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2026-04-04T15:13:31Z
User contributions
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https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=User:AlbertVen&diff=95909
User:AlbertVen
2017-12-29T10:27:37Z
<p>AlbertVen: </p>
<hr />
<div>My main interests are Generative Syntax, Slavic Languages, Italo-Romance Languages, Comparative and Historical Linguistics.<br />
<br />
<br />
Constructed languages, in my view, are a way to empirically use syntactic features and realise how they work.<br />
<br />
<br />
His first constructed language, Alvinian, was born in 2013 and is now a full-fledged language with its own grammar and some simple literary texts.<br />
His second constructed language, Proto-Initramian, was started in 2016 and, despite having already developed quite a consistent vocabulary, it hasn't been used productively yet.<br />
<br />
<br />
Languages I can speak: Italian, Venetan, Serbian, Russian, Slovene, Spanish, Portuguese, English, German, Dutch.<br />
<br />
Languages I can only understand: French, Romansh, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Ukrainian, Belarusian.</div>
AlbertVen
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Alvinian&diff=95908
Alvinian
2017-12-29T09:58:30Z
<p>AlbertVen: </p>
<hr />
<div>Alvinian (Алвини Език, Alvini Ezik) is a Southern Slavic language based on Old Slovene, which has been significantly influenced by Venetan, an Italo-Romance language spoken in North-Eastern Italy, and other Slavic languages, especially Serbian and Russian.<br />
<br />
{{Infobox language<br />
|creator = [[User:AlbertVen|AlbertVen]]<br />
|name = Alvinian<br />
|nativename = Алвини Език, Alvini Ezik<br />
|region =<br />
|states =<br />
|speakers = <br />
|date = 2013<br />
|familycolor = Indo-European<br />
|fam1=[[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]<br />
|fam2=[[w:Slavic languages|Slavic]]<br />
|fam3 = Southern Slavic<br />
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
<br />
=Alphabet=<br />
Alvinian uses both '''Cyrillic''' and '''Latin''' script. The alphabets have an equal status, although latin is usually preferred in informal texts, while cyrillic is normally used in normative, scientific and official texts.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
|-<br />
!Cyrillic<br />
!Latin<br />
!IPA value<br />
|-<br />
|А а ||A a ||/a/<br />
|-<br />
|Б б ||B b ||/b/<br />
|-<br />
|В в ||V v ||/v/<br />
|-<br />
|Г г ||G g ||/ɡ/<br />
|-<br />
|Д д ||D d ||/d/<br />
|-<br />
|Џ џ ||Ğ ğ ||/dʑ/<br />
|-<br />
|Е е ||E e ||/ɛ/ (stressed); /e/ (unstressed)<br />
|-<br />
|Ж ж ||Ž ž ||/ʐ/<br />
|-<br />
|З з ||Z z ||/z/<br />
|-<br />
|И и ||I i ||/i/<br />
|-<br />
|Ј ј ||J j ||/ʝ/<br />
|-<br />
|К к ||K k ||/k/<br />
|-<br />
|Л л ||L l ||/l/<br />
|-<br />
|Ԡ ԡ ||L̆ l̆ ||/ʎ/<br />
|-<br />
|М м ||M m ||/m/<br />
|-<br />
|Н н ||N n ||/n/<br />
|-<br />
|Ԣ ԣ ||Ň ň ||/ɲ/<br />
|-<br />
|О о ||O o ||/ɔ/ (stressed); /о/ (unstressed)<br />
|-<br />
|П п ||P p ||/p/<br />
|-<br />
|Р р ||R r ||/ɾ/<br />
|-<br />
|С с ||S s ||/s/<br />
|-<br />
|Т т ||T t ||/t/<br />
|-<br />
|У у ||U u ||/u/<br />
|-<br />
|Ф ф ||F f ||/f/<br />
|-<br />
|Х х ||H h ||/x/<br />
|-<br />
|Ц ц ||C c ||/ts/<br />
|-<br />
|Ч ч ||Č č ||/tɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|Ш ш ||Š š ||/ʂ/<br />
|-<br />
|Һ һ ||X x ||/dz/<br />
|-<br />
|Я я ||Ą ą ||/ɔ̃/<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
=Grammar=<br />
<br />
==Nouns==<br />
Alvinian inflects nouns for '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural''), '''gender''' (''masculine, feminine, neuter'') and '''case''' (''nominative, genitive, accusative, dative''). The declensions are divided into '''masculine''', '''feminine''' and '''neuter'''.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Masculine - Ušnik (''Student'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Ušnik<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušniki<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnikov<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Ušnik<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnike<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Ušniku<br />
|Ušnikam<br />
|Ušnikima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Feminine - Niga (''Book'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Niga<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nige<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Nige<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nig<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Nigu<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nige<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nigam<br />
|Nigima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Neuter - Revo (''Tree'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Revo<br />
|Revi<br />
|Revą<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Reva<br />
|Revi<br />
|Rev<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Revo<br />
|Revi<br />
|Revą<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Revu<br />
|Revam<br />
|Revima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
==Adjectives==<br />
<br />
===Descriptive adjectives===<br />
Alvinian adjectives are inflected for '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural''), '''gender''' (''masculine, feminine, neuter'') and '''case''' (''nominative, genitive, accusative, dative''). There are three degrees of '''comparison''': ''positive, comparative'' and ''superlative''.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Masculine - Zobri (''Good'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Zobri<br />
|Zobra<br />
|Zobri<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Zobreg<br />
|Zobra<br />
|Zobrih<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Zobreg<br />
|Zobra<br />
|Zobrih<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Zobrem<br />
|Zobrim<br />
|Zobrim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Feminine - Zobra (''Good'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Zobra<br />
|Zobri<br />
|Zobre<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Zobre<br />
|Zobri<br />
|Zobrih<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Zobru<br />
|Zobri<br />
|Zobrih<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Zobrej<br />
|Zobrim<br />
|Zobrim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Neuter - Zobro (''Good'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Zobro<br />
|Zobri<br />
|Zobrą<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Zobreg<br />
|Zobra<br />
|Zobrih<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Zobreg<br />
|Zobri<br />
|Zobrih<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Zobrem<br />
|Zobrim<br />
|Zobrim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Comparative and Superlative====<br />
The '''Comparative''' is formed by attaching the prefix '''''pre-''''' to the positive form; the '''Superlative''' is formed by attaching the prefix '''''naj-''''' to the positive form. Both Comparative and Superlative adjectives are inflected according to the regular adjectival declension.<br />
<br />
''Zobri < '''Pre'''zobri < '''Naj'''zobri''<br />
<br />
====Predicative context====<br />
When used as a predicative (the complement of the verb to be), the adjective adds the invariable suffix '''''-om''''' (masculine and neuter) and '''''-oj''''' (feminine) to the stem.<br />
<br />
''Zobr-'''i''' > Zobr-'''om'''''<br />
<br />
''Zobr-'''a''' > Zobr-'''oj'''''<br />
<br />
<br />
==Pronouns==<br />
<br />
===Personal Pronouns===<br />
Alvinian personal pronouns are inflected for '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural''), '''person''', '''case''' (''nominative, genitive, accusative, dative'') and the 3rd persons are inflected also for '''gender''' (''masculine/neuter, feminine'').<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!<br />
!1S<br />
!2S<br />
!3S m,n<br />
!3S f<br />
!1D<br />
!2D<br />
!3D<br />
!1P<br />
!2P<br />
!3P m, f, n<br />
|-<br />
!Nom<br />
|Mi<br />
|Ti<br />
|El, Elo<br />
|Ela<br />
|Naj<br />
|Vaj<br />
|Laj<br />
|Ni<br />
|Vi<br />
|Eli, Ele, Elą<br />
|-<br />
!Gen<br />
|Meg<br />
|Teg<br />
|Neg<br />
|Ne<br />
|Nas<br />
|Vas<br />
|Las<br />
|Nih<br />
|Vih<br />
|Lih<br />
|-<br />
!Acc<br />
|Men<br />
|Ten<br />
|Nen<br />
|Nu<br />
|Nas<br />
|Vas<br />
|Las<br />
|Nih<br />
|Vih<br />
|Lih<br />
|-<br />
!Dat<br />
|Mom<br />
|Tom<br />
|Nem<br />
|Nom<br />
|Nama<br />
|Vama<br />
|Lima<br />
|Nam<br />
|Vam<br />
|Lim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Subject Clitics====<br />
Alvinian has a second serie of subject pronouns, which are clitic elements derived from full personal pronouns. These elements function only as markers of the agreement with the subject, and they are obligatorily realised together with the verb in a sentence.<br />
Subject Clitics are normally proclitic in declarative sentences (they come before the verb) and enclitic in interrogative sentences (they follow the verb). <br />
Subject Clitics are not inflected for case, since they always encode the relation of agreement with the subject, but they inflect for '''person''', '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural'') and the 3rd persons are also inflected for '''gender''' (''masculine, feminine, neuter)''.<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Subject Pronoun<br />
!1S<br />
!2S<br />
!3Sm<br />
!3Sf<br />
!3Sn<br />
!1D<br />
!2D<br />
!3D<br />
!1P<br />
!2P<br />
!3Pm<br />
!3Pf<br />
!3Pn<br />
|-<br />
!Full<br />
|Mi<br />
|Ti<br />
|El<br />
|Ela<br />
|Elo<br />
|Naj<br />
|Vaj<br />
|Laj<br />
|Ni<br />
|Vi<br />
|Eli<br />
|Ele<br />
|Elą<br />
|-<br />
!Clitic<br />
|Me<br />
|Te<br />
|El<br />
|La<br />
|Lo<br />
|Na<br />
|Va<br />
|La<br />
|Ne<br />
|Ve<br />
|Li<br />
|Le<br />
|Lą<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Subject Clitics are also called '''subject doublers''', since they have to be realised also in a sentence with an overt full pronominal subject or with an overt referential nominal subject.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!<br />
!Subject Clitic + Verb<br />
!Full Pronoun + Subject Clitic + Verb<br />
!Referential Noun + Subject Clitic + Verb<br />
|-<br />
!Declarative<br />
|'''''La''''' že<br />
|Ela '''''la''''' že<br />
|Lara '''''la''''' že<br />
|-<br />
!Translation<br />
|'''''She''''' is<br />
|She '''''she''''' is<br />
|Lara '''''she''''' is<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Relative pronouns===<br />
<br />
===Possessive pronouns===<br />
Alvinian possessive pronouns are inflected for '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural''), '''gender''' (''masculine, feminine, neuter'') and '''case''' (''nominative, genitive, accusative, dative''). They are inflected according to the regular adjectival declension. They can be used as possessive adjectives as well.<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!-<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!1<br />
|Meni<br />
|Nani<br />
|Neni<br />
|-<br />
!2<br />
|Tevi<br />
|Vani<br />
|Veni<br />
|-<br />
!3<br />
|Sevi (m/n), Eni (f)<br />
|Lani<br />
|Leni<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Demonstrative pronouns===<br />
Alvinian demonstrative pronouns are inflected for '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural''), '''gender''' (''masculine, feminine, neuter'') and '''case''' (''nominative, genitive, accusative, dative''). They are inflected according to the regular adjectival declension. They can be used as demonstrative adjectives as well.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Proximal<br />
!Medial<br />
!Distal<br />
|-<br />
|Voti<br />
|Toti<br />
|Noti<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Indefinite pronouns===<br />
<br />
===Interrogative pronouns===<br />
<br />
===Numerals===<br />
==Verbs==<br />
<br />
===Finite Tenses===<br />
Alvinian '''Present''' tense covers more or less the functions of English Present Simple and Present Continuous. Verbal morphology is very limited. Verbs in the present tense consist of a single form (the stem) which is combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the full conjugation.<br />
Alvinian '''Aorist''' covers more or less the functions of English Past Simple and Past Perfect. The form consists of the stem of the verb with the addition of an ''-s'' morpheme at the end of it, and it has to be combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the conjugation.<br />
The meaning of Alvinian '''Imperfect''' is that of a continuous or repeated action taking place in the past. The form consists of the stem of the verb with the addition of a ''-k'' morpheme at the end of it, and it has to be combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the conjugation.<br />
Alvinian '''Future''' tense covers all the meanings of actions taking place in the future. The form consists of the stem of the verb with the addition of a ''-bo'' morpheme at the end of it, and it has to be combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the conjugation.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Verb "že" (to be)<br />
!Present<br />
!Aorist<br />
!Imperfect<br />
!Future<br />
|-<br />
!1S<br />
|Me že<br />
|Me žes<br />
|Me žek<br />
|Me žebo<br />
|-<br />
!2S<br />
|Te že<br />
|Te žes<br />
|Te žek<br />
|Te žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Sm<br />
|El že<br />
|El žes<br />
|El žek<br />
|El žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Sf<br />
|La že<br />
|La žes<br />
|La žek<br />
|La žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Sn<br />
|Lo že<br />
|Lo žes<br />
|Lo žek<br />
|Lo žebo<br />
|-<br />
!1D<br />
|Na že<br />
|Na žes<br />
|Na žek<br />
|Na žebo<br />
|-<br />
!2D<br />
|Va že<br />
|Va žes<br />
|Va žek<br />
|Va žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3D<br />
|La že<br />
|La žes<br />
|La žek<br />
|La žebo<br />
|-<br />
!1P<br />
|Ne že<br />
|Ne žes<br />
|Ne žek<br />
|Ne žebo<br />
|-<br />
!2P<br />
|Ve že<br />
|Ve žes<br />
|Ve žek<br />
|Ve žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Pm<br />
|Li že<br />
|Li žes<br />
|Li žek<br />
|Li žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Pf<br />
|Le že<br />
|Le žes<br />
|Le žek<br />
|Le žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Pn<br />
|Lą že<br />
|Lą žes<br />
|Lą žek<br />
|Lą žebo<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Conditional===<br />
Just like finite verbs, conditional mood is realised by attaching the particle '''''-bi''''''' at the end of the present stem. The negative conditional is formed by attaching the usual '''''ni-''''' before the verbal stem.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Subject Clitic<br />
!Conditional <br />
!Negative conditional<br />
|-<br />
|Me, Te, El, La, Lo, Na, Va, La, Li, Le, Lą<br />
|Žebi<br />
|Nižebi<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Questions, Negation, Negative questions===<br />
In '''questions''', the clitic + verb complex undergoes an inversion: the clitic, which is found in a proclitic position (before the verb) in declarative sentences, is found in an enclitic position (after the verb) in interrogative questions. The inversion takes places in all tenses. Some clitics (3sf, 3sn, the dual, 3p) don't change with inversion, but some others (1s, 2s, 3sm, 1p, 2p) lose their vowel.<br />
The '''negation''' is formed by attaching a '''''ni-''''' morpheme before the verbal stem. This negative particle is attached to all negative verbs in all tenses.<br />
In '''negative questions''', the negative morpheme keeps the same position, while the clitic undergoes the same inversion phenomenon as their positive counterparts.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Verb "že" (to be)<br />
!Declarative<br />
!Interrogative<br />
!Negative<br />
!Neg. Interr.<br />
|-<br />
!1S<br />
|Me že<br />
|Žem?<br />
|Me niže<br />
|Nižem?<br />
|-<br />
!2S<br />
|Te že<br />
|Žet?<br />
|Te niže<br />
|Nižet?<br />
|-<br />
!3Sm<br />
|El že<br />
|Žel?<br />
|El niže<br />
|Nižel?<br />
|-<br />
!3Sf<br />
|La že<br />
|Žela?<br />
|La niže<br />
|Nižela?<br />
|-<br />
!3Sn<br />
|Lo že<br />
|Želo?<br />
|Lo niže<br />
|Niželo?<br />
|-<br />
!1D<br />
|Na že<br />
|Žena?<br />
|Na niže<br />
|Nižena?<br />
|-<br />
!2D<br />
|Va že<br />
|Ževa?<br />
|Va niže<br />
|Niževa?<br />
|-<br />
!3D<br />
|La že<br />
|Žela?<br />
|La niže<br />
|Nižela?<br />
|-<br />
!1P<br />
|Ne že<br />
|Žen?<br />
|Ne niže<br />
|Nižen?<br />
|-<br />
!2P<br />
|Ve že<br />
|Žev?<br />
|Ve niže<br />
|Nižev?<br />
|-<br />
!3Pm<br />
|Li že<br />
|Želi?<br />
|Li niže<br />
|Niželi?<br />
|-<br />
!3Pf<br />
|Le že<br />
|Žele?<br />
|Le niže<br />
|Nižele?<br />
|-<br />
!3Pn<br />
|Lą že<br />
|Želą?<br />
|Lą niže<br />
|Niželą?<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Reflexive verbs===<br />
Reflexivity in Alvinian is expressed with the Reflexive Clitic '''''są'''''. This clitic comes immediately after the Subject Clitic and it's written separately from the verb.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Infinitive<br />
!Present<br />
!Aorist<br />
!Negative<br />
!Question<br />
|-<br />
|''Są vavere'' (''to believe'')<br />
|''El są vavere'' (''He believes'')<br />
|''El są vaveres'' (''He believed'')<br />
|''El są nevavere'' ('' He doesn't believe'')<br />
|''Są vaverel?'' (''Does he believe?'')<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
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<br />
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]<br />
[[Category:Languages]]<br />
[[Category:Slavic languages]]</div>
AlbertVen
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Alvinian&diff=95705
Alvinian
2017-12-28T11:01:29Z
<p>AlbertVen: </p>
<hr />
<div>Alvinian (Алвини Език, Alvini Ezik) is a Southern Slavic language based on Old Slovene, which has been significantly influenced by Venetan, an Italo-Romance language spoken in North-Eastern Italy, and other Slavic languages, especially Serbian and Russian.<br />
<br />
{{Infobox language<br />
|creator = [[User:AlbertVen|AlbertVen]]<br />
|name = Alvinian<br />
|nativename = Алвини Език, Alvini Ezik<br />
|region =<br />
|states =<br />
|speakers = <br />
|date = 2013<br />
|familycolor = Indo-European<br />
|fam1=[[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]<br />
|fam2=[[w:Slavic languages|Slavic]]<br />
|fam3 = Southern Slavic<br />
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
<br />
=Alphabet=<br />
Alvinian uses both '''Cyrillic''' and '''Latin''' script. The alphabets have an equal status, although latin is usually preferred in informal texts, while cyrillic is normally used in normative, scientific and official texts.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
|-<br />
!Cyrillic<br />
!Latin<br />
!IPA value<br />
|-<br />
|А а ||A a ||/a/<br />
|-<br />
|Б б ||B b ||/b/<br />
|-<br />
|В в ||V v ||/v/<br />
|-<br />
|Г г ||G g ||/ɡ/<br />
|-<br />
|Д д ||D d ||/d/<br />
|-<br />
|Џ џ ||Ğ ğ ||/dʑ/<br />
|-<br />
|Е е ||E e ||/ɛ/ (stressed); /e/ (unstressed)<br />
|-<br />
|Ж ж ||Ž ž ||/ʐ/<br />
|-<br />
|З з ||Z z ||/z/<br />
|-<br />
|И и ||I i ||/i/<br />
|-<br />
|Ј ј ||J j ||/ʝ/<br />
|-<br />
|К к ||K k ||/k/<br />
|-<br />
|Л л ||L l ||/l/<br />
|-<br />
|Ԡ ԡ ||L̆ l̆ ||/ʎ/<br />
|-<br />
|М м ||M m ||/m/<br />
|-<br />
|Н н ||N n ||/n/<br />
|-<br />
|Ԣ ԣ ||Ň ň ||/ɲ/<br />
|-<br />
|О о ||O o ||/ɔ/ (stressed); /о/ (unstressed)<br />
|-<br />
|П п ||P p ||/p/<br />
|-<br />
|Р р ||R r ||/ɾ/<br />
|-<br />
|С с ||S s ||/s/<br />
|-<br />
|Т т ||T t ||/t/<br />
|-<br />
|У у ||U u ||/u/<br />
|-<br />
|Ф ф ||F f ||/f/<br />
|-<br />
|Х х ||H h ||/x/<br />
|-<br />
|Ц ц ||C c ||/ts/<br />
|-<br />
|Ч ч ||Č č ||/tɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|Ш ш ||Š š ||/ʂ/<br />
|-<br />
|Һ һ ||X x ||/dz/<br />
|-<br />
|Я я ||Ą ą ||/ɔ̃/<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
=Grammar=<br />
<br />
==Nouns==<br />
Alvinian inflects nouns for '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural''), '''gender''' (''masculine, feminine, neuter'') and '''case''' (''nominative, genitive, accusative, dative''). The declensions are divided into '''masculine''', '''feminine''' and '''neuter'''.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Masculine - Ušnik (''Student'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Ušnik<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušniki<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnikov<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Ušnik<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnike<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Ušniku<br />
|Ušnikam<br />
|Ušnikima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Feminine - Niga (''Book'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Niga<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nige<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Nige<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nig<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Nigu<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nige<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nigam<br />
|Nigima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Neuter - Revo (''Tree'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Revo<br />
|Revi<br />
|Revą<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Reva<br />
|Revi<br />
|Rev<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Revo<br />
|Revi<br />
|Revą<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Revu<br />
|Revam<br />
|Revima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
==Adjectives==<br />
<br />
===Descriptive adjectives===<br />
Alvinian adjectives are inflected for '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural''), '''gender''' (''masculine, feminine, neuter'') and '''case''' (''nominative, genitive, accusative, dative''). There are three degrees of '''comparison''': ''positive, comparative'' and ''superlative''.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Masculine - Zobri (''Good'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Zobri<br />
|Zobra<br />
|Zobri<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Zobreg<br />
|Zobra<br />
|Zobrih<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Zobreg<br />
|Zobra<br />
|Zobrih<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Zobrem<br />
|Zobrim<br />
|Zobrim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Feminine - Zobra (''Good'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Zobra<br />
|Zobri<br />
|Zobre<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Zobre<br />
|Zobri<br />
|Zobrih<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Zobru<br />
|Zobri<br />
|Zobrih<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Zobrej<br />
|Zobrim<br />
|Zobrim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Neuter - Zobro (''Good'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Zobro<br />
|Zobri<br />
|Zobrą<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Zobreg<br />
|Zobra<br />
|Zobrih<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Zobreg<br />
|Zobri<br />
|Zobrih<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Zobrem<br />
|Zobrim<br />
|Zobrim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Comparative and Superlative====<br />
The '''Comparative''' is formed by attaching the prefix '''''pre-''''' to the positive form; the '''Superlative''' is formed by attaching the prefix '''''naj-''''' to the positive form. Both Comparative and Superlative adjectives are inflected according to the regular adjectival declension.<br />
<br />
''Zobri < '''Pre'''zobri < '''Naj'''zobri''<br />
<br />
====Predicative context====<br />
When used as a predicative (the complement of the verb to be), the adjective adds the invariable suffix '''''-om''''' (masculine and neuter) and '''''-oj''''' (feminine) to the stem.<br />
<br />
''Zobr-'''i''' > Zobr-'''om'''''<br />
<br />
''Zobr-'''a''' > Zobr-'''oj'''''<br />
<br />
===Possessives===<br />
Alvinian possessive adjectives are inflected for '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural''), '''gender''' (''masculine, feminine, neuter'') and '''case''' (''nominative, genitive, accusative, dative''). They are inflected according to the regular adjectival declension. They can be used as possessive pronouns as well.<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!-<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!1<br />
|Meni<br />
|Nani<br />
|Neni<br />
|-<br />
!2<br />
|Tevi<br />
|Vani<br />
|Veni<br />
|-<br />
!3<br />
|Sevi (m/n), Eni (f)<br />
|Lani<br />
|Leni<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Demonstratives===<br />
Alvinian demonstrative adjectives are inflected for '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural''), '''gender''' (''masculine, feminine, neuter'') and '''case''' (''nominative, genitive, accusative, dative''). They are inflected according to the regular adjectival declension. They can be used as demonstrative pronouns as well.<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Proximal<br />
!Medial<br />
!Distal<br />
|-<br />
|Voti<br />
|Toti<br />
|Noti<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Quantifiers===<br />
<br />
<br />
==Pronouns==<br />
<br />
===Personal Pronouns===<br />
Alvinian personal pronouns are inflected for '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural''), '''person''', '''case''' (''nominative, genitive, accusative, dative'') and the 3rd persons are inflected also for '''gender''' (''masculine/neuter, feminine'').<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!<br />
!1S<br />
!2S<br />
!3S m,n<br />
!3S f<br />
!1D<br />
!2D<br />
!3D<br />
!1P<br />
!2P<br />
!3P m, f, n<br />
|-<br />
!Nom<br />
|Mi<br />
|Ti<br />
|El, Elo<br />
|Ela<br />
|Naj<br />
|Vaj<br />
|Laj<br />
|Ni<br />
|Vi<br />
|Eli, Ele, Elą<br />
|-<br />
!Gen<br />
|Meg<br />
|Teg<br />
|Neg<br />
|Ne<br />
|Nas<br />
|Vas<br />
|Las<br />
|Nih<br />
|Vih<br />
|Lih<br />
|-<br />
!Acc<br />
|Men<br />
|Ten<br />
|Nen<br />
|Nu<br />
|Nas<br />
|Vas<br />
|Las<br />
|Nih<br />
|Vih<br />
|Lih<br />
|-<br />
!Dat<br />
|Mom<br />
|Tom<br />
|Nem<br />
|Nom<br />
|Nama<br />
|Vama<br />
|Lima<br />
|Nam<br />
|Vam<br />
|Lim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Subject Clitics====<br />
Alvinian has a second serie of subject pronouns, which are clitic elements derived from full personal pronouns. These elements function only as markers of the agreement with the subject, and they are obligatorily realised together with the verb in a sentence.<br />
Subject Clitics are normally proclitic in declarative sentences (they come before the verb) and enclitic in interrogative sentences (they follow the verb). <br />
Subject Clitics are not inflected for case, since they always encode the relation of agreement with the subject, but they inflect for '''person''', '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural'') and the 3rd persons are also inflected for '''gender''' (''masculine, feminine, neuter)''.<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Subject Pronoun<br />
!1S<br />
!2S<br />
!3Sm<br />
!3Sf<br />
!3Sn<br />
!1D<br />
!2D<br />
!3D<br />
!1P<br />
!2P<br />
!3Pm<br />
!3Pf<br />
!3Pn<br />
|-<br />
!Full<br />
|Mi<br />
|Ti<br />
|El<br />
|Ela<br />
|Elo<br />
|Naj<br />
|Vaj<br />
|Laj<br />
|Ni<br />
|Vi<br />
|Eli<br />
|Ele<br />
|Elą<br />
|-<br />
!Clitic<br />
|Me<br />
|Te<br />
|El<br />
|La<br />
|Lo<br />
|Na<br />
|Va<br />
|La<br />
|Ne<br />
|Ve<br />
|Li<br />
|Le<br />
|Lą<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Subject Clitics are also called '''subject doublers''', since they have to be realised also in a sentence with an overt full pronominal subject or with an overt referential nominal subject.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!<br />
!Subject Clitic + Verb<br />
!Full Pronoun + Subject Clitic + Verb<br />
!Referential Noun + Subject Clitic + Verb<br />
|-<br />
!Declarative<br />
|'''''La''''' že<br />
|Ela '''''la''''' že<br />
|Lara '''''la''''' že<br />
|-<br />
!Translation<br />
|'''''She''''' is<br />
|She '''''she''''' is<br />
|Lara '''''she''''' is<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
==Verbs==<br />
<br />
===Finite Tenses===<br />
Alvinian '''Present''' tense covers more or less the functions of English Present Simple and Present Continuous. Verbal morphology is very limited. Verbs in the present tense consist of a single form (the stem) which is combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the full conjugation.<br />
Alvinian '''Aorist''' covers more or less the functions of English Past Simple and Past Perfect. The form consists of the stem of the verb with the addition of an ''-s'' morpheme at the end of it, and it has to be combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the conjugation.<br />
The meaning of Alvinian '''Imperfect''' is that of a continuous or repeated action taking place in the past. The form consists of the stem of the verb with the addition of a ''-k'' morpheme at the end of it, and it has to be combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the conjugation.<br />
Alvinian '''Future''' tense covers all the meanings of actions taking place in the future. The form consists of the stem of the verb with the addition of a ''-bo'' morpheme at the end of it, and it has to be combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the conjugation.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Verb "že" (to be)<br />
!Present<br />
!Aorist<br />
!Imperfect<br />
!Future<br />
|-<br />
!1S<br />
|Me že<br />
|Me žes<br />
|Me žek<br />
|Me žebo<br />
|-<br />
!2S<br />
|Te že<br />
|Te žes<br />
|Te žek<br />
|Te žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Sm<br />
|El že<br />
|El žes<br />
|El žek<br />
|El žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Sf<br />
|La že<br />
|La žes<br />
|La žek<br />
|La žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Sn<br />
|Lo že<br />
|Lo žes<br />
|Lo žek<br />
|Lo žebo<br />
|-<br />
!1D<br />
|Na že<br />
|Na žes<br />
|Na žek<br />
|Na žebo<br />
|-<br />
!2D<br />
|Va že<br />
|Va žes<br />
|Va žek<br />
|Va žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3D<br />
|La že<br />
|La žes<br />
|La žek<br />
|La žebo<br />
|-<br />
!1P<br />
|Ne že<br />
|Ne žes<br />
|Ne žek<br />
|Ne žebo<br />
|-<br />
!2P<br />
|Ve že<br />
|Ve žes<br />
|Ve žek<br />
|Ve žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Pm<br />
|Li že<br />
|Li žes<br />
|Li žek<br />
|Li žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Pf<br />
|Le že<br />
|Le žes<br />
|Le žek<br />
|Le žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Pn<br />
|Lą že<br />
|Lą žes<br />
|Lą žek<br />
|Lą žebo<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Conditional===<br />
Just like finite verbs, conditional mood is realised by attaching the particle '''''-bi''''''' at the end of the present stem. The negative conditional is formed by attaching the usual '''''ni-''''' before the verbal stem.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Subject Clitic<br />
!Conditional <br />
!Negative conditional<br />
|-<br />
|Me, Te, El, La, Lo, Na, Va, La, Li, Le, Lą<br />
|Žebi<br />
|Nižebi<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Questions, Negation, Negative questions===<br />
In '''questions''', the clitic + verb complex undergoes an inversion: the clitic, which is found in a proclitic position (before the verb) in declarative sentences, is found in an enclitic position (after the verb) in interrogative questions. The inversion takes places in all tenses. Some clitics (3sf, 3sn, the dual, 3p) don't change with inversion, but some others (1s, 2s, 3sm, 1p, 2p) lose their vowel.<br />
The '''negation''' is formed by attaching a '''''ni-''''' morpheme before the verbal stem. This negative particle is attached to all negative verbs in all tenses.<br />
In '''negative questions''', the negative morpheme keeps the same position, while the clitic undergoes the same inversion phenomenon as their positive counterparts.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Verb "že" (to be)<br />
!Declarative<br />
!Interrogative<br />
!Negative<br />
!Neg. Interr.<br />
|-<br />
!1S<br />
|Me že<br />
|Žem?<br />
|Me niže<br />
|Nižem?<br />
|-<br />
!2S<br />
|Te že<br />
|Žet?<br />
|Te niže<br />
|Nižet?<br />
|-<br />
!3Sm<br />
|El že<br />
|Žel?<br />
|El niže<br />
|Nižel?<br />
|-<br />
!3Sf<br />
|La že<br />
|Žela?<br />
|La niže<br />
|Nižela?<br />
|-<br />
!3Sn<br />
|Lo že<br />
|Želo?<br />
|Lo niže<br />
|Niželo?<br />
|-<br />
!1D<br />
|Na že<br />
|Žena?<br />
|Na niže<br />
|Nižena?<br />
|-<br />
!2D<br />
|Va že<br />
|Ževa?<br />
|Va niže<br />
|Niževa?<br />
|-<br />
!3D<br />
|La že<br />
|Žela?<br />
|La niže<br />
|Nižela?<br />
|-<br />
!1P<br />
|Ne že<br />
|Žen?<br />
|Ne niže<br />
|Nižen?<br />
|-<br />
!2P<br />
|Ve že<br />
|Žev?<br />
|Ve niže<br />
|Nižev?<br />
|-<br />
!3Pm<br />
|Li že<br />
|Želi?<br />
|Li niže<br />
|Niželi?<br />
|-<br />
!3Pf<br />
|Le že<br />
|Žele?<br />
|Le niže<br />
|Nižele?<br />
|-<br />
!3Pn<br />
|Lą že<br />
|Želą?<br />
|Lą niže<br />
|Niželą?<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Reflexive verbs===<br />
Reflexivity in Alvinian is expressed with the Reflexive Clitic '''''są'''''. This clitic comes immediately after the Subject Clitic and it's written separately from the verb.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Infinitive<br />
!Present<br />
!Aorist<br />
!Negative<br />
!Question<br />
|-<br />
|''Są vavere'' (''to believe'')<br />
|''El są vavere'' (''He believes'')<br />
|''El są vaveres'' (''He believed'')<br />
|''El są nevavere'' ('' He doesn't believe'')<br />
|''Są vaverel?'' (''Does he believe?'')<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<!-- Template area --><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]<br />
[[Category:Languages]]<br />
[[Category:Slavic languages]]</div>
AlbertVen
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Alvinian&diff=95704
Alvinian
2017-12-28T10:47:20Z
<p>AlbertVen: </p>
<hr />
<div>Alvinian (Алвини Език, Alvini Ezik) is a Southern Slavic language based on Old Slovene, which has been significantly influenced by Venetan, an Italo-Romance language spoken in North-Eastern Italy, and other Slavic languages, especially Serbian and Russian.<br />
<br />
{{Infobox language<br />
|creator = [[User:AlbertVen|AlbertVen]]<br />
|name = Alvinian<br />
|nativename = Алвини Език, Alvini Ezik<br />
|region =<br />
|states =<br />
|speakers = <br />
|date = 2013<br />
|familycolor = Indo-European<br />
|fam1=[[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]<br />
|fam2=[[w:Slavic languages|Slavic]]<br />
|fam3 = Southern Slavic<br />
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
<br />
=Alphabet=<br />
Alvinian uses both '''Cyrillic''' and '''Latin''' script. The alphabets have an equal status, although latin is usually preferred in informal texts, while cyrillic is normally used in normative, scientific and official texts.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
|-<br />
!Cyrillic<br />
!Latin<br />
!IPA value<br />
|-<br />
|А а ||A a ||/a/<br />
|-<br />
|Б б ||B b ||/b/<br />
|-<br />
|В в ||V v ||/v/<br />
|-<br />
|Г г ||G g ||/ɡ/<br />
|-<br />
|Д д ||D d ||/d/<br />
|-<br />
|Џ џ ||Ğ ğ ||/dʑ/<br />
|-<br />
|Е е ||E e ||/ɛ/ (stressed); /e/ (unstressed)<br />
|-<br />
|Ж ж ||Ž ž ||/ʐ/<br />
|-<br />
|З з ||Z z ||/z/<br />
|-<br />
|И и ||I i ||/i/<br />
|-<br />
|Ј ј ||J j ||/ʝ/<br />
|-<br />
|К к ||K k ||/k/<br />
|-<br />
|Л л ||L l ||/l/<br />
|-<br />
|Ԡ ԡ ||L̆ l̆ ||/ʎ/<br />
|-<br />
|М м ||M m ||/m/<br />
|-<br />
|Н н ||N n ||/n/<br />
|-<br />
|Ԣ ԣ ||Ň ň ||/ɲ/<br />
|-<br />
|О о ||O o ||/ɔ/ (stressed); /о/ (unstressed)<br />
|-<br />
|П п ||P p ||/p/<br />
|-<br />
|Р р ||R r ||/ɾ/<br />
|-<br />
|С с ||S s ||/s/<br />
|-<br />
|Т т ||T t ||/t/<br />
|-<br />
|У у ||U u ||/u/<br />
|-<br />
|Ф ф ||F f ||/f/<br />
|-<br />
|Х х ||H h ||/x/<br />
|-<br />
|Ц ц ||C c ||/ts/<br />
|-<br />
|Ч ч ||Č č ||/tɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|Ш ш ||Š š ||/ʂ/<br />
|-<br />
|Һ һ ||X x ||/dz/<br />
|-<br />
|Я я ||Ą ą ||/ɔ̃/<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
=Grammar=<br />
<br />
==Nouns==<br />
Alvinian inflects nouns for '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural''), '''gender''' (''masculine, feminine, neuter'') and '''case''' (''nominative, genitive, accusative, dative''). The declensions are divided into '''masculine''', '''feminine''' and '''neuter'''.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Masculine - Ušnik (''Student'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Ušnik<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušniki<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnikov<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Ušnik<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnike<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Ušniku<br />
|Ušnikam<br />
|Ušnikima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Feminine - Niga (''Book'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Niga<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nige<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Nige<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nig<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Nigu<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nige<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nigam<br />
|Nigima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Neuter - Revo (''Tree'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Revo<br />
|Revi<br />
|Revą<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Reva<br />
|Revi<br />
|Rev<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Revo<br />
|Revi<br />
|Revą<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Revu<br />
|Revam<br />
|Revima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
==Adjectives==<br />
<br />
===Descriptive adjectives===<br />
Alvinian adjectives are inflected for '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural''), '''gender''' (''masculine, feminine, neuter'') and '''case''' (''nominative, genitive, accusative, dative''). There are three degrees of '''comparison''': ''positive, comparative'' and ''superlative''.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Masculine - Zobri (''Good'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Zobri<br />
|Zobra<br />
|Zobri<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Zobreg<br />
|Zobra<br />
|Zobrih<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Zobreg<br />
|Zobra<br />
|Zobrih<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Zobrem<br />
|Zobrim<br />
|Zobrim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Feminine - Zobra (''Good'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Zobra<br />
|Zobri<br />
|Zobre<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Zobre<br />
|Zobri<br />
|Zobrih<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Zobru<br />
|Zobri<br />
|Zobrih<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Zobrej<br />
|Zobrim<br />
|Zobrim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Neuter - Zobro (''Good'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Zobro<br />
|Zobri<br />
|Zobrą<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Zobreg<br />
|Zobra<br />
|Zobrih<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Zobreg<br />
|Zobri<br />
|Zobrih<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Zobrem<br />
|Zobrim<br />
|Zobrim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Comparative and Superlative====<br />
The '''Comparative''' is formed by attaching the prefix '''''pre-''''' to the positive form; the '''Superlative''' is formed by attaching the prefix '''''naj-''''' to the positive form. Both Comparative and Superlative adjectives are inflected according to the regular adjectival declension.<br />
<br />
''Zobri < '''Pre'''zobri < '''Naj'''zobri''<br />
<br />
====Predicative context====<br />
When used as a predicative (the complement of the verb to be), the adjective adds the invariable suffix '''''-om''''' (masculine and neuter) and '''''-oj''''' (feminine) to the stem.<br />
<br />
''Zobr-'''i''' > Zobr-'''om'''''<br />
<br />
''Zobr-'''a''' > Zobr-'''oj'''''<br />
<br />
===Possessives===<br />
Alvinian possessive adjectives are inflected for '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural''), '''gender''' (''masculine, feminine, neuter'') and '''case''' (''nominative, genitive, accusative, dative''). They are inflected according to the regular adjectival declension. They can be used as possessive pronouns as well.<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!-<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!1<br />
|Meni<br />
|Nani<br />
|Neni<br />
|-<br />
!2<br />
|Tevi<br />
|Vani<br />
|Veni<br />
|-<br />
!3<br />
|Sevi (m/n), Eni (f)<br />
|Lani<br />
|Leni<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Demonstratives===<br />
<br />
<br />
===Quantifiers===<br />
<br />
<br />
==Pronouns==<br />
<br />
===Personal Pronouns===<br />
Alvinian personal pronouns are inflected for '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural''), '''person''', '''case''' (''nominative, genitive, accusative, dative'') and the 3rd persons are inflected also for '''gender''' (''masculine/neuter, feminine'').<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!<br />
!1S<br />
!2S<br />
!3S m,n<br />
!3S f<br />
!1D<br />
!2D<br />
!3D<br />
!1P<br />
!2P<br />
!3P m, f, n<br />
|-<br />
!Nom<br />
|Mi<br />
|Ti<br />
|El, Elo<br />
|Ela<br />
|Naj<br />
|Vaj<br />
|Laj<br />
|Ni<br />
|Vi<br />
|Eli, Ele, Elą<br />
|-<br />
!Gen<br />
|Meg<br />
|Teg<br />
|Neg<br />
|Ne<br />
|Nas<br />
|Vas<br />
|Las<br />
|Nih<br />
|Vih<br />
|Lih<br />
|-<br />
!Acc<br />
|Men<br />
|Ten<br />
|Nen<br />
|Nu<br />
|Nas<br />
|Vas<br />
|Las<br />
|Nih<br />
|Vih<br />
|Lih<br />
|-<br />
!Dat<br />
|Mom<br />
|Tom<br />
|Nem<br />
|Nom<br />
|Nama<br />
|Vama<br />
|Lima<br />
|Nam<br />
|Vam<br />
|Lim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Subject Clitics====<br />
Alvinian has a second serie of subject pronouns, which are clitic elements derived from full personal pronouns. These elements function only as markers of the agreement with the subject, and they are obligatorily realised together with the verb in a sentence.<br />
Subject Clitics are normally proclitic in declarative sentences (they come before the verb) and enclitic in interrogative sentences (they follow the verb). <br />
Subject Clitics are not inflected for case, since they always encode the relation of agreement with the subject, but they inflect for '''person''', '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural'') and the 3rd persons are also inflected for '''gender''' (''masculine, feminine, neuter)''.<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Subject Pronoun<br />
!1S<br />
!2S<br />
!3Sm<br />
!3Sf<br />
!3Sn<br />
!1D<br />
!2D<br />
!3D<br />
!1P<br />
!2P<br />
!3Pm<br />
!3Pf<br />
!3Pn<br />
|-<br />
!Full<br />
|Mi<br />
|Ti<br />
|El<br />
|Ela<br />
|Elo<br />
|Naj<br />
|Vaj<br />
|Laj<br />
|Ni<br />
|Vi<br />
|Eli<br />
|Ele<br />
|Elą<br />
|-<br />
!Clitic<br />
|Me<br />
|Te<br />
|El<br />
|La<br />
|Lo<br />
|Na<br />
|Va<br />
|La<br />
|Ne<br />
|Ve<br />
|Li<br />
|Le<br />
|Lą<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Subject Clitics are also called '''subject doublers''', since they have to be realised also in a sentence with an overt full pronominal subject or with an overt referential nominal subject.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!<br />
!Subject Clitic + Verb<br />
!Full Pronoun + Subject Clitic + Verb<br />
!Referential Noun + Subject Clitic + Verb<br />
|-<br />
!Declarative<br />
|'''''La''''' že<br />
|Ela '''''la''''' že<br />
|Lara '''''la''''' že<br />
|-<br />
!Translation<br />
|'''''She''''' is<br />
|She '''''she''''' is<br />
|Lara '''''she''''' is<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
==Verbs==<br />
<br />
===Finite Tenses===<br />
Alvinian '''Present''' tense covers more or less the functions of English Present Simple and Present Continuous. Verbal morphology is very limited. Verbs in the present tense consist of a single form (the stem) which is combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the full conjugation.<br />
Alvinian '''Aorist''' covers more or less the functions of English Past Simple and Past Perfect. The form consists of the stem of the verb with the addition of an ''-s'' morpheme at the end of it, and it has to be combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the conjugation.<br />
The meaning of Alvinian '''Imperfect''' is that of a continuous or repeated action taking place in the past. The form consists of the stem of the verb with the addition of a ''-k'' morpheme at the end of it, and it has to be combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the conjugation.<br />
Alvinian '''Future''' tense covers all the meanings of actions taking place in the future. The form consists of the stem of the verb with the addition of a ''-bo'' morpheme at the end of it, and it has to be combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the conjugation.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Verb "že" (to be)<br />
!Present<br />
!Aorist<br />
!Imperfect<br />
!Future<br />
|-<br />
!1S<br />
|Me že<br />
|Me žes<br />
|Me žek<br />
|Me žebo<br />
|-<br />
!2S<br />
|Te že<br />
|Te žes<br />
|Te žek<br />
|Te žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Sm<br />
|El že<br />
|El žes<br />
|El žek<br />
|El žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Sf<br />
|La že<br />
|La žes<br />
|La žek<br />
|La žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Sn<br />
|Lo že<br />
|Lo žes<br />
|Lo žek<br />
|Lo žebo<br />
|-<br />
!1D<br />
|Na že<br />
|Na žes<br />
|Na žek<br />
|Na žebo<br />
|-<br />
!2D<br />
|Va že<br />
|Va žes<br />
