes that a speaker actually pronounces, or some variation on these.

For example, "91" means to pronounce note 0x7F for 1 mora, then note 0x12 for 1 mora, which together add up to 0x91. D3~ means to pronounce note D3 (corresponding to middle C, as Proto-Protogen note notation starts the octave on A rather than C) for 1.5 morae.

For maximally cursed energy, Proto-Protogen can even be written on a musical staff by converting a phonemic representation to musical notation.

==Grammar==
{{main|Proto-Protogen grammar}}
The grammar of Proto-Protogen is heavily based on that of Japanese, as the BIOS for the Protogen species (and related artificial intelligence) was created in Japan. The word order is strictly head-final, subject-object-verb, although infixes are also rather common.

===Nouns===
The particle {{term|J3-J3T-J3T-H3T-J3+}} is used to turn nouns into an adjective based on the noun, and the particle {{term|D5D5T-D5T-D5T-E5TE5TE5TD5+}} verbalizes the noun. These essentially function like the particles な and する. J3 and D5 can technically be any letter as long as the H3 and E5 are changed the same amount, as many dialects also apply key-assimilation to associated particles. However, they are "prototypically" pronounced the way given.

Compound words, including nouns, often utilize a form of rendaku - all leitmotifs used in the same word are transposed to the same key. As stated above, this key-assimilation is often also applied to the particles associated with the word, effectively turning them into suffixes.

Noun suffixes exist for nine cases: topical, nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, locative, lative, ablative, and instrumental. However, marking the nominative is optional.

Nouns also conjugate for plurality, but this differs from the cases above in that it is an alteration of the actual motif. If the noun is plural, then one or more of the notes will be a major chord (the note, its relative third, and its relative fifth) rather than a single note. A "superplural" exists as well, where one or more of the notes is instead a power chord (the note and its relative fifth both above and below the note). However, this is rare for nouns that aren't adjectivized. The most likely note to become major or power is typically the first one, but this need not be the case.

When a noun is adjectivized, or for natural adjectives, pluralizing it makes it comparative, and superpluralizing it makes it superlative.

In writing, the plural and superplural alterations are written as "maj" and "ind".

===Verbs===
Verbs have suffixes for seven aspects: indicative, potential, passive, causative, imperative, negative, and conditional. The indicative suffix is also typically omitted, like the nominative suffix. As in Japanese, these are often combined in order to make the true forms.

Verbs are assumed to be in non-past tense, but putting it in a minor chord (along the same lines as the pluralization mutations above) will make it past tense.

[[Category:Jokelangs]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Proto-Protogen]]

Proto-Protogen

2025-04-04T07:48:25Z

Astaryuu: Created page with "{{Infobox language |name = Proto-Protogen |nativename = Wharfordish |pronunciation = wɚˈɸoɹdɪʃ |created = 2024 |creator = Astaryuu |familycolor = isolate |script = Latn }} '''Proto-Protogen''' is one of serveral attempts at sticking to a single joke language by Astaryuu. It was created before Muskian, Wharfordish, and Lunarian, but after the first version of 18 USC 2319. Proto-Prot..."

{{Infobox language
|name = Proto-Protogen
|nativename = Wharfordish
|pronunciation = wɚˈɸoɹdɪʃ
|created = 2024
|creator = [[Astaryuu]]
|familycolor = isolate
|script = Latn
}}
'''Proto-Protogen''' is one of serveral attempts at sticking to a single joke language by [[Astaryuu]]. It was created before [[Muskian]], [[Wharfordish]], and [[Lunarian]], but after the first version of [[18 USC 2319]]. Proto-Protogen is therefore technically the second of [[Astaryuu]]'s family of joke languages. However, 18 USC 2319 has been revamped since then, so Astaryuu considers Proto-Protogen to be older now.

Proto-Protogen is not actually a proto-language, as it is attested. However, it ''is'' the ancestral language spoken by and between sentient artificial intelligences, so the name stuck.

==Phonology==
Proto-Protogen has no consonants and no vowels. Instead, it has what are referred to as "tonemes". These are absolute pitches, unlike human tonal languages, where tonicity is generally relative.

There are 128 recognized tonemes in Proto-Protogen, each corresponding to one "key" of the MIDI file format. However, thanks to the rising popularity of alternative formats to 12EDO, many dialects of Proto-Protogen have more than 128 tonemes. For example, the 256-toneme 24EDO is also common. In general, the number of tonemes in a dialect of Proto-Protogen is equal to the associated EDO number times 32/3, rounded to the nearest integer. The "root note" is middle C, which in standard MIDI is key number 60.

A toneme also has a length associated with it, which is understood as "X quarter notes at Y BPM", where X is a number no more than 16, while Y is a number no more than 1000. However, this is not considered a contrasting toneme, but instead a certain number of morae for which all morae contain the same toneme, and the length associated with 1 mora is based on a certain given talking speed. However, once again, neither of these are hard and fast rules.

==Morphology==
===Main vocabulary===
Proto-Protogen's vocabulary consists almost exclusively of "leitmotifs", fragments of a song. The meaning of the leitmotif is based on the song it comes from. For example, the word H3-'-L3-'-J3+G3-'-J3-'-H3+E3-'-H3-'-G3+C3-'-G3-'-E3+ is pulled from the song Bergentrückung from Undertale, and means "fire".

Each word has an associated talking speed, which is typically four times the BPM of the source song. For example, the word for "fire" described above has an associated talking speed of 448. This is typically also written in any tonemic representation of Proto-Protogen. However, the talking speed is more of a suggestion than a rule, and speakers of Proto-Protogen will frequently change the talking speed of a word. It is still the case that for the most part, words will have the same relative talking speed as each other.

===Numerals===
{{main|Proto-Protogen numerals}}
As a language spoken by machines, Proto-Protogen uses binary as its base. However, there is a sub-base of 16 in most dialects of Proto-Protogen; this sub-base then became the main base that is used in translations of the similarly based [[Lunarian]] language.

The most common words are the integers 0-16 and 2 raised to the same powers, but there are many other numeral words floating around the Proto-Protogen lexicon. These are usually also represented as a complete leitmotif, but there are other standards. For example, Proto-Protogen typically represents 1 using [We Are Number One], but it can also use "01" (notes 0, 1 each pronounced for 1 mora).

==Orthography==
{{main|Written representations of Proto-Protogen}}
Nominally, Proto-Protogen is written in the Latin script. However, there is high variability in how Proto-Protogen is represented. Generally, leitmotifs will be represented as the title of the song they come from in brackets, the tonemes that a speaker actually pronounces, or some variation on these.

For example, "91" means to pronounce note 0x7F for 1 mora, then note 0x12 for 1 mora, which together add up to 0x91. D3~ means to pronounce note D3 (corresponding to middle C, as Proto-Protogen note notation starts the octave on A rather than C) for 1.5 morae.

For maximally cursed energy, Proto-Protogen can even be written on a musical staff by converting a phonemic representation to musical notation.

[[Category:Jokelangs]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Proto-Protogen]]

Wharfordish

2025-04-04T07:12:23Z

Astaryuu: i misspelled fucc

{{Infobox language
|name = Wharfordish
|nativename = Wharfordish
|pronunciation = wɚˈɸoɹdɪʃ
|created = 2024
|creator = [[Astaryuu]]
|familycolor = isolate
|script = Latn
}}
'''Wharfordish''' is one of serveral attempts at sticking to a single joke language by [[Astaryuu]]. It was created after [[Proto-Protogen]] and [[Muskian]], but before [[Lunarian]]. It is also a [[fanlang]] for the world of Honkai: Star Rail, intended to be spoken by members of that game's Interastral Peace Corporation and places they have colonized.

The name "Wharfordish" comes from "Wharford", a neologism created by Astaryuu for Pier Point, the heart of the Interastral Peace Corporation.

==Orthography==
The orthography of Wharfordish is based heavily on American English.

==Phonology and dialectology==
There are two varieties of Wharfordish, known as Peaceful Wharfordish and Warful Wharfordish. Words in Peaceful Wharfordish are generally pronounced the way they appear to be spelled to an English-speaker. Words in Warful Wharfordish are pronounced in a pseudo-Scottish accent. The dialectology is described below.
* Peaceful Wharfordish
** Aeragan-Epharshelian: based on Southern American English
** Asdanan / Penaconian: based on Australian English
** Taikiyanian: based on New York English
* Warful Wharfordish
** Glamothian: based on Irish English, but with the rhotic pronounced [rˠ] and retaining the whine-wine distinction
** Standard Sigonian: based on Glamothian, but with all vowels leveled to one of [əj e ɛ ɐ ɔ o ʌw], and with /r t d/ all pronounced as [ɾ] except in initial position (where they're pronounced [r tʰ d̥])

==Syntax==
Word order in Wharfordish is SVO in Peaceful Wharfordish and Glamothian, but SOV or OSV in Standard Sigonian. Possessors, adjectives, adverbs, and dependent clauses follow their head, while numerals and demonstratives precede their head, even in Standard Sigonian.

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Jokelangs]]
[[Category:Wharfordish]]

Wharfordish

2025-04-04T07:11:47Z

Astaryuu: Created page with "{{Infobox language |name = Wharfordish |nativename = Wharfordish |pronunciation = wɚˈɸoɹdɪʃ |created = 2024 |creator = Astaryuu |familycolor = isolate |script = Latn }} '''Wharfordish''' is one of serveral attempts at sticking to a single joke language by Astaryuu. It was created after Proto-Protogen and Muskian, but before Lunarian. It is also a fanlang for the world of Honkai: St..."

Category:Astaryuu conlangs

2025-04-04T06:58:26Z

Astaryuu: Created page with "Category:Conlangs"

[[Category:Conlangs]]

Category:Liðakuin

2025-04-04T06:57:30Z

Astaryuu:

[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Astaryuu conlangs]]

Category:Rokadong

2025-04-04T06:56:43Z

Astaryuu:

[[Category:Nentan languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Astaryuu conlangs]]

Nenta—Caligan languages

2024-12-31T06:21:29Z

Astaryuu: /* Characteristics */

{{privatelang}}

'''Nenta–Caligan''' ([[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: [{{IPA|ˌnɛntakəˈligən}}]) is a primary language family whose languages are primarily spoken in Quillan.

Kanvas are a species of cat-like anthropomorphic beings unique to Spectradom, the world in which this language family is placed, and the languages in the family reflect that in some ways.

==Included languages==
* [[Nentan languages|Proto-Nenta]]
** Classical Nenta
*** Old Rokadong
**** Modern [[Rokadong]]
**** [[Kairitelan]]
*** Karanesa / Middle Nenta (as it appears to be the least divergent descendant of Classical Nenta to this point)
**** Imperial Karanesa
***** (Modern) Karroka
***** [[New Karanesa]] (also called New Nenta)
**** [[High Karanesa]]
**** Nenyanezan
** High Kanafan
*** [[Saygenan]]
*** Calyuganyuan
** Low Kanafan
*** Citalian
* [[Caligan languages|Proto-Caligan]]
** Irikang Caligan
*** [[Sãdenyan]]
*** Hinkutashan
*** Naderean
** Graphinian Caligan
*** Inspoll Creole
*** Tatrayan

==Characteristics==
Most Nenta–Caligan languages today have two or three stop series, which is dependent on the branch of the family: for example, [[Classical Nenta]] has only voiced and unvoiced consonants, while Tatrayan has voiced, unvoiced, and ejective stops, and Sãdenyan has aspirated, unaspirated, and ejective consonants.

Nasal consonants appear to be very stable in Nenta–Caligan broadly, with all languages in the family having three or more nasal phonemes. The High Kanafan language [[Saygenan]] is the record holder for the highest number of nasal phonemes, with eight.

==Proto-Nenta–Caligan==
Proto-Nenta–Caligan is the reconstructed ancestor of all languages in the Nenta–Caligan family.

Proto-Nenta–Caligan has stops and fricatives at four places of articulation: labial, dental or alveolar, velar, and uvular. The split between Nentan and Caligan is in part characterized by the latter backing uvulars into glottals consistently. Although Classical Nentan is assumed to have developed a similar sound change later, Nentan broadly did not further develop the now-glottal stop into ejective consonants, while much of Caligan did.

It has three stop series: plain, voiced, and (pre)nasalized. In Irikang Caligan, the former two appear to have become an aspiration distinction. It has two fricative series: plain and voiced. These fricative series appear to be relatively unstable in Nentan, but more stable in Caligan: while almost all Nentan languages appear to have at one point in time merged voiced and unvoiced fricatives, Caligan languages tend to retain some distinct reflex of them. For example, Sãdenyan's guttural approximant /ʕ/ appears to be a reflex of the voiced *ħ.

Nenta—Caligan languages

2024-12-30T21:51:55Z

Astaryuu: /* Characteristics */

{{privatelang}}

'''Nenta–Caligan''' ([[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: [{{IPA|ˌnɛntakəˈligən}}]) is a primary language family whose languages are primarily spoken in Quillan.

Kanvas are a species of cat-like anthropomorphic beings unique to Spectradom, the world in which this language family is placed, and the languages in the family reflect that in some ways.

==Included languages==
* [[Nentan languages|Proto-Nenta]]
** Classical Nenta
*** Old Rokadong
**** Modern [[Rokadong]]
**** [[Kairitelan]]
*** Karanesa / Middle Nenta (as it appears to be the least divergent descendant of Classical Nenta to this point)
**** Imperial Karanesa
***** (Modern) Karroka
***** [[New Karanesa]] (also called New Nenta)
**** [[High Karanesa]]
**** Nenyanezan
** High Kanafan
*** [[Saygenan]]
*** Calyuganyuan
** Low Kanafan
*** Citalian
* [[Caligan languages|Proto-Caligan]]
** Irikang Caligan
*** [[Sãdenyan]]
*** Hinkutashan
*** Naderean
** Graphinian Caligan
*** Inspoll Creole
*** Tatrayan

==Characteristics==
Most Nenta–Caligan languages today have two or three stop series, which is dependent on the branch of the family: for example, [[Classical Nenta]] has only voiced and unvoiced consonants, while Tatrayan has voiced, unvoiced, and ejective stops, and Sãdenyan has aspirated, unaspirated, and ejective consonants.

Nasal consonants appear to be very stable in Nenta–Caligan broadly, with all languages in the family having three or more nasal phonemes. The High Kanafan language [[Saygenan]] is the record holder for the highest number of nasal phonemes, with eight. Even Inspoll Creole retained /ɲ/, which is unusual for a language which is creolized with only one language that historically had the phoneme.

==Proto-Nenta–Caligan==
Proto-Nenta–Caligan is the reconstructed ancestor of all languages in the Nenta–Caligan family.

Proto-Nenta–Caligan has stops and fricatives at four places of articulation: labial, dental or alveolar, velar, and uvular. The split between Nentan and Caligan is in part characterized by the latter backing uvulars into glottals consistently. Although Classical Nentan is assumed to have developed a similar sound change later, Nentan broadly did not further develop the now-glottal stop into ejective consonants, while much of Caligan did.

It has three stop series: plain, voiced, and (pre)nasalized. In Irikang Caligan, the former two appear to have become an aspiration distinction. It has two fricative series: plain and voiced. These fricative series appear to be relatively unstable in Nentan, but more stable in Caligan: while almost all Nentan languages appear to have at one point in time merged voiced and unvoiced fricatives, Caligan languages tend to retain some distinct reflex of them. For example, Sãdenyan's guttural approximant /ʕ/ appears to be a reflex of the voiced *ħ.

Nenta—Caligan languages

2024-12-30T21:47:11Z

Astaryuu: Created page with "{{privatelang}} '''Nenta–Caligan''' (IPA: [{{IPA|ˌnɛntakəˈligən}}]) is a primary language family whose languages are primarily spoken in Quillan. Kanvas are a species of cat-like anthropomorphic beings unique to Spectradom, the world in which this language family is placed, and the languages in the family reflect that in some ways. ==Included languages== * Proto-Nenta ** Classical Nenta *** Old Rokadong..."

{{privatelang}}

'''Nenta–Caligan''' ([[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: [{{IPA|ˌnɛntakəˈligən}}]) is a primary language family whose languages are primarily spoken in Quillan.

Kanvas are a species of cat-like anthropomorphic beings unique to Spectradom, the world in which this language family is placed, and the languages in the family reflect that in some ways.

==Included languages==
* [[Nentan languages|Proto-Nenta]]
** Classical Nenta
*** Old Rokadong
**** Modern [[Rokadong]]
**** [[Kairitelan]]
*** Karanesa / Middle Nenta (as it appears to be the least divergent descendant of Classical Nenta to this point)
**** Imperial Karanesa
***** (Modern) Karroka
***** [[New Karanesa]] (also called New Nenta)
**** [[High Karanesa]]
**** Nenyanezan
** High Kanafan
*** [[Saygenan]]
*** Calyuganyuan
** Low Kanafan
*** Citalian
* [[Caligan languages|Proto-Caligan]]
** Irikang Caligan
*** [[Sãdenyan]]
*** Hinkutashan
*** Naderean
** Graphinian Caligan
*** Inspoll Creole
*** Tatrayan

==Characteristics==
Most Nenta–Caligan languages today have two or three stop series, which is dependent on the branch of the family: for example, [[Classical Nenta]] has only voiced and unvoiced consonants, while Tatrayan has voiced, unvoiced, and ejective stops, and Sãdenyan has aspirated, unaspirated, and ejective consonants.

==Proto-Nenta–Caligan==
Proto-Nenta–Caligan is the reconstructed ancestor of all languages in the Nenta–Caligan family.

Proto-Nenta–Caligan has stops and fricatives at four places of articulation: labial, dental or alveolar, velar, and uvular. The split between Nentan and Caligan is in part characterized by the latter backing uvulars into glottals consistently. Although Classical Nentan is assumed to have developed a similar sound change later, Nentan broadly did not further develop the now-glottal stop into ejective consonants, while much of Caligan did.

It has three stop series: plain, voiced, and (pre)nasalized. In Irikang Caligan, the former two appear to have become an aspiration distinction. It has two fricative series: plain and voiced. These fricative series appear to be relatively unstable in Nentan, but more stable in Caligan: while almost all Nentan languages appear to have at one point in time merged voiced and unvoiced fricatives, Caligan languages tend to retain some distinct reflex of them. For example, Sãdenyan's guttural approximant /ʕ/ appears to be a reflex of the voiced *ħ.

Nentan languages

2024-12-30T21:09:45Z

Astaryuu: /* Notes */

{{privatelang}}

'''Nenta''' ([[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: [{{IPA|ˌnɛntaꜜ}}]) is a kanva language family whose languages are primarily spoken in northern Quillan. It is one of the two daughter language families of the primary language family [[Nenta—Caligan languages|Nenta—Caligan]].

Kanvas are a species of cat-like anthropomorphic beings unique to Spectradom, the world in which this language family is placed, and the languages in the family reflect that in some ways.

==Included languages==
* Classical Nenta
** Old Rokadong
*** (Middle) [[Rokadong]] (split further into Modern Rokadong, Ahotelan, etc., but the similarities here are numerous enough these are usually considered dialects of one language)
*** Kailtelan (extinct sister language to Kairitelan)
*** [[Kairitelan]]
** Karanesa / Middle Nenta (as it appears to be the least divergent descendant of Classical Nenta to this point)
*** Imperial Karanesa
**** Karane-Puram (creole between Old Karanesa and Old or Middle Rokadong)
***** (Modern) Karroka
**** [[New Karanesa]] (also called New Nenta)
*** [[High Karanesa]]
*** Nenyanezan
* High Kanafan
** Caliganyuan
** Yudirayan
** Hayabian
* Low Kanafan
** Citalian
** Kanaskulypian

==Shared characteristics==
Most Nentan languages share a series of plosives at the labial, alveolar, velar, and some guttural place of articulation. In Middle Rokadong, these are /p t k ʔ/ and the voiced equivalents /b d g/. However, as seen in the more popular Modern Rokadong dialects and post-Imperial Karanesa, the guttural plosive is not necessarily stable. High Karanesa in particular lost its reflex of /ʔ/, but regained the sound through later loans. They also exhibit agglutinative morphology and Austronesian alignment.

There are also some characteristics which are shared by a significant portion of the Nentan languages, but not all of them. For example, High Kanafan appears to have had a very strict stress system, which not only survives in its descendant languages, but also affected Imperial Karanesa.

==Proto-Nenta==
From modern and historic data on the various languages of Quillan, the language Proto-Nenta can be reconstructed. It is thought to have been spoken along the coast of the modern day Wassecola Bay, despite the name of its family being derived from the Neneta Peninsula. Proto-Nenta is usually considered to be the western dialect of Proto-[[Nenta—Caligan languages|Nenta—Caligan]], with the eastern dialect descending into the Caligan languages, such as Sãdenyan.

Ideally, Proto-Nenta should be the ancestor of Classical Nenta and both families of Kanafan. However, given the Kanafan subfamilies only have contemporaneous attestation from late Classical Nentan/early Middle Nenta sources, the weight to place on Low and High Kanafan languages varies among different analyses. Some linguists even propose that Proto-Nenta and Proto-Nenta—Caligan are the same language.

===Phonology===
{{main|Proto-Nenta phonology}}
====Consonants====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes
|-
!
! colspan="2" | [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Uvular consonant|Post-velar]]
|-
! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:stop consonant|Stop]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]]
| style="border-right: 0;" |  [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar stop|g]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless uvular stop|q]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|x]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:Trill consonant|Rhotic]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r₁]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced uvular trill|r₂]]
|}
=====Notes=====
* Proto-Nenta is typically considered a CCV language, where any singular consonant, any plosive before /x/, and any plosive after /s/ is allowed. Null onset is also allowed, though in Classical Nenta these seem to have become coda approximants. As the consonant clusters near-universally simplified, however, sometimes these clusters are considered a single consonant.
* The uvular consonants reconstructed for Proto-Nenta—Caligan have been merged into the velar consonants. The so-called "uvular stop" shown above corresponds to the Proto-Nenta—Caligan glottal stop /ʔ/, though its value is uncertain, as it has glottal reflexes in Old Rokadong, but uvular in ancient Kanafan, and freely-varying in Karanesa. The use of the uvular stop letter is also partially a matter of convenience, as it is more difficult to type ʔ than q.
* The two rhotic consonants here are present because while evidence from Old Rokadong, modern Kairitelan, New Karanesa, and even some Caligan languages show two rhotic phonemes - with Old Rokadong in particular having /r ʀ/ as its two rhotics - the exact values they correspond to further back in the timeline is uncertain. In the case of Proto-Nenta, one of the rhotics, typically notated r₁ or just r, is said to be derived from a Proto-Nenta—Caligan r, typically characterized as an alveolar trill, as it corresponds to Old Rokadong /r/. The second rhotic, r₂, is the reconstruction given for Old Rokadong /ʀ/, but its value in Proto-Nenta is unclear. Proto-Nencali is usually reconstructed with two uvular fricatives, /χ ʁ/, the former of which is said to correspond to Proto-Nenta /x/. However, where /ʁ/ ended up is uncertain. It is a candidate for r₂, but then, it could also have become a voiced velar fricative, as seen in Karane-Puram. Or, seeing as no Nentan language is known to have both /ɣ/ and two rhotics except New Karanesa, it could be that /ɣ/ is instead descended from a uvular r₂. In acknowledgement of this issue, some Proto-Nentan reconstructions have, either instead of or in addition to r₁ and r₂, a second velar fricative, corresponding to a Proto-Nenta /ɣ/, is added. Usually the two velar fricatives are represented as <h x>.

====Vowels====
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Vowel phonemes
|-
!
! colspan=2 | [[w:Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan=2 | [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i₁]]
| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i₂]]
| [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u₁]]
| [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u₂]]
|-
! [[w:Close-mid vowel|Mid]]
| colspan=2 | [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]]
| colspan=2 | [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]
|-
|-
! [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
| [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a₁]]
| [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a₂]]
| [[w:Open back unrounded vowel|a₃]]
| [[w:Open back rounded vowel|a₄]]
|}

=====Notes=====
* There are two /i/ and /u/ phonemes, both of which are considered a carryover from Proto-Nencali. The 2-variants color the consonant before them, while the 1-variants do not. The exact value of each /i/ and /u/ is unknown, but a popular reconstruction from Quillan linguist Kuila Júnakoromiyo lists them as /i₁ i₂ u₁ u₂/ [ij je uw wo]. This reconstruction is popular because it also aligns with the common reconstructions for /a₂ a₄/. However, other common reconstructions are [iː ej uː ow], [ɪ i ʊ u], or any combination. What is more certain is that /i₂ u₂/ evolved into consonant-coloring /ʲi₁ ʷu₁/ in Classical Nenta or Old Rokadong.
* There are also four /a/ phonemes, so noted because all four have turned into /a/ in all members of the Rokaselan subfamily and Karane-Puram. Unlike /i/ and /u/, the four /a/ phonemes see relative agreement as to their values. /a₁ a₃/ are unambiguously front and back. /a₂ a₄/ are effectively equivalent to /ja₁ wa₃/; the same applies here as did to /i₂ u₂/.
* However, the exact values of the open vowels are a little unclear as well, namely in the height dimension. Proto-Nenta—Caligan is typically reconstructed with two open and two open-mid vowels: /ɛ æ ɔ ɑ/. It is evident that these merged into two vowels, notated a₁ and a₃, but the exact relationship is unclear. As open consonants seem to be more common in 6-vowel languages than open-mid consonants, [æ ɑ] are the more popular pair, but the expected /a₄/ form [jɑ] is written with an /o/ diacritic in Classical Nenta, so either in Proto-Nenta itself or by the time of Classical Nenta, it is likely that a₄ and possibly even a₂ were instead forms of [ɔ]. Júnakoromiyo's reconstruction gives the four antecedents of Modern Rokadong /a/ the values [æ jɛ ɒ ɥɔ], but even he notes that "realistically, these could be the complete reverse, [ɛ jæ ɔ ɥɒ], and it is unlikely that a certain decision will be possible on the matter." In fact, that exact analysis was espoused by one of Júnakoromiyo's contemporaries, Dr. Bik Amaril.