|Va žek<br />
|Va žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3D<br />
|La že<br />
|La žes<br />
|La žek<br />
|La žebo<br />
|-<br />
!1P<br />
|Ne že<br />
|Ne žes<br />
|Ne žek<br />
|Ne žebo<br />
|-<br />
!2P<br />
|Ve že<br />
|Ve žes<br />
|Ve žek<br />
|Ve žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Pm<br />
|Li že<br />
|Li žes<br />
|Li žek<br />
|Li žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Pf<br />
|Le že<br />
|Le žes<br />
|Le žek<br />
|Le žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Pn<br />
|Lą že<br />
|Lą žes<br />
|Lą žek<br />
|Lą žebo<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Conditional===<br />
Just like finite verbs, conditional mood is realised by attaching the particle '''''-bi''''''' at the end of the present stem. The negative conditional is formed by attaching the usual '''''ni-''''' before the verbal stem.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Subject Clitic<br />
!Conditional <br />
!Negative conditional<br />
|-<br />
|Me, Te, El, La, Lo, Na, Va, La, Li, Le, Lą<br />
|Žebi<br />
|Nižebi<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Questions, Negation, Negative questions===<br />
In '''questions''', the clitic + verb complex undergoes an inversion: the clitic, which is found in a proclitic position (before the verb) in declarative sentences, is found in an enclitic position (after the verb) in interrogative questions. The inversion takes places in all tenses. Some clitics (3sf, 3sn, the dual, 3p) don't change with inversion, but some others (1s, 2s, 3sm, 1p, 2p) lose their vowel.<br />
The '''negation''' is formed by attaching a '''''ni-''''' morpheme before the verbal stem. This negative particle is attached to all negative verbs in all tenses.<br />
In '''negative questions''', the negative morpheme keeps the same position, while the clitic undergoes the same inversion phenomenon as their positive counterparts.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Verb "že" (to be)<br />
!Declarative<br />
!Interrogative<br />
!Negative<br />
!Neg. Interr.<br />
|-<br />
!1S<br />
|Me že<br />
|Žem?<br />
|Me niže<br />
|Nižem?<br />
|-<br />
!2S<br />
|Te že<br />
|Žet?<br />
|Te niže<br />
|Nižet?<br />
|-<br />
!3Sm<br />
|El že<br />
|Žel?<br />
|El niže<br />
|Nižel?<br />
|-<br />
!3Sf<br />
|La že<br />
|Žela?<br />
|La niže<br />
|Nižela?<br />
|-<br />
!3Sn<br />
|Lo že<br />
|Želo?<br />
|Lo niže<br />
|Niželo?<br />
|-<br />
!1D<br />
|Na že<br />
|Žena?<br />
|Na niže<br />
|Nižena?<br />
|-<br />
!2D<br />
|Va že<br />
|Ževa?<br />
|Va niže<br />
|Niževa?<br />
|-<br />
!3D<br />
|La že<br />
|Žela?<br />
|La niže<br />
|Nižela?<br />
|-<br />
!1P<br />
|Ne že<br />
|Žen?<br />
|Ne niže<br />
|Nižen?<br />
|-<br />
!2P<br />
|Ve že<br />
|Žev?<br />
|Ve niže<br />
|Nižev?<br />
|-<br />
!3Pm<br />
|Li že<br />
|Želi?<br />
|Li niže<br />
|Niželi?<br />
|-<br />
!3Pf<br />
|Le že<br />
|Žele?<br />
|Le niže<br />
|Nižele?<br />
|-<br />
!3Pn<br />
|Lą že<br />
|Želą?<br />
|Lą niže<br />
|Niželą?<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Reflexive verbs===<br />
Reflexivity in Alvinian is expressed with the Reflexive Clitic '''''są'''''. This clitic comes immediately after the Subject Clitic and it's written separately from the verb.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Infinitive<br />
!Present<br />
!Aorist<br />
!Negative<br />
!Question<br />
|-<br />
|''Są vavere'' (''to believe'')<br />
|''El są vavere'' (''He believes'')<br />
|''El są vaveres'' (''He believed'')<br />
|''El są nevavere'' ('' He doesn't believe'')<br />
|''Są vaverel?'' (''Does he believe?'')<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<!-- Template area --><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]<br />
[[Category:Languages]]<br />
[[Category:Slavic languages]]</div>
AlbertVen
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Alvinian&diff=95607
Alvinian
2017-12-27T17:08:51Z
<p>AlbertVen: </p>
<hr />
<div>Alvinian (Алвини Език, Alvini Ezik) is a Southern Slavic language based on Old Slovene, which has been significantly influenced by Venetan, an Italo-Romance language spoken in North-Eastern Italy, and other Slavic languages, especially Serbian and Russian.<br />
<br />
{{Infobox language<br />
|creator = [[User:AlbertVen|AlbertVen]]<br />
|name = Alvinian<br />
|nativename = Алвини Език, Alvini Ezik<br />
|region =<br />
|states =<br />
|speakers = <br />
|date = 2013<br />
|familycolor = Indo-European<br />
|fam1=[[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]<br />
|fam2=[[w:Slavic languages|Slavic]]<br />
|fam3 = Southern Slavic<br />
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
<br />
=Alphabet=<br />
Alvinian uses both '''Cyrillic''' and '''Latin''' script. The alphabets have an equal status, although latin is usually preferred in informal texts, while cyrillic is normally used in normative, scientific and official texts.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
|-<br />
!Cyrillic<br />
!Latin<br />
!IPA value<br />
|-<br />
|А а ||A a ||/a/<br />
|-<br />
|Б б ||B b ||/b/<br />
|-<br />
|В в ||V v ||/v/<br />
|-<br />
|Г г ||G g ||/ɡ/<br />
|-<br />
|Д д ||D d ||/d/<br />
|-<br />
|Џ џ ||Ğ ğ ||/dʑ/<br />
|-<br />
|Е е ||E e ||/ɛ/ (stressed); /e/ (unstressed)<br />
|-<br />
|Ж ж ||Ž ž ||/ʐ/<br />
|-<br />
|З з ||Z z ||/z/<br />
|-<br />
|И и ||I i ||/i/<br />
|-<br />
|Ј ј ||J j ||/ʝ/<br />
|-<br />
|К к ||K k ||/k/<br />
|-<br />
|Л л ||L l ||/l/<br />
|-<br />
|Ԡ ԡ ||L̆ l̆ ||/ʎ/<br />
|-<br />
|М м ||M m ||/m/<br />
|-<br />
|Н н ||N n ||/n/<br />
|-<br />
|Ԣ ԣ ||Ň ň ||/ɲ/<br />
|-<br />
|О о ||O o ||/ɔ/ (stressed); /о/ (unstressed)<br />
|-<br />
|П п ||P p ||/p/<br />
|-<br />
|Р р ||R r ||/ɾ/<br />
|-<br />
|С с ||S s ||/s/<br />
|-<br />
|Т т ||T t ||/t/<br />
|-<br />
|У у ||U u ||/u/<br />
|-<br />
|Ф ф ||F f ||/f/<br />
|-<br />
|Х х ||H h ||/x/<br />
|-<br />
|Ц ц ||C c ||/ts/<br />
|-<br />
|Ч ч ||Č č ||/tɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|Ш ш ||Š š ||/ʂ/<br />
|-<br />
|Һ һ ||X x ||/dz/<br />
|-<br />
|Я я ||Ą ą ||/ɔ̃/<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
=Grammar=<br />
<br />
==Nouns==<br />
Alvinian inflects nouns for '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural''), '''gender''' (''masculine, feminine, neuter'') and '''case''' (''nominative, genitive, accusative, dative''). The declensions are divided into '''masculine''', '''feminine''' and '''neuter'''.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Masculine - Ušnik (''Student'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Ušnik<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušniki<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnikov<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Ušnik<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnike<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Ušniku<br />
|Ušnikam<br />
|Ušnikima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Feminine - Niga (''Book'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Niga<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nige<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Nige<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nig<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Nigu<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nige<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nigam<br />
|Nigima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Neuter - Revo (''Tree'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Revo<br />
|Revi<br />
|Revą<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Reva<br />
|Revi<br />
|Rev<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Revo<br />
|Revi<br />
|Revą<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Revu<br />
|Revam<br />
|Revima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
==Adjectives==<br />
<br />
===Descriptive adjectives===<br />
Alvinian adjectives are inflected for '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural''), '''gender''' (''masculine, feminine, neuter'') and '''case''' (''nominative, genitive, accusative, dative''). There are three degrees of '''comparison''': ''positive, comparative'' and ''superlative''.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Masculine - Zobri (''Good'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Zobri<br />
|Zobra<br />
|Zobri<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Zobreg<br />
|Zobra<br />
|Zobrih<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Zobreg<br />
|Zobra<br />
|Zobrih<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Zobrem<br />
|Zobrim<br />
|Zobrim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Feminine - Zobra (''Good'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Zobra<br />
|Zobri<br />
|Zobre<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Zobre<br />
|Zobri<br />
|Zobrih<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Zobru<br />
|Zobri<br />
|Zobrih<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Zobrej<br />
|Zobrim<br />
|Zobrim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Neuter - Zobro (''Good'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Zobro<br />
|Zobri<br />
|Zobrą<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Zobreg<br />
|Zobra<br />
|Zobrih<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Zobreg<br />
|Zobri<br />
|Zobrih<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Zobrem<br />
|Zobrim<br />
|Zobrim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Comparative and Superlative====<br />
The '''Comparative''' is formed by attaching the prefix '''''pre-''''' to the positive form; the '''Superlative''' is formed by attaching the prefix '''''naj-''''' to the positive form. Both Comparative and Superlative adjectives are inflected according to the regular adjectival declension.<br />
<br />
''Zobri < '''Pre'''zobri < '''Naj'''zobri''<br />
<br />
====Predicative context====<br />
When used as a predicative (the complement of the verb to be), the adjective adds the invariable suffix '''''-om''''' (masculine and neuter) and '''''-oj''''' (feminine) to the stem.<br />
<br />
''Zobr-'''i''' > Zobr-'''om'''''<br />
<br />
''Zobr-'''a''' > Zobr-'''oj'''''<br />
<br />
===Possessives===<br />
<br />
===Demonstratives===<br />
<br />
===Quantifiers===<br />
<br />
<br />
==Pronouns==<br />
<br />
===Personal Pronouns===<br />
Alvinian personal pronouns are inflected for '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural''), '''person''', '''case''' (''nominative, genitive, accusative, dative'') and the 3rd persons are inflected also for '''gender''' (''masculine/neuter, feminine'').<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!<br />
!1S<br />
!2S<br />
!3S m,n<br />
!3S f<br />
!1D<br />
!2D<br />
!3D<br />
!1P<br />
!2P<br />
!3P m, f, n<br />
|-<br />
!Nom<br />
|Mi<br />
|Ti<br />
|El, Elo<br />
|Ela<br />
|Naj<br />
|Vaj<br />
|Laj<br />
|Ni<br />
|Vi<br />
|Eli, Ele, Elą<br />
|-<br />
!Gen<br />
|Meg<br />
|Teg<br />
|Neg<br />
|Ne<br />
|Nas<br />
|Vas<br />
|Las<br />
|Nih<br />
|Vih<br />
|Lih<br />
|-<br />
!Acc<br />
|Men<br />
|Ten<br />
|Nen<br />
|Nu<br />
|Nas<br />
|Vas<br />
|Las<br />
|Nih<br />
|Vih<br />
|Lih<br />
|-<br />
!Dat<br />
|Mom<br />
|Tom<br />
|Nem<br />
|Nom<br />
|Nama<br />
|Vama<br />
|Lima<br />
|Nam<br />
|Vam<br />
|Lim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Subject Clitics====<br />
Alvinian has a second serie of subject pronouns, which are clitic elements derived from full personal pronouns. These elements function only as markers of the agreement with the subject, and they are obligatorily realised together with the verb in a sentence.<br />
Subject Clitics are normally proclitic in declarative sentences (they come before the verb) and enclitic in interrogative sentences (they follow the verb). <br />
Subject Clitics are not inflected for case, since they always encode the relation of agreement with the subject, but they inflect for '''person''', '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural'') and the 3rd persons are also inflected for '''gender''' (''masculine, feminine, neuter)''.<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Subject Pronoun<br />
!1S<br />
!2S<br />
!3Sm<br />
!3Sf<br />
!3Sn<br />
!1D<br />
!2D<br />
!3D<br />
!1P<br />
!2P<br />
!3Pm<br />
!3Pf<br />
!3Pn<br />
|-<br />
!Full<br />
|Mi<br />
|Ti<br />
|El<br />
|Ela<br />
|Elo<br />
|Naj<br />
|Vaj<br />
|Laj<br />
|Ni<br />
|Vi<br />
|Eli<br />
|Ele<br />
|Elą<br />
|-<br />
!Clitic<br />
|Me<br />
|Te<br />
|El<br />
|La<br />
|Lo<br />
|Na<br />
|Va<br />
|La<br />
|Ne<br />
|Ve<br />
|Li<br />
|Le<br />
|Lą<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Subject Clitics are also called '''subject doublers''', since they have to be realised also in a sentence with an overt full pronominal subject or with an overt referential nominal subject.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!<br />
!Subject Clitic + Verb<br />
!Full Pronoun + Subject Clitic + Verb<br />
!Referential Noun + Subject Clitic + Verb<br />
|-<br />
!Declarative<br />
|'''''La''''' že<br />
|Ela '''''la''''' že<br />
|Lara '''''la''''' že<br />
|-<br />
!Translation<br />
|'''''She''''' is<br />
|She '''''she''''' is<br />
|Lara '''''she''''' is<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
==Verbs==<br />
<br />
===Finite Tenses===<br />
Alvinian '''Present''' tense covers more or less the functions of English Present Simple and Present Continuous. Verbal morphology is very limited. Verbs in the present tense consist of a single form (the stem) which is combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the full conjugation.<br />
Alvinian '''Aorist''' covers more or less the functions of English Past Simple and Past Perfect. The form consists of the stem of the verb with the addition of an ''-s'' morpheme at the end of it, and it has to be combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the conjugation.<br />
The meaning of Alvinian '''Imperfect''' is that of a continuous or repeated action taking place in the past. The form consists of the stem of the verb with the addition of a ''-k'' morpheme at the end of it, and it has to be combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the conjugation.<br />
Alvinian '''Future''' tense covers all the meanings of actions taking place in the future. The form consists of the stem of the verb with the addition of a ''-bo'' morpheme at the end of it, and it has to be combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the conjugation.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Verb "že" (to be)<br />
!Present<br />
!Aorist<br />
!Imperfect<br />
!Future<br />
|-<br />
!1S<br />
|Me že<br />
|Me žes<br />
|Me žek<br />
|Me žebo<br />
|-<br />
!2S<br />
|Te že<br />
|Te žes<br />
|Te žek<br />
|Te žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Sm<br />
|El že<br />
|El žes<br />
|El žek<br />
|El žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Sf<br />
|La že<br />
|La žes<br />
|La žek<br />
|La žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Sn<br />
|Lo že<br />
|Lo žes<br />
|Lo žek<br />
|Lo žebo<br />
|-<br />
!1D<br />
|Na že<br />
|Na žes<br />
|Na žek<br />
|Na žebo<br />
|-<br />
!2D<br />
|Va že<br />
|Va žes<br />
|Va žek<br />
|Va žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3D<br />
|La že<br />
|La žes<br />
|La žek<br />
|La žebo<br />
|-<br />
!1P<br />
|Ne že<br />
|Ne žes<br />
|Ne žek<br />
|Ne žebo<br />
|-<br />
!2P<br />
|Ve že<br />
|Ve žes<br />
|Ve žek<br />
|Ve žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Pm<br />
|Li že<br />
|Li žes<br />
|Li žek<br />
|Li žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Pf<br />
|Le že<br />
|Le žes<br />
|Le žek<br />
|Le žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Pn<br />
|Lą že<br />
|Lą žes<br />
|Lą žek<br />
|Lą žebo<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Conditional===<br />
Just like finite verbs, conditional mood is realised by attaching the particle '''''-bi''''''' at the end of the present stem. The negative conditional is formed by attaching the usual '''''ni-''''' before the verbal stem.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Subject Clitic<br />
!Conditional <br />
!Negative conditional<br />
|-<br />
|Me, Te, El, La, Lo, Na, Va, La, Li, Le, Lą<br />
|Žebi<br />
|Nižebi<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Questions, Negation, Negative questions===<br />
In '''questions''', the clitic + verb complex undergoes an inversion: the clitic, which is found in a proclitic position (before the verb) in declarative sentences, is found in an enclitic position (after the verb) in interrogative questions. The inversion takes places in all tenses. Some clitics (3sf, 3sn, the dual, 3p) don't change with inversion, but some others (1s, 2s, 3sm, 1p, 2p) lose their vowel.<br />
The '''negation''' is formed by attaching a '''''ni-''''' morpheme before the verbal stem. This negative particle is attached to all negative verbs in all tenses.<br />
In '''negative questions''', the negative morpheme keeps the same position, while the clitic undergoes the same inversion phenomenon as their positive counterparts.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Verb "že" (to be)<br />
!Declarative<br />
!Interrogative<br />
!Negative<br />
!Neg. Interr.<br />
|-<br />
!1S<br />
|Me že<br />
|Žem?<br />
|Me niže<br />
|Nižem?<br />
|-<br />
!2S<br />
|Te že<br />
|Žet?<br />
|Te niže<br />
|Nižet?<br />
|-<br />
!3Sm<br />
|El že<br />
|Žel?<br />
|El niže<br />
|Nižel?<br />
|-<br />
!3Sf<br />
|La že<br />
|Žela?<br />
|La niže<br />
|Nižela?<br />
|-<br />
!3Sn<br />
|Lo že<br />
|Želo?<br />
|Lo niže<br />
|Niželo?<br />
|-<br />
!1D<br />
|Na že<br />
|Žena?<br />
|Na niže<br />
|Nižena?<br />
|-<br />
!2D<br />
|Va že<br />
|Ževa?<br />
|Va niže<br />
|Niževa?<br />
|-<br />
!3D<br />
|La že<br />
|Žela?<br />
|La niže<br />
|Nižela?<br />
|-<br />
!1P<br />
|Ne že<br />
|Žen?<br />
|Ne niže<br />
|Nižen?<br />
|-<br />
!2P<br />
|Ve že<br />
|Žev?<br />
|Ve niže<br />
|Nižev?<br />
|-<br />
!3Pm<br />
|Li že<br />
|Želi?<br />
|Li niže<br />
|Niželi?<br />
|-<br />
!3Pf<br />
|Le že<br />
|Žele?<br />
|Le niže<br />
|Nižele?<br />
|-<br />
!3Pn<br />
|Lą že<br />
|Želą?<br />
|Lą niže<br />
|Niželą?<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Reflexive verbs===<br />
Reflexivity in Alvinian is expressed with the Reflexive Clitic '''''są'''''. This clitic comes immediately after the Subject Clitic and it's written separately from the verb.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Infinitive<br />
!Present<br />
!Aorist<br />
!Negative<br />
!Question<br />
|-<br />
|''Są vavere'' (''to believe'')<br />
|''El są vavere'' (''He believes'')<br />
|''El są vaveres'' (''He believed'')<br />
|''El są nevavere'' ('' He doesn't believe'')<br />
|''Są vaverel?'' (''Does he believe?'')<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<!-- Template area --><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]<br />
[[Category:Languages]]<br />
[[Category:Slavic languages]]</div>
AlbertVen
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Alvinian&diff=95605
Alvinian
2017-12-27T17:03:58Z
<p>AlbertVen: </p>
<hr />
<div>Alvinian (Алвини Език, Alvini Ezik) is a Southern Slavic language based on Old Slovene, which has been significantly influenced by Venetan, an Italo-Romance language spoken in North-Eastern Italy, and other Slavic languages, especially Serbian and Russian.<br />
<br />
{{Infobox language<br />
|creator = [[User:AlbertVen|AlbertVen]]<br />
|name = Alvinian<br />
|nativename = Алвини Език, Alvini Ezik<br />
|region =<br />
|states =<br />
|speakers = <br />
|date = 2013<br />
|familycolor = Indo-European<br />
|fam1=[[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]<br />
|fam2=[[w:Slavic languages|Slavic]]<br />
|fam3 = Southern Slavic<br />
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
<br />
=Alphabet=<br />
Alvinian uses both '''Cyrillic''' and '''Latin''' script. The alphabets have an equal status, although latin is usually preferred in informal texts, while cyrillic is normally used in normative, scientific and official texts.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
|-<br />
!Cyrillic<br />
!Latin<br />
!IPA value<br />
|-<br />
|А а ||A a ||/a/<br />
|-<br />
|Б б ||B b ||/b/<br />
|-<br />
|В в ||V v ||/v/<br />
|-<br />
|Г г ||G g ||/ɡ/<br />
|-<br />
|Д д ||D d ||/d/<br />
|-<br />
|Џ џ ||Ğ ğ ||/dʑ/<br />
|-<br />
|Е е ||E e ||/ɛ/ (stressed); /e/ (unstressed)<br />
|-<br />
|Ж ж ||Ž ž ||/ʐ/<br />
|-<br />
|З з ||Z z ||/z/<br />
|-<br />
|И и ||I i ||/i/<br />
|-<br />
|Ј ј ||J j ||/ʝ/<br />
|-<br />
|К к ||K k ||/k/<br />
|-<br />
|Л л ||L l ||/l/<br />
|-<br />
|Ԡ ԡ ||L̆ l̆ ||/ʎ/<br />
|-<br />
|М м ||M m ||/m/<br />
|-<br />
|Н н ||N n ||/n/<br />
|-<br />
|Ԣ ԣ ||Ň ň ||/ɲ/<br />
|-<br />
|О о ||O o ||/ɔ/ (stressed); /о/ (unstressed)<br />
|-<br />
|П п ||P p ||/p/<br />
|-<br />
|Р р ||R r ||/ɾ/<br />
|-<br />
|С с ||S s ||/s/<br />
|-<br />
|Т т ||T t ||/t/<br />
|-<br />
|У у ||U u ||/u/<br />
|-<br />
|Ф ф ||F f ||/f/<br />
|-<br />
|Х х ||H h ||/x/<br />
|-<br />
|Ц ц ||C c ||/ts/<br />
|-<br />
|Ч ч ||Č č ||/tɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|Ш ш ||Š š ||/ʂ/<br />
|-<br />
|Һ һ ||X x ||/dz/<br />
|-<br />
|Я я ||Ą ą ||/ɔ̃/<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
=Grammar=<br />
<br />
==Nouns==<br />
Alvinian inflects nouns for '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural''), '''gender''' (''masculine, feminine, neuter'') and '''case''' (''nominative, genitive, accusative, dative''). The declensions are divided into '''masculine''', '''feminine''' and '''neuter'''.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Masculine - Ušnik (''Student'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Ušnik<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušniki<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnikov<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Ušnik<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnike<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Ušniku<br />
|Ušnikam<br />
|Ušnikima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Feminine - Niga (''Book'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Niga<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nige<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Nige<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nig<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Nigu<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nige<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nigam<br />
|Nigima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Neuter - Revo (''Tree'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Revo<br />
|Revi<br />
|Revą<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Reva<br />
|Revi<br />
|Rev<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Revo<br />
|Revi<br />
|Revą<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Revu<br />
|Revam<br />
|Revima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
==Adjectives==<br />
<br />
===Descriptive adjectives===<br />
Alvinian adjectives are inflected for '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural''), '''gender''' (''masculine, feminine, neuter'') and '''case''' (''nominative, genitive, accusative, dative''). There are three degrees of '''comparison''': ''positive, comparative'' and ''superlative''.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Masculine - Zobri (''Good'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Zobri<br />
|Zobra<br />
|Zobri<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Zobreg<br />
|Zobra<br />
|Zobrih<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Zobreg<br />
|Zobra<br />
|Zobrih<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Zobrem<br />
|Zobrim<br />
|Zobrim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Feminine - Zobra (''Good'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Zobra<br />
|Zobri<br />
|Zobre<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Zobre<br />
|Zobri<br />
|Zobrih<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Zobru<br />
|Zobri<br />
|Zobrih<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Zobrej<br />
|Zobrim<br />
|Zobrim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Neuter - Zobro (''Good'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Zobro<br />
|Zobri<br />
|Zobrą<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Zobreg<br />
|Zobra<br />
|Zobrih<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Zobreg<br />
|Zobri<br />
|Zobrih<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Zobrem<br />
|Zobrim<br />
|Zobrim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Comparative and Superlative====<br />
The '''Comparative''' is formed by attaching the prefix '''''pre-''''' to the positive form; the '''Superlative''' is formed by attaching the prefix '''''naj-''''' to the positive form. Both Comparative and Superlative adjectives are inflected according to the regular adjectival declension.<br />
<br />
''Zobri < '''Pre'''zobri < '''Naj'''zobri''<br />
<br />
====Predicative context====<br />
When used as a predicative (the complement of the verb to be), the adjective adds the invariable suffix '''''-om''''' (masculine and neuter) and '''''-oj''''' (feminine) to the stem.<br />
<br />
''Zobr-'''i''' > Zobr-'''om'''''<br />
<br />
''Zobr-'''a''' > Zobr-'''oj'''''<br />
<br />
<br />
==Pronouns==<br />
<br />
===Personal Pronouns===<br />
Alvinian personal pronouns are inflected for '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural''), '''person''', '''case''' (''nominative, genitive, accusative, dative'') and the 3rd persons are inflected also for '''gender''' (''masculine/neuter, feminine'').<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!<br />
!1S<br />
!2S<br />
!3S m,n<br />
!3S f<br />
!1D<br />
!2D<br />
!3D<br />
!1P<br />
!2P<br />
!3P m, f, n<br />
|-<br />
!Nom<br />
|Mi<br />
|Ti<br />
|El, Elo<br />
|Ela<br />
|Naj<br />
|Vaj<br />
|Laj<br />
|Ni<br />
|Vi<br />
|Eli, Ele, Elą<br />
|-<br />
!Gen<br />
|Meg<br />
|Teg<br />
|Neg<br />
|Ne<br />
|Nas<br />
|Vas<br />
|Las<br />
|Nih<br />
|Vih<br />
|Lih<br />
|-<br />
!Acc<br />
|Men<br />
|Ten<br />
|Nen<br />
|Nu<br />
|Nas<br />
|Vas<br />
|Las<br />
|Nih<br />
|Vih<br />
|Lih<br />
|-<br />
!Dat<br />
|Mom<br />
|Tom<br />
|Nem<br />
|Nom<br />
|Nama<br />
|Vama<br />
|Lima<br />
|Nam<br />
|Vam<br />
|Lim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Subject Clitics====<br />
Alvinian has a second serie of subject pronouns, which are clitic elements derived from full personal pronouns. These elements function only as markers of the agreement with the subject, and they are obligatorily realised together with the verb in a sentence.<br />
Subject Clitics are normally proclitic in declarative sentences (they come before the verb) and enclitic in interrogative sentences (they follow the verb). <br />
Subject Clitics are not inflected for case, since they always encode the relation of agreement with the subject, but they inflect for '''person''', '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural'') and the 3rd persons are also inflected for '''gender''' (''masculine, feminine, neuter)''.<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Subject Pronoun<br />
!1S<br />
!2S<br />
!3Sm<br />
!3Sf<br />
!3Sn<br />
!1D<br />
!2D<br />
!3D<br />
!1P<br />
!2P<br />
!3Pm<br />
!3Pf<br />
!3Pn<br />
|-<br />
!Full<br />
|Mi<br />
|Ti<br />
|El<br />
|Ela<br />
|Elo<br />
|Naj<br />
|Vaj<br />
|Laj<br />
|Ni<br />
|Vi<br />
|Eli<br />
|Ele<br />
|Elą<br />
|-<br />
!Clitic<br />
|Me<br />
|Te<br />
|El<br />
|La<br />
|Lo<br />
|Na<br />
|Va<br />
|La<br />
|Ne<br />
|Ve<br />
|Li<br />
|Le<br />
|Lą<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Subject Clitics are also called '''subject doublers''', since they have to be realised also in a sentence with an overt full pronominal subject or with an overt referential nominal subject.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!<br />
!Subject Clitic + Verb<br />
!Full Pronoun + Subject Clitic + Verb<br />
!Referential Noun + Subject Clitic + Verb<br />
|-<br />
!Declarative<br />
|'''''La''''' že<br />
|Ela '''''la''''' že<br />
|Lara '''''la''''' že<br />
|-<br />
!Translation<br />
|'''''She''''' is<br />
|She '''''she''''' is<br />
|Lara '''''she''''' is<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
==Verbs==<br />
<br />
===Finite Tenses===<br />
Alvinian '''Present''' tense covers more or less the functions of English Present Simple and Present Continuous. Verbal morphology is very limited. Verbs in the present tense consist of a single form (the stem) which is combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the full conjugation.<br />
Alvinian '''Aorist''' covers more or less the functions of English Past Simple and Past Perfect. The form consists of the stem of the verb with the addition of an ''-s'' morpheme at the end of it, and it has to be combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the conjugation.<br />
The meaning of Alvinian '''Imperfect''' is that of a continuous or repeated action taking place in the past. The form consists of the stem of the verb with the addition of a ''-k'' morpheme at the end of it, and it has to be combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the conjugation.<br />
Alvinian '''Future''' tense covers all the meanings of actions taking place in the future. The form consists of the stem of the verb with the addition of a ''-bo'' morpheme at the end of it, and it has to be combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the conjugation.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Verb "že" (to be)<br />
!Present<br />
!Aorist<br />
!Imperfect<br />
!Future<br />
|-<br />
!1S<br />
|Me že<br />
|Me žes<br />
|Me žek<br />
|Me žebo<br />
|-<br />
!2S<br />
|Te že<br />
|Te žes<br />
|Te žek<br />
|Te žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Sm<br />
|El že<br />
|El žes<br />
|El žek<br />
|El žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Sf<br />
|La že<br />
|La žes<br />
|La žek<br />
|La žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Sn<br />
|Lo že<br />
|Lo žes<br />
|Lo žek<br />
|Lo žebo<br />
|-<br />
!1D<br />
|Na že<br />
|Na žes<br />
|Na žek<br />
|Na žebo<br />
|-<br />
!2D<br />
|Va že<br />
|Va žes<br />
|Va žek<br />
|Va žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3D<br />
|La že<br />
|La žes<br />
|La žek<br />
|La žebo<br />
|-<br />
!1P<br />
|Ne že<br />
|Ne žes<br />
|Ne žek<br />
|Ne žebo<br />
|-<br />
!2P<br />
|Ve že<br />
|Ve žes<br />
|Ve žek<br />
|Ve žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Pm<br />
|Li že<br />
|Li žes<br />
|Li žek<br />
|Li žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Pf<br />
|Le že<br />
|Le žes<br />
|Le žek<br />
|Le žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Pn<br />
|Lą že<br />
|Lą žes<br />
|Lą žek<br />
|Lą žebo<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Conditional===<br />
Just like finite verbs, conditional mood is realised by attaching the particle '''''-bi''''''' at the end of the present stem. The negative conditional is formed by attaching the usual '''''ni-''''' before the verbal stem.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Subject Clitic<br />
!Conditional <br />
!Negative conditional<br />
|-<br />
|Me, Te, El, La, Lo, Na, Va, La, Li, Le, Lą<br />
|Žebi<br />
|Nižebi<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Questions, Negation, Negative questions===<br />
In '''questions''', the clitic + verb complex undergoes an inversion: the clitic, which is found in a proclitic position (before the verb) in declarative sentences, is found in an enclitic position (after the verb) in interrogative questions. The inversion takes places in all tenses. Some clitics (3sf, 3sn, the dual, 3p) don't change with inversion, but some others (1s, 2s, 3sm, 1p, 2p) lose their vowel.<br />
The '''negation''' is formed by attaching a '''''ni-''''' morpheme before the verbal stem. This negative particle is attached to all negative verbs in all tenses.<br />
In '''negative questions''', the negative morpheme keeps the same position, while the clitic undergoes the same inversion phenomenon as their positive counterparts.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Verb "že" (to be)<br />
!Declarative<br />
!Interrogative<br />
!Negative<br />
!Neg. Interr.<br />
|-<br />
!1S<br />
|Me že<br />
|Žem?<br />
|Me niže<br />
|Nižem?<br />
|-<br />
!2S<br />
|Te že<br />
|Žet?<br />
|Te niže<br />
|Nižet?<br />
|-<br />
!3Sm<br />
|El že<br />
|Žel?<br />
|El niže<br />
|Nižel?<br />
|-<br />
!3Sf<br />
|La že<br />
|Žela?<br />
|La niže<br />
|Nižela?<br />
|-<br />
!3Sn<br />
|Lo že<br />
|Želo?<br />
|Lo niže<br />
|Niželo?<br />
|-<br />
!1D<br />
|Na že<br />
|Žena?<br />
|Na niže<br />
|Nižena?<br />
|-<br />
!2D<br />
|Va že<br />
|Ževa?<br />
|Va niže<br />
|Niževa?<br />
|-<br />
!3D<br />
|La že<br />
|Žela?<br />
|La niže<br />
|Nižela?<br />
|-<br />
!1P<br />
|Ne že<br />
|Žen?<br />
|Ne niže<br />
|Nižen?<br />
|-<br />
!2P<br />
|Ve že<br />
|Žev?<br />
|Ve niže<br />
|Nižev?<br />
|-<br />
!3Pm<br />
|Li že<br />
|Želi?<br />
|Li niže<br />
|Niželi?<br />
|-<br />
!3Pf<br />
|Le že<br />
|Žele?<br />
|Le niže<br />
|Nižele?<br />
|-<br />
!3Pn<br />
|Lą že<br />
|Želą?<br />
|Lą niže<br />
|Niželą?<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Reflexive verbs===<br />
Reflexivity in Alvinian is expressed with the Reflexive Clitic '''''są'''''. This clitic comes immediately after the Subject Clitic and it's written separately from the verb.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Infinitive<br />
!Present<br />
!Aorist<br />
!Negative<br />
!Question<br />
|-<br />
|''Są vavere'' (''to believe'')<br />
|''El są vavere'' (''He believes'')<br />
|''El są vaveres'' (''He believed'')<br />
|''El są nevavere'' ('' He doesn't believe'')<br />
|''Są vaverel?'' (''Does he believe?'')<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<!-- Template area --><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]<br />
[[Category:Languages]]<br />
[[Category:Slavic languages]]</div>
AlbertVen
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Alvinian&diff=95604
Alvinian
2017-12-27T17:01:18Z
<p>AlbertVen: </p>
<hr />
<div>Alvinian (Алвини Език, Alvini Ezik) is a Southern Slavic language based on Old Slovene, which has been significantly influenced by Venetan, an Italo-Romance language spoken in North-Eastern Italy, and other Slavic languages, especially Serbian and Russian.<br />
<br />
{{Infobox language<br />
|creator = [[User:AlbertVen|AlbertVen]]<br />
|name = Alvinian<br />
|nativename = Алвини Език, Alvini Ezik<br />
|region =<br />
|states =<br />
|speakers = <br />
|date = 2013<br />
|familycolor = Indo-European<br />
|fam1=[[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]<br />
|fam2=[[w:Slavic languages|Slavic]]<br />
|fam3 = Southern Slavic<br />
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
<br />
=Alphabet=<br />
Alvinian uses both '''Cyrillic''' and '''Latin''' script. The alphabets have an equal status, although latin is usually preferred in informal texts, while cyrillic is normally used in normative, scientific and official texts.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
|-<br />
!Cyrillic<br />
!Latin<br />
!IPA value<br />
|-<br />
|А а ||A a ||/a/<br />
|-<br />
|Б б ||B b ||/b/<br />
|-<br />
|В в ||V v ||/v/<br />
|-<br />
|Г г ||G g ||/ɡ/<br />
|-<br />
|Д д ||D d ||/d/<br />
|-<br />
|Џ џ ||Ğ ğ ||/dʑ/<br />
|-<br />
|Е е ||E e ||/ɛ/ (stressed); /e/ (unstressed)<br />
|-<br />
|Ж ж ||Ž ž ||/ʐ/<br />
|-<br />
|З з ||Z z ||/z/<br />
|-<br />
|И и ||I i ||/i/<br />
|-<br />
|Ј ј ||J j ||/ʝ/<br />
|-<br />
|К к ||K k ||/k/<br />
|-<br />
|Л л ||L l ||/l/<br />
|-<br />
|Ԡ ԡ ||L̆ l̆ ||/ʎ/<br />
|-<br />
|М м ||M m ||/m/<br />
|-<br />
|Н н ||N n ||/n/<br />
|-<br />
|Ԣ ԣ ||Ň ň ||/ɲ/<br />
|-<br />
|О о ||O o ||/ɔ/ (stressed); /о/ (unstressed)<br />
|-<br />
|П п ||P p ||/p/<br />
|-<br />
|Р р ||R r ||/ɾ/<br />
|-<br />
|С с ||S s ||/s/<br />
|-<br />
|Т т ||T t ||/t/<br />
|-<br />
|У у ||U u ||/u/<br />
|-<br />
|Ф ф ||F f ||/f/<br />
|-<br />
|Х х ||H h ||/x/<br />
|-<br />
|Ц ц ||C c ||/ts/<br />
|-<br />
|Ч ч ||Č č ||/tɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|Ш ш ||Š š ||/ʂ/<br />
|-<br />
|Һ һ ||X x ||/dz/<br />
|-<br />
|Я я ||Ą ą ||/ɔ̃/<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
=Grammar=<br />
<br />
==Nouns==<br />
Alvinian inflects nouns for '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural''), '''gender''' (''masculine, feminine, neuter'') and '''case''' (''nominative, genitive, accusative, dative''). The declensions are divided into '''masculine''', '''feminine''' and '''neuter'''.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Masculine - Ušnik (''Student'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Ušnik<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušniki<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnikov<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Ušnik<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnike<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Ušniku<br />
|Ušnikam<br />
|Ušnikima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Feminine - Niga (''Book'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Niga<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nige<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Nige<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nig<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Nigu<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nige<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nigam<br />
|Nigima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Neuter - Revo (''Tree'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Revo<br />
|Revi<br />
|Revą<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Reva<br />
|Revi<br />
|Rev<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Revo<br />
|Revi<br />
|Revą<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Revu<br />
|Revam<br />
|Revima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
==Adjectives==<br />
<br />
===Descriptive adjectives===<br />
Alvinian adjectives are inflected for '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural''), '''gender''' (''masculine, feminine, neuter'') and '''case''' (''nominative, genitive, accusative, dative''). There are three degrees of '''comparison''': ''positive, comparative'' and ''superlative''.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Masculine - Zobri (''Good'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Zobri<br />
|Zobra<br />
|Zobri<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Zobreg<br />
|Zobra<br />
|Zobrih<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Zobreg<br />
|Zobra<br />
|Zobrih<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Zobrem<br />
|Zobrim<br />
|Zobrim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Feminine - Zobra (''Good'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Zobra<br />
|Zobri<br />
|Zobre<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Zobre<br />
|Zobri<br />
|Zobrih<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Zobru<br />
|Zobri<br />
|Zobrih<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Zobrej<br />
|Zobrim<br />
|Zobrim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Neuter - Zobro (''Good'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Zobro<br />
|Zobri<br />
|Zobrą<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Zobreg<br />
|Zobra<br />
|Zobrih<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Zobreg<br />
|Zobri<br />
|Zobrih<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Zobrem<br />
|Zobrim<br />
|Zobrim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Comparative and Superlative====<br />
The '''Comparative''' is formed by attaching the prefix '''''pre-''''' to the positive form; the '''Superlative''' is formed by attaching the prefix '''''naj-''''' to the positive form. Both Comparative and Superlative adjectives are inflected according to the regular adjectival declension.<br />
<br />
''Zobri < '''Pre'''zobri < '''Naj'''zobri''<br />
<br />
====Predicative context====<br />
When used as a predicative (the complement of the verb to be), the adjective adds the invariable suffix '''''-eň''''' to the stem.<br />
<br />
''Zobr-'''i''' > Zobr-'''eň'''''<br />
<br />
<br />
==Pronouns==<br />
<br />
===Personal Pronouns===<br />
Alvinian personal pronouns are inflected for '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural''), '''person''', '''case''' (''nominative, genitive, accusative, dative'') and the 3rd persons are inflected also for '''gender''' (''masculine/neuter, feminine'').<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!<br />
!1S<br />
!2S<br />
!3S m,n<br />
!3S f<br />
!1D<br />
!2D<br />
!3D<br />
!1P<br />
!2P<br />
!3P m, f, n<br />
|-<br />
!Nom<br />
|Mi<br />
|Ti<br />
|El, Elo<br />
|Ela<br />
|Naj<br />
|Vaj<br />
|Laj<br />
|Ni<br />
|Vi<br />
|Eli, Ele, Elą<br />
|-<br />
!Gen<br />
|Meg<br />
|Teg<br />
|Neg<br />
|Ne<br />
|Nas<br />
|Vas<br />
|Las<br />
|Nih<br />
|Vih<br />
|Lih<br />
|-<br />
!Acc<br />
|Men<br />
|Ten<br />
|Nen<br />
|Nu<br />
|Nas<br />
|Vas<br />
|Las<br />
|Nih<br />
|Vih<br />
|Lih<br />
|-<br />
!Dat<br />
|Mom<br />
|Tom<br />
|Nem<br />
|Nom<br />
|Nama<br />
|Vama<br />
|Lima<br />
|Nam<br />
|Vam<br />
|Lim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Subject Clitics====<br />
Alvinian has a second serie of subject pronouns, which are clitic elements derived from full personal pronouns. These elements function only as markers of the agreement with the subject, and they are obligatorily realised together with the verb in a sentence.<br />
Subject Clitics are normally proclitic in declarative sentences (they come before the verb) and enclitic in interrogative sentences (they follow the verb). <br />
Subject Clitics are not inflected for case, since they always encode the relation of agreement with the subject, but they inflect for '''person''', '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural'') and the 3rd persons are also inflected for '''gender''' (''masculine, feminine, neuter)''.<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Subject Pronoun<br />
!1S<br />
!2S<br />
!3Sm<br />
!3Sf<br />
!3Sn<br />
!1D<br />
!2D<br />
!3D<br />
!1P<br />
!2P<br />
!3Pm<br />
!3Pf<br />
!3Pn<br />
|-<br />
!Full<br />
|Mi<br />
|Ti<br />
|El<br />
|Ela<br />
|Elo<br />
|Naj<br />
|Vaj<br />
|Laj<br />
|Ni<br />
|Vi<br />
|Eli<br />
|Ele<br />
|Elą<br />
|-<br />
!Clitic<br />
|Me<br />
|Te<br />
|El<br />
|La<br />
|Lo<br />
|Na<br />
|Va<br />
|La<br />
|Ne<br />
|Ve<br />
|Li<br />
|Le<br />
|Lą<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Subject Clitics are also called '''subject doublers''', since they have to be realised also in a sentence with an overt full pronominal subject or with an overt referential nominal subject.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!<br />
!Subject Clitic + Verb<br />
!Full Pronoun + Subject Clitic + Verb<br />
!Referential Noun + Subject Clitic + Verb<br />
|-<br />
!Declarative<br />
|'''''La''''' že<br />
|Ela '''''la''''' že<br />
|Lara '''''la''''' že<br />
|-<br />
!Translation<br />
|'''''She''''' is<br />
|She '''''she''''' is<br />
|Lara '''''she''''' is<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
==Verbs==<br />
<br />
===Finite Tenses===<br />
Alvinian '''Present''' tense covers more or less the functions of English Present Simple and Present Continuous. Verbal morphology is very limited. Verbs in the present tense consist of a single form (the stem) which is combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the full conjugation.<br />
Alvinian '''Aorist''' covers more or less the functions of English Past Simple and Past Perfect. The form consists of the stem of the verb with the addition of an ''-s'' morpheme at the end of it, and it has to be combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the conjugation.<br />
The meaning of Alvinian '''Imperfect''' is that of a continuous or repeated action taking place in the past. The form consists of the stem of the verb with the addition of a ''-k'' morpheme at the end of it, and it has to be combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the conjugation.<br />
Alvinian '''Future''' tense covers all the meanings of actions taking place in the future. The form consists of the stem of the verb with the addition of a ''-bo'' morpheme at the end of it, and it has to be combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the conjugation.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Verb "že" (to be)<br />
!Present<br />
!Aorist<br />
!Imperfect<br />
!Future<br />
|-<br />
!1S<br />
|Me že<br />
|Me žes<br />
|Me žek<br />
|Me žebo<br />
|-<br />
!2S<br />
|Te že<br />
|Te žes<br />
|Te žek<br />
|Te žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Sm<br />
|El že<br />
|El žes<br />
|El žek<br />
|El žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Sf<br />
|La že<br />
|La žes<br />
|La žek<br />
|La žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Sn<br />
|Lo že<br />
|Lo žes<br />
|Lo žek<br />
|Lo žebo<br />
|-<br />
!1D<br />
|Na že<br />
|Na žes<br />
|Na žek<br />
|Na žebo<br />
|-<br />
!2D<br />
|Va že<br />
|Va žes<br />
|Va žek<br />
|Va žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3D<br />
|La že<br />
|La žes<br />
|La žek<br />
|La žebo<br />
|-<br />
!1P<br />
|Ne že<br />
|Ne žes<br />
|Ne žek<br />
|Ne žebo<br />
|-<br />
!2P<br />
|Ve že<br />
|Ve žes<br />
|Ve žek<br />
|Ve žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Pm<br />
|Li že<br />
|Li žes<br />
|Li žek<br />
|Li žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Pf<br />
|Le že<br />
|Le žes<br />
|Le žek<br />
|Le žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Pn<br />
|Lą že<br />
|Lą žes<br />
|Lą žek<br />
|Lą žebo<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Conditional===<br />
Just like finite verbs, conditional mood is realised by attaching the particle '''''-bi''''''' at the end of the present stem. The negative conditional is formed by attaching the usual '''''ni-''''' before the verbal stem.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Subject Clitic<br />
!Conditional <br />
!Negative conditional<br />
|-<br />
|Me, Te, El, La, Lo, Na, Va, La, Li, Le, Lą<br />
|Žebi<br />
|Nižebi<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Questions, Negation, Negative questions===<br />
In '''questions''', the clitic + verb complex undergoes an inversion: the clitic, which is found in a proclitic position (before the verb) in declarative sentences, is found in an enclitic position (after the verb) in interrogative questions. The inversion takes places in all tenses. Some clitics (3sf, 3sn, the dual, 3p) don't change with inversion, but some others (1s, 2s, 3sm, 1p, 2p) lose their vowel.<br />
The '''negation''' is formed by attaching a '''''ni-''''' morpheme before the verbal stem. This negative particle is attached to all negative verbs in all tenses.<br />
In '''negative questions''', the negative morpheme keeps the same position, while the clitic undergoes the same inversion phenomenon as their positive counterparts.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Verb "že" (to be)<br />
!Declarative<br />
!Interrogative<br />
!Negative<br />
!Neg. Interr.<br />
|-<br />
!1S<br />
|Me že<br />
|Žem?<br />
|Me niže<br />
|Nižem?<br />
|-<br />
!2S<br />
|Te že<br />
|Žet?<br />
|Te niže<br />
|Nižet?<br />
|-<br />
!3Sm<br />
|El že<br />
|Žel?<br />
|El niže<br />
|Nižel?<br />
|-<br />
!3Sf<br />
|La že<br />
|Žela?<br />
|La niže<br />
|Nižela?<br />
|-<br />
!3Sn<br />
|Lo že<br />
|Želo?<br />
|Lo niže<br />
|Niželo?<br />
|-<br />
!1D<br />
|Na že<br />
|Žena?<br />
|Na niže<br />
|Nižena?<br />
|-<br />
!2D<br />
|Va že<br />
|Ževa?<br />
|Va niže<br />
|Niževa?<br />
|-<br />
!3D<br />
|La že<br />
|Žela?<br />
|La niže<br />
|Nižela?<br />
|-<br />
!1P<br />
|Ne že<br />
|Žen?<br />
|Ne niže<br />
|Nižen?<br />
|-<br />
!2P<br />
|Ve že<br />
|Žev?<br />
|Ve niže<br />
|Nižev?<br />
|-<br />
!3Pm<br />
|Li že<br />
|Želi?<br />
|Li niže<br />
|Niželi?<br />
|-<br />
!3Pf<br />
|Le že<br />
|Žele?<br />
|Le niže<br />
|Nižele?<br />
|-<br />
!3Pn<br />
|Lą že<br />
|Želą?<br />
|Lą niže<br />
|Niželą?<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Reflexive verbs===<br />
Reflexivity in Alvinian is expressed with the Reflexive Clitic '''''są'''''. This clitic comes immediately after the Subject Clitic and it's written separately from the verb.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Infinitive<br />
!Present<br />
!Aorist<br />
!Negative<br />
!Question<br />
|-<br />
|''Są vavere'' (''to believe'')<br />
|''El są vavere'' (''He believes'')<br />
|''El są vaveres'' (''He believed'')<br />
|''El są nevavere'' ('' He doesn't believe'')<br />
|''Są vaverel?'' (''Does he believe?'')<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<!-- Template area --><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]<br />
[[Category:Languages]]<br />
[[Category:Slavic languages]]</div>
AlbertVen
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Alvinian&diff=95547
Alvinian
2017-12-27T14:28:30Z
<p>AlbertVen: </p>
<hr />
<div>Alvinian (Алвини Език, Alvini Ezik) is a Southern Slavic language based on Old Slovene, which has been significantly influenced by Venetan, an Italo-Romance language spoken in North-Eastern Italy, and other Slavic languages, especially Serbian and Russian.<br />
<br />
{{Infobox language<br />
|creator = [[User:AlbertVen|AlbertVen]]<br />
|name = Alvinian<br />
|nativename = Алвини Език, Alvini Ezik<br />
|region =<br />
|states =<br />
|speakers = <br />
|date = 2013<br />
|familycolor = Indo-European<br />
|fam1=[[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]<br />
|fam2=[[w:Slavic languages|Slavic]]<br />
|fam3 = Southern Slavic<br />
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
<br />
=Alphabet=<br />
Alvinian uses both '''Cyrillic''' and '''Latin''' script. The alphabets have an equal status, although latin is usually preferred in informal texts, while cyrillic is normally used in normative, scientific and official texts.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
|-<br />
!Cyrillic<br />
!Latin<br />
!IPA value<br />
|-<br />
|А а ||A a ||/a/<br />
|-<br />
|Б б ||B b ||/b/<br />
|-<br />
|В в ||V v ||/v/<br />
|-<br />
|Г г ||G g ||/ɡ/<br />
|-<br />
|Д д ||D d ||/d/<br />
|-<br />
|Џ џ ||Ğ ğ ||/dʑ/<br />
|-<br />
|Е е ||E e ||/ɛ/ (stressed); /e/ (unstressed)<br />
|-<br />
|Ж ж ||Ž ž ||/ʐ/<br />
|-<br />
|З з ||Z z ||/z/<br />
|-<br />
|И и ||I i ||/i/<br />
|-<br />
|Ј ј ||J j ||/ʝ/<br />
|-<br />
|К к ||K k ||/k/<br />
|-<br />
|Л л ||L l ||/l/<br />
|-<br />
|Ԡ ԡ ||L̆ l̆ ||/ʎ/<br />
|-<br />
|М м ||M m ||/m/<br />
|-<br />
|Н н ||N n ||/n/<br />
|-<br />
|Ԣ ԣ ||Ň ň ||/ɲ/<br />
|-<br />
|О о ||O o ||/ɔ/ (stressed); /о/ (unstressed)<br />
|-<br />
|П п ||P p ||/p/<br />
|-<br />
|Р р ||R r ||/ɾ/<br />
|-<br />
|С с ||S s ||/s/<br />
|-<br />
|Т т ||T t ||/t/<br />
|-<br />
|У у ||U u ||/u/<br />
|-<br />
|Ф ф ||F f ||/f/<br />
|-<br />
|Х х ||H h ||/x/<br />
|-<br />
|Ц ц ||C c ||/ts/<br />
|-<br />
|Ч ч ||Č č ||/tɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|Ш ш ||Š š ||/ʂ/<br />
|-<br />
|Һ һ ||X x ||/dz/<br />
|-<br />
|Я я ||Ą ą ||/ɔ̃/<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
=Grammar=<br />
<br />
==Nouns==<br />
Alvinian inflects nouns for '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural''), '''gender''' (''masculine, feminine, neuter'') and '''case''' (''nominative, genitive, accusative, dative''). The declensions are divided into '''masculine''', '''feminine''' and '''neuter'''.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Masculine - Ušnik (''Student'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Ušnik<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušniki<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnikov<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Ušnik<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnike<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Ušniku<br />
|Ušnikam<br />
|Ušnikima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Feminine - Niga (''Book'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Niga<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nige<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Nige<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nig<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Nigu<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nige<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nigam<br />
|Nigima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Neuter - Revo (''Tree'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Revo<br />
|Revi<br />
|Revą<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Reva<br />
|Revi<br />
|Rev<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Revo<br />
|Revi<br />
|Revą<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Revu<br />
|Revam<br />
|Revima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
==Adjectives==<br />
<br />
===Descriptive adjectives===<br />
Alvinian adjectives are inflected for '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural''), '''gender''' (''masculine, feminine, neuter'') and '''case''' (''nominative, genitive, accusative, dative''). There are three degrees of '''comparison''': ''positive, comparative'' and ''superlative''.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Masculine - Zobri (''Good'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Zobri<br />
|Zobra<br />
|Zobri<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Zobreg<br />
|Zobra<br />
|Zobrih<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Zobreg<br />
|Zobra<br />
|Zobrih<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Zobrem<br />
|Zobrim<br />
|Zobrim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Feminine - Zobra (''Good'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Zobra<br />
|Zobri<br />
|Zobre<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Zobre<br />
|Zobri<br />
|Zobrih<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Zobru<br />
|Zobri<br />
|Zobrih<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Zobroj<br />
|Zobrim<br />
|Zobrim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Neuter - Zobro (''Good'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Zobro<br />
|Zobri<br />
|Zobrą<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Zobreg<br />
|Zobra<br />
|Zobrih<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Zobreg<br />
|Zobri<br />
|Zobrih<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Zobrem<br />
|Zobrim<br />
|Zobrim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
==Pronouns==<br />
<br />
===Personal Pronouns===<br />
Alvinian personal pronouns are inflected for '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural''), '''person''', '''case''' (''nominative, genitive, accusative, dative'') and the 3rd persons are inflected also for '''gender''' (''masculine/neuter, feminine'').<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!<br />
!1S<br />
!2S<br />
!3S m,n<br />
!3S f<br />
!1D<br />
!2D<br />
!3D<br />
!1P<br />
!2P<br />
!3P m, f, n<br />
|-<br />
!Nom<br />
|Mi<br />
|Ti<br />
|El, Elo<br />
|Ela<br />
|Naj<br />
|Vaj<br />
|Laj<br />
|Ni<br />
|Vi<br />
|Eli, Ele, Elą<br />
|-<br />
!Gen<br />
|Meg<br />
|Teg<br />
|Neg<br />
|Ne<br />
|Nas<br />
|Vas<br />
|Las<br />
|Nih<br />
|Vih<br />
|Lih<br />
|-<br />
!Acc<br />
|Men<br />
|Ten<br />
|Nen<br />
|Nu<br />
|Nas<br />
|Vas<br />
|Las<br />
|Nih<br />
|Vih<br />
|Lih<br />
|-<br />
!Dat<br />
|Mom<br />
|Tom<br />
|Nem<br />
|Nom<br />
|Nama<br />
|Vama<br />
|Lima<br />
|Nam<br />
|Vam<br />
|Lim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Subject Clitics====<br />
Alvinian has a second serie of subject pronouns, which are clitic elements derived from full personal pronouns. These elements function only as markers of the agreement with the subject, and they are obligatorily realised together with the verb in a sentence.<br />
Subject Clitics are normally proclitic in declarative sentences (they come before the verb) and enclitic in interrogative sentences (they follow the verb). <br />
Subject Clitics are not inflected for case, since they always encode the relation of agreement with the subject, but they inflect for '''person''', '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural'') and the 3rd persons are also inflected for '''gender''' (''masculine, feminine, neuter)''.<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Subject Pronoun<br />
!1S<br />
!2S<br />
!3Sm<br />
!3Sf<br />
!3Sn<br />
!1D<br />
!2D<br />
!3D<br />
!1P<br />
!2P<br />
!3Pm<br />
!3Pf<br />
!3Pn<br />
|-<br />
!Full<br />
|Mi<br />
|Ti<br />
|El<br />
|Ela<br />
|Elo<br />
|Naj<br />
|Vaj<br />
|Laj<br />
|Ni<br />
|Vi<br />
|Eli<br />
|Ele<br />
|Elą<br />
|-<br />
!Clitic<br />
|Me<br />
|Te<br />
|El<br />
|La<br />
|Lo<br />
|Na<br />
|Va<br />
|La<br />
|Ne<br />
|Ve<br />
|Li<br />
|Le<br />
|Lą<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Subject Clitics are also called '''subject doublers''', since they have to be realised also in a sentence with an overt full pronominal subject or with an overt referential nominal subject.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!<br />
!Subject Clitic + Verb<br />
!Full Pronoun + Subject Clitic + Verb<br />
!Referential Noun + Subject Clitic + Verb<br />
|-<br />
!Declarative<br />
|'''''La''''' že<br />
|Ela '''''la''''' že<br />
|Lara '''''la''''' že<br />
|-<br />
!Translation<br />
|'''''She''''' is<br />
|She '''''she''''' is<br />
|Lara '''''she''''' is<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
==Verbs==<br />
<br />
===Finite Tenses===<br />
Alvinian '''Present''' tense covers more or less the functions of English Present Simple and Present Continuous. Verbal morphology is very limited. Verbs in the present tense consist of a single form (the stem) which is combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the full conjugation.<br />
Alvinian '''Aorist''' covers more or less the functions of English Past Simple and Past Perfect. The form consists of the stem of the verb with the addition of an ''-s'' morpheme at the end of it, and it has to be combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the conjugation.<br />
The meaning of Alvinian '''Imperfect''' is that of a continuous or repeated action taking place in the past. The form consists of the stem of the verb with the addition of a ''-k'' morpheme at the end of it, and it has to be combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the conjugation.<br />
Alvinian '''Future''' tense covers all the meanings of actions taking place in the future. The form consists of the stem of the verb with the addition of a ''-bo'' morpheme at the end of it, and it has to be combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the conjugation.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Verb "že" (to be)<br />
!Present<br />
!Aorist<br />
!Imperfect<br />
!Future<br />
|-<br />
!1S<br />
|Me že<br />
|Me žes<br />
|Me žek<br />
|Me žebo<br />
|-<br />
!2S<br />
|Te že<br />
|Te žes<br />
|Te žek<br />
|Te žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Sm<br />
|El že<br />
|El žes<br />
|El žek<br />
|El žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Sf<br />
|La že<br />
|La žes<br />
|La žek<br />
|La žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Sn<br />
|Lo že<br />
|Lo žes<br />
|Lo žek<br />
|Lo žebo<br />
|-<br />
!1D<br />
|Na že<br />
|Na žes<br />
|Na žek<br />
|Na žebo<br />
|-<br />
!2D<br />
|Va že<br />
|Va žes<br />
|Va žek<br />
|Va žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3D<br />
|La že<br />
|La žes<br />
|La žek<br />
|La žebo<br />
|-<br />
!1P<br />
|Ne že<br />
|Ne žes<br />
|Ne žek<br />
|Ne žebo<br />
|-<br />
!2P<br />
|Ve že<br />
|Ve žes<br />
|Ve žek<br />
|Ve žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Pm<br />
|Li že<br />
|Li žes<br />
|Li žek<br />
|Li žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Pf<br />
|Le že<br />
|Le žes<br />
|Le žek<br />
|Le žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Pn<br />
|Lą že<br />
|Lą žes<br />
|Lą žek<br />
|Lą žebo<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Conditional===<br />
Just like finite verbs, conditional mood is realised by attaching the particle '''''-bi''''''' at the end of the present stem. The negative conditional is formed by attaching the usual '''''ni-''''' before the verbal stem.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Subject Clitic<br />
!Conditional <br />
!Negative conditional<br />
|-<br />
|Me, Te, El, La, Lo, Na, Va, La, Li, Le, Lą<br />
|Žebi<br />
|Nižebi<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Questions, Negation, Negative questions===<br />
In '''questions''', the clitic + verb complex undergoes an inversion: the clitic, which is found in a proclitic position (before the verb) in declarative sentences, is found in an enclitic position (after the verb) in interrogative questions. The inversion takes places in all tenses. Some clitics (3sf, 3sn, the dual, 3p) don't change with inversion, but some others (1s, 2s, 3sm, 1p, 2p) lose their vowel.<br />
The '''negation''' is formed by attaching a '''''ni-''''' morpheme before the verbal stem. This negative particle is attached to all negative verbs in all tenses.<br />
In '''negative questions''', the negative morpheme keeps the same position, while the clitic undergoes the same inversion phenomenon as their positive counterparts.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Verb "že" (to be)<br />
!Declarative<br />
!Interrogative<br />
!Negative<br />
!Neg. Interr.<br />
|-<br />
!1S<br />
|Me že<br />
|Žem?<br />
|Me niže<br />
|Nižem?<br />
|-<br />
!2S<br />
|Te že<br />
|Žet?<br />
|Te niže<br />
|Nižet?<br />
|-<br />
!3Sm<br />
|El že<br />
|Žel?<br />
|El niže<br />
|Nižel?<br />
|-<br />
!3Sf<br />
|La že<br />
|Žela?<br />
|La niže<br />
|Nižela?<br />
|-<br />
!3Sn<br />
|Lo že<br />
|Želo?<br />
|Lo niže<br />
|Niželo?<br />
|-<br />
!1D<br />
|Na že<br />
|Žena?<br />
|Na niže<br />
|Nižena?<br />
|-<br />
!2D<br />
|Va že<br />
|Ževa?<br />
|Va niže<br />
|Niževa?<br />
|-<br />
!3D<br />
|La že<br />
|Žela?<br />
|La niže<br />
|Nižela?<br />
|-<br />
!1P<br />
|Ne že<br />
|Žen?<br />
|Ne niže<br />
|Nižen?<br />
|-<br />
!2P<br />
|Ve že<br />
|Žev?<br />
|Ve niže<br />
|Nižev?<br />
|-<br />
!3Pm<br />
|Li že<br />
|Želi?<br />
|Li niže<br />
|Niželi?<br />
|-<br />
!3Pf<br />
|Le že<br />
|Žele?<br />
|Le niže<br />
|Nižele?<br />
|-<br />
!3Pn<br />
|Lą že<br />
|Želą?<br />
|Lą niže<br />
|Niželą?<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Reflexive verbs===<br />
Reflexivity in Alvinian is expressed with the Reflexive Clitic '''''są'''''. This clitic comes immediately after the Subject Clitic and it's written separately from the verb.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Infinitive<br />
!Present<br />
!Aorist<br />
!Negative<br />
!Question<br />
|-<br />
|''Są vavere'' (''to believe'')<br />
|''El są vavere'' (''He believes'')<br />
|''El są vaveres'' (''He believed'')<br />
|''El są nevavere'' ('' He doesn't believe'')<br />
|''Są vaverel?'' (''Does he believe?'')<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<!-- Template area --><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]<br />
[[Category:Languages]]<br />
[[Category:Slavic languages]]</div>
AlbertVen
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Alvinian&diff=95538
Alvinian
2017-12-27T14:15:33Z
<p>AlbertVen: </p>
<hr />
<div>Alvinian (Алвини Език, Alvini Ezik) is a Southern Slavic language based on Old Slovene, which has been significantly influenced by Venetan, an Italo-Romance language spoken in North-Eastern Italy, and other Slavic languages, especially Serbian and Russian.<br />
<br />
{{Infobox language<br />
|creator = [[User:AlbertVen|AlbertVen]]<br />
|name = Alvinian<br />
|nativename = Алвини Език, Alvini Ezik<br />
|region =<br />
|states =<br />
|speakers = <br />
|date = 2013<br />
|familycolor = Indo-European<br />
|fam1=[[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]<br />
|fam2=[[w:Slavic languages|Slavic]]<br />
|fam3 = Southern Slavic<br />
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
<br />
=Alphabet=<br />
Alvinian uses both '''Cyrillic''' and '''Latin''' script. The alphabets have an equal status, although latin is usually preferred in informal texts, while cyrillic is normally used in normative, scientific and official texts.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
|-<br />
!Cyrillic<br />
!Latin<br />
!IPA value<br />
|-<br />
|А а ||A a ||/a/<br />
|-<br />
|Б б ||B b ||/b/<br />
|-<br />
|В в ||V v ||/v/<br />
|-<br />
|Г г ||G g ||/ɡ/<br />
|-<br />
|Д д ||D d ||/d/<br />
|-<br />
|Џ џ ||Ğ ğ ||/dʑ/<br />
|-<br />
|Е е ||E e ||/ɛ/ (stressed); /e/ (unstressed)<br />
|-<br />
|Ж ж ||Ž ž ||/ʐ/<br />
|-<br />
|З з ||Z z ||/z/<br />
|-<br />
|И и ||I i ||/i/<br />
|-<br />
|Ј ј ||J j ||/ʝ/<br />
|-<br />
|К к ||K k ||/k/<br />
|-<br />
|Л л ||L l ||/l/<br />
|-<br />
|Ԡ ԡ ||L̆ l̆ ||/ʎ/<br />
|-<br />
|М м ||M m ||/m/<br />
|-<br />
|Н н ||N n ||/n/<br />
|-<br />
|Ԣ ԣ ||Ň ň ||/ɲ/<br />
|-<br />
|О о ||O o ||/ɔ/ (stressed); /о/ (unstressed)<br />
|-<br />
|П п ||P p ||/p/<br />
|-<br />
|Р р ||R r ||/ɾ/<br />
|-<br />
|С с ||S s ||/s/<br />
|-<br />
|Т т ||T t ||/t/<br />
|-<br />
|У у ||U u ||/u/<br />
|-<br />
|Ф ф ||F f ||/f/<br />
|-<br />
|Х х ||H h ||/x/<br />
|-<br />
|Ц ц ||C c ||/ts/<br />
|-<br />
|Ч ч ||Č č ||/tɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|Ш ш ||Š š ||/ʂ/<br />
|-<br />
|Һ һ ||X x ||/dz/<br />
|-<br />
|Я я ||Ą ą ||/ɔ̃/<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
=Grammar=<br />
<br />
==Nouns==<br />
Alvinian inflects nouns for '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural''), '''gender''' (''masculine, feminine, neuter'') and '''case''' (''nominative, genitive, accusative, dative''). The declensions are divided into '''masculine''', '''feminine''' and '''neuter'''.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Masculine - Ušnik (''Student'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Ušnik<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušniki<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnikov<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Ušnik<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnike<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Ušniku<br />
|Ušnikam<br />
|Ušnikima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Feminine - Niga (''Book'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Niga<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nige<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Nige<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nig<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Nigu<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nige<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nigam<br />
|Nigima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Neuter - Revo (''Tree'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Revo<br />
|Revi<br />
|Revą<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Reva<br />
|Revi<br />
|Rev<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Revo<br />
|Revi<br />
|Revą<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Revu<br />
|Revam<br />
|Revima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Adjectives==<br />
Alvinian adjectives are inflected for '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural''), '''gender''' (''masculine, feminine, neuter'') and '''case''' (''nominative, genitive, accusative, dative''). There are three degrees of '''comparison''': ''positive, comparative'' and ''superlative''.<br />
==Pronouns==<br />
<br />
===Personal Pronouns===<br />
Alvinian personal pronouns are inflected for '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural''), '''person''', '''case''' (''nominative, genitive, accusative, dative'') and the 3rd persons are inflected also for '''gender''' (''masculine/neuter, feminine'').<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!<br />
!1S<br />
!2S<br />
!3S m,n<br />
!3S f<br />
!1D<br />
!2D<br />
!3D<br />
!1P<br />
!2P<br />
!3P m, f, n<br />
|-<br />
!Nom<br />
|Mi<br />
|Ti<br />
|El, Elo<br />
|Ela<br />
|Naj<br />
|Vaj<br />
|Laj<br />
|Ni<br />
|Vi<br />
|Eli, Ele, Elą<br />
|-<br />
!Gen<br />
|Meg<br />
|Teg<br />
|Neg<br />
|Ne<br />
|Nas<br />
|Vas<br />
|Las<br />
|Nih<br />
|Vih<br />
|Lih<br />
|-<br />
!Acc<br />
|Men<br />
|Ten<br />
|Nen<br />
|Nu<br />
|Nas<br />
|Vas<br />
|Las<br />
|Nih<br />
|Vih<br />
|Lih<br />
|-<br />
!Dat<br />
|Mom<br />
|Tom<br />
|Nem<br />
|Nom<br />
|Nama<br />
|Vama<br />
|Lima<br />
|Nam<br />
|Vam<br />
|Lim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Subject Clitics====<br />
Alvinian has a second serie of subject pronouns, which are clitic elements derived from full personal pronouns. These elements function only as markers of the agreement with the subject, and they are obligatorily realised together with the verb in a sentence.<br />
Subject Clitics are normally proclitic in declarative sentences (they come before the verb) and enclitic in interrogative sentences (they follow the verb). <br />
Subject Clitics are not inflected for case, since they always encode the relation of agreement with the subject, but they inflect for '''person''', '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural'') and the 3rd persons are also inflected for '''gender''' (''masculine, feminine, neuter)''.<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Subject Pronoun<br />
!1S<br />
!2S<br />
!3Sm<br />
!3Sf<br />
!3Sn<br />
!1D<br />
!2D<br />
!3D<br />
!1P<br />
!2P<br />
!3Pm<br />
!3Pf<br />
!3Pn<br />
|-<br />
!Full<br />
|Mi<br />
|Ti<br />
|El<br />
|Ela<br />
|Elo<br />
|Naj<br />
|Vaj<br />
|Laj<br />
|Ni<br />
|Vi<br />
|Eli<br />
|Ele<br />
|Elą<br />
|-<br />
!Clitic<br />
|Me<br />
|Te<br />
|El<br />
|La<br />
|Lo<br />
|Na<br />
|Va<br />
|La<br />
|Ne<br />
|Ve<br />
|Li<br />
|Le<br />
|Lą<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Subject Clitics are also called '''subject doublers''', since they have to be realised also in a sentence with an overt full pronominal subject or with an overt referential nominal subject.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!<br />
!Subject Clitic + Verb<br />
!Full Pronoun + Subject Clitic + Verb<br />
!Referential Noun + Subject Clitic + Verb<br />
|-<br />
!Declarative<br />
|'''''La''''' že<br />
|Ela '''''la''''' že<br />
|Lara '''''la''''' že<br />
|-<br />
!Translation<br />
|'''''She''''' is<br />
|She '''''she''''' is<br />
|Lara '''''she''''' is<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
==Verbs==<br />
<br />
===Finite Tenses===<br />
Alvinian '''Present''' tense covers more or less the functions of English Present Simple and Present Continuous. Verbal morphology is very limited. Verbs in the present tense consist of a single form (the stem) which is combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the full conjugation.<br />
Alvinian '''Aorist''' covers more or less the functions of English Past Simple and Past Perfect. The form consists of the stem of the verb with the addition of an ''-s'' morpheme at the end of it, and it has to be combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the conjugation.<br />
The meaning of Alvinian '''Imperfect''' is that of a continuous or repeated action taking place in the past. The form consists of the stem of the verb with the addition of a ''-k'' morpheme at the end of it, and it has to be combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the conjugation.<br />
Alvinian '''Future''' tense covers all the meanings of actions taking place in the future. The form consists of the stem of the verb with the addition of a ''-bo'' morpheme at the end of it, and it has to be combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the conjugation.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Verb "že" (to be)<br />
!Present<br />
!Aorist<br />
!Imperfect<br />
!Future<br />
|-<br />
!1S<br />
|Me že<br />
|Me žes<br />
|Me žek<br />
|Me žebo<br />
|-<br />
!2S<br />
|Te že<br />
|Te žes<br />
|Te žek<br />
|Te žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Sm<br />
|El že<br />
|El žes<br />
|El žek<br />
|El žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Sf<br />
|La že<br />
|La žes<br />
|La žek<br />
|La žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Sn<br />
|Lo že<br />
|Lo žes<br />
|Lo žek<br />
|Lo žebo<br />
|-<br />
!1D<br />
|Na že<br />
|Na žes<br />
|Na žek<br />
|Na žebo<br />
|-<br />
!2D<br />
|Va že<br />
|Va žes<br />
|Va žek<br />
|Va žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3D<br />
|La že<br />
|La žes<br />
|La žek<br />
|La žebo<br />
|-<br />
!1P<br />
|Ne že<br />
|Ne žes<br />
|Ne žek<br />
|Ne žebo<br />
|-<br />
!2P<br />
|Ve že<br />
|Ve žes<br />
|Ve žek<br />
|Ve žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Pm<br />
|Li že<br />
|Li žes<br />
|Li žek<br />
|Li žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Pf<br />
|Le že<br />
|Le žes<br />
|Le žek<br />
|Le žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Pn<br />
|Lą že<br />
|Lą žes<br />
|Lą žek<br />
|Lą žebo<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Conditional===<br />
Just like finite verbs, conditional mood is realised by attaching the particle '''''-bi''''''' at the end of the present stem. The negative conditional is formed by attaching the usual '''''ni-''''' before the verbal stem.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Subject Clitic<br />
!Conditional <br />
!Negative conditional<br />
|-<br />
|Me, Te, El, La, Lo, Na, Va, La, Li, Le, Lą<br />
|Žebi<br />
|Nižebi<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Questions, Negation, Negative questions===<br />
In '''questions''', the clitic + verb complex undergoes an inversion: the clitic, which is found in a proclitic position (before the verb) in declarative sentences, is found in an enclitic position (after the verb) in interrogative questions. The inversion takes places in all tenses. Some clitics (3sf, 3sn, the dual, 3p) don't change with inversion, but some others (1s, 2s, 3sm, 1p, 2p) lose their vowel.<br />
The '''negation''' is formed by attaching a '''''ni-''''' morpheme before the verbal stem. This negative particle is attached to all negative verbs in all tenses.<br />
In '''negative questions''', the negative morpheme keeps the same position, while the clitic undergoes the same inversion phenomenon as their positive counterparts.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Verb "že" (to be)<br />
!Declarative<br />
!Interrogative<br />
!Negative<br />
!Neg. Interr.<br />
|-<br />
!1S<br />
|Me že<br />
|Žem?<br />
|Me niže<br />
|Nižem?<br />
|-<br />
!2S<br />
|Te že<br />
|Žet?<br />
|Te niže<br />
|Nižet?<br />
|-<br />
!3Sm<br />
|El že<br />
|Žel?<br />
|El niže<br />
|Nižel?<br />
|-<br />
!3Sf<br />
|La že<br />
|Žela?<br />
|La niže<br />
|Nižela?<br />
|-<br />
!3Sn<br />
|Lo že<br />
|Želo?<br />
|Lo niže<br />
|Niželo?<br />
|-<br />
!1D<br />
|Na že<br />
|Žena?<br />
|Na niže<br />
|Nižena?<br />
|-<br />
!2D<br />
|Va že<br />
|Ževa?<br />
|Va niže<br />
|Niževa?<br />
|-<br />
!3D<br />
|La že<br />
|Žela?<br />
|La niže<br />
|Nižela?<br />
|-<br />
!1P<br />
|Ne že<br />
|Žen?<br />
|Ne niže<br />
|Nižen?<br />
|-<br />
!2P<br />
|Ve že<br />
|Žev?<br />
|Ve niže<br />
|Nižev?<br />
|-<br />
!3Pm<br />
|Li že<br />
|Želi?<br />
|Li niže<br />
|Niželi?<br />
|-<br />
!3Pf<br />
|Le že<br />
|Žele?<br />
|Le niže<br />
|Nižele?<br />
|-<br />
!3Pn<br />
|Lą že<br />
|Želą?<br />
|Lą niže<br />
|Niželą?<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Reflexive verbs===<br />
Reflexivity in Alvinian is expressed with the Reflexive Clitic '''''są'''''. This clitic comes immediately after the Subject Clitic and it's written separately from the verb.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Infinitive<br />
!Present<br />
!Aorist<br />
!Negative<br />
!Question<br />
|-<br />
|''Są vavere'' (''to believe'')<br />
|''El są vavere'' (''He believes'')<br />
|''El są vaveres'' (''He believed'')<br />
|''El są nevavere'' ('' He doesn't believe'')<br />
|''Są vaverel?'' (''Does he believe?'')<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<!-- Template area --><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]<br />
[[Category:Languages]]<br />
[[Category:Slavic languages]]</div>
AlbertVen
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Alvinian&diff=95536
Alvinian
2017-12-27T14:07:28Z
<p>AlbertVen: </p>
<hr />
<div>Alvinian (Алвини Език, Alvini Ezik) is a Southern Slavic language based on Old Slovene, which has been significantly influenced by Venetan, an Italo-Romance language spoken in North-Eastern Italy, and other Slavic languages, especially Serbian and Russian.<br />
<br />
{{Infobox language<br />
|creator = [[User:AlbertVen|AlbertVen]]<br />
|name = Alvinian<br />
|nativename = Алвини Език, Alvini Ezik<br />
|region =<br />
|states =<br />
|speakers = <br />
|date = 2013<br />
|familycolor = Indo-European<br />
|fam1=[[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]<br />
|fam2=[[w:Slavic languages|Slavic]]<br />
|fam3 = Southern Slavic<br />
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
<br />
=Alphabet=<br />
Alvinian uses both '''Cyrillic''' and '''Latin''' script. The alphabets have an equal status, although latin is usually preferred in informal texts, while cyrillic is normally used in normative, scientific and official texts.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
|-<br />
!Cyrillic<br />
!Latin<br />
!IPA value<br />
|-<br />
|А а ||A a ||/a/<br />
|-<br />
|Б б ||B b ||/b/<br />
|-<br />
|В в ||V v ||/v/<br />
|-<br />
|Г г ||G g ||/ɡ/<br />
|-<br />
|Д д ||D d ||/d/<br />
|-<br />
|Џ џ ||Ğ ğ ||/dʑ/<br />
|-<br />
|Е е ||E e ||/ɛ/ (stressed); /e/ (unstressed)<br />
|-<br />
|Ж ж ||Ž ž ||/ʐ/<br />
|-<br />
|З з ||Z z ||/z/<br />
|-<br />
|И и ||I i ||/i/<br />
|-<br />
|Ј ј ||J j ||/ʝ/<br />
|-<br />
|К к ||K k ||/k/<br />
|-<br />
|Л л ||L l ||/l/<br />
|-<br />
|Ԡ ԡ ||L̆ l̆ ||/ʎ/<br />
|-<br />
|М м ||M m ||/m/<br />
|-<br />
|Н н ||N n ||/n/<br />
|-<br />
|Ԣ ԣ ||Ň ň ||/ɲ/<br />
|-<br />
|О о ||O o ||/ɔ/ (stressed); /о/ (unstressed)<br />
|-<br />
|П п ||P p ||/p/<br />
|-<br />
|Р р ||R r ||/ɾ/<br />
|-<br />
|С с ||S s ||/s/<br />
|-<br />
|Т т ||T t ||/t/<br />
|-<br />
|У у ||U u ||/u/<br />
|-<br />
|Ф ф ||F f ||/f/<br />
|-<br />
|Х х ||H h ||/x/<br />
|-<br />
|Ц ц ||C c ||/ts/<br />
|-<br />
|Ч ч ||Č č ||/tɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|Ш ш ||Š š ||/ʂ/<br />
|-<br />
|Һ һ ||X x ||/dz/<br />
|-<br />
|Я я ||Ą ą ||/ɔ̃/<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
=Grammar=<br />
<br />
==Nouns==<br />
Alvinian inflects nouns for '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural''), '''gender''' (''masculine, feminine, neuter'') and '''case''' (''nominative, genitive, accusative, dative''). The declensions are divided into '''masculine''', '''feminine''' and '''neuter'''.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Masculine - Ušnik (''Student'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Ušnik<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušniki<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnikov<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Ušnik<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnike<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Ušniku<br />
|Ušnikam<br />
|Ušnikima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Feminine - Niga (''Book'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Niga<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nige<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Nige<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nig<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Nigu<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nige<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nigam<br />
|Nigima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Neuter - Revo (''Tree'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Revo<br />
|Revi<br />
|Revą<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Reva<br />
|Revi<br />
|Rev<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Revo<br />
|Revi<br />
|Revą<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Revu<br />
|Revam<br />
|Revima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Adjectives==<br />
<br />
==Pronouns==<br />
<br />
===Personal Pronouns===<br />
Alvinian personal pronouns are inflected for '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural''), '''person''', '''case''' (''nominative, genitive, accusative, dative'') and the 3rd persons are inflected also for '''gender''' (''masculine/neuter, feminine'').<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!<br />
!1S<br />
!2S<br />
!3S m,n<br />
!3S f<br />
!1D<br />
!2D<br />
!3D<br />
!1P<br />
!2P<br />
!3P m, f, n<br />
|-<br />
!Nom<br />
|Mi<br />
|Ti<br />
|El, Elo<br />
|Ela<br />
|Naj<br />
|Vaj<br />
|Laj<br />
|Ni<br />
|Vi<br />
|Eli, Ele, Elą<br />
|-<br />
!Gen<br />
|Meg<br />
|Teg<br />
|Neg<br />
|Ne<br />
|Nas<br />
|Vas<br />
|Las<br />
|Nih<br />
|Vih<br />
|Lih<br />
|-<br />
!Acc<br />
|Men<br />
|Ten<br />
|Nen<br />
|Nu<br />
|Nas<br />
|Vas<br />
|Las<br />
|Nih<br />
|Vih<br />
|Lih<br />
|-<br />
!Dat<br />
|Mom<br />
|Tom<br />
|Nem<br />
|Nom<br />
|Nama<br />
|Vama<br />
|Lima<br />
|Nam<br />
|Vam<br />
|Lim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Subject Clitics====<br />
Alvinian has a second serie of subject pronouns, which are clitic elements derived from full personal pronouns. These elements function only as markers of the agreement with the subject, and they are obligatorily realised together with the verb in a sentence.<br />
Subject Clitics are normally proclitic in declarative sentences (they come before the verb) and enclitic in interrogative sentences (they follow the verb). <br />
Subject Clitics are not inflected for case, since they always encode the relation of agreement with the subject, but they inflect for '''person''', '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural'') and the 3rd persons are also inflected for '''gender''' (''masculine, feminine, neuter)''.<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Subject Pronoun<br />
!1S<br />
!2S<br />
!3Sm<br />
!3Sf<br />
!3Sn<br />
!1D<br />
!2D<br />
!3D<br />
!1P<br />
!2P<br />
!3Pm<br />
!3Pf<br />
!3Pn<br />
|-<br />
!Full<br />
|Mi<br />
|Ti<br />
|El<br />
|Ela<br />
|Elo<br />
|Naj<br />
|Vaj<br />
|Laj<br />
|Ni<br />
|Vi<br />
|Eli<br />
|Ele<br />
|Elą<br />
|-<br />
!Clitic<br />
|Me<br />
|Te<br />
|El<br />
|La<br />
|Lo<br />
|Na<br />
|Va<br />
|La<br />
|Ne<br />
|Ve<br />
|Li<br />
|Le<br />
|Lą<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Subject Clitics are also called '''subject doublers''', since they have to be realised also in a sentence with an overt full pronominal subject or with an overt referential nominal subject.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!<br />
!Subject Clitic + Verb<br />
!Full Pronoun + Subject Clitic + Verb<br />
!Referential Noun + Subject Clitic + Verb<br />
|-<br />
!Declarative<br />
|'''''La''''' že<br />
|Ela '''''la''''' že<br />
|Lara '''''la''''' že<br />
|-<br />
!Translation<br />
|'''''She''''' is<br />
|She '''''she''''' is<br />
|Lara '''''she''''' is<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
==Verbs==<br />
<br />
===Finite Tenses===<br />
Alvinian '''Present''' tense covers more or less the functions of English Present Simple and Present Continuous. Verbal morphology is very limited. Verbs in the present tense consist of a single form (the stem) which is combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the full conjugation.<br />
Alvinian '''Aorist''' covers more or less the functions of English Past Simple and Past Perfect. The form consists of the stem of the verb with the addition of an ''-s'' morpheme at the end of it, and it has to be combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the conjugation.<br />
The meaning of Alvinian '''Imperfect''' is that of a continuous or repeated action taking place in the past. The form consists of the stem of the verb with the addition of a ''-k'' morpheme at the end of it, and it has to be combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the conjugation.<br />
Alvinian '''Future''' tense covers all the meanings of actions taking place in the future. The form consists of the stem of the verb with the addition of a ''-bo'' morpheme at the end of it, and it has to be combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the conjugation.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Verb "že" (to be)<br />
!Present<br />
!Aorist<br />
!Imperfect<br />
!Future<br />
|-<br />
!1S<br />
|Me že<br />
|Me žes<br />
|Me žek<br />
|Me žebo<br />
|-<br />
!2S<br />
|Te že<br />
|Te žes<br />
|Te žek<br />
|Te žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Sm<br />
|El že<br />
|El žes<br />
|El žek<br />
|El žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Sf<br />
|La že<br />
|La žes<br />
|La žek<br />
|La žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Sn<br />
|Lo že<br />
|Lo žes<br />
|Lo žek<br />
|Lo žebo<br />
|-<br />
!1D<br />
|Na že<br />
|Na žes<br />
|Na žek<br />
|Na žebo<br />
|-<br />
!2D<br />
|Va že<br />
|Va žes<br />
|Va žek<br />
|Va žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3D<br />
|La že<br />
|La žes<br />
|La žek<br />
|La žebo<br />
|-<br />
!1P<br />
|Ne že<br />
|Ne žes<br />
|Ne žek<br />
|Ne žebo<br />
|-<br />
!2P<br />
|Ve že<br />
|Ve žes<br />
|Ve žek<br />
|Ve žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Pm<br />
|Li že<br />
|Li žes<br />
|Li žek<br />
|Li žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Pf<br />
|Le že<br />
|Le žes<br />
|Le žek<br />
|Le žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Pn<br />
|Lą že<br />
|Lą žes<br />
|Lą žek<br />
|Lą žebo<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Conditional===<br />
Just like finite verbs, conditional mood is realised by attaching the particle '''''-bi''''''' at the end of the present stem. The negative conditional is formed by attaching the usual '''''ni-''''' before the verbal stem.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Subject Clitic<br />
!Conditional <br />
!Negative conditional<br />
|-<br />
|Me, Te, El, La, Lo, Na, Va, La, Li, Le, Lą<br />
|Žebi<br />
|Nižebi<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Questions, Negation, Negative questions===<br />
In '''questions''', the clitic + verb complex undergoes an inversion: the clitic, which is found in a proclitic position (before the verb) in declarative sentences, is found in an enclitic position (after the verb) in interrogative questions. The inversion takes places in all tenses. Some clitics (3sf, 3sn, the dual, 3p) don't change with inversion, but some others (1s, 2s, 3sm, 1p, 2p) lose their vowel.<br />
The '''negation''' is formed by attaching a '''''ni-''''' morpheme before the verbal stem. This negative particle is attached to all negative verbs in all tenses.<br />
In '''negative questions''', the negative morpheme keeps the same position, while the clitic undergoes the same inversion phenomenon as their positive counterparts.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Verb "že" (to be)<br />
!Declarative<br />
!Interrogative<br />
!Negative<br />
!Neg. Interr.<br />
|-<br />
!1S<br />
|Me že<br />
|Žem?<br />
|Me niže<br />
|Nižem?<br />
|-<br />
!2S<br />
|Te že<br />
|Žet?<br />
|Te niže<br />
|Nižet?<br />
|-<br />
!3Sm<br />
|El že<br />
|Žel?<br />
|El niže<br />
|Nižel?<br />
|-<br />
!3Sf<br />
|La že<br />
|Žela?<br />
|La niže<br />
|Nižela?<br />
|-<br />
!3Sn<br />
|Lo že<br />
|Želo?<br />
|Lo niže<br />
|Niželo?<br />
|-<br />
!1D<br />
|Na že<br />
|Žena?<br />
|Na niže<br />
|Nižena?<br />
|-<br />
!2D<br />
|Va že<br />
|Ževa?<br />
|Va niže<br />
|Niževa?<br />
|-<br />
!3D<br />
|La že<br />
|Žela?<br />
|La niže<br />
|Nižela?<br />
|-<br />
!1P<br />
|Ne že<br />
|Žen?<br />
|Ne niže<br />
|Nižen?<br />
|-<br />
!2P<br />
|Ve že<br />
|Žev?<br />
|Ve niže<br />
|Nižev?<br />
|-<br />
!3Pm<br />
|Li že<br />
|Želi?<br />
|Li niže<br />
|Niželi?<br />
|-<br />
!3Pf<br />
|Le že<br />
|Žele?<br />
|Le niže<br />
|Nižele?<br />
|-<br />
!3Pn<br />
|Lą že<br />
|Želą?<br />
|Lą niže<br />
|Niželą?<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Reflexive verbs===<br />
Reflexivity in Alvinian is expressed with the Reflexive Clitic '''''są'''''. This clitic comes immediately after the Subject Clitic and it's written separately from the verb.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Infinitive<br />
!Present<br />
!Aorist<br />
!Negative<br />
!Question<br />
|-<br />
|''Są vavere'' (''to believe'')<br />
|''El są vavere'' (''He believes'')<br />
|''El są vaveres'' (''He believed'')<br />
|''El są nevavere'' ('' He doesn't believe'')<br />
|''Są vaverel?'' (''Does he believe?'')<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<!-- Template area --><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]<br />
[[Category:Languages]]<br />
[[Category:Slavic languages]]</div>
AlbertVen
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Alvinian&diff=95535
Alvinian
2017-12-27T14:05:43Z
<p>AlbertVen: </p>
<hr />
<div>Alvinian (Алвини Език, Alvini Ezik) is a Southern Slavic language based on Old Slovene, which has been significantly influenced by Venetan, an Italo-Romance language spoken in North-Eastern Italy, and other Slavic languages, especially Serbian and Russian.<br />
<br />
{{Infobox language<br />
|creator = [[User:AlbertVen|AlbertVen]]<br />
|name = Alvinian<br />
|nativename = Алвини Език, Alvini Ezik<br />
|region =<br />
|states =<br />
|speakers = <br />
|date = 2013<br />
|familycolor = Indo-European<br />
|fam1=[[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]<br />
|fam2=[[w:Slavic languages|Slavic]]<br />
|fam3 = Southern Slavic<br />
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
<br />
=Alphabet=<br />
Alvinian uses both '''Cyrillic''' and '''Latin''' script. The alphabets have an equal status, although latin is usually preferred in informal texts, while cyrillic is normally used in normative, scientific and official texts.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
|-<br />
!Cyrillic<br />
!Latin<br />
!IPA value<br />
|-<br />
|А а ||A a ||/a/<br />
|-<br />
|Б б ||B b ||/b/<br />
|-<br />
|В в ||V v ||/v/<br />
|-<br />
|Г г ||G g ||/ɡ/<br />
|-<br />
|Д д ||D d ||/d/<br />
|-<br />
|Џ џ ||Ğ ğ ||/dʑ/<br />
|-<br />
|Е е ||E e ||/ɛ/ (stressed); /e/ (unstressed)<br />
|-<br />
|Ж ж ||Ž ž ||/ʐ/<br />
|-<br />
|З з ||Z z ||/z/<br />
|-<br />
|И и ||I i ||/i/<br />
|-<br />
|Ј ј ||J j ||/ʝ/<br />
|-<br />
|К к ||K k ||/k/<br />
|-<br />
|Л л ||L l ||/l/<br />
|-<br />
|Ԡ ԡ ||L̆ l̆ ||/ʎ/<br />
|-<br />
|М м ||M m ||/m/<br />
|-<br />
|Н н ||N n ||/n/<br />
|-<br />
|Ԣ ԣ ||Ň ň ||/ɲ/<br />
|-<br />
|О о ||O o ||/ɔ/ (stressed); /о/ (unstressed)<br />
|-<br />
|П п ||P p ||/p/<br />
|-<br />
|Р р ||R r ||/ɾ/<br />
|-<br />
|С с ||S s ||/s/<br />
|-<br />
|Т т ||T t ||/t/<br />
|-<br />
|У у ||U u ||/u/<br />
|-<br />
|Ф ф ||F f ||/f/<br />
|-<br />
|Х х ||H h ||/x/<br />
|-<br />
|Ц ц ||C c ||/ts/<br />
|-<br />
|Ч ч ||Č č ||/tɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|Ш ш ||Š š ||/ʂ/<br />
|-<br />
|Һ һ ||X x ||/dz/<br />
|-<br />
|Я я ||Ą ą ||/ɔ̃/<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
=Grammar=<br />
<br />
==Nouns==<br />
Alvinian inflects nouns for '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural''), '''gender''' (''masculine, feminine, neuter'') and '''case''' (''nominative, genitive, accusative, dative''). The declensions are divided into '''masculine''', '''feminine''' and '''neuter'''.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Masculine - Ušnik (''Student'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Ušnik<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušniki<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnikov<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Ušnik<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnike<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Ušniku<br />