[[Category:Rokadong]]
[[Category:New Karanesa]]
[[Category:High Karanesa]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Nentan languages

2024-12-30T21:09:13Z

Astaryuu: /* Notes */

{{privatelang}}

'''Nenta''' ([[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: [{{IPA|ˌnɛntaꜜ}}]) is a kanva language family whose languages are primarily spoken in northern Quillan. It is one of the two daughter language families of the primary language family [[Nenta—Caligan languages|Nenta—Caligan]].

Kanvas are a species of cat-like anthropomorphic beings unique to Spectradom, the world in which this language family is placed, and the languages in the family reflect that in some ways.

==Included languages==
* Classical Nenta
** Old Rokadong
*** (Middle) [[Rokadong]] (split further into Modern Rokadong, Ahotelan, etc., but the similarities here are numerous enough these are usually considered dialects of one language)
*** Kailtelan (extinct sister language to Kairitelan)
*** [[Kairitelan]]
** Karanesa / Middle Nenta (as it appears to be the least divergent descendant of Classical Nenta to this point)
*** Imperial Karanesa
**** Karane-Puram (creole between Old Karanesa and Old or Middle Rokadong)
***** (Modern) Karroka
**** [[New Karanesa]] (also called New Nenta)
*** [[High Karanesa]]
*** Nenyanezan
* High Kanafan
** Caliganyuan
** Yudirayan
** Hayabian
* Low Kanafan
** Citalian
** Kanaskulypian

==Shared characteristics==
Most Nentan languages share a series of plosives at the labial, alveolar, velar, and some guttural place of articulation. In Middle Rokadong, these are /p t k ʔ/ and the voiced equivalents /b d g/. However, as seen in the more popular Modern Rokadong dialects and post-Imperial Karanesa, the guttural plosive is not necessarily stable. High Karanesa in particular lost its reflex of /ʔ/, but regained the sound through later loans. They also exhibit agglutinative morphology and Austronesian alignment.

There are also some characteristics which are shared by a significant portion of the Nentan languages, but not all of them. For example, High Kanafan appears to have had a very strict stress system, which not only survives in its descendant languages, but also affected Imperial Karanesa.

==Proto-Nenta==
From modern and historic data on the various languages of Quillan, the language Proto-Nenta can be reconstructed. It is thought to have been spoken along the coast of the modern day Wassecola Bay, despite the name of its family being derived from the Neneta Peninsula. Proto-Nenta is usually considered to be the western dialect of Proto-[[Nenta—Caligan languages|Nenta—Caligan]], with the eastern dialect descending into the Caligan languages, such as Sãdenyan.

Ideally, Proto-Nenta should be the ancestor of Classical Nenta and both families of Kanafan. However, given the Kanafan subfamilies only have contemporaneous attestation from late Classical Nentan/early Middle Nenta sources, the weight to place on Low and High Kanafan languages varies among different analyses. Some linguists even propose that Proto-Nenta and Proto-Nenta—Caligan are the same language.

===Phonology===
{{main|Proto-Nenta phonology}}
====Consonants====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes
|-
!
! colspan="2" | [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Uvular consonant|Post-velar]]
|-
! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:stop consonant|Stop]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]]
| style="border-right: 0;" |  [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar stop|g]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless uvular stop|q]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|x]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:Trill consonant|Rhotic]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r₁]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced uvular trill|r₂]]
|}
=====Notes=====
* Proto-Nenta is typically considered a CCV language, where any singular consonant, any plosive before /x/, and any plosive after /s/ is allowed. Null onset is also allowed, though in Classical Nenta these seem to have become coda approximants. As the consonant clusters near-universally simplified, however, sometimes these clusters are considered a single consonant.
* The uvular consonants reconstructed for Proto-Nenta—Caligan have been merged into the velar consonants. The so-called "uvular stop" shown above corresponds to the Proto-Nenta—Caligan glottal stop /ʔ/, though its value is uncertain, as it has glottal reflexes in Old Rokadong, but uvular in ancient Kanafan, and freely-varying in Karanesa. The use of the uvular stop letter is also partially a matter of convenience, as it is more difficult to type ʔ than q.
* The two rhotic consonants here are present because while evidence from Old Rokadong, modern Kairitelan, New Karanesa, and even some Caligan languages show two rhotic phonemes - with Old Rokadong in particular having /r ʀ/ as its two rhotics - the exact values they correspond to further back in the timeline is uncertain. In the case of Proto-Nenta, one of the rhotics, typically notated r₁ or just r, is said to be derived from a Proto-Nenta—Caligan r, typically characterized as an alveolar trill, as it corresponds to Old Rokadong /r/. The second rhotic, r₂, is the reconstruction given for Old Rokadong /ʀ/, but its value in Proto-Nenta is unclear. Proto-Nencali is usually reconstructed with two uvular fricatives, /χ ʁ/, the former of which is said to correspond to Proto-Nenta /x/. However, where /ʁ/ ended up is uncertain. It is a candidate for r₂, but then, it could also have become a voiced velar fricative, as seen in Karane-Puram. Or, seeing as no Nentan language is known to have both /ɣ/ and two rhotics except New Karanesa, it could be that /ɣ/ is instead descended from a uvular r₂. In acknowledgement of this issue, some Proto-Nentan reconstructions have, either instead of or in addition to r₁ and r₂, a second velar fricative, corresponding to a Proto-Nenta /ɣ/, is added. Usually the two velar fricatives are represented as <h x>.

====Vowels====
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Vowel phonemes
|-
!
! colspan=2 | [[w:Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan=2 | [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i₁]]
| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i₂]]
| [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u₁]]
| [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u₂]]
|-
! [[w:Close-mid vowel|Mid]]
| colspan=2 | [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]]
| colspan=2 | [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]
|-
|-
! [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
| [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a₁]]
| [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a₂]]
| [[w:Open back unrounded vowel|a₃]]
| [[w:Open back rounded vowel|a₄]]
|}

====Notes====
* There are two /i/ and /u/ phonemes, both of which are considered a carryover from Proto-Nencali. The 2-variants color the consonant before them, while the 1-variants do not. The exact value of each /i/ and /u/ is unknown, but a popular reconstruction from Quillan linguist Kuila Júnakoromiyo lists them as /i₁ i₂ u₁ u₂/ [ij je uw wo]. This reconstruction is popular because it also aligns with the common reconstructions for /a₂ a₄/. However, other common reconstructions are [iː ej uː ow], [ɪ i ʊ u], or any combination. What is more certain is that /i₂ u₂/ evolved into consonant-coloring /ʲi₁ ʷu₁/ in Classical Nenta or Old Rokadong.
* There are also four /a/ phonemes, so noted because all four have turned into /a/ in all members of the Rokaselan subfamily and Karane-Puram. Unlike /i/ and /u/, the four /a/ phonemes see relative agreement as to their values. /a₁ a₃/ are unambiguously front and back. /a₂ a₄/ are effectively equivalent to /ja₁ wa₃/; the same applies here as did to /i₂ u₂/.
* However, the exact values of the open vowels are a little unclear as well, namely in the height dimension. Proto-Nenta—Caligan is typically reconstructed with two open and two open-mid vowels: /ɛ æ ɔ ɑ/. It is evident that these merged into two vowels, notated a₁ and a₃, but the exact relationship is unclear. As open consonants seem to be more common in 6-vowel languages than open-mid consonants, [æ ɑ] are the more popular pair, but the expected /a₄/ form [jɑ] is written with an /o/ diacritic in Classical Nenta, so either in Proto-Nenta itself or by the time of Classical Nenta, it is likely that a₄ and possibly even a₂ were instead forms of [ɔ]. Júnakoromiyo's reconstruction gives the four antecedents of Modern Rokadong /a/ the values [æ jɛ ɒ ɥɔ], but even he notes that "realistically, these could be the complete reverse, [ɛ jæ ɔ ɥɒ], and it is unlikely that a certain decision will be possible on the matter." In fact, that exact analysis was espoused by one of Júnakoromiyo's contemporaries, Dr. Bik Amaril.

[[Category:Rokadong]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Nentan languages

2024-12-30T21:08:58Z

Astaryuu: /* Phonology */

{{privatelang}}

'''Nenta''' ([[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: [{{IPA|ˌnɛntaꜜ}}]) is a kanva language family whose languages are primarily spoken in northern Quillan. It is one of the two daughter language families of the primary language family [[Nenta—Caligan languages|Nenta—Caligan]].

Kanvas are a species of cat-like anthropomorphic beings unique to Spectradom, the world in which this language family is placed, and the languages in the family reflect that in some ways.

==Included languages==
* Classical Nenta
** Old Rokadong
*** (Middle) [[Rokadong]] (split further into Modern Rokadong, Ahotelan, etc., but the similarities here are numerous enough these are usually considered dialects of one language)
*** Kailtelan (extinct sister language to Kairitelan)
*** [[Kairitelan]]
** Karanesa / Middle Nenta (as it appears to be the least divergent descendant of Classical Nenta to this point)
*** Imperial Karanesa
**** Karane-Puram (creole between Old Karanesa and Old or Middle Rokadong)
***** (Modern) Karroka
**** [[New Karanesa]] (also called New Nenta)
*** [[High Karanesa]]
*** Nenyanezan
* High Kanafan
** Caliganyuan
** Yudirayan
** Hayabian
* Low Kanafan
** Citalian
** Kanaskulypian

==Shared characteristics==
Most Nentan languages share a series of plosives at the labial, alveolar, velar, and some guttural place of articulation. In Middle Rokadong, these are /p t k ʔ/ and the voiced equivalents /b d g/. However, as seen in the more popular Modern Rokadong dialects and post-Imperial Karanesa, the guttural plosive is not necessarily stable. High Karanesa in particular lost its reflex of /ʔ/, but regained the sound through later loans. They also exhibit agglutinative morphology and Austronesian alignment.

There are also some characteristics which are shared by a significant portion of the Nentan languages, but not all of them. For example, High Kanafan appears to have had a very strict stress system, which not only survives in its descendant languages, but also affected Imperial Karanesa.

==Proto-Nenta==
From modern and historic data on the various languages of Quillan, the language Proto-Nenta can be reconstructed. It is thought to have been spoken along the coast of the modern day Wassecola Bay, despite the name of its family being derived from the Neneta Peninsula. Proto-Nenta is usually considered to be the western dialect of Proto-[[Nenta—Caligan languages|Nenta—Caligan]], with the eastern dialect descending into the Caligan languages, such as Sãdenyan.

Ideally, Proto-Nenta should be the ancestor of Classical Nenta and both families of Kanafan. However, given the Kanafan subfamilies only have contemporaneous attestation from late Classical Nentan/early Middle Nenta sources, the weight to place on Low and High Kanafan languages varies among different analyses. Some linguists even propose that Proto-Nenta and Proto-Nenta—Caligan are the same language.

===Phonology===
{{main|Proto-Nenta phonology}}
====Consonants====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes
|-
!
! colspan="2" | [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Uvular consonant|Post-velar]]
|-
! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:stop consonant|Stop]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]]
| style="border-right: 0;" |  [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar stop|g]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless uvular stop|q]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|x]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:Trill consonant|Rhotic]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r₁]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced uvular trill|r₂]]
|}
====Notes====
* Proto-Nenta is typically considered a CCV language, where any singular consonant, any plosive before /x/, and any plosive after /s/ is allowed. Null onset is also allowed, though in Classical Nenta these seem to have become coda approximants. As the consonant clusters near-universally simplified, however, sometimes these clusters are considered a single consonant.
* The uvular consonants reconstructed for Proto-Nenta—Caligan have been merged into the velar consonants. The so-called "uvular stop" shown above corresponds to the Proto-Nenta—Caligan glottal stop /ʔ/, though its value is uncertain, as it has glottal reflexes in Old Rokadong, but uvular in ancient Kanafan, and freely-varying in Karanesa. The use of the uvular stop letter is also partially a matter of convenience, as it is more difficult to type ʔ than q.
* The two rhotic consonants here are present because while evidence from Old Rokadong, modern Kairitelan, New Karanesa, and even some Caligan languages show two rhotic phonemes - with Old Rokadong in particular having /r ʀ/ as its two rhotics - the exact values they correspond to further back in the timeline is uncertain. In the case of Proto-Nenta, one of the rhotics, typically notated r₁ or just r, is said to be derived from a Proto-Nenta—Caligan r, typically characterized as an alveolar trill, as it corresponds to Old Rokadong /r/. The second rhotic, r₂, is the reconstruction given for Old Rokadong /ʀ/, but its value in Proto-Nenta is unclear. Proto-Nencali is usually reconstructed with two uvular fricatives, /χ ʁ/, the former of which is said to correspond to Proto-Nenta /x/. However, where /ʁ/ ended up is uncertain. It is a candidate for r₂, but then, it could also have become a voiced velar fricative, as seen in Karane-Puram. Or, seeing as no Nentan language is known to have both /ɣ/ and two rhotics except New Karanesa, it could be that /ɣ/ is instead descended from a uvular r₂. In acknowledgement of this issue, some Proto-Nentan reconstructions have, either instead of or in addition to r₁ and r₂, a second velar fricative, corresponding to a Proto-Nenta /ɣ/, is added. Usually the two velar fricatives are represented as <h x>.

====Vowels====
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Vowel phonemes
|-
!
! colspan=2 | [[w:Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan=2 | [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i₁]]
| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i₂]]
| [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u₁]]
| [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u₂]]
|-
! [[w:Close-mid vowel|Mid]]
| colspan=2 | [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]]
| colspan=2 | [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]
|-
|-
! [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
| [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a₁]]
| [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a₂]]
| [[w:Open back unrounded vowel|a₃]]
| [[w:Open back rounded vowel|a₄]]
|}

====Notes====
* There are two /i/ and /u/ phonemes, both of which are considered a carryover from Proto-Nencali. The 2-variants color the consonant before them, while the 1-variants do not. The exact value of each /i/ and /u/ is unknown, but a popular reconstruction from Quillan linguist Kuila Júnakoromiyo lists them as /i₁ i₂ u₁ u₂/ [ij je uw wo]. This reconstruction is popular because it also aligns with the common reconstructions for /a₂ a₄/. However, other common reconstructions are [iː ej uː ow], [ɪ i ʊ u], or any combination. What is more certain is that /i₂ u₂/ evolved into consonant-coloring /ʲi₁ ʷu₁/ in Classical Nenta or Old Rokadong.
* There are also four /a/ phonemes, so noted because all four have turned into /a/ in all members of the Rokaselan subfamily and Karane-Puram. Unlike /i/ and /u/, the four /a/ phonemes see relative agreement as to their values. /a₁ a₃/ are unambiguously front and back. /a₂ a₄/ are effectively equivalent to /ja₁ wa₃/; the same applies here as did to /i₂ u₂/.
* However, the exact values of the open vowels are a little unclear as well, namely in the height dimension. Proto-Nenta—Caligan is typically reconstructed with two open and two open-mid vowels: /ɛ æ ɔ ɑ/. It is evident that these merged into two vowels, notated a₁ and a₃, but the exact relationship is unclear. As open consonants seem to be more common in 6-vowel languages than open-mid consonants, [æ ɑ] are the more popular pair, but the expected /a₄/ form [jɑ] is written with an /o/ diacritic in Classical Nenta, so either in Proto-Nenta itself or by the time of Classical Nenta, it is likely that a₄ and possibly even a₂ were instead forms of [ɔ]. Júnakoromiyo's reconstruction gives the four antecedents of Modern Rokadong /a/ the values [æ jɛ ɒ ɥɔ], but even he notes that "realistically, these could be the complete reverse, [ɛ jæ ɔ ɥɒ], and it is unlikely that a certain decision will be possible on the matter." In fact, that exact analysis was espoused by one of Júnakoromiyo's contemporaries, Dr. Bik Amaril.

[[Category:Rokadong]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Nentan languages

2024-12-30T08:28:33Z

Astaryuu: /* Included languages */

{{privatelang}}

'''Nenta''' ([[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: [{{IPA|ˌnɛntaꜜ}}]) is a kanva language family whose languages are primarily spoken in northern Quillan. It is one of the two daughter language families of the primary language family [[Nenta—Caligan languages|Nenta—Caligan]].

Kanvas are a species of cat-like anthropomorphic beings unique to Spectradom, the world in which this language family is placed, and the languages in the family reflect that in some ways.

==Included languages==
* Classical Nenta
** Old Rokadong
*** (Middle) [[Rokadong]] (split further into Modern Rokadong, Ahotelan, etc., but the similarities here are numerous enough these are usually considered dialects of one language)
*** Kailtelan (extinct sister language to Kairitelan)
*** [[Kairitelan]]
** Karanesa / Middle Nenta (as it appears to be the least divergent descendant of Classical Nenta to this point)
*** Imperial Karanesa
**** Karane-Puram (creole between Old Karanesa and Old or Middle Rokadong)
***** (Modern) Karroka
**** [[New Karanesa]] (also called New Nenta)
*** [[High Karanesa]]
*** Nenyanezan
* High Kanafan
** Caliganyuan
** Yudirayan
** Hayabian
* Low Kanafan
** Citalian
** Kanaskulypian

==Shared characteristics==
Most Nentan languages share a series of plosives at the labial, alveolar, velar, and some guttural place of articulation. In Middle Rokadong, these are /p t k ʔ/ and the voiced equivalents /b d g/. However, as seen in the more popular Modern Rokadong dialects and post-Imperial Karanesa, the guttural plosive is not necessarily stable. High Karanesa in particular lost its reflex of /ʔ/, but regained the sound through later loans. They also exhibit agglutinative morphology and Austronesian alignment.

There are also some characteristics which are shared by a significant portion of the Nentan languages, but not all of them. For example, High Kanafan appears to have had a very strict stress system, which not only survives in its descendant languages, but also affected Imperial Karanesa.

==Proto-Nenta==
From modern and historic data on the various languages of Quillan, the language Proto-Nenta can be reconstructed. It is thought to have been spoken along the coast of the modern day Wassecola Bay, despite the name of its family being derived from the Neneta Peninsula. Proto-Nenta is usually considered to be the western dialect of Proto-[[Nenta—Caligan languages|Nenta—Caligan]], with the eastern dialect descending into the Caligan languages, such as Sãdenyan.

Ideally, Proto-Nenta should be the ancestor of Classical Nenta and both families of Kanafan. However, given the Kanafan subfamilies only have contemporaneous attestation from late Classical Nentan/early Middle Nenta sources, the weight to place on Low and High Kanafan languages varies among different analyses. Some linguists even propose that Proto-Nenta and Proto-Nenta—Caligan are the same language.

==Phonology==
{{main|Proto-Nenta phonology}}
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes
|-
!
! colspan="2" | [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Uvular consonant|Post-velar]]
|-
! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:stop consonant|Stop]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]]
| style="border-right: 0;" |  [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar stop|g]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless uvular stop|q]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|x]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:Trill consonant|Rhotic]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r₁]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced uvular trill|r₂]]
|}
====Notes====
* Proto-Nenta is typically considered a CCV language, where any singular consonant, any plosive before /x/, and any plosive after /s/ is allowed. Null onset is also allowed, though in Classical Nenta these seem to have become coda approximants. As the consonant clusters near-universally simplified, however, sometimes these clusters are considered a single consonant.
* The uvular consonants reconstructed for Proto-Nenta—Caligan have been merged into the velar consonants. The so-called "uvular stop" shown above corresponds to the Proto-Nenta—Caligan glottal stop /ʔ/, though its value is uncertain, as it has glottal reflexes in Old Rokadong, but uvular in ancient Kanafan, and freely-varying in Karanesa. The use of the uvular stop letter is also partially a matter of convenience, as it is more difficult to type ʔ than q.
* The two rhotic consonants here are present because while evidence from Old Rokadong, modern Kairitelan, New Karanesa, and even some Caligan languages show two rhotic phonemes - with Old Rokadong in particular having /r ʀ/ as its two rhotics - the exact values they correspond to further back in the timeline is uncertain. In the case of Proto-Nenta, one of the rhotics, typically notated r₁ or just r, is said to be derived from a Proto-Nenta—Caligan r, typically characterized as an alveolar trill, as it corresponds to Old Rokadong /r/. The second rhotic, r₂, is the reconstruction given for Old Rokadong /ʀ/, but its value in Proto-Nenta is unclear. Proto-Nencali is usually reconstructed with two uvular fricatives, /χ ʁ/, the former of which is said to correspond to Proto-Nenta /x/. However, where /ʁ/ ended up is uncertain. It is a candidate for r₂, but then, it could also have become a voiced velar fricative, as seen in Karane-Puram. Or, seeing as no Nentan language is known to have both /ɣ/ and two rhotics except New Karanesa, it could be that /ɣ/ is instead descended from a uvular r₂. In acknowledgement of this issue, some Proto-Nentan reconstructions have, either instead of or in addition to r₁ and r₂, a second velar fricative, corresponding to a Proto-Nenta /ɣ/, is added. Usually the two velar fricatives are represented as <h x>.

===Vowels===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Vowel phonemes
|-
!
! colspan=2 | [[w:Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan=2 | [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i₁]]
| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i₂]]
| [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u₁]]
| [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u₂]]
|-
! [[w:Close-mid vowel|Mid]]
| colspan=2 | [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]]
| colspan=2 | [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]
|-
|-
! [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
| [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a₁]]
| [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a₂]]
| [[w:Open back unrounded vowel|a₃]]
| [[w:Open back rounded vowel|a₄]]
|}

====Notes====
* There are two /i/ and /u/ phonemes, both of which are considered a carryover from Proto-Nencali. The 2-variants color the consonant before them, while the 1-variants do not. The exact value of each /i/ and /u/ is unknown, but a popular reconstruction from Quillan linguist Kuila Júnakoromiyo lists them as /i₁ i₂ u₁ u₂/ [ij je uw wo]. This reconstruction is popular because it also aligns with the common reconstructions for /a₂ a₄/. However, other common reconstructions are [iː ej uː ow], [ɪ i ʊ u], or any combination. What is more certain is that /i₂ u₂/ evolved into consonant-coloring /ʲi₁ ʷu₁/ in Classical Nenta or Old Rokadong.
* There are also four /a/ phonemes, so noted because all four have turned into /a/ in all members of the Rokaselan subfamily and Karane-Puram. Unlike /i/ and /u/, the four /a/ phonemes see relative agreement as to their values. /a₁ a₃/ are unambiguously front and back. /a₂ a₄/ are effectively equivalent to /ja₁ wa₃/; the same applies here as did to /i₂ u₂/.
* However, the exact values of the open vowels are a little unclear as well, namely in the height dimension. Proto-Nenta—Caligan is typically reconstructed with two open and two open-mid vowels: /ɛ æ ɔ ɑ/. It is evident that these merged into two vowels, notated a₁ and a₃, but the exact relationship is unclear. As open consonants seem to be more common in 6-vowel languages than open-mid consonants, [æ ɑ] are the more popular pair, but the expected /a₄/ form [jɑ] is written with an /o/ diacritic in Classical Nenta, so either in Proto-Nenta itself or by the time of Classical Nenta, it is likely that a₄ and possibly even a₂ were instead forms of [ɔ]. Júnakoromiyo's reconstruction gives the four antecedents of Modern Rokadong /a/ the values [æ jɛ ɒ ɥɔ], but even he notes that "realistically, these could be the complete reverse, [ɛ jæ ɔ ɥɒ], and it is unlikely that a certain decision will be possible on the matter." In fact, that exact analysis was espoused by one of Júnakoromiyo's contemporaries, Dr. Bik Amaril.

[[Category:Rokadong]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Nentan languages

2024-12-30T08:27:28Z

Astaryuu:

{{privatelang}}

'''Nenta''' ([[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: [{{IPA|ˌnɛntaꜜ}}]) is a kanva language family whose languages are primarily spoken in northern Quillan. It is one of the two daughter language families of the primary language family [[Nenta—Caligan languages|Nenta—Caligan]].

Kanvas are a species of cat-like anthropomorphic beings unique to Spectradom, the world in which this language family is placed, and the languages in the family reflect that in some ways.

==Included languages==
* Classical Nenta
** Old Rokadong
*** (Middle) [[Rokadong]] (split further into Modern Rokadong, Ahotelan, etc., but the similarities here are numerous enough these are usually considered dialects of one language)
*** Kailtelan (extinct sister language to Kairitelan)
*** [[Kairitelan]]
** Karanesa / Middle Nenta (as it appears to be the least divergent descendant of Classical Nenta to this point)
*** Imperial Karanesa
**** Karane-Puram (creole between Old Karanesa and Old or Middle Rokadong)
***** (Modern) Karroka
**** [[New Karanesa]] (also called New Nenta)
*** [[High Karanesa]]
*** Nenyanezan
* High Kanafan
** Caliganyuan
** Yudirayan
* Low Kanafan
** Citalian
** Kanaskulypian

==Shared characteristics==
Most Nentan languages share a series of plosives at the labial, alveolar, velar, and some guttural place of articulation. In Middle Rokadong, these are /p t k ʔ/ and the voiced equivalents /b d g/. However, as seen in the more popular Modern Rokadong dialects and post-Imperial Karanesa, the guttural plosive is not necessarily stable. High Karanesa in particular lost its reflex of /ʔ/, but regained the sound through later loans. They also exhibit agglutinative morphology and Austronesian alignment.

There are also some characteristics which are shared by a significant portion of the Nentan languages, but not all of them. For example, High Kanafan appears to have had a very strict stress system, which not only survives in its descendant languages, but also affected Imperial Karanesa.

==Proto-Nenta==
From modern and historic data on the various languages of Quillan, the language Proto-Nenta can be reconstructed. It is thought to have been spoken along the coast of the modern day Wassecola Bay, despite the name of its family being derived from the Neneta Peninsula. Proto-Nenta is usually considered to be the western dialect of Proto-[[Nenta—Caligan languages|Nenta—Caligan]], with the eastern dialect descending into the Caligan languages, such as Sãdenyan.

Ideally, Proto-Nenta should be the ancestor of Classical Nenta and both families of Kanafan. However, given the Kanafan subfamilies only have contemporaneous attestation from late Classical Nentan/early Middle Nenta sources, the weight to place on Low and High Kanafan languages varies among different analyses. Some linguists even propose that Proto-Nenta and Proto-Nenta—Caligan are the same language.

==Phonology==
{{main|Proto-Nenta phonology}}
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes
|-
!
! colspan="2" | [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Uvular consonant|Post-velar]]
|-
! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:stop consonant|Stop]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]]
| style="border-right: 0;" |  [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar stop|g]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless uvular stop|q]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|x]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:Trill consonant|Rhotic]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r₁]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced uvular trill|r₂]]
|}
====Notes====
* Proto-Nenta is typically considered a CCV language, where any singular consonant, any plosive before /x/, and any plosive after /s/ is allowed. Null onset is also allowed, though in Classical Nenta these seem to have become coda approximants. As the consonant clusters near-universally simplified, however, sometimes these clusters are considered a single consonant.
* The uvular consonants reconstructed for Proto-Nenta—Caligan have been merged into the velar consonants. The so-called "uvular stop" shown above corresponds to the Proto-Nenta—Caligan glottal stop /ʔ/, though its value is uncertain, as it has glottal reflexes in Old Rokadong, but uvular in ancient Kanafan, and freely-varying in Karanesa. The use of the uvular stop letter is also partially a matter of convenience, as it is more difficult to type ʔ than q.
* The two rhotic consonants here are present because while evidence from Old Rokadong, modern Kairitelan, New Karanesa, and even some Caligan languages show two rhotic phonemes - with Old Rokadong in particular having /r ʀ/ as its two rhotics - the exact values they correspond to further back in the timeline is uncertain. In the case of Proto-Nenta, one of the rhotics, typically notated r₁ or just r, is said to be derived from a Proto-Nenta—Caligan r, typically characterized as an alveolar trill, as it corresponds to Old Rokadong /r/. The second rhotic, r₂, is the reconstruction given for Old Rokadong /ʀ/, but its value in Proto-Nenta is unclear. Proto-Nencali is usually reconstructed with two uvular fricatives, /χ ʁ/, the former of which is said to correspond to Proto-Nenta /x/. However, where /ʁ/ ended up is uncertain. It is a candidate for r₂, but then, it could also have become a voiced velar fricative, as seen in Karane-Puram. Or, seeing as no Nentan language is known to have both /ɣ/ and two rhotics except New Karanesa, it could be that /ɣ/ is instead descended from a uvular r₂. In acknowledgement of this issue, some Proto-Nentan reconstructions have, either instead of or in addition to r₁ and r₂, a second velar fricative, corresponding to a Proto-Nenta /ɣ/, is added. Usually the two velar fricatives are represented as <h x>.

===Vowels===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Vowel phonemes
|-
!
! colspan=2 | [[w:Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan=2 | [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i₁]]
| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i₂]]
| [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u₁]]
| [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u₂]]
|-
! [[w:Close-mid vowel|Mid]]
| colspan=2 | [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]]
| colspan=2 | [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]
|-
|-
! [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
| [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a₁]]
| [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a₂]]
| [[w:Open back unrounded vowel|a₃]]
| [[w:Open back rounded vowel|a₄]]
|}

====Notes====
* There are two /i/ and /u/ phonemes, both of which are considered a carryover from Proto-Nencali. The 2-variants color the consonant before them, while the 1-variants do not. The exact value of each /i/ and /u/ is unknown, but a popular reconstruction from Quillan linguist Kuila Júnakoromiyo lists them as /i₁ i₂ u₁ u₂/ [ij je uw wo]. This reconstruction is popular because it also aligns with the common reconstructions for /a₂ a₄/. However, other common reconstructions are [iː ej uː ow], [ɪ i ʊ u], or any combination. What is more certain is that /i₂ u₂/ evolved into consonant-coloring /ʲi₁ ʷu₁/ in Classical Nenta or Old Rokadong.
* There are also four /a/ phonemes, so noted because all four have turned into /a/ in all members of the Rokaselan subfamily and Karane-Puram. Unlike /i/ and /u/, the four /a/ phonemes see relative agreement as to their values. /a₁ a₃/ are unambiguously front and back. /a₂ a₄/ are effectively equivalent to /ja₁ wa₃/; the same applies here as did to /i₂ u₂/.
* However, the exact values of the open vowels are a little unclear as well, namely in the height dimension. Proto-Nenta—Caligan is typically reconstructed with two open and two open-mid vowels: /ɛ æ ɔ ɑ/. It is evident that these merged into two vowels, notated a₁ and a₃, but the exact relationship is unclear. As open consonants seem to be more common in 6-vowel languages than open-mid consonants, [æ ɑ] are the more popular pair, but the expected /a₄/ form [jɑ] is written with an /o/ diacritic in Classical Nenta, so either in Proto-Nenta itself or by the time of Classical Nenta, it is likely that a₄ and possibly even a₂ were instead forms of [ɔ]. Júnakoromiyo's reconstruction gives the four antecedents of Modern Rokadong /a/ the values [æ jɛ ɒ ɥɔ], but even he notes that "realistically, these could be the complete reverse, [ɛ jæ ɔ ɥɒ], and it is unlikely that a certain decision will be possible on the matter." In fact, that exact analysis was espoused by one of Júnakoromiyo's contemporaries, Dr. Bik Amaril.

[[Category:Rokadong]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Nentan languages

2024-12-30T08:26:07Z

Astaryuu: /* Proto-Nenta */

{{privatelang}}

'''Nenta''' ([[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: [{{IPA|ˌnɛntaꜜ}}]) is a kanva language family whose languages are primarily spoken in northern Quillan.

Kanvas are a species of cat-like anthropomorphic beings unique to Spectradom, the world in which this language family is placed, and the languages in the family reflect that in some ways.

==Included languages==
* Classical Nenta
** Old Rokadong
*** (Middle) [[Rokadong]] (split further into Modern Rokadong, Ahotelan, etc., but the similarities here are numerous enough these are usually considered dialects of one language)
*** Kailtelan (extinct sister language to Kairitelan)
*** [[Kairitelan]]
** Karanesa / Middle Nenta (as it appears to be the least divergent descendant of Classical Nenta to this point)
*** Imperial Karanesa
**** Karane-Puram (creole between Old Karanesa and Old or Middle Rokadong)
***** (Modern) Karroka
**** [[New Karanesa]] (also called New Nenta)
*** [[High Karanesa]]
*** Nenyanezan
* High Kanafan
** Caliganyuan
** Yudirayan
* Low Kanafan
** Citalian
** Kanaskulypian

==Shared characteristics==
Most Nentan languages share a series of plosives at the labial, alveolar, velar, and some guttural place of articulation. In Middle Rokadong, these are /p t k ʔ/ and the voiced equivalents /b d g/. However, as seen in the more popular Modern Rokadong dialects and post-Imperial Karanesa, the guttural plosive is not necessarily stable. High Karanesa in particular lost its reflex of /ʔ/, but regained the sound through later loans. They also exhibit agglutinative morphology and Austronesian alignment.

There are also some characteristics which are shared by a significant portion of the Nentan languages, but not all of them. For example, High Kanafan appears to have had a very strict stress system, which not only survives in its descendant languages, but also affected Imperial Karanesa.

==Proto-Nenta==
From modern and historic data on the various languages of Quillan, the language Proto-Nenta can be reconstructed. It is thought to have been spoken along the coast of the modern day Wassecola Bay, despite the name of its family being derived from the Neneta Peninsula. Proto-Nenta is usually considered to be the western dialect of Proto-[[Nenta—Caligan languages|Nenta—Caligan]], with the eastern dialect descending into the Caligan languages, such as Sãdenyan.

Ideally, Proto-Nenta should be the ancestor of Classical Nenta and both families of Kanafan. However, given the Kanafan subfamilies only have contemporaneous attestation from late Classical Nentan/early Middle Nenta sources, the weight to place on Low and High Kanafan languages varies among different analyses. Some linguists even propose that Proto-Nenta and Proto-Nenta—Caligan are the same language.

==Phonology==
{{main|Proto-Nenta phonology}}
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes
|-
!
! colspan="2" | [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Uvular consonant|Post-velar]]
|-
! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:stop consonant|Stop]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]]
| style="border-right: 0;" |  [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar stop|g]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless uvular stop|q]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|x]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:Trill consonant|Rhotic]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r₁]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced uvular trill|r₂]]
|}
====Notes====
* Proto-Nenta is typically considered a CCV language, where any singular consonant, any plosive before /x/, and any plosive after /s/ is allowed. Null onset is also allowed, though in Classical Nenta these seem to have become coda approximants. As the consonant clusters near-universally simplified, however, sometimes these clusters are considered a single consonant.
* The uvular consonants reconstructed for Proto-Nenta—Caligan have been merged into the velar consonants. The so-called "uvular stop" shown above corresponds to the Proto-Nenta—Caligan glottal stop /ʔ/, though its value is uncertain, as it has glottal reflexes in Old Rokadong, but uvular in ancient Kanafan, and freely-varying in Karanesa. The use of the uvular stop letter is also partially a matter of convenience, as it is more difficult to type ʔ than q.
* The two rhotic consonants here are present because while evidence from Old Rokadong, modern Kairitelan, New Karanesa, and even some Caligan languages show two rhotic phonemes - with Old Rokadong in particular having /r ʀ/ as its two rhotics - the exact values they correspond to further back in the timeline is uncertain. In the case of Proto-Nenta, one of the rhotics, typically notated r₁ or just r, is said to be derived from a Proto-Nenta—Caligan r, typically characterized as an alveolar trill, as it corresponds to Old Rokadong /r/. The second rhotic, r₂, is the reconstruction given for Old Rokadong /ʀ/, but its value in Proto-Nenta is unclear. Proto-Nencali is usually reconstructed with two uvular fricatives, /χ ʁ/, the former of which is said to correspond to Proto-Nenta /x/. However, where /ʁ/ ended up is uncertain. It is a candidate for r₂, but then, it could also have become a voiced velar fricative, as seen in Karane-Puram. Or, seeing as no Nentan language is known to have both /ɣ/ and two rhotics except New Karanesa, it could be that /ɣ/ is instead descended from a uvular r₂. In acknowledgement of this issue, some Proto-Nentan reconstructions have, either instead of or in addition to r₁ and r₂, a second velar fricative, corresponding to a Proto-Nenta /ɣ/, is added. Usually the two velar fricatives are represented as <h x>.

===Vowels===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Vowel phonemes
|-
!
! colspan=2 | [[w:Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan=2 | [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i₁]]
| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i₂]]
| [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u₁]]
| [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u₂]]
|-
! [[w:Close-mid vowel|Mid]]
| colspan=2 | [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]]
| colspan=2 | [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]
|-
|-
! [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
| [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a₁]]
| [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a₂]]
| [[w:Open back unrounded vowel|a₃]]
| [[w:Open back rounded vowel|a₄]]
|}

====Notes====
* There are two /i/ and /u/ phonemes, both of which are considered a carryover from Proto-Nencali. The 2-variants color the consonant before them, while the 1-variants do not. The exact value of each /i/ and /u/ is unknown, but a popular reconstruction from Quillan linguist Kuila Júnakoromiyo lists them as /i₁ i₂ u₁ u₂/ [ij je uw wo]. This reconstruction is popular because it also aligns with the common reconstructions for /a₂ a₄/. However, other common reconstructions are [iː ej uː ow], [ɪ i ʊ u], or any combination. What is more certain is that /i₂ u₂/ evolved into consonant-coloring /ʲi₁ ʷu₁/ in Classical Nenta or Old Rokadong.
* There are also four /a/ phonemes, so noted because all four have turned into /a/ in all members of the Rokaselan subfamily and Karane-Puram. Unlike /i/ and /u/, the four /a/ phonemes see relative agreement as to their values. /a₁ a₃/ are unambiguously front and back. /a₂ a₄/ are effectively equivalent to /ja₁ wa₃/; the same applies here as did to /i₂ u₂/.
* However, the exact values of the open vowels are a little unclear as well, namely in the height dimension. Proto-Nenta—Caligan is typically reconstructed with two open and two open-mid vowels: /ɛ æ ɔ ɑ/. It is evident that these merged into two vowels, notated a₁ and a₃, but the exact relationship is unclear. As open consonants seem to be more common in 6-vowel languages than open-mid consonants, [æ ɑ] are the more popular pair, but the expected /a₄/ form [jɑ] is written with an /o/ diacritic in Classical Nenta, so either in Proto-Nenta itself or by the time of Classical Nenta, it is likely that a₄ and possibly even a₂ were instead forms of [ɔ]. Júnakoromiyo's reconstruction gives the four antecedents of Modern Rokadong /a/ the values [æ jɛ ɒ ɥɔ], but even he notes that "realistically, these could be the complete reverse, [ɛ jæ ɔ ɥɒ], and it is unlikely that a certain decision will be possible on the matter." In fact, that exact analysis was espoused by one of Júnakoromiyo's contemporaries, Dr. Bik Amaril.

[[Category:Rokadong]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Nentan languages

2024-12-30T08:24:38Z

Astaryuu: /* Included languages */

{{privatelang}}

'''Nenta''' ([[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: [{{IPA|ˌnɛntaꜜ}}]) is a kanva language family whose languages are primarily spoken in northern Quillan.

Kanvas are a species of cat-like anthropomorphic beings unique to Spectradom, the world in which this language family is placed, and the languages in the family reflect that in some ways.

==Included languages==
* Classical Nenta
** Old Rokadong
*** (Middle) [[Rokadong]] (split further into Modern Rokadong, Ahotelan, etc., but the similarities here are numerous enough these are usually considered dialects of one language)
*** Kailtelan (extinct sister language to Kairitelan)
*** [[Kairitelan]]
** Karanesa / Middle Nenta (as it appears to be the least divergent descendant of Classical Nenta to this point)
*** Imperial Karanesa
**** Karane-Puram (creole between Old Karanesa and Old or Middle Rokadong)
***** (Modern) Karroka
**** [[New Karanesa]] (also called New Nenta)
*** [[High Karanesa]]
*** Nenyanezan
* High Kanafan
** Caliganyuan
** Yudirayan
* Low Kanafan
** Citalian
** Kanaskulypian

==Shared characteristics==
Most Nentan languages share a series of plosives at the labial, alveolar, velar, and some guttural place of articulation. In Middle Rokadong, these are /p t k ʔ/ and the voiced equivalents /b d g/. However, as seen in the more popular Modern Rokadong dialects and post-Imperial Karanesa, the guttural plosive is not necessarily stable. High Karanesa in particular lost its reflex of /ʔ/, but regained the sound through later loans. They also exhibit agglutinative morphology and Austronesian alignment.

There are also some characteristics which are shared by a significant portion of the Nentan languages, but not all of them. For example, High Kanafan appears to have had a very strict stress system, which not only survives in its descendant languages, but also affected Imperial Karanesa.

==Proto-Nenta==
From modern and historic data on the various languages of Quillan, the language Proto-Nenta can be reconstructed. It is thought to have been spoken along the coast of the modern day Wassecola Bay, despite the name of its family being derived from the Neneta Peninsula. Proto-Nenta is usually considered to be the western dialect of Proto-[[Nenta—Caligan languages|Nenta—Caligan]], with the eastern dialect descending into the Caligan languages, such as Sãdenyan.

Ideally, Proto-Nenta should be the ancestor of Classical Nenta and both families of Kanafan. However, given the Kanafan subfamilies only have contemporaneous attestation from late Classical Nentan/early Middle Nenta sources, the weight to place on Low and High Kanafan languages varies among different analyses.

==Phonology==
{{main|Proto-Nenta phonology}}
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes
|-
!
! colspan="2" | [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Uvular consonant|Post-velar]]
|-
! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:stop consonant|Stop]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]]
| style="border-right: 0;" |  [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar stop|g]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless uvular stop|q]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|x]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:Trill consonant|Rhotic]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r₁]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced uvular trill|r₂]]
|}
====Notes====
* Proto-Nenta is typically considered a CCV language, where any singular consonant, any plosive before /x/, and any plosive after /s/ is allowed. Null onset is also allowed, though in Classical Nenta these seem to have become coda approximants. As the consonant clusters near-universally simplified, however, sometimes these clusters are considered a single consonant.
* The uvular consonants reconstructed for Proto-Nenta—Caligan have been merged into the velar consonants. The so-called "uvular stop" shown above corresponds to the Proto-Nenta—Caligan glottal stop /ʔ/, though its value is uncertain, as it has glottal reflexes in Old Rokadong, but uvular in ancient Kanafan, and freely-varying in Karanesa. The use of the uvular stop letter is also partially a matter of convenience, as it is more difficult to type ʔ than q.
* The two rhotic consonants here are present because while evidence from Old Rokadong, modern Kairitelan, New Karanesa, and even some Caligan languages show two rhotic phonemes - with Old Rokadong in particular having /r ʀ/ as its two rhotics - the exact values they correspond to further back in the timeline is uncertain. In the case of Proto-Nenta, one of the rhotics, typically notated r₁ or just r, is said to be derived from a Proto-Nenta—Caligan r, typically characterized as an alveolar trill, as it corresponds to Old Rokadong /r/. The second rhotic, r₂, is the reconstruction given for Old Rokadong /ʀ/, but its value in Proto-Nenta is unclear. Proto-Nencali is usually reconstructed with two uvular fricatives, /χ ʁ/, the former of which is said to correspond to Proto-Nenta /x/. However, where /ʁ/ ended up is uncertain. It is a candidate for r₂, but then, it could also have become a voiced velar fricative, as seen in Karane-Puram. Or, seeing as no Nentan language is known to have both /ɣ/ and two rhotics except New Karanesa, it could be that /ɣ/ is instead descended from a uvular r₂. In acknowledgement of this issue, some Proto-Nentan reconstructions have, either instead of or in addition to r₁ and r₂, a second velar fricative, corresponding to a Proto-Nenta /ɣ/, is added. Usually the two velar fricatives are represented as <h x>.

===Vowels===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Vowel phonemes
|-
!
! colspan=2 | [[w:Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan=2 | [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i₁]]
| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i₂]]
| [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u₁]]
| [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u₂]]
|-
! [[w:Close-mid vowel|Mid]]
| colspan=2 | [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]]
| colspan=2 | [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]
|-
|-
! [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
| [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a₁]]
| [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a₂]]
| [[w:Open back unrounded vowel|a₃]]
| [[w:Open back rounded vowel|a₄]]
|}

====Notes====
* There are two /i/ and /u/ phonemes, both of which are considered a carryover from Proto-Nencali. The 2-variants color the consonant before them, while the 1-variants do not. The exact value of each /i/ and /u/ is unknown, but a popular reconstruction from Quillan linguist Kuila Júnakoromiyo lists them as /i₁ i₂ u₁ u₂/ [ij je uw wo]. This reconstruction is popular because it also aligns with the common reconstructions for /a₂ a₄/. However, other common reconstructions are [iː ej uː ow], [ɪ i ʊ u], or any combination. What is more certain is that /i₂ u₂/ evolved into consonant-coloring /ʲi₁ ʷu₁/ in Classical Nenta or Old Rokadong.
* There are also four /a/ phonemes, so noted because all four have turned into /a/ in all members of the Rokaselan subfamily and Karane-Puram. Unlike /i/ and /u/, the four /a/ phonemes see relative agreement as to their values. /a₁ a₃/ are unambiguously front and back. /a₂ a₄/ are effectively equivalent to /ja₁ wa₃/; the same applies here as did to /i₂ u₂/.
* However, the exact values of the open vowels are a little unclear as well, namely in the height dimension. Proto-Nenta—Caligan is typically reconstructed with two open and two open-mid vowels: /ɛ æ ɔ ɑ/. It is evident that these merged into two vowels, notated a₁ and a₃, but the exact relationship is unclear. As open consonants seem to be more common in 6-vowel languages than open-mid consonants, [æ ɑ] are the more popular pair, but the expected /a₄/ form [jɑ] is written with an /o/ diacritic in Classical Nenta, so either in Proto-Nenta itself or by the time of Classical Nenta, it is likely that a₄ and possibly even a₂ were instead forms of [ɔ]. Júnakoromiyo's reconstruction gives the four antecedents of Modern Rokadong /a/ the values [æ jɛ ɒ ɥɔ], but even he notes that "realistically, these could be the complete reverse, [ɛ jæ ɔ ɥɒ], and it is unlikely that a certain decision will be possible on the matter." In fact, that exact analysis was espoused by one of Júnakoromiyo's contemporaries, Dr. Bik Amaril.

[[Category:Rokadong]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Nentan languages

2024-12-30T08:18:08Z

Astaryuu: /* Notes */

{{privatelang}}

'''Nenta''' ([[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: [{{IPA|ˌnɛntaꜜ}}]) is a kanva language family whose languages are primarily spoken in northern Quillan.

Kanvas are a species of cat-like anthropomorphic beings unique to Spectradom, the world in which this language family is placed, and the languages in the family reflect that in some ways.

==Included languages==
* Classical Nenta
** Old Rokadong
*** (Middle) [[Rokadong]] (split further into Modern Rokadong, Ahotelan, etc., but the similarities here are numerous enough these are usually considered dialects of one language)
*** Kailtelan (extinct sister language to Kairitelan)
*** [[Kairitelan]]
** Karanesa / Middle Nenta (as it appears to be the least divergent descendant of Classical Nenta to this point)
*** Imperial Karanesa
**** Karane-Puram (creole between Old Karanesa and Old or Middle Rokadong)
***** (Modern) Karroka
**** [[New Karanesa]] (also called New Nenta)
*** High Karanesa
*** Nenyanezan
* High Kanafan
** Caliganyuan
** Yudirayan
* Low Kanafan
** Citalian
** Kanaskulypian

==Shared characteristics==
Most Nentan languages share a series of plosives at the labial, alveolar, velar, and some guttural place of articulation. In Middle Rokadong, these are /p t k ʔ/ and the voiced equivalents /b d g/. However, as seen in the more popular Modern Rokadong dialects and post-Imperial Karanesa, the guttural plosive is not necessarily stable. High Karanesa in particular lost its reflex of /ʔ/, but regained the sound through later loans. They also exhibit agglutinative morphology and Austronesian alignment.

There are also some characteristics which are shared by a significant portion of the Nentan languages, but not all of them. For example, High Kanafan appears to have had a very strict stress system, which not only survives in its descendant languages, but also affected Imperial Karanesa.

==Proto-Nenta==
From modern and historic data on the various languages of Quillan, the language Proto-Nenta can be reconstructed. It is thought to have been spoken along the coast of the modern day Wassecola Bay, despite the name of its family being derived from the Neneta Peninsula. Proto-Nenta is usually considered to be the western dialect of Proto-[[Nenta—Caligan languages|Nenta—Caligan]], with the eastern dialect descending into the Caligan languages, such as Sãdenyan.

Ideally, Proto-Nenta should be the ancestor of Classical Nenta and both families of Kanafan. However, given the Kanafan subfamilies only have contemporaneous attestation from late Classical Nentan/early Middle Nenta sources, the weight to place on Low and High Kanafan languages varies among different analyses.

==Phonology==
{{main|Proto-Nenta phonology}}
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes
|-
!
! colspan="2" | [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Uvular consonant|Post-velar]]
|-
! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:stop consonant|Stop]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]]
| style="border-right: 0;" |  [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar stop|g]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless uvular stop|q]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|x]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:Trill consonant|Rhotic]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r₁]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced uvular trill|r₂]]
|}
====Notes====
* Proto-Nenta is typically considered a CCV language, where any singular consonant, any plosive before /x/, and any plosive after /s/ is allowed. Null onset is also allowed, though in Classical Nenta these seem to have become coda approximants. As the consonant clusters near-universally simplified, however, sometimes these clusters are considered a single consonant.
* The uvular consonants reconstructed for Proto-Nenta—Caligan have been merged into the velar consonants. The so-called "uvular stop" shown above corresponds to the Proto-Nenta—Caligan glottal stop /ʔ/, though its value is uncertain, as it has glottal reflexes in Old Rokadong, but uvular in ancient Kanafan, and freely-varying in Karanesa. The use of the uvular stop letter is also partially a matter of convenience, as it is more difficult to type ʔ than q.
* The two rhotic consonants here are present because while evidence from Old Rokadong, modern Kairitelan, New Karanesa, and even some Caligan languages show two rhotic phonemes - with Old Rokadong in particular having /r ʀ/ as its two rhotics - the exact values they correspond to further back in the timeline is uncertain. In the case of Proto-Nenta, one of the rhotics, typically notated r₁ or just r, is said to be derived from a Proto-Nenta—Caligan r, typically characterized as an alveolar trill, as it corresponds to Old Rokadong /r/. The second rhotic, r₂, is the reconstruction given for Old Rokadong /ʀ/, but its value in Proto-Nenta is unclear. Proto-Nencali is usually reconstructed with two uvular fricatives, /χ ʁ/, the former of which is said to correspond to Proto-Nenta /x/. However, where /ʁ/ ended up is uncertain. It is a candidate for r₂, but then, it could also have become a voiced velar fricative, as seen in Karane-Puram. Or, seeing as no Nentan language is known to have both /ɣ/ and two rhotics except New Karanesa, it could be that /ɣ/ is instead descended from a uvular r₂. In acknowledgement of this issue, some Proto-Nentan reconstructions have, either instead of or in addition to r₁ and r₂, a second velar fricative, corresponding to a Proto-Nenta /ɣ/, is added. Usually the two velar fricatives are represented as <h x>.