|Ušnikam<br />
|Ušnikima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Feminine - Niga (''Book'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Niga<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nige<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Nige<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nig<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Nigu<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nige<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nigam<br />
|Nigima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Neuter - Revo (''Tree'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Revo<br />
|Revi<br />
|Revą<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Reva<br />
|Revi<br />
|Rev<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Revo<br />
|Revi<br />
|Revą<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Revu<br />
|Revam<br />
|Revima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Pronouns==<br />
<br />
===Personal Pronouns===<br />
Alvinian personal pronouns are inflected for '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural''), '''person''', '''case''' (''nominative, genitive, accusative, dative'') and the 3rd persons are inflected also for '''gender''' (''masculine/neuter, feminine'').<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!<br />
!1S<br />
!2S<br />
!3S m,n<br />
!3S f<br />
!1D<br />
!2D<br />
!3D<br />
!1P<br />
!2P<br />
!3P m, f, n<br />
|-<br />
!Nom<br />
|Mi<br />
|Ti<br />
|El, Elo<br />
|Ela<br />
|Naj<br />
|Vaj<br />
|Laj<br />
|Ni<br />
|Vi<br />
|Eli, Ele, Elą<br />
|-<br />
!Gen<br />
|Meg<br />
|Teg<br />
|Neg<br />
|Ne<br />
|Nas<br />
|Vas<br />
|Las<br />
|Nih<br />
|Vih<br />
|Lih<br />
|-<br />
!Acc<br />
|Men<br />
|Ten<br />
|Nen<br />
|Nu<br />
|Nas<br />
|Vas<br />
|Las<br />
|Nih<br />
|Vih<br />
|Lih<br />
|-<br />
!Dat<br />
|Mom<br />
|Tom<br />
|Nem<br />
|Nom<br />
|Nama<br />
|Vama<br />
|Lima<br />
|Nam<br />
|Vam<br />
|Lim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Subject Clitics====<br />
Alvinian has a second serie of subject pronouns, which are clitic elements derived from full personal pronouns. These elements function only as markers of the agreement with the subject, and they are obligatorily realised together with the verb in a sentence.<br />
Subject Clitics are normally proclitic in declarative sentences (they come before the verb) and enclitic in interrogative sentences (they follow the verb). <br />
Subject Clitics are not inflected for case, since they always encode the relation of agreement with the subject, but they inflect for '''person''', '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural'') and the 3rd persons are also inflected for '''gender''' (''masculine, feminine, neuter)''.<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Subject Pronoun<br />
!1S<br />
!2S<br />
!3Sm<br />
!3Sf<br />
!3Sn<br />
!1D<br />
!2D<br />
!3D<br />
!1P<br />
!2P<br />
!3Pm<br />
!3Pf<br />
!3Pn<br />
|-<br />
!Full<br />
|Mi<br />
|Ti<br />
|El<br />
|Ela<br />
|Elo<br />
|Naj<br />
|Vaj<br />
|Laj<br />
|Ni<br />
|Vi<br />
|Eli<br />
|Ele<br />
|Elą<br />
|-<br />
!Clitic<br />
|Me<br />
|Te<br />
|El<br />
|La<br />
|Lo<br />
|Na<br />
|Va<br />
|La<br />
|Ne<br />
|Ve<br />
|Li<br />
|Le<br />
|Lą<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Subject Clitics are also called '''subject doublers''', since they have to be realised also in a sentence with an overt full pronominal subject or with an overt referential nominal subject.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!<br />
!Subject Clitic + Verb<br />
!Full Pronoun + Subject Clitic + Verb<br />
!Referential Noun + Subject Clitic + Verb<br />
|-<br />
!Declarative<br />
|'''''La''''' že<br />
|Ela '''''la''''' že<br />
|Lara '''''la''''' že<br />
|-<br />
!Translation<br />
|'''''She''''' is<br />
|She '''''she''''' is<br />
|Lara '''''she''''' is<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
==Verbs==<br />
<br />
===Finite Tenses===<br />
Alvinian '''Present''' tense covers more or less the functions of English Present Simple and Present Continuous. Verbal morphology is very limited. Verbs in the present tense consist of a single form (the stem) which is combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the full conjugation.<br />
Alvinian '''Aorist''' covers more or less the functions of English Past Simple and Past Perfect. The form consists of the stem of the verb with the addition of an ''-s'' morpheme at the end of it, and it has to be combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the conjugation.<br />
The meaning of Alvinian '''Imperfect''' is that of a continuous or repeated action taking place in the past. The form consists of the stem of the verb with the addition of a ''-k'' morpheme at the end of it, and it has to be combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the conjugation.<br />
Alvinian '''Future''' tense covers all the meanings of actions taking place in the future. The form consists of the stem of the verb with the addition of a ''-bo'' morpheme at the end of it, and it has to be combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the conjugation.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Verb "že" (to be)<br />
!Present<br />
!Aorist<br />
!Imperfect<br />
!Future<br />
|-<br />
!1S<br />
|Me že<br />
|Me žes<br />
|Me žek<br />
|Me žebo<br />
|-<br />
!2S<br />
|Te že<br />
|Te žes<br />
|Te žek<br />
|Te žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Sm<br />
|El že<br />
|El žes<br />
|El žek<br />
|El žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Sf<br />
|La že<br />
|La žes<br />
|La žek<br />
|La žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Sn<br />
|Lo že<br />
|Lo žes<br />
|Lo žek<br />
|Lo žebo<br />
|-<br />
!1D<br />
|Na že<br />
|Na žes<br />
|Na žek<br />
|Na žebo<br />
|-<br />
!2D<br />
|Va že<br />
|Va žes<br />
|Va žek<br />
|Va žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3D<br />
|La že<br />
|La žes<br />
|La žek<br />
|La žebo<br />
|-<br />
!1P<br />
|Ne že<br />
|Ne žes<br />
|Ne žek<br />
|Ne žebo<br />
|-<br />
!2P<br />
|Ve že<br />
|Ve žes<br />
|Ve žek<br />
|Ve žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Pm<br />
|Li že<br />
|Li žes<br />
|Li žek<br />
|Li žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Pf<br />
|Le že<br />
|Le žes<br />
|Le žek<br />
|Le žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Pn<br />
|Lą že<br />
|Lą žes<br />
|Lą žek<br />
|Lą žebo<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Conditional===<br />
Just like finite verbs, conditional mood is realised by attaching the particle '''''-bi''''''' at the end of the present stem. The negative conditional is formed by attaching the usual '''''ni-''''' before the verbal stem.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Subject Clitic<br />
!Conditional <br />
!Negative conditional<br />
|-<br />
|Me, Te, El, La, Lo, Na, Va, La, Li, Le, Lą<br />
|Žebi<br />
|Nižebi<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Questions, Negation, Negative questions===<br />
In '''questions''', the clitic + verb complex undergoes an inversion: the clitic, which is found in a proclitic position (before the verb) in declarative sentences, is found in an enclitic position (after the verb) in interrogative questions. The inversion takes places in all tenses. Some clitics (3sf, 3sn, the dual, 3p) don't change with inversion, but some others (1s, 2s, 3sm, 1p, 2p) lose their vowel.<br />
The '''negation''' is formed by attaching a '''''ni-''''' morpheme before the verbal stem. This negative particle is attached to all negative verbs in all tenses.<br />
In '''negative questions''', the negative morpheme keeps the same position, while the clitic undergoes the same inversion phenomenon as their positive counterparts.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Verb "že" (to be)<br />
!Declarative<br />
!Interrogative<br />
!Negative<br />
!Neg. Interr.<br />
|-<br />
!1S<br />
|Me že<br />
|Žem?<br />
|Me niže<br />
|Nižem?<br />
|-<br />
!2S<br />
|Te že<br />
|Žet?<br />
|Te niže<br />
|Nižet?<br />
|-<br />
!3Sm<br />
|El že<br />
|Žel?<br />
|El niže<br />
|Nižel?<br />
|-<br />
!3Sf<br />
|La že<br />
|Žela?<br />
|La niže<br />
|Nižela?<br />
|-<br />
!3Sn<br />
|Lo že<br />
|Želo?<br />
|Lo niže<br />
|Niželo?<br />
|-<br />
!1D<br />
|Na že<br />
|Žena?<br />
|Na niže<br />
|Nižena?<br />
|-<br />
!2D<br />
|Va že<br />
|Ževa?<br />
|Va niže<br />
|Niževa?<br />
|-<br />
!3D<br />
|La že<br />
|Žela?<br />
|La niže<br />
|Nižela?<br />
|-<br />
!1P<br />
|Ne že<br />
|Žen?<br />
|Ne niže<br />
|Nižen?<br />
|-<br />
!2P<br />
|Ve že<br />
|Žev?<br />
|Ve niže<br />
|Nižev?<br />
|-<br />
!3Pm<br />
|Li že<br />
|Želi?<br />
|Li niže<br />
|Niželi?<br />
|-<br />
!3Pf<br />
|Le že<br />
|Žele?<br />
|Le niže<br />
|Nižele?<br />
|-<br />
!3Pn<br />
|Lą že<br />
|Želą?<br />
|Lą niže<br />
|Niželą?<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Reflexive verbs===<br />
Reflexivity in Alvinian is expressed with the Reflexive Clitic '''''są'''''. This clitic comes immediately after the Subject Clitic and it's written separately from the verb.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Infinitive<br />
!Present<br />
!Aorist<br />
!Negative<br />
!Question<br />
|-<br />
|''Są vavere'' (''to believe'')<br />
|''El są vavere'' (''He believes'')<br />
|''El są vaveres'' (''He believed'')<br />
|''El są nevavere'' ('' He doesn't believe'')<br />
|''Są vaverel?'' (''Does he believe?'')<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<!-- Template area --><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]<br />
[[Category:Languages]]<br />
[[Category:Slavic languages]]</div>
AlbertVen
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Alvinian&diff=95533
Alvinian
2017-12-27T13:55:40Z
<p>AlbertVen: </p>
<hr />
<div>Alvinian (Алвини Език, Alvini Ezik) is a Southern Slavic language based on Old Slovene, which has been significantly influenced by Venetan, an Italo-Romance language spoken in North-Eastern Italy, and other Slavic languages, especially Serbian and Russian.<br />
<br />
{{Infobox language<br />
|creator = [[User:AlbertVen|AlbertVen]]<br />
|name = Alvinian<br />
|nativename = Алвини Език, Alvini Ezik<br />
|region =<br />
|states =<br />
|speakers = <br />
|date = 2013<br />
|familycolor = Indo-European<br />
|fam1=[[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]<br />
|fam2=[[w:Slavic languages|Slavic]]<br />
|fam3 = Southern Slavic<br />
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
<br />
=Alphabet=<br />
Alvinian uses both '''Cyrillic''' and '''Latin''' script. The alphabets have an equal status, although latin is usually preferred in informal texts, while cyrillic is normally used in normative, scientific and official texts.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
|-<br />
!Cyrillic<br />
!Latin<br />
!IPA value<br />
|-<br />
|А а ||A a ||/a/<br />
|-<br />
|Б б ||B b ||/b/<br />
|-<br />
|В в ||V v ||/v/<br />
|-<br />
|Г г ||G g ||/ɡ/<br />
|-<br />
|Д д ||D d ||/d/<br />
|-<br />
|Џ џ ||Ğ ğ ||/dʑ/<br />
|-<br />
|Е е ||E e ||/ɛ/ (stressed); /e/ (unstressed)<br />
|-<br />
|Ж ж ||Ž ž ||/ʐ/<br />
|-<br />
|З з ||Z z ||/z/<br />
|-<br />
|И и ||I i ||/i/<br />
|-<br />
|Ј ј ||J j ||/ʝ/<br />
|-<br />
|К к ||K k ||/k/<br />
|-<br />
|Л л ||L l ||/l/<br />
|-<br />
|Ԡ ԡ ||L̆ l̆ ||/ʎ/<br />
|-<br />
|М м ||M m ||/m/<br />
|-<br />
|Н н ||N n ||/n/<br />
|-<br />
|Ԣ ԣ ||Ň ň ||/ɲ/<br />
|-<br />
|О о ||O o ||/ɔ/ (stressed); /о/ (unstressed)<br />
|-<br />
|П п ||P p ||/p/<br />
|-<br />
|Р р ||R r ||/ɾ/<br />
|-<br />
|С с ||S s ||/s/<br />
|-<br />
|Т т ||T t ||/t/<br />
|-<br />
|У у ||U u ||/u/<br />
|-<br />
|Ф ф ||F f ||/f/<br />
|-<br />
|Х х ||H h ||/x/<br />
|-<br />
|Ц ц ||C c ||/ts/<br />
|-<br />
|Ч ч ||Č č ||/tɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|Ш ш ||Š š ||/ʂ/<br />
|-<br />
|Һ һ ||X x ||/dz/<br />
|-<br />
|Я я ||Ą ą ||/ɔ̃/<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
=Grammar=<br />
<br />
==Nouns==<br />
Alvinian inflects nouns for '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural''), '''gender''' (''masculine, feminine, neuter'') and '''case''' (''nominative, genitive, accusative, dative''). The declensions are divided into '''masculine''', '''feminine''' and '''neuter'''.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Masculine - Ušnik (''Student'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Ušnik<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušniki<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnikov<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Ušnik<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnike<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Ušniku<br />
|Ušnikam<br />
|Ušnikima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Feminine - Niga (''Book'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Niga<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nige<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Nige<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nig<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Nigu<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nige<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nigam<br />
|Nigima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Neuter - Revo (''Tree'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Revo<br />
|Revi<br />
|Revą<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Reva<br />
|Revi<br />
|Rev<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Revo<br />
|Revi<br />
|Revą<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Revu<br />
|Revam<br />
|Revima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Personal Pronouns==<br />
Alvinian personal pronouns are inflected for '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural''), '''person''', '''case''' (''nominative, genitive, accusative, dative'') and the 3rd persons are inflected also for '''gender''' (''masculine/neuter, feminine'').<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!<br />
!1S<br />
!2S<br />
!3S m,n<br />
!3S f<br />
!1D<br />
!2D<br />
!3D<br />
!1P<br />
!2P<br />
!3P m, f, n<br />
|-<br />
!Nom<br />
|Mi<br />
|Ti<br />
|El, Elo<br />
|Ela<br />
|Naj<br />
|Vaj<br />
|Laj<br />
|Ni<br />
|Vi<br />
|Eli, Ele, Elą<br />
|-<br />
!Gen<br />
|Meg<br />
|Teg<br />
|Neg<br />
|Ne<br />
|Nas<br />
|Vas<br />
|Las<br />
|Nih<br />
|Vih<br />
|Lih<br />
|-<br />
!Acc<br />
|Men<br />
|Ten<br />
|Nen<br />
|Nu<br />
|Nas<br />
|Vas<br />
|Las<br />
|Nih<br />
|Vih<br />
|Lih<br />
|-<br />
!Dat<br />
|Mom<br />
|Tom<br />
|Nem<br />
|Nom<br />
|Nama<br />
|Vama<br />
|Lima<br />
|Nam<br />
|Vam<br />
|Lim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Verbs==<br />
====Subject Clitics====<br />
Alvinian doesn't have any agreement morphology realised on the verb, that's why it developed a second serie of subject pronouns, which are clitic elements derived from full personal pronouns. These elements function only as markers of the agreement with the subject, and they are obligatorily realised in a sentence with a verb.<br />
Subject Clitics are normally proclitic in declarative sentences (they come before the verb) and enclitic in interrogative sentences (they follow the verb). <br />
Subject Clitics are not inflected for case, since they always encode the relation of agreement with the subject, but they inflect for '''person''', '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural'') and the 3rd persons are also inflected for '''gender''' (''masculine, feminine, neuter)''.<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Subject Pronoun<br />
!1S<br />
!2S<br />
!3Sm<br />
!3Sf<br />
!3Sn<br />
!1D<br />
!2D<br />
!3D<br />
!1P<br />
!2P<br />
!3Pm<br />
!3Pf<br />
!3Pn<br />
|-<br />
!Full<br />
|Mi<br />
|Ti<br />
|El<br />
|Ela<br />
|Elo<br />
|Naj<br />
|Vaj<br />
|Laj<br />
|Ni<br />
|Vi<br />
|Eli<br />
|Ele<br />
|Elą<br />
|-<br />
!Clitic<br />
|Me<br />
|Te<br />
|El<br />
|La<br />
|Lo<br />
|Na<br />
|Va<br />
|La<br />
|Ne<br />
|Ve<br />
|Li<br />
|Le<br />
|Lą<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
In a sentence with a full pronominal subject or with a referential nominal subject, Subject Clitic has to be realised as well.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!<br />
!Subject Clitic + Verb<br />
!Full Pronoun + Subject Clitic + Verb<br />
!Referential Noun + Subject Clitic + Verb<br />
|-<br />
!Declarative<br />
|'''''La''''' že<br />
|Ela '''''la''''' že<br />
|Lara '''''la''''' že<br />
|-<br />
!Translation<br />
|'''''She''''' is<br />
|She '''''she''''' is<br />
|Lara '''''she''''' is<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
In questions the order is inverted: the verb comes before the Subject Clitics and they are written as a single word.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Declarative<br />
!Interrogative<br />
!Translation<br />
|-<br />
|'''''La''''' že<br />
|Že'''''la'''''?<br />
|'''''She''''' is. --> Is '''''she'''''?<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Finite Tenses===<br />
Alvinian '''Present''' tense covers more or less the functions of English Present Simple and Present Continuous. Verbal morphology is very limited. Verbs in the present tense consist of a single form (the root) which is combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the full conjugation.<br />
Alvinian '''Aorist''' covers more or less the functions of English Past Simple and Past Perfect. The form consists of the root of the verb with the addition of an ''-s'' morpheme at the end of it, and it has to be combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the conjugation.<br />
The meaning of Alvinian '''Imperfect''' is that of a continuous or repeated action taking place in the past. The form consists of the root of the verb with the addition of a ''-k'' morpheme at the end of it, and it has to be combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the conjugation.<br />
Alvinian '''Future''' tense covers all the meanings of actions taking place in the future. The form consists of the root of the verb with the addition of a ''-bo'' morpheme at the end of it, and it has to be combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the conjugation.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Verb "že" (to be)<br />
!Present<br />
!Aorist<br />
!Imperfect<br />
!Future<br />
|-<br />
!1S<br />
|Me že<br />
|Me žes<br />
|Me žek<br />
|Me žebo<br />
|-<br />
!2S<br />
|Te že<br />
|Te žes<br />
|Te žek<br />
|Te žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Sm<br />
|El že<br />
|El žes<br />
|El žek<br />
|El žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Sf<br />
|La že<br />
|La žes<br />
|La žek<br />
|La žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Sn<br />
|Lo že<br />
|Lo žes<br />
|Lo žek<br />
|Lo žebo<br />
|-<br />
!1D<br />
|Na že<br />
|Na žes<br />
|Na žek<br />
|Na žebo<br />
|-<br />
!2D<br />
|Va že<br />
|Va žes<br />
|Va žek<br />
|Va žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3D<br />
|La že<br />
|La žes<br />
|La žek<br />
|La žebo<br />
|-<br />
!1P<br />
|Ne že<br />
|Ne žes<br />
|Ne žek<br />
|Ne žebo<br />
|-<br />
!2P<br />
|Ve že<br />
|Ve žes<br />
|Ve žek<br />
|Ve žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Pm<br />
|Li že<br />
|Li žes<br />
|Li žek<br />
|Li žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Pf<br />
|Le že<br />
|Le žes<br />
|Le žek<br />
|Le žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Pn<br />
|Lą že<br />
|Lą žes<br />
|Lą žek<br />
|Lą žebo<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Conditional===<br />
Just like finite verbs, conditional mood is realised by attaching the particle '''''-bi''''''' at the end of the present stem. The negative conditional is formed by attaching the usual '''''ni-''''' before the verbal stem.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Subject Clitic<br />
!Conditional <br />
!Negative conditional<br />
|-<br />
|Me, Te, El, La, Lo, Na, Va, La, Li, Le, Lą<br />
|Žebi<br />
|Nižebi<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Questions, Negation, Negative questions===<br />
In '''questions''', the clitic + verb complex undergoes an inversion: the clitic, which is found in a proclitic position (before the verb) in declarative sentences, is found in an enclitic position (after the verb) in interrogative questions. The inversion takes places in all tenses. Some clitics (3sf, 3sn, the dual, 3p) don't change with inversion, but some others (1s, 2s, 3sm, 1p, 2p) lose their vowel.<br />
The '''negation''' is formed by attaching a '''''ni-''''' morpheme before the verbal stem. This negative particle is attached to all negative verbs in all tenses.<br />
In '''negative questions''', the negative morpheme keeps the same position, while the clitic undergoes the same inversion phenomenon as their positive counterparts.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Verb "že" (to be)<br />
!Declarative<br />
!Interrogative<br />
!Negative<br />
!Neg. Interr.<br />
|-<br />
!1S<br />
|Me že<br />
|Žem?<br />
|Me niže<br />
|Nižem?<br />
|-<br />
!2S<br />
|Te že<br />
|Žet?<br />
|Te niže<br />
|Nižet?<br />
|-<br />
!3Sm<br />
|El že<br />
|Žel?<br />
|El niže<br />
|Nižel?<br />
|-<br />
!3Sf<br />
|La že<br />
|Žela?<br />
|La niže<br />
|Nižela?<br />
|-<br />
!3Sn<br />
|Lo že<br />
|Želo?<br />
|Lo niže<br />
|Niželo?<br />
|-<br />
!1D<br />
|Na že<br />
|Žena?<br />
|Na niže<br />
|Nižena?<br />
|-<br />
!2D<br />
|Va že<br />
|Ževa?<br />
|Va niže<br />
|Niževa?<br />
|-<br />
!3D<br />
|La že<br />
|Žela?<br />
|La niže<br />
|Nižela?<br />
|-<br />
!1P<br />
|Ne že<br />
|Žen?<br />
|Ne niže<br />
|Nižen?<br />
|-<br />
!2P<br />
|Ve že<br />
|Žev?<br />
|Ve niže<br />
|Nižev?<br />
|-<br />
!3Pm<br />
|Li že<br />
|Želi?<br />
|Li niže<br />
|Niželi?<br />
|-<br />
!3Pf<br />
|Le že<br />
|Žele?<br />
|Le niže<br />
|Nižele?<br />
|-<br />
!3Pn<br />
|Lą že<br />
|Želą?<br />
|Lą niže<br />
|Niželą?<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Reflexive verbs===<br />
Reflexivity in Alvinian is expressed with the Reflexive Clitic '''''są'''''. This clitic comes immediately after the Subject Clitic and it's written separately from the verb.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Infinitive<br />
!Present<br />
!Aorist<br />
!Negative<br />
!Question<br />
|-<br />
|''Są vavere'' (''to believe'')<br />
|''El są vavere'' (''He believes'')<br />
|''El są vaveres'' (''He believed'')<br />
|''El są nevavere'' ('' He doesn't believe'')<br />
|''Są vaverel?'' (''Does he believe?'')<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<!-- Template area --><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]<br />
[[Category:Languages]]<br />
[[Category:Slavic languages]]</div>
AlbertVen
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Alvinian&diff=95530
Alvinian
2017-12-27T11:46:32Z
<p>AlbertVen: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox language<br />
|creator = [[User:AlbertVen|AlbertVen]]<br />
|name = Alvinian<br />
|nativename = Алвини Език, Alvini Ezik<br />
|region =<br />
|states =<br />
|speakers = <br />
|date = 2013<br />
|familycolor = Indo-European<br />
|fam1=[[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]<br />
|fam2=[[w:Slavic languages|Slavic]]<br />
|fam3 = Southern Slavic<br />
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
<br />
=Introduction=<br />
Alvinian (Алвини Език, Alvini Ezik) is a Southern Slavic language based on Old Slovene, which has been significantly influenced by Venetan, an Italo-Romance language spoken in North-Eastern Italy, and other Slavic languages, especially Serbian and Russian.<br />
<br />
<br />
=Alphabet=<br />
Alvinian uses both '''Cyrillic''' and '''Latin''' script. The alphabets have an equal status, although latin is usually preferred in informal texts, while cyrillic is normally used in normative, scientific and official texts.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
|-<br />
!Cyrillic<br />
!Latin<br />
!IPA value<br />
|-<br />
|А а ||A a ||/a/<br />
|-<br />
|Б б ||B b ||/b/<br />
|-<br />
|В в ||V v ||/v/<br />
|-<br />
|Г г ||G g ||/ɡ/<br />
|-<br />
|Д д ||D d ||/d/<br />
|-<br />
|Џ џ ||Ğ ğ ||/dʑ/<br />
|-<br />
|Е е ||E e ||/ɛ/ (stressed); /e/ (unstressed)<br />
|-<br />
|Ж ж ||Ž ž ||/ʐ/<br />
|-<br />
|З з ||Z z ||/z/<br />
|-<br />
|И и ||I i ||/i/<br />
|-<br />
|Ј ј ||J j ||/ʝ/<br />
|-<br />
|К к ||K k ||/k/<br />
|-<br />
|Л л ||L l ||/l/<br />
|-<br />
|Ԡ ԡ ||L̆ l̆ ||/ʎ/<br />
|-<br />
|М м ||M m ||/m/<br />
|-<br />
|Н н ||N n ||/n/<br />
|-<br />
|Ԣ ԣ ||Ň ň ||/ɲ/<br />
|-<br />
|О о ||O o ||/ɔ/ (stressed); /о/ (unstressed)<br />
|-<br />
|П п ||P p ||/p/<br />
|-<br />
|Р р ||R r ||/ɾ/<br />
|-<br />
|С с ||S s ||/s/<br />
|-<br />
|Т т ||T t ||/t/<br />
|-<br />
|У у ||U u ||/u/<br />
|-<br />
|Ф ф ||F f ||/f/<br />
|-<br />
|Х х ||H h ||/x/<br />
|-<br />
|Ц ц ||C c ||/ts/<br />
|-<br />
|Ч ч ||Č č ||/tɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|Ш ш ||Š š ||/ʂ/<br />
|-<br />
|Һ һ ||X x ||/dz/<br />
|-<br />
|Я я ||Ą ą ||/ɔ̃/<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
=Grammar=<br />
<br />
==Nouns==<br />
Alvinian inflects nouns for '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural''), '''gender''' (''masculine, feminine, neuter'') and '''case''' (''nominative, genitive, accusative, dative''). The declensions are divided into '''masculine''', '''feminine''' and '''neuter'''.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Masculine - Ušnik (''Student'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Ušnik<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušniki<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnikov<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Ušnik<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnike<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Ušniku<br />
|Ušnikam<br />
|Ušnikima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Feminine - Niga (''Book'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Niga<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nige<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Nige<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nig<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Nigu<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nige<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nigam<br />
|Nigima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Neuter - Revo (''Tree'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Revo<br />
|Revi<br />
|Revą<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Reva<br />
|Revi<br />
|Rev<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Revo<br />
|Revi<br />
|Revą<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Revu<br />
|Revam<br />
|Revima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Personal Pronouns==<br />
Alvinian personal pronouns are inflected for '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural''), '''person''', '''case''' (''nominative, genitive, accusative, dative'') and the 3rd persons are inflected also for '''gender''' (''masculine/neuter, feminine'').<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!<br />
!1S<br />
!2S<br />
!3S m,n<br />
!3S f<br />
!1D<br />
!2D<br />
!3D<br />
!1P<br />
!2P<br />
!3P m, f, n<br />
|-<br />
!Nom<br />
|Mi<br />
|Ti<br />
|El, Elo<br />
|Ela<br />
|Naj<br />
|Vaj<br />
|Laj<br />
|Ni<br />
|Vi<br />
|Eli, Ele, Elą<br />
|-<br />
!Gen<br />
|Meg<br />
|Teg<br />
|Neg<br />
|Ne<br />
|Nas<br />
|Vas<br />
|Las<br />
|Nih<br />
|Vih<br />
|Lih<br />
|-<br />
!Acc<br />
|Men<br />
|Ten<br />
|Nen<br />
|Nu<br />
|Nas<br />
|Vas<br />
|Las<br />
|Nih<br />
|Vih<br />
|Lih<br />
|-<br />
!Dat<br />
|Mom<br />
|Tom<br />
|Nem<br />
|Nom<br />
|Nama<br />
|Vama<br />
|Lima<br />
|Nam<br />
|Vam<br />
|Lim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Verbs==<br />
====Subject Clitics====<br />
Alvinian doesn't have any agreement morphology realised on the verb, that's why it developed a second serie of subject pronouns, which are clitic elements derived from full personal pronouns. These elements function only as markers of the agreement with the subject, and they are obligatorily realised in a sentence with a verb.<br />
Subject Clitics are normally proclitic in declarative sentences (they come before the verb) and enclitic in interrogative sentences (they follow the verb). <br />
Subject Clitics are not inflected for case, since they always encode the relation of agreement with the subject, but they inflect for '''person''', '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural'') and the 3rd persons are also inflected for '''gender''' (''masculine, feminine, neuter)''.<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Subject Pronoun<br />
!1S<br />
!2S<br />
!3Sm<br />
!3Sf<br />
!3Sn<br />
!1D<br />
!2D<br />
!3D<br />
!1P<br />
!2P<br />
!3Pm<br />
!3Pf<br />
!3Pn<br />
|-<br />
!Full<br />
|Mi<br />
|Ti<br />
|El<br />
|Ela<br />
|Elo<br />
|Naj<br />
|Vaj<br />
|Laj<br />
|Ni<br />
|Vi<br />
|Eli<br />
|Ele<br />
|Elą<br />
|-<br />
!Clitic<br />
|Me<br />
|Te<br />
|El<br />
|La<br />
|Lo<br />
|Na<br />
|Va<br />
|La<br />
|Ne<br />
|Ve<br />
|Li<br />
|Le<br />
|Lą<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
In a sentence with a full pronominal subject or with a referential nominal subject, Subject Clitic has to be realised as well.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!<br />
!Subject Clitic + Verb<br />
!Full Pronoun + Subject Clitic + Verb<br />
!Referential Noun + Subject Clitic + Verb<br />
|-<br />
!Declarative<br />
|'''''La''''' že<br />
|Ela '''''la''''' že<br />
|Lara '''''la''''' že<br />
|-<br />
!Translation<br />
|'''''She''''' is<br />
|She '''''she''''' is<br />
|Lara '''''she''''' is<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
In questions the order is inverted: the verb comes before the Subject Clitics and they are written as a single word.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Declarative<br />
!Interrogative<br />
!Translation<br />
|-<br />
|'''''La''''' že<br />
|Že'''''la'''''?<br />
|'''''She''''' is. --> Is '''''she'''''?<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Finite Tenses===<br />
Alvinian '''Present''' tense covers more or less the functions of English Present Simple and Present Continuous. Verbal morphology is very limited. Verbs in the present tense consist of a single form (the root) which is combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the full conjugation.<br />
Alvinian '''Aorist''' covers more or less the functions of English Past Simple and Past Perfect. The form consists of the root of the verb with the addition of an ''-s'' morpheme at the end of it, and it has to be combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the conjugation.<br />
The meaning of Alvinian '''Imperfect''' is that of a continuous or repeated action taking place in the past. The form consists of the root of the verb with the addition of a ''-k'' morpheme at the end of it, and it has to be combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the conjugation.<br />
Alvinian '''Future''' tense covers all the meanings of actions taking place in the future. The form consists of the root of the verb with the addition of a ''-bo'' morpheme at the end of it, and it has to be combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the conjugation.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Verb "že" (to be)<br />
!Present<br />
!Aorist<br />
!Imperfect<br />
!Future<br />
|-<br />
!1S<br />
|Me že<br />
|Me žes<br />
|Me žek<br />
|Me žebo<br />
|-<br />
!2S<br />
|Te že<br />
|Te žes<br />
|Te žek<br />
|Te žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Sm<br />
|El že<br />
|El žes<br />
|El žek<br />
|El žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Sf<br />
|La že<br />
|La žes<br />
|La žek<br />
|La žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Sn<br />
|Lo že<br />
|Lo žes<br />
|Lo žek<br />
|Lo žebo<br />
|-<br />
!1D<br />
|Na že<br />
|Na žes<br />
|Na žek<br />
|Na žebo<br />
|-<br />
!2D<br />
|Va že<br />
|Va žes<br />
|Va žek<br />
|Va žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3D<br />
|La že<br />
|La žes<br />
|La žek<br />
|La žebo<br />
|-<br />
!1P<br />
|Ne že<br />
|Ne žes<br />
|Ne žek<br />
|Ne žebo<br />
|-<br />
!2P<br />
|Ve že<br />
|Ve žes<br />
|Ve žek<br />
|Ve žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Pm<br />
|Li že<br />
|Li žes<br />
|Li žek<br />
|Li žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Pf<br />
|Le že<br />
|Le žes<br />
|Le žek<br />
|Le žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Pn<br />
|Lą že<br />
|Lą žes<br />
|Lą žek<br />
|Lą žebo<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Conditional===<br />
Just like finite verbs, conditional mood is realised by attaching the particle '''''-bi''''''' at the end of the present stem. The negative conditional is formed by attaching the usual '''''ni-''''' before the verbal stem.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Subject Clitic<br />
!Conditional <br />
!Negative conditional<br />
|-<br />
|Me, Te, El, La, Lo, Na, Va, La, Li, Le, Lą<br />
|Žebi<br />
|Nižebi<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Questions, Negation, Negative questions===<br />
In '''questions''', the clitic + verb complex undergoes an inversion: the clitic, which is found in a proclitic position (before the verb) in declarative sentences, is found in an enclitic position (after the verb) in interrogative questions. The inversion takes places in all tenses. Some clitics (3sf, 3sn, the dual, 3p) don't change with inversion, but some others (1s, 2s, 3sm, 1p, 2p) lose their vowel.<br />
The '''negation''' is formed by attaching a '''''ni-''''' morpheme before the verbal stem. This negative particle is attached to all negative verbs in all tenses.<br />
In '''negative questions''', the negative morpheme keeps the same position, while the clitic undergoes the same inversion phenomenon as their positive counterparts.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Verb "že" (to be)<br />
!Declarative<br />
!Interrogative<br />
!Negative<br />
!Neg. Interr.<br />
|-<br />
!1S<br />
|Me že<br />
|Žem?<br />
|Me niže<br />
|Nižem?<br />
|-<br />
!2S<br />
|Te že<br />
|Žet?<br />
|Te niže<br />
|Nižet?<br />
|-<br />
!3Sm<br />
|El že<br />
|Žel?<br />
|El niže<br />
|Nižel?<br />
|-<br />
!3Sf<br />
|La že<br />
|Žela?<br />
|La niže<br />
|Nižela?<br />
|-<br />
!3Sn<br />
|Lo že<br />
|Želo?<br />
|Lo niže<br />
|Niželo?<br />
|-<br />
!1D<br />
|Na že<br />
|Žena?<br />
|Na niže<br />
|Nižena?<br />
|-<br />
!2D<br />
|Va že<br />
|Ževa?<br />
|Va niže<br />
|Niževa?<br />
|-<br />
!3D<br />
|La že<br />
|Žela?<br />
|La niže<br />
|Nižela?<br />
|-<br />
!1P<br />
|Ne že<br />
|Žen?<br />
|Ne niže<br />
|Nižen?<br />
|-<br />
!2P<br />
|Ve že<br />
|Žev?<br />
|Ve niže<br />
|Nižev?<br />
|-<br />
!3Pm<br />
|Li že<br />
|Želi?<br />
|Li niže<br />
|Niželi?<br />
|-<br />
!3Pf<br />
|Le že<br />
|Žele?<br />
|Le niže<br />
|Nižele?<br />
|-<br />
!3Pn<br />
|Lą že<br />
|Želą?<br />
|Lą niže<br />
|Niželą?<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Reflexive verbs===<br />
Reflexivity in Alvinian is expressed with the Reflexive Clitic '''''są'''''. This clitic comes immediately after the Subject Clitic and it's written separately from the verb.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Infinitive<br />
!Present<br />
!Aorist<br />
!Negative<br />
!Question<br />
|-<br />
|''Są vavere'' (''to believe'')<br />
|''El są vavere'' (''He believes'')<br />
|''El są vaveres'' (''He believed'')<br />
|''El są nevavere'' ('' He doesn't believe'')<br />
|''Są vaverel?'' (''Does he believe?'')<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<!-- Template area --><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]<br />
[[Category:Languages]]<br />
[[Category:Slavic languages]]</div>
AlbertVen
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Alvinian&diff=95529
Alvinian
2017-12-27T11:34:48Z
<p>AlbertVen: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox language<br />
|creator = [[User:AlbertVen|AlbertVen]]<br />
|name = Alvinian<br />
|nativename = Алвини Език, Alvini Ezik<br />
|region =<br />
|states =<br />
|speakers = <br />
|date = 2013<br />
|familycolor = Indo-European<br />
|fam1=[[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]<br />
|fam2=[[w:Slavic languages|Slavic]]<br />
|fam3 = Southern Slavic<br />
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
<br />
=Introduction=<br />
Alvinian (Алвини Език, Alvini Ezik) is a Southern Slavic language based on Old Slovene, which has been significantly influenced by Venetan, an Italo-Romance language spoken in North-Eastern Italy, and other Slavic languages, especially Serbian and Russian.<br />
<br />
<br />
=Alphabet=<br />
Alvinian uses both '''Cyrillic''' and '''Latin''' script. The alphabets have an equal status, although latin is usually preferred in informal texts, while cyrillic is normally used in normative, scientific and official texts.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
|-<br />
!Cyrillic<br />
!Latin<br />
!IPA value<br />
|-<br />
|А а ||A a ||/a/<br />
|-<br />
|Б б ||B b ||/b/<br />
|-<br />
|В в ||V v ||/v/<br />
|-<br />
|Г г ||G g ||/ɡ/<br />
|-<br />
|Д д ||D d ||/d/<br />
|-<br />
|Џ џ ||Ğ ğ ||/dʑ/<br />
|-<br />
|Е е ||E e ||/ɛ/ (stressed); /e/ (unstressed)<br />
|-<br />
|Ж ж ||Ž ž ||/ʐ/<br />
|-<br />
|З з ||Z z ||/z/<br />
|-<br />
|И и ||I i ||/i/<br />
|-<br />
|Ј ј ||J j ||/ʝ/<br />
|-<br />
|К к ||K k ||/k/<br />
|-<br />
|Л л ||L l ||/l/<br />
|-<br />
|Ԡ ԡ ||L̆ l̆ ||/ʎ/<br />
|-<br />
|М м ||M m ||/m/<br />
|-<br />
|Н н ||N n ||/n/<br />
|-<br />
|Ԣ ԣ ||Ň ň ||/ɲ/<br />
|-<br />
|О о ||O o ||/ɔ/ (stressed); /о/ (unstressed)<br />
|-<br />
|П п ||P p ||/p/<br />
|-<br />
|Р р ||R r ||/ɾ/<br />
|-<br />
|С с ||S s ||/s/<br />
|-<br />
|Т т ||T t ||/t/<br />
|-<br />
|У у ||U u ||/u/<br />
|-<br />
|Ф ф ||F f ||/f/<br />
|-<br />
|Х х ||H h ||/x/<br />
|-<br />
|Ц ц ||C c ||/ts/<br />
|-<br />
|Ч ч ||Č č ||/tɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|Ш ш ||Š š ||/ʂ/<br />
|-<br />
|Һ һ ||X x ||/dz/<br />
|-<br />
|Я я ||Ą ą ||/ɔ̃/<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
=Grammar=<br />
<br />
==Nouns==<br />
Alvinian inflects nouns for '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural''), '''gender''' (''masculine, feminine, neuter'') and '''case''' (''nominative, genitive, accusative, dative''). The declensions are divided into '''masculine''', '''feminine''' and '''neuter'''.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Masculine - Ušnik (''Student'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Ušnik<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušniki<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnikov<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Ušnik<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnike<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Ušniku<br />
|Ušnikam<br />
|Ušnikima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Feminine - Niga (''Book'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Niga<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nige<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Nige<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nig<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Nigu<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nige<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nigam<br />
|Nigima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Neuter - Revo (''Tree'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Revo<br />
|Revi<br />
|Revą<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Reva<br />
|Revi<br />
|Rev<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Revo<br />
|Revi<br />
|Revą<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Revu<br />
|Revam<br />
|Revima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Personal Pronouns==<br />
Alvinian personal pronouns are inflected for '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural''), '''person''', '''case''' (''nominative, genitive, accusative, dative'') and the 3rd persons are inflected also for '''gender''' (''masculine/neuter, feminine'').<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!<br />
!1S<br />
!2S<br />
!3S m,n<br />
!3S f<br />
!1D<br />
!2D<br />
!3D<br />
!1P<br />
!2P<br />
!3P m, f, n<br />
|-<br />
!Nom<br />
|Mi<br />
|Ti<br />
|El, Elo<br />
|Ela<br />
|Naj<br />
|Vaj<br />
|Laj<br />
|Ni<br />
|Vi<br />
|Eli, Ele, Elą<br />
|-<br />
!Gen<br />
|Meg<br />
|Teg<br />
|Neg<br />
|Ne<br />
|Nas<br />
|Vas<br />
|Las<br />
|Nih<br />
|Vih<br />
|Lih<br />
|-<br />
!Acc<br />
|Men<br />
|Ten<br />
|Nen<br />
|Nu<br />
|Nas<br />
|Vas<br />
|Las<br />
|Nih<br />
|Vih<br />
|Lih<br />
|-<br />
!Dat<br />
|Mom<br />
|Tom<br />
|Nem<br />
|Nom<br />
|Nama<br />
|Vama<br />
|Lima<br />
|Nam<br />
|Vam<br />
|Lim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Verbs==<br />
====Subject Clitics====<br />
Alvinian doesn't have any agreement morphology realised on the verb, that's why it developed a second serie of subject pronouns, which are clitic elements derived from full personal pronouns. These elements function only as markers of the agreement with the subject, and they are obligatorily realised in a sentence with a verb.<br />
Subject Clitics are normally proclitic in declarative sentences (they come before the verb) and enclitic in interrogative sentences (they follow the verb). <br />
Subject Clitics are not inflected for case, since they always encode the relation of agreement with the subject, but they inflect for '''person''', '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural'') and the 3rd persons are also inflected for '''gender''' (''masculine, feminine, neuter)''.<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Subject Pronoun<br />
!1S<br />
!2S<br />
!3Sm<br />
!3Sf<br />
!3Sn<br />
!1D<br />
!2D<br />
!3D<br />
!1P<br />
!2P<br />
!3Pm<br />
!3Pf<br />
!3Pn<br />
|-<br />
!Full<br />
|Mi<br />
|Ti<br />
|El<br />
|Ela<br />
|Elo<br />
|Naj<br />
|Vaj<br />
|Laj<br />
|Ni<br />
|Vi<br />
|Eli<br />
|Ele<br />
|Elą<br />
|-<br />
!Clitic<br />
|Me<br />
|Te<br />
|El<br />
|La<br />
|Lo<br />
|Na<br />
|Va<br />
|La<br />
|Ne<br />
|Ve<br />
|Li<br />
|Le<br />
|Lą<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
In a sentence with a full pronominal subject or with a referential nominal subject, Subject Clitic has to be realised as well.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!<br />
!Subject Clitic + Verb<br />
!Full Pronoun + Subject Clitic + Verb<br />
!Referential Noun + Subject Clitic + Verb<br />
|-<br />
!Declarative<br />
|'''''La''''' že<br />
|Ela '''''la''''' že<br />
|Lara '''''la''''' že<br />
|-<br />
!Translation<br />
|'''''She''''' is<br />
|She '''''she''''' is<br />
|Lara '''''she''''' is<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
In questions the order is inverted: the verb comes before the Subject Clitics and they are written as a single word.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Declarative<br />
!Interrogative<br />
!Translation<br />
|-<br />
|'''''La''''' že<br />
|Že'''''la'''''?<br />
|'''''She''''' is. --> Is '''''she'''''?<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Finite Tenses===<br />
Alvinian '''Present''' tense covers more or less the functions of English Present Simple and Present Continuous. Verbal morphology is very limited. Verbs in the present tense consist of a single form (the root) which is combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the full conjugation.<br />
Alvinian '''Aorist''' covers more or less the functions of English Past Simple and Past Perfect. The form consists of the root of the verb with the addition of an ''-s'' morpheme at the end of it, and it has to be combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the conjugation.<br />
The meaning of Alvinian '''Imperfect''' is that of a continuous or repeated action taking place in the past. The form consists of the root of the verb with the addition of a ''-k'' morpheme at the end of it, and it has to be combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the conjugation.<br />
Alvinian '''Future''' tense covers all the meanings of actions taking place in the future. The form consists of the root of the verb with the addition of a ''-bo'' morpheme at the end of it, and it has to be combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the conjugation.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Verb "že" (to be)<br />
!Present<br />
!Aorist<br />
!Imperfect<br />
!Future<br />
|-<br />
!1S<br />
|Me že<br />
|Me žes<br />
|Me žek<br />
|Me žebo<br />
|-<br />
!2S<br />
|Te že<br />
|Te žes<br />
|Te žek<br />
|Te žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Sm<br />
|El že<br />
|El žes<br />
|El žek<br />
|El žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Sf<br />
|La že<br />
|La žes<br />
|La žek<br />
|La žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Sn<br />
|Lo že<br />
|Lo žes<br />
|Lo žek<br />
|Lo žebo<br />
|-<br />
!1D<br />
|Na že<br />
|Na žes<br />
|Na žek<br />
|Na žebo<br />
|-<br />
!2D<br />
|Va že<br />
|Va žes<br />
|Va žek<br />
|Va žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3D<br />
|La že<br />
|La žes<br />
|La žek<br />
|La žebo<br />
|-<br />
!1P<br />
|Ne že<br />
|Ne žes<br />
|Ne žek<br />
|Ne žebo<br />
|-<br />
!2P<br />
|Ve že<br />
|Ve žes<br />
|Ve žek<br />
|Ve žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Pm<br />
|Li že<br />
|Li žes<br />
|Li žek<br />
|Li žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Pf<br />
|Le že<br />
|Le žes<br />
|Le žek<br />
|Le žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Pn<br />
|Lą že<br />
|Lą žes<br />
|Lą žek<br />
|Lą žebo<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Conditional===<br />
Just like finite verbs, conditional mood is realised by attaching the particle '''''-bi''''''' at the end of the present stem. The negative conditional is formed by attaching the usual '''''ni-''''' before the verbal stem.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Verb "že" (to be)<br />
!Subject Clitic<br />
!Conditional <br />
!Negative conditional<br />
|-<br />
|Me, Te, El, La, Lo, Na, Va, La, Li, Le, Lą<br />
|Žebi<br />
|Nižebi<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
===Reflexive verbs===<br />
<br />
===Questions, Negation, Negative questions===<br />
In '''questions''', the clitic + verb complex undergoes an inversion: the clitic, which is found in a proclitic position (before the verb) in declarative sentences, is found in an enclitic position (after the verb) in interrogative questions. The inversion takes places in all tenses. Some clitics (3sf, 3sn, the dual, 3p) don't change with inversion, but some others (1s, 2s, 3sm, 1p, 2p) lose their vowel.<br />
The '''negation''' is formed by attaching a '''''ni-''''' morpheme before the verbal stem. This negative particle is attached to all negative verbs in all tenses.<br />
In '''negative questions''', the negative morpheme keeps the same position, while the clitic undergoes the same inversion phenomenon as their positive counterparts.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Verb "že" (to be)<br />
!Declarative<br />
!Interrogative<br />
!Negative<br />
!Neg. Interr.<br />
|-<br />
!1S<br />
|Me že<br />
|Žem?<br />
|Me niže<br />
|Nižem?<br />
|-<br />
!2S<br />
|Te že<br />
|Žet?<br />
|Te niže<br />
|Nižet?<br />
|-<br />
!3Sm<br />
|El že<br />
|Žel?<br />
|El niže<br />
|Nižel?<br />
|-<br />
!3Sf<br />
|La že<br />
|Žela?<br />
|La niže<br />
|Nižela?<br />
|-<br />
!3Sn<br />
|Lo že<br />
|Želo?<br />
|Lo niže<br />
|Niželo?<br />
|-<br />
!1D<br />
|Na že<br />
|Žena?<br />
|Na niže<br />
|Nižena?<br />
|-<br />
!2D<br />
|Va že<br />
|Ževa?<br />
|Va niže<br />
|Niževa?<br />
|-<br />
!3D<br />
|La že<br />
|Žela?<br />
|La niže<br />
|Nižela?<br />
|-<br />
!1P<br />
|Ne že<br />
|Žen?<br />
|Ne niže<br />
|Nižen?<br />
|-<br />
!2P<br />
|Ve že<br />
|Žev?<br />
|Ve niže<br />
|Nižev?<br />
|-<br />
!3Pm<br />
|Li že<br />
|Želi?<br />
|Li niže<br />
|Niželi?<br />
|-<br />
!3Pf<br />
|Le že<br />
|Žele?<br />
|Le niže<br />
|Nižele?<br />
|-<br />
!3Pn<br />
|Lą že<br />
|Želą?<br />
|Lą niže<br />
|Niželą?<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<!-- Template area --><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]<br />
[[Category:Languages]]<br />
[[Category:Slavic languages]]</div>
AlbertVen
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Alvinian&diff=95525
Alvinian
2017-12-27T10:22:12Z
<p>AlbertVen: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox language<br />
|creator = [[User:AlbertVen|AlbertVen]]<br />
|name = Alvinian<br />
|nativename = Алвини Език, Alvini Ezik<br />
|region =<br />
|states =<br />
|speakers = <br />
|date = 2013<br />
|familycolor = Indo-European<br />
|fam1=[[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]<br />
|fam2=[[w:Slavic languages|Slavic]]<br />
|fam3 = Southern Slavic<br />
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
<br />
=Introduction=<br />
Alvinian (Алвини Език, Alvini Ezik) is a Southern Slavic language based on Old Slovene, which has been significantly influenced by Venetan, an Italo-Romance language spoken in North-Eastern Italy, and other Slavic languages, especially Serbian and Russian.<br />
<br />
<br />
=Alphabet=<br />
Alvinian uses both '''Cyrillic''' and '''Latin''' script. The alphabets have an equal status, although latin is usually preferred in informal texts, while cyrillic is normally used in normative, scientific and official texts.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
|-<br />
!Cyrillic<br />
!Latin<br />
!IPA value<br />
|-<br />
|А а ||A a ||/a/<br />
|-<br />
|Б б ||B b ||/b/<br />
|-<br />
|В в ||V v ||/v/<br />
|-<br />
|Г г ||G g ||/ɡ/<br />
|-<br />
|Д д ||D d ||/d/<br />
|-<br />
|Џ џ ||Ğ ğ ||/dʑ/<br />
|-<br />
|Е е ||E e ||/ɛ/ (stressed); /e/ (unstressed)<br />
|-<br />
|Ж ж ||Ž ž ||/ʐ/<br />
|-<br />
|З з ||Z z ||/z/<br />
|-<br />
|И и ||I i ||/i/<br />
|-<br />
|Ј ј ||J j ||/ʝ/<br />
|-<br />
|К к ||K k ||/k/<br />
|-<br />
|Л л ||L l ||/l/<br />
|-<br />
|Ԡ ԡ ||L̆ l̆ ||/ʎ/<br />
|-<br />
|М м ||M m ||/m/<br />
|-<br />
|Н н ||N n ||/n/<br />
|-<br />
|Ԣ ԣ ||Ň ň ||/ɲ/<br />
|-<br />
|О о ||O o ||/ɔ/ (stressed); /о/ (unstressed)<br />
|-<br />
|П п ||P p ||/p/<br />
|-<br />
|Р р ||R r ||/ɾ/<br />
|-<br />
|С с ||S s ||/s/<br />
|-<br />
|Т т ||T t ||/t/<br />
|-<br />
|У у ||U u ||/u/<br />
|-<br />
|Ф ф ||F f ||/f/<br />
|-<br />
|Х х ||H h ||/x/<br />
|-<br />
|Ц ц ||C c ||/ts/<br />
|-<br />
|Ч ч ||Č č ||/tɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|Ш ш ||Š š ||/ʂ/<br />
|-<br />
|Һ һ ||X x ||/dz/<br />
|-<br />
|Я я ||Ą ą ||/ɔ̃/<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
=Grammar=<br />
<br />
==Nouns==<br />
Alvinian inflects nouns for '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural''), '''gender''' (''masculine, feminine, neuter'') and '''case''' (''nominative, genitive, accusative, dative''). The declensions are divided into '''masculine''', '''feminine''' and '''neuter'''.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Masculine - Ušnik (''Student'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Ušnik<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušniki<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnikov<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Ušnik<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnike<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Ušniku<br />
|Ušnikam<br />
|Ušnikima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Feminine - Niga (''Book'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Niga<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nige<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Nige<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nig<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Nigu<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nige<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nigam<br />
|Nigima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Neuter - Revo (''Tree'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Revo<br />
|Revi<br />
|Revą<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Reva<br />
|Revi<br />
|Rev<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Revo<br />
|Revi<br />
|Revą<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Revu<br />
|Revam<br />
|Revima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Personal Pronouns==<br />
Alvinian personal pronouns are inflected for '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural''), '''person''', '''case''' (''nominative, genitive, accusative, dative'') and the 3rd persons are inflected also for '''gender''' (''masculine/neuter, feminine'').<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!<br />
!1S<br />
!2S<br />
!3S m,n<br />
!3S f<br />
!1D<br />
!2D<br />
!3D<br />
!1P<br />
!2P<br />
!3P m, f, n<br />
|-<br />
!Nom<br />
|Mi<br />
|Ti<br />
|El, Elo<br />
|Ela<br />
|Naj<br />
|Vaj<br />
|Laj<br />
|Ni<br />
|Vi<br />
|Eli, Ele, Elą<br />
|-<br />
!Gen<br />
|Meg<br />
|Teg<br />
|Neg<br />
|Ne<br />
|Nas<br />
|Vas<br />
|Las<br />
|Nih<br />
|Vih<br />
|Lih<br />
|-<br />
!Acc<br />
|Men<br />
|Ten<br />
|Nen<br />
|Nu<br />
|Nas<br />
|Vas<br />
|Las<br />
|Nih<br />
|Vih<br />
|Lih<br />
|-<br />
!Dat<br />
|Mom<br />
|Tom<br />
|Nem<br />
|Nom<br />
|Nama<br />
|Vama<br />
|Lima<br />
|Nam<br />
|Vam<br />
|Lim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Verbs==<br />
====Subject Clitics====<br />
Alvinian doesn't have any agreement morphology realised on the verb, that's why it developed a second serie of subject pronouns, which are clitic elements derived from full personal pronouns. These elements function only as markers of the agreement with the subject, and they are obligatorily realised in a sentence with a verb.<br />
Subject Clitics are normally proclitic in declarative sentences (they come before the verb) and enclitic in interrogative sentences (they follow the verb). <br />
Subject Clitics are not inflected for case, since they always encode the relation of agreement with the subject, but they inflect for '''person''', '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural'') and the 3rd persons are also inflected for '''gender''' (''masculine, feminine, neuter)''.<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Subject Pronoun<br />
!1S<br />
!2S<br />
!3Sm<br />
!3Sf<br />
!3Sn<br />
!1D<br />
!2D<br />
!3D<br />
!1P<br />
!2P<br />
!3Pm<br />
!3Pf<br />
!3Pn<br />
|-<br />
!Full<br />
|Mi<br />
|Ti<br />
|El<br />
|Ela<br />
|Elo<br />
|Naj<br />
|Vaj<br />
|Laj<br />
|Ni<br />
|Vi<br />
|Eli<br />
|Ele<br />
|Elą<br />
|-<br />
!Clitic<br />
|Me<br />
|Te<br />
|El<br />
|La<br />
|Lo<br />
|Na<br />
|Va<br />
|La<br />
|Ne<br />
|Ve<br />
|Li<br />
|Le<br />
|Lą<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
In a sentence with a full pronominal subject or with a referential nominal subject, Subject Clitic has to be realised as well.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!<br />
!Subject Clitic + Verb<br />
!Full Pronoun + Subject Clitic + Verb<br />
!Referential Noun + Subject Clitic + Verb<br />
|-<br />
!Declarative<br />
|'''''La''''' že<br />
|Ela '''''la''''' že<br />
|Lara '''''la''''' že<br />
|-<br />
!Translation<br />
|'''''She''''' is<br />
|She '''''she''''' is<br />
|Lara '''''she''''' is<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
In questions the order is inverted: the verb comes before the Subject Clitics and they are written as a single word.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Declarative<br />
!Interrogative<br />
!Translation<br />
|-<br />
|'''''La''''' že<br />
|Že'''''la'''''?<br />
|'''''She''''' is. --> Is '''''she'''''?<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Finite Tenses===<br />
Alvinian '''Present''' tense covers more or less the functions of English Present Simple and Present Continuous. Verbal morphology is very limited. Verbs in the present tense consist of a single form (the root) which is combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the full conjugation.<br />
Alvinian '''Aorist''' covers more or less the functions of English Past Simple and Past Perfect. The form consists of the root of the verb with the addition of an ''-s'' morpheme at the end of it, and it has to be combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the conjugation.<br />
The meaning of Alvinian '''Imperfect''' is that of a continuous or repeated action taking place in the past. The form consists of the root of the verb with the addition of a ''-k'' morpheme at the end of it, and it has to be combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the conjugation.<br />
Alvinian '''Future''' tense covers all the meanings of actions taking place in the future. The form consists of the root of the verb with the addition of a ''-bo'' morpheme at the end of it, and it has to be combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the conjugation.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Verb "že" (to be)<br />
!Present<br />
!Aorist<br />
!Imperfect<br />
!Future<br />
|-<br />
!1S<br />
|Me že<br />
|Me žes<br />
|Me žek<br />
|Me žebo<br />
|-<br />
!2S<br />
|Te že<br />
|Te žes<br />
|Te žek<br />
|Te žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Sm<br />
|El že<br />
|El žes<br />
|El žek<br />
|El žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Sf<br />
|La že<br />
|La žes<br />
|La žek<br />
|La žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Sn<br />
|Lo že<br />
|Lo žes<br />
|Lo žek<br />
|Lo žebo<br />
|-<br />
!1D<br />
|Na že<br />
|Na žes<br />
|Na žek<br />
|Na žebo<br />
|-<br />
!2D<br />
|Va že<br />
|Va žes<br />
|Va žek<br />
|Va žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3D<br />
|La že<br />
|La žes<br />
|La žek<br />
|La žebo<br />
|-<br />
!1P<br />
|Ne že<br />
|Ne žes<br />
|Ne žek<br />
|Ne žebo<br />
|-<br />
!2P<br />
|Ve že<br />
|Ve žes<br />
|Ve žek<br />
|Ve žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Pm<br />
|Li že<br />
|Li žes<br />
|Li žek<br />
|Li žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Pf<br />
|Le že<br />
|Le žes<br />
|Le žek<br />
|Le žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Pn<br />
|Lą že<br />
|Lą žes<br />
|Lą žek<br />
|Lą žebo<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Questions, Negation, Negative questions===<br />
In '''questions''', the clitic + verb complex undergoes an inversion: the clitic, which is found in a proclitic position (before the verb) in declarative sentences, is found in an enclitic position (after the verb) in interrogative questions. The inversion takes places in all tenses. Some clitics (3sf, 3sn, the dual, 3p) don't change with inversion, but some others (1s, 2s, 3sm, 1p, 2p) lose their vowel.<br />
The '''negation''' is formed by attaching a '''''ni-''''' morpheme before the verbal stem. This negative particle is attached to all negative verbs in all tenses.<br />
In '''negative questions''', the negative morpheme keeps the same position, while the clitic undergoes the same inversion phenomenon as their positive counterparts.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Verb "že" (to be)<br />
!Declarative<br />
!Interrogative<br />
!Negative<br />
!Neg. Interr.<br />
|-<br />
!1S<br />
|Me že<br />
|Žem?<br />
|Me niže<br />
|Nižem?<br />
|-<br />
!2S<br />
|Te že<br />
|Žet?<br />
|Te niže<br />
|Nižet?<br />
|-<br />
!3Sm<br />
|El že<br />
|Žel?<br />
|El niže<br />
|Nižel?<br />
|-<br />
!3Sf<br />
|La že<br />
|Žela?<br />
|La niže<br />
|Nižela?<br />
|-<br />
!3Sn<br />
|Lo že<br />
|Želo?<br />
|Lo niže<br />
|Niželo?<br />
|-<br />
!1D<br />
|Na že<br />
|Žena?<br />
|Na niže<br />
|Nižena?<br />
|-<br />
!2D<br />
|Va že<br />
|Ževa?<br />
|Va niže<br />
|Niževa?<br />
|-<br />
!3D<br />
|La že<br />
|Žela?<br />
|La niže<br />
|Nižela?<br />
|-<br />
!1P<br />
|Ne že<br />
|Žen?<br />
|Ne niže<br />
|Nižen?<br />
|-<br />
!2P<br />
|Ve že<br />
|Žev?<br />
|Ve niže<br />
|Nižev?<br />
|-<br />
!3Pm<br />
|Li že<br />
|Želi?<br />
|Li niže<br />
|Niželi?<br />
|-<br />
!3Pf<br />
|Le že<br />
|Žele?<br />
|Le niže<br />
|Nižele?<br />
|-<br />
!3Pn<br />
|Lą že<br />
|Želą?<br />
|Lą niže<br />
|Niželą?<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<!-- Template area --><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]<br />
[[Category:Languages]]<br />
[[Category:Slavic languages]]</div>
AlbertVen
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Alvinian&diff=95524
Alvinian
2017-12-27T09:48:09Z
<p>AlbertVen: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox language<br />
|creator = [[User:AlbertVen|AlbertVen]]<br />
|name = Alvinian<br />
|nativename = Алвини Език, Alvini Ezik<br />
|region =<br />
|states =<br />
|speakers = <br />
|date = 2013<br />
|familycolor = Indo-European<br />
|fam1=[[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]<br />
|fam2=[[w:Slavic languages|Slavic]]<br />
|fam3 = Southern Slavic<br />
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
<br />
=Introduction=<br />
Alvinian (Алвини Език, Alvini Ezik) is a Southern Slavic language based on Old Slovene, which has been significantly influenced by Venetan, an Italo-Romance language spoken in North-Eastern Italy, and other Slavic languages, especially Serbian and Russian.<br />
<br />
<br />
=Alphabet=<br />
Alvinian uses both '''Cyrillic''' and '''Latin''' script. The alphabets have an equal status, although latin is usually preferred in informal texts, while cyrillic is normally used in normative, scientific and official texts.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
|-<br />
!Cyrillic<br />
!Latin<br />
!IPA value<br />
|-<br />
|А а ||A a ||/a/<br />
|-<br />
|Б б ||B b ||/b/<br />
|-<br />
|В в ||V v ||/v/<br />
|-<br />
|Г г ||G g ||/ɡ/<br />
|-<br />
|Д д ||D d ||/d/<br />
|-<br />
|Џ џ ||Ğ ğ ||/dʑ/<br />
|-<br />
|Е е ||E e ||/ɛ/ /e/<br />
|-<br />
|Ж ж ||Ž ž ||/ʐ/<br />
|-<br />
|З з ||Z z ||/z/<br />
|-<br />
|И и ||I i ||/i/<br />
|-<br />
|Ј ј ||J j ||/ʝ/<br />
|-<br />
|К к ||K k ||/k/<br />
|-<br />
|Л л ||L l ||/l/<br />
|-<br />
|Ԡ ԡ ||L̆ l̆ ||/ʎ/<br />
|-<br />
|М м ||M m ||/m/<br />
|-<br />
|Н н ||N n ||/n/<br />
|-<br />
|Ԣ ԣ ||Ň ň ||/ɲ/<br />
|-<br />
|О о ||O o ||/ɔ/ /о/<br />
|-<br />
|П п ||P p ||/p/<br />
|-<br />
|Р р ||R r ||/ɾ/<br />
|-<br />
|С с ||S s ||/s/<br />
|-<br />
|Т т ||T t ||/t/<br />
|-<br />
|У у ||U u ||/u/<br />
|-<br />
|Ф ф ||F f ||/f/<br />
|-<br />
|Х х ||H h ||/x/<br />
|-<br />
|Ц ц ||C c ||/ts/<br />
|-<br />
|Ч ч ||Č č ||/tɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|Ш ш ||Š š ||/ʂ/<br />
|-<br />
|Һ һ ||X x ||/dz/<br />
|-<br />
|Я я ||Ą ą ||/ɔ̃/<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
=Grammar=<br />
<br />
==Nouns==<br />
Alvinian inflects nouns for '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural''), '''gender''' (''masculine, feminine, neuter'') and '''case''' (''nominative, genitive, accusative, dative''). The declensions are divided into '''masculine''', '''feminine''' and '''neuter'''.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Masculine - Ušnik (''Student'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Ušnik<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušniki<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnikov<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Ušnik<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnike<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Ušniku<br />
|Ušnikam<br />
|Ušnikima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Feminine - Niga (''Book'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Niga<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nige<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Nige<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nig<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Nigu<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nige<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nigam<br />
|Nigima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Neuter - Revo (''Tree'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Revo<br />
|Revi<br />
|Revą<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Reva<br />
|Revi<br />
|Rev<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Revo<br />
|Revi<br />
|Revą<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Revu<br />
|Revam<br />
|Revima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Personal Pronouns==<br />
Alvinian personal pronouns are inflected for '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural''), '''person''', '''case''' (''nominative, genitive, accusative, dative'') and the 3rd persons are inflected also for '''gender''' (''masculine/neuter, feminine'').<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!<br />
!1S<br />
!2S<br />
!3S m,n<br />
!3S f<br />
!1D<br />
!2D<br />
!3D<br />
!1P<br />
!2P<br />
!3P m, f, n<br />
|-<br />
!Nom<br />
|Mi<br />
|Ti<br />
|El, Elo<br />
|Ela<br />
|Naj<br />
|Vaj<br />
|Laj<br />
|Ni<br />
|Vi<br />
|Eli, Ele, Elą<br />
|-<br />
!Gen<br />
|Meg<br />
|Teg<br />
|Neg<br />
|Ne<br />
|Nas<br />
|Vas<br />
|Las<br />
|Nih<br />
|Vih<br />
|Lih<br />
|-<br />
!Acc<br />
|Men<br />
|Ten<br />
|Nen<br />
|Nu<br />
|Nas<br />
|Vas<br />
|Las<br />
|Nih<br />
|Vih<br />
|Lih<br />
|-<br />
!Dat<br />
|Mom<br />
|Tom<br />
|Nem<br />
|Nom<br />
|Nama<br />
|Vama<br />
|Lima<br />
|Nam<br />
|Vam<br />
|Lim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Verbs==<br />
====Subject Clitics====<br />
Alvinian doesn't have any agreement morphology realised on the verb, that's why it developed a second serie of subject pronouns, which are clitic elements derived from full personal pronouns. These elements function only as markers of the agreement with the subject, and they are obligatorily realised in a sentence with a verb.<br />
Subject Clitics are normally proclitic in declarative sentences (they come before the verb) and enclitic in interrogative sentences (they follow the verb). <br />
Subject Clitics are not inflected for case, since they always encode the relation of agreement with the subject, but they inflect for '''person''', '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural'') and the 3rd persons are also inflected for '''gender''' (''masculine, feminine, neuter)''.<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Subject Pronoun<br />
!1S<br />
!2S<br />
!3Sm<br />
!3Sf<br />
!3Sn<br />
!1D<br />
!2D<br />
!3D<br />
!1P<br />
!2P<br />
!3Pm<br />
!3Pf<br />
!3Pn<br />
|-<br />
!Full<br />
|Mi<br />
|Ti<br />
|El<br />
|Ela<br />
|Elo<br />
|Naj<br />
|Vaj<br />
|Laj<br />
|Ni<br />
|Vi<br />
|Eli<br />
|Ele<br />
|Elą<br />
|-<br />
!Clitic<br />
|Me<br />
|Te<br />
|El<br />
|La<br />
|Lo<br />
|Na<br />
|Va<br />
|La<br />
|Ne<br />
|Ve<br />
|Li<br />
|Le<br />
|Lą<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
In a sentence with a full pronominal subject or with a referential nominal subject, Subject Clitic has to be realised as well.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!<br />
!Subject Clitic + Verb<br />
!Full Pronoun + Subject Clitic + Verb<br />
!Referential Noun + Subject Clitic + Verb<br />
|-<br />
!Declarative<br />
|'''''La''''' že<br />
|Ela '''''la''''' že<br />
|Lara '''''la''''' že<br />
|-<br />
!Translation<br />
|'''''She''''' is<br />
|She '''''she''''' is<br />
|Lara '''''she''''' is<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
In questions the order is inverted: the verb comes before the Subject Clitics and they are written as a single word.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Declarative<br />
!Interrogative<br />
!Translation<br />
|-<br />
|'''''La''''' že<br />
|Že'''''la'''''?<br />
|'''''She''''' is. --> Is '''''she'''''?<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Finite Tenses===<br />
Alvinian '''Present''' tense covers more or less the functions of English Present Simple and Present Continuous. Verbal morphology is very limited. Verbs in the present tense consist of a single form (the root) which is combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the full conjugation.<br />
Alvinian '''Aorist''' covers more or less the functions of English Past Simple and Past Perfect. The form consists of the root of the verb with the addition of an ''-s'' morpheme at the end of it, and it has to be combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the conjugation.<br />
The meaning of Alvinian '''Imperfect''' is that of a continuous or repeated action taking place in the past. The form consists of the root of the verb with the addition of a ''-k'' morpheme at the end of it, and it has to be combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the conjugation.<br />
Alvinian '''Future''' tense covers all the meanings of actions taking place in the future. The form consists of the root of the verb with the addition of a ''-bo'' morpheme at the end of it, and it has to be combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the conjugation.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Verb "že" (to be)<br />
!Present<br />
!Aorist<br />
!Imperfect<br />
!Future<br />
|-<br />
!1S<br />
|Me že<br />
|Me žes<br />
|Me žek<br />
|Me žebo<br />
|-<br />
!2S<br />
|Te že<br />
|Te žes<br />
|Te žek<br />
|Te žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Sm<br />
|El že<br />
|El žes<br />
|El žek<br />
|El žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Sf<br />
|La že<br />
|La žes<br />
|La žek<br />
|La žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Sn<br />
|Lo že<br />
|Lo žes<br />
|Lo žek<br />
|Lo žebo<br />
|-<br />
!1D<br />
|Na že<br />
|Na žes<br />
|Na žek<br />
|Na žebo<br />
|-<br />
!2D<br />
|Va že<br />
|Va žes<br />
|Va žek<br />
|Va žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3D<br />
|La že<br />
|La žes<br />
|La žek<br />
|La žebo<br />
|-<br />
!1P<br />
|Ne že<br />
|Ne žes<br />
|Ne žek<br />
|Ne žebo<br />
|-<br />
!2P<br />
|Ve že<br />
|Ve žes<br />
|Ve žek<br />
|Ve žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Pm<br />
|Li že<br />
|Li žes<br />
|Li žek<br />
|Li žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Pf<br />
|Le že<br />
|Le žes<br />
|Le žek<br />
|Le žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Pn<br />
|Lą že<br />
|Lą žes<br />
|Lą žek<br />
|Lą žebo<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Questions, Negation, Negative questions===<br />
In '''questions''', the clitic + verb complex undergoes an inversion: the clitic, which is found in a proclitic position (before the verb) in declarative sentences, is found in an enclitic position (after the verb) in interrogative questions. The inversion takes places in all tenses. Some clitics (3sf, 3sn, the dual, 3p) don't change with inversion, but some others (1s, 2s, 3sm, 1p, 2p) lose their vowel.<br />
The '''negation''' is formed by attaching a '''''ni-''''' morpheme before the verbal stem. This negative particle is attached to all negative verbs in all tenses.<br />
In '''negative questions''', the negative morpheme keeps the same position, while the clitic undergoes the same inversion phenomenon as their positive counterparts.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Verb "že" (to be)<br />
!Declarative<br />
!Interrogative<br />
!Negative<br />
!Neg. Interr.<br />
|-<br />
!1S<br />
|Me že<br />
|Žem?<br />
|Me niže<br />
|Nižem?<br />
|-<br />
!2S<br />
|Te že<br />
|Žet?<br />
|Te niže<br />
|Nižet?<br />
|-<br />
!3Sm<br />
|El že<br />
|Žel?<br />
|El niže<br />
|Nižel?<br />
|-<br />
!3Sf<br />
|La že<br />
|Žela?<br />
|La niže<br />
|Nižela?<br />
|-<br />
!3Sn<br />
|Lo že<br />
|Želo?<br />
|Lo niže<br />
|Niželo?<br />
|-<br />
!1D<br />
|Na že<br />
|Žena?<br />
|Na niže<br />
|Nižena?<br />
|-<br />
!2D<br />
|Va že<br />
|Ževa?<br />
|Va niže<br />
|Niževa?<br />
|-<br />
!3D<br />
|La že<br />
|Žela?<br />
|La niže<br />
|Nižela?<br />
|-<br />
!1P<br />
|Ne že<br />
|Žen?<br />
|Ne niže<br />
|Nižen?<br />
|-<br />
!2P<br />
|Ve že<br />
|Žev?<br />
|Ve niže<br />
|Nižev?<br />
|-<br />
!3Pm<br />
|Li že<br />
|Želi?<br />
|Li niže<br />
|Niželi?<br />
|-<br />
!3Pf<br />
|Le že<br />
|Žele?<br />
|Le niže<br />
|Nižele?<br />
|-<br />
!3Pn<br />
|Lą že<br />
|Želą?<br />
|Lą niže<br />
|Niželą?<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<!-- Template area --><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]<br />
[[Category:Languages]]<br />
[[Category:Slavic languages]]</div>
AlbertVen
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Alvinian&diff=95523
Alvinian
2017-12-27T09:41:36Z
<p>AlbertVen: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox language<br />
|creator = [[User:AlbertVen|AlbertVen]]<br />
|name = Alvinian<br />
|nativename = Алвини Език, Alvini Ezik<br />
|region =<br />
|states =<br />
|speakers = <br />
|date = 2013<br />
|familycolor = Indo-European<br />
|fam1=[[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]<br />
|fam2=[[w:Slavic languages|Slavic]]<br />
|fam3 = Southern Slavic<br />
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
<br />
=Introduction=<br />
Alvinian (Алвини Език, Alvini Ezik) is a Southern Slavic language based on Old Slovene, which has been significantly influenced by Venetan, an Italo-Romance language spoken in North-Eastern Italy, and other Slavic languages, especially Serbian and Russian.<br />
<br />
<br />
=Alphabet=<br />
Alvinian uses both '''Cyrillic''' and '''Latin''' script. The alphabets have an equal status, although latin is usually preferred in informal texts, while cyrillic is normally used in normative, scientific and official texts.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
|-<br />
!Cyrillic<br />
!Latin<br />
!IPA value<br />
|-<br />
|А а ||A a ||/a/<br />
|-<br />
|Б б ||B b ||/b/<br />
|-<br />
|В в ||V v ||/v/<br />
|-<br />
|Г г ||G g ||/ɡ/<br />
|-<br />
|Д д ||D d ||/d/<br />
|-<br />
|Џ џ ||Ğ ğ ||/dʑ/<br />
|-<br />
|Е е ||E e ||/ɛ/ /e/<br />
|-<br />
|Ж ж ||Ž ž ||/ʐ/<br />
|-<br />
|З з ||Z z ||/z/<br />
|-<br />
|И и ||I i ||/i/<br />
|-<br />
|Ј ј ||J j ||/ʝ/<br />
|-<br />
|К к ||K k ||/k/<br />
|-<br />
|Л л ||L l ||/l/<br />
|-<br />
|Ԡ ԡ ||L̆ l̆ ||/ʎ/<br />
|-<br />
|М м ||M m ||/m/<br />
|-<br />
|Н н ||N n ||/n/<br />
|-<br />
|Ԣ ԣ ||Ň ň ||/ɲ/<br />
|-<br />
|О о ||O o ||/ɔ/ /о/<br />
|-<br />
|П п ||P p ||/p/<br />
|-<br />
|Р р ||R r ||/ɾ/<br />
|-<br />
|С с ||S s ||/s/<br />
|-<br />
|Т т ||T t ||/t/<br />
|-<br />
|У у ||U u ||/u/<br />
|-<br />
|Ф ф ||F f ||/f/<br />
|-<br />
|Х х ||H h ||/x/<br />
|-<br />
|Ц ц ||C c ||/ts/<br />
|-<br />
|Ч ч ||Č č ||/tɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|Ш ш ||Š š ||/ʂ/<br />
|-<br />
|Я я ||Ą ą ||/ɔ̃/<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
=Grammar=<br />
<br />
==Nouns==<br />
Alvinian inflects nouns for '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural''), '''gender''' (''masculine, feminine, neuter'') and '''case''' (''nominative, genitive, accusative, dative''). The declensions are divided into '''masculine''', '''feminine''' and '''neuter'''.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Masculine - Ušnik (''Student'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Ušnik<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušniki<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnikov<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Ušnik<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnike<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Ušniku<br />
|Ušnikam<br />
|Ušnikima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Feminine - Niga (''Book'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Niga<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nige<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Nige<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nig<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Nigu<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nige<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nigam<br />
|Nigima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Neuter - Revo (''Tree'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Revo<br />
|Revi<br />
|Revą<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Reva<br />
|Revi<br />
|Rev<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Revo<br />
|Revi<br />
|Revą<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Revu<br />
|Revam<br />
|Revima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Personal Pronouns==<br />
Alvinian personal pronouns are inflected for '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural''), '''person''', '''case''' (''nominative, genitive, accusative, dative'') and the 3rd persons are inflected also for '''gender''' (''masculine/neuter, feminine'').<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!<br />
!1S<br />
!2S<br />
!3S m,n<br />
!3S f<br />
!1D<br />
!2D<br />
!3D<br />
!1P<br />
!2P<br />
!3P m, f, n<br />
|-<br />
!Nom<br />
|Mi<br />
|Ti<br />
|El, Elo<br />
|Ela<br />
|Naj<br />
|Vaj<br />
|Laj<br />
|Ni<br />
|Vi<br />
|Eli, Ele, Elą<br />
|-<br />
!Gen<br />
|Meg<br />
|Teg<br />
|Neg<br />
|Ne<br />
|Nas<br />
|Vas<br />
|Las<br />
|Nih<br />
|Vih<br />
|Lih<br />
|-<br />
!Acc<br />
|Men<br />
|Ten<br />
|Nen<br />
|Nu<br />
|Nas<br />
|Vas<br />
|Las<br />
|Nih<br />
|Vih<br />
|Lih<br />
|-<br />
!Dat<br />
|Mom<br />
|Tom<br />
|Nem<br />
|Nom<br />
|Nama<br />
|Vama<br />
|Lima<br />
|Nam<br />
|Vam<br />
|Lim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Verbs==<br />
====Subject Clitics====<br />
Alvinian doesn't have any agreement morphology realised on the verb, that's why it developed a second serie of subject pronouns, which are clitic elements derived from full personal pronouns. These elements function only as markers of the agreement with the subject, and they are obligatorily realised in a sentence with a verb.<br />
Subject Clitics are normally proclitic in declarative sentences (they come before the verb) and enclitic in interrogative sentences (they follow the verb). <br />
Subject Clitics are not inflected for case, since they always encode the relation of agreement with the subject, but they inflect for '''person''', '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural'') and the 3rd persons are also inflected for '''gender''' (''masculine, feminine, neuter)''.<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Subject Pronoun<br />
!1S<br />
!2S<br />
!3Sm<br />
!3Sf<br />
!3Sn<br />
!1D<br />
!2D<br />
!3D<br />
!1P<br />
!2P<br />
!3Pm<br />
!3Pf<br />
!3Pn<br />
|-<br />
!Full<br />
|Mi<br />
|Ti<br />
|El<br />
|Ela<br />
|Elo<br />
|Naj<br />
|Vaj<br />
|Laj<br />
|Ni<br />
|Vi<br />
|Eli<br />
|Ele<br />
|Elą<br />
|-<br />
!Clitic<br />
|Me<br />
|Te<br />
|El<br />
|La<br />
|Lo<br />
|Na<br />
|Va<br />
|La<br />
|Ne<br />
|Ve<br />
|Li<br />
|Le<br />
|Lą<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
In a sentence with a full pronominal subject or with a referential nominal subject, Subject Clitic has to be realised as well.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!<br />
!Subject Clitic + Verb<br />
!Full Pronoun + Subject Clitic + Verb<br />
!Referential Noun + Subject Clitic + Verb<br />
|-<br />
!Declarative<br />
|'''''La''''' že<br />
|Ela '''''la''''' že<br />
|Lara '''''la''''' že<br />
|-<br />
!Translation<br />
|'''''She''''' is<br />
|She '''''she''''' is<br />
|Lara '''''she''''' is<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
In questions the order is inverted: the verb comes before the Subject Clitics and they are written as a single word.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Declarative<br />
!Interrogative<br />
!Translation<br />
|-<br />
|'''''La''''' že<br />
|Že'''''la'''''?<br />
|'''''She''''' is. --> Is '''''she'''''?<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Finite Tenses===<br />
Alvinian '''Present''' tense covers more or less the functions of English Present Simple and Present Continuous. Verbal morphology is very limited. Verbs in the present tense consist of a single form (the root) which is combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the full conjugation.<br />
Alvinian '''Aorist''' covers more or less the functions of English Past Simple and Past Perfect. The form consists of the root of the verb with the addition of an ''-s'' morpheme at the end of it, and it has to be combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the conjugation.<br />
The meaning of Alvinian '''Imperfect''' is that of a continuous or repeated action taking place in the past. The form consists of the root of the verb with the addition of a ''-k'' morpheme at the end of it, and it has to be combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the conjugation.<br />
Alvinian '''Future''' tense covers all the meanings of actions taking place in the future. The form consists of the root of the verb with the addition of a ''-bo'' morpheme at the end of it, and it has to be combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the conjugation.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Verb "že" (to be)<br />
!Present<br />
!Aorist<br />
!Imperfect<br />
!Future<br />
|-<br />
!1S<br />
|Me že<br />
|Me žes<br />
|Me žek<br />
|Me žebo<br />
|-<br />
!2S<br />
|Te že<br />
|Te žes<br />
|Te žek<br />
|Te žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Sm<br />
|El že<br />
|El žes<br />
|El žek<br />
|El žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Sf<br />
|La že<br />
|La žes<br />
|La žek<br />
|La žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Sn<br />
|Lo že<br />
|Lo žes<br />
|Lo žek<br />
|Lo žebo<br />
|-<br />
!1D<br />
|Na že<br />
|Na žes<br />
|Na žek<br />
|Na žebo<br />
|-<br />
!2D<br />
|Va že<br />
|Va žes<br />
|Va žek<br />
|Va žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3D<br />
|La že<br />
|La žes<br />
|La žek<br />
|La žebo<br />
|-<br />
!1P<br />
|Ne že<br />
|Ne žes<br />
|Ne žek<br />
|Ne žebo<br />
|-<br />
!2P<br />
|Ve že<br />
|Ve žes<br />
|Ve žek<br />
|Ve žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Pm<br />
|Li že<br />
|Li žes<br />
|Li žek<br />
|Li žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Pf<br />
|Le že<br />
|Le žes<br />
|Le žek<br />
|Le žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Pn<br />
|Lą že<br />
|Lą žes<br />
|Lą žek<br />
|Lą žebo<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Questions, Negation, Negative questions===<br />
In '''questions''', the clitic + verb complex undergoes an inversion: the clitic, which is found in a proclitic position (before the verb) in declarative sentences, is found in an enclitic position (after the verb) in interrogative questions. The inversion takes places in all tenses. Some clitics (3sf, 3sn, the dual, 3p) don't change with inversion, but some others (1s, 2s, 3sm, 1p, 2p) lose their vowel.<br />
The '''negation''' is formed by attaching a '''''ni-''''' morpheme before the verbal stem. This negative particle is attached to all negative verbs in all tenses.<br />
In '''negative questions''', the negative morpheme keeps the same position, while the clitic undergoes the same inversion phenomenon as their positive counterparts.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Verb "že" (to be)<br />
!Declarative<br />
!Interrogative<br />
!Negative<br />
!Neg. Interr.<br />
|-<br />
!1S<br />
|Me že<br />
|Žem?<br />
|Me niže<br />
|Nižem?<br />
|-<br />
!2S<br />
|Te že<br />
|Žet?<br />
|Te niže<br />
|Nižet?<br />
|-<br />
!3Sm<br />
|El že<br />
|Žel?<br />
|El niže<br />
|Nižel?<br />
|-<br />
!3Sf<br />
|La že<br />
|Žela?<br />
|La niže<br />
|Nižela?<br />
|-<br />
!3Sn<br />
|Lo že<br />
|Želo?<br />
|Lo niže<br />
|Niželo?<br />
|-<br />
!1D<br />
|Na že<br />
|Žena?<br />
|Na niže<br />
|Nižena?<br />
|-<br />
!2D<br />
|Va že<br />
|Ževa?<br />
|Va niže<br />
|Niževa?<br />
|-<br />
!3D<br />
|La že<br />
|Žela?<br />
|La niže<br />
|Nižela?<br />
|-<br />
!1P<br />
|Ne že<br />
|Žen?<br />
|Ne niže<br />
|Nižen?<br />
|-<br />
!2P<br />
|Ve že<br />
|Žev?<br />
|Ve niže<br />
|Nižev?<br />
|-<br />
!3Pm<br />
|Li že<br />
|Želi?<br />
|Li niže<br />
|Niželi?<br />
|-<br />
!3Pf<br />
|Le že<br />
|Žele?<br />
|Le niže<br />
|Nižele?<br />
|-<br />
!3Pn<br />
|Lą že<br />
|Želą?<br />
|Lą niže<br />
|Niželą?<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<!-- Template area --><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]<br />
[[Category:Languages]]<br />
[[Category:Slavic languages]]</div>
AlbertVen
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Alvinian&diff=95522
Alvinian
2017-12-27T09:25:41Z
<p>AlbertVen: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox language<br />
|creator = [[User:AlbertVen|AlbertVen]]<br />
|name = Alvinian<br />
|nativename = Алвини Език, Alvini Ezik<br />
|region =<br />
|states =<br />
|speakers = <br />
|date = 2013<br />
|familycolor = Indo-European<br />
|fam1=[[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]<br />
|fam2=[[w:Slavic languages|Slavic]]<br />
|fam3 = Southern Slavic<br />
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
<br />
=Introduction=<br />
Alvinian (Алвини Език, Alvini Ezik) is a Southern Slavic language based on Old Slovene, which has been significantly influenced by Venetan, an Italo-Romance language spoken in North-Eastern Italy, and other Slavic languages, especially Serbian and Russian.<br />
<br />
<br />
=Alphabet=<br />
Alvinian uses both '''Cyrillic''' and '''Latin''' script. The alphabets have an equal status, although latin is usually preferred in informal texts, while cyrillic is normally used in normative, scientific and official texts.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
|-<br />
!Cyrillic<br />
!Latin<br />
!IPA value<br />
|-<br />
|А а ||A a ||/a/<br />
|-<br />
|Б б ||B b ||/b/<br />
|-<br />
|В в ||V v ||/v/<br />
|-<br />
|Г г ||G g ||/ɡ/<br />
|-<br />
|Д д ||D d ||/d/<br />
|-<br />
|Џ џ ||Đ đ ||/dʑ/<br />
|-<br />
|Е е ||E e ||/ɛ/ /e/<br />
|-<br />
|Ж ж ||Ž ž ||/ʐ/<br />
|-<br />
|З з ||Z z ||/z/<br />
|-<br />
|И и ||I i ||/i/<br />
|-<br />
|Ј ј ||J j ||/ʝ/<br />
|-<br />
|К к ||K k ||/k/<br />
|-<br />
|Л л ||L l ||/l/<br />
|-<br />
|М м ||M m ||/m/<br />
|-<br />
|Н н ||N n ||/n/<br />
|-<br />
|О о ||O o ||/ɔ/ /о/<br />
|-<br />
|П п ||P p ||/p/<br />
|-<br />
|Р р ||R r ||/ɾ/<br />
|-<br />
|С с ||S s ||/s/<br />
|-<br />
|Т т ||T t ||/t/<br />
|-<br />
|У у ||U u ||/u/<br />
|-<br />
|Ф ф ||F f ||/f/<br />
|-<br />
|Х х ||H h ||/x/<br />
|-<br />
|Ц ц ||C c ||/ts/<br />
|-<br />
|Ч ч ||Č č ||/tɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|Ш ш ||Š š ||/ʂ/<br />
|-<br />
|Я я ||Ą ą ||/ɔ̃/<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
=Grammar=<br />
<br />
==Nouns==<br />
Alvinian inflects nouns for '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural''), '''gender''' (''masculine, feminine, neuter'') and '''case''' (''nominative, genitive, accusative, dative''). The declensions are divided into '''masculine''', '''feminine''' and '''neuter'''.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Masculine - Ušnik (''Student'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Ušnik<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušniki<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnikov<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Ušnik<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnike<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Ušniku<br />
|Ušnikam<br />
|Ušnikima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Feminine - Niga (''Book'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Niga<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nige<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Nige<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nig<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Nigu<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nige<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nigam<br />
|Nigima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Neuter - Revo (''Tree'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Revo<br />
|Revi<br />
|Revą<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Reva<br />
|Revi<br />
|Rev<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Revo<br />
|Revi<br />
|Revą<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Revu<br />
|Revam<br />
|Revima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Personal Pronouns==<br />
Alvinian personal pronouns are inflected for '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural''), '''person''', '''case''' (''nominative, genitive, accusative, dative'') and the 3rd persons are inflected also for '''gender''' (''masculine/neuter, feminine'').<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!<br />
!1S<br />
!2S<br />
!3S m,n<br />
!3S f<br />
!1D<br />
!2D<br />
!3D<br />
!1P<br />
!2P<br />
!3P m, f, n<br />
|-<br />
!Nom<br />
|Mi<br />
|Ti<br />
|El, Elo<br />
|Ela<br />
|Naj<br />
|Vaj<br />
|Laj<br />
|Ni<br />
|Vi<br />
|Eli, Ele, Elą<br />
|-<br />
!Gen<br />
|Meg<br />
|Teg<br />
|Neg<br />
|Ne<br />
|Nas<br />
|Vas<br />
|Las<br />
|Nih<br />
|Vih<br />
|Lih<br />
|-<br />
!Acc<br />
|Men<br />
|Ten<br />
|Nen<br />
|Nu<br />
|Nas<br />
|Vas<br />
|Las<br />
|Nih<br />
|Vih<br />
|Lih<br />
|-<br />
!Dat<br />
|Mom<br />
|Tom<br />
|Nem<br />
|Nom<br />
|Nama<br />
|Vama<br />
|Lima<br />
|Nam<br />
|Vam<br />
|Lim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Verbs==<br />
====Subject Clitics====<br />
Alvinian doesn't have any agreement morphology realised on the verb, that's why it developed a second serie of subject pronouns, which are clitic elements derived from full personal pronouns. These elements function only as markers of the agreement with the subject, and they are obligatorily realised in a sentence with a verb.<br />
Subject Clitics are normally proclitic in declarative sentences (they come before the verb) and enclitic in interrogative sentences (they follow the verb). <br />
Subject Clitics are not inflected for case, since they always encode the relation of agreement with the subject, but they inflect for '''person''', '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural'') and the 3rd persons are also inflected for '''gender''' (''masculine, feminine, neuter)''.<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Subject Pronoun<br />
!1S<br />
!2S<br />
!3Sm<br />
!3Sf<br />
!3Sn<br />
!1D<br />
!2D<br />
!3D<br />
!1P<br />
!2P<br />
!3Pm<br />
!3Pf<br />
!3Pn<br />
|-<br />
!Full<br />
|Mi<br />
|Ti<br />
|El<br />
|Ela<br />
|Elo<br />
|Naj<br />
|Vaj<br />
|Laj<br />
|Ni<br />
|Vi<br />
|Eli<br />
|Ele<br />
|Elą<br />
|-<br />
!Clitic<br />
|Me<br />
|Te<br />
|El<br />
|La<br />
|Lo<br />
|Na<br />
|Va<br />
|La<br />
|Ne<br />
|Ve<br />
|Li<br />
|Le<br />
|Lą<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
In a sentence with a full pronominal subject or with a referential nominal subject, Subject Clitic has to be realised as well.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!<br />
!Subject Clitic + Verb<br />
!Full Pronoun + Subject Clitic + Verb<br />
!Referential Noun + Subject Clitic + Verb<br />
|-<br />
!Declarative<br />
|'''''La''''' že<br />
|Ela '''''la''''' že<br />
|Lara '''''la''''' že<br />
|-<br />
!Translation<br />
|'''''She''''' is<br />
|She '''''she''''' is<br />
|Lara '''''she''''' is<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
In questions the order is inverted: the verb comes before the Subject Clitics and they are written as a single word.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Declarative<br />
!Interrogative<br />
!Translation<br />
|-<br />
|'''''La''''' že<br />
|Že'''''la'''''?<br />
|'''''She''''' is. --> Is '''''she'''''?<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Finite Tenses===<br />
Alvinian '''Present''' tense covers more or less the functions of English Present Simple and Present Continuous. Verbal morphology is very limited. Verbs in the present tense consist of a single form (the root) which is combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the full conjugation.<br />