===Vowels===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Vowel phonemes
|-
!
! colspan=2 | [[w:Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan=2 | [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i₁]]
| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i₂]]
| [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u₁]]
| [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u₂]]
|-
! [[w:Close-mid vowel|Mid]]
| colspan=2 | [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]]
| colspan=2 | [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]
|-
|-
! [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
| [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a₁]]
| [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a₂]]
| [[w:Open back unrounded vowel|a₃]]
| [[w:Open back rounded vowel|a₄]]
|}

====Notes====
* There are two /i/ and /u/ phonemes, both of which are considered a carryover from Proto-Nencali. The 2-variants color the consonant before them, while the 1-variants do not. The exact value of each /i/ and /u/ is unknown, but a popular reconstruction from Quillan linguist Kuila Júnakoromiyo lists them as /i₁ i₂ u₁ u₂/ [ij je uw wo]. This reconstruction is popular because it also aligns with the common reconstructions for /a₂ a₄/. However, other common reconstructions are [iː ej uː ow], [ɪ i ʊ u], or any combination. What is more certain is that /i₂ u₂/ evolved into consonant-coloring /ʲi₁ ʷu₁/ in Classical Nenta or Old Rokadong.
* There are also four /a/ phonemes, so noted because all four have turned into /a/ in all members of the Rokaselan subfamily and Karane-Puram. Unlike /i/ and /u/, the four /a/ phonemes see relative agreement as to their values. /a₁ a₃/ are unambiguously front and back. /a₂ a₄/ are effectively equivalent to /ja₁ wa₃/; the same applies here as did to /i₂ u₂/.
* However, the exact values of the open vowels are a little unclear as well, namely in the height dimension. Proto-Nenta—Caligan is typically reconstructed with two open and two open-mid vowels: /ɛ æ ɔ ɑ/. It is evident that these merged into two vowels, notated a₁ and a₃, but the exact relationship is unclear. As open consonants seem to be more common in 6-vowel languages than open-mid consonants, [æ ɑ] are the more popular pair, but the expected /a₄/ form [jɑ] is written with an /o/ diacritic in Classical Nenta, so either in Proto-Nenta itself or by the time of Classical Nenta, it is likely that a₄ and possibly even a₂ were instead forms of [ɔ]. Júnakoromiyo's reconstruction gives the four antecedents of Modern Rokadong /a/ the values [æ jɛ ɒ ɥɔ], but even he notes that "realistically, these could be the complete reverse, [ɛ jæ ɔ ɥɒ], and it is unlikely that a certain decision will be possible on the matter." In fact, that exact analysis was espoused by one of Júnakoromiyo's contemporaries, Dr. Bik Amaril.

[[Category:Rokadong]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Nentan languages

2024-12-30T08:16:20Z

Astaryuu: /* Notes */

{{privatelang}}

'''Nenta''' ([[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: [{{IPA|ˌnɛntaꜜ}}]) is a kanva language family whose languages are primarily spoken in northern Quillan.

Kanvas are a species of cat-like anthropomorphic beings unique to Spectradom, the world in which this language family is placed, and the languages in the family reflect that in some ways.

==Included languages==
* Classical Nenta
** Old Rokadong
*** (Middle) [[Rokadong]] (split further into Modern Rokadong, Ahotelan, etc., but the similarities here are numerous enough these are usually considered dialects of one language)
*** Kailtelan (extinct sister language to Kairitelan)
*** [[Kairitelan]]
** Karanesa / Middle Nenta (as it appears to be the least divergent descendant of Classical Nenta to this point)
*** Imperial Karanesa
**** Karane-Puram (creole between Old Karanesa and Old or Middle Rokadong)
***** (Modern) Karroka
**** [[New Karanesa]] (also called New Nenta)
*** High Karanesa
*** Nenyanezan
* High Kanafan
** Caliganyuan
** Yudirayan
* Low Kanafan
** Citalian
** Kanaskulypian

==Shared characteristics==
Most Nentan languages share a series of plosives at the labial, alveolar, velar, and some guttural place of articulation. In Middle Rokadong, these are /p t k ʔ/ and the voiced equivalents /b d g/. However, as seen in the more popular Modern Rokadong dialects and post-Imperial Karanesa, the guttural plosive is not necessarily stable. High Karanesa in particular lost its reflex of /ʔ/, but regained the sound through later loans. They also exhibit agglutinative morphology and Austronesian alignment.

There are also some characteristics which are shared by a significant portion of the Nentan languages, but not all of them. For example, High Kanafan appears to have had a very strict stress system, which not only survives in its descendant languages, but also affected Imperial Karanesa.

==Proto-Nenta==
From modern and historic data on the various languages of Quillan, the language Proto-Nenta can be reconstructed. It is thought to have been spoken along the coast of the modern day Wassecola Bay, despite the name of its family being derived from the Neneta Peninsula. Proto-Nenta is usually considered to be the western dialect of Proto-[[Nenta—Caligan languages|Nenta—Caligan]], with the eastern dialect descending into the Caligan languages, such as Sãdenyan.

Ideally, Proto-Nenta should be the ancestor of Classical Nenta and both families of Kanafan. However, given the Kanafan subfamilies only have contemporaneous attestation from late Classical Nentan/early Middle Nenta sources, the weight to place on Low and High Kanafan languages varies among different analyses.

==Phonology==
{{main|Proto-Nenta phonology}}
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes
|-
!
! colspan="2" | [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Uvular consonant|Post-velar]]
|-
! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:stop consonant|Stop]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]]
| style="border-right: 0;" |  [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar stop|g]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless uvular stop|q]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|x]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:Trill consonant|Rhotic]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r₁]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced uvular trill|r₂]]
|}
====Notes====
* Proto-Nenta is typically considered a CCV language, where any singular consonant, any plosive before /x/, and any plosive after /s/ is allowed. Null onset is also allowed, though in Classical Nenta these seem to have become coda approximants. As the consonant clusters near-universally simplified, however, sometimes these clusters are considered a single consonant.
* The uvular consonants reconstructed for Proto-Nenta—Caligan have been merged into the velar consonants. The so-called "uvular stop" shown above corresponds to the Proto-Nenta—Caligan glottal stop /ʔ/, though its value is uncertain, as it has glottal reflexes in Old Rokadong, but uvular in ancient Kanafan, and freely-varying in Karanesa. The use of the uvular stop letter is also partially a matter of convenience, as it is more difficult to type ʔ than q.
* The two rhotic consonants here are present because while evidence from Old Rokadong, modern Kairitelan, New Karanesa, and even some Caligan languages show two rhotic phonemes - with Old Rokadong in particular having /r ʀ/ as its two rhotics - the exact values they correspond to further back in the timeline is uncertain. In the case of Proto-Nenta, one of the rhotics, typically notated r₁ or just r, is said to be derived from a Proto-Nenta—Caligan r, typically characterized as an alveolar trill, as it corresponds to Old Rokadong /r/. The second rhotic, r₂, is the reconstruction given for Old Rokadong /ʀ/, but its value in Proto-Nenta is unclear. Proto-Nencali is usually reconstructed with two uvular fricatives, /χ ʁ/, the former of which is said to correspond to Proto-Nenta /x/. However, where /ʁ/ ended up is uncertain. It is a candidate for r₂, but then, it could also have become a voiced velar fricative, as seen in Karane-Puram. Or, seeing as no Nentan language is known to have both /ɣ/ and two rhotics except New Karanesa, it could be that /ɣ/ is instead descended from a uvular r₂. In acknowledgement of this issue, some Proto-Nentan reconstructions have, either instead of or in addition to r₁ and r₂, a second velar fricative, corresponding to a Proto-Nenta /ɣ/, is added. Usually the two velar fricatives are represented as <h x>.

===Vowels===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Vowel phonemes
|-
!
! colspan=2 | [[w:Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan=2 | [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i₁]]
| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i₂]]
| [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u₁]]
| [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u₂]]
|-
! [[w:Close-mid vowel|Mid]]
| colspan=2 | [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]]
| colspan=2 | [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]
|-
|-
! [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
| [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a₁]]
| [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a₂]]
| [[w:Open back unrounded vowel|a₃]]
| [[w:Open back rounded vowel|a₄]]
|}

====Notes====
* There are two /i/ and /u/ phonemes, both of which are considered a carryover from Proto-Nencali. The 2-variants color the consonant before them, while the 1-variants do not. The exact value of each /i/ and /u/ is unknown, but a popular reconstruction from Quillan linguist Kuila Júnakoromiyo lists them as /i₁ i₂ u₁ u₂/ [ij je uw wo]. This reconstruction is popular because it also aligns with the common reconstructions for /a₂ a₄/. However, other common reconstructions are [iː ej uː ow], [ɪ i ʊ u], or any combination. What is more certain is that /i₂ u₂/ evolved into consonant-coloring /ʲi₁ ʷu₁/ in Classical Nenta or Old Rokadong.
* There are also four /a/ phonemes, so noted because all four have turned into /a/ in all members of the Rokaselan subfamily and Karane-Puram. Unlike /i/ and /u/, the four /a/ phonemes see relative agreement as to their values. /a₁ a₃/ are unambiguously front and back. /a₂ a₄/ are effectively equivalent to /ja₁ wa₃/; the same applies here as did to /i₂ u₂/.
* However, the exact values of the open vowels are a little unclear as well, namely in the height dimension. Proto-Nencali is typically reconstructed with two open and two open-mid vowels: /ɛ æ ɔ ɑ/. It is evident that these merged into two vowels, notated a₁ and a₃, but the exact relationship is unclear. As open consonants seem to be more common in 6-vowel languages than open-mid consonants, [æ ɑ] are the more popular pair, but the expected /a₄/ form [jɑ] is written with an /o/ diacritic in Classical Nenta, so either in Proto-Nenta itself or by the time of Classical Nenta, it is likely that a₄ and possibly even a₂ were instead forms of [ɔ]. Júnakoromiyo's reconstruction gives the four antecedents of Modern Rokadong /a/ the values [æ jɛ ɒ ɥɔ], but even he notes that "realistically, these could be the complete reverse, [ɛ jæ ɔ ɥɒ], and it is unlikely that a certain decision will be possible on the matter." In fact, that exact analysis was espoused by one of Júnakoromiyo's contemporaries, Dr. Bik Amaril.

[[Category:Rokadong]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Nentan languages

2024-12-30T08:14:54Z

Astaryuu: /* Proto-Nenta */

{{privatelang}}

'''Nenta''' ([[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: [{{IPA|ˌnɛntaꜜ}}]) is a kanva language family whose languages are primarily spoken in northern Quillan.

Kanvas are a species of cat-like anthropomorphic beings unique to Spectradom, the world in which this language family is placed, and the languages in the family reflect that in some ways.

==Included languages==
* Classical Nenta
** Old Rokadong
*** (Middle) [[Rokadong]] (split further into Modern Rokadong, Ahotelan, etc., but the similarities here are numerous enough these are usually considered dialects of one language)
*** Kailtelan (extinct sister language to Kairitelan)
*** [[Kairitelan]]
** Karanesa / Middle Nenta (as it appears to be the least divergent descendant of Classical Nenta to this point)
*** Imperial Karanesa
**** Karane-Puram (creole between Old Karanesa and Old or Middle Rokadong)
***** (Modern) Karroka
**** [[New Karanesa]] (also called New Nenta)
*** High Karanesa
*** Nenyanezan
* High Kanafan
** Caliganyuan
** Yudirayan
* Low Kanafan
** Citalian
** Kanaskulypian

==Shared characteristics==
Most Nentan languages share a series of plosives at the labial, alveolar, velar, and some guttural place of articulation. In Middle Rokadong, these are /p t k ʔ/ and the voiced equivalents /b d g/. However, as seen in the more popular Modern Rokadong dialects and post-Imperial Karanesa, the guttural plosive is not necessarily stable. High Karanesa in particular lost its reflex of /ʔ/, but regained the sound through later loans. They also exhibit agglutinative morphology and Austronesian alignment.

There are also some characteristics which are shared by a significant portion of the Nentan languages, but not all of them. For example, High Kanafan appears to have had a very strict stress system, which not only survives in its descendant languages, but also affected Imperial Karanesa.

==Proto-Nenta==
From modern and historic data on the various languages of Quillan, the language Proto-Nenta can be reconstructed. It is thought to have been spoken along the coast of the modern day Wassecola Bay, despite the name of its family being derived from the Neneta Peninsula. Proto-Nenta is usually considered to be the western dialect of Proto-[[Nenta—Caligan languages|Nenta—Caligan]], with the eastern dialect descending into the Caligan languages, such as Sãdenyan.

Ideally, Proto-Nenta should be the ancestor of Classical Nenta and both families of Kanafan. However, given the Kanafan subfamilies only have contemporaneous attestation from late Classical Nentan/early Middle Nenta sources, the weight to place on Low and High Kanafan languages varies among different analyses.

==Phonology==
{{main|Proto-Nenta phonology}}
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes
|-
!
! colspan="2" | [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Uvular consonant|Post-velar]]
|-
! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:stop consonant|Stop]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]]
| style="border-right: 0;" |  [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar stop|g]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless uvular stop|q]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|x]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:Trill consonant|Rhotic]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r₁]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced uvular trill|r₂]]
|}
====Notes====
* Proto-Nenta is typically considered a CCV language, where any singular consonant, any plosive before /x/, and any plosive after /s/ is allowed. Null onset is also allowed, though in Classical Nenta these seem to have become coda approximants. As the consonant clusters near-universally simplified, however, sometimes these clusters are considered a single consonant.
* The uvular consonants reconstructed for Proto-Nencalan have been merged into the velar consonants. The so-called "uvular stop" shown above corresponds to the Proto-Nencali glottal stop /ʔ/, though its value is uncertain, as it has glottal reflexes in Old Rokadong, but uvular in ancient Kanafan, and freely-varying in Karanesa. The use of the uvular stop letter is also partially a matter of convenience, as it is more difficult to type ʔ than q.
* The two rhotic consonants here are present because while evidence from Old Rokadong, modern Kairitelan, New Karanesa, and even some Caligan languages show two rhotic phonemes - with Old Rokadong in particular having /r ʀ/ as its two rhotics - the exact values they correspond to further back in the timeline is uncertain. In the case of Proto-Nenta, one of the rhotics, typically notated r₁ or just r, is said to be derived from a Proto-Nencali r, typically characterized as an alveolar trill, as it corresponds to Old Rokadong /r/. The second rhotic, r₂, is the reconstruction given for Old Rokadong /ʀ/, but its value in Proto-Nenta is unclear. Proto-Nencali is usually reconstructed with two uvular fricatives, /χ ʁ/, the former of which is said to correspond to Proto-Nenta /x/. However, where /ʁ/ ended up is uncertain. It is a candidate for r₂, but then, it could also have become a voiced velar fricative, as seen in Karane-Puram. Or, seeing as no Nentan language is known to have both /ɣ/ and two rhotics except New Karanesa, it could be that /ɣ/ is instead descended from a uvular r₂. In acknowledgement of this issue, some Proto-Nentan reconstructions have, either instead of or in addition to r₁ and r₂, a second velar fricative, corresponding to a Proto-Nenta /ɣ/, is added. Usually the two velar fricatives are represented as <h x>.

===Vowels===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Vowel phonemes
|-
!
! colspan=2 | [[w:Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan=2 | [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i₁]]
| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i₂]]
| [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u₁]]
| [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u₂]]
|-
! [[w:Close-mid vowel|Mid]]
| colspan=2 | [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]]
| colspan=2 | [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]
|-
|-
! [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
| [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a₁]]
| [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a₂]]
| [[w:Open back unrounded vowel|a₃]]
| [[w:Open back rounded vowel|a₄]]
|}

====Notes====
* There are two /i/ and /u/ phonemes, both of which are considered a carryover from Proto-Nencali. The 2-variants color the consonant before them, while the 1-variants do not. The exact value of each /i/ and /u/ is unknown, but a popular reconstruction from Quillan linguist Kuila Júnakoromiyo lists them as /i₁ i₂ u₁ u₂/ [ij je uw wo]. This reconstruction is popular because it also aligns with the common reconstructions for /a₂ a₄/. However, other common reconstructions are [iː ej uː ow], [ɪ i ʊ u], or any combination. What is more certain is that /i₂ u₂/ evolved into consonant-coloring /ʲi₁ ʷu₁/ in Classical Nenta or Old Rokadong.
* There are also four /a/ phonemes, so noted because all four have turned into /a/ in all members of the Rokaselan subfamily and Karane-Puram. Unlike /i/ and /u/, the four /a/ phonemes see relative agreement as to their values. /a₁ a₃/ are unambiguously front and back. /a₂ a₄/ are effectively equivalent to /ja₁ wa₃/; the same applies here as did to /i₂ u₂/.
* However, the exact values of the open vowels are a little unclear as well, namely in the height dimension. Proto-Nencali is typically reconstructed with two open and two open-mid vowels: /ɛ æ ɔ ɑ/. It is evident that these merged into two vowels, notated a₁ and a₃, but the exact relationship is unclear. As open consonants seem to be more common in 6-vowel languages than open-mid consonants, [æ ɑ] are the more popular pair, but the expected /a₄/ form [jɑ] is written with an /o/ diacritic in Classical Nenta, so either in Proto-Nenta itself or by the time of Classical Nenta, it is likely that a₄ and possibly even a₂ were instead forms of [ɔ]. Júnakoromiyo's reconstruction gives the four antecedents of Modern Rokadong /a/ the values [æ jɛ ɒ ɥɔ], but even he notes that "realistically, these could be the complete reverse, [ɛ jæ ɔ ɥɒ], and it is unlikely that a certain decision will be possible on the matter." In fact, that exact analysis was espoused by one of Júnakoromiyo's contemporaries, Dr. Bik Amaril.

[[Category:Rokadong]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Nentan languages

2024-12-30T08:14:30Z

Astaryuu: /* Proto-Nenta */

{{privatelang}}

'''Nenta''' ([[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: [{{IPA|ˌnɛntaꜜ}}]) is a kanva language family whose languages are primarily spoken in northern Quillan.

Kanvas are a species of cat-like anthropomorphic beings unique to Spectradom, the world in which this language family is placed, and the languages in the family reflect that in some ways.

==Included languages==
* Classical Nenta
** Old Rokadong
*** (Middle) [[Rokadong]] (split further into Modern Rokadong, Ahotelan, etc., but the similarities here are numerous enough these are usually considered dialects of one language)
*** Kailtelan (extinct sister language to Kairitelan)
*** [[Kairitelan]]
** Karanesa / Middle Nenta (as it appears to be the least divergent descendant of Classical Nenta to this point)
*** Imperial Karanesa
**** Karane-Puram (creole between Old Karanesa and Old or Middle Rokadong)
***** (Modern) Karroka
**** [[New Karanesa]] (also called New Nenta)
*** High Karanesa
*** Nenyanezan
* High Kanafan
** Caliganyuan
** Yudirayan
* Low Kanafan
** Citalian
** Kanaskulypian

==Shared characteristics==
Most Nentan languages share a series of plosives at the labial, alveolar, velar, and some guttural place of articulation. In Middle Rokadong, these are /p t k ʔ/ and the voiced equivalents /b d g/. However, as seen in the more popular Modern Rokadong dialects and post-Imperial Karanesa, the guttural plosive is not necessarily stable. High Karanesa in particular lost its reflex of /ʔ/, but regained the sound through later loans. They also exhibit agglutinative morphology and Austronesian alignment.

There are also some characteristics which are shared by a significant portion of the Nentan languages, but not all of them. For example, High Kanafan appears to have had a very strict stress system, which not only survives in its descendant languages, but also affected Imperial Karanesa.

==Proto-Nenta==
From modern and historic data on the various languages of Quillan, the language Proto-Nenta can be reconstructed. It is thought to have been spoken along the coast of the modern day Wassecola Bay, despite the name of its family being derived from the Neneta Peninsula. Proto-Nenta is usually considered to be the western dialect of Proto-Nenta—Caligan, with the eastern dialect descending into the Caligan languages, such as Sãdenyan.

Ideally, Proto-Nenta should be the ancestor of Classical Nenta and both families of Kanafan. However, given the Kanafan subfamilies only have contemporaneous attestation from late Classical Nentan/early Middle Nenta sources, the weight to place on Low and High Kanafan languages varies among different analyses.

==Phonology==
{{main|Proto-Nenta phonology}}
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes
|-
!
! colspan="2" | [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Uvular consonant|Post-velar]]
|-
! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:stop consonant|Stop]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]]
| style="border-right: 0;" |  [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar stop|g]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless uvular stop|q]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|x]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:Trill consonant|Rhotic]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r₁]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced uvular trill|r₂]]
|}
====Notes====
* Proto-Nenta is typically considered a CCV language, where any singular consonant, any plosive before /x/, and any plosive after /s/ is allowed. Null onset is also allowed, though in Classical Nenta these seem to have become coda approximants. As the consonant clusters near-universally simplified, however, sometimes these clusters are considered a single consonant.
* The uvular consonants reconstructed for Proto-Nencalan have been merged into the velar consonants. The so-called "uvular stop" shown above corresponds to the Proto-Nencali glottal stop /ʔ/, though its value is uncertain, as it has glottal reflexes in Old Rokadong, but uvular in ancient Kanafan, and freely-varying in Karanesa. The use of the uvular stop letter is also partially a matter of convenience, as it is more difficult to type ʔ than q.
* The two rhotic consonants here are present because while evidence from Old Rokadong, modern Kairitelan, New Karanesa, and even some Caligan languages show two rhotic phonemes - with Old Rokadong in particular having /r ʀ/ as its two rhotics - the exact values they correspond to further back in the timeline is uncertain. In the case of Proto-Nenta, one of the rhotics, typically notated r₁ or just r, is said to be derived from a Proto-Nencali r, typically characterized as an alveolar trill, as it corresponds to Old Rokadong /r/. The second rhotic, r₂, is the reconstruction given for Old Rokadong /ʀ/, but its value in Proto-Nenta is unclear. Proto-Nencali is usually reconstructed with two uvular fricatives, /χ ʁ/, the former of which is said to correspond to Proto-Nenta /x/. However, where /ʁ/ ended up is uncertain. It is a candidate for r₂, but then, it could also have become a voiced velar fricative, as seen in Karane-Puram. Or, seeing as no Nentan language is known to have both /ɣ/ and two rhotics except New Karanesa, it could be that /ɣ/ is instead descended from a uvular r₂. In acknowledgement of this issue, some Proto-Nentan reconstructions have, either instead of or in addition to r₁ and r₂, a second velar fricative, corresponding to a Proto-Nenta /ɣ/, is added. Usually the two velar fricatives are represented as <h x>.

===Vowels===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Vowel phonemes
|-
!
! colspan=2 | [[w:Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan=2 | [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i₁]]
| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i₂]]
| [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u₁]]
| [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u₂]]
|-
! [[w:Close-mid vowel|Mid]]
| colspan=2 | [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]]
| colspan=2 | [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]
|-
|-
! [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
| [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a₁]]
| [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a₂]]
| [[w:Open back unrounded vowel|a₃]]
| [[w:Open back rounded vowel|a₄]]
|}

====Notes====
* There are two /i/ and /u/ phonemes, both of which are considered a carryover from Proto-Nencali. The 2-variants color the consonant before them, while the 1-variants do not. The exact value of each /i/ and /u/ is unknown, but a popular reconstruction from Quillan linguist Kuila Júnakoromiyo lists them as /i₁ i₂ u₁ u₂/ [ij je uw wo]. This reconstruction is popular because it also aligns with the common reconstructions for /a₂ a₄/. However, other common reconstructions are [iː ej uː ow], [ɪ i ʊ u], or any combination. What is more certain is that /i₂ u₂/ evolved into consonant-coloring /ʲi₁ ʷu₁/ in Classical Nenta or Old Rokadong.
* There are also four /a/ phonemes, so noted because all four have turned into /a/ in all members of the Rokaselan subfamily and Karane-Puram. Unlike /i/ and /u/, the four /a/ phonemes see relative agreement as to their values. /a₁ a₃/ are unambiguously front and back. /a₂ a₄/ are effectively equivalent to /ja₁ wa₃/; the same applies here as did to /i₂ u₂/.
* However, the exact values of the open vowels are a little unclear as well, namely in the height dimension. Proto-Nencali is typically reconstructed with two open and two open-mid vowels: /ɛ æ ɔ ɑ/. It is evident that these merged into two vowels, notated a₁ and a₃, but the exact relationship is unclear. As open consonants seem to be more common in 6-vowel languages than open-mid consonants, [æ ɑ] are the more popular pair, but the expected /a₄/ form [jɑ] is written with an /o/ diacritic in Classical Nenta, so either in Proto-Nenta itself or by the time of Classical Nenta, it is likely that a₄ and possibly even a₂ were instead forms of [ɔ]. Júnakoromiyo's reconstruction gives the four antecedents of Modern Rokadong /a/ the values [æ jɛ ɒ ɥɔ], but even he notes that "realistically, these could be the complete reverse, [ɛ jæ ɔ ɥɒ], and it is unlikely that a certain decision will be possible on the matter." In fact, that exact analysis was espoused by one of Júnakoromiyo's contemporaries, Dr. Bik Amaril.