Alvinian '''Aorist''' covers more or less the functions of English Past Simple and Past Perfect. The form consists of the root of the verb with the addition of an ''-s'' morpheme at the end of it, and it has to be combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the conjugation.<br />
The meaning of Alvinian '''Imperfect''' is that of a continuous or repeated action taking place in the past. The form consists of the root of the verb with the addition of a ''-k'' morpheme at the end of it, and it has to be combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the conjugation.<br />
Alvinian '''Future''' tense covers all the meanings of actions taking place in the future. The form consists of the root of the verb with the addition of a ''-bo'' morpheme at the end of it, and it has to be combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the conjugation.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Verb "že" (to be)<br />
!Present<br />
!Aorist<br />
!Imperfect<br />
!Future<br />
|-<br />
!1S<br />
|Me že<br />
|Me žes<br />
|Me žek<br />
|Me žebo<br />
|-<br />
!2S<br />
|Te že<br />
|Te žes<br />
|Te žek<br />
|Te žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Sm<br />
|El že<br />
|El žes<br />
|El žek<br />
|El žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Sf<br />
|La že<br />
|La žes<br />
|La žek<br />
|La žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Sn<br />
|Lo že<br />
|Lo žes<br />
|Lo žek<br />
|Lo žebo<br />
|-<br />
!1D<br />
|Na že<br />
|Na žes<br />
|Na žek<br />
|Na žebo<br />
|-<br />
!2D<br />
|Va že<br />
|Va žes<br />
|Va žek<br />
|Va žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3D<br />
|La že<br />
|La žes<br />
|La žek<br />
|La žebo<br />
|-<br />
!1P<br />
|Ne že<br />
|Ne žes<br />
|Ne žek<br />
|Ne žebo<br />
|-<br />
!2P<br />
|Ve že<br />
|Ve žes<br />
|Ve žek<br />
|Ve žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Pm<br />
|Li že<br />
|Li žes<br />
|Li žek<br />
|Li žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Pf<br />
|Le že<br />
|Le žes<br />
|Le žek<br />
|Le žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Pn<br />
|Lą že<br />
|Lą žes<br />
|Lą žek<br />
|Lą žebo<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Questions, Negation, Negative questions===<br />
In '''questions''', the clitic + verb complex undergoes an inversion: the clitic, which is found in a proclitic position (before the verb) in declarative sentences, is found in an enclitic position (after the verb) in interrogative questions. The inversion takes places in all tenses. Some clitics (3sf, 3sn, the dual, 3p) don't change with inversion, but some others (1s, 2s, 3sm, 1p, 2p) lose their vowel.<br />
The '''negation''' is formed by attaching a '''''ni-''''' morpheme before the verbal stem. This negative particle is attached to all negative verbs in all tenses.<br />
In '''negative questions''', the negative morpheme keeps the same position, while the clitic undergoes the same inversion phenomenon as their positive counterparts.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Verb "že" (to be)<br />
!Declarative<br />
!Interrogative<br />
!Negative<br />
!Neg. Interr.<br />
|-<br />
!1S<br />
|Me že<br />
|Žem?<br />
|Me niže<br />
|Nižem?<br />
|-<br />
!2S<br />
|Te že<br />
|Žet?<br />
|Te niže<br />
|Nižet?<br />
|-<br />
!3Sm<br />
|El že<br />
|Žel?<br />
|El niže<br />
|Nižel?<br />
|-<br />
!3Sf<br />
|La že<br />
|Žela?<br />
|La niže<br />
|Nižela?<br />
|-<br />
!3Sn<br />
|Lo že<br />
|Želo?<br />
|Lo niže<br />
|Niželo?<br />
|-<br />
!1D<br />
|Na že<br />
|Žena?<br />
|Na niže<br />
|Nižena?<br />
|-<br />
!2D<br />
|Va že<br />
|Ževa?<br />
|Va niže<br />
|Niževa?<br />
|-<br />
!3D<br />
|La že<br />
|Žela?<br />
|La niže<br />
|Nižela?<br />
|-<br />
!1P<br />
|Ne že<br />
|Žen?<br />
|Ne niže<br />
|Nižen?<br />
|-<br />
!2P<br />
|Ve že<br />
|Žev?<br />
|Ve niže<br />
|Nižev?<br />
|-<br />
!3Pm<br />
|Li že<br />
|Želi?<br />
|Li niže<br />
|Niželi?<br />
|-<br />
!3Pf<br />
|Le že<br />
|Žele?<br />
|Le niže<br />
|Nižele?<br />
|-<br />
!3Pn<br />
|Lą že<br />
|Želą?<br />
|Lą niže<br />
|Niželą?<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<!-- Template area --><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]<br />
[[Category:Languages]]<br />
[[Category:Slavic languages]]</div>
AlbertVen
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Alvinian&diff=95506
Alvinian
2017-12-26T22:02:28Z
<p>AlbertVen: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox language<br />
|creator = [[User:AlbertVen|AlbertVen]]<br />
|name = Alvinian<br />
|nativename = Алвини Език, Alvini Ezik<br />
|region =<br />
|states =<br />
|speakers = <br />
|date = 2013<br />
|familycolor = Indo-European<br />
|fam1=[[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]<br />
|fam2=[[w:Slavic languages|Slavic]]<br />
|fam3 = Southern Slavic<br />
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
<br />
=Introduction=<br />
Alvinian (Алвини Език, Alvini Ezik) is a Southern Slavic language based on Old Slovene, which has been significantly influenced by Venetan, an Italo-Romance language spoken in North-Eastern Italy, and other Slavic languages, especially Serbian and Russian.<br />
<br />
<br />
=Alphabet=<br />
Alvinian uses both '''Cyrillic''' and '''Latin''' script. The alphabets have an equal status, although latin is usually preferred in informal texts, while cyrillic is normally used in normative, scientific and official texts.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
|-<br />
!Cyrillic<br />
!Latin<br />
!IPA value<br />
|-<br />
|А а ||A a ||/a/<br />
|-<br />
|Б б ||B b ||/b/<br />
|-<br />
|В в ||V v ||/v/<br />
|-<br />
|Г г ||G g ||/ɡ/<br />
|-<br />
|Д д ||D d ||/d/<br />
|-<br />
|Џ џ ||Đ đ ||/dʑ/<br />
|-<br />
|Е е ||E e ||/ɛ/ /e/<br />
|-<br />
|Ж ж ||Ž ž ||/ʐ/<br />
|-<br />
|З з ||Z z ||/z/<br />
|-<br />
|И и ||I i ||/i/<br />
|-<br />
|Ј ј ||J j ||/ʝ/<br />
|-<br />
|К к ||K k ||/k/<br />
|-<br />
|Л л ||L l ||/l/<br />
|-<br />
|М м ||M m ||/m/<br />
|-<br />
|Н н ||N n ||/n/<br />
|-<br />
|О о ||O o ||/ɔ/ /о/<br />
|-<br />
|П п ||P p ||/p/<br />
|-<br />
|Р р ||R r ||/ɾ/<br />
|-<br />
|С с ||S s ||/s/<br />
|-<br />
|Т т ||T t ||/t/<br />
|-<br />
|У у ||U u ||/u/<br />
|-<br />
|Ф ф ||F f ||/f/<br />
|-<br />
|Х х ||H h ||/x/<br />
|-<br />
|Ц ц ||C c ||/ts/<br />
|-<br />
|Ч ч ||Č č ||/tɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|Ш ш ||Š š ||/ʂ/<br />
|-<br />
|Я я ||Ą ą ||/ɔ̃/<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
=Grammar=<br />
<br />
==Nouns==<br />
Alvinian inflects nouns for '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural''), '''gender''' (''masculine, feminine, neuter'') and '''case''' (''nominative, genitive, accusative, dative''). The declensions are divided into '''masculine''', '''feminine''' and '''neuter'''.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Masculine - Ušnik (''Student'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Ušnik<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušniki<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnikov<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Ušnik<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnike<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Ušniku<br />
|Ušnikam<br />
|Ušnikima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Feminine - Niga (''Book'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Niga<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nige<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Nige<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nig<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Nigu<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nige<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nigam<br />
|Nigima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Neuter - Revo (''Tree'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Revo<br />
|Revi<br />
|Revą<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Reva<br />
|Revi<br />
|Rev<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Revo<br />
|Revi<br />
|Revą<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Revu<br />
|Revam<br />
|Revima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Personal Pronouns==<br />
Alvinian personal pronouns are inflected for '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural''), '''person''', '''case''' (''nominative, genitive, accusative, dative'') and the 3rd persons are inflected also for '''gender''' (''masculine/neuter, feminine'').<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!<br />
!1S<br />
!2S<br />
!3S m,n<br />
!3S f<br />
!1D<br />
!2D<br />
!3D<br />
!1P<br />
!2P<br />
!3P m, f, n<br />
|-<br />
!Nom<br />
|Mi<br />
|Ti<br />
|El, Elo<br />
|Ela<br />
|Naj<br />
|Vaj<br />
|Laj<br />
|Ni<br />
|Vi<br />
|Eli, Ele, Elą<br />
|-<br />
!Gen<br />
|Meg<br />
|Teg<br />
|Neg<br />
|Ne<br />
|Nas<br />
|Vas<br />
|Las<br />
|Nih<br />
|Vih<br />
|Lih<br />
|-<br />
!Acc<br />
|Men<br />
|Ten<br />
|Nen<br />
|Nu<br />
|Nas<br />
|Vas<br />
|Las<br />
|Nih<br />
|Vih<br />
|Lih<br />
|-<br />
!Dat<br />
|Mom<br />
|Tom<br />
|Nem<br />
|Nom<br />
|Nama<br />
|Vama<br />
|Lima<br />
|Nam<br />
|Vam<br />
|Lim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Verbs==<br />
====Subject Clitics====<br />
Alvinian doesn't have any agreement morphology realised on the verb, that's why it developed a second serie of subject pronouns, which are clitic elements derived from full personal pronouns. These elements function only as markers of the agreement with the subject, and they are obligatorily realised in a sentence with a verb.<br />
Subject Clitics are normally proclitic in declarative sentences (they come before the verb) and enclitic in interrogative sentences (they follow the verb). <br />
Subject Clitics are not inflected for case, since they always encode the relation of agreement with the subject, but they inflect for '''person''', '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural'') and the 3rd persons are also inflected for '''gender''' (''masculine, feminine, neuter)''.<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Subject Pronoun<br />
!1S<br />
!2S<br />
!3Sm<br />
!3Sf<br />
!3Sn<br />
!1D<br />
!2D<br />
!3D<br />
!1P<br />
!2P<br />
!3Pm<br />
!3Pf<br />
!3Pn<br />
|-<br />
!Full<br />
|Mi<br />
|Ti<br />
|El<br />
|Ela<br />
|Elo<br />
|Naj<br />
|Vaj<br />
|Laj<br />
|Ni<br />
|Vi<br />
|Eli<br />
|Ele<br />
|Elą<br />
|-<br />
!Clitic<br />
|Me<br />
|Te<br />
|El<br />
|La<br />
|Lo<br />
|Na<br />
|Va<br />
|La<br />
|Ne<br />
|Ve<br />
|Li<br />
|Le<br />
|Lą<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
In a sentence with a full pronominal subject or with a referential nominal subject, Subject Clitic has to be realised as well.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!<br />
!Subject Clitic + Verb<br />
!Full Pronoun + Subject Clitic + Verb<br />
!Referential Noun + Subject Clitic + Verb<br />
|-<br />
!Declarative<br />
|'''''La''''' že<br />
|Ela '''''la''''' že<br />
|Lara '''''la''''' že<br />
|-<br />
!Translation<br />
|'''''She''''' is<br />
|She '''''she''''' is<br />
|Lara '''''she''''' is<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
In questions the order is inverted: the verb comes before the Subject Clitics and they are written as a single word.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Declarative<br />
!Interrogative<br />
!Translation<br />
|-<br />
|'''''La''''' že<br />
|Že'''''la'''''?<br />
|'''''She''''' is. --> Is '''''she'''''?<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Tenses===<br />
Alvinian '''Present''' tense covers more or less the functions of English Present Simple and Present Continuous. Verbal morphology is very limited. Verbs in the present tense consist of a single form (the root) which is combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the full conjugation.<br />
Alvinian '''Aorist''' covers more or less the functions of English Past Simple and Past Perfect. The form consists of the root of the verb with the addition of an ''-s'' morpheme at the end of it, and it has to be combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the conjugation.<br />
The meaning of Alvinian '''Imperfect''' is that of a continuous or repeated action taking place in the past. The form consists of the root of the verb with the addition of a ''-k'' morpheme at the end of it, and it has to be combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the conjugation.<br />
Alvinian '''Future''' tense covers all the meanings of actions taking place in the future. The form consists of the root of the verb with the addition of a ''-bo'' morpheme at the end of it, and it has to be combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the conjugation.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Verb "že" (to be)<br />
!Present<br />
!Aorist<br />
!Imperfect<br />
!Future<br />
|-<br />
!1S<br />
|Me že<br />
|Me žes<br />
|Me žek<br />
|Me žebo<br />
|-<br />
!2S<br />
|Te že<br />
|Te žes<br />
|Te žek<br />
|Te žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Sm<br />
|El že<br />
|El žes<br />
|El žek<br />
|El žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Sf<br />
|La že<br />
|La žes<br />
|La žek<br />
|La žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Sn<br />
|Lo že<br />
|Lo žes<br />
|Lo žek<br />
|Lo žebo<br />
|-<br />
!1D<br />
|Na že<br />
|Na žes<br />
|Na žek<br />
|Na žebo<br />
|-<br />
!2D<br />
|Va že<br />
|Va žes<br />
|Va žek<br />
|Va žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3D<br />
|La že<br />
|La žes<br />
|La žek<br />
|La žebo<br />
|-<br />
!1P<br />
|Ne že<br />
|Ne žes<br />
|Ne žek<br />
|Ne žebo<br />
|-<br />
!2P<br />
|Ve že<br />
|Ve žes<br />
|Ve žek<br />
|Ve žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Pm<br />
|Li že<br />
|Li žes<br />
|Li žek<br />
|Li žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Pf<br />
|Le že<br />
|Le žes<br />
|Le žek<br />
|Le žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Pn<br />
|Lą že<br />
|Lą žes<br />
|Lą žek<br />
|Lą žebo<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Questions, Negation, Negative questions===<br />
In '''questions''', the clitic + verb complex undergoes an inversion: the clitic, which is found in a proclitic position (before the verb) in declarative sentences, is found in an enclitic position (after the verb) in interrogative questions. The inversion takes places in all tenses. Some clitics (3sf, 3sn, the dual, 3p) don't change with inversion, but some others (1s, 2s, 3sm, 1p, 2p) lose their vowel.<br />
The '''negation''' is formed by attaching a '''''ni-''''' morpheme before the verbal stem. This negative particle is attached to all negative verbs in all tenses.<br />
In '''negative questions''', the negative morpheme keeps the same position, while the clitic undergoes the same inversion phenomenon as their positive counterparts.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Verb "že" (to be)<br />
!Declarative<br />
!Interrogative<br />
!Negative<br />
!Neg. Interr.<br />
|-<br />
!1S<br />
|Me že<br />
|Žem?<br />
|Me niže<br />
|Nižem?<br />
|-<br />
!2S<br />
|Te že<br />
|Žet?<br />
|Te niže<br />
|Nižet?<br />
|-<br />
!3Sm<br />
|El že<br />
|Žel?<br />
|El niže<br />
|Nižel?<br />
|-<br />
!3Sf<br />
|La že<br />
|Žela?<br />
|La niže<br />
|Nižela?<br />
|-<br />
!3Sn<br />
|Lo že<br />
|Želo?<br />
|Lo niže<br />
|Niželo?<br />
|-<br />
!1D<br />
|Na že<br />
|Žena?<br />
|Na niže<br />
|Nižena?<br />
|-<br />
!2D<br />
|Va že<br />
|Ževa?<br />
|Va niže<br />
|Niževa?<br />
|-<br />
!3D<br />
|La že<br />
|Žela?<br />
|La niže<br />
|Nižela?<br />
|-<br />
!1P<br />
|Ne že<br />
|Žen?<br />
|Ne niže<br />
|Nižen?<br />
|-<br />
!2P<br />
|Ve že<br />
|Žev?<br />
|Ve niže<br />
|Nižev?<br />
|-<br />
!3Pm<br />
|Li že<br />
|Želi?<br />
|Li niže<br />
|Niželi?<br />
|-<br />
!3Pf<br />
|Le že<br />
|Žele?<br />
|Le niže<br />
|Nižele?<br />
|-<br />
!3Pn<br />
|Lą že<br />
|Želą?<br />
|Lą niže<br />
|Niželą?<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<!-- Template area --><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]<br />
[[Category:Languages]]<br />
[[Category:Slavic languages]]</div>
AlbertVen
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Alvinian&diff=95505
Alvinian
2017-12-26T21:51:36Z
<p>AlbertVen: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox language<br />
|creator = [[User:AlbertVen|AlbertVen]]<br />
|name = Alvinian<br />
|nativename = Алвини Език, Alvini Ezik<br />
|region =<br />
|states =<br />
|speakers = <br />
|date = 2013<br />
|familycolor = Indo-European<br />
|fam1=[[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]<br />
|fam2=[[w:Slavic languages|Slavic]]<br />
|fam3 = Southern Slavic<br />
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
<br />
=Introduction=<br />
Alvinian (Алвини Език, Alvini Ezik) is a Southern Slavic language based on Old Slovene, which has been significantly influenced by Venetan, an Italo-Romance language spoken in North-Eastern Italy, and other Slavic languages, especially Serbian and Russian.<br />
<br />
<br />
=Alphabet=<br />
Alvinian uses both '''Cyrillic''' and '''Latin''' script. The alphabets have an equal status, although latin is usually preferred in informal texts, while cyrillic is normally used in normative, scientific and official texts.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
|-<br />
!Cyrillic<br />
!Latin<br />
!IPA value<br />
|-<br />
|А а ||A a ||/a/<br />
|-<br />
|Б б ||B b ||/b/<br />
|-<br />
|В в ||V v ||/v/<br />
|-<br />
|Г г ||G g ||/ɡ/<br />
|-<br />
|Д д ||D d ||/d/<br />
|-<br />
|Џ џ ||Đ đ ||/dʑ/<br />
|-<br />
|Е е ||E e ||/ɛ/ /e/<br />
|-<br />
|Ж ж ||Ž ž ||/ʐ/<br />
|-<br />
|З з ||Z z ||/z/<br />
|-<br />
|И и ||I i ||/i/<br />
|-<br />
|Ј ј ||J j ||/ʝ/<br />
|-<br />
|К к ||K k ||/k/<br />
|-<br />
|Л л ||L l ||/l/<br />
|-<br />
|М м ||M m ||/m/<br />
|-<br />
|Н н ||N n ||/n/<br />
|-<br />
|О о ||O o ||/ɔ/ /о/<br />
|-<br />
|П п ||P p ||/p/<br />
|-<br />
|Р р ||R r ||/ɾ/<br />
|-<br />
|С с ||S s ||/s/<br />
|-<br />
|Т т ||T t ||/t/<br />
|-<br />
|У у ||U u ||/u/<br />
|-<br />
|Ф ф ||F f ||/f/<br />
|-<br />
|Х х ||H h ||/x/<br />
|-<br />
|Ц ц ||C c ||/ts/<br />
|-<br />
|Ч ч ||Č č ||/tɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|Ш ш ||Š š ||/ʂ/<br />
|-<br />
|Я я ||Ą ą ||/ɔ̃/<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
=Grammar=<br />
<br />
==Nouns==<br />
Alvinian inflects nouns for '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural''), '''gender''' (''masculine, feminine, neuter'') and '''case''' (''nominative, genitive, accusative, dative''). The declensions are divided into '''masculine''', '''feminine''' and '''neuter'''.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Masculine - Ušnik (''Student'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Ušnik<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušniki<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnikov<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Ušnik<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnike<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Ušniku<br />
|Ušnikam<br />
|Ušnikima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Feminine - Niga (''Book'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Niga<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nige<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Nige<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nig<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Nigu<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nige<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nigam<br />
|Nigima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Neuter - Revo (''Tree'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Revo<br />
|Revi<br />
|Revą<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Reva<br />
|Revi<br />
|Rev<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Revo<br />
|Revi<br />
|Revą<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Revu<br />
|Revam<br />
|Revima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Personal Pronouns==<br />
Alvinian personal pronouns are inflected for '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural''), '''person''', '''case''' (''nominative, genitive, accusative, dative'') and the 3rd persons are inflected also for '''gender''' (''masculine/neuter, feminine'').<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!<br />
!1S<br />
!2S<br />
!3S m,n<br />
!3S f<br />
!1D<br />
!2D<br />
!3D<br />
!1P<br />
!2P<br />
!3P m, f, n<br />
|-<br />
!Nom<br />
|Mi<br />
|Ti<br />
|El, Elo<br />
|Ela<br />
|Naj<br />
|Vaj<br />
|Laj<br />
|Ni<br />
|Vi<br />
|Eli, Ele, Elą<br />
|-<br />
!Gen<br />
|Meg<br />
|Teg<br />
|Neg<br />
|Ne<br />
|Nas<br />
|Vas<br />
|Las<br />
|Nih<br />
|Vih<br />
|Lih<br />
|-<br />
!Acc<br />
|Men<br />
|Ten<br />
|Nen<br />
|Nu<br />
|Nas<br />
|Vas<br />
|Las<br />
|Nih<br />
|Vih<br />
|Lih<br />
|-<br />
!Dat<br />
|Mom<br />
|Tom<br />
|Nem<br />
|Nom<br />
|Nama<br />
|Vama<br />
|Lima<br />
|Nam<br />
|Vam<br />
|Lim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Verbs==<br />
====Subject Clitics====<br />
Alvinian doesn't have any agreement morphology realised on the verb, that's why it developed a second serie of subject pronouns, which are clitic elements derived from full personal pronouns. These elements function only as markers of the agreement with the subject, and they are obligatorily realised in a sentence with a verb.<br />
Subject Clitics are normally proclitic in declarative sentences (they come before the verb) and enclitic in interrogative sentences (they follow the verb). <br />
Subject Clitics are not inflected for case, since they always encode the relation of agreement with the subject, but they inflect for '''person''', '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural'') and the 3rd persons are also inflected for '''gender''' (''masculine, feminine, neuter)''.<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!1S<br />
!2S<br />
!3Sm<br />
!3Sf<br />
!3Sn<br />
!1D<br />
!2D<br />
!3D<br />
!1P<br />
!2P<br />
!3Pm<br />
!3Pf<br />
!3Pn<br />
|-<br />
|Me<br />
|Te<br />
|El<br />
|La<br />
|Lo<br />
|Na<br />
|Va<br />
|La<br />
|Ne<br />
|Ve<br />
|Li<br />
|Le<br />
|Lą<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
In a sentence with a full pronominal subject or with a referential nominal subject, Subject Clitic has to be realised as well.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!<br />
!Subject Clitic + Verb<br />
!Full Pronoun + Subject Clitic + Verb<br />
!Referential Noun + Subject Clitic + Verb<br />
|-<br />
!Declarative<br />
|'''''La''''' že<br />
|Ela '''''la''''' že<br />
|Lara '''''la''''' že<br />
|-<br />
!Translation<br />
|'''''She''''' is<br />
|She '''''she''''' is<br />
|Lara '''''she''''' is<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
In questions the order is inverted: the verb comes before the Subject Clitics and they are written as a single word.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Declarative<br />
!Interrogative<br />
!Translation<br />
|-<br />
|'''''La''''' že<br />
|Že'''''la'''''?<br />
|'''''She''''' is. --> Is '''''she'''''?<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Tenses===<br />
Alvinian '''Present''' tense covers more or less the functions of English Present Simple and Present Continuous. Verbal morphology is very limited. Verbs in the present tense consist of a single form (the root) which is combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the full conjugation.<br />
Alvinian '''Aorist''' covers more or less the functions of English Past Simple and Past Perfect. The form consists of the root of the verb with the addition of an ''-s'' morpheme at the end of it, and it has to be combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the conjugation.<br />
The meaning of Alvinian '''Imperfect''' is that of a continuous or repeated action taking place in the past. The form consists of the root of the verb with the addition of a ''-k'' morpheme at the end of it, and it has to be combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the conjugation.<br />
Alvinian '''Future''' tense covers all the meanings of actions taking place in the future. The form consists of the root of the verb with the addition of a ''-bo'' morpheme at the end of it, and it has to be combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the conjugation.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Verb "že" (to be)<br />
!Present<br />
!Aorist<br />
!Imperfect<br />
!Future<br />
|-<br />
!1S<br />
|Me že<br />
|Me žes<br />
|Me žek<br />
|Me žebo<br />
|-<br />
!2S<br />
|Te že<br />
|Te žes<br />
|Te žek<br />
|Te žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Sm<br />
|El že<br />
|El žes<br />
|El žek<br />
|El žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Sf<br />
|La že<br />
|La žes<br />
|La žek<br />
|La žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Sn<br />
|Lo že<br />
|Lo žes<br />
|Lo žek<br />
|Lo žebo<br />
|-<br />
!1D<br />
|Na že<br />
|Na žes<br />
|Na žek<br />
|Na žebo<br />
|-<br />
!2D<br />
|Va že<br />
|Va žes<br />
|Va žek<br />
|Va žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3D<br />
|La že<br />
|La žes<br />
|La žek<br />
|La žebo<br />
|-<br />
!1P<br />
|Ne že<br />
|Ne žes<br />
|Ne žek<br />
|Ne žebo<br />
|-<br />
!2P<br />
|Ve že<br />
|Ve žes<br />
|Ve žek<br />
|Ve žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Pm<br />
|Li že<br />
|Li žes<br />
|Li žek<br />
|Li žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Pf<br />
|Le že<br />
|Le žes<br />
|Le žek<br />
|Le žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Pn<br />
|Lą že<br />
|Lą žes<br />
|Lą žek<br />
|Lą žebo<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Questions, Negation, Negative questions===<br />
In '''questions''', the clitic + verb complex undergoes an inversion: the clitic, which is found in a proclitic position (before the verb) in declarative sentences, is found in an enclitic position (after the verb) in interrogative questions. The inversion takes places in all tenses. Some clitics (3sf, 3sn, the dual, 3p) don't change with inversion, but some others (1s, 2s, 3sm, 1p, 2p) lose their vowel.<br />
The '''negation''' is formed by attaching a '''''ni-''''' morpheme before the verbal stem. This negative particle is attached to all negative verbs in all tenses.<br />
In '''negative questions''', the negative morpheme keeps the same position, while the clitic undergoes the same inversion phenomenon as their positive counterparts.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Verb "že" (to be)<br />
!Declarative<br />
!Interrogative<br />
!Negative<br />
!Neg. Interr.<br />
|-<br />
!1S<br />
|Me že<br />
|Žem?<br />
|Me niže<br />
|Nižem?<br />
|-<br />
!2S<br />
|Te že<br />
|Žet?<br />
|Te niže<br />
|Nižet?<br />
|-<br />
!3Sm<br />
|El že<br />
|Žel?<br />
|El niže<br />
|Nižel?<br />
|-<br />
!3Sf<br />
|La že<br />
|Žela?<br />
|La niže<br />
|Nižela?<br />
|-<br />
!3Sn<br />
|Lo že<br />
|Želo?<br />
|Lo niže<br />
|Niželo?<br />
|-<br />
!1D<br />
|Na že<br />
|Žena?<br />
|Na niže<br />
|Nižena?<br />
|-<br />
!2D<br />
|Va že<br />
|Ževa?<br />
|Va niže<br />
|Niževa?<br />
|-<br />
!3D<br />
|La že<br />
|Žela?<br />
|La niže<br />
|Nižela?<br />
|-<br />
!1P<br />
|Ne že<br />
|Žen?<br />
|Ne niže<br />
|Nižen?<br />
|-<br />
!2P<br />
|Ve že<br />
|Žev?<br />
|Ve niže<br />
|Nižev?<br />
|-<br />
!3Pm<br />
|Li že<br />
|Želi?<br />
|Li niže<br />
|Niželi?<br />
|-<br />
!3Pf<br />
|Le že<br />
|Žele?<br />
|Le niže<br />
|Nižele?<br />
|-<br />
!3Pn<br />
|Lą že<br />
|Želą?<br />
|Lą niže<br />
|Niželą?<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<!-- Template area --><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]<br />
[[Category:Languages]]<br />
[[Category:Slavic languages]]</div>
AlbertVen
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Alvinian&diff=95504
Alvinian
2017-12-26T21:47:02Z
<p>AlbertVen: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox language<br />
|creator = [[User:AlbertVen|AlbertVen]]<br />
|name = Alvinian<br />
|nativename = Алвини Език, Alvini Ezik<br />
|region =<br />
|states =<br />
|speakers = <br />
|date = 2013<br />
|familycolor = Indo-European<br />
|fam1=[[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]<br />
|fam2=[[w:Slavic languages|Slavic]]<br />
|fam3 = Southern Slavic<br />
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
<br />
=Introduction=<br />
Alvinian (Алвини Език, Alvini Ezik) is a Southern Slavic language based on Old Slovene, which has been significantly influenced by Venetan, an Italo-Romance language spoken in North-Eastern Italy, and other Slavic languages, especially Serbian and Russian.<br />
<br />
<br />
=Alphabet=<br />
Alvinian uses both '''Cyrillic''' and '''Latin''' script. The alphabets have an equal status, although latin is usually preferred in informal texts, while cyrillic is normally used in normative, scientific and official texts.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
|-<br />
!Cyrillic<br />
!Latin<br />
!IPA value<br />
|-<br />
|А а ||A a ||/a/<br />
|-<br />
|Б б ||B b ||/b/<br />
|-<br />
|В в ||V v ||/v/<br />
|-<br />
|Г г ||G g ||/ɡ/<br />
|-<br />
|Д д ||D d ||/d/<br />
|-<br />
|Џ џ ||Đ đ ||/dʑ/<br />
|-<br />
|Е е ||E e ||/ɛ/ /e/<br />
|-<br />
|Ж ж ||Ž ž ||/ʐ/<br />
|-<br />
|З з ||Z z ||/z/<br />
|-<br />
|И и ||I i ||/i/<br />
|-<br />
|Ј ј ||J j ||/ʝ/<br />
|-<br />
|К к ||K k ||/k/<br />
|-<br />
|Л л ||L l ||/l/<br />
|-<br />
|М м ||M m ||/m/<br />
|-<br />
|Н н ||N n ||/n/<br />
|-<br />
|О о ||O o ||/ɔ/ /о/<br />
|-<br />
|П п ||P p ||/p/<br />
|-<br />
|Р р ||R r ||/ɾ/<br />
|-<br />
|С с ||S s ||/s/<br />
|-<br />
|Т т ||T t ||/t/<br />
|-<br />
|У у ||U u ||/u/<br />
|-<br />
|Ф ф ||F f ||/f/<br />
|-<br />
|Х х ||H h ||/x/<br />
|-<br />
|Ц ц ||C c ||/ts/<br />
|-<br />
|Ч ч ||Č č ||/tɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|Ш ш ||Š š ||/ʂ/<br />
|-<br />
|Я я ||Ą ą ||/ɔ̃/<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
=Grammar=<br />
<br />
==Nouns==<br />
Alvinian inflects nouns for '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural''), '''gender''' (''masculine, feminine, neuter'') and '''case''' (''nominative, genitive, accusative, dative''). The declensions are divided into '''masculine''', '''feminine''' and '''neuter'''.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Masculine - Ušnik (''Student'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Ušnik<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušniki<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnikov<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Ušnik<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnike<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Ušniku<br />
|Ušnikam<br />
|Ušnikima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Feminine - Niga (''Book'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Niga<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nige<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Nige<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nig<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Nigu<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nige<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nigam<br />
|Nigima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Neuter - Revo (''Tree'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Revo<br />
|Revi<br />
|Revą<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Reva<br />
|Revi<br />
|Rev<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Revo<br />
|Revi<br />
|Revą<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Revu<br />
|Revam<br />
|Revima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Personal Pronouns==<br />
Alvinian personal pronouns are inflected for '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural''), '''person''', '''case''' (''nominative, genitive, accusative, dative'') and the 3rd persons are inflected also for '''gender''' (''masculine/neuter, feminine'').<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!<br />
!1S<br />
!2S<br />
!3S m,n<br />
!3S f<br />
!1D<br />
!2D<br />
!3D<br />
!1P<br />
!2P<br />
!3P m, f, n<br />
|-<br />
!Nom<br />
|Mi<br />
|Ti<br />
|El, Elo<br />
|Ela<br />
|Naj<br />
|Vaj<br />
|Laj<br />
|Ni<br />
|Vi<br />
|Eli, Ele, Elą<br />
|-<br />
!Gen<br />
|Meg<br />
|Teg<br />
|Neg<br />
|Ne<br />
|Nas<br />
|Vas<br />
|Las<br />
|Nih<br />
|Vih<br />
|Lih<br />
|-<br />
!Acc<br />
|Men<br />
|Ten<br />
|Nen<br />
|Nu<br />
|Nas<br />
|Vas<br />
|Las<br />
|Nih<br />
|Vih<br />
|Lih<br />
|-<br />
!Dat<br />
|Mom<br />
|Tom<br />
|Nem<br />
|Nom<br />
|Nama<br />
|Vama<br />
|Lima<br />
|Nam<br />
|Vam<br />
|Lim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Verbs==<br />
====Subject Clitics====<br />
Alvinian doesn't have any agreement morphology realised on the verb, that's why it developed a second serie of subject pronouns, which are clitic elements derived from full personal pronouns. These elements function only as markers of the agreement with the subject, and they are obligatorily realised in a sentence with a verb.<br />
Subject Clitics are normally proclitic in declarative sentences (they come before the verb) and enclitic in interrogative sentences (they follow the verb). <br />
Subject Clitics are not inflected for case, since they always encode the relation of agreement with the subject, but they inflect for '''person''', '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural'') and the 3rd persons are also inflected for '''gender''' (''masculine, feminine, neuter)''.<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!1S<br />
!2S<br />
!3Sm<br />
!3Sf<br />
!3Sn<br />
!1D<br />
!2D<br />
!3D<br />
!1P<br />
!2P<br />
!3Pm<br />
!3Pf<br />
!3Pn<br />
|-<br />
|Me<br />
|Te<br />
|El<br />
|La<br />
|Lo<br />
|Na<br />
|Va<br />
|La<br />
|Ne<br />
|Ve<br />
|Li<br />
|Le<br />
|Lą<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
In a sentence with a full pronominal subject or with a referential nominal subject, Subject Clitic has to be realised as well.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!<br />
!Subject Clitic + Verb<br />
!Full Pronoun + Subject Clitic + Verb<br />
!Referential Noun + Subject Clitic + Verb<br />
|-<br />
!Declarative<br />
|'''''La''''' že<br />
|Ela '''''la''''' že<br />
|Lara '''''la''''' že<br />
|-<br />
!Translation<br />
|'''''She''''' is<br />
|She '''''she''''' is<br />
|Lara '''''she''''' is<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
In questions the order is inverted: the verb comes before the Subject Clitics and they are written as a single word.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Declarative<br />
!Interrogative<br />
!Translation<br />
|-<br />
|'''''La''''' že<br />
|Že'''''la'''''?<br />
|'''''She''''' is. --> Is '''''she'''''?<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Tenses===<br />
Alvinian '''Present''' tense covers more or less the functions of English Present Simple and Present Continuous. Verbal morphology is very limited. Verbs in the present tense consist of a single form (the root) which is combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the full conjugation.<br />
Alvinian '''Aorist''' covers more or less the functions of English Past Simple and Past Perfect. The form consists of the root of the verb with the addition of an ''-s'' morpheme at the end of it, and it has to be combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the conjugation.<br />
The meaning of Alvinian '''Imperfect''' is that of a continuous or repeated action taking place in the past. The form consists of the root of the verb with the addition of a ''-k'' morpheme at the end of it, and it has to be combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the conjugation.<br />
Alvinian '''Future''' tense covers all the meanings of actions taking place in the future. The form consists of the root of the verb with the addition of a ''-bo'' morpheme at the end of it, and it has to be combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the conjugation.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Verb "že" (to be)<br />
!Present<br />
!Aorist<br />
!Imperfect<br />
!Future<br />
|-<br />
!1S<br />
|Me že<br />
|Me žes<br />
|Me žek<br />
|Me žebo<br />
|-<br />
!2S<br />
|Te že<br />
|Te žes<br />
|Te žek<br />
|Te žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Sm<br />
|El že<br />
|El žes<br />
|El žek<br />
|El žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Sf<br />
|La že<br />
|La žes<br />
|La žek<br />
|La žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Sn<br />
|Lo že<br />
|Lo žes<br />
|Lo žek<br />
|Lo žebo<br />
|-<br />
!1D<br />
|Na že<br />
|Na žes<br />
|Na žek<br />
|Na žebo<br />
|-<br />
!2D<br />
|Va že<br />
|Va žes<br />
|Va žek<br />
|Va žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3D<br />
|La že<br />
|La žes<br />
|La žek<br />
|La žebo<br />
|-<br />
!1P<br />
|Ne že<br />
|Ne žes<br />
|Ne žek<br />
|Ne žebo<br />
|-<br />
!2P<br />
|Ve že<br />
|Ve žes<br />
|Ve žek<br />
|Ve žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Pm<br />
|Li že<br />
|Li žes<br />
|Li žek<br />
|Li žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Pf<br />
|Le že<br />
|Le žes<br />
|Le žek<br />
|Le žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Pn<br />
|Lą že<br />
|Lą žes<br />
|Lą žek<br />
|Lą žebo<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Questions, Negation, Negative questions===<br />
In '''questions''', the clitic + verb complex undergoes an inversion: the clitic, which is found in a proclitic position (before the verb) in declarative sentences, is found in an enclitic position (after the verb) in interrogative questions. The inversion takes places in all tenses. Some clitics (3sf, 3sn, the dual, 3p) don't change with inversion, but some others (1s, 2s, 3sm, 1p, 2p) lose their vowel.<br />
The '''negation''' is formed by attaching a '''''ni-''''' morpheme before the verbal stem. This negative particle is attached to all negative verbs in all tenses.<br />
In '''negative questions''', the negative morpheme keeps the same position, while the clitic undergoes the same inversion phenomenon as their positive counterparts.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Verb "že" (to be)<br />
!Declarative<br />
!Interrogative<br />
!Negative<br />
!Neg. Interr.<br />
|-<br />
!1S<br />
|Me že<br />
|Žem?<br />
|Me niže<br />
|Nižem?<br />
|-<br />
!2S<br />
|Te že<br />
|Žet?<br />
|Te niže<br />
|Nižet?<br />
|-<br />
!3Sm<br />
|El že<br />
|Žel?<br />
|El niže<br />
|Nižel?<br />
|-<br />
!3Sf<br />
|La že<br />
|Žela?<br />
|La niže<br />
|Nižela?<br />
|-<br />
!3Sn<br />
|Lo že<br />
|Želo?<br />
|Lo niže<br />
|Niželo?<br />
|-<br />
!1D<br />
|Na že<br />
|Žena?<br />
|Na niže<br />
|Nižena?<br />
|-<br />
!2D<br />
|Va že<br />
|Ževa?<br />
|Va niže<br />
|Niževa?<br />
|-<br />
!3D<br />
|La že<br />
|Žela?<br />
|La niže<br />
|Nižela?<br />
|-<br />
!1P<br />
|Ne že<br />
|Žen?<br />
|Ne niže<br />
|Nižen?<br />
|-<br />
!2P<br />
|Ve že<br />
|Žev?<br />
|Ve niže<br />
|Nižev?<br />
|-<br />
!3Pm<br />
|Li že<br />
|Želi?<br />
|Li niže<br />
|Niželi?<br />
|-<br />
!3Pf<br />
|Le že<br />
|Žele?<br />
|Le niže<br />
|Nižele<br />
|-<br />
!3Pn<br />
|Lą že<br />
|Želą?<br />
|Lą niže<br />
|Niželą?<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<!-- Template area --><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]<br />
[[Category:Languages]]<br />
[[Category:Slavic languages]]</div>
AlbertVen
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Alvinian&diff=95353
Alvinian
2017-12-25T10:25:46Z
<p>AlbertVen: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox language<br />
|creator = [[User:AlbertVen|AlbertVen]]<br />
|name = Alvinian<br />
|nativename = Алвини Език, Alvini Ezik<br />
|region =<br />
|states =<br />
|speakers = <br />
|date = 2013<br />
|familycolor = Indo-European<br />
|fam1=[[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]<br />
|fam2=[[w:Slavic languages|Slavic]]<br />
|fam3 = Southern Slavic<br />
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
<br />
=Introduction=<br />
Alvinian (Алвини Език, Alvini Ezik) is a Southern Slavic language based on Old Slovene, which has been significantly influenced by Venetan, an Italo-Romance language spoken in North-Eastern Italy, and other Slavic languages, especially Serbian and Russian.<br />
<br />
<br />
=Alphabet=<br />
Alvinian uses both '''Cyrillic''' and '''Latin''' script. The alphabets have an equal status, although latin is usually preferred in informal texts, while cyrillic is normally used in normative, scientific and official texts.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
|-<br />
!Cyrillic<br />
!Latin<br />
!IPA value<br />
|-<br />
|А а ||A a ||/a/<br />
|-<br />
|Б б ||B b ||/b/<br />
|-<br />
|В в ||V v ||/v/<br />
|-<br />
|Г г ||G g ||/ɡ/<br />
|-<br />
|Д д ||D d ||/d/<br />
|-<br />
|Џ џ ||Đ đ ||/dʑ/<br />
|-<br />
|Е е ||E e ||/ɛ/ /e/<br />
|-<br />
|Ж ж ||Ž ž ||/ʐ/<br />
|-<br />
|З з ||Z z ||/z/<br />
|-<br />
|И и ||I i ||/i/<br />
|-<br />
|Ј ј ||J j ||/ʝ/<br />
|-<br />
|К к ||K k ||/k/<br />
|-<br />
|Л л ||L l ||/l/<br />
|-<br />
|М м ||M m ||/m/<br />
|-<br />
|Н н ||N n ||/n/<br />
|-<br />
|О о ||O o ||/ɔ/ /о/<br />
|-<br />
|П п ||P p ||/p/<br />
|-<br />
|Р р ||R r ||/ɾ/<br />
|-<br />
|С с ||S s ||/s/<br />
|-<br />
|Т т ||T t ||/t/<br />
|-<br />
|У у ||U u ||/u/<br />
|-<br />
|Ф ф ||F f ||/f/<br />
|-<br />
|Х х ||H h ||/x/<br />
|-<br />
|Ц ц ||C c ||/ts/<br />
|-<br />
|Ч ч ||Č č ||/tɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|Ш ш ||Š š ||/ʂ/<br />
|-<br />
|Я я ||Ą ą ||/ɔ̃/<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
=Grammar=<br />
<br />
==Nouns==<br />
Alvinian inflects nouns for '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural''), '''gender''' (''masculine, feminine, neuter'') and '''case''' (''nominative, genitive, accusative, dative''). The declensions are divided into '''masculine''', '''feminine''' and '''neuter'''.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Masculine - Ušnik (''Student'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Ušnik<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušniki<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnikov<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Ušnik<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnike<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Ušniku<br />
|Ušnikam<br />
|Ušnikima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Feminine - Niga (''Book'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Niga<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nige<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Nige<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nig<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Nigu<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nige<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nigam<br />
|Nigima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Neuter - Revo (''Tree'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Revo<br />
|Revi<br />
|Revą<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Reva<br />
|Revi<br />
|Rev<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Revo<br />
|Revi<br />
|Revą<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Revu<br />
|Revam<br />
|Revima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Personal Pronouns==<br />
Alvinian personal pronouns are inflected for '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural''), '''person''', '''case''' (''nominative, genitive, accusative, dative'') and the 3rd persons are inflected also for '''gender''' (''masculine/neuter, feminine'').<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!<br />
!1S<br />
!2S<br />
!3S m,n<br />
!3S f<br />
!1D<br />
!2D<br />
!3D<br />
!1P<br />
!2P<br />
!3P m, f, n<br />
|-<br />
!Nom<br />
|Mi<br />
|Ti<br />
|El, Elo<br />
|Ela<br />
|Naj<br />
|Vaj<br />
|Laj<br />
|Ni<br />
|Vi<br />
|Eli, Ele, Elą<br />
|-<br />
!Gen<br />
|Meg<br />
|Teg<br />
|Neg<br />
|Ne<br />
|Nas<br />
|Vas<br />
|Las<br />
|Nih<br />
|Vih<br />
|Lih<br />
|-<br />
!Acc<br />
|Men<br />
|Ten<br />
|Nen<br />
|Nu<br />
|Nas<br />
|Vas<br />
|Las<br />
|Nih<br />
|Vih<br />
|Lih<br />
|-<br />
!Dat<br />
|Mom<br />
|Tom<br />
|Nem<br />
|Nom<br />
|Nama<br />
|Vama<br />
|Lima<br />
|Nam<br />
|Vam<br />
|Lim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Verbs==<br />
====Subject Clitics====<br />
Alvinian doesn't have any agreement morphology realised on the verb, that's why it developed a second serie of subject pronouns, which are clitic elements derived from full personal pronouns. These elements function only as markers of the agreement with the subject, and they are obligatorily realised in a sentence with a verb.<br />
Subject Clitics are normally proclitic in declarative sentences (they come before the verb) and enclitic in interrogative sentences (they follow the verb). <br />
Subject Clitics are not inflected for case, since they always encode the relation of agreement with the subject, but they inflect for '''person''', '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural'') and the 3rd persons are also inflected for '''gender''' (''masculine, feminine, neuter)''.<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!1S<br />
!2S<br />
!3Sm<br />
!3Sf<br />
!3Sn<br />
!1D<br />
!2D<br />
!3D<br />
!1P<br />
!2P<br />
!3Pm<br />
!3Pf<br />
!3Pn<br />
|-<br />
|Me<br />
|Te<br />
|El<br />
|La<br />
|Lo<br />
|Na<br />
|Va<br />
|La<br />
|Ne<br />
|Ve<br />
|Li<br />
|Le<br />
|Lą<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
In a sentence with a full pronominal subject or with a referential nominal subject, Subject Clitic has to be realised as well.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!<br />
!Subject Clitic + Verb<br />