[[Category:Rokadong]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Nentan languages

2024-12-30T08:14:00Z

Astaryuu: /* Proto-Nenta */

{{privatelang}}

'''Nenta''' ([[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: [{{IPA|ˌnɛntaꜜ}}]) is a kanva language family whose languages are primarily spoken in northern Quillan.

Kanvas are a species of cat-like anthropomorphic beings unique to Spectradom, the world in which this language family is placed, and the languages in the family reflect that in some ways.

==Included languages==
* Classical Nenta
** Old Rokadong
*** (Middle) [[Rokadong]] (split further into Modern Rokadong, Ahotelan, etc., but the similarities here are numerous enough these are usually considered dialects of one language)
*** Kailtelan (extinct sister language to Kairitelan)
*** [[Kairitelan]]
** Karanesa / Middle Nenta (as it appears to be the least divergent descendant of Classical Nenta to this point)
*** Imperial Karanesa
**** Karane-Puram (creole between Old Karanesa and Old or Middle Rokadong)
***** (Modern) Karroka
**** [[New Karanesa]] (also called New Nenta)
*** High Karanesa
*** Nenyanezan
* High Kanafan
** Caliganyuan
** Yudirayan
* Low Kanafan
** Citalian
** Kanaskulypian

==Shared characteristics==
Most Nentan languages share a series of plosives at the labial, alveolar, velar, and some guttural place of articulation. In Middle Rokadong, these are /p t k ʔ/ and the voiced equivalents /b d g/. However, as seen in the more popular Modern Rokadong dialects and post-Imperial Karanesa, the guttural plosive is not necessarily stable. High Karanesa in particular lost its reflex of /ʔ/, but regained the sound through later loans. They also exhibit agglutinative morphology and Austronesian alignment.

There are also some characteristics which are shared by a significant portion of the Nentan languages, but not all of them. For example, High Kanafan appears to have had a very strict stress system, which not only survives in its descendant languages, but also affected Imperial Karanesa.

==Proto-Nenta==
From modern and historic data on the various languages of Quillan, the language Proto-Nenta can be reconstructed. It is thought to have been spoken along the coast of the modern day Wassecola Bay, despite the name of its family being derived from the Neneta Peninsula. Proto-Nenta is usually considered to be the western dialect of Proto-Nenta—Caligan, with the eastern dialect descending into the Caligan languages, such as Sãdenyan.

Ideally, Proto-Nenta should be the ancestor of Classical Nenta and both families of Kanafan. However, given the Kanafan subfamilies only have contemporaneous attestation from late Classical Nentan/early Middle Nenta sources, the weight to place on Low and High Kanafan languages varies among different analyses.

==Phonology==
{{main|Proto-Nenta phonology}}
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes
|-
!
! colspan="2" | [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Uvular consonant|Post-velar]]
|-
! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:stop consonant|Stop]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]]
| style="border-right: 0;" |  [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar stop|g]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless uvular stop|q]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|x]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:Trill consonant|Rhotic]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r₁]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced uvular trill|r₂]]
|}
====Notes====
* Proto-Nenta is typically considered a CCV language, where any singular consonant, any plosive before /x/, and any plosive after /s/ is allowed. Null onset is also allowed, though in Classical Nenta these seem to have become coda approximants. As the consonant clusters near-universally simplified, however, sometimes these clusters are considered a single consonant.
* The uvular consonants reconstructed for Proto-Nencalan have been merged into the velar consonants. The so-called "uvular stop" shown above corresponds to the Proto-Nencali glottal stop /ʔ/, though its value is uncertain, as it has glottal reflexes in Old Rokadong, but uvular in ancient Kanafan, and freely-varying in Karanesa. The use of the uvular stop letter is also partially a matter of convenience, as it is more difficult to type ʔ than q.
* The two rhotic consonants here are present because while evidence from Old Rokadong, modern Kairitelan, New Karanesa, and even some Caligan languages show two rhotic phonemes - with Old Rokadong in particular having /r ʀ/ as its two rhotics - the exact values they correspond to further back in the timeline is uncertain. In the case of Proto-Nenta, one of the rhotics, typically notated r₁ or just r, is said to be derived from a Proto-Nencali r, typically characterized as an alveolar trill, as it corresponds to Old Rokadong /r/. The second rhotic, r₂, is the reconstruction given for Old Rokadong /ʀ/, but its value in Proto-Nenta is unclear. Proto-Nencali is usually reconstructed with two uvular fricatives, /χ ʁ/, the former of which is said to correspond to Proto-Nenta /x/. However, where /ʁ/ ended up is uncertain. It is a candidate for r₂, but then, it could also have become a voiced velar fricative, as seen in Karane-Puram. Or, seeing as no Nentan language is known to have both /ɣ/ and two rhotics except New Karanesa, it could be that /ɣ/ is instead descended from a uvular r₂. In acknowledgement of this issue, some Proto-Nentan reconstructions have, either instead of or in addition to r₁ and r₂, a second velar fricative, corresponding to a Proto-Nenta /ɣ/, is added. Usually the two velar fricatives are represented as <h x>.

===Vowels===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Vowel phonemes
|-
!
! colspan=2 | [[w:Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan=2 | [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i₁]]
| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i₂]]
| [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u₁]]
| [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u₂]]
|-
! [[w:Close-mid vowel|Mid]]
| colspan=2 | [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]]
| colspan=2 | [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]
|-
|-
! [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
| [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a₁]]
| [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a₂]]
| [[w:Open back unrounded vowel|a₃]]
| [[w:Open back rounded vowel|a₄]]
|}

====Notes====
* There are two /i/ and /u/ phonemes, both of which are considered a carryover from Proto-Nencali. The 2-variants color the consonant before them, while the 1-variants do not. The exact value of each /i/ and /u/ is unknown, but a popular reconstruction from Quillan linguist Kuila Júnakoromiyo lists them as /i₁ i₂ u₁ u₂/ [ij je uw wo]. This reconstruction is popular because it also aligns with the common reconstructions for /a₂ a₄/. However, other common reconstructions are [iː ej uː ow], [ɪ i ʊ u], or any combination. What is more certain is that /i₂ u₂/ evolved into consonant-coloring /ʲi₁ ʷu₁/ in Classical Nenta or Old Rokadong.
* There are also four /a/ phonemes, so noted because all four have turned into /a/ in all members of the Rokaselan subfamily and Karane-Puram. Unlike /i/ and /u/, the four /a/ phonemes see relative agreement as to their values. /a₁ a₃/ are unambiguously front and back. /a₂ a₄/ are effectively equivalent to /ja₁ wa₃/; the same applies here as did to /i₂ u₂/.
* However, the exact values of the open vowels are a little unclear as well, namely in the height dimension. Proto-Nencali is typically reconstructed with two open and two open-mid vowels: /ɛ æ ɔ ɑ/. It is evident that these merged into two vowels, notated a₁ and a₃, but the exact relationship is unclear. As open consonants seem to be more common in 6-vowel languages than open-mid consonants, [æ ɑ] are the more popular pair, but the expected /a₄/ form [jɑ] is written with an /o/ diacritic in Classical Nenta, so either in Proto-Nenta itself or by the time of Classical Nenta, it is likely that a₄ and possibly even a₂ were instead forms of [ɔ]. Júnakoromiyo's reconstruction gives the four antecedents of Modern Rokadong /a/ the values [æ jɛ ɒ ɥɔ], but even he notes that "realistically, these could be the complete reverse, [ɛ jæ ɔ ɥɒ], and it is unlikely that a certain decision will be possible on the matter." In fact, that exact analysis was espoused by one of Júnakoromiyo's contemporaries, Dr. Bik Amaril.

[[Category:Rokadong]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Nentan languages

2024-12-30T08:12:55Z

Astaryuu: /* Included languages */

{{privatelang}}

'''Nenta''' ([[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: [{{IPA|ˌnɛntaꜜ}}]) is a kanva language family whose languages are primarily spoken in northern Quillan.

Kanvas are a species of cat-like anthropomorphic beings unique to Spectradom, the world in which this language family is placed, and the languages in the family reflect that in some ways.

==Included languages==
* Classical Nenta
** Old Rokadong
*** (Middle) [[Rokadong]] (split further into Modern Rokadong, Ahotelan, etc., but the similarities here are numerous enough these are usually considered dialects of one language)
*** Kailtelan (extinct sister language to Kairitelan)
*** [[Kairitelan]]
** Karanesa / Middle Nenta (as it appears to be the least divergent descendant of Classical Nenta to this point)
*** Imperial Karanesa
**** Karane-Puram (creole between Old Karanesa and Old or Middle Rokadong)
***** (Modern) Karroka
**** [[New Karanesa]] (also called New Nenta)
*** High Karanesa
*** Nenyanezan
* High Kanafan
** Caliganyuan
** Yudirayan
* Low Kanafan
** Citalian
** Kanaskulypian

==Shared characteristics==
Most Nentan languages share a series of plosives at the labial, alveolar, velar, and some guttural place of articulation. In Middle Rokadong, these are /p t k ʔ/ and the voiced equivalents /b d g/. However, as seen in the more popular Modern Rokadong dialects and post-Imperial Karanesa, the guttural plosive is not necessarily stable. High Karanesa in particular lost its reflex of /ʔ/, but regained the sound through later loans. They also exhibit agglutinative morphology and Austronesian alignment.

There are also some characteristics which are shared by a significant portion of the Nentan languages, but not all of them. For example, High Kanafan appears to have had a very strict stress system, which not only survives in its descendant languages, but also affected Imperial Karanesa.

==Proto-Nenta==
From modern and historic data on the various languages of Quillan, the language Proto-Nenta can be reconstructed. It is thought to have been spoken along the coast of the modern day Wassecola Bay, despite the name of its family being derived from the Neneta Peninsula. Proto-Nenta is usually considered to be the western dialect of Proto-Nencali, with the eastern dialect descending into the Caligan languages, such as Sãdenyan.

Ideally, Proto-Nenta should be the ancestor of Classical Nenta and both families of Kanafan. However, given the Kanafan subfamilies only have contemporaneous attestation from late Classical Nentan/early Middle Nenta sources, the weight to place on Low and High Kanafan languages varies among different analyses.

==Phonology==
{{main|Proto-Nenta phonology}}
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes
|-
!
! colspan="2" | [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Uvular consonant|Post-velar]]
|-
! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:stop consonant|Stop]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]]
| style="border-right: 0;" |  [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar stop|g]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless uvular stop|q]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|x]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:Trill consonant|Rhotic]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r₁]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced uvular trill|r₂]]
|}
====Notes====
* Proto-Nenta is typically considered a CCV language, where any singular consonant, any plosive before /x/, and any plosive after /s/ is allowed. Null onset is also allowed, though in Classical Nenta these seem to have become coda approximants. As the consonant clusters near-universally simplified, however, sometimes these clusters are considered a single consonant.
* The uvular consonants reconstructed for Proto-Nencalan have been merged into the velar consonants. The so-called "uvular stop" shown above corresponds to the Proto-Nencali glottal stop /ʔ/, though its value is uncertain, as it has glottal reflexes in Old Rokadong, but uvular in ancient Kanafan, and freely-varying in Karanesa. The use of the uvular stop letter is also partially a matter of convenience, as it is more difficult to type ʔ than q.
* The two rhotic consonants here are present because while evidence from Old Rokadong, modern Kairitelan, New Karanesa, and even some Caligan languages show two rhotic phonemes - with Old Rokadong in particular having /r ʀ/ as its two rhotics - the exact values they correspond to further back in the timeline is uncertain. In the case of Proto-Nenta, one of the rhotics, typically notated r₁ or just r, is said to be derived from a Proto-Nencali r, typically characterized as an alveolar trill, as it corresponds to Old Rokadong /r/. The second rhotic, r₂, is the reconstruction given for Old Rokadong /ʀ/, but its value in Proto-Nenta is unclear. Proto-Nencali is usually reconstructed with two uvular fricatives, /χ ʁ/, the former of which is said to correspond to Proto-Nenta /x/. However, where /ʁ/ ended up is uncertain. It is a candidate for r₂, but then, it could also have become a voiced velar fricative, as seen in Karane-Puram. Or, seeing as no Nentan language is known to have both /ɣ/ and two rhotics except New Karanesa, it could be that /ɣ/ is instead descended from a uvular r₂. In acknowledgement of this issue, some Proto-Nentan reconstructions have, either instead of or in addition to r₁ and r₂, a second velar fricative, corresponding to a Proto-Nenta /ɣ/, is added. Usually the two velar fricatives are represented as <h x>.

===Vowels===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Vowel phonemes
|-
!
! colspan=2 | [[w:Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan=2 | [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i₁]]
| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i₂]]
| [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u₁]]
| [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u₂]]
|-
! [[w:Close-mid vowel|Mid]]
| colspan=2 | [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]]
| colspan=2 | [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]
|-
|-
! [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
| [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a₁]]
| [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a₂]]
| [[w:Open back unrounded vowel|a₃]]
| [[w:Open back rounded vowel|a₄]]
|}

====Notes====
* There are two /i/ and /u/ phonemes, both of which are considered a carryover from Proto-Nencali. The 2-variants color the consonant before them, while the 1-variants do not. The exact value of each /i/ and /u/ is unknown, but a popular reconstruction from Quillan linguist Kuila Júnakoromiyo lists them as /i₁ i₂ u₁ u₂/ [ij je uw wo]. This reconstruction is popular because it also aligns with the common reconstructions for /a₂ a₄/. However, other common reconstructions are [iː ej uː ow], [ɪ i ʊ u], or any combination. What is more certain is that /i₂ u₂/ evolved into consonant-coloring /ʲi₁ ʷu₁/ in Classical Nenta or Old Rokadong.
* There are also four /a/ phonemes, so noted because all four have turned into /a/ in all members of the Rokaselan subfamily and Karane-Puram. Unlike /i/ and /u/, the four /a/ phonemes see relative agreement as to their values. /a₁ a₃/ are unambiguously front and back. /a₂ a₄/ are effectively equivalent to /ja₁ wa₃/; the same applies here as did to /i₂ u₂/.
* However, the exact values of the open vowels are a little unclear as well, namely in the height dimension. Proto-Nencali is typically reconstructed with two open and two open-mid vowels: /ɛ æ ɔ ɑ/. It is evident that these merged into two vowels, notated a₁ and a₃, but the exact relationship is unclear. As open consonants seem to be more common in 6-vowel languages than open-mid consonants, [æ ɑ] are the more popular pair, but the expected /a₄/ form [jɑ] is written with an /o/ diacritic in Classical Nenta, so either in Proto-Nenta itself or by the time of Classical Nenta, it is likely that a₄ and possibly even a₂ were instead forms of [ɔ]. Júnakoromiyo's reconstruction gives the four antecedents of Modern Rokadong /a/ the values [æ jɛ ɒ ɥɔ], but even he notes that "realistically, these could be the complete reverse, [ɛ jæ ɔ ɥɒ], and it is unlikely that a certain decision will be possible on the matter." In fact, that exact analysis was espoused by one of Júnakoromiyo's contemporaries, Dr. Bik Amaril.

[[Category:Rokadong]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Nentan languages

2024-12-30T08:12:25Z

Astaryuu: /* Included languages */

{{privatelang}}

'''Nenta''' ([[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: [{{IPA|ˌnɛntaꜜ}}]) is a kanva language family whose languages are primarily spoken in northern Quillan.

Kanvas are a species of cat-like anthropomorphic beings unique to Spectradom, the world in which this language family is placed, and the languages in the family reflect that in some ways.

==Included languages==
* Classical Nenta
** Old Rokadong
*** (Middle) [[Rokadong]] (split further into Modern Rokadong, Ahotelan, etc., but the similarities here are numerous enough these are usually considered dialects of one language)
*** Kailtelan (extinct sister language to Kairitelan)
*** [[Kairitelan]]
** Karanesa / Middle Nenta (as it appears to be the least divergent descendant of Classical Nenta to this point)
*** Imperial Karanesa
**** Karane-Puram (creole between Old Karanesa and Old or Middle Rokadong)
***** (Modern) Karroka
**** [[New Karanesa]] (also called New Nenta)
*** High Karanesa
* High Kanafan
** Caliganyuan
** Yudirayan
* Low Kanafan
** Citalian
** Kanaskulypian

==Shared characteristics==
Most Nentan languages share a series of plosives at the labial, alveolar, velar, and some guttural place of articulation. In Middle Rokadong, these are /p t k ʔ/ and the voiced equivalents /b d g/. However, as seen in the more popular Modern Rokadong dialects and post-Imperial Karanesa, the guttural plosive is not necessarily stable. High Karanesa in particular lost its reflex of /ʔ/, but regained the sound through later loans. They also exhibit agglutinative morphology and Austronesian alignment.

There are also some characteristics which are shared by a significant portion of the Nentan languages, but not all of them. For example, High Kanafan appears to have had a very strict stress system, which not only survives in its descendant languages, but also affected Imperial Karanesa.

==Proto-Nenta==
From modern and historic data on the various languages of Quillan, the language Proto-Nenta can be reconstructed. It is thought to have been spoken along the coast of the modern day Wassecola Bay, despite the name of its family being derived from the Neneta Peninsula. Proto-Nenta is usually considered to be the western dialect of Proto-Nencali, with the eastern dialect descending into the Caligan languages, such as Sãdenyan.

Ideally, Proto-Nenta should be the ancestor of Classical Nenta and both families of Kanafan. However, given the Kanafan subfamilies only have contemporaneous attestation from late Classical Nentan/early Middle Nenta sources, the weight to place on Low and High Kanafan languages varies among different analyses.

==Phonology==
{{main|Proto-Nenta phonology}}
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes
|-
!
! colspan="2" | [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Uvular consonant|Post-velar]]
|-
! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:stop consonant|Stop]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]]
| style="border-right: 0;" |  [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar stop|g]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless uvular stop|q]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|x]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:Trill consonant|Rhotic]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r₁]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced uvular trill|r₂]]
|}
====Notes====
* Proto-Nenta is typically considered a CCV language, where any singular consonant, any plosive before /x/, and any plosive after /s/ is allowed. Null onset is also allowed, though in Classical Nenta these seem to have become coda approximants. As the consonant clusters near-universally simplified, however, sometimes these clusters are considered a single consonant.
* The uvular consonants reconstructed for Proto-Nencalan have been merged into the velar consonants. The so-called "uvular stop" shown above corresponds to the Proto-Nencali glottal stop /ʔ/, though its value is uncertain, as it has glottal reflexes in Old Rokadong, but uvular in ancient Kanafan, and freely-varying in Karanesa. The use of the uvular stop letter is also partially a matter of convenience, as it is more difficult to type ʔ than q.
* The two rhotic consonants here are present because while evidence from Old Rokadong, modern Kairitelan, New Karanesa, and even some Caligan languages show two rhotic phonemes - with Old Rokadong in particular having /r ʀ/ as its two rhotics - the exact values they correspond to further back in the timeline is uncertain. In the case of Proto-Nenta, one of the rhotics, typically notated r₁ or just r, is said to be derived from a Proto-Nencali r, typically characterized as an alveolar trill, as it corresponds to Old Rokadong /r/. The second rhotic, r₂, is the reconstruction given for Old Rokadong /ʀ/, but its value in Proto-Nenta is unclear. Proto-Nencali is usually reconstructed with two uvular fricatives, /χ ʁ/, the former of which is said to correspond to Proto-Nenta /x/. However, where /ʁ/ ended up is uncertain. It is a candidate for r₂, but then, it could also have become a voiced velar fricative, as seen in Karane-Puram. Or, seeing as no Nentan language is known to have both /ɣ/ and two rhotics except New Karanesa, it could be that /ɣ/ is instead descended from a uvular r₂. In acknowledgement of this issue, some Proto-Nentan reconstructions have, either instead of or in addition to r₁ and r₂, a second velar fricative, corresponding to a Proto-Nenta /ɣ/, is added. Usually the two velar fricatives are represented as <h x>.

===Vowels===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Vowel phonemes
|-
!
! colspan=2 | [[w:Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan=2 | [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i₁]]
| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i₂]]
| [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u₁]]
| [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u₂]]
|-
! [[w:Close-mid vowel|Mid]]
| colspan=2 | [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]]
| colspan=2 | [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]
|-
|-
! [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
| [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a₁]]
| [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a₂]]
| [[w:Open back unrounded vowel|a₃]]
| [[w:Open back rounded vowel|a₄]]
|}

====Notes====
* There are two /i/ and /u/ phonemes, both of which are considered a carryover from Proto-Nencali. The 2-variants color the consonant before them, while the 1-variants do not. The exact value of each /i/ and /u/ is unknown, but a popular reconstruction from Quillan linguist Kuila Júnakoromiyo lists them as /i₁ i₂ u₁ u₂/ [ij je uw wo]. This reconstruction is popular because it also aligns with the common reconstructions for /a₂ a₄/. However, other common reconstructions are [iː ej uː ow], [ɪ i ʊ u], or any combination. What is more certain is that /i₂ u₂/ evolved into consonant-coloring /ʲi₁ ʷu₁/ in Classical Nenta or Old Rokadong.
* There are also four /a/ phonemes, so noted because all four have turned into /a/ in all members of the Rokaselan subfamily and Karane-Puram. Unlike /i/ and /u/, the four /a/ phonemes see relative agreement as to their values. /a₁ a₃/ are unambiguously front and back. /a₂ a₄/ are effectively equivalent to /ja₁ wa₃/; the same applies here as did to /i₂ u₂/.
* However, the exact values of the open vowels are a little unclear as well, namely in the height dimension. Proto-Nencali is typically reconstructed with two open and two open-mid vowels: /ɛ æ ɔ ɑ/. It is evident that these merged into two vowels, notated a₁ and a₃, but the exact relationship is unclear. As open consonants seem to be more common in 6-vowel languages than open-mid consonants, [æ ɑ] are the more popular pair, but the expected /a₄/ form [jɑ] is written with an /o/ diacritic in Classical Nenta, so either in Proto-Nenta itself or by the time of Classical Nenta, it is likely that a₄ and possibly even a₂ were instead forms of [ɔ]. Júnakoromiyo's reconstruction gives the four antecedents of Modern Rokadong /a/ the values [æ jɛ ɒ ɥɔ], but even he notes that "realistically, these could be the complete reverse, [ɛ jæ ɔ ɥɒ], and it is unlikely that a certain decision will be possible on the matter." In fact, that exact analysis was espoused by one of Júnakoromiyo's contemporaries, Dr. Bik Amaril.

[[Category:Rokadong]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Nentan languages

2024-12-30T08:11:32Z

Astaryuu: /* Shared characteristics */

{{privatelang}}

'''Nenta''' ([[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: [{{IPA|ˌnɛntaꜜ}}]) is a kanva language family whose languages are primarily spoken in northern Quillan.

Kanvas are a species of cat-like anthropomorphic beings unique to Spectradom, the world in which this language family is placed, and the languages in the family reflect that in some ways.

==Included languages==
* Classical Nenta
** Old Rokadong
*** (Middle) [[Rokadong]] (split further into Modern Rokadong, Ahotelan, etc., but the similarities here are numerous enough these are usually considered dialects of one language)
*** Kailtelan (extinct sister language to Kairitelan)
*** [[Kairitelan]]
** Karanesa / Middle Nenta (as it appears to be the least divergent descendant of Classical Nenta to this point)
*** Imperial Karanesa
**** Karane-Puram (creole between Old Karanesa and Old or Middle Rokadong)
***** (Modern) Karroka
**** [[New Karanesa]] (also called New Nenta)
**** High Karanesa
* High Kanafan
** Caliganyuan
** Yudirayan
* Low Kanafan
** Citalian
** Kanaskulypian

==Shared characteristics==
Most Nentan languages share a series of plosives at the labial, alveolar, velar, and some guttural place of articulation. In Middle Rokadong, these are /p t k ʔ/ and the voiced equivalents /b d g/. However, as seen in the more popular Modern Rokadong dialects and post-Imperial Karanesa, the guttural plosive is not necessarily stable. High Karanesa in particular lost its reflex of /ʔ/, but regained the sound through later loans. They also exhibit agglutinative morphology and Austronesian alignment.

There are also some characteristics which are shared by a significant portion of the Nentan languages, but not all of them. For example, High Kanafan appears to have had a very strict stress system, which not only survives in its descendant languages, but also affected Imperial Karanesa.

==Proto-Nenta==
From modern and historic data on the various languages of Quillan, the language Proto-Nenta can be reconstructed. It is thought to have been spoken along the coast of the modern day Wassecola Bay, despite the name of its family being derived from the Neneta Peninsula. Proto-Nenta is usually considered to be the western dialect of Proto-Nencali, with the eastern dialect descending into the Caligan languages, such as Sãdenyan.

Ideally, Proto-Nenta should be the ancestor of Classical Nenta and both families of Kanafan. However, given the Kanafan subfamilies only have contemporaneous attestation from late Classical Nentan/early Middle Nenta sources, the weight to place on Low and High Kanafan languages varies among different analyses.