!Full Pronoun + Subject Clitic + Verb<br />
!Referential Noun + Subject Clitic + Verb<br />
|-<br />
!Declarative<br />
|'''''La''''' že<br />
|Ela '''''la''''' že<br />
|Lara '''''la''''' že<br />
|-<br />
!Translation<br />
|'''''She''''' is<br />
|She '''''she''''' is<br />
|Lara '''''she''''' is<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
In questions the order is inverted: the verb comes before the Subject Clitics and they are written as a single word.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Declarative<br />
!Interrogative<br />
!Translation<br />
|-<br />
|'''''La''''' že<br />
|Že'''''la'''''?<br />
|'''''She''''' is. --> Is '''''she'''''?<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Tenses===<br />
Alvinian '''Present''' tense covers more or less the functions of English Present Simple and Present Continuous. Verbal morphology is very limited. Verbs in the present tense consist of a single form (the root) which is combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the full conjugation.<br />
Alvinian '''Aorist''' covers more or less the functions of English Past Simple and Past Perfect. The form consists of the root of the verb with the addition of an ''-s'' morpheme at the end of it, and it has to be combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the conjugation.<br />
The meaning of Alvinian '''Imperfect''' is that of a continuous or repeated action taking place in the past. The form consists of the root of the verb with the addition of a ''-k'' morpheme at the end of it, and it has to be combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the conjugation.<br />
Alvinian '''Future''' tense covers all the meanings of actions taking place in the future. The form consists of the root of the verb with the addition of a ''-bo'' morpheme at the end of it, and it has to be combined with Subject Clitics in order to give rise to the conjugation.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Verb "že" (to be)<br />
!Present<br />
!Aorist<br />
!Imperfect<br />
!Future<br />
|-<br />
!1S<br />
|Me že<br />
|Me žes<br />
|Me žek<br />
|Me žebo<br />
|-<br />
!2S<br />
|Te že<br />
|Te žes<br />
|Te žek<br />
|Te žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Sm<br />
|El že<br />
|El žes<br />
|El žek<br />
|El žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Sf<br />
|La že<br />
|La žes<br />
|La žek<br />
|La žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Sn<br />
|Lo že<br />
|Lo žes<br />
|Lo žek<br />
|Lo žebo<br />
|-<br />
!1D<br />
|Na že<br />
|Na žes<br />
|Na žek<br />
|Na žebo<br />
|-<br />
!2D<br />
|Va že<br />
|Va žes<br />
|Va žek<br />
|Va žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3D<br />
|La že<br />
|La žes<br />
|La žek<br />
|La žebo<br />
|-<br />
!1P<br />
|Ne že<br />
|Ne žes<br />
|Ne žek<br />
|Ne žebo<br />
|-<br />
!2P<br />
|Ve že<br />
|Ve žes<br />
|Ve žek<br />
|Ve žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Pm<br />
|Li že<br />
|Li žes<br />
|Li žek<br />
|Li žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Pf<br />
|Le že<br />
|Le žes<br />
|Le žek<br />
|Le žebo<br />
|-<br />
!3Pn<br />
|Lą že<br />
|Lą žes<br />
|Lą žek<br />
|Lą žebo<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<!-- Template area --><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]<br />
[[Category:Languages]]<br />
[[Category:Slavic languages]]</div>
AlbertVen
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Alvinian&diff=95352
Alvinian
2017-12-25T09:05:30Z
<p>AlbertVen: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox language<br />
|creator = [[User:AlbertVen|AlbertVen]]<br />
|name = Alvinian<br />
|nativename = Алвини Език, Alvini Ezik<br />
|region =<br />
|states =<br />
|speakers = <br />
|date = 2013<br />
|familycolor = Indo-European<br />
|fam1=[[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]<br />
|fam2=[[w:Slavic languages|Slavic]]<br />
|fam3 = Southern Slavic<br />
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
<br />
=Introduction=<br />
Alvinian (Алвини Език, Alvini Ezik) is a Southern Slavic language based on Old Slovene, which has been significantly influenced by Venetan, an Italo-Romance language spoken in North-Eastern Italy, and other Slavic languages, especially Serbian and Russian.<br />
<br />
<br />
=Alphabet=<br />
Alvinian uses both '''Cyrillic''' and '''Latin''' script. The alphabets have an equal status, although latin is usually preferred in informal texts, while cyrillic is normally used in normative, scientific and official texts.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
|-<br />
!Cyrillic<br />
!Latin<br />
!IPA value<br />
|-<br />
|А а ||A a ||/a/<br />
|-<br />
|Б б ||B b ||/b/<br />
|-<br />
|В в ||V v ||/v/<br />
|-<br />
|Г г ||G g ||/ɡ/<br />
|-<br />
|Д д ||D d ||/d/<br />
|-<br />
|Џ џ ||Đ đ ||/dʑ/<br />
|-<br />
|Е е ||E e ||/ɛ/ /e/<br />
|-<br />
|Ж ж ||Ž ž ||/ʐ/<br />
|-<br />
|З з ||Z z ||/z/<br />
|-<br />
|И и ||I i ||/i/<br />
|-<br />
|Ј ј ||J j ||/ʝ/<br />
|-<br />
|К к ||K k ||/k/<br />
|-<br />
|Л л ||L l ||/l/<br />
|-<br />
|М м ||M m ||/m/<br />
|-<br />
|Н н ||N n ||/n/<br />
|-<br />
|О о ||O o ||/ɔ/ /о/<br />
|-<br />
|П п ||P p ||/p/<br />
|-<br />
|Р р ||R r ||/ɾ/<br />
|-<br />
|С с ||S s ||/s/<br />
|-<br />
|Т т ||T t ||/t/<br />
|-<br />
|У у ||U u ||/u/<br />
|-<br />
|Ф ф ||F f ||/f/<br />
|-<br />
|Х х ||H h ||/x/<br />
|-<br />
|Ц ц ||C c ||/ts/<br />
|-<br />
|Ч ч ||Č č ||/tɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|Ш ш ||Š š ||/ʂ/<br />
|-<br />
|Я я ||Ą ą ||/ɔ̃/<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
=Grammar=<br />
<br />
==Nouns==<br />
Alvinian inflects nouns for '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural''), '''gender''' (''masculine, feminine, neuter'') and '''case''' (''nominative, genitive, accusative, dative''). The declensions are divided into '''masculine''', '''feminine''' and '''neuter'''.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Masculine - Ušnik (''Student'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Ušnik<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušniki<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnikov<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Ušnik<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnike<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Ušniku<br />
|Ušnikam<br />
|Ušnikima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Feminine - Niga (''Book'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Niga<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nige<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Nige<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nig<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Nigu<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nige<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nigam<br />
|Nigima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Neuter - Revo (''Tree'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Revo<br />
|Revi<br />
|Revą<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Reva<br />
|Revi<br />
|Rev<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Revo<br />
|Revi<br />
|Revą<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Revu<br />
|Revam<br />
|Revima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Personal Pronouns==<br />
Alvinian personal pronouns are inflected for '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural''), '''person''', '''case''' (''nominative, genitive, accusative, dative'') and the 3rd persons are inflected also for '''gender''' (''masculine/neuter, feminine'').<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!<br />
!1S<br />
!2S<br />
!3S m,n<br />
!3S f<br />
!1D<br />
!2D<br />
!3D<br />
!1P<br />
!2P<br />
!3P m, f, n<br />
|-<br />
!Nom<br />
|Mi<br />
|Ti<br />
|El, Elo<br />
|Ela<br />
|Naj<br />
|Vaj<br />
|Laj<br />
|Ni<br />
|Vi<br />
|Eli, Ele, Elą<br />
|-<br />
!Gen<br />
|Meg<br />
|Teg<br />
|Neg<br />
|Ne<br />
|Nas<br />
|Vas<br />
|Las<br />
|Nih<br />
|Vih<br />
|Lih<br />
|-<br />
!Acc<br />
|Men<br />
|Ten<br />
|Nen<br />
|Nu<br />
|Nas<br />
|Vas<br />
|Las<br />
|Nih<br />
|Vih<br />
|Lih<br />
|-<br />
!Dat<br />
|Mom<br />
|Tom<br />
|Nem<br />
|Nom<br />
|Nama<br />
|Vama<br />
|Lima<br />
|Nam<br />
|Vam<br />
|Lim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Verbs==<br />
===Subject Clitics===<br />
Alvinian doesn't have any agreement morphology realised on the verb, that's why it developed a second serie of subject pronouns, which are clitic elements derived from full personal pronouns. These elements function only as markers of the agreement with the subject, and they are obligatorily realised in a sentence with a verb.<br />
Subject Clitics are normally proclitic in declarative sentences (they come before the verb) and enclitic in interrogative sentences (they follow the verb). <br />
Subject Clitics are not inflected for case, since they always encode the relation of agreement with the subject, but they inflect for '''person''', '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural'') and the 3rd persons are also inflected for '''gender''' (''masculine, feminine, neuter)''.<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!1S<br />
!2S<br />
!3Sm<br />
!3Sf<br />
!3Sn<br />
!1D<br />
!2D<br />
!3D<br />
!1P<br />
!2P<br />
!3Pm<br />
!3Pf<br />
!3Pn<br />
|-<br />
|Me<br />
|Te<br />
|El<br />
|La<br />
|Lo<br />
|Na<br />
|Va<br />
|La<br />
|Ne<br />
|Ve<br />
|Li<br />
|Le<br />
|Lą<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
In a sentence with a full pronominal subject or with a referential nominal subject, Subject Clitic has to be realised as well.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!<br />
!Subject Clitic + Verb<br />
!Full Pronoun + Subject Clitic + Verb<br />
!Referential Noun + Subject Clitic + Verb<br />
|-<br />
!Declarative<br />
|'''''La''''' že<br />
|Ela '''''la''''' že<br />
|Lara '''''la''''' že<br />
|-<br />
!Translation<br />
|'''''She''''' is<br />
|She '''''she''''' is<br />
|Lara '''''she''''' is<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
In questions the order is inverted: the verb comes before the Subject Clitics and they are written as a single word.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Declarative<br />
!Interrogative<br />
!Translation<br />
|-<br />
|'''''La''''' že<br />
|Že'''''la'''''?<br />
|'''''She''''' is. --> Is '''''she'''''?<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
==Syntax==<br />
===Constituent order===<br />
===Noun phrase===<br />
===Verb phrase===<br />
===Sentence phrase===<br />
===Dependent clauses===<br />
<!-- etc. etc. --><br />
<br />
==Example texts==<br />
==Other resources==<br />
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Template area --><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]<br />
[[Category:Languages]]<br />
[[Category:Slavic languages]]</div>
AlbertVen
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Alvinian&diff=95351
Alvinian
2017-12-25T08:57:04Z
<p>AlbertVen: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox language<br />
|creator = [[User:AlbertVen|AlbertVen]]<br />
|name = Alvinian<br />
|nativename = Алвини Език, Alvini Ezik<br />
|region =<br />
|states =<br />
|speakers = <br />
|date = 2013<br />
|familycolor = Indo-European<br />
|fam1=[[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]<br />
|fam2=[[w:Slavic languages|Slavic]]<br />
|fam3 = Southern Slavic<br />
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]<br />
}}<br />
<!-- <br />
<br />
This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br />
<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
==Introduction==<br />
Alvinian (Алвини Език, Alvini Ezik) is a Southern Slavic language based on Old Slovene, which has been significantly influenced by Venetan, an Italo-Romance language spoken in North-Eastern Italy, and other Slavic languages, especially Serbian and Russian.<br />
<br />
<br />
<!-- ***Phonology*** --><br />
<!-- What sounds does your language use? --><br />
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br />
<br />
Vowel inventory<br />
Consonant inventory<br />
Syllable structure<br />
Stress<br />
Intonation<br />
<br />
--><br />
==Alphabet==<br />
Alvinian uses both '''Cyrillic''' and '''Latin''' script. The alphabets have an equal status, although latin is usually preferred in informal texts, while cyrillic is normally used in normative, scientific and official texts.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
|-<br />
!Cyrillic<br />
!Latin<br />
!IPA value<br />
|-<br />
|А а ||A a ||/a/<br />
|-<br />
|Б б ||B b ||/b/<br />
|-<br />
|В в ||V v ||/v/<br />
|-<br />
|Г г ||G g ||/ɡ/<br />
|-<br />
|Д д ||D d ||/d/<br />
|-<br />
|Џ џ ||Đ đ ||/dʑ/<br />
|-<br />
|Е е ||E e ||/ɛ/ /e/<br />
|-<br />
|Ж ж ||Ž ž ||/ʐ/<br />
|-<br />
|З з ||Z z ||/z/<br />
|-<br />
|И и ||I i ||/i/<br />
|-<br />
|Ј ј ||J j ||/ʝ/<br />
|-<br />
|К к ||K k ||/k/<br />
|-<br />
|Л л ||L l ||/l/<br />
|-<br />
|М м ||M m ||/m/<br />
|-<br />
|Н н ||N n ||/n/<br />
|-<br />
|О о ||O o ||/ɔ/ /о/<br />
|-<br />
|П п ||P p ||/p/<br />
|-<br />
|Р р ||R r ||/ɾ/<br />
|-<br />
|С с ||S s ||/s/<br />
|-<br />
|Т т ||T t ||/t/<br />
|-<br />
|У у ||U u ||/u/<br />
|-<br />
|Ф ф ||F f ||/f/<br />
|-<br />
|Х х ||H h ||/x/<br />
|-<br />
|Ц ц ||C c ||/ts/<br />
|-<br />
|Ч ч ||Č č ||/tɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|Ш ш ||Š š ||/ʂ/<br />
|-<br />
|Я я ||Ą ą ||/ɔ̃/<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
===Nouns===<br />
Alvinian inflects nouns for '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural''), '''gender''' (''masculine, feminine, neuter'') and '''case''' (''nominative, genitive, accusative, dative''). The declensions are divided into '''masculine''', '''feminine''' and '''neuter'''.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Masculine - Ušnik (''Student'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Ušnik<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušniki<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnikov<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Ušnik<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnike<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Ušniku<br />
|Ušnikam<br />
|Ušnikima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Feminine - Niga (''Book'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Niga<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nige<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Nige<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nig<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Nigu<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nige<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nigam<br />
|Nigima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Neuter - Revo (''Tree'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Revo<br />
|Revi<br />
|Revą<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Reva<br />
|Revi<br />
|Rev<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Revo<br />
|Revi<br />
|Revą<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Revu<br />
|Revam<br />
|Revima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Personal Pronouns===<br />
Alvinian personal pronouns are inflected for '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural''), '''person''', '''case''' (''nominative, genitive, accusative, dative'') and the 3rd persons are inflected also for '''gender''' (''masculine/neuter, feminine'').<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!<br />
!1S<br />
!2S<br />
!3S m,n<br />
!3S f<br />
!1D<br />
!2D<br />
!3D<br />
!1P<br />
!2P<br />
!3P m, f, n<br />
|-<br />
!Nom<br />
|Mi<br />
|Ti<br />
|El, Elo<br />
|Ela<br />
|Naj<br />
|Vaj<br />
|Laj<br />
|Ni<br />
|Vi<br />
|Eli, Ele, Elą<br />
|-<br />
!Gen<br />
|Meg<br />
|Teg<br />
|Neg<br />
|Ne<br />
|Nas<br />
|Vas<br />
|Las<br />
|Nih<br />
|Vih<br />
|Lih<br />
|-<br />
!Acc<br />
|Men<br />
|Ten<br />
|Nen<br />
|Nu<br />
|Nas<br />
|Vas<br />
|Las<br />
|Nih<br />
|Vih<br />
|Lih<br />
|-<br />
!Dat<br />
|Mom<br />
|Tom<br />
|Nem<br />
|Nom<br />
|Nama<br />
|Vama<br />
|Lima<br />
|Nam<br />
|Vam<br />
|Lim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Verbs===<br />
<br />
====Subject Clitics====<br />
Alvinian doesn't have any agreement morphology realised on the verb, that's why it developed a second serie of subject pronouns, which are clitic elements derived from full personal pronouns. These elements function only as markers of the agreement with the subject, and they are obligatorily realised in a sentence with a verb.<br />
Subject Clitics are normally proclitic in declarative sentences (they come before the verb) and enclitic in interrogative sentences (they follow the verb). <br />
Subject Clitics are not inflected for case, since they always encode the relation of agreement with the subject, but they inflect for '''person''', '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural'') and the 3rd persons are also inflected for '''gender''' (''masculine, feminine, neuter)''.<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!1S<br />
!2S<br />
!3Sm<br />
!3Sf<br />
!3Sn<br />
!1D<br />
!2D<br />
!3D<br />
!1P<br />
!2P<br />
!3Pm<br />
!3Pf<br />
!3Pn<br />
|-<br />
|Me<br />
|Te<br />
|El<br />
|La<br />
|Lo<br />
|Na<br />
|Va<br />
|La<br />
|Ne<br />
|Ve<br />
|Li<br />
|Le<br />
|Lą<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
In a sentence with a full pronominal subject or with a referential nominal subject, Subject Clitic has to be realised as well.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!<br />
!Subject Clitic + Verb<br />
!Full Pronoun + Subject Clitic + Verb<br />
!Referential Noun + Subject Clitic + Verb<br />
|-<br />
!Declarative<br />
|'''''La''''' že<br />
|Ela '''''la''''' že<br />
|Lara '''''la''''' že<br />
|-<br />
!Translation<br />
|'''''She''''' is<br />
|She '''''she''''' is<br />
|Lara '''''she''''' is<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
In questions the order is inverted: the verb comes before the Subject Clitics and they are written as a single word.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Declarative<br />
!Interrogative<br />
!Translation<br />
|-<br />
|'''''La''''' že<br />
|Že'''''la'''''?<br />
|'''''She''''' is. --> Is '''''she'''''?<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Here are some example subcategories:<br />
<br />
Nouns<br />
Adjectives<br />
Verbs<br />
Adverbs<br />
Particles<br />
Derivational morphology<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
==Syntax==<br />
===Constituent order===<br />
===Noun phrase===<br />
===Verb phrase===<br />
===Sentence phrase===<br />
===Dependent clauses===<br />
<!-- etc. etc. --><br />
<br />
==Example texts==<br />
==Other resources==<br />
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Template area --><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]<br />
[[Category:Languages]]<br />
[[Category:Slavic languages]]</div>
AlbertVen
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Alvinian&diff=95350
Alvinian
2017-12-25T08:49:29Z
<p>AlbertVen: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox language<br />
|creator = [[User:AlbertVen|AlbertVen]]<br />
|name = Alvinian<br />
|nativename = Алвини Език, Alvini Ezik<br />
|region =<br />
|states =<br />
|speakers = <br />
|date = 2013<br />
|familycolor = Indo-European<br />
|fam1=[[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]<br />
|fam2=[[w:Slavic languages|Slavic]]<br />
|fam3 = Southern Slavic<br />
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]<br />
}}<br />
<!-- <br />
<br />
This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br />
<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
==Introduction==<br />
Alvinian (Алвини Език, Alvini Ezik) is a Southern Slavic language based on Old Slovene, which has been significantly influenced by Venetan, an Italo-Romance language spoken in North-Eastern Italy, and other Slavic languages, especially Serbian and Russian.<br />
<br />
<br />
<!-- ***Phonology*** --><br />
<!-- What sounds does your language use? --><br />
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br />
<br />
Vowel inventory<br />
Consonant inventory<br />
Syllable structure<br />
Stress<br />
Intonation<br />
<br />
--><br />
==Alphabet==<br />
Alvinian uses both '''Cyrillic''' and '''Latin''' script. The alphabets have an equal status, although latin is usually preferred in informal texts, while cyrillic is normally used in normative, scientific and official texts.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
|-<br />
!Cyrillic<br />
!Latin<br />
!IPA value<br />
|-<br />
|А а ||A a ||/a/<br />
|-<br />
|Б б ||B b ||/b/<br />
|-<br />
|В в ||V v ||/v/<br />
|-<br />
|Г г ||G g ||/ɡ/<br />
|-<br />
|Д д ||D d ||/d/<br />
|-<br />
|Џ џ ||Đ đ ||/dʑ/<br />
|-<br />
|Е е ||E e ||/ɛ/ /e/<br />
|-<br />
|Ж ж ||Ž ž ||/ʐ/<br />
|-<br />
|З з ||Z z ||/z/<br />
|-<br />
|И и ||I i ||/i/<br />
|-<br />
|Ј ј ||J j ||/ʝ/<br />
|-<br />
|К к ||K k ||/k/<br />
|-<br />
|Л л ||L l ||/l/<br />
|-<br />
|М м ||M m ||/m/<br />
|-<br />
|Н н ||N n ||/n/<br />
|-<br />
|О о ||O o ||/ɔ/ /о/<br />
|-<br />
|П п ||P p ||/p/<br />
|-<br />
|Р р ||R r ||/ɾ/<br />
|-<br />
|С с ||S s ||/s/<br />
|-<br />
|Т т ||T t ||/t/<br />
|-<br />
|У у ||U u ||/u/<br />
|-<br />
|Ф ф ||F f ||/f/<br />
|-<br />
|Х х ||H h ||/x/<br />
|-<br />
|Ц ц ||C c ||/ts/<br />
|-<br />
|Ч ч ||Č č ||/tɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|Ш ш ||Š š ||/ʂ/<br />
|-<br />
|Я я ||Ą ą ||/ɔ̃/<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Morphology==<br />
===Nouns===<br />
Alvinian inflects nouns for '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural''), '''gender''' (''masculine, feminine, neuter'') and '''case''' (''nominative, genitive, accusative, dative''). The declensions are divided into '''masculine''', '''feminine''' and '''neuter'''.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Masculine - Ušnik (''Student'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Ušnik<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušniki<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnikov<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Ušnik<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnike<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Ušniku<br />
|Ušnikam<br />
|Ušnikima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Feminine - Niga (''Book'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Niga<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nige<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Nige<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nig<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Nigu<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nige<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nigam<br />
|Nigima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Neuter - Revo (''Tree'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Revo<br />
|Revi<br />
|Revą<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Reva<br />
|Revi<br />
|Rev<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Revo<br />
|Revi<br />
|Revą<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Revu<br />
|Revam<br />
|Revima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Personal Pronouns===<br />
Alvinian personal pronouns are inflected for '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural''), '''person''', '''case''' (''nominative, genitive, accusative, dative'') and the 3rd persons are inflected also for '''gender''' (''masculine/neuter, feminine'').<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!<br />
!1S<br />
!2S<br />
!3S m,n<br />
!3S f<br />
!1D<br />
!2D<br />
!3D<br />
!1P<br />
!2P<br />
!3P m, f, n<br />
|-<br />
!Nom<br />
|Mi<br />
|Ti<br />
|El, Elo<br />
|Ela<br />
|Naj<br />
|Vaj<br />
|Laj<br />
|Ni<br />
|Vi<br />
|Eli, Ele, Elą<br />
|-<br />
!Gen<br />
|Meg<br />
|Teg<br />
|Neg<br />
|Ne<br />
|Nas<br />
|Vas<br />
|Las<br />
|Nih<br />
|Vih<br />
|Lih<br />
|-<br />
!Acc<br />
|Men<br />
|Ten<br />
|Nen<br />
|Nu<br />
|Nas<br />
|Vas<br />
|Las<br />
|Nih<br />
|Vih<br />
|Lih<br />
|-<br />
!Dat<br />
|Mom<br />
|Tom<br />
|Nem<br />
|Nom<br />
|Nama<br />
|Vama<br />
|Lima<br />
|Nam<br />
|Vam<br />
|Lim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Verbs===<br />
<br />
====Subject Clitics====<br />
Alvinian doesn't have any agreement morphology realised on the verb, that's why it developed a second serie of subject pronouns, which are clitic elements derived from full personal pronouns. These elements function only as markers of the agreement with the subject, and they are obligatorily realised in a sentence with a verb.<br />
Subject Clitics are normally proclitic in declarative sentences (they come before the verb) and enclitic in interrogative sentences (they follow the verb). <br />
Subject Clitics are not inflected for case, since they always encode the relation of agreement with the subject, but they inflect for '''person''', '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural'') and the 3rd persons are also inflected for '''gender''' (''masculine, feminine, neuter)''.<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!1S<br />
!2S<br />
!3Sm<br />
!3Sf<br />
!3Sn<br />
!1D<br />
!2D<br />
!3D<br />
!1P<br />
!2P<br />
!3Pm<br />
!3Pf<br />
!3Pn<br />
|-<br />
|Me<br />
|Te<br />
|El<br />
|La<br />
|Lo<br />
|Na<br />
|Va<br />
|La<br />
|Ne<br />
|Ve<br />
|Li<br />
|Le<br />
|Lą<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
In a sentence with a full pronominal subject or with a referential nominal subject, Subject Clitic has to be realised as well.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Subject Clitic + Verb<br />
!Full Pronoun + Subject Clitic + Verb<br />
!Referential Noun + Subject Clitic + Verb<br />
|-<br />
!Declarative<br />
|'''''La''''' že<br />
|Ela '''''la''''' že<br />
|Lara '''''la''''' že<br />
!Translation<br />
|'''''Clitic.3sgf''''' is<br />
|She '''''Clitic.3sgf''''' is<br />
|Lara '''''Clitic.3sgf''''' is<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Here are some example subcategories:<br />
<br />
Nouns<br />
Adjectives<br />
Verbs<br />
Adverbs<br />
Particles<br />
Derivational morphology<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
==Syntax==<br />
===Constituent order===<br />
===Noun phrase===<br />
===Verb phrase===<br />
===Sentence phrase===<br />
===Dependent clauses===<br />
<!-- etc. etc. --><br />
<br />
==Example texts==<br />
==Other resources==<br />
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Template area --><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]<br />
[[Category:Languages]]<br />
[[Category:Slavic languages]]</div>
AlbertVen
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Alvinian&diff=95349
Alvinian
2017-12-25T08:38:43Z
<p>AlbertVen: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox language<br />
|creator = [[User:AlbertVen|AlbertVen]]<br />
|name = Alvinian<br />
|nativename = Алвини Език, Alvini Ezik<br />
|region =<br />
|states =<br />
|speakers = <br />
|date = 2013<br />
|familycolor = Indo-European<br />
|fam1=[[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]<br />
|fam2=[[w:Slavic languages|Slavic]]<br />
|fam3 = Southern Slavic<br />
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]<br />
}}<br />
<!-- <br />
<br />
This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br />
<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
==Introduction==<br />
Alvinian (Алвини Език, Alvini Ezik) is a Southern Slavic language based on Old Slovene, which has been significantly influenced by Venetan, an Italo-Romance language spoken in North-Eastern Italy, and other Slavic languages, especially Serbian and Russian.<br />
<br />
<br />
<!-- ***Phonology*** --><br />
<!-- What sounds does your language use? --><br />
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br />
<br />
Vowel inventory<br />
Consonant inventory<br />
Syllable structure<br />
Stress<br />
Intonation<br />
<br />
--><br />
==Alphabet==<br />
Alvinian uses both '''Cyrillic''' and '''Latin''' script. The alphabets have an equal status, although latin is usually preferred in informal texts, while cyrillic is normally used in normative, scientific and official texts.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
|-<br />
!Cyrillic<br />
!Latin<br />
!IPA value<br />
|-<br />
|А а ||A a ||/a/<br />
|-<br />
|Б б ||B b ||/b/<br />
|-<br />
|В в ||V v ||/v/<br />
|-<br />
|Г г ||G g ||/ɡ/<br />
|-<br />
|Д д ||D d ||/d/<br />
|-<br />
|Џ џ ||Đ đ ||/dʑ/<br />
|-<br />
|Е е ||E e ||/ɛ/ /e/<br />
|-<br />
|Ж ж ||Ž ž ||/ʐ/<br />
|-<br />
|З з ||Z z ||/z/<br />
|-<br />
|И и ||I i ||/i/<br />
|-<br />
|Ј ј ||J j ||/ʝ/<br />
|-<br />
|К к ||K k ||/k/<br />
|-<br />
|Л л ||L l ||/l/<br />
|-<br />
|М м ||M m ||/m/<br />
|-<br />
|Н н ||N n ||/n/<br />
|-<br />
|О о ||O o ||/ɔ/ /о/<br />
|-<br />
|П п ||P p ||/p/<br />
|-<br />
|Р р ||R r ||/ɾ/<br />
|-<br />
|С с ||S s ||/s/<br />
|-<br />
|Т т ||T t ||/t/<br />
|-<br />
|У у ||U u ||/u/<br />
|-<br />
|Ф ф ||F f ||/f/<br />
|-<br />
|Х х ||H h ||/x/<br />
|-<br />
|Ц ц ||C c ||/ts/<br />
|-<br />
|Ч ч ||Č č ||/tɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|Ш ш ||Š š ||/ʂ/<br />
|-<br />
|Я я ||Ą ą ||/ɔ̃/<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Morphology==<br />
===Nouns===<br />
Alvinian inflects nouns for '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural''), '''gender''' (''masculine, feminine, neuter'') and '''case''' (''nominative, genitive, accusative, dative''). The declensions are divided into '''masculine''', '''feminine''' and '''neuter'''.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Masculine - Ušnik (''Student'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Ušnik<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušniki<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnikov<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Ušnik<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnike<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Ušniku<br />
|Ušnikam<br />
|Ušnikima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Feminine - Niga (''Book'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Niga<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nige<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Nige<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nig<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Nigu<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nige<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nigam<br />
|Nigima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Neuter - Revo (''Tree'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Revo<br />
|Revi<br />
|Revą<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Reva<br />
|Revi<br />
|Rev<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Revo<br />
|Revi<br />
|Revą<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Revu<br />
|Revam<br />
|Revima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Personal Pronouns===<br />
Alvinian personal pronouns are inflected for '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural''), '''person''', '''case''' (''nominative, genitive, accusative, dative'') and the 3rd persons are inflected also for '''gender''' (''masculine/neuter, feminine'').<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!<br />
!1S<br />
!2S<br />
!3S m,n<br />
!3S f<br />
!1D<br />
!2D<br />
!3D<br />
!1P<br />
!2P<br />
!3P m, f, n<br />
|-<br />
!Nom<br />
|Mi<br />
|Ti<br />
|El, Elo<br />
|Ela<br />
|Naj<br />
|Vaj<br />
|Laj<br />
|Ni<br />
|Vi<br />
|Eli, Ele, Elą<br />
|-<br />
!Gen<br />
|Meg<br />
|Teg<br />
|Neg<br />
|Ne<br />
|Nas<br />
|Vas<br />
|Las<br />
|Nih<br />
|Vih<br />
|Lih<br />
|-<br />
!Acc<br />
|Men<br />
|Ten<br />
|Nen<br />
|Nu<br />
|Nas<br />
|Vas<br />
|Las<br />
|Nih<br />
|Vih<br />
|Lih<br />
|-<br />
!Dat<br />
|Mom<br />
|Tom<br />
|Nem<br />
|Nom<br />
|Nama<br />
|Vama<br />
|Lima<br />
|Nam<br />
|Vam<br />
|Lim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Verbs===<br />
<br />
====Subject Clitics====<br />
Alvinian doesn't have any agreement morphology realised on the verb, that's why it developed a second serie of subject pronouns, which are clitic elements derived from full personal pronouns. These elements function only as markers of the agreement with the subject, and they are obligatorily realised in a sentence with a verb.<br />
Subject Clitics are normally proclitic in declarative sentences (they come before the verb) and enclitic in interrogative sentences (they follow the verb). <br />
Subject Clitics are not inflected for case, since they always encode the relation of agreement with the subject, but they inflect for '''person''', '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural'') and the 3rd persons are also inflected for '''gender''' (''masculine, feminine, neuter)''.<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!1S<br />
!2S<br />
!3Sm<br />
!3Sf<br />
!3Sn<br />
!1D<br />
!2D<br />
!3D<br />
!1P<br />
!2P<br />
!3Pm<br />
!3Pf<br />
!3Pn<br />
|-<br />
|Me<br />
|Te<br />
|El<br />
|La<br />
|Lo<br />
|Na<br />
|Va<br />
|La<br />
|Ne<br />
|Ve<br />
|Li<br />
|Le<br />
|Lą<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Here are some example subcategories:<br />
<br />
Nouns<br />
Adjectives<br />
Verbs<br />
Adverbs<br />
Particles<br />
Derivational morphology<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
==Syntax==<br />
===Constituent order===<br />
===Noun phrase===<br />
===Verb phrase===<br />
===Sentence phrase===<br />
===Dependent clauses===<br />
<!-- etc. etc. --><br />
<br />
==Example texts==<br />
==Other resources==<br />
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Template area --><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]<br />
[[Category:Languages]]<br />
[[Category:Slavic languages]]</div>
AlbertVen
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Alvinian&diff=95139
Alvinian
2017-12-24T18:21:27Z
<p>AlbertVen: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox language<br />
|creator = [[User:AlbertVen|AlbertVen]]<br />
|name = Alvinian<br />
|nativename = Алвини Език, Alvini Ezik<br />
|region =<br />
|states =<br />
|speakers = <br />
|date = 2013<br />
|familycolor = Indo-European<br />
|fam1=[[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]<br />
|fam2=[[w:Slavic languages|Slavic]]<br />
|fam3 = Southern Slavic<br />
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]<br />
}}<br />
<!-- <br />
<br />
This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br />
<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
==Introduction==<br />
Alvinian (Алвини Език, Alvini Ezik) is a Southern Slavic language based on Old Slovene, which has been significantly influenced by Venetan, an Italo-Romance language spoken in North-Eastern Italy, and other Slavic languages, especially Serbian and Russian.<br />
<br />
<br />
<!-- ***Phonology*** --><br />
<!-- What sounds does your language use? --><br />
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br />
<br />
Vowel inventory<br />
Consonant inventory<br />
Syllable structure<br />
Stress<br />
Intonation<br />
<br />
--><br />
==Alphabet==<br />
Alvinian uses both '''Cyrillic''' and '''Latin''' script. The alphabets have an equal status, although latin is usually preferred in informal texts, while cyrillic is normally used in normative, scientific and official texts.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
|-<br />
!Cyrillic<br />
!Latin<br />
!IPA value<br />
|-<br />
|А а ||A a ||/a/<br />
|-<br />
|Б б ||B b ||/b/<br />
|-<br />
|В в ||V v ||/v/<br />
|-<br />
|Г г ||G g ||/ɡ/<br />
|-<br />
|Д д ||D d ||/d/<br />
|-<br />
|Џ џ ||Đ đ ||/dʑ/<br />
|-<br />
|Е е ||E e ||/ɛ/ /e/<br />
|-<br />
|Ж ж ||Ž ž ||/ʐ/<br />
|-<br />
|З з ||Z z ||/z/<br />
|-<br />
|И и ||I i ||/i/<br />
|-<br />
|Ј ј ||J j ||/ʝ/<br />
|-<br />
|К к ||K k ||/k/<br />
|-<br />
|Л л ||L l ||/l/<br />
|-<br />
|М м ||M m ||/m/<br />
|-<br />
|Н н ||N n ||/n/<br />
|-<br />
|О о ||O o ||/ɔ/ /о/<br />
|-<br />
|П п ||P p ||/p/<br />
|-<br />
|Р р ||R r ||/ɾ/<br />
|-<br />
|С с ||S s ||/s/<br />
|-<br />
|Т т ||T t ||/t/<br />
|-<br />
|У у ||U u ||/u/<br />
|-<br />
|Ф ф ||F f ||/f/<br />
|-<br />
|Х х ||H h ||/x/<br />
|-<br />
|Ц ц ||C c ||/ts/<br />
|-<br />
|Ч ч ||Č č ||/tɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|Ш ш ||Š š ||/ʂ/<br />
|-<br />
|Я я ||Ą ą ||/ɔ̃/<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Morphology==<br />
===Nouns===<br />
Alvinian inflects nouns for '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural''), '''gender''' (''masculine, feminine, neuter'') and '''case''' (''nominative, genitive, accusative, dative''). The declensions are divided into '''masculine''', '''feminine''' and '''neuter'''.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Masculine - Ušnik (''Student'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Ušnik<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušniki<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnikov<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Ušnik<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnike<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Ušniku<br />
|Ušnikam<br />
|Ušnikima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Feminine - Niga (''Book'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Niga<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nige<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Nige<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nig<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Nigu<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nige<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nigam<br />
|Nigima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Neuter - Revo (''Tree'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Revo<br />
|Revi<br />
|Revą<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Reva<br />
|Revi<br />
|Rev<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Revo<br />
|Revi<br />
|Revą<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Revu<br />
|Revam<br />
|Revima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Personal Pronouns===<br />
Alvinian personal pronouns are inflected for '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural''), '''person''', '''case''' (''nominative, genitive, accusative, dative'') and the 3rd persons are inflected also for '''gender''' (''masculine/neuter, feminine'').<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!<br />
!1S<br />
!2S<br />
!3S m,n<br />
!3S f<br />
!1D<br />
!2D<br />
!3D<br />
!1P<br />
!2P<br />
!3P m, f, n<br />
|-<br />
!Nom<br />
|Mi<br />
|Ti<br />
|El, Elo<br />
|Ela<br />
|Naj<br />
|Vaj<br />
|Laj<br />
|Ni<br />
|Vi<br />
|Eli, Ele, Elą<br />
|-<br />
!Gen<br />
|Meg<br />
|Teg<br />
|Neg<br />
|Ne<br />
|Nas<br />
|Vas<br />
|Las<br />
|Nih<br />
|Vih<br />
|Lih<br />
|-<br />
!Acc<br />
|Men<br />
|Ten<br />
|Nen<br />
|Nu<br />
|Nas<br />
|Vas<br />
|Las<br />
|Nih<br />
|Vih<br />
|Lih<br />
|-<br />
!Dat<br />
|Mom<br />
|Tom<br />
|Nem<br />
|Nom<br />
|Nama<br />
|Vama<br />
|Lima<br />
|Nam<br />
|Vam<br />
|Lim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Verbs===<br />
<br />
====Subject Clitics====<br />
Alvinian doesn't have any agreement morphology realised on the verb, that's why it developed a second serie of subject pronouns, which are clitic elements derived from full personal pronouns. These elements function only as markers of the agreement with the subject, and they are obligatorily realised in a sentence with a verb.<br />
These subject clitics follow the Wackernagel law: because of their weak phonological nature, they always have to be found in the second phonological position in the sentence.<br />
Subject Clitics are not inflected for case, since they always encode the relation of agreement with the subject, but they inflect for '''person''', '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural'') and the 3rd persons are also inflected for '''gender''' (''masculine, feminine, neuter)''.<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!1S<br />
!2S<br />
!3Sm<br />
!3Sf<br />
!3Sn<br />
!1D<br />
!2D<br />
!3D<br />
!1P<br />
!2P<br />
!3Pm<br />
!3Pf<br />
!3Pn<br />
|-<br />
|Me<br />
|Te<br />
|El<br />
|La<br />
|Lo<br />
|Na<br />
|Va<br />
|La<br />
|Ne<br />
|Ve<br />
|Li<br />
|Le<br />
|Lą<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Here are some example subcategories:<br />
<br />
Nouns<br />
Adjectives<br />
Verbs<br />
Adverbs<br />
Particles<br />
Derivational morphology<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
==Syntax==<br />
===Constituent order===<br />
===Noun phrase===<br />
===Verb phrase===<br />
===Sentence phrase===<br />
===Dependent clauses===<br />
<!-- etc. etc. --><br />
<br />
==Example texts==<br />
==Other resources==<br />
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Template area --><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]<br />
[[Category:Languages]]<br />
[[Category:Slavic languages]]</div>
AlbertVen
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Alvinian&diff=95123
Alvinian
2017-12-24T09:33:32Z
<p>AlbertVen: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox language<br />
|creator = [[User:AlbertVen|AlbertVen]]<br />
|name = Alvinian<br />
|nativename = Алвини Език, Alvini Ezik<br />
|region =<br />
|states =<br />
|speakers = <br />
|date = 2013<br />
|familycolor = Indo-European<br />
|fam1=[[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]<br />
|fam2=[[w:Slavic languages|Slavic]]<br />
|fam3 = Southern Slavic<br />
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]<br />
}}<br />
<!-- <br />
<br />
This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br />
<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
==Introduction==<br />
Alvinian (Алвини Език, Alvini Ezik) is a Southern Slavic language based on Old Slovene, which has been significantly influenced by Venetan, an Italo-Romance language spoken in North-Eastern Italy, and other Slavic languages, especially Serbian and Russian.<br />
<br />
<br />
<!-- ***Phonology*** --><br />
<!-- What sounds does your language use? --><br />
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br />
<br />
Vowel inventory<br />
Consonant inventory<br />
Syllable structure<br />
Stress<br />
Intonation<br />
<br />
--><br />
==Alphabet==<br />
Alvinian uses both '''Cyrillic''' and '''Latin''' script. The alphabets have an equal status, although latin is usually preferred in informal texts, while cyrillic is normally used in normative, scientific and official texts.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
|-<br />
!Cyrillic<br />
!Latin<br />
!IPA value<br />
|-<br />
|А а ||A a ||/a/<br />
|-<br />
|Б б ||B b ||/b/<br />
|-<br />
|В в ||V v ||/v/<br />
|-<br />
|Г г ||G g ||/ɡ/<br />
|-<br />
|Д д ||D d ||/d/<br />
|-<br />
|Џ џ ||Đ đ ||/dʑ/<br />
|-<br />
|Е е ||E e ||/ɛ/ /e/<br />
|-<br />
|Ж ж ||Ž ž ||/ʐ/<br />
|-<br />
|З з ||Z z ||/z/<br />
|-<br />
|И и ||I i ||/i/<br />
|-<br />
|Ј ј ||J j ||/ʝ/<br />
|-<br />
|К к ||K k ||/k/<br />
|-<br />
|Л л ||L l ||/l/<br />
|-<br />
|М м ||M m ||/m/<br />
|-<br />
|Н н ||N n ||/n/<br />
|-<br />
|О о ||O o ||/ɔ/ /о/<br />
|-<br />
|П п ||P p ||/p/<br />
|-<br />
|Р р ||R r ||/ɾ/<br />
|-<br />
|С с ||S s ||/s/<br />
|-<br />
|Т т ||T t ||/t/<br />
|-<br />
|У у ||U u ||/u/<br />
|-<br />
|Ф ф ||F f ||/f/<br />
|-<br />
|Х х ||H h ||/x/<br />
|-<br />
|Ц ц ||C c ||/ts/<br />
|-<br />
|Ч ч ||Č č ||/tɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|Ш ш ||Š š ||/ʂ/<br />
|-<br />
|Я я ||Ą ą ||/ɔ̃/<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Morphology==<br />
===Nouns===<br />
Alvinian inflects nouns for '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural''), '''gender''' (''masculine, feminine, neuter'') and '''case''' (''nominative, genitive, accusative, dative''). The declensions are divided into '''masculine''', '''feminine''' and '''neuter'''.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Masculine - Ušnik (''Student'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Ušnik<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušniki<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnikov<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Ušnik<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnike<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Ušniku<br />
|Ušnikam<br />
|Ušnikima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Feminine - Niga (''Book'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Niga<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nige<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Nige<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nig<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Nigu<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nige<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nigam<br />
|Nigima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Neuter - Revo (''Tree'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Revo<br />
|Revi<br />
|Revą<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Reva<br />
|Revi<br />
|Rev<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Revo<br />
|Revi<br />
|Revą<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Revu<br />
|Revam<br />
|Revima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
===Personal Pronouns===<br />
Alvinian personal pronouns are inflected for '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural''), '''person''', '''case''' (''nominative, genitive, accusative, dative'') and the 3rd persons are inflected also for '''gender''' (''masculine/neuter, feminine'').<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!<br />
!1S<br />
!2S<br />
!3S m,n<br />
!3S f<br />
!1D<br />
!2D<br />
!3D<br />
!1P<br />
!2P<br />
!3P m, f, n<br />
|-<br />
!Nom<br />
|Mi<br />
|Ti<br />
|El, Elo<br />
|Ela<br />
|Naj<br />
|Vaj<br />
|Laj<br />
|Ni<br />
|Vi<br />
|Eli, Ele, Elą<br />
|-<br />
!Gen<br />
|Meg<br />
|Teg<br />
|Neg<br />
|Ne<br />
|Nas<br />
|Vas<br />
|Las<br />
|Nih<br />
|Vih<br />