==Phonology==
{{main|Proto-Nenta phonology}}
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes
|-
!
! colspan="2" | [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Uvular consonant|Post-velar]]
|-
! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:stop consonant|Stop]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]]
| style="border-right: 0;" |  [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar stop|g]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless uvular stop|q]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|x]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:Trill consonant|Rhotic]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r₁]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced uvular trill|r₂]]
|}
====Notes====
* Proto-Nenta is typically considered a CCV language, where any singular consonant, any plosive before /x/, and any plosive after /s/ is allowed. Null onset is also allowed, though in Classical Nenta these seem to have become coda approximants. As the consonant clusters near-universally simplified, however, sometimes these clusters are considered a single consonant.
* The uvular consonants reconstructed for Proto-Nencalan have been merged into the velar consonants. The so-called "uvular stop" shown above corresponds to the Proto-Nencali glottal stop /ʔ/, though its value is uncertain, as it has glottal reflexes in Old Rokadong, but uvular in ancient Kanafan, and freely-varying in Karanesa. The use of the uvular stop letter is also partially a matter of convenience, as it is more difficult to type ʔ than q.
* The two rhotic consonants here are present because while evidence from Old Rokadong, modern Kairitelan, New Karanesa, and even some Caligan languages show two rhotic phonemes - with Old Rokadong in particular having /r ʀ/ as its two rhotics - the exact values they correspond to further back in the timeline is uncertain. In the case of Proto-Nenta, one of the rhotics, typically notated r₁ or just r, is said to be derived from a Proto-Nencali r, typically characterized as an alveolar trill, as it corresponds to Old Rokadong /r/. The second rhotic, r₂, is the reconstruction given for Old Rokadong /ʀ/, but its value in Proto-Nenta is unclear. Proto-Nencali is usually reconstructed with two uvular fricatives, /χ ʁ/, the former of which is said to correspond to Proto-Nenta /x/. However, where /ʁ/ ended up is uncertain. It is a candidate for r₂, but then, it could also have become a voiced velar fricative, as seen in Karane-Puram. Or, seeing as no Nentan language is known to have both /ɣ/ and two rhotics except New Karanesa, it could be that /ɣ/ is instead descended from a uvular r₂. In acknowledgement of this issue, some Proto-Nentan reconstructions have, either instead of or in addition to r₁ and r₂, a second velar fricative, corresponding to a Proto-Nenta /ɣ/, is added. Usually the two velar fricatives are represented as <h x>.

===Vowels===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Vowel phonemes
|-
!
! colspan=2 | [[w:Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan=2 | [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i₁]]
| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i₂]]
| [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u₁]]
| [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u₂]]
|-
! [[w:Close-mid vowel|Mid]]
| colspan=2 | [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]]
| colspan=2 | [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]
|-
|-
! [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
| [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a₁]]
| [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a₂]]
| [[w:Open back unrounded vowel|a₃]]
| [[w:Open back rounded vowel|a₄]]
|}

====Notes====
* There are two /i/ and /u/ phonemes, both of which are considered a carryover from Proto-Nencali. The 2-variants color the consonant before them, while the 1-variants do not. The exact value of each /i/ and /u/ is unknown, but a popular reconstruction from Quillan linguist Kuila Júnakoromiyo lists them as /i₁ i₂ u₁ u₂/ [ij je uw wo]. This reconstruction is popular because it also aligns with the common reconstructions for /a₂ a₄/. However, other common reconstructions are [iː ej uː ow], [ɪ i ʊ u], or any combination. What is more certain is that /i₂ u₂/ evolved into consonant-coloring /ʲi₁ ʷu₁/ in Classical Nenta or Old Rokadong.
* There are also four /a/ phonemes, so noted because all four have turned into /a/ in all members of the Rokaselan subfamily and Karane-Puram. Unlike /i/ and /u/, the four /a/ phonemes see relative agreement as to their values. /a₁ a₃/ are unambiguously front and back. /a₂ a₄/ are effectively equivalent to /ja₁ wa₃/; the same applies here as did to /i₂ u₂/.
* However, the exact values of the open vowels are a little unclear as well, namely in the height dimension. Proto-Nencali is typically reconstructed with two open and two open-mid vowels: /ɛ æ ɔ ɑ/. It is evident that these merged into two vowels, notated a₁ and a₃, but the exact relationship is unclear. As open consonants seem to be more common in 6-vowel languages than open-mid consonants, [æ ɑ] are the more popular pair, but the expected /a₄/ form [jɑ] is written with an /o/ diacritic in Classical Nenta, so either in Proto-Nenta itself or by the time of Classical Nenta, it is likely that a₄ and possibly even a₂ were instead forms of [ɔ]. Júnakoromiyo's reconstruction gives the four antecedents of Modern Rokadong /a/ the values [æ jɛ ɒ ɥɔ], but even he notes that "realistically, these could be the complete reverse, [ɛ jæ ɔ ɥɒ], and it is unlikely that a certain decision will be possible on the matter." In fact, that exact analysis was espoused by one of Júnakoromiyo's contemporaries, Dr. Bik Amaril.

[[Category:Rokadong]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Nentan languages

2024-12-30T08:09:49Z

Astaryuu: /* Shared characteristics */

{{privatelang}}

'''Nenta''' ([[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: [{{IPA|ˌnɛntaꜜ}}]) is a kanva language family whose languages are primarily spoken in northern Quillan.

Kanvas are a species of cat-like anthropomorphic beings unique to Spectradom, the world in which this language family is placed, and the languages in the family reflect that in some ways.

==Included languages==
* Classical Nenta
** Old Rokadong
*** (Middle) [[Rokadong]] (split further into Modern Rokadong, Ahotelan, etc., but the similarities here are numerous enough these are usually considered dialects of one language)
*** Kailtelan (extinct sister language to Kairitelan)
*** [[Kairitelan]]
** Karanesa / Middle Nenta (as it appears to be the least divergent descendant of Classical Nenta to this point)
*** Imperial Karanesa
**** Karane-Puram (creole between Old Karanesa and Old or Middle Rokadong)
***** (Modern) Karroka
**** [[New Karanesa]] (also called New Nenta)
**** High Karanesa
* High Kanafan
** Caliganyuan
** Yudirayan
* Low Kanafan
** Citalian
** Kanaskulypian

==Shared characteristics==
Most Nentan languages share a series of plosives at the labial, alveolar, velar, and some guttural place of articulation. In Middle Rokadong, these are /p t k ʔ/ and the voiced equivalents /b d g/. However, as seen in the more popular Modern Rokadong dialects and post-Imperial Karanesa, the guttural plosive is not necessarily stable. High Karanesa in particular lost its reflex of /ʔ/, but regained the sound through later loans. They also exhibit agglutinative morphology and Austronesian alignment.

==Proto-Nenta==
From modern and historic data on the various languages of Quillan, the language Proto-Nenta can be reconstructed. It is thought to have been spoken along the coast of the modern day Wassecola Bay, despite the name of its family being derived from the Neneta Peninsula. Proto-Nenta is usually considered to be the western dialect of Proto-Nencali, with the eastern dialect descending into the Caligan languages, such as Sãdenyan.

Ideally, Proto-Nenta should be the ancestor of Classical Nenta and both families of Kanafan. However, given the Kanafan subfamilies only have contemporaneous attestation from late Classical Nentan/early Middle Nenta sources, the weight to place on Low and High Kanafan languages varies among different analyses.

==Phonology==
{{main|Proto-Nenta phonology}}
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes
|-
!
! colspan="2" | [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Uvular consonant|Post-velar]]
|-
! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:stop consonant|Stop]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]]
| style="border-right: 0;" |  [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar stop|g]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless uvular stop|q]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|x]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:Trill consonant|Rhotic]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r₁]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced uvular trill|r₂]]
|}
====Notes====
* Proto-Nenta is typically considered a CCV language, where any singular consonant, any plosive before /x/, and any plosive after /s/ is allowed. Null onset is also allowed, though in Classical Nenta these seem to have become coda approximants. As the consonant clusters near-universally simplified, however, sometimes these clusters are considered a single consonant.
* The uvular consonants reconstructed for Proto-Nencalan have been merged into the velar consonants. The so-called "uvular stop" shown above corresponds to the Proto-Nencali glottal stop /ʔ/, though its value is uncertain, as it has glottal reflexes in Old Rokadong, but uvular in ancient Kanafan, and freely-varying in Karanesa. The use of the uvular stop letter is also partially a matter of convenience, as it is more difficult to type ʔ than q.
* The two rhotic consonants here are present because while evidence from Old Rokadong, modern Kairitelan, New Karanesa, and even some Caligan languages show two rhotic phonemes - with Old Rokadong in particular having /r ʀ/ as its two rhotics - the exact values they correspond to further back in the timeline is uncertain. In the case of Proto-Nenta, one of the rhotics, typically notated r₁ or just r, is said to be derived from a Proto-Nencali r, typically characterized as an alveolar trill, as it corresponds to Old Rokadong /r/. The second rhotic, r₂, is the reconstruction given for Old Rokadong /ʀ/, but its value in Proto-Nenta is unclear. Proto-Nencali is usually reconstructed with two uvular fricatives, /χ ʁ/, the former of which is said to correspond to Proto-Nenta /x/. However, where /ʁ/ ended up is uncertain. It is a candidate for r₂, but then, it could also have become a voiced velar fricative, as seen in Karane-Puram. Or, seeing as no Nentan language is known to have both /ɣ/ and two rhotics except New Karanesa, it could be that /ɣ/ is instead descended from a uvular r₂. In acknowledgement of this issue, some Proto-Nentan reconstructions have, either instead of or in addition to r₁ and r₂, a second velar fricative, corresponding to a Proto-Nenta /ɣ/, is added. Usually the two velar fricatives are represented as <h x>.

===Vowels===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Vowel phonemes
|-
!
! colspan=2 | [[w:Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan=2 | [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i₁]]
| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i₂]]
| [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u₁]]
| [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u₂]]
|-
! [[w:Close-mid vowel|Mid]]
| colspan=2 | [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]]
| colspan=2 | [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]
|-
|-
! [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
| [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a₁]]
| [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a₂]]
| [[w:Open back unrounded vowel|a₃]]
| [[w:Open back rounded vowel|a₄]]
|}

====Notes====
* There are two /i/ and /u/ phonemes, both of which are considered a carryover from Proto-Nencali. The 2-variants color the consonant before them, while the 1-variants do not. The exact value of each /i/ and /u/ is unknown, but a popular reconstruction from Quillan linguist Kuila Júnakoromiyo lists them as /i₁ i₂ u₁ u₂/ [ij je uw wo]. This reconstruction is popular because it also aligns with the common reconstructions for /a₂ a₄/. However, other common reconstructions are [iː ej uː ow], [ɪ i ʊ u], or any combination. What is more certain is that /i₂ u₂/ evolved into consonant-coloring /ʲi₁ ʷu₁/ in Classical Nenta or Old Rokadong.
* There are also four /a/ phonemes, so noted because all four have turned into /a/ in all members of the Rokaselan subfamily and Karane-Puram. Unlike /i/ and /u/, the four /a/ phonemes see relative agreement as to their values. /a₁ a₃/ are unambiguously front and back. /a₂ a₄/ are effectively equivalent to /ja₁ wa₃/; the same applies here as did to /i₂ u₂/.
* However, the exact values of the open vowels are a little unclear as well, namely in the height dimension. Proto-Nencali is typically reconstructed with two open and two open-mid vowels: /ɛ æ ɔ ɑ/. It is evident that these merged into two vowels, notated a₁ and a₃, but the exact relationship is unclear. As open consonants seem to be more common in 6-vowel languages than open-mid consonants, [æ ɑ] are the more popular pair, but the expected /a₄/ form [jɑ] is written with an /o/ diacritic in Classical Nenta, so either in Proto-Nenta itself or by the time of Classical Nenta, it is likely that a₄ and possibly even a₂ were instead forms of [ɔ]. Júnakoromiyo's reconstruction gives the four antecedents of Modern Rokadong /a/ the values [æ jɛ ɒ ɥɔ], but even he notes that "realistically, these could be the complete reverse, [ɛ jæ ɔ ɥɒ], and it is unlikely that a certain decision will be possible on the matter." In fact, that exact analysis was espoused by one of Júnakoromiyo's contemporaries, Dr. Bik Amaril.

[[Category:Rokadong]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Nentan languages

2024-12-30T08:08:59Z

Astaryuu: /* Included languages */

{{privatelang}}

'''Nenta''' ([[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: [{{IPA|ˌnɛntaꜜ}}]) is a kanva language family whose languages are primarily spoken in northern Quillan.

Kanvas are a species of cat-like anthropomorphic beings unique to Spectradom, the world in which this language family is placed, and the languages in the family reflect that in some ways.

==Included languages==
* Classical Nenta
** Old Rokadong
*** (Middle) [[Rokadong]] (split further into Modern Rokadong, Ahotelan, etc., but the similarities here are numerous enough these are usually considered dialects of one language)
*** Kailtelan (extinct sister language to Kairitelan)
*** [[Kairitelan]]
** Karanesa / Middle Nenta (as it appears to be the least divergent descendant of Classical Nenta to this point)
*** Imperial Karanesa
**** Karane-Puram (creole between Old Karanesa and Old or Middle Rokadong)
***** (Modern) Karroka
**** [[New Karanesa]] (also called New Nenta)
**** High Karanesa
* High Kanafan
** Caliganyuan
** Yudirayan
* Low Kanafan
** Citalian
** Kanaskulypian

==Shared characteristics==
Most Nentan languages share a series of plosives at the labial, alveolar, velar, and some guttural place of articulation. In Middle Rokadong, these are /p t k ʔ/ and the voiced equivalents /b d g/. However, as seen in the more popular Modern Rokadong dialects and post-Imperial Karanesa, the guttural plosive is not stable, at least for the Rokaselan and Karanesan subfamilies. New Karanesa in particular lost its reflex of /ʔ/, but regained the sound through later loans. They also exhibit agglutinative morphology and Austronesian alignment.

==Proto-Nenta==
From modern and historic data on the various languages of Quillan, the language Proto-Nenta can be reconstructed. It is thought to have been spoken along the coast of the modern day Wassecola Bay, despite the name of its family being derived from the Neneta Peninsula. Proto-Nenta is usually considered to be the western dialect of Proto-Nencali, with the eastern dialect descending into the Caligan languages, such as Sãdenyan.

Ideally, Proto-Nenta should be the ancestor of Classical Nenta and both families of Kanafan. However, given the Kanafan subfamilies only have contemporaneous attestation from late Classical Nentan/early Middle Nenta sources, the weight to place on Low and High Kanafan languages varies among different analyses.

==Phonology==
{{main|Proto-Nenta phonology}}
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes
|-
!
! colspan="2" | [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Uvular consonant|Post-velar]]
|-
! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:stop consonant|Stop]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]]
| style="border-right: 0;" |  [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar stop|g]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless uvular stop|q]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|x]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:Trill consonant|Rhotic]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r₁]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced uvular trill|r₂]]
|}
====Notes====
* Proto-Nenta is typically considered a CCV language, where any singular consonant, any plosive before /x/, and any plosive after /s/ is allowed. Null onset is also allowed, though in Classical Nenta these seem to have become coda approximants. As the consonant clusters near-universally simplified, however, sometimes these clusters are considered a single consonant.
* The uvular consonants reconstructed for Proto-Nencalan have been merged into the velar consonants. The so-called "uvular stop" shown above corresponds to the Proto-Nencali glottal stop /ʔ/, though its value is uncertain, as it has glottal reflexes in Old Rokadong, but uvular in ancient Kanafan, and freely-varying in Karanesa. The use of the uvular stop letter is also partially a matter of convenience, as it is more difficult to type ʔ than q.
* The two rhotic consonants here are present because while evidence from Old Rokadong, modern Kairitelan, New Karanesa, and even some Caligan languages show two rhotic phonemes - with Old Rokadong in particular having /r ʀ/ as its two rhotics - the exact values they correspond to further back in the timeline is uncertain. In the case of Proto-Nenta, one of the rhotics, typically notated r₁ or just r, is said to be derived from a Proto-Nencali r, typically characterized as an alveolar trill, as it corresponds to Old Rokadong /r/. The second rhotic, r₂, is the reconstruction given for Old Rokadong /ʀ/, but its value in Proto-Nenta is unclear. Proto-Nencali is usually reconstructed with two uvular fricatives, /χ ʁ/, the former of which is said to correspond to Proto-Nenta /x/. However, where /ʁ/ ended up is uncertain. It is a candidate for r₂, but then, it could also have become a voiced velar fricative, as seen in Karane-Puram. Or, seeing as no Nentan language is known to have both /ɣ/ and two rhotics except New Karanesa, it could be that /ɣ/ is instead descended from a uvular r₂. In acknowledgement of this issue, some Proto-Nentan reconstructions have, either instead of or in addition to r₁ and r₂, a second velar fricative, corresponding to a Proto-Nenta /ɣ/, is added. Usually the two velar fricatives are represented as <h x>.

===Vowels===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Vowel phonemes
|-
!
! colspan=2 | [[w:Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan=2 | [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i₁]]
| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i₂]]
| [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u₁]]
| [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u₂]]
|-
! [[w:Close-mid vowel|Mid]]
| colspan=2 | [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e]]
| colspan=2 | [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o]]
|-
|-
! [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
| [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a₁]]
| [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a₂]]
| [[w:Open back unrounded vowel|a₃]]
| [[w:Open back rounded vowel|a₄]]
|}

====Notes====
* There are two /i/ and /u/ phonemes, both of which are considered a carryover from Proto-Nencali. The 2-variants color the consonant before them, while the 1-variants do not. The exact value of each /i/ and /u/ is unknown, but a popular reconstruction from Quillan linguist Kuila Júnakoromiyo lists them as /i₁ i₂ u₁ u₂/ [ij je uw wo]. This reconstruction is popular because it also aligns with the common reconstructions for /a₂ a₄/. However, other common reconstructions are [iː ej uː ow], [ɪ i ʊ u], or any combination. What is more certain is that /i₂ u₂/ evolved into consonant-coloring /ʲi₁ ʷu₁/ in Classical Nenta or Old Rokadong.
* There are also four /a/ phonemes, so noted because all four have turned into /a/ in all members of the Rokaselan subfamily and Karane-Puram. Unlike /i/ and /u/, the four /a/ phonemes see relative agreement as to their values. /a₁ a₃/ are unambiguously front and back. /a₂ a₄/ are effectively equivalent to /ja₁ wa₃/; the same applies here as did to /i₂ u₂/.
* However, the exact values of the open vowels are a little unclear as well, namely in the height dimension. Proto-Nencali is typically reconstructed with two open and two open-mid vowels: /ɛ æ ɔ ɑ/. It is evident that these merged into two vowels, notated a₁ and a₃, but the exact relationship is unclear. As open consonants seem to be more common in 6-vowel languages than open-mid consonants, [æ ɑ] are the more popular pair, but the expected /a₄/ form [jɑ] is written with an /o/ diacritic in Classical Nenta, so either in Proto-Nenta itself or by the time of Classical Nenta, it is likely that a₄ and possibly even a₂ were instead forms of [ɔ]. Júnakoromiyo's reconstruction gives the four antecedents of Modern Rokadong /a/ the values [æ jɛ ɒ ɥɔ], but even he notes that "realistically, these could be the complete reverse, [ɛ jæ ɔ ɥɒ], and it is unlikely that a certain decision will be possible on the matter." In fact, that exact analysis was espoused by one of Júnakoromiyo's contemporaries, Dr. Bik Amaril.

[[Category:Rokadong]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

New Karanesa

2024-12-30T08:06:56Z

Astaryuu:

{{privatelang}}
{{ClassMeter
|Name = New Karanesa
|NativeName = Karanesa
|Type = Agglutinative
|Alignment = Austronesian

|adjective = initial
|adposition = initial
|adverb= initial
|article= final
|relativeclause = initial
|nounclause = initial
|order = SVO

|Tonal = No
|Declined = No
|Conjugated = Yes
|Genders = None
|NCase = Yes
|NNumber = No
|NDefiniteness = No
|NGender = No
|VVoice = Yes
|VMood = Yes
|VPerson = No
|VNumber = No
|VTense = Yes
|VAspect = Yes

|Phonology=100
|NounCases=100
|NounDef=100
|NounNumbers=100
|NounGender=100
|VerbPerson=100
|VerbNumber=100
|VerbAspect=100
|VerbTense=100
|VerbMood=100
|VerbVoice=100
|AdjCase=25
|AdjNumber=25
|AdjDef=25
|AdjGen=25
|AdjComparative=75
|AdjSuperlative=75
|Supine=50
|Gerund=25
|Participle=45
|Infinitive=100
|Modality=100
|Words=500}}



'''New Karanesa''' ([[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: [{{IPA|kaˈranɛsa}}]) is a [[Nentan languages|Nentan]] language spoken in Quillan. Derived from the former prestige language in the Quill Kingdom, Imperial Karanesa, New Karanesa is a semi-constructed language, a standardized form of [[Karroka]] and [[High Karanesa]] created with the intent to make reading of Karanesa Empire-era and earlier works easier. It is assumed to be mostly compatible with Imperial Karanesa, though they are separated by time, so its compatibility is impossible to evaluate for certain.

==Introduction==
{{main|Rokadong}}

==Etymology==
''Karanesa'' is derived from ''Karane'' (a people group and the name for one of the Quillan calendar's epochs) + ''-asa'' ("from the").

==Phonology==
{{main|New Karanesa phonology}}
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes
|-
!
! colspan="2" | [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
|-
! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal nasal|ɲ]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:stop consonant|Stop]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate|t͡ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | ([[w:Voiced palato-alveolar affricate|d͡ʒ]])
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar stop|ɡ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless uvular stop|q]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:sibilant consonant|Sibilant]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative|ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palato-alveolar fricative|ʒ]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial fricative|ɸ]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|θ]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|x]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | ([[w:Voiced alveolar approximant|ɹ]])
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced labiovelar approximant|w]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:Trill consonant|Rhotic]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral tap|ɺ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|}
====Notes====
* Fricatives /ɸ s ʃ θ/ become voiced [β z ʒ ð] in morpheme-final position.
* The postalveolar fricatives and affricate /(t)ʃ ʒ/ usually are pronounced as palato-alveolar [(t)ɕ ʑ]. The voiced equivalents to /ʃ tʃ/ both are written differently to their unvoiced counterpart, but are usually pronounced [dʑ] in onset position, and [ʑ] in coda position, so these phonemes are merged.
* Many phonemes, particularly /s z k g x/, palatalize to [ɕ ʑ c ʒ ç] when before /j/.
* The voiced velar fricative /ɣ/ is commonly pronounced uvular [ʁ], and may even be a uvular trill [ʀ].
* Approximants /j w ɺ/ tense to suave fricatives [ʝ ɣʷ ɮ] in intervocalic stressed position. In some dialects, this fricated pronunciation for /ɺ/ is actually closer to [ð].
* The alveolar trill /r/ becomes a postalveolar approximant [ɹ̠] (often written as simply [ɹ]) in syllable-final position. This pronunciation is also common for the lateral rhotic in any position.
* The velar nasal /ŋ/ causes the preceding vowel to be nasalized. Morpheme-finally, this absorbs the /ŋ/.

===Vowels===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Vowel phonemes
|-
! !! [[w:Front vowel|Front]] !! [[w:Central vowel|Central]] !! [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]]
| [[w:Close central unrounded vowel|ɨː]]
| [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]]
|-
! [[w:Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
| [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e eː]]
| [[w:Mid central vowel|ə əː]]
| [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o oː]]
|-
! [[w:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
| [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛː]]
|
| [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|ɔː]]
|-
! [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
|
| [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]
|
|}

====Notes====
* /ə əː/ generally tense to something like [a aɐ] before nasals.
* Long vowels with no short vowel equivalent are often pronounced phonetically short: [ɨ ɛ ɔ]. However, these are still considered "long vowels".
* In some dialects, /eː oː/ are turned into diphthongs [ej ow] or raised entirely [iː uː], particularly when stressed; the former is considered a "partial lowering" of historic /iː uː/.
* /ɨː/ is variably rounded, usually depending on if the next vowel is rounded. While the resulting [ʉ] is nonphonemic, it is still written differently in orthography.
** In many dialects, /ə/ and even /a/ also participate in this vowel harmony, but [ɵ ɒ] are not written differently to [ə a].
* The close and close-mid vowels /i e eː u o oː/, are reduced to [ɪ eə eə ʊ oɵ oɵ] before [ɹ]. This results in neutralization of the length contrast in /e eː o oː/.
** The close-mid long vowels /eː oː/ are also reduced at the end of a word, usually to the same result of [eə oɵ].

===Prosody===
New Karanesa is generally described as mora-timed, with short vowels and coda sonorants each providing one mora to the syllable, and long vowels and diphthongs providing two moras.

===Stress and pitch===
New Karanesa is a stress or dynamic-accent language, where stressed syllables are louder and may be lengthened slightly. The Karanesan family does not have a pitch accent system, unlike Rokadong. However, there is often a distinct phrasal pitch pattern: the topic of the sentence often has higher pitch than the surrounding words, and interrogative words also often receive higher pitch.

New Karanesa has a strict limit on stressed syllables: a syllable cannot receive primary stress if only one mora follows it. This means primary stress can only occur on the ultimate or antepenultimate mora, though these morae can be in any of the last three syllables depending on the syllables' content. If the stress is ultimate, the vowel is always phonetically lengthened, even if it is already long. This is unlike other strictly Nentan languages, and more in line with High Kanafan languages.

===Phonotactics===
New Karanesa is a (C)(C)V(C) language. Generally speaking, syllables with one onset consonant and one coda consonant are more common than syllables with two onset consonants, which are more common than full syllables. The only onset clusters that are attested are any non-palatal consonant before an approximant or rhotic (that is, /j w ɺ r/) and any plosive after /s/. Voiced plosives in this situation cause the /s/ to be voiced [z].

New Karanesa's only phonemic diphthongs are /{{IPA|aj aw}}/. However, any two vowels can be separated by only a hiatus as long as the second vowel is not [i u]. This phonetically sounds similar to a diphthong.

The following strings of phonemes that may occur due to affixes or compounding are not allowed:
* Any sonorant followed by itself; if a conflict occurs, one is dropped for consonants.
** Vowel handling under this rule differs between dialects, though usually either they combine to a long vowel, or the latter vowel is given hard attack. Dialects where the latter is common may write such words as if they had an intervening /q/ between the vowels.
* Two consecutive consonants that differ only in voicing; if a conflict occurs, then the unvoiced consonant becomes voiced unless the prior vowel is phonetically short (/i u e o ə a/) and unstressed, then the voiced consonant becomes unvoiced.
* Any obstruent followed by another of the same manner of articulation; if this occurs, then the one closest to the root is duplicated to the one further from the root.

==Orthography==
{{main|New Karanesa orthography}}

New Karanesa may be either written using the Latin alphabet or the Nentan script.
===Romanization===
New Karanesa consonants are written as seen in the IPA, with the following exceptions:
* /{{IPA|ɲ}}/ is written as ny or nh
* /{{IPA|ŋ}}/ is written as ng
* /{{IPA|tʃ}}/ is written as c
* /{{IPA|dʒ}}/ is written as j
* /{{IPA|x}}/ is written as h
* /{{IPA|ɣ}}/ is written as rh
* /{{IPA|ʃ}}/ is written as sh
* /{{IPA|ʒ}}/ is written as zh
* /{{IPA|θ}}/ is written as th
* /{{IPA|ɺ}}/ is written as l
* /{{IPA|j}}/ is written as y
* /{{IPA|ɸ}}/ is written as f

New Karanesa's so-called "short vowels" (not to be confused with phonetically short vowels) are /i u e o ə/; these are written with respectively. The other vowels /ɨː eː oː ɛː ɔː a əː/ are written with accents on the closest short vowel: <î/û é ó ê ô á â>. The orthography used for /ɨː/ depends on if the following consonant is rounded: it uses <î> if it isn't, and <û> if it is.

===Native script===

==Morphology==




==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
In transitive sentences, New Karanesa tends to place the agent before the verb and the objects after the verb. However, New Karanesa does not have a subject in the Indo-European sense, so this word order is notated "AVO" rather than "SVO". Additionally, the verb can be moved from ''agent trigger'' into ''patient trigger'' with the prefix ''{{term|ko}}''. Both the agent and direct object can also be marked individually as such with ''kwa'' and ''po'' respectively. As a result, the word order of New Karanesa is relatively free, though AVO is the most common word order, followed by OVA.

===Noun phrase===
Adjectives and determiners follow the noun they apply to. Much as in the natural language Spanish, numerals are often considered adjectives, but are placed before the noun, rather than after it. Prepositions and case particles precede the noun they apply to.

When placed in the genitive, a noun is considered an adjective, and is placed after the noun it applies to.

===Verb phrase===
Adverbs are considered a form of adjective, and follow the verb they apply to. However, unlike adjectives, adverbs take on the same tense affix as the verb they apply to. This is likely a holdover from when all adjectives were stative verbs.

===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==

==Other resources==
* [https://astaryuu.neocities.org/conlang/rokadong-phonology Rokadong on Star Dragon's Den]




[[Category:New Karanesa]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

New Karanesa

2024-12-29T05:45:33Z

Astaryuu: /* Phonotactics */

{{privatelang}}
{{ClassMeter
|Name = New Karanesa
|NativeName = Karanesa
|Type = Agglutinative
|Alignment = Austronesian

|adjective = initial
|adposition = initial
|adverb= initial
|article= final
|relativeclause = initial
|nounclause = initial
|order = SVO

|Tonal = No
|Declined = No
|Conjugated = Yes
|Genders = None
|NCase = Yes
|NNumber = No
|NDefiniteness = No
|NGender = No
|VVoice = Yes
|VMood = Yes
|VPerson = No
|VNumber = No
|VTense = Yes
|VAspect = Yes

|Phonology=100
|NounCases=100
|NounDef=100
|NounNumbers=100
|NounGender=100
|VerbPerson=100
|VerbNumber=100
|VerbAspect=100
|VerbTense=100
|VerbMood=100
|VerbVoice=100
|AdjCase=25
|AdjNumber=25
|AdjDef=25
|AdjGen=25
|AdjComparative=75
|AdjSuperlative=75
|Supine=50
|Gerund=25
|Participle=45
|Infinitive=100
|Modality=100
|Words=500}}



'''New Karanesa''' ([[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: [{{IPA|kaˈranɛsa}}]) is a [[Nentan languages|Nentan]] language spoken in Quillan. Derived from the former prestige language in the Quill Kingdom, Imperial Karanesa, New Karanesa is a constructed language maintained to make reading of Karanesa Empire-era and earlier works easier. It is assumed to be mostly compatible with Imperial Karanesa, though they are separated by time, so its compatibility is impossible to evaluate for certain.

==Introduction==
{{main|Rokadong}}

==Etymology==
''Karanesa'' is derived from ''Karane'' (a people group and the name for one of the Quillan calendar's epochs) + ''-asa'' ("from the").

==Phonology==
{{main|New Karanesa phonology}}
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes
|-
!
! colspan="2" | [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
|-
! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal nasal|ɲ]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:stop consonant|Stop]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate|t͡ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | ([[w:Voiced palato-alveolar affricate|d͡ʒ]])
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar stop|ɡ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless uvular stop|q]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:sibilant consonant|Sibilant]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative|ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palato-alveolar fricative|ʒ]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial fricative|ɸ]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|θ]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|x]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | ([[w:Voiced alveolar approximant|ɹ]])
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced labiovelar approximant|w]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:Trill consonant|Rhotic]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral tap|ɺ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|}
====Notes====
* Fricatives /ɸ s ʃ θ/ become voiced [β z ʒ ð] in morpheme-final position.
* The postalveolar fricatives and affricate /(t)ʃ ʒ/ usually are pronounced as palato-alveolar [(t)ɕ ʑ]. The voiced equivalents to /ʃ tʃ/ both are written differently to their unvoiced counterpart, but are usually pronounced [dʑ] in onset position, and [ʑ] in coda position, so these phonemes are merged.
* Many phonemes, particularly /s z k g x/, palatalize to [ɕ ʑ c ʒ ç] when before /j/.
* The voiced velar fricative /ɣ/ is commonly pronounced uvular [ʁ], and may even be a uvular trill [ʀ].
* Approximants /j w ɺ/ tense to suave fricatives [ʝ ɣʷ ɮ] in intervocalic stressed position. In some dialects, this fricated pronunciation for /ɺ/ is actually closer to [ð].
* The alveolar trill /r/ becomes a postalveolar approximant [ɹ̠] (often written as simply [ɹ]) in syllable-final position. This pronunciation is also common for the lateral rhotic in any position.
* The velar nasal /ŋ/ causes the preceding vowel to be nasalized. Morpheme-finally, this absorbs the /ŋ/.

===Vowels===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Vowel phonemes
|-
! !! [[w:Front vowel|Front]] !! [[w:Central vowel|Central]] !! [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]]
| [[w:Close central unrounded vowel|ɨː]]
| [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]]
|-
! [[w:Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
| [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e eː]]
| [[w:Mid central vowel|ə əː]]
| [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o oː]]
|-
! [[w:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
| [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛː]]
|
| [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|ɔː]]
|-
! [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
|
| [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]
|
|}

====Notes====
* /ə əː/ generally tense to something like [a aɐ] before nasals.
* Long vowels with no short vowel equivalent are often pronounced phonetically short: [ɨ ɛ ɔ]. However, these are still considered "long vowels".
* In some dialects, /eː oː/ are turned into diphthongs [ej ow] or raised entirely [iː uː], particularly when stressed; the former is considered a "partial lowering" of historic /iː uː/.
* /ɨː/ is variably rounded, usually depending on if the next vowel is rounded. While the resulting [ʉ] is nonphonemic, it is still written differently in orthography.
** In many dialects, /ə/ and even /a/ also participate in this vowel harmony, but [ɵ ɒ] are not written differently to [ə a].
* The close and close-mid vowels /i e eː u o oː/, are reduced to [ɪ eə eə ʊ oɵ oɵ] before [ɹ]. This results in neutralization of the length contrast in /e eː o oː/.
** The close-mid long vowels /eː oː/ are also reduced at the end of a word, usually to the same result of [eə oɵ].

===Prosody===
New Karanesa is generally described as mora-timed, with short vowels and coda sonorants each providing one mora to the syllable, and long vowels and diphthongs providing two moras.

===Stress and pitch===
New Karanesa is a stress or dynamic-accent language, where stressed syllables are louder and may be lengthened slightly. The Karanesan family does not have a pitch accent system, unlike Rokadong. However, there is often a distinct phrasal pitch pattern: the topic of the sentence often has higher pitch than the surrounding words, and interrogative words also often receive higher pitch.

New Karanesa has a strict limit on stressed syllables: a syllable cannot receive primary stress if only one mora follows it. This means primary stress can only occur on the ultimate or antepenultimate mora, though these morae can be in any of the last three syllables depending on the syllables' content. If the stress is ultimate, the vowel is always phonetically lengthened, even if it is already long. This is unlike other strictly Nentan languages, and more in line with High Kanafan languages.

===Phonotactics===
New Karanesa is a (C)(C)V(C) language. Generally speaking, syllables with one onset consonant and one coda consonant are more common than syllables with two onset consonants, which are more common than full syllables. The only onset clusters that are attested are any non-palatal consonant before an approximant or rhotic (that is, /j w ɺ r/) and any plosive after /s/. Voiced plosives in this situation cause the /s/ to be voiced [z].

New Karanesa's only phonemic diphthongs are /{{IPA|aj aw}}/. However, any two vowels can be separated by only a hiatus as long as the second vowel is not [i u]. This phonetically sounds similar to a diphthong.

The following strings of phonemes that may occur due to affixes or compounding are not allowed:
* Any sonorant followed by itself; if a conflict occurs, one is dropped for consonants.
** Vowel handling under this rule differs between dialects, though usually either they combine to a long vowel, or the latter vowel is given hard attack. Dialects where the latter is common may write such words as if they had an intervening /q/ between the vowels.
* Two consecutive consonants that differ only in voicing; if a conflict occurs, then the unvoiced consonant becomes voiced unless the prior vowel is phonetically short (/i u e o ə a/) and unstressed, then the voiced consonant becomes unvoiced.
* Any obstruent followed by another of the same manner of articulation; if this occurs, then the one closest to the root is duplicated to the one further from the root.

==Orthography==
{{main|New Karanesa orthography}}

New Karanesa may be either written using the Latin alphabet or the Nentan script.
===Romanization===
New Karanesa consonants are written as seen in the IPA, with the following exceptions:
* /{{IPA|ɲ}}/ is written as ny or nh
* /{{IPA|ŋ}}/ is written as ng
* /{{IPA|tʃ}}/ is written as c
* /{{IPA|dʒ}}/ is written as j
* /{{IPA|x}}/ is written as h
* /{{IPA|ɣ}}/ is written as rh
* /{{IPA|ʃ}}/ is written as sh
* /{{IPA|ʒ}}/ is written as zh
* /{{IPA|θ}}/ is written as th
* /{{IPA|ɺ}}/ is written as l
* /{{IPA|j}}/ is written as y
* /{{IPA|ɸ}}/ is written as f

New Karanesa's so-called "short vowels" (not to be confused with phonetically short vowels) are /i u e o ə/; these are written with respectively. The other vowels /ɨː eː oː ɛː ɔː a əː/ are written with accents on the closest short vowel: <î/û é ó ê ô á â>. The orthography used for /ɨː/ depends on if the following consonant is rounded: it uses <î> if it isn't, and <û> if it is.

===Native script===

==Morphology==




==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
In transitive sentences, New Karanesa tends to place the agent before the verb and the objects after the verb. However, New Karanesa does not have a subject in the Indo-European sense, so this word order is notated "AVO" rather than "SVO". Additionally, the verb can be moved from ''agent trigger'' into ''patient trigger'' with the prefix ''{{term|ko}}''. Both the agent and direct object can also be marked individually as such with ''kwa'' and ''po'' respectively. As a result, the word order of New Karanesa is relatively free, though AVO is the most common word order, followed by OVA.

===Noun phrase===
Adjectives and determiners follow the noun they apply to. Much as in the natural language Spanish, numerals are often considered adjectives, but are placed before the noun, rather than after it. Prepositions and case particles precede the noun they apply to.

When placed in the genitive, a noun is considered an adjective, and is placed after the noun it applies to.

===Verb phrase===
Adverbs are considered a form of adjective, and follow the verb they apply to. However, unlike adjectives, adverbs take on the same tense affix as the verb they apply to. This is likely a holdover from when all adjectives were stative verbs.

===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==

==Other resources==
* [https://astaryuu.neocities.org/conlang/rokadong-phonology Rokadong on Star Dragon's Den]




[[Category:New Karanesa]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

New Karanesa

2024-12-29T05:42:29Z

Astaryuu: /* Phonotactics */

{{privatelang}}
{{ClassMeter
|Name = New Karanesa
|NativeName = Karanesa
|Type = Agglutinative
|Alignment = Austronesian

|adjective = initial
|adposition = initial
|adverb= initial
|article= final
|relativeclause = initial
|nounclause = initial
|order = SVO

|Tonal = No
|Declined = No
|Conjugated = Yes
|Genders = None
|NCase = Yes
|NNumber = No
|NDefiniteness = No
|NGender = No
|VVoice = Yes
|VMood = Yes
|VPerson = No
|VNumber = No
|VTense = Yes
|VAspect = Yes

|Phonology=100
|NounCases=100
|NounDef=100
|NounNumbers=100
|NounGender=100
|VerbPerson=100
|VerbNumber=100
|VerbAspect=100
|VerbTense=100
|VerbMood=100
|VerbVoice=100
|AdjCase=25
|AdjNumber=25
|AdjDef=25
|AdjGen=25
|AdjComparative=75
|AdjSuperlative=75
|Supine=50
|Gerund=25
|Participle=45
|Infinitive=100
|Modality=100
|Words=500}}



'''New Karanesa''' ([[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: [{{IPA|kaˈranɛsa}}]) is a [[Nentan languages|Nentan]] language spoken in Quillan. Derived from the former prestige language in the Quill Kingdom, Imperial Karanesa, New Karanesa is a constructed language maintained to make reading of Karanesa Empire-era and earlier works easier. It is assumed to be mostly compatible with Imperial Karanesa, though they are separated by time, so its compatibility is impossible to evaluate for certain.

==Introduction==
{{main|Rokadong}}

==Etymology==
''Karanesa'' is derived from ''Karane'' (a people group and the name for one of the Quillan calendar's epochs) + ''-asa'' ("from the").

==Phonology==
{{main|New Karanesa phonology}}
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes
|-
!
! colspan="2" | [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
|-
! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal nasal|ɲ]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:stop consonant|Stop]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate|t͡ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | ([[w:Voiced palato-alveolar affricate|d͡ʒ]])
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar stop|ɡ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless uvular stop|q]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:sibilant consonant|Sibilant]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative|ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palato-alveolar fricative|ʒ]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial fricative|ɸ]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|θ]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|x]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | ([[w:Voiced alveolar approximant|ɹ]])
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced labiovelar approximant|w]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:Trill consonant|Rhotic]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral tap|ɺ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|}
====Notes====
* Fricatives /ɸ s ʃ θ/ become voiced [β z ʒ ð] in morpheme-final position.
* The postalveolar fricatives and affricate /(t)ʃ ʒ/ usually are pronounced as palato-alveolar [(t)ɕ ʑ]. The voiced equivalents to /ʃ tʃ/ both are written differently to their unvoiced counterpart, but are usually pronounced [dʑ] in onset position, and [ʑ] in coda position, so these phonemes are merged.
* Many phonemes, particularly /s z k g x/, palatalize to [ɕ ʑ c ʒ ç] when before /j/.
* The voiced velar fricative /ɣ/ is commonly pronounced uvular [ʁ], and may even be a uvular trill [ʀ].
* Approximants /j w ɺ/ tense to suave fricatives [ʝ ɣʷ ɮ] in intervocalic stressed position. In some dialects, this fricated pronunciation for /ɺ/ is actually closer to [ð].
* The alveolar trill /r/ becomes a postalveolar approximant [ɹ̠] (often written as simply [ɹ]) in syllable-final position. This pronunciation is also common for the lateral rhotic in any position.
* The velar nasal /ŋ/ causes the preceding vowel to be nasalized. Morpheme-finally, this absorbs the /ŋ/.

===Vowels===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Vowel phonemes
|-
! !! [[w:Front vowel|Front]] !! [[w:Central vowel|Central]] !! [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]]
| [[w:Close central unrounded vowel|ɨː]]
| [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]]
|-
! [[w:Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
| [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e eː]]
| [[w:Mid central vowel|ə əː]]
| [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o oː]]
|-
! [[w:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
| [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛː]]
|
| [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|ɔː]]
|-
! [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
|
| [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]
|
|}

====Notes====
* /ə əː/ generally tense to something like [a aɐ] before nasals.
* Long vowels with no short vowel equivalent are often pronounced phonetically short: [ɨ ɛ ɔ]. However, these are still considered "long vowels".
* In some dialects, /eː oː/ are turned into diphthongs [ej ow] or raised entirely [iː uː], particularly when stressed; the former is considered a "partial lowering" of historic /iː uː/.
* /ɨː/ is variably rounded, usually depending on if the next vowel is rounded. While the resulting [ʉ] is nonphonemic, it is still written differently in orthography.
** In many dialects, /ə/ and even /a/ also participate in this vowel harmony, but [ɵ ɒ] are not written differently to [ə a].
* The close and close-mid vowels /i e eː u o oː/, are reduced to [ɪ eə eə ʊ oɵ oɵ] before [ɹ]. This results in neutralization of the length contrast in /e eː o oː/.
** The close-mid long vowels /eː oː/ are also reduced at the end of a word, usually to the same result of [eə oɵ].

===Prosody===
New Karanesa is generally described as mora-timed, with short vowels and coda sonorants each providing one mora to the syllable, and long vowels and diphthongs providing two moras.

===Stress and pitch===
New Karanesa is a stress or dynamic-accent language, where stressed syllables are louder and may be lengthened slightly. The Karanesan family does not have a pitch accent system, unlike Rokadong. However, there is often a distinct phrasal pitch pattern: the topic of the sentence often has higher pitch than the surrounding words, and interrogative words also often receive higher pitch.

New Karanesa has a strict limit on stressed syllables: a syllable cannot receive primary stress if only one mora follows it. This means primary stress can only occur on the ultimate or antepenultimate mora, though these morae can be in any of the last three syllables depending on the syllables' content. If the stress is ultimate, the vowel is always phonetically lengthened, even if it is already long. This is unlike other strictly Nentan languages, and more in line with High Kanafan languages.

===Phonotactics===
New Karanesa is a (C)(C)V(C) language. Generally speaking, syllables with one onset consonant and one coda consonant are more common than syllables with two onset consonants, which are more common than full syllables. The only onset clusters that are attested are any non-palatal consonant before an approximant or rhotic (that is, /j w ɺ r/) and any plosive after /s/. Voiced plosives in this situation cause the /s/ to be voiced [z].

New Karanesa's only phonemic diphthongs are /{{IPA|aj aw}}/. However, any two vowels can be separated by only a hiatus as long as the second vowel is not [i u]. This phonetically sounds similar to a diphthong.

The following strings of phonemes that may occur due to affixes or compounding are not allowed:
* Any sonorant followed by itself; if a conflict occurs, one is dropped for consonants.
** Vowel handling under this rule differs between dialects, though usually either they combine to a long vowel, or the latter vowel is given hard attack. Dialects where the latter is common may write such words as if they had an intervening /q/ between the vowels.
* Two consecutive consonants that differ only in voicing; if a conflict occurs, then the voiced vowel is kept unless the prior vowel is phonetically short (/i u e o ə a/) and unstressed, then the unvoiced consonant is kept.

==Orthography==
{{main|New Karanesa orthography}}

New Karanesa may be either written using the Latin alphabet or the Nentan script.
===Romanization===
New Karanesa consonants are written as seen in the IPA, with the following exceptions:
* /{{IPA|ɲ}}/ is written as ny or nh
* /{{IPA|ŋ}}/ is written as ng
* /{{IPA|tʃ}}/ is written as c
* /{{IPA|dʒ}}/ is written as j
* /{{IPA|x}}/ is written as h
* /{{IPA|ɣ}}/ is written as rh
* /{{IPA|ʃ}}/ is written as sh
* /{{IPA|ʒ}}/ is written as zh
* /{{IPA|θ}}/ is written as th
* /{{IPA|ɺ}}/ is written as l
* /{{IPA|j}}/ is written as y
* /{{IPA|ɸ}}/ is written as f

New Karanesa's so-called "short vowels" (not to be confused with phonetically short vowels) are /i u e o ə/; these are written with respectively. The other vowels /ɨː eː oː ɛː ɔː a əː/ are written with accents on the closest short vowel: <î/û é ó ê ô á â>. The orthography used for /ɨː/ depends on if the following consonant is rounded: it uses <î> if it isn't, and <û> if it is.

===Native script===

==Morphology==




==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
In transitive sentences, New Karanesa tends to place the agent before the verb and the objects after the verb. However, New Karanesa does not have a subject in the Indo-European sense, so this word order is notated "AVO" rather than "SVO". Additionally, the verb can be moved from ''agent trigger'' into ''patient trigger'' with the prefix ''{{term|ko}}''. Both the agent and direct object can also be marked individually as such with ''kwa'' and ''po'' respectively. As a result, the word order of New Karanesa is relatively free, though AVO is the most common word order, followed by OVA.

===Noun phrase===
Adjectives and determiners follow the noun they apply to. Much as in the natural language Spanish, numerals are often considered adjectives, but are placed before the noun, rather than after it. Prepositions and case particles precede the noun they apply to.

When placed in the genitive, a noun is considered an adjective, and is placed after the noun it applies to.

===Verb phrase===
Adverbs are considered a form of adjective, and follow the verb they apply to. However, unlike adjectives, adverbs take on the same tense affix as the verb they apply to. This is likely a holdover from when all adjectives were stative verbs.

===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==

==Other resources==
* [https://astaryuu.neocities.org/conlang/rokadong-phonology Rokadong on Star Dragon's Den]




[[Category:New Karanesa]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

New Karanesa

2024-12-29T05:37:47Z

Astaryuu: /* Phonotactics */

{{privatelang}}
{{ClassMeter
|Name = New Karanesa
|NativeName = Karanesa
|Type = Agglutinative
|Alignment = Austronesian

|adjective = initial
|adposition = initial
|adverb= initial
|article= final
|relativeclause = initial
|nounclause = initial
|order = SVO

|Tonal = No
|Declined = No
|Conjugated = Yes
|Genders = None
|NCase = Yes
|NNumber = No
|NDefiniteness = No
|NGender = No
|VVoice = Yes
|VMood = Yes
|VPerson = No
|VNumber = No
|VTense = Yes
|VAspect = Yes

|Phonology=100
|NounCases=100
|NounDef=100
|NounNumbers=100
|NounGender=100
|VerbPerson=100
|VerbNumber=100
|VerbAspect=100
|VerbTense=100
|VerbMood=100
|VerbVoice=100
|AdjCase=25
|AdjNumber=25
|AdjDef=25
|AdjGen=25
|AdjComparative=75
|AdjSuperlative=75
|Supine=50
|Gerund=25
|Participle=45
|Infinitive=100
|Modality=100
|Words=500}}



'''New Karanesa''' ([[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: [{{IPA|kaˈranɛsa}}]) is a [[Nentan languages|Nentan]] language spoken in Quillan. Derived from the former prestige language in the Quill Kingdom, Imperial Karanesa, New Karanesa is a constructed language maintained to make reading of Karanesa Empire-era and earlier works easier. It is assumed to be mostly compatible with Imperial Karanesa, though they are separated by time, so its compatibility is impossible to evaluate for certain.

==Introduction==
{{main|Rokadong}}

==Etymology==
''Karanesa'' is derived from ''Karane'' (a people group and the name for one of the Quillan calendar's epochs) + ''-asa'' ("from the").

==Phonology==
{{main|New Karanesa phonology}}
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes
|-
!
! colspan="2" | [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
|-
! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal nasal|ɲ]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:stop consonant|Stop]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate|t͡ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | ([[w:Voiced palato-alveolar affricate|d͡ʒ]])
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar stop|ɡ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless uvular stop|q]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:sibilant consonant|Sibilant]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative|ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palato-alveolar fricative|ʒ]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial fricative|ɸ]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|θ]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|x]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | ([[w:Voiced alveolar approximant|ɹ]])
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced labiovelar approximant|w]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:Trill consonant|Rhotic]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral tap|ɺ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|}
====Notes====
* Fricatives /ɸ s ʃ θ/ become voiced [β z ʒ ð] in morpheme-final position.
* The postalveolar fricatives and affricate /(t)ʃ ʒ/ usually are pronounced as palato-alveolar [(t)ɕ ʑ]. The voiced equivalents to /ʃ tʃ/ both are written differently to their unvoiced counterpart, but are usually pronounced [dʑ] in onset position, and [ʑ] in coda position, so these phonemes are merged.
* Many phonemes, particularly /s z k g x/, palatalize to [ɕ ʑ c ʒ ç] when before /j/.
* The voiced velar fricative /ɣ/ is commonly pronounced uvular [ʁ], and may even be a uvular trill [ʀ].
* Approximants /j w ɺ/ tense to suave fricatives [ʝ ɣʷ ɮ] in intervocalic stressed position. In some dialects, this fricated pronunciation for /ɺ/ is actually closer to [ð].
* The alveolar trill /r/ becomes a postalveolar approximant [ɹ̠] (often written as simply [ɹ]) in syllable-final position. This pronunciation is also common for the lateral rhotic in any position.
* The velar nasal /ŋ/ causes the preceding vowel to be nasalized. Morpheme-finally, this absorbs the /ŋ/.