|Lih<br />
|-<br />
!Acc<br />
|Men<br />
|Ten<br />
|Nen<br />
|Nu<br />
|Nas<br />
|Vas<br />
|Las<br />
|Nih<br />
|Vih<br />
|Lih<br />
|-<br />
!Dat<br />
|Mom<br />
|Tom<br />
|Nem<br />
|Nom<br />
|Nama<br />
|Vama<br />
|Lima<br />
|Nam<br />
|Vam<br />
|Lim<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Here are some example subcategories:<br />
<br />
Nouns<br />
Adjectives<br />
Verbs<br />
Adverbs<br />
Particles<br />
Derivational morphology<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
==Syntax==<br />
===Constituent order===<br />
===Noun phrase===<br />
===Verb phrase===<br />
===Sentence phrase===<br />
===Dependent clauses===<br />
<!-- etc. etc. --><br />
<br />
==Example texts==<br />
==Other resources==<br />
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Template area --><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]<br />
[[Category:Languages]]<br />
[[Category:Slavic languages]]</div>
AlbertVen
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Alvinian&diff=95004
Alvinian
2017-12-23T08:33:22Z
<p>AlbertVen: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox language<br />
|creator = [[User:AlbertVen|AlbertVen]]<br />
|name = Alvinian<br />
|nativename = Алвини Език, Alvini Ezik<br />
|region =<br />
|states =<br />
|speakers = <br />
|date = 2013<br />
|familycolor = Indo-European<br />
|fam1=[[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]<br />
|fam2=[[w:Slavic languages|Slavic]]<br />
|fam3 = Southern Slavic<br />
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]<br />
}}<br />
<!-- <br />
<br />
This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br />
<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
==Introduction==<br />
Alvinian (Алвини Език, Alvini Ezik) is a Southern Slavic language based on Old Slovene, which has been significantly influenced by Venetan, an Italo-Romance language spoken in North-Eastern Italy, and other Slavic languages, especially Serbian and Russian.<br />
<br />
<br />
<!-- ***Phonology*** --><br />
<!-- What sounds does your language use? --><br />
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br />
<br />
Vowel inventory<br />
Consonant inventory<br />
Syllable structure<br />
Stress<br />
Intonation<br />
<br />
--><br />
==Alphabet==<br />
Alvinian uses both '''Cyrillic''' and '''Latin''' script. The alphabets have an equal status, although latin is usually preferred in informal texts, while cyrillic is normally used in normative, scientific and official texts.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
|-<br />
!Cyrillic<br />
!Latin<br />
!IPA value<br />
|-<br />
|А а ||A a ||/a/<br />
|-<br />
|Б б ||B b ||/b/<br />
|-<br />
|В в ||V v ||/v/<br />
|-<br />
|Г г ||G g ||/ɡ/<br />
|-<br />
|Д д ||D d ||/d/<br />
|-<br />
|Џ џ ||Đ đ ||/dʑ/<br />
|-<br />
|Е е ||E e ||/ɛ/ /e/<br />
|-<br />
|Ж ж ||Ž ž ||/ʐ/<br />
|-<br />
|З з ||Z z ||/z/<br />
|-<br />
|И и ||I i ||/i/<br />
|-<br />
|Ј ј ||J j ||/ʝ/<br />
|-<br />
|К к ||K k ||/k/<br />
|-<br />
|Л л ||L l ||/l/<br />
|-<br />
|М м ||M m ||/m/<br />
|-<br />
|Н н ||N n ||/n/<br />
|-<br />
|О о ||O o ||/ɔ/ /о/<br />
|-<br />
|П п ||P p ||/p/<br />
|-<br />
|Р р ||R r ||/ɾ/<br />
|-<br />
|С с ||S s ||/s/<br />
|-<br />
|Т т ||T t ||/t/<br />
|-<br />
|У у ||U u ||/u/<br />
|-<br />
|Ф ф ||F f ||/f/<br />
|-<br />
|Х х ||H h ||/x/<br />
|-<br />
|Ц ц ||C c ||/ts/<br />
|-<br />
|Ч ч ||Č č ||/tɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|Ш ш ||Š š ||/ʂ/<br />
|-<br />
|Я я ||Ą ą ||/ɔ̃/<br />
|}<br />
|} <!--column end--><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Morphology==<br />
===Nouns===<br />
Alvinian inflects nouns for '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural''), '''gender''' (''masculine, feminine, neuter'') and '''case''' (''nominative, genitive, accusative, dative''). The declensions are divided into '''masculine''', '''feminine''' and '''neuter'''.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Masculine - Ušnik (''Student'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Ušnik<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušniki<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnikov<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Ušnik<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnike<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Ušniku<br />
|Ušnikam<br />
|Ušnikima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Feminine - Niga (''Book'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Niga<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nige<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Nige<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nig<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Nigu<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nige<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nigam<br />
|Nigima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Neuter - Revo (''Tree'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Revo<br />
|Revi<br />
|Revą<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Reva<br />
|Revi<br />
|Rev<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Revo<br />
|Revi<br />
|Revą<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Revu<br />
|Revam<br />
|Revima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Here are some example subcategories:<br />
<br />
Nouns<br />
Adjectives<br />
Verbs<br />
Adverbs<br />
Particles<br />
Derivational morphology<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
==Syntax==<br />
===Constituent order===<br />
===Noun phrase===<br />
===Verb phrase===<br />
===Sentence phrase===<br />
===Dependent clauses===<br />
<!-- etc. etc. --><br />
<br />
==Example texts==<br />
==Other resources==<br />
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Template area --><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]<br />
[[Category:Languages]]<br />
[[Category:Slavic languages]]</div>
AlbertVen
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Alvinian&diff=95003
Alvinian
2017-12-23T08:31:29Z
<p>AlbertVen: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox language<br />
|creator = [[User:AlbertVen|AlbertVen]]<br />
|name = Alvinian<br />
|nativename = Алвини Език, Alvini Ezik<br />
|region =<br />
|states =<br />
|speakers = <br />
|date = 2013<br />
|familycolor = Indo-European<br />
|fam1=[[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]<br />
|fam2=[[w:Slavic languages|Slavic]]<br />
|fam3 = Southern Slavic<br />
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]<br />
}}<br />
<!-- <br />
<br />
This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br />
<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
==Introduction==<br />
Alvinian (Алвини Език, Alvini Ezik) is a Southern Slavic language based on Old Slovene, which has been significantly influenced by Venetan, an Italo-Romance language spoken in North-Eastern Italy, and other Slavic languages, especially Serbian and Russian.<br />
<br />
<br />
<!-- ***Phonology*** --><br />
<!-- What sounds does your language use? --><br />
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br />
<br />
Vowel inventory<br />
Consonant inventory<br />
Syllable structure<br />
Stress<br />
Intonation<br />
<br />
--><br />
==Alphabet==<br />
Alvinian uses both '''Cyrillic''' and '''Latin''' script. The alphabets have an equal status, although latin is usually preferred in informal texts, while cyrillic is normally used in normative, scientific and official texts.<br />
{|style="vertical-align:top"<br />
|<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
!Cyrillic<br />
!Latin<br />
!IPA value<br />
|-<br />
|А а ||A a ||/a/<br />
|-<br />
|Б б ||B b ||/b/<br />
|-<br />
|В в ||V v ||/v/<br />
|-<br />
|Г г ||G g ||/ɡ/<br />
|-<br />
|Д д ||D d ||/d/<br />
|-<br />
|Џ џ ||Đ đ ||/dʑ/<br />
|-<br />
|Е е ||E e ||/ɛ/ /e/<br />
|-<br />
|Ж ж ||Ž ž ||/ʐ/<br />
|-<br />
|З з ||Z z ||/z/<br />
|-<br />
|И и ||I i ||/i/<br />
|-<br />
|Ј ј ||J j ||/ʝ/<br />
|-<br />
|К к ||K k ||/k/<br />
|-<br />
|Л л ||L l ||/l/<br />
|-<br />
|М м ||M m ||/m/<br />
|-<br />
|Н н ||N n ||/n/<br />
|-<br />
|О о ||O o ||/ɔ/ /о/<br />
|-<br />
|П п ||P p ||/p/<br />
|-<br />
|Р р ||R r ||/ɾ/<br />
|-<br />
|С с ||S s ||/s/<br />
|-<br />
|Т т ||T t ||/t/<br />
|-<br />
|У у ||U u ||/u/<br />
|-<br />
|Ф ф ||F f ||/f/<br />
|-<br />
|Х х ||H h ||/x/<br />
|-<br />
|Ц ц ||C c ||/ts/<br />
|-<br />
|Ч ч ||Č č ||/tɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|Ш ш ||Š š ||/ʂ/<br />
|-<br />
|Я я ||Ą ą ||/ɔ̃/<br />
|}<br />
|} <!--column end--><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Morphology==<br />
===Nouns===<br />
Alvinian inflects nouns for '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural''), '''gender''' (''masculine, feminine, neuter'') and '''case''' (''nominative, genitive, accusative, dative''). The declensions are divided into '''masculine''', '''feminine''' and '''neuter'''.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Masculine - Ušnik (''Student'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Ušnik<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušniki<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnikov<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Ušnik<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnike<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Ušniku<br />
|Ušnikam<br />
|Ušnikima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Feminine - Niga (''Book'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Niga<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nige<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Nige<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nig<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Nigu<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nige<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nigam<br />
|Nigima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Neuter - Revo (''Tree'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Revo<br />
|Revi<br />
|Revą<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Reva<br />
|Revi<br />
|Rev<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Revo<br />
|Revi<br />
|Revą<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Revu<br />
|Revam<br />
|Revima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Here are some example subcategories:<br />
<br />
Nouns<br />
Adjectives<br />
Verbs<br />
Adverbs<br />
Particles<br />
Derivational morphology<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
==Syntax==<br />
===Constituent order===<br />
===Noun phrase===<br />
===Verb phrase===<br />
===Sentence phrase===<br />
===Dependent clauses===<br />
<!-- etc. etc. --><br />
<br />
==Example texts==<br />
==Other resources==<br />
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Template area --><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]<br />
[[Category:Languages]]<br />
[[Category:Slavic languages]]</div>
AlbertVen
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Alvinian&diff=95002
Alvinian
2017-12-23T08:28:14Z
<p>AlbertVen: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox language<br />
|creator = [[User:AlbertVen|AlbertVen]]<br />
|name = Alvinian<br />
|nativename = Алвини Език, Alvini Ezik<br />
|region =<br />
|states =<br />
|speakers = <br />
|date = 2013<br />
|familycolor = Indo-European<br />
|fam1=[[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]<br />
|fam2=[[w:Slavic languages|Slavic]]<br />
|fam3 = Southern Slavic<br />
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]<br />
}}<br />
<!-- <br />
<br />
This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br />
<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
==Introduction==<br />
Alvinian (Алвини Език, Alvini Ezik) is a Southern Slavic language based on Old Slovene, which has been significantly influenced by Venetan, an Italo-Romance language spoken in North-Eastern Italy, and other Slavic languages, especially Serbian and Russian.<br />
<br />
<br />
<!-- ***Phonology*** --><br />
<!-- What sounds does your language use? --><br />
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br />
<br />
Vowel inventory<br />
Consonant inventory<br />
Syllable structure<br />
Stress<br />
Intonation<br />
<br />
--><br />
==Alphabet==<br />
Alvinian uses both '''Cyrillic''' and '''Latin''' script. The alphabets have an equal status, although latin is usually preferred in informal texts, while cyrillic is normally used in normative, scientific and official texts.<br />
{|style="vertical-align:top"<br />
|<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
!Cyrillic<br />
!Latin<br />
!IPA value<br />
|-<br />
|А а ||A a ||/a/<br />
|-<br />
|Б б ||B b ||/b/<br />
|-<br />
|В в ||V v ||/v/<br />
|-<br />
|Г г ||G g ||/ɡ/<br />
|-<br />
|Д д ||D d ||/d/<br />
|-<br />
|Џ џ ||Đ đ ||/dʑ/<br />
|-<br />
|Е е ||E e ||/ɛ/ /e/<br />
|-<br />
|Ж ж ||Ž ž ||/ʐ/<br />
|-<br />
|З з ||Z z ||/z/<br />
|-<br />
|И и ||I i ||/i/<br />
|-<br />
|Ј ј ||J j ||/ʝ/<br />
|-<br />
|К к ||K k ||/k/<br />
|-<br />
|Л л ||L l ||/l/<br />
|-<br />
|М м ||M m ||/m/<br />
|-<br />
|Н н ||N n ||/n/<br />
|-<br />
|О о ||O o ||/ɔ/ /о/<br />
|-<br />
|П п ||P p ||/p/<br />
|-<br />
|Р р ||R r ||/ɾ/<br />
|-<br />
|С с ||S s ||/s/<br />
|-<br />
|Т т ||T t ||/t/<br />
|-<br />
|У у ||U u ||/u/<br />
|-<br />
|Ф ф ||F f ||/f/<br />
|-<br />
|Х х ||H h ||/x/<br />
|-<br />
|Ц ц ||C c ||/ts/<br />
|-<br />
|Ч ч ||Č č ||/tɕ/<br />
|-<br />
|Ш ш ||Š š ||/ʂ/<br />
|-<br />
|Я я ||Ą ą ||/ɔ̃/<br />
|}<br />
|} <!--column end--><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
===Orthography===<br />
<br />
<br />
====Cyrillic Alphabet====<br />
<br />
<br />
====Latin Translitteration====<br />
===Consonants===<br />
<br />
===Vowels===<br />
===Prosody===<br />
====Stress====<br />
====Intonation====<br />
<br />
===Phonotactics===<br />
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. --><br />
===Morphophonology===<br />
==Morphology==<br />
===Nouns===<br />
Alvinian inflects nouns for '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural''), '''gender''' (''masculine, feminine, neuter'') and '''case''' (''nominative, genitive, accusative, dative''). The declensions are divided into '''masculine''', '''feminine''' and '''neuter'''.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Masculine - Ušnik (''Student'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Ušnik<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušniki<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnikov<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Ušnik<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnike<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Ušniku<br />
|Ušnikam<br />
|Ušnikima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Feminine - Niga (''Book'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Niga<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nige<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Nige<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nig<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Nigu<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nige<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nigam<br />
|Nigima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Neuter - Revo (''Tree'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Revo<br />
|Revi<br />
|Revą<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Reva<br />
|Revi<br />
|Rev<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Revo<br />
|Revi<br />
|Revą<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Revu<br />
|Revam<br />
|Revima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Here are some example subcategories:<br />
<br />
Nouns<br />
Adjectives<br />
Verbs<br />
Adverbs<br />
Particles<br />
Derivational morphology<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
==Syntax==<br />
===Constituent order===<br />
===Noun phrase===<br />
===Verb phrase===<br />
===Sentence phrase===<br />
===Dependent clauses===<br />
<!-- etc. etc. --><br />
<br />
==Example texts==<br />
==Other resources==<br />
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Template area --><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]<br />
[[Category:Languages]]<br />
[[Category:Slavic languages]]</div>
AlbertVen
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Alvinian&diff=95001
Alvinian
2017-12-23T08:18:02Z
<p>AlbertVen: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox language<br />
|creator = [[User:AlbertVen|AlbertVen]]<br />
|name = Alvinian<br />
|nativename = Алвини Език, Alvini Ezik<br />
|region =<br />
|states =<br />
|speakers = <br />
|date = 2013<br />
|familycolor = Indo-European<br />
|fam1=[[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]<br />
|fam2=[[w:Slavic languages|Slavic]]<br />
|fam3 = Southern Slavic<br />
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]<br />
}}<br />
<!-- <br />
<br />
This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br />
<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
==Introduction==<br />
Alvinian (Алвини Език, Alvini Ezik) is a Southern Slavic language based on Old Slovene, which has been significantly influenced by Venetan, an Italo-Romance language spoken in North-Eastern Italy, and other Slavic languages, especially Serbian and Russian.<br />
<br />
<br />
<!-- ***Phonology*** --><br />
<!-- What sounds does your language use? --><br />
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br />
<br />
Vowel inventory<br />
Consonant inventory<br />
Syllable structure<br />
Stress<br />
Intonation<br />
<br />
--><br />
==Alphabet==<br />
Alvinian uses both '''cyrillic''' and '''latin''' script. The alphabets have an equal status, although latin is usually preferred in informal texts, while cyrillic is normally used in normative, scientific and official texts.<br />
{|style="vertical-align:top"<br />
|<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
![[Cyrillic]]<br />
![[Latin alphabet|Latin]]<br />
![[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA value]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[А а]] ||A a ||{{IPAslink|a}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Б б]]}} ||B b ||{{IPAslink|b}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[В в]] ||V v ||{{IPAslink|v}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Г г]] ||G g ||{{IPAslink|ɡ}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Д д]] ||D d ||{{IPAslink|d}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Џ џ]] ||Đ đ ||{{IPAslink|dʑ}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Е е]] ||E e ||{{IPAslink|ɛ|e}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Ж ж]] ||Ž ž ||{{IPAslink|ʐ}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[З з]] ||Z z ||{{IPAslink|z}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[И и]] ||I i ||{{IPAslink|i}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Ј ј]] ||J j ||{{IPAslink|ʝ}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[К к]] ||K k ||{{IPAslink|k}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Л л]] ||L l ||{{IPAslink|l}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[М м]] ||M m ||{{IPAslink|m}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Н н]] ||N n ||{{IPAslink|n}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[O (Cyrillic)|О о]] ||O o ||{{IPAslink|ɔ|о}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[П п]] ||P p ||{{IPAslink|p}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Р р]] ||R r ||{{IPAslink|ɾ}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[С с]] ||S s ||{{IPAslink|s̪|s}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Т т]] ||T t ||{{IPAslink|t̪|t}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[У у]] ||U u ||{{IPAslink|u}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Ф ф]] ||F f ||{{IPAslink|f}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Х х]] ||H h ||{{IPAslink|x}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Ц ц]] ||C c ||{{IPAslink|t̪͡s̪|ts}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Ч ч]] ||Č č ||{{IPAslink|tɕ}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Ш ш]] ||Š š ||{{IPAslink|ʂ}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Я я]] ||Ą ą ||{{IPAslink|ɔ̃}}<br />
|}<br />
|} <!--column end--><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
===Orthography===<br />
<br />
<br />
====Cyrillic Alphabet====<br />
<br />
<br />
====Latin Translitteration====<br />
===Consonants===<br />
<br />
===Vowels===<br />
===Prosody===<br />
====Stress====<br />
====Intonation====<br />
<br />
===Phonotactics===<br />
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. --><br />
===Morphophonology===<br />
==Morphology==<br />
===Nouns===<br />
Alvinian inflects nouns for '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural''), '''gender''' (''masculine, feminine, neuter'') and '''case''' (''nominative, genitive, accusative, dative''). The declensions are divided into '''masculine''', '''feminine''' and '''neuter'''.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Masculine - Ušnik (''Student'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Ušnik<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušniki<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnikov<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Ušnik<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnike<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Ušniku<br />
|Ušnikam<br />
|Ušnikima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Feminine - Niga (''Book'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Niga<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nige<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Nige<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nig<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Nigu<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nige<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nigam<br />
|Nigima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Neuter - Revo (''Tree'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Revo<br />
|Revi<br />
|Revą<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Reva<br />
|Revi<br />
|Rev<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Revo<br />
|Revi<br />
|Revą<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Revu<br />
|Revam<br />
|Revima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Here are some example subcategories:<br />
<br />
Nouns<br />
Adjectives<br />
Verbs<br />
Adverbs<br />
Particles<br />
Derivational morphology<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
==Syntax==<br />
===Constituent order===<br />
===Noun phrase===<br />
===Verb phrase===<br />
===Sentence phrase===<br />
===Dependent clauses===<br />
<!-- etc. etc. --><br />
<br />
==Example texts==<br />
==Other resources==<br />
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Template area --><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]<br />
[[Category:Languages]]<br />
[[Category:Slavic languages]]</div>
AlbertVen
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Alvinian&diff=95000
Alvinian
2017-12-23T08:06:12Z
<p>AlbertVen: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox language<br />
|creator = [[User:AlbertVen|AlbertVen]]<br />
|name = Alvinian<br />
|nativename = Алвини Език, Alvini Ezik<br />
|region =<br />
|states =<br />
|speakers = <br />
|date = 2013<br />
|familycolor = Indo-European<br />
|fam1=[[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]<br />
|fam2=[[w:Slavic languages|Slavic]]<br />
|fam3 = Southern Slavic<br />
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]<br />
}}<br />
<!-- <br />
<br />
This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br />
<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
==Introduction==<br />
Alvinian (Алвини Език, Alvini Ezik) is a Southern Slavic language based on Old Slovene, which has been significantly influenced by Venetan, an Italo-Romance language spoken in North-Eastern Italy, and other Slavic languages, especially Serbian and Russian.<br />
<br />
<br />
<!-- ***Phonology*** --><br />
<!-- What sounds does your language use? --><br />
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br />
<br />
Vowel inventory<br />
Consonant inventory<br />
Syllable structure<br />
Stress<br />
Intonation<br />
<br />
--><br />
==Alphabet==<br />
Alvinian uses both '''cyrillic''' and '''latin''' script. The alphabets have an equal status, although latin is usually preferred in informal texts, while cyrillic is normally used in normative, scientific and official texts.<br />
{| {{table}}<br />
! Cyrillic !! Latin !! IPA <br />
|- <br />
| -{А, а}-<br />
| -{A, a}-<br />
| /-{a}-/<br />
|- <br />
| -{Б, б}-<br />
| -{B, b}-<br />
| /-{b}-/<br />
|- <br />
| -{В}-<br />
| -{V, v}-<br />
| /-{v}-/<br />
|- <br />
| -{Г}-<br />
| -{G, g}-<br />
| /-{g}-/<br />
|- <br />
| -{Д}-<br />
| -{D, d}-<br />
| /-{d}-/<br />
|- <br />
| -{Е}-<br />
| -{E, e}-<br />
| /-{e}-/<br />
|- <br />
| -{Ж}-<br />
| -{Ž, ž}-<br />
| /-{ʐ}-/<br />
|- <br />
| -{З}-<br />
| -{Z, z}-<br />
| /-{z}-/<br />
|- <br />
| -{И}-<br />
| -{I, i}-<br />
| /-{i}-/<br />
|- <br />
| -{И}-<br />
| -{J, j}-<br />
| /-{j}-/<br />
|- <br />
| -{К}-<br />
| -{K, k}-<br />
| /-{k}-/<br />
|- <br />
| -{Л}-<br />
| -{L, l}-<br />
| /-{l}-/<br />
|- <br />
| -{М}-<br />
| -{M, m}-<br />
| /-{m}-/<br />
|- <br />
| -{Н}-<br />
| -{N, n}-<br />
| /-{n}-/<br />
|- <br />
| -{О}-<br />
| -{O, o}-<br />
| /-{o}-/<br />
|- <br />
| -{П}-<br />
| -{P, p}-<br />
| /-{p}-/<br />
|- <br />
| -{Р}-<br />
| -{R, r}-<br />
| /-{r}-/<br />
|- <br />
| -{С}-<br />
| -{S, s}-<br />
| /-{s}-/<br />
|- <br />
| -{Т}-<br />
| -{T, t}-<br />
| /-{t}-/<br />
|- <br />
| -{У}-<br />
| -{U, u}-<br />
| /-{u}-/<br />
|- <br />
| -{Ф}-<br />
| -{F, f}-<br />
| /-{f}-/<br />
|- <br />
| -{Х}-<br />
| -{H, h}-<br />
| /-{x}-/<br />
|- <br />
| -{Ц}-<br />
| -{C, c}-<br />
| /-{ts}-/<br />
|- <br />
| -{Ч}-<br />
| -{Č, č}-<br />
| /-{tɕ}-/<br />
|- <br />
| -{Ш}-<br />
| -{Š, š}-<br />
| /-{ʂ}-/<br />
|- <br />
| -{Џ, џ}-<br />
| -{Đ, đ}-<br />
| /-{dʑ}-/ <br />
|- <br />
| -{Я}-<br />
| -{Ą, ą}-<br />
| /-{ɔ̃}-/<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
===Orthography===<br />
<br />
<br />
====Cyrillic Alphabet====<br />
<br />
<br />
====Latin Translitteration====<br />
===Consonants===<br />
<br />
===Vowels===<br />
===Prosody===<br />
====Stress====<br />
====Intonation====<br />
<br />
===Phonotactics===<br />
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. --><br />
===Morphophonology===<br />
==Morphology==<br />
===Nouns===<br />
Alvinian inflects nouns for '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural''), '''gender''' (''masculine, feminine, neuter'') and '''case''' (''nominative, genitive, accusative, dative''). The declensions are divided into '''masculine''', '''feminine''' and '''neuter'''.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Masculine - Ušnik (''Student'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Ušnik<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušniki<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnikov<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Ušnik<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnike<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Ušniku<br />
|Ušnikam<br />
|Ušnikima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Feminine - Niga (''Book'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Niga<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nige<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Nige<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nig<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Nigu<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nige<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nigam<br />
|Nigima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Neuter - Revo (''Tree'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Revo<br />
|Revi<br />
|Revą<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Reva<br />
|Revi<br />
|Rev<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Revo<br />
|Revi<br />
|Revą<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Revu<br />
|Revam<br />
|Revima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Here are some example subcategories:<br />
<br />
Nouns<br />
Adjectives<br />
Verbs<br />
Adverbs<br />
Particles<br />
Derivational morphology<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
==Syntax==<br />
===Constituent order===<br />
===Noun phrase===<br />
===Verb phrase===<br />
===Sentence phrase===<br />
===Dependent clauses===<br />
<!-- etc. etc. --><br />
<br />
==Example texts==<br />
==Other resources==<br />
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Template area --><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]<br />
[[Category:Languages]]<br />
[[Category:Slavic languages]]</div>
AlbertVen
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Alvinian&diff=94999
Alvinian
2017-12-23T07:34:11Z
<p>AlbertVen: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox language<br />
|creator = [[User:AlbertVen|AlbertVen]]<br />
|name = Alvinian<br />
|nativename = Алвини Език, Alvini Ezik<br />
|region =<br />
|states =<br />
|speakers = <br />
|date = 2013<br />
|familycolor = Indo-European<br />
|fam1=[[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]<br />
|fam2=[[w:Slavic languages|Slavic]]<br />
|fam3 = Southern Slavic<br />
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]<br />
}}<br />
<!-- <br />
<br />
This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br />
<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
==Introduction==<br />
Alvinian (Алвини Език, Alvini Ezik) is a Southern Slavic language based on Old Slovene, which has been significantly influenced by Venetan, an Italo-Romance language spoken in North-Eastern Italy, and other Slavic languages, especially Serbian and Russian.<br />
<br />
<br />
<!-- ***Phonology*** --><br />
<!-- What sounds does your language use? --><br />
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br />
<br />
Vowel inventory<br />
Consonant inventory<br />
Syllable structure<br />
Stress<br />
Intonation<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
===Orthography===<br />
<br />
<br />
====Cyrillic Alphabet====<br />
<br />
<br />
====Latin Translitteration====<br />
===Consonants===<br />
<br />
===Vowels===<br />
===Prosody===<br />
====Stress====<br />
====Intonation====<br />
<br />
===Phonotactics===<br />
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. --><br />
===Morphophonology===<br />
==Morphology==<br />
===Nouns===<br />
Alvinian inflects nouns for '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural''), '''gender''' (''masculine, feminine, neuter'') and '''case''' (''nominative, genitive, accusative, dative''). The declensions are divided into '''masculine''', '''feminine''' and '''neuter'''.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Masculine - Ušnik (''Student'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Ušnik<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušniki<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnikov<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Ušnik<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnike<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Ušniku<br />
|Ušnikam<br />
|Ušnikima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Feminine - Niga (''Book'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Niga<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nige<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Nige<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nig<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Nigu<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nige<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nigam<br />
|Nigima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Neuter - Revo (''Tree'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Revo<br />
|Revi<br />
|Revą<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Reva<br />
|Revi<br />
|Rev<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Revo<br />
|Revi<br />
|Revą<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Revu<br />
|Revam<br />
|Revima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Here are some example subcategories:<br />
<br />
Nouns<br />
Adjectives<br />
Verbs<br />
Adverbs<br />
Particles<br />
Derivational morphology<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
==Syntax==<br />
===Constituent order===<br />
===Noun phrase===<br />
===Verb phrase===<br />
===Sentence phrase===<br />
===Dependent clauses===<br />
<!-- etc. etc. --><br />
<br />
==Example texts==<br />
==Other resources==<br />
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Template area --><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]<br />
[[Category:Languages]]<br />
[[Category:Slavic languages]]</div>
AlbertVen
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Alvinian&diff=94998
Alvinian
2017-12-23T07:32:35Z
<p>AlbertVen: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox language<br />
|creator = [[User:AlbertVen|AlbertVen]]<br />
|name = Alvinian<br />
|nativename = Алвини Език, Alvini Ezik<br />
|region =<br />
|states =<br />
|speakers = <br />
|date = 2013<br />
|familycolor = Indo-European<br />
|fam1=[[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]<br />
|fam2=[[w:Slavic languages|Slavic]]<br />
|fam3 = Southern Slavic<br />
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]<br />
}}<br />
<!-- <br />
<br />
This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br />
<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
==Introduction==<br />
Alvinian (Алвини Език, Alvini Ezik) is a Southern Slavic language based on Old Slovene, which has been significantly influenced by Venetan, an Italo-Romance language spoken in North-Eastern Italy, and other Slavic languages, especially Serbian and Russian.<br />
<br />
<br />
<!-- ***Phonology*** --><br />
<!-- What sounds does your language use? --><br />
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br />
<br />
Vowel inventory<br />
Consonant inventory<br />
Syllable structure<br />
Stress<br />
Intonation<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
===Orthography===<br />
<br />
<br />
====Cyrillic Alphabet====<br />
<br />
<br />
====Latin Translitteration====<br />
===Consonants===<br />
<br />
===Vowels===<br />
===Prosody===<br />
====Stress====<br />
====Intonation====<br />
<br />
===Phonotactics===<br />
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. --><br />
===Morphophonology===<br />
==Morphology==<br />
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Here are some example subcategories:<br />
<br />
Nouns<br />
Adjectives<br />
Verbs<br />
Adverbs<br />
Particles<br />
Derivational morphology<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
==Syntax==<br />
===Constituent order===<br />
===Nouns===<br />
Alvinian inflects nouns for '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural''), '''gender''' (''masculine, feminine, neuter'') and '''case''' (''nominative, genitive, accusative, dative''). The declensions are divided into '''masculine''', '''feminine''' and '''neuter'''.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Masculine - Ušnik (''Student'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Ušnik<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušniki<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnikov<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Ušnik<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnike<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Ušniku<br />
|Ušnikam<br />
|Ušnikima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Feminine - Niga (''Book'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Niga<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nige<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Nige<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nig<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Nigu<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nige<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Nigi<br />
|Nigam<br />
|Nigima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Neuter - Revo (''Tree'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Revo<br />
|Revi<br />
|Revą<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Reva<br />
|Revi<br />
|Rev<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Revo<br />
|Revi<br />
|Revą<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Revu<br />
|Revam<br />
|Revima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
===Verb phrase===<br />
===Sentence phrase===<br />
===Dependent clauses===<br />
<!-- etc. etc. --><br />
<br />
==Example texts==<br />
==Other resources==<br />
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Template area --><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]<br />
[[Category:Languages]]<br />
[[Category:Slavic languages]]</div>
AlbertVen
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Alvinian&diff=94996
Alvinian
2017-12-23T07:18:07Z
<p>AlbertVen: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox language<br />
|creator = [[User:AlbertVen|AlbertVen]]<br />
|name = Alvinian<br />
|nativename = Алвини Език, Alvini Ezik<br />
|region =<br />
|states =<br />
|speakers = <br />
|date = 2013<br />
|familycolor = Indo-European<br />
|fam1=[[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]<br />
|fam2=[[w:Slavic languages|Slavic]]<br />
|fam3 = Southern Slavic<br />
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]<br />
}}<br />
<!-- <br />
<br />
This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br />
<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
==Introduction==<br />
Alvinian (Алвини Език, Alvini Ezik) is a Southern Slavic language based on Old Slovene, which has been significantly influenced by Venetan, an Italo-Romance language spoken in North-Eastern Italy, and other Slavic languages, especially Serbian and Russian.<br />
<br />
<br />
<!-- ***Phonology*** --><br />
<!-- What sounds does your language use? --><br />
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br />
<br />
Vowel inventory<br />
Consonant inventory<br />
Syllable structure<br />
Stress<br />
Intonation<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
===Orthography===<br />
<br />
<br />
====Cyrillic Alphabet====<br />
<br />
<br />
====Latin Translitteration====<br />
===Consonants===<br />
<br />
===Vowels===<br />
===Prosody===<br />
====Stress====<br />
====Intonation====<br />
<br />
===Phonotactics===<br />
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. --><br />
===Morphophonology===<br />
==Morphology==<br />
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Here are some example subcategories:<br />
<br />
Nouns<br />
Adjectives<br />
Verbs<br />
Adverbs<br />
Particles<br />
Derivational morphology<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
==Syntax==<br />
===Constituent order===<br />
===Nouns===<br />
Alvinian inflects nouns for '''number''' (''singular, dual, plural''), '''gender''' (''masculine, feminine, neuter'') and '''case''' (''nominative, genitive, accusative, dative''). The declensions are divided into '''masculine''', '''feminine''' and '''neuter'''.<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "<br />
!Masculine - Ušnik (''Student'')<br />
!Singular<br />
!Dual<br />
!Plural<br />
|-<br />
!Nominative<br />
|Ušnik<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušniki<br />
|-<br />
!Genitive<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnikov<br />
|-<br />
!Accusative<br />
|Ušnik<br />
|Ušnika<br />
|Ušnike<br />
|-<br />
!Dative<br />
|Ušniku<br />
|Ušnikam<br />
|Ušnikima<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Verb phrase===<br />
===Sentence phrase===<br />
===Dependent clauses===<br />
<!-- etc. etc. --><br />
<br />
==Example texts==<br />
==Other resources==<br />
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Template area --><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]<br />
[[Category:Languages]]<br />
[[Category:Slavic languages]]</div>
AlbertVen
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Alvinian&diff=93722
Alvinian
2017-12-08T18:27:44Z
<p>AlbertVen: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox language<br />
|creator = [[User:AlbertVen|AlbertVen]]<br />
|name = Alvinian<br />
|nativename = Алвини Език, Alvini Ezik<br />
|region =<br />
|states =<br />
|speakers = <br />
|date = 2013<br />
|familycolor = Indo-European<br />
|fam1=[[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]<br />
|fam2=[[w:Slavic languages|Slavic]]<br />
|fam3 = Southern Slavic<br />
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]], [[w:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]<br />
}}<br />
<!-- <br />
<br />
This is a short reminder of the language format policy.<br />
<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
==Introduction==<br />
Alvinian (Алвини Език, Alvini Ezik) is a Southern Slavic language based on Old Slovene, which has been significantly influenced by Venetan, an Italo-Romance language spoken in North-Eastern Italy, and other Slavic languages, especially Serbian and Russian.<br />
<br />
<br />
<!-- ***Phonology*** --><br />
<!-- What sounds does your language use? --><br />
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:<br />
<br />
Vowel inventory<br />
Consonant inventory<br />
Syllable structure<br />
Stress<br />
Intonation<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
===Orthography===<br />
<br />
<br />
====Cyrillic Alphabet====<br />
<br />
<br />
====Latin Translitteration====<br />
===Consonants===<br />
<br />
===Vowels===<br />
===Prosody===<br />
====Stress====<br />
====Intonation====<br />
<br />
===Phonotactics===<br />
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. --><br />
===Morphophonology===<br />
==Morphology==<br />
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Here are some example subcategories:<br />
<br />
Nouns<br />
Adjectives<br />
Verbs<br />
Adverbs<br />
Particles<br />
Derivational morphology<br />
<br />
--><br />
<br />
==Syntax==<br />
===Constituent order===<br />
===Noun phrase===<br />
===Verb phrase===<br />
===Sentence phrase===<br />
===Dependent clauses===<br />
<!-- etc. etc. --><br />
<br />
==Example texts==<br />
==Other resources==<br />
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. --><br />
<br />
<!-- Template area --><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]<br />
[[Category:Languages]]<br />
[[Category:Slavic languages]]</div>
AlbertVen
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Alvinian&diff=93721
Alvinian
2017-12-08T18:19:42Z
<p>AlbertVen: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Introduction'''<br />
<br />
Alvinian (Алвини Език, Alvini Ezik) is a Southern Slavic language based on Old Slovene, which has been significantly influenced by Venetan, an Italo-Romance language spoken in North-Eastern Italy, and other Slavic languages, especially Serbian and Russian.<br />
<br />
Alvinian has been created in June 2013 by [[User:AlbertVen|AlbertVen]]. The idea of developing a constructed language based on Old Slovene came to the author's mind after some research made on Freising Manuscripts, the oldest written documents in Slovene, which show a very interesting stage of development of the language. The Old Slovene base was later contaminated with significant patterns from Venetan, an Italo-Romance spoken in North-Eastern Italy, an area relatively close to the place where Freising Manuscripts where, hypothetically, composed. Another important component of Alvinian lexicon and grammar, has been provided by two modern Slavic languages: Serbian and Russian.</div>
AlbertVen
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=User:AlbertVen&diff=93720
User:AlbertVen
2017-12-08T18:12:11Z
<p>AlbertVen: Created page with "AlbertVen is an Italian linguist and polyglot. His main interests are Generative Syntax, Slavic Languages, Italo-Romance Languages, Comparative and Historical Linguistics. C..."</p>
<hr />
<div>AlbertVen is an Italian linguist and polyglot. His main interests are Generative Syntax, Slavic Languages, Italo-Romance Languages, Comparative and Historical Linguistics.<br />
<br />
<br />
Constructed languages, in his view, are more than just a hobby. They're a way to empirically use syntactic features and realise how they work.<br />
<br />
<br />
His first constructed language, Alvinian, was born in 2013 and is now a full-fledged language with its own grammar and some simple literary texts.<br />
His second constructed language, Initramian, was started in 2016 and, despite having already developed quite a consistent vocabulary, it hasn't been used productively yet.<br />
<br />
<br />
Languages he can speak: Italian, Venetan, Serbian, Russian, Slovene, Spanish, Portuguese, English, German, Dutch.<br />
<br />
Languages he can only understand: French, Romansh, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Ukrainian, Belarusian.</div>
AlbertVen
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Alvinian&diff=93719
Alvinian
2017-12-08T18:01:08Z
<p>AlbertVen: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Introduction'''<br />
<br />
Alvinian (Алвини Език, Alvini Ezik) is a Southern Slavic language based on Old Slovene, which has been significantly influenced by Venetan, an Italo-Romance language spoken in North-Eastern Italy, and other Slavic languages, especially Serbian and Russian.</div>
AlbertVen
https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Alvinian&diff=93718
Alvinian
2017-12-08T18:00:14Z
<p>AlbertVen: Created page with "'''Introduction''' Alvinian (Алвини Език, Alvini Ezik) is a Southern Slavic language based on Old Slovene, which received a significant influence by Venetan, an Ita..."</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Introduction'''<br />
<br />
Alvinian (Алвини Език, Alvini Ezik) is a Southern Slavic language based on Old Slovene, which received a significant influence by Venetan, an Italo-Romance language spoken in North-Eastern Italy, and other Slavic languages, especially Serbian and Russian.</div>
AlbertVen