===Vowels===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Vowel phonemes
|-
! !! [[w:Front vowel|Front]] !! [[w:Central vowel|Central]] !! [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]]
| [[w:Close central unrounded vowel|ɨː]]
| [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]]
|-
! [[w:Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
| [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e eː]]
| [[w:Mid central vowel|ə əː]]
| [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o oː]]
|-
! [[w:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
| [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛː]]
|
| [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|ɔː]]
|-
! [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
|
| [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]
|
|}

====Notes====
* /ə əː/ generally tense to something like [a aɐ] before nasals.
* Long vowels with no short vowel equivalent are often pronounced phonetically short: [ɨ ɛ ɔ]. However, these are still considered "long vowels".
* In some dialects, /eː oː/ are turned into diphthongs [ej ow] or raised entirely [iː uː], particularly when stressed; the former is considered a "partial lowering" of historic /iː uː/.
* /ɨː/ is variably rounded, usually depending on if the next vowel is rounded. While the resulting [ʉ] is nonphonemic, it is still written differently in orthography.
** In many dialects, /ə/ and even /a/ also participate in this vowel harmony, but [ɵ ɒ] are not written differently to [ə a].
* The close and close-mid vowels /i e eː u o oː/, are reduced to [ɪ eə eə ʊ oɵ oɵ] before [ɹ]. This results in neutralization of the length contrast in /e eː o oː/.
** The close-mid long vowels /eː oː/ are also reduced at the end of a word, usually to the same result of [eə oɵ].

===Prosody===
New Karanesa is generally described as mora-timed, with short vowels and coda sonorants each providing one mora to the syllable, and long vowels and diphthongs providing two moras.

===Stress and pitch===
New Karanesa is a stress or dynamic-accent language, where stressed syllables are louder and may be lengthened slightly. The Karanesan family does not have a pitch accent system, unlike Rokadong. However, there is often a distinct phrasal pitch pattern: the topic of the sentence often has higher pitch than the surrounding words, and interrogative words also often receive higher pitch.

New Karanesa has a strict limit on stressed syllables: a syllable cannot receive primary stress if only one mora follows it. This means primary stress can only occur on the ultimate or antepenultimate mora, though these morae can be in any of the last three syllables depending on the syllables' content. If the stress is ultimate, the vowel is always phonetically lengthened, even if it is already long. This is unlike other strictly Nentan languages, and more in line with High Kanafan languages.

===Phonotactics===
New Karanesa is a (C)(C)V(C) language. Generally speaking, syllables with one onset consonant and one coda consonant are more common than syllables with two onset consonants, which are more common than full syllables. The only onset clusters that are attested are any non-palatal consonant before an approximant or rhotic (that is, /j w ɺ r/) and any plosive after /s/. Voiced plosives in this situation cause the /s/ to be voiced [z].

New Karanesa's only phonemic diphthongs are /{{IPA|aj aw}}/. However, any two vowels can be separated by only a hiatus as long as the second vowel is not [i u]. This phonetically sounds similar to a diphthong.

The following strings of phonemes that may occur due to affixes or compounding are not allowed:
* Any phoneme followed by itself; if a conflict occurs, one is dropped for consonants.
** Vowel handling under this rule differs between dialects, though usually either they combine to a long vowel, or the latter vowel is given hard attack. Dialects where the latter is common may write such words as if they had an intervening /q/ between the vowels.
* Two consecutive consonants that differ only in voicing; if a conflict occurs, then the voiced vowel is kept unless the prior vowel is phonetically short (/i u e o ə a/) and unstressed, then the unvoiced consonant is kept.

==Orthography==
{{main|New Karanesa orthography}}

New Karanesa may be either written using the Latin alphabet or the Nentan script.
===Romanization===
New Karanesa consonants are written as seen in the IPA, with the following exceptions:
* /{{IPA|ɲ}}/ is written as ny or nh
* /{{IPA|ŋ}}/ is written as ng
* /{{IPA|tʃ}}/ is written as c
* /{{IPA|dʒ}}/ is written as j
* /{{IPA|x}}/ is written as h
* /{{IPA|ɣ}}/ is written as rh
* /{{IPA|ʃ}}/ is written as sh
* /{{IPA|ʒ}}/ is written as zh
* /{{IPA|θ}}/ is written as th
* /{{IPA|ɺ}}/ is written as l
* /{{IPA|j}}/ is written as y
* /{{IPA|ɸ}}/ is written as f

New Karanesa's so-called "short vowels" (not to be confused with phonetically short vowels) are /i u e o ə/; these are written with respectively. The other vowels /ɨː eː oː ɛː ɔː a əː/ are written with accents on the closest short vowel: <î/û é ó ê ô á â>. The orthography used for /ɨː/ depends on if the following consonant is rounded: it uses <î> if it isn't, and <û> if it is.

===Native script===

==Morphology==




==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
In transitive sentences, New Karanesa tends to place the agent before the verb and the objects after the verb. However, New Karanesa does not have a subject in the Indo-European sense, so this word order is notated "AVO" rather than "SVO". Additionally, the verb can be moved from ''agent trigger'' into ''patient trigger'' with the prefix ''{{term|ko}}''. Both the agent and direct object can also be marked individually as such with ''kwa'' and ''po'' respectively. As a result, the word order of New Karanesa is relatively free, though AVO is the most common word order, followed by OVA.

===Noun phrase===
Adjectives and determiners follow the noun they apply to. Much as in the natural language Spanish, numerals are often considered adjectives, but are placed before the noun, rather than after it. Prepositions and case particles precede the noun they apply to.

When placed in the genitive, a noun is considered an adjective, and is placed after the noun it applies to.

===Verb phrase===
Adverbs are considered a form of adjective, and follow the verb they apply to. However, unlike adjectives, adverbs take on the same tense affix as the verb they apply to. This is likely a holdover from when all adjectives were stative verbs.

===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==

==Other resources==
* [https://astaryuu.neocities.org/conlang/rokadong-phonology Rokadong on Star Dragon's Den]




[[Category:New Karanesa]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

New Karanesa

2024-12-29T05:37:11Z

Astaryuu: /* Phonotactics */

{{privatelang}}
{{ClassMeter
|Name = New Karanesa
|NativeName = Karanesa
|Type = Agglutinative
|Alignment = Austronesian

|adjective = initial
|adposition = initial
|adverb= initial
|article= final
|relativeclause = initial
|nounclause = initial
|order = SVO

|Tonal = No
|Declined = No
|Conjugated = Yes
|Genders = None
|NCase = Yes
|NNumber = No
|NDefiniteness = No
|NGender = No
|VVoice = Yes
|VMood = Yes
|VPerson = No
|VNumber = No
|VTense = Yes
|VAspect = Yes

|Phonology=100
|NounCases=100
|NounDef=100
|NounNumbers=100
|NounGender=100
|VerbPerson=100
|VerbNumber=100
|VerbAspect=100
|VerbTense=100
|VerbMood=100
|VerbVoice=100
|AdjCase=25
|AdjNumber=25
|AdjDef=25
|AdjGen=25
|AdjComparative=75
|AdjSuperlative=75
|Supine=50
|Gerund=25
|Participle=45
|Infinitive=100
|Modality=100
|Words=500}}



'''New Karanesa''' ([[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: [{{IPA|kaˈranɛsa}}]) is a [[Nentan languages|Nentan]] language spoken in Quillan. Derived from the former prestige language in the Quill Kingdom, Imperial Karanesa, New Karanesa is a constructed language maintained to make reading of Karanesa Empire-era and earlier works easier. It is assumed to be mostly compatible with Imperial Karanesa, though they are separated by time, so its compatibility is impossible to evaluate for certain.

==Introduction==
{{main|Rokadong}}

==Etymology==
''Karanesa'' is derived from ''Karane'' (a people group and the name for one of the Quillan calendar's epochs) + ''-asa'' ("from the").

==Phonology==
{{main|New Karanesa phonology}}
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes
|-
!
! colspan="2" | [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
|-
! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal nasal|ɲ]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:stop consonant|Stop]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate|t͡ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | ([[w:Voiced palato-alveolar affricate|d͡ʒ]])
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar stop|ɡ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless uvular stop|q]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:sibilant consonant|Sibilant]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative|ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palato-alveolar fricative|ʒ]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial fricative|ɸ]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|θ]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|x]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | ([[w:Voiced alveolar approximant|ɹ]])
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced labiovelar approximant|w]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:Trill consonant|Rhotic]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral tap|ɺ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|}
====Notes====
* Fricatives /ɸ s ʃ θ/ become voiced [β z ʒ ð] in morpheme-final position.
* The postalveolar fricatives and affricate /(t)ʃ ʒ/ usually are pronounced as palato-alveolar [(t)ɕ ʑ]. The voiced equivalents to /ʃ tʃ/ both are written differently to their unvoiced counterpart, but are usually pronounced [dʑ] in onset position, and [ʑ] in coda position, so these phonemes are merged.
* Many phonemes, particularly /s z k g x/, palatalize to [ɕ ʑ c ʒ ç] when before /j/.
* The voiced velar fricative /ɣ/ is commonly pronounced uvular [ʁ], and may even be a uvular trill [ʀ].
* Approximants /j w ɺ/ tense to suave fricatives [ʝ ɣʷ ɮ] in intervocalic stressed position. In some dialects, this fricated pronunciation for /ɺ/ is actually closer to [ð].
* The alveolar trill /r/ becomes a postalveolar approximant [ɹ̠] (often written as simply [ɹ]) in syllable-final position. This pronunciation is also common for the lateral rhotic in any position.
* The velar nasal /ŋ/ causes the preceding vowel to be nasalized. Morpheme-finally, this absorbs the /ŋ/.

===Vowels===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Vowel phonemes
|-
! !! [[w:Front vowel|Front]] !! [[w:Central vowel|Central]] !! [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]]
| [[w:Close central unrounded vowel|ɨː]]
| [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]]
|-
! [[w:Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
| [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e eː]]
| [[w:Mid central vowel|ə əː]]
| [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o oː]]
|-
! [[w:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
| [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛː]]
|
| [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|ɔː]]
|-
! [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
|
| [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]
|
|}

====Notes====
* /ə əː/ generally tense to something like [a aɐ] before nasals.
* Long vowels with no short vowel equivalent are often pronounced phonetically short: [ɨ ɛ ɔ]. However, these are still considered "long vowels".
* In some dialects, /eː oː/ are turned into diphthongs [ej ow] or raised entirely [iː uː], particularly when stressed; the former is considered a "partial lowering" of historic /iː uː/.
* /ɨː/ is variably rounded, usually depending on if the next vowel is rounded. While the resulting [ʉ] is nonphonemic, it is still written differently in orthography.
** In many dialects, /ə/ and even /a/ also participate in this vowel harmony, but [ɵ ɒ] are not written differently to [ə a].
* The close and close-mid vowels /i e eː u o oː/, are reduced to [ɪ eə eə ʊ oɵ oɵ] before [ɹ]. This results in neutralization of the length contrast in /e eː o oː/.
** The close-mid long vowels /eː oː/ are also reduced at the end of a word, usually to the same result of [eə oɵ].

===Prosody===
New Karanesa is generally described as mora-timed, with short vowels and coda sonorants each providing one mora to the syllable, and long vowels and diphthongs providing two moras.

===Stress and pitch===
New Karanesa is a stress or dynamic-accent language, where stressed syllables are louder and may be lengthened slightly. The Karanesan family does not have a pitch accent system, unlike Rokadong. However, there is often a distinct phrasal pitch pattern: the topic of the sentence often has higher pitch than the surrounding words, and interrogative words also often receive higher pitch.

New Karanesa has a strict limit on stressed syllables: a syllable cannot receive primary stress if only one mora follows it. This means primary stress can only occur on the ultimate or antepenultimate mora, though these morae can be in any of the last three syllables depending on the syllables' content. If the stress is ultimate, the vowel is always phonetically lengthened, even if it is already long. This is unlike other strictly Nentan languages, and more in line with High Kanafan languages.

===Phonotactics===
New Karanesa is a (C)(C)V(C) language. Generally speaking, syllables with one onset consonant and one coda consonant are more common than syllables with two onset consonants, which are more common than full syllables. The only onset clusters that are attested are any non-palatal consonant before an approximant or rhotic (that is, /j w ɺ r/) and any plosive after /s z/.

New Karanesa's only phonemic diphthongs are /{{IPA|aj aw}}/. However, any two vowels can be separated by only a hiatus as long as the second vowel is not [i u]. This phonetically sounds similar to a diphthong.

The following strings of phonemes that may occur due to affixes or compounding are not allowed:
* Any phoneme followed by itself; if a conflict occurs, one is dropped for consonants.
** Vowel handling under this rule differs between dialects, though usually either they combine to a long vowel, or the latter vowel is given hard attack. Dialects where the latter is common may write such words as if they had an intervening /q/ between the vowels.
* Two consecutive consonants that differ only in voicing; if a conflict occurs, then the voiced vowel is kept unless the prior vowel is phonetically short (/i u e o ə a/) and unstressed, then the unvoiced consonant is kept.

==Orthography==
{{main|New Karanesa orthography}}

New Karanesa may be either written using the Latin alphabet or the Nentan script.
===Romanization===
New Karanesa consonants are written as seen in the IPA, with the following exceptions:
* /{{IPA|ɲ}}/ is written as ny or nh
* /{{IPA|ŋ}}/ is written as ng
* /{{IPA|tʃ}}/ is written as c
* /{{IPA|dʒ}}/ is written as j
* /{{IPA|x}}/ is written as h
* /{{IPA|ɣ}}/ is written as rh
* /{{IPA|ʃ}}/ is written as sh
* /{{IPA|ʒ}}/ is written as zh
* /{{IPA|θ}}/ is written as th
* /{{IPA|ɺ}}/ is written as l
* /{{IPA|j}}/ is written as y
* /{{IPA|ɸ}}/ is written as f

New Karanesa's so-called "short vowels" (not to be confused with phonetically short vowels) are /i u e o ə/; these are written with respectively. The other vowels /ɨː eː oː ɛː ɔː a əː/ are written with accents on the closest short vowel: <î/û é ó ê ô á â>. The orthography used for /ɨː/ depends on if the following consonant is rounded: it uses <î> if it isn't, and <û> if it is.

===Native script===

==Morphology==




==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
In transitive sentences, New Karanesa tends to place the agent before the verb and the objects after the verb. However, New Karanesa does not have a subject in the Indo-European sense, so this word order is notated "AVO" rather than "SVO". Additionally, the verb can be moved from ''agent trigger'' into ''patient trigger'' with the prefix ''{{term|ko}}''. Both the agent and direct object can also be marked individually as such with ''kwa'' and ''po'' respectively. As a result, the word order of New Karanesa is relatively free, though AVO is the most common word order, followed by OVA.

===Noun phrase===
Adjectives and determiners follow the noun they apply to. Much as in the natural language Spanish, numerals are often considered adjectives, but are placed before the noun, rather than after it. Prepositions and case particles precede the noun they apply to.

When placed in the genitive, a noun is considered an adjective, and is placed after the noun it applies to.

===Verb phrase===
Adverbs are considered a form of adjective, and follow the verb they apply to. However, unlike adjectives, adverbs take on the same tense affix as the verb they apply to. This is likely a holdover from when all adjectives were stative verbs.

===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==

==Other resources==
* [https://astaryuu.neocities.org/conlang/rokadong-phonology Rokadong on Star Dragon's Den]




[[Category:New Karanesa]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

New Karanesa

2024-12-29T05:11:27Z

Astaryuu: /* Romanization */

{{privatelang}}
{{ClassMeter
|Name = New Karanesa
|NativeName = Karanesa
|Type = Agglutinative
|Alignment = Austronesian

|adjective = initial
|adposition = initial
|adverb= initial
|article= final
|relativeclause = initial
|nounclause = initial
|order = SVO

|Tonal = No
|Declined = No
|Conjugated = Yes
|Genders = None
|NCase = Yes
|NNumber = No
|NDefiniteness = No
|NGender = No
|VVoice = Yes
|VMood = Yes
|VPerson = No
|VNumber = No
|VTense = Yes
|VAspect = Yes

|Phonology=100
|NounCases=100
|NounDef=100
|NounNumbers=100
|NounGender=100
|VerbPerson=100
|VerbNumber=100
|VerbAspect=100
|VerbTense=100
|VerbMood=100
|VerbVoice=100
|AdjCase=25
|AdjNumber=25
|AdjDef=25
|AdjGen=25
|AdjComparative=75
|AdjSuperlative=75
|Supine=50
|Gerund=25
|Participle=45
|Infinitive=100
|Modality=100
|Words=500}}



'''New Karanesa''' ([[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: [{{IPA|kaˈranɛsa}}]) is a [[Nentan languages|Nentan]] language spoken in Quillan. Derived from the former prestige language in the Quill Kingdom, Imperial Karanesa, New Karanesa is a constructed language maintained to make reading of Karanesa Empire-era and earlier works easier. It is assumed to be mostly compatible with Imperial Karanesa, though they are separated by time, so its compatibility is impossible to evaluate for certain.

==Introduction==
{{main|Rokadong}}

==Etymology==
''Karanesa'' is derived from ''Karane'' (a people group and the name for one of the Quillan calendar's epochs) + ''-asa'' ("from the").

==Phonology==
{{main|New Karanesa phonology}}
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes
|-
!
! colspan="2" | [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
! colspan="2" | [[w:Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
|-
! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal nasal|ɲ]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:stop consonant|Stop]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate|t͡ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | ([[w:Voiced palato-alveolar affricate|d͡ʒ]])
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar stop|ɡ]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless uvular stop|q]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! [[w:sibilant consonant|Sibilant]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative|ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palato-alveolar fricative|ʒ]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial fricative|ɸ]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|θ]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|x]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | ([[w:Voiced alveolar approximant|ɹ]])
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced labiovelar approximant|w]]
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[w:Trill consonant|Rhotic]]
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral tap|ɺ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]]
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|}
====Notes====
* Fricatives /ɸ s ʃ θ/ become voiced [β z ʒ ð] in morpheme-final position.
* The postalveolar fricatives and affricate /(t)ʃ ʒ/ usually are pronounced as palato-alveolar [(t)ɕ ʑ]. The voiced equivalents to /ʃ tʃ/ both are written differently to their unvoiced counterpart, but are usually pronounced [dʑ] in onset position, and [ʑ] in coda position, so these phonemes are merged.
* Many phonemes, particularly /s z k g x/, palatalize to [ɕ ʑ c ʒ ç] when before /j/.
* The voiced velar fricative /ɣ/ is commonly pronounced uvular [ʁ], and may even be a uvular trill [ʀ].
* Approximants /j w ɺ/ tense to suave fricatives [ʝ ɣʷ ɮ] in intervocalic stressed position. In some dialects, this fricated pronunciation for /ɺ/ is actually closer to [ð].
* The alveolar trill /r/ becomes a postalveolar approximant [ɹ̠] (often written as simply [ɹ]) in syllable-final position. This pronunciation is also common for the lateral rhotic in any position.
* The velar nasal /ŋ/ causes the preceding vowel to be nasalized. Morpheme-finally, this absorbs the /ŋ/.

===Vowels===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Vowel phonemes
|-
! !! [[w:Front vowel|Front]] !! [[w:Central vowel|Central]] !! [[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|i]]
| [[w:Close central unrounded vowel|ɨː]]
| [[w:Close back rounded vowel|u]]
|-
! [[w:Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
| [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|e eː]]
| [[w:Mid central vowel|ə əː]]
| [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|o oː]]
|-
! [[w:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
| [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛː]]
|
| [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|ɔː]]
|-
! [[w:Open vowel|Open]]
|
| [[w:Open front unrounded vowel|a]]
|
|}

====Notes====
* /ə əː/ generally tense to something like [a aɐ] before nasals.
* Long vowels with no short vowel equivalent are often pronounced phonetically short: [ɨ ɛ ɔ]. However, these are still considered "long vowels".
* In some dialects, /eː oː/ are turned into diphthongs [ej ow] or raised entirely [iː uː], particularly when stressed; the former is considered a "partial lowering" of historic /iː uː/.
* /ɨː/ is variably rounded, usually depending on if the next vowel is rounded. While the resulting [ʉ] is nonphonemic, it is still written differently in orthography.
** In many dialects, /ə/ and even /a/ also participate in this vowel harmony, but [ɵ ɒ] are not written differently to [ə a].
* The close and close-mid vowels /i e eː u o oː/, are reduced to [ɪ eə eə ʊ oɵ oɵ] before [ɹ]. This results in neutralization of the length contrast in /e eː o oː/.
** The close-mid long vowels /eː oː/ are also reduced at the end of a word, usually to the same result of [eə oɵ].

===Prosody===
New Karanesa is generally described as mora-timed, with short vowels and coda sonorants each providing one mora to the syllable, and long vowels and diphthongs providing two moras.

===Stress and pitch===
New Karanesa is a stress or dynamic-accent language, where stressed syllables are louder and may be lengthened slightly. The Karanesan family does not have a pitch accent system, unlike Rokadong. However, there is often a distinct phrasal pitch pattern: the topic of the sentence often has higher pitch than the surrounding words, and interrogative words also often receive higher pitch.

New Karanesa has a strict limit on stressed syllables: a syllable cannot receive primary stress if only one mora follows it. This means primary stress can only occur on the ultimate or antepenultimate mora, though these morae can be in any of the last three syllables depending on the syllables' content. If the stress is ultimate, the vowel is always phonetically lengthened, even if it is already long. This is unlike other strictly Nentan languages, and more in line with High Kanafan languages.

===Phonotactics===
New Karanesa is a (C)(C)V(C) language. Generally speaking, syllables with one onset consonant and one coda consonant are more common than syllables with two onset consonants, which are more common than full syllables. The only onset clusters that can have a coda consonant are any non-palatal consonant before an approximant or rhotic (that is, /j w ɺ r/) and any plosive after /s z/.

New Karanesa's only phonemic diphthongs are /{{IPA|aj aw}}/. However, any two vowels can be separated by only a hiatus as long as the second vowel is not [i u]. This phonetically sounds similar to a diphthong.

The following strings of phonemes that may occur due to affixes or compounding are not allowed:
* Any phoneme followed by itself; if a conflict occurs, one is dropped for consonants.
** Vowel handling under this rule differs between dialects, though usually either they combine to a long vowel, or the latter vowel is given hard attack. Dialects where the latter is common may write such words as if they had an intervening /q/ between the vowels.
* Two consecutive consonants that differ only in voicing; if a conflict occurs, then the voiced vowel is kept unless the prior vowel is phonetically short (/i u e o ə a/) and unstressed, then the unvoiced consonant is kept.

==Orthography==
{{main|New Karanesa orthography}}

New Karanesa may be either written using the Latin alphabet or the Nentan script.
===Romanization===
New Karanesa consonants are written as seen in the IPA, with the following exceptions:
* /{{IPA|ɲ}}/ is written as ny or nh
* /{{IPA|ŋ}}/ is written as ng
* /{{IPA|tʃ}}/ is written as c
* /{{IPA|dʒ}}/ is written as j
* /{{IPA|x}}/ is written as h
* /{{IPA|ɣ}}/ is written as rh
* /{{IPA|ʃ}}/ is written as sh
* /{{IPA|ʒ}}/ is written as zh
* /{{IPA|θ}}/ is written as th
* /{{IPA|ɺ}}/ is written as l
* /{{IPA|j}}/ is written as y
* /{{IPA|ɸ}}/ is written as f

New Karanesa's so-called "short vowels" (not to be confused with phonetically short vowels) are /i u e o ə/; these are written with respectively. The other vowels /ɨː eː oː ɛː ɔː a əː/ are written with accents on the closest short vowel: <î/û é ó ê ô á â>. The orthography used for /ɨː/ depends on if the following consonant is rounded: it uses <î> if it isn't, and <û> if it is.

===Native script===

==Morphology==




==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
In transitive sentences, New Karanesa tends to place the agent before the verb and the objects after the verb. However, New Karanesa does not have a subject in the Indo-European sense, so this word order is notated "AVO" rather than "SVO". Additionally, the verb can be moved from ''agent trigger'' into ''patient trigger'' with the prefix ''{{term|ko}}''. Both the agent and direct object can also be marked individually as such with ''kwa'' and ''po'' respectively. As a result, the word order of New Karanesa is relatively free, though AVO is the most common word order, followed by OVA.

===Noun phrase===
Adjectives and determiners follow the noun they apply to. Much as in the natural language Spanish, numerals are often considered adjectives, but are placed before the noun, rather than after it. Prepositions and case particles precede the noun they apply to.

When placed in the genitive, a noun is considered an adjective, and is placed after the noun it applies to.

===Verb phrase===
Adverbs are considered a form of adjective, and follow the verb they apply to. However, unlike adjectives, adverbs take on the same tense affix as the verb they apply to. This is likely a holdover from when all adjectives were stative verbs.

===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===


==Example texts==

==Other resources==
* [https://astaryuu.neocities.org/conlang/rokadong-phonology Rokadong on Star Dragon's Den]




[[Category:New Karanesa]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